in the health belief model the perception of a health threat is based on
perceived severity perceived susceptibility
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unlikely. Individuals who believe they are at low risk of developing an illness are more likely to engage in unhealthy, or risky, behaviors. Individuals who perceive a high risk that they will be personally affected by a particular health problem are more likely to engage in behaviors to decrease their risk of developing the condition. The combination of perceived severity and perceived susceptibility is referred to as perceived threat. Perceived severity and perceived susceptibility to a given health condition depend on knowledge about the condition. The health belief model predicts that higher perceived threat leads to higher likelihood of engagement
Health belief model
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get screened. Self-efficacy was added to the four components of the health belief model (i.e., perceived susceptibility, severity, benefits, and barriers) in 1988. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's perception of his or her competence to successfully perform a behavior. Self-efficacy was added to the health belief model in an attempt to better explain individual differences in health behaviors. The model was originally developed in order to explain engagement in one-time health-related behaviors such as being screened for cancer or receiving an immunization. Eventually, the health belief model was applied to more substantial, long-term behavior change such as diet modification, exercise,
Health belief model
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those encouraging self-breast examinations for detecting breast cancer. Studies found that perceptions of threat concerning breast cancer prompted adaptive actions, such as performing self-examinations, and maladaptive actions, such as to avoid thinking about breast cancer. The health belief model predicts that perceived susceptibility and severity of a risk motivates individuals to engage in preventive actions, and the type of preventative action depends on the perceived benefits and hindrances of performing the action. A fear argument based on the health belief model is typically presented in terms of the likelihood and severity of health consequences if the current behavior is not
Fear appeal
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unlikely. Individuals who believe they are at low risk of developing an illness are more likely to engage in unhealthy, or risky, behaviors. Individuals who perceive a high risk that they will be personally affected by a particular health problem are more likely to engage in behaviors to decrease their risk of developing the condition. The combination of perceived severity and perceived susceptibility is referred to as perceived threat. Perceived severity and perceived susceptibility to a given health condition depend on knowledge about the condition. The health belief model predicts that higher perceived threat leads to higher likelihood of engagement
Health belief model
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populations, health conditions, and health-related behaviors examined and the various study designs and assessment strategies used to evaluate the model. A more recent meta-analysis found strong support for perceived benefits and perceived barriers predicting health-related behaviors, but weak evidence for the predictive power of perceived seriousness and perceived susceptibility. The authors of the meta-analysis suggest that examination of potential moderated and mediated relationships between components of the model is warranted. The health belief model has been used to develop effective interventions to change health-related behaviors by targeting various aspects of the model's key constructs. Interventions based on the health belief
Health belief model
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as a result of being absent from work for several days, then he or she may perceive influenza to be a particularly serious condition. Perceived susceptibility refers to subjective assessment of risk of developing a health problem. The health belief model predicts that individuals who perceive that they are susceptible to a particular health problem will engage in behaviors to reduce their risk of developing the health problem. Individuals with low perceived susceptibility may deny that they are at risk for contracting a particular illness. Others may acknowledge the possibility that they could develop the illness, but believe it is
Health belief model
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responses to symptoms of disease, compliance with medical regimens, lifestyle behaviors (e.g., sexual risk behaviors), and behaviors related to chronic illnesses, which may require long-term behavior maintenance in addition to initial behavior change. Amendments to the model were made as late as 1988 to incorporate emerging evidence within the field of psychology about the role of self-efficacy in decision-making and behavior. The following constructs of the health belief model are proposed to vary between individuals and predict engagement in health-related behaviors (e.g., getting vaccinated, getting screened for asymptomatic diseases, exercising). Perceived severity refers to the subjective assessment of the severity
Health belief model
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model may aim to increase perceived susceptibility to and perceived seriousness of a health condition by providing education about prevalence and incidence of disease, individualized estimates of risk, and information about the consequences of disease (e.g., medical, financial, and social consequences). Interventions may also aim to alter the cost-benefit analysis of engaging in a health-promoting behavior (i.e., increasing perceived benefits and decreasing perceived barriers) by providing information about the efficacy of various behaviors to reduce risk of disease, identifying common perceived barriers, providing incentives to engage in health-promoting behaviors, and engaging social support or other resources to encourage health-promoting behaviors.
Health belief model
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theoretical models of fear appeal messages. They include: the extended parallel process model, the drive theory, the subjective expected utility theory, the protection motivation theory, the health belief model, the theory of reasoned action, and the transtheoretical model. These models are widely used in substance abuse campaigns, sexual health programs, and many other general health contexts. The persuasive effect of fear appeals is thought to be influenced by several factors such as individual characteristics, self-efficacy, perception of norms, fear strength, perceived threat, perception of treatment efficacy, and defense mechanisms. Mixed results have been produced from studies that attempt to demonstrate
Fear appeal
10611237
Furthermore, interventions based on the health belief model may provide cues to action to remind and encourage individuals to engage in health-promoting behaviors. Interventions may also aim to boost self-efficacy by providing training in specific health-promoting behaviors, particularly for complex lifestyle changes (e.g., changing diet or physical activity, adhering to a complicated medication regimen). Interventions can be aimed at the individual level (i.e., working one-on-one with individuals to increase engagement in health-related behaviors) or the societal level (e.g., through legislation, changes to the physical environment). The health belief model attempts to predict health-related behaviors by accounting for individual differences in
Health belief model
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Health belief model The health belief model (HBM) is a psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors, particularly in regard to the uptake of health services. The health belief model was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists at the U.S. Public Health Service and remains one of the best known and most widely used theories in health behavior research. The health belief model suggests that people's beliefs about health problems, perceived benefits of action and barriers to action, and self-efficacy explain engagement (or lack of engagement) in health-promoting behavior. A stimulus, or cue to
Health belief model
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cues to action in predicting health-related behaviors is limited. Cues to action are often difficult to assess, limiting research in this area. For instance, individuals may not accurately report cues that prompted behavior change. Cues such as a public service announcement on television or on a billboard may be fleeting and individuals may not be aware of their significance in prompting them to engage in a health-related behavior. Interpersonal influences are also particularly difficult to measure as cues. Health belief model The health belief model (HBM) is a psychological health behavior change model developed to explain and predict health-related behaviors,
Health belief model
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and smoking. Developers of the model recognized that confidence in one's ability to effect change in outcomes (i.e., self-efficacy) was a key component of health behavior change. The health belief model has gained substantial empirical support since its development in the 1950s. It remains one of the most widely used and well-tested models for explaining and predicting health-related behavior. A 1984 review of 18 prospective and 28 retrospective studies suggests that the evidence for each component of the health belief model is strong. The review reports that empirical support for the health belief model is particularly notable given the diverse
Health belief model
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other diseases. Genetic exceptionalism is a policy program that medicalizes genetic information. Like the exceptionalism surrounding HIV testing, genetic exceptionalism is based on the belief that the average person needs a licensed health professional for guidance and support through the discovery of information with health implications, even if this information is common knowledge, such as that the person has red hair, which is associated with a higher risk of sunburns and skin cancer. In countries with strong genetic exceptionalism laws, permission from a physician is necessary to obtain information about one's genes. Exceptionalism Exceptionalism is the perception or belief that
Exceptionalism
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changed. With the health belief model, it is unclear whether self-efficacy is directly considered a cost of performing a suggested action because occasionally, a fear appeal is thought to be less effective if a difficulty of acting is considered a cost of acting. According to the theory of reasoned action, acting on fear appeals begins by consideration of a wider range of consequences of continuing the current behavior beyond the threat of health risks. It also considers a wider range of consequences of the suggested behavior beyond the costs and reduced health risks. The projected consequences vary depending on the
Fear appeal
10611231
the disease, among other factors. The health belief model suggests that modifying variables affect health-related behaviors indirectly by affecting perceived seriousness, susceptibility, benefits, and barriers. The health belief model posits that a cue, or trigger, is necessary for prompting engagement in health-promoting behaviors. Cues to action can be internal or external. Physiological cues (e.g., pain, symptoms) are an example of internal cues to action. External cues include events or information from close others, the media, or health care providers promoting engagement in health-related behaviors. Examples of cues to action include a reminder postcard from a dentist, the illness of a
Health belief model
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Georgeff was instrumental in at least the following contributions to the field of Intelligent Software Agents: Procedural Reasoning System: An intelligent agent architecture and framework and seminal example of the BDI software model; and Belief-Desire-Intention software model: An intentional software framework for programming intelligent agents based on the BDI cognitive model. In the early 2000s, Georgeff joined Monash University as director of the e-Health Research Unit of the Monash Institute of Health Services Research, to investigate the application of advanced ICT to health and medicine. Georgeff founded and is CEO of Precedence Health Care, a company dedicated to investigating the
Michael Georgeff
10611223
action, must also be present in order to trigger the health-promoting behavior. One of the first theories of health behavior, the health belief model was developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Irwin M. Rosenstock, Godfrey M. Hochbaum, S. Stephen Kegeles, and Howard Leventhal at the U.S. Public Health Service to better understand the widespread failure of screening programs for tuberculosis. The health belief model has been applied to predict a wide variety of health-related behaviors such as being screened for the early detection of asymptomatic diseases and receiving immunizations. More recently, the model has been applied to understand patients'
Health belief model
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Evidence suggests that fear may be a key factor in predicting health-related behavior. Alternative factors may predict health behavior, such as outcome expectancy (i.e., whether the person feels they will be healthier as a result of their behavior) and self-efficacy (i.e., the person’s belief in their ability to carry out preventative behavior). The theoretical constructs that constitute the health belief model are broadly defined. Furthermore, the health belief model does not specify how constructs of the model interact with one another. Therefore, different operationalizations of the theoretical constructs may not be strictly comparable across studies. Research assessing the contribution of
Health belief model
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and discomfort (e.g., pain, emotional upset) involved in engaging in the behavior. For instance, lack of access to affordable health care and the perception that a flu vaccine shot will cause significant pain may act as barriers to receiving the flu vaccine. Individual characteristics, including demographic, psychosocial, and structural variables, can affect perceptions (i.e., perceived seriousness, susceptibility, benefits, and barriers) of health-related behaviors. Demographic variables include age, sex, race, ethnicity, and education, among others. Psychosocial variables include personality, social class, and peer and reference group pressure, among others. Structural variables include knowledge about a given disease and prior contact with
Health belief model
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based on Bang’s Gadchiroli model, 800,000 village women in India are now being trained by the government under the ASHA programme. A report from the Harvard University South Asia Institute states that "SEARCH is world renowned for its pioneering work in home-based neonatal care", "the landmark paper, published in the Lancet, changed the medical community's perception of community health workers and the power of home based care for neonates forever" and "the success of the HBNC program spawned the creation of over 800,000 "ASHA" workers through India's National Rural Health Mission." India has incorporated this model in 12th national five-year
Abhay and Rani Bang
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wearing sunscreen will not prevent the occurrence of skin cancer. Health-related behaviors are also a function of perceived barriers to taking action. Perceived barriers refer to an individual's assessment of the obstacles to behavior change. Even if an individual perceives a health condition as threatening and believes that a particular action will effectively reduce the threat, barriers may prevent engagement in the health-promoting behavior. In other words, the perceived benefits must outweigh the perceived barriers in order for behavior change to occur. Perceived barriers to taking action include the perceived inconvenience, expense, danger (e.g., side effects of a medical procedure)
Health belief model
10611225
of a health problem and its potential consequences. The health belief model proposes that individuals who perceive a given health problem as serious are more likely to engage in behaviors to prevent the health problem from occurring (or reduce its severity). Perceived seriousness encompasses beliefs about the disease itself (e.g., whether it is life-threatening or may cause disability or pain) as well as broader impacts of the disease on functioning in work and social roles. For instance, an individual may perceive that influenza is not medically serious, but if he or she perceives that there would be serious financial consequences
Health belief model
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beliefs and attitudes. However, it does not account for other factors that influence health behaviors. For instance, habitual health-related behaviors (e.g., smoking, seatbelt buckling) may become relatively independent of conscious health-related decision making processes. Additionally, individuals engage in some health-related behaviors for reasons unrelated to health (e.g., exercising for aesthetic reasons). Environmental factors outside an individual's control may prevent engagement in desired behaviors. For example, an individual living in a dangerous neighborhood may be unable to go for a jog outdoors due to safety concerns. Furthermore, the health belief model does not consider the impact of emotions on health-related behavior.
Health belief model
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registered with the Secretary, and allows for the debarment of importers with a history of repeated or serious food import violations. Permits the Secretary, if the Secretary has a reasonable belief that an article of food is adulterated and presents a threat of serious health consequences or death to humans or animals, to have access to and copy all records that are needed to assist the Secretary in determining whether the food is adulterated and presents a threat. It requires the Secretary, if they have information that a shipment of imported food presents a threat of serious adverse health consequences
Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act
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of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, said the nongovernmental organization BRAC in Bangladesh "pioneered the community health worker model." Catherine Lovell writes that BRAC's decision to train locally recruited paramedics was "based on the Chinese barefoot doctor model then becoming known worldwide." Scientific medicine has evolved slowly over the last few millennia and very rapidly over the last 150 years or so. As the evidence mounted of its effectiveness, belief and trust in the traditional ways waned. The rise of university-based medical schools, the increased numbers of trained physicians, the professional organizations they created, and the income and attendant
Community health worker
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Grossman model of health demand The Grossman model of health demand is a model for studying the demand for health and medical care outlined by Michael Grossman in a monograph in 1972 entitled: "The demand for health: A theoretical and empirical investigation". The model based demand for medical care on the interaction between a demand function for health and a production function for health. Andrew Jones, Nigel Rice, and Paul Contoyannis call the model the "founding father of demand for health models". In this model, health is a durable capital good which is inherited and depreciates over time. Investment in
Grossman model of health demand
8413749
literacy, it is also important to ensure that all parties involved in health contexts are on the same page. To do this, programs may choose to include the training of case managers, health advocates, and even doctors and nurses. Due to the common overestimations of health literacy levels of patients, the education of health literacy topics and training in the identification of low health literacy in patients may be able to create significant positive change in the understanding of health messages. The Health Belief Model has been used in the training of health professionals in order to share insight on
Health literacy
20617590
increasing healthy time available for other activities. One early criticism is that framing health as a dicotomous concept is intuitively wrong in that health is simultaneously both and health provides both alternatives simultaneously. Grossman model of health demand The Grossman model of health demand is a model for studying the demand for health and medical care outlined by Michael Grossman in a monograph in 1972 entitled: "The demand for health: A theoretical and empirical investigation". The model based demand for medical care on the interaction between a demand function for health and a production function for health. Andrew Jones, Nigel
Grossman model of health demand
8413750
the knowledge that is has been shown to most likely change health perceptions and behaviors of their patients. The use of the health belief model can provide basis for which patient health literacy may grow. The training of health workers may be seen as a “work around intervention” but is still a viable option and opportunity for mediating the negative outcomes of low health literacy. Effective health literacy programs are created with cultural competency, and individuals working within health institutions can support individuals with low health literacy by being culturally competent themselves. In working to improve the health literacy of
Health literacy
3522156
Amyn Model School, a community-based organization, has a beautiful building standing next to the Health Center of Aga Khan Health Services. Passu is located with 125 km from Gilgit on the KKH near the border of China and is surrounded by the mountains of the Karakoram range. Its neighbourhood also includes two large glaciers: Batura and Passu Glacier. It is one of the most dangerous places to live in due to the continuous threat of floods and has been flooded four times in the past. Passu is also one of the most ancient villages in the area. According to Archeologists,
Gojal
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as smoking". Among smokers who had heard of e-cigarettes but never tried them, this "perception of harm has nearly doubled from 12% in 2014 to 22% in 2015." The UK ASH expressed concern that "The growth of this false perception risks discouraging many smokers from using electronic cigarettes to quit and keep them smoking instead which would be bad for their health and the health of those around them." A 2015 PHE report noted that in the US belief among respondents to a survey that vaping was safer than smoking cigarettes fell from 82% in 2010 to 51% in 2014.
Safety of electronic cigarettes
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scientists and Derryberry conducted the study of the role of health beliefs in explaining utilization of public health screening services. This work contributed to the development of the Health Belief Model. This provided an important theoretical foundation for modern health education. His legacy was very important because he engaged behavioral and social scientists in the problems of public health and gave importance to the role of that health education plays on human health. Elena Sliepcevich Elena Sliepcevich was a leading figure in the development of health education both as an academic discipline and a profession. She graduated from the University
Health education
4689187
on a few behavioral change theories which gained ground in the 1980s. These theories share a major commonality in defining individual actions as the locus of change. Behavior change programs that are usually focused on activities that help a person or a community to reflect upon their risk behaviors and change them to reduce their risk and vulnerability are known as interventions. Examples include: "Transtheoretical (Stages of Change) Model of Behavior Change", "theory of reasoned action", "health belief model", "theory of planned behavior", diffusion of innovation", and the health action process approach. Developments in health behavior change theories since the
Behavior change (public health)
6357896
examined variables that influence the model such as: participation in a college course with global components, perception of one’s global knowledge, college professors' attitudes toward global citizenship, belief in an intentional worlds view of culture, participation in a fan group that promotes the identity, use of global citizen related words when describing one's values, possible self as a global citizen, religiosity and religious orientation, threat to one’s nation, interdependent self-construal prime, perception of the university environment, and social media usage. At the same time that globalization is reducing the importance of nation-states, the idea of global citizenship may require a
Global citizenship
13257650
of both efficacy and self-efficacy. Efficacy is the individual's expectancy that carrying out recommendations can remove the threat. Self-efficacy is the belief in one's ability to execute the recommended courses of action successfully. PMT is one model that explains why people engage in unhealthy practices and offers suggestions for changing those behaviors. It is educational and motivational. Primary prevention: taking measures to combat the risk of developing a health problem. (e.g., controlling weight to prevent high blood pressure). Secondary prevention: taking steps to prevent a condition from becoming worse. (e.g., remembering to take daily medication to control blood pressure). Another
Protection motivation theory
13011949
privacy." Institute for Health Freedom The Institute for Health Freedom (IHF) was a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization. It monitored and reported on national policies that were perceived as affecting citizens' freedom to choose health-care treatments and providers, and sought to bolster health privacy. The president of the IHF was Sue A. Blevins, a former nurse. The IHF was disbanded on November 18, 2010. Issues promoted by the IHF included its opposition to the sharing of genetic information without patient consent, its belief that citizens should have greater privacy and control over their health information, and its belief that people should
Institute for Health Freedom
13011946
Institute for Health Freedom The Institute for Health Freedom (IHF) was a Washington, D.C.-based nonprofit organization. It monitored and reported on national policies that were perceived as affecting citizens' freedom to choose health-care treatments and providers, and sought to bolster health privacy. The president of the IHF was Sue A. Blevins, a former nurse. The IHF was disbanded on November 18, 2010. Issues promoted by the IHF included its opposition to the sharing of genetic information without patient consent, its belief that citizens should have greater privacy and control over their health information, and its belief that people should be
Institute for Health Freedom
12779542
I-Change Model In psychology, the I-change model or the Integrated Model for explaining motivational and behavioral change derives from the Attitude – Social Influence – Self-Efficacy Model, integrates ideas of Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory, Prochaska's Transtheoretical Model, the Health Belief Model, and Goal setting theories. Previous versions of this model (referred to as the Attitude, Social Norm, Self-Efficacy (ASE) model, derived from the Theory of Planned Behavior) have been used to explain a variety of types of health behavior. The I-Change Model is a phase model and assumes that at least three phases in the
I-Change Model
16264675
1965 was indicative of a perception in the public policy community that there was a need to develop programs in service of better health care for low-income individuals, including children. In 1967, Philip J. Porter, head of pediatrics at Cambridge City Hospital in Massachusetts and director of Maternal and Child Health for the city's health department, began to address this issue. He assigned a nurse practitioner to work on site in an elementary school to deliver primary medical care to enrollees. Four additional health clinics were opened in Cambridge schools in the years that followed. The first school-based health centers
School-based health centers
16972168
consultant formerly with Food for the Hungry) based on the health belief model and the theory of reasoned action. Since then, it has been adopted by at least 34 organizations working in 45 countries around the world to study determinants of behaviors related to child survival, food security, sexual and reproductive health, city planning, and other areas. The methodology has continued to evolve as it has been tested in different settings. It has primarily been used for international development, although it has also been used and taught in the developed world as well (e.g. by the Baltimore City Government for
Barrier analysis
13877741
Trauma Systems Therapy Trauma Systems Therapy (TST) is a mental health treatment model for children and adolescents who have been exposed to trauma, defined as experiencing, witnessing, or confronting "an event or events that involved actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a threat to the physical integrity of self or others". TST focuses on the child's emotional and behavioral needs as well as the environments where the child lives (home, school, community). The treatment model includes four components (skill-based psychotherapy, home and community based care, advocacy, and psychopharmacology) that are fully described in a published manual. A clinical
Trauma Systems Therapy
9427933
to the EU member states, within one hour of receiving a warning, when there is: Besides bioterrorism, the Health Threat Unit also has responsibility for other reportable diseases: Within the Health Threat Unit, there are seven working groups responsible for various aspects of bio-defense: Health Threat Unit The Health Threat Unit of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection (European Commission), is responsible for terrorism surveillance and early warning of biological, chemical, and radiological threats within the European Union. The Health Threat Unit runs the "Rapid Alert System", which conducts surveillance on communicable diseases and diseases caused by acts of
Health Threat Unit
18434599
of the model is to assist nurses in understanding factors that affect health-promoting behaviors. The model provides eight components for the nurse to evaluate. The health promotion model is based on eight key components of nursing: Pender’s health promotion model manual (2011) outlines the theory's major components as follows: Nola Pender Nola J. Pender (born August 16, 1941) is a nursing theorist, author, and academic. She is a professor emerita of nursing at the University of Michigan. She created the Health Promotion Model. She has been designated a Living Legend of the American Academy of Nursing. Nola J. Pender, PhD,
Nola Pender
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in health-promoting behaviors. Health-related behaviors are also influenced by the perceived benefits of taking action. Perceived benefits refer to an individual's assessment of the value or efficacy of engaging in a health-promoting behavior to decrease risk of disease. If an individual believes that a particular action will reduce susceptibility to a health problem or decrease its seriousness, then he or she is likely to engage in that behavior regardless of objective facts regarding the effectiveness of the action. For example, individuals who believe that wearing sunscreen prevents skin cancer are more likely to wear sunscreen than individuals who believe that
Health belief model
5313903
of blackmail' and 'brain-washing methods'. Dax described Scientology as 'a calculated money-raising scheme by false propaganda' and that 'Since 1961 he had been increasingly concerned by information reaching the Mental Health Authority about people paying large sums of money for "Scientology" courses'. The Anderson Report concluded that "Scientology is a delusional belief system, based on fiction and fallacies and propagated by falsehood and deception" and that it "is not, and does not claim to be, a religion". He continues: "Scientology is evil, its techniques evil, its practice a serious threat to the community, medically, morally and socially, and its adherents
Anderson Report
13257658
related to specific health outcomes; control of anger, for example, has been implicated in hypertension. Three routes through which coping can affect health include the frequency, intensity, duration, and patterning of neurochemical stress reactions; using injurious substances or carrying out activities that put the person at risk; and impeding adaptive health/illness-related behavior.". Response efficacy concerns beliefs that adopting a particular behavioral response will be effective in reducing the diseases' threat, and self-efficacy is the belief that one can successfully perform the coping response. In line with the traditional way of measuring the consequences of behavior, response efficacy was operationalized by
Protection motivation theory
9427932
Health Threat Unit The Health Threat Unit of the Directorate-General for Health and Consumer Protection (European Commission), is responsible for terrorism surveillance and early warning of biological, chemical, and radiological threats within the European Union. The Health Threat Unit runs the "Rapid Alert System", which conducts surveillance on communicable diseases and diseases caused by acts of bioterrorism. The surveillance data are coordinated and evaluated by the "Health Emergency Operations Facility". Health threat information and warnings are sent to the member states by the Communication and Crisis Center ("BICHAT") and the Security Office in Brussels, Belgium. The BICHAT sends a warning
Health Threat Unit
8711566
or letting go of a 'contraction' in the body-mind. Usually, a practitioner will then recommend further treatments for complete healing. The US-based "National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health" (NCCIH) distinguishes between health care involving scientifically observable energy, which it calls "Veritable Energy Medicine", and health care methods that invoke physically undetectable or unverifiable "energies", which it calls "Putative Energy Medicine": Polarity therapy founded by Randolph Stone is a kind of energy medicine based on the belief that a person's health is subject to positive and negative charges in their electromagnetic field. It has been promoted as capable of curing
Energy medicine
20025549
religion, and superstitious belief are influential indirect factors of Filipino American health. Health indicators are key in analyzing the overall public health of the Filipino American population. Main health indicators of a particular population include mortality and morbidity. By analyzing these statistics, the effect of certain health practices of the Filipino American population can be determined. Other important health indicators include leading cause of death, life expectancy, neo-natal mortality rate, and the maternal mortality ratio. Based on reports of Filipino American communities throughout the United States, specifically in higher population areas of Filipinos, there is a history of a higher
Filipino-American health
19424513
Attachment and Health Attachment and Health is psychological model which considers how attachment theory pertains to people’s preferences and expectations for the proximity of others when faced with stress, threat, danger or pain. In 1982 the American Psychiatrist, Lawrence Kolb, noticed that patients with chronic pain displayed behaviours with their healthcare providers akin to what children might display with an attachment figure, thus marking one of the first applications of attachment theory to physical health. Development of adult attachment theory and adult attachment measures in the 1990s provided researchers with the means to apply attachment theory to health in a
Attachment and Health
1408193
as a cultural threat, rather than as a threat towards the respective nation's economy. Studies focusing on the experience of Islamophobia among Muslims have shown that the experience of religious discrimination is associated with lower national identification and higher religious identification. In other words, religious discrimination seems to lead Muslims to increase their identification with their religion and to decrease their identification with their nation of residence. Some studies further indicate that societal Islamophobia negatively influences Muslim minorities' health. One of the studies showed that the perception of an Islamophobic society is associated with more psychological problems, such as depression
Islamophobia
12578436
to directly benefit the patients and residents of Greater Manchester. The creation of Manchester Academic Health Science Centre was announced by the then health secretary Alan Johnson in March 2009. Manchester Academic Health Science Centre comprises: Manchester Academic Health Science Centre is the first Academic Health Science Centre in the UK to cover the full spectrum of care: Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC; ) is an academic health science centre based in Manchester, United Kingdom. It is partnership, based on a federal model, between The University of Manchester and six NHS organisations in
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
18469365
Carondelet Health Network Carondelet Health Network is a large Catholic health care provider in Arizona. It is a non-profit corporation with five facilities: Carondelet St. Mary’s Hospital (the first hospital in Arizona), Carondelet St. Joseph’s Hospital, Carondelet Neurological Institute, Carondelet Heart & Vascular Institute, and Carondelet Holy Cross Hospital. Carondelet Health Network created a Community Nursing Organization (CNO) model, implemented in 1994, to determine if community-based health services could be efficiently managed by nurses. Key features of the Carondelet model included: Carondelet’s CNO model included an analysis of the Southern Arizona health care market, in order to localize their nursing
Carondelet Health Network
15406083
the community. The PRECEDE–PROCEED model is a participatory model for creating successful community health promotion and other public health interventions. It is based on the premise that behavior change is by and large voluntary, and that health programs are more likely to be effective if they are planned and evaluated with the active participation of those who will implement them, and those who are affected by them. Thus, it looks at health and other issues within the context of the community. Interventions designed for behavior change to prevent injuries and violence, to improve heart health, and to improve and increase
PRECEDE–PROCEED model
20025556
traditional cultural foods have high levels of sodium and fat, which is associated with an increased risk for hypertension. Medical beliefs and practices are constructed based on an individual’s perspective of the world. Socio-cultural influences are considerable factors that determine an individual’s belief about disease and treatment. Based on this understanding, ethnic groups (typically groups of Third World countries), follow a holistic approach to health care; thus, encompassing physical, psychological, and spiritual practices that are differentiated from Western medicine. Folk medicine is not the only medical system used by Filipinos. In general, Filipino health practices are based on biological, spiritual,
Filipino-American health
15650824
Centre for Health and International Relations The Centre for Health and International Relations (CHAIR) was founded (2003) in the belief that there are compelling reasons for linking international relations, foreign policy, security and health. CHAIR is based in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales. The founder and director is Professor Colin McInnes. In addition to research into the global politics of health broadly defined, CHAIR is also involved in research in the following areas: Associated staff working on the ongoing 'The Transformation of Global Health Governance: Competing World Views and Crises' project from the London School of
Centre for Health and International Relations
15650825
Hygiene and Tropical Medicine: Centre for Health and International Relations The Centre for Health and International Relations (CHAIR) was founded (2003) in the belief that there are compelling reasons for linking international relations, foreign policy, security and health. CHAIR is based in the Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales. The founder and director is Professor Colin McInnes. In addition to research into the global politics of health broadly defined, CHAIR is also involved in research in the following areas: Associated staff working on the ongoing 'The Transformation of Global Health Governance: Competing World Views and Crises' project from
Centre for Health and International Relations
18551820
has not yet been disrupted like fields such as computer production. The belief is that with time and innovation, the current Iron Triangle will be disrupted, and just as the cost of computer production has fallen as quality and access to computers has increased, health care access and quality will rise, and cost will decrease. Critics argue that the Iron Triangle is not a one-size-fits-all model that can be applied to an entire population. Iron Triangle of Health Care The concept of the Iron Triangle of Health Care was first introduced in William Kissick’s book, "Medicine’s Dilemmas: Infinite Needs Versus
Iron Triangle of Health Care
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Health coaching Health coaching is the use of evidence-based skillful conversation, clinical interventions and strategies to actively and safely engage client/patients in health behavior change. Health coaches are certified or credentialed to safely guide clients and patients who may have chronic conditions or those at moderate to high risk for chronic conditions. Health coaching is based on evidence-based clinical interventions such as motivational interviewing to facilitate behavior change, the transtheoretical model of change, goal setting, active listening, aggregation and trending of health outcome metrics, and prevention. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention define wellness as "the degree to which
Health coaching
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It is conceptualized as a person's estimate that a given behavior will lead to certain outcomes. Perception of treatment efficacy differs from self-efficacy because an individual's belief in their ability to perform the suggested actions does not influence their behavior it is the perceived outcome that determines an individual's actions. The enactment of sustained long-term behaviors intended by the fear appeal communication is strongly influenced by the individual perception of treatment efficacy. The extent to which an individual perceives the protection of the recommended action against the health risk determines whether they are persuaded to perform the recommended course of
Fear appeal
5979495
levels of speech anxiety and self-efficacy. As the focus of healthcare continues to transition from the medical model to health promotion and preventive healthcare, the role of self-efficacy as a potent influence on health behavior and self-care has come under review. According to Luszczynska and Schwarzer, self-efficacy plays a role in influencing the adoption, initiation, and maintenance of healthy behaviors, as well as curbing unhealthy practices. Healthcare providers can integrate self-efficacy interventions into patient education. One method is to provide examples of other people acting on a health promotion behavior and then work with the patient to encourage their belief
Self-efficacy
4119724
Medical model of disability The medical model of disability, or medical model, arose from the biomedical perception of disability. This model links a disability diagnosis to an individual's physical body. The model supposes that this disability may reduce the individual's quality of life and the aim is, with medical intervention, this disability will be diminished or corrected. The medical model focuses on curing or managing illness or disability. By extension, the medical model supposes a "compassionate" or just society invests resources in health care and related services in an attempt to cure or manage disabilities "medically". This is in an
Medical model of disability
8512590
tax exempt. Ithaca Health Alliance The Ithaca Health Alliance is a community-based health care cooperative based in Ithaca, New York. It incorporates financial and service assistance models to alleviate health care costs for its members and is a model for cooperative health care reform in the United States. The mission of IHA is to facilitate access to health care for all, with a focus on the needs of the un- and underinsured. IHA sponsors and operates the Ithaca Free Clinic In 1997, grass roots activists in Ithaca, New York organized by local innovator Paul Glover, began working with their community
Ithaca Health Alliance
8512572
Ithaca Health Alliance The Ithaca Health Alliance is a community-based health care cooperative based in Ithaca, New York. It incorporates financial and service assistance models to alleviate health care costs for its members and is a model for cooperative health care reform in the United States. The mission of IHA is to facilitate access to health care for all, with a focus on the needs of the un- and underinsured. IHA sponsors and operates the Ithaca Free Clinic In 1997, grass roots activists in Ithaca, New York organized by local innovator Paul Glover, began working with their community to address
Ithaca Health Alliance
3837768
based upon or featured provisions related to the articles or sections of the act. Of these, 48 had passed. Model State Emergency Health Powers Act The Model State Emergency Health Powers Act (MSEHPA) is a public health act originally drafted by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention to aid the United States' state legislatures in revising their public health laws to control epidemics and respond to bioterrorism. The CDC's draft was revised by the Center for Law and the Public's Health, a collaboration between Georgetown University and Johns Hopkins University. By December 21, 2001, the act was released to
Model State Emergency Health Powers Act
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2017, Roehrs "et al." performed a systematic literature review of PHRs and were able to divide architecture types into two groups: model-based and coverage-based. Model architectures represent more traditional takes on PHRs, including health data that is still stored on paper. Coverage architectures represent more hybrid takes on the PHR, "with the PHR distributed inside and outside the health care organizations" based on the data's physical location. The associated architectural types have different costs and benefits. Likewise, stand-alone, provider-tethered, and payer-tethered PHRs have different advantages and disadvantages for patients related to their individual circumstances. Such differences are among the priority
Personal health record
17238349
Euro health consumer index the Czech health system is the 13th most successful in Europe, ranked behind Sweden and two positions ahead of the United Kingdom. In terms of administration, the healthcare system is based on a compulsory insurance model, with fee-for-service care funded by mandatory employment-related insurance plans since 1992. User fees have subsequently been reduced by more recent governments. The service is moving towards a mandatory Electronic prescribing system. Healthcare in the Czech Republic The Czech health care system is based on a compulsory insurance model, with fee-for-service care funded by mandatory employment-related insurance plans since 1992. According
Healthcare in the Czech Republic
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Manchester Academic Health Science Centre The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre (MAHSC; ) is an academic health science centre based in Manchester, United Kingdom. It is partnership, based on a federal model, between The University of Manchester and six NHS organisations in Greater Manchester. It was formally established in June 2008. MAHSC intends to act as a focus point to develop an effective shared vision and strategy for health research in Greater Manchester. One of the partnership's main objectives is to develop a system for rapid dissemination and translation of research findings into routine public health practice, enabling research outputs
Manchester Academic Health Science Centre
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2017 announced a definitive agreement to acquire Cain Brothers & Co. Cain Brothers Cain Brothers & Company, LLC is a boutique investment banking firm that focuses exclusively on the health care services industry and its related businesses. Cain Brothers was founded in 1982 by Jim and Dan Cain based on the belief that health care organizations in the United States have unique needs that can be best addressed by professionals with knowledge of the health care delivery system as a whole. As a result, the firm’s clients are composed of nonprofit, publicly traded, and privately held health care service providers,
Cain Brothers
12880173
Cain Brothers Cain Brothers & Company, LLC is a boutique investment banking firm that focuses exclusively on the health care services industry and its related businesses. Cain Brothers was founded in 1982 by Jim and Dan Cain based on the belief that health care organizations in the United States have unique needs that can be best addressed by professionals with knowledge of the health care delivery system as a whole. As a result, the firm’s clients are composed of nonprofit, publicly traded, and privately held health care service providers, such as hospitals, ambulatory care centers, and physician groups; third-party payors
Cain Brothers
19424545
in the field found correlations between preoccupied attachment and increased symptom reporting and an inverse relationship between avoidant attachment and visits to health professionals. High attachment anxiety has been associated with increased symptom reporting and visits to healthcare providers, and high attachment avoidance associated with less visits and decreased treatment compliance Attachment and Health Attachment and Health is psychological model which considers how attachment theory pertains to people’s preferences and expectations for the proximity of others when faced with stress, threat, danger or pain. In 1982 the American Psychiatrist, Lawrence Kolb, noticed that patients with chronic pain displayed behaviours with
Attachment and Health
1903850
research and pharmaceutical research, which form the basis for evidence-based medicine and evidence-based practice in health care delivery. Health services research can lead to greater efficiency and equitable delivery of health care interventions, as advanced through the social model of health and disability, which emphasizes the societal changes that can be made to make populations healthier. Results from health services research often form the basis of evidence-based policy in health care systems. Health services research is also aided by initiatives in the field of artificial intelligence for the development of systems of health assessment that are clinically useful, timely, sensitive
Health care
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be useful. The Lifetrack model incorporates both an understanding of disease and optimal health. Lifetrack defines, measures, and tracks positive mental health and provides a clinical method useful to patients to improve psychological well-being. With humanistic models of man, such as the Lifetrack model, which integrate both optimal health and disease in the same model, psychiatrists and clinical psychologists can help individuals develop and maintain health as the objective of therapy while addressing inevitable crisis and inner growth. Just as positive psychology can inform clinical psychology, clinical models in psychiatry based on health may also inform the field of psychology,
Lifetrack Therapy
6581602
mental health, evidence-based practice guides have been created by such organizations as the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, in conjunction with the National Alliance on Mental Illness. Evidence-based practice has now spread into a diverse range of areas outside of health where the same principles are known by names such as results-focused policy, managing for outcomes, evidence-informed practice etc. This model of care has been studied for 30 years in universities and is gradually making its way into the public sector. It effectively moves away from the old “medical model” (You have
Evidence-based practice
10498229
cost-benefit ratio. WHO Model List of Essential Medicines The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicine. As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list. This includes countries in both the developed and developing world. The list is divided into core items and
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
10498225
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (EML), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. The list is frequently used by countries to help develop their own local lists of essential medicine. As of 2016, more than 155 countries have created national lists of essential medicines based on the World Health Organization's model list. This includes countries in both the developed and developing world. The list is divided into core items and complementary items.
WHO Model List of Essential Medicines
14909982
African American community. During the panel discussion, Dr. David Malbranche of Emory University stated his belief that Project Brotherhood is a model that should be replicated across the country. Project Brotherhood Project Brotherhood is a health clinic focused on using community outreach and preventive education to meet the needs and improve the health of African American men in the Woodlawn area on the south side of Chicago, Illinois. The clinic is operated by a combination of staff, volunteers, and interns and hosts a variety of free services for members of the community. Project Brotherhood offers a weekly social support group
Project Brotherhood
2918119
the cost of insuring those unable to insure themselves via social security arrangements funded from taxation, either by directly paying their medical bills or by paying for insurance premiums for those affected. In a social health insurance system, contributions from workers, the self-employed, enterprises, and governments are pooled into a single or multiple funds on a compulsory basis. It is based on risk pooling. The social health insurance model is also referred to as the 'Bismarck Model,' after Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who introduced the first universal health care system in Germany in the 19th century. The funds typically
Universal health care
18707386
EPPM and in the health risk field. Witte is the developer of the Extended Parallel Process Model. Witte’s model is a guideline that researchers use to predict how individuals will react to fear by inducing stimuli. The guidelines considered in the EPPM are perceived threat, severity of the perceived threat, and perceived self-efficacy. She is also the developer of the Risk Behavior Diagnosis Scale, which indicates what prevention message would work best for a specific audience. Witte has research and developed this scale specifically with HIV/AIDS prevention messages. It is a 12-item scale to access the perceived threat by people
Kim Witte
5475078
2004, California voters acted upon a widespread perception that state and county mental health systems were still in disrepair, underfunded, and requiring a systematic, organizational overhaul. This perception echoed a nationwide perspective, with the President's New Freedom Commission on Mental Health in 2003 calling for fundamental transformation of the historically fragmented mental health system. The MHSA is California's attempt to lead the way in accomplishing such systemic reform. In the end, voter consciences were pricked by the well-organized and -funded campaign that displayed both the need (50,000 mentally ill homeless people, according to the National Alliance on Mental Illness) and
California Mental Health Services Act
1754989
on their health condition. The "observations" (normal, cold, dizzy) along with a "hidden" state (healthy, fever) form a hidden Markov model (HMM), and can be represented as follows in the Python programming language: In this piece of code, codice_1 represents the doctor's belief about which state the HMM is in when the patient first visits (all he knows is that the patient tends to be healthy). The particular probability distribution used here is not the equilibrium one, which is (given the transition probabilities) approximately codice_2. The codice_3 represents the change of the health condition in the underlying Markov chain. In
Viterbi algorithm
12006930
ineffective programming, the result of science and good public health policy being trumped by politics and ideology. It was long-listed for the Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-fiction in 2009. The following year, she gave a TED talk arguing that the "rational" health belief model that underpins many public health campaigns are quite irrational from the point of view of those they target. In late 2011, Pisani took a sabbatical from her day job to explore Indonesia, where she had worked in her capacity as an epidemiologist and public health advocate. She blogged about her travels at Portrait Indonesia from late
Elizabeth Pisani
7649571
Boston Medical Center HealthNet, Fallon Community Health Plan, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care, Health New England, Minuteman Health, Neighborhood Health Plan (a new plan following the co-op model introduced with PPACA), Network Health, and Tufts Health Plan. The primary features of each plan are illustrated in this table based on the data provided at the Summary of Benefits & Coverage located within the Plan Information section of the Individuals and Families portal. The source to the below list of available plans is via the Massachusetts Health Connector. By comparison, Commonwealth Care insurance had either zero or $250 deductibles (depending on which
Massachusetts health care reform
16412205
Occupational Health and Safety". Each of these jurisdictions has enacted Work Health & Safety legislation and regulations based on the Commonwealth Work Health and Safety Act 2011 and common Codes of Practice developed by Safe Work Australia. Some jurisdictions have also included mine safety under the model approach, however, most have retained separate legislation for the time being. Western Australia intends to adopt a moderated version of the model approach and Victoria has retained its own regime, although the Model WHS laws themselves drew heavily on the Victoria approach. In Canada, workers are covered by provincial or federal labour codes
Occupational safety and health
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Primary Care Behavioral health Primary Care Behavioral Health Consultation model (PCBH) is a psychological approach to population-based clinical health care that is simultaneously co-located, collaborative, and integrated within the primary care clinic. The goal of PCBH is to improve and promote overall health within the general population. This approach is important because approximately half of all patients in primary care present with psychiatric comorbidities, and 60% of psychiatric illness is treated in primary care. Primary Care practice has traditionally adopted a generalist approach whereby physicians are trained in the medical model and solutions to problems typically involve medications, procedures, and
Primary Care Behavioral health
5353638
health workers. PIH's community-based model has proved successful in delivering effective care both for common conditions like diarrhea, pneumonia, and childbirth that are often fatal for Haiti’s poor and malnourished, and for complex diseases like HIV and tuberculosis. A key to this success and to the PIH model of care pioneered in Haiti has been training and hiring thousands of "accompagnateurs" (community health workers). The PIH model of accompagnateur care is outlined in the 5-SPICE framework, a scholarly article detailing the tenets of a successful community health worker program. The use of accompagnateurs is one of the most effective ways
Partners In Health
17081711
of the long-term health policy strategy is to improve health, help promote the adoption of healthy lifestyles among the Finnish people and to reduce health disparities between different groups of the population. The implementation of HiAP in South Australia has focused on "developing a process to position HiAP as a core process of government, rather than an approach run by and for the health sector". The South Australian model of HiAP is based on two basic elements: central governance and accountability and a "health lens" analysis process. The 2010 Adelaide Statement of Health in All Policies describes instances in which
Health in All Policies
4491192
management is often referred to as prognostics and health management (PHM), sometimes also system health management (SHM) or—in transportation applications—vehicle health management (VHM) or engine health management (EHM). Technical approaches to building models in prognostics can be categorized broadly into data-driven approaches, model-based approaches, and hybrid approaches. Data-driven prognostics usually use pattern recognition and machine learning techniques to detect changes in system states. The classical data-driven methods for nonlinear system prediction include the use of stochastic models such as the autoregressive (AR) model, the threshold AR model, the bilinear model, the projection pursuit, the multivariate adaptive regression splines, and the
Prognostics
3764298
psychology is increasingly prominent in mental health. A holistic model of mental health generally includes concepts based upon anthropological, educational, psychological, religious and sociological perspectives, as well as theoretical perspectives from personality, social, clinical, health and developmental psychology. The tripartite model of mental well-being views mental well-being as encompassing three components of emotional well-being, social well-being, and psychological well-being. Emotional well-being is defined as having high levels of positive emotions, whereas social and psychological well-being are defined as the presence of psychological and social skills and abilities that contribute to optimal functioning in daily life. The model has received empirical
Mental health
12476405
as to how systems work for many different national groups, for people of different socio-economic classes, and different ages, and different religions, and especially for contract workers and immigrant workers, in every country. Studies (and citations) are needed about complaint systems in health care, in faith-based organizations, in schools, in political organizations, in the military and in many specialized occupations. Studies are needed about important specialized issues like free speech. A number of artificial intelligence technologies are helpful in complaint resolution process, understanding the attitudes of involved parties and reasoning about them, in particular, based on the belief–desire–intention model. Concept
Complaint system
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clients with mental health needs. MHIP is a mandated component of LIHP and is available to all individuals in HWLA who meet the mental health requirements. The program provides mental health screenings and treatments and uses an evidence- and outcome-based model of collaborative care to treat mental health conditions. Mental health is delivered through an existing network of directly operated and contracted specialty mental health clinics in LA county in three “tiers” of care. The first tier offers a full range of rehabilitation services and is intended for clients with serious mental illness. The second tier offers evidence-based practices, short-term
Healthy Way LA
8177926
private consortia to finance and rebuild major health infrastructure and to provide clinical services over a period of decades. The Global Health Group has joined with PwC to document pioneering PPIPs in that Spain, Lesotho, Latin America, S.E. Asia, and elsewhere. A second model of special interest to the Global Health Group is Clinical Social Franchising. The fifth Compendium or Atlas on this topic was recently published by the Global Health Group. The third Initiative of the Global Health Group is E2Pi, which provides rapid turnaround policy options, based on comprehensive evidence synthesis, concerning current issues in global health. Clients
Richard Feachem
20089707
public health literatures) and social ecological models (in sociology and public health). In 2008, Pollock authored the entry on the "Community Structure model" for the International Encyclopedia of Communication, and in 2013, he authored an authoritative annotated bibliography on Community Structure scholarship for Oxford Bibliographies Online. Community Structure Theory Community structure theory provides a powerful framework for analyzing society’s influence on media coverage. It has been identified by Funk and McCombs (2015) as the “conceptual inverse” of agenda-setting, focusing on demographic characteristics of communities shaping news instead of news as a driver of public perception. For example, community structure theory
Community Structure Theory
15665584
the area. "Conservation Through Public Health" With funding from USAID, Conservation Through Public Health, a Ugandan-based NGO and US registered non-profit added family planning to its integrated One Health program promoting wildlife health and community-based health care to prevent zoonotic disease transmission between people, wildlife and livestock. CTPH has received recognition for having a model PHE program promoting gorilla conservation and community health and development in and around Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, SW Uganda. Oglethorpe, J.; Honzak, C. ; Margoluis, C.,"Healthy People, Healthy Ecosystems: A Manual on Integrating Health and Family Planning into Conservation Projects", World Wildlife Fund (WWF),2008 Brown,
Population, health, and the environment
509321
caused by health care, i.e. symptoms of DID are created by therapists themselves via hypnosis. This belief also implies that those with DID are more susceptible to manipulation by hypnosis and suggestion than others. The iatrogenic model also sometimes states that treatment for DID is harmful. According to Brand, Loewenstein and Spiegel, "[t]he claims that DID treatment is harmful are based on anecdotal cases, opinion pieces, reports of damage that are not substantiated in the scientific literature, misrepresentations of the data, and misunderstandings about DID treatment and the phenomenology of DID”. Their claim is evidenced by the fact that only
Dissociative identity disorder
8045351
psychological difficulties on a basis of causation and remediation. It can be contrasted with other models that make different basic assumptions. Examples include holistic model of the alternative health movement and the social model of the disability rights movement, as well as to biopsychosocial and recovery models of mental disorders. For example, Gregory Bateson's double bind theory of schizophrenia focuses on environmental rather than medical causes. These models are not mutually exclusive. A model is not a statement of absolute reality or a belief system but a tool for helping patients. Thus, utility is the main criterion, and the utility
Medical model
3446931
this field is to allow consumers to manage their own health, through the use of internet-based strategies and resources with consumer-friendly language. Currently, CHI stands at a crossroads between various healthcare related fields such as nursing, public health, health promotion, and health education The Kaiser model is an example of allowing patients to remotely communicate with their physicians or other healthcare professionals. Consumer health informatics include technologies focused on patients as the primary users to health information. Consumer health informatics includes: information resources, communications, remote monitoring, videoconferencing, and telepresence. Medical informatics has expanded rapidly over the past couple of years.
Consumer health informatics
9915006
LGBTI Health Summit The LGBTI Health Summits are an opportunity for individuals working for the health of intersex, trans, bisexual, lesbian and gay people to meet and share ideas. Attendees are mostly health activists, a mix of medical care professionals, alternative and complementary health providers, outreach workers, volunteers, and other interested parties. The LGBTI Health Summits grew out of a resurgence in queer health movements which looked beyond a victim deficit based model of disease, using an asset based approach. The LGBTI Health Summits grew out of the first Gay Men's Health Summit, held in Boulder, Colorado in 1999. The
LGBTI Health Summit
16415550
Healthcare in Albania Albania has a universal health care system which has evolved from the Soviet model into one nearer to the Bismarck model based on both mandatory and voluntary contributions, supplemented by funding from the state budget. The Constitution of Albania establishes the right to health insurance of Albanian citizens. Total health care expenditure in 2013 was 5.9% of GDP, about 48.4% of that was government expenditure. According to the survey conducted by the Euro health consumer index in 2015, Albania was the European country in which unofficial payments to doctors were reported most commonly. The Albanian Health Insurance
Healthcare in Albania
17883439
the state and federal level, especially in changes in block grant funding as part of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1981. The statewide support for mental health services has also seen significant cuts and has barely accounted for annual inflation. The overall shift from institution-based care to a community-based care model was one that many mental health advocates welcomed; however, the funding appropriated to support such programs was much less than initial estimates and has had a significant impact on the ability of the community care based model to be successful in providing adequate mental health treatment to those in
Incarceration prevention in the United States