who led the slave revolt on august 22 1791
Toussaint L'Ouverture
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Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution ( ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti. It began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in
Haitian Revolution
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Haitian Revolution The Haitian Revolution ( ) was a successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection by self-liberated slaves against French colonial rule in Saint-Domingue, now the sovereign nation of Haiti. It began on 22 August 1791, and ended in 1804 with the former colony's independence. It involved blacks, mulattoes, French, Spanish, and British participants—with the ex-slave Toussaint L'Ouverture emerging as Haiti's most charismatic hero. It was the only slave uprising that led to the founding of a state which was both free from slavery, and ruled by non-whites and former captives. It is now widely seen as a defining moment in
Haitian Revolution
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South America can be traced back to slave revolts in plantations in the northernmost part of the continent and Caribbean. In 1791, a massive slave revolt sparked a general insurrection against the plantation system and French colonial power. These events were followed by a violent uprising led by José Leonardo Chirino and José Caridad González that sprung up in 1795 Venezuela, allegedly inspired by the revolution in Haiti. Toussaint L'Ouverture was born a slave in Saint-Domingue where he developed labor skills that would give him higher privileges than other slaves. He intellectually and physically advanced resulting in promotion,land of his
Latin American wars of independence
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Jewish tombstones have been uncovered. In the late eighteenth century at the time of the French Revolution, the free people of color pressed for more rights in Saint-Domingue, and a slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture broke out in 1791 in the North of the island. Slaves considered Jews to be among the white oppressor group. Through the years of warfare, many people of the Jewish community were among the whites killed; some Jews were expelled when the slaves and free blacks took power and instituted restrictions on foreign businessmen. Haiti achieved independence in 1804 but was not recognized by
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
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American Revolution, with Saint Lucia being returned to France by the Treaty of Paris in 1783, but not nearly as much as had been hoped for at the time of French intervention. True disaster came to what remained of France's colonial empire in 1791 when Saint Domingue (the Western third of the Caribbean island of Hispaniola), France's richest and most important colony, was riven by a massive slave revolt, caused partly by the divisions among the island's elite, which had resulted from the French Revolution of 1789. The slaves, led eventually by Toussaint L'Ouverture and then, following his capture by
French colonial empire
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The St. John's Slave Rebellion is one of the earliest and longest lasting slave rebellions in the Americas. It ended with defeat, however, and many rebels, including one of the leaders Breffu, committed suicide rather than being recaptured. The most successful slave uprising was the Haitian Revolution, which began in 1791 and was eventually led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, culminating in the independent black republic of Haiti. Panama also has an extensive history of slave rebellions going back to the 16th century. Slaves were brought to the isthmus from many regions in Africa, including the modern day countries of the Congo,
Slave rebellion
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a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and the founding of the Republic of Haiti. The Haitian Revolution was the only slave revolt which led to the founding of a state. Furthermore, it is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred and as a defining moment in the histories of both Europe and the Americas. The rebellion began with a revolt of black African slaves in August 1791. It ended in November 1803 with the French defeat at the battle of Vertières. Haiti became an independent
Age of Revolution
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area was a stronghold of the wealthy planters who wanted greater autonomy for the colony, especially economically, so they could do as they pleased. Although the slaves were not expected to participate in a rebellion, suddenly on August 22, 1791, a great slave uprising plunged the country into civil war. Thousands of slaves in the fertile Nord Department region rose up to take vengeance on their masters and to fight for their liberty. Within the next ten days slaves had taken control of the entire northern province in an unprecedented slave revolt that left the whites controlling only a few
Nord (Haitian department)
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August 22, 1791. Their successful revolution resulted in the establishment of the second independent country in the Americas (after the United States). Soon after the revolt began, the Washington administration, at French request, agreed to send money, arms, and provisions to Saint-Domingue to assist distressed slave-owning colonists. Reacting to reports spread by fleeing Frenchmen of Haitian slaves murdering people, many Southerners believed that a successful slave revolt in Haiti would lead to a massive race war in America. American aid to Saint-Domingue formed part of the US repayment of Revolutionary War loans, and eventually amounted to about $400,000 and 1,000
Presidency of George Washington
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Dutty Boukman Dutty Boukman (Also known as "Boukman Dutty") (died 7 November 1791) was an early leader of the Haitian Revolution, enslaved in Jamaica and later in Haiti. He is considered to have been both a leader of maroons and vodou hougan (priest). According to some contemporary accounts Boukman alongside Cécile Fatiman, a Vodou mambo, presided over the religious ceremony at Bois Caïman, in August 1791, that served as the catalyst to the 1791 slave revolt which is usually considered the beginning of the Haitian Revolution. Boukman was a key leader of the slave revolt in the Le Cap‑Français region
Dutty Boukman
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of the 19th century, crushed frequent uprisings, and repelled Haitian invasions. In 1843, a revolt, led by Charles Rivière-Hérard, overthrew Boyer and established a brief parliamentary rule under the Constitution of 1843. Revolts soon broke out and the country descended into near chaos, with a series of transient presidents until March 1847, when General Faustin Soulouque, a former slave who had fought in the rebellion of 1791, became president. He purged the military high command, established a secret police, and eliminated mulatto opponents. In August 1849, he grandiosely proclaimed himself as Haiti's second emperor, Faustin I. Soulouque's expansive ambitions led
History of Haiti
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British, Spanish, and French. Bois Caïman is where a Vodou ceremony took place in which the first major slave revolt of the Haitian Revolution was planned. On August 14, 1791, slaves from nearby plantations gathered to participate in a secret ceremony conducted in the woods in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. A prominent slave leader and Vodou priest, Dutty Boukman, gave the signal to begin the revolt. The ceremony began the era of black power in Haiti. The effect a couple months after the revolt was that slave rebels controlled a third of the island by 1792. https://blog.uwgb.edu/revolutions/ http://afropunk.com/search/haiti/ http://crawfurd.dk/africa/haiti200.htm
Black Power in the Caribbean
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the already boiling cauldron of dissatisfaction among free men of color and slaves in the colony. Ogé became an important symbol of the injustices of a colonial slave society that wanted to restrict the benefits of the French Revolution to whites only. Vincent Ogé Vincent Ogé (; c.1755–1791) was a wealthy free man of mixed race descent and the instigator of a revolt against white colonial authority in French Saint-Domingue that lasted from October to December 1790 in the area outside Cap-Français, the colony's main city. The Ogé revolt of 1790 foretold the massive slave uprising of August 1791 that
Vincent Ogé
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himself with the slave Noemi to challenge the reign of Barbarroja. "Zafira" references the Haitian revolution of 1791, the only successful slave revolt, and the black republic established there in 1804. Haiti stood as an example of freedom in an age that claimed human equality at birth. The revolt led wealthy landowners to flee to Cuba bringing stories of the rebellion. French slaves were not allowed in Cuba for fear of another revolt. The presence of Spanish soldiers to prevent another uprising did not permit white Cuba's autonomy. In the play, Selim possesses a mysterious letter which was not present
Juan Francisco Manzano
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Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795 A slave revolt took place in the Dutch colony of Curaçao in 1795, led by Tula, a local slave, and resulted in a month-long conflict on the island between escapees and the colonial government. Bandabou had between 4,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 1795, mostly enslaved. The slave Tula had been preparing the insurrection for some weeks. On the morning of August 17, 1795, at the Knip plantation of slave master Caspar Lodewijk van Uytrecht at Bandabou, Curaçao, Tula led an uprising of 40 to 50 people. The enslaved met on the square of the plantation
Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
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It had the highest slave mortality rate in the western hemisphere. A 1791 slave revolt, the only ever successful slave revolt, began the Haitian Revolution, led to freedom for the colony's slaves in 1794 and, a decade later, complete independence for the country, which renamed itself Haiti. France briefly also ruled the eastern portion of the island, which is now the Dominican Republic. During the 17th and 18th centuries, France ruled much of the Lesser Antilles at various times. Islands that came under French rule during part or all of this time include Dominica, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Marie-Galante, Martinique, St. Barthélemy,
French colonization of the Americas
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blacks and white men close to him has been confirmed. The Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) was a slave revolt in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, which culminated in the elimination of slavery there and established the Republic of Haiti. It was the only slave revolt in the modern era which led to the founding of a state and is generally considered the most successful slave rebellion ever to have occurred in the Americas. Beginning in 1789, free people of color of Saint-Domingue were inspired by the French Revolution to seek an expansion of their rights and equality, while perpetuating the denial
Toussaint Louverture
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Americas, and the only nation in the world established as a result of a successful slave revolt. The rebellion that began in 1791 was led by a former slave and the first black general of the French Army, Toussaint Louverture, whose military genius and political acumen transformed an entire society of slaves into an independent country. Upon his death in a prison in France, he was succeeded by his lieutenant, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who declared Haiti's sovereignty and later became the first Emperor of Haiti, Jacques I. The Haitian Revolution lasted just over a dozen years; and apart from Alexandre Pétion,
Haiti
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Vincent Ogé Vincent Ogé (; c.1755–1791) was a wealthy free man of mixed race descent and the instigator of a revolt against white colonial authority in French Saint-Domingue that lasted from October to December 1790 in the area outside Cap-Français, the colony's main city. The Ogé revolt of 1790 foretold the massive slave uprising of August 1791 that began the Haitian Revolution. Ogé was a wealthy and educated free man of colour born in Dondon, Saint-Domingue, of one-quarter African descent and three-quarters French ancestry (a ""quadroon""). He was the third son of Jacques Ogé, a white man and Jacqueline Ossé,
Vincent Ogé
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on September 23. On December 1 she, along with the frigate USS "Boston" captured the schooner "Flying Fish" and recaptured the American schooner "Weymouth". Among other duties the "General Green" intercepted supplies to rebels fighting to overthrow General Toussaint Louverture who had led a successful slave revolt against the French in Haiti in 1791. On April 27, the "General Greene" brought two emissaries from Louverture to New Orleans where they went on to meet with President John Adams. She left New Orleans on May 10, escorting twelve merchantmen to Havana. As she neared Havana, a British 74 gun ship of
Christopher Raymond Perry
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of a slave at Le Prêcheur had led to a slave revolt on May 20; two days later Rostoland, under duress, had abolished slavery on the island to quell the revolt. That same year, following the establishment of the Second Republic, Fort Royal became Fort-de-France. In 1981, May 22 was declared a national holiday in celebration of emancipation. In 1851 a law was passed authorizing the creation of two colonial banks with the authority to issue banknotes. This led to the founding of the Bank of Martinique in Saint Pierre, and the Bank of Guadeloupe. (These banks would merge in
History of Martinique
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Bois Caïman Bois Caïman () is the site of the Vodou ceremony during which the first major slave insurrection of the Haitian Revolution was planned. On the night of August 14, 1791, representative slaves from nearby plantations gathered to participate in a secret ceremony conducted in the woods by nearby Le Cap in the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Presided over by Dutty Boukman, a prominent slave leader and Vodou priest, the ceremony served as both a religious ritual and strategic meeting as conspirators met and planned a revolt against the ruling white planters of the colony's wealthy Northern Plain. The
Bois Caïman
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only interested in the New Orleans area; however, the revolution enabled the sale of the entire territory west of the Mississippi River for around $15 million. This purchase more than doubled US territory. When the news of the August 1791 slave revolt in Saint Domingue reached then-President Washington, he immediately sent aid to the white government there. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson talked about gradual emancipation of US slaves in his private correspondence with friends while publicly remaining silent on the issue. However, by the time that the revolution was coming to an end and the debate over an embargo began,
United States and the Haitian Revolution
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France, and was followed by laws that established registers for slaves in mainland France, who were limited to a three-year stay, for visits or learning a trade. Unregistered "slaves" in France were regarded as free. However, slavery was of vital importance in France's Caribbean possessions, especially Saint-Domingue. In 1793, influenced by the French Declaration of the Rights of Man of August 1789 and alarmed as the massive slave revolt of August 1791 that had become the Haitian Revolution threatened to ally itself with the British, the French Revolutionary commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel declared general emancipation to reconcile them with France.
History of slavery
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International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition, August 23 of each year, the day designated by UNESCO to memorialize the transatlantic slave trade. That date was chosen by the adoption of resolution 29 C/40 by the Organization's General Conference at its 29th session. Circular CL/3494 of July 29, 1998, from the Director-General invited Ministers of Culture to promote the day. The date is significant because, during the night of August 22 to August 23, 1791, on the island of Saint Domingue (now known
International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition
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a "de jure" claim of independence. A similar attempt to attain independence was carried out on the night of 21 August 1791, when the slaves of Saint Domingue rose in revolt and plunged the colony into civil war. Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt. However, the Legislative Assembly in France granted rights to the free people of colour, in addition to dispatching 6,000 French soldiers to the island. As a result, a complete secession from France was not undertaken at the time, and only came into effect
Haitian Declaration of Independence
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executed. The Tula Museum was named after the rebel leader. The revolt was dramatized in the 2013 Dutch film "", directed by Jeroen Leinders and starring Obi Abili as Tula alongside Jeroen Krabbé and Danny Glover. Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795 A slave revolt took place in the Dutch colony of Curaçao in 1795, led by Tula, a local slave, and resulted in a month-long conflict on the island between escapees and the colonial government. Bandabou had between 4,000 and 5,000 inhabitants in 1795, mostly enslaved. The slave Tula had been preparing the insurrection for some weeks. On the morning
Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
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entering the sugar colony business late, British naval supremacy and control over key islands such as Jamaica, Trinidad, the Leeward Islands and Barbados and the territory of British Guiana gave it an important edge over all competitors; while many British did not make gains, a handful of individuals made small fortunes. This advantage was reinforced when France lost its most important colony, St. Domingue (western Hispaniola, now Haiti), to a slave revolt in 1791 and supported revolts against its rival Britain, after the 1793 French revolution in the name of liberty. Before 1791, British sugar had to be protected to
Atlantic slave trade
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President Thomas Jefferson—who was a slaveholder himself—refused to establish diplomatic relations with Haiti (the United States did not recognize Haiti until 1862) and imposed an economic embargo on trade with Haiti that also lasted until 1862 in an attempt to ensure the economic failure of the new republic as Jefferson wanted Haiti to fail, regarding a successful slave revolt in the West Indies as a dangerous example for American slaves. Beginning during the slave insurrections of 1791, white refugees from Saint-Domingue fled to the United States, particularly to Philadelphia, Baltimore, New York, and Charleston. The immigration intensified after the journée
Haitian Revolution
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organize a revolt, which was followed shortly thereafter by a general slave revolt. In 1791, slaves staged a revolt, massacring whites and torching plantations. By 1801, the revolt had succeeded, putting Toussaint Louverture into power as Governor General of Haiti. Although slavery was outlawed, Louverture, believing that the plantation economy was necessary, forced laborers back to work on the plantations using military might. With a view toward re-establishing slavery, Napoleon Bonaparte sent his brother-in-law, Charles Leclerc, to regain control of Haiti, along with a fleet of 86 ships and 22,000 soldiers. The Haitians resisted the soldiers, but the French were
Slavery in Haiti
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instructing the ignorant coasters, and in bringing to justice those who break or evade the laws. Instances of contraventing of the laws have been discovered and prosecuted and some of them failed by the unaccountable determination of the court. She was sold on 16 August 1798 to Clement Jackson for $565. Hopley Yeaton, Master, 1791-1798. Yeaton probably brought along his slave, Senegal, during the "Scammel"s patrols as was this practice was permitted by the Treasury Department at this time. John Flagg, First Mate, 1791-1791.<br> John Parrott, Second Mate, 1791-1791.<br> Samuel Hobard, Third Mate, 1791-1791. Yeaton fired three of his crew
USRC Scammel (1791)
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and informed van Uytrecht they would no longer be his slaves. He told them to present their complaints to the lieutenant governor at Fort Amsterdam. They left and went from Knip to Lagun, where they freed 22 slaves from jail. From Lagun, the liberators went to the sugar plantation of Saint Kruis, where they were joined by more rebels under Bastian Karpata. Tula then led the liberated people from farm to farm, freeing more people. The slave owners had now retreated to the city, leaving their plantations unprotected. At the same time, a confederate French slave, Louis Mercier, led another
Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795
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marches them out of the city — and the city's slaves ready for revolt. They are led by Pisander, a gentleman from Thebes who is masquerading as Marullo, a slave in Archidamus's household. The ensuing slave revolt is managed by Pisander so that the citizens, while treated roughly, are not slaughtered; it turns out that Pisander's motive in starting the revolt is to further his own suit for Cleora's hand in marriage. Aided by Cleora's personal slave Timandra, Pisander pleads his suit to the blindfolded and mute Cleora, and so effectively that she is touched by his appeal. The forces
The Bondman
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Cape Grand Mount, with most of the slaves coming from Gallinhas. Apparently a slave insurrection occurred at Grand Cape Mount in January 1791. She embarked 262 slaves: 160 adult men, 72 adult women, 19 boys (two of whom were infants), and 11 girls. She arrived at St Vincent with 250 slaves on 22 June 1791; nine men and three women had died on the voyage, for an overall loss rate of 4.6%. "Albion" back at Liverpool on 14 August. She had left Bristol with 28 crew and returned with 19. She enrolled eight crew members at Ile de Los to
Albion (1783 ship)
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as Boukman Dutty, a slave who helped plan the 1791 revolt, also served as religious leader, connecting Vodou spirituality with political action. Bois Caiman has often been cited as the start of the Haitian Revolution but the slave uprising had already been planned weeks in advance, proving that the thirst for freedom had always been present. The revolution would free the Haitian people from French colonial rule in 1804 and establish the first black people's republic in the history of the world and the second independent nation in the Americas. Haitian nationalists have frequently drawn inspiration by imagining their ancestors'
Haitian Vodou
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was yet the U.S. Territory of Orleans, the largest slave revolt in American history began about thirty miles outside of New Orleans (or a greater distance if traveled alongside the twisting Mississippi River), as slaves rebelled against the brutal work regimens of sugar plantations. There had been a sizable influx of refugee French planters from the former French colony of Saint-Domingue following the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804), who brought their slaves of African descent with them. This influence was likely a contributing factor in the revolt. The German Coast Uprising ended with white militias and soldiers hunting down black slaves, peremptory
History of slavery in Louisiana
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Jean-Baptiste Perrier Jean-Baptiste Perrier (or Duperrier; alias Goman or Gauman) was an ex-slave leader who led a peasant revolt in Southern Grand'Anse, Haiti between 1807 and 1820. For a brief period, he essentially ran a separate, independent government from Haiti's central government. Perrier or Duperrier may have a been a slave on the Perrier plantation in the area of the Plaine des Cayes. In 1792, after a plantation revolt, general André Rigaud negotiated a settlement with slaves and masters which included 700 manumissions. Goman may have been one of the "affranchis". Goman, Nicolas Regnier, and Gilles Bénech were ex-slave leaders
Jean-Baptiste Perrier
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citizenship. The slave revolt, in the largest Caribbean French colony of Saint-Domingue in 1791, was the beginning of what became the Haitian Revolution led by formerly enslaved people like Georges Biassou, Toussaint Louverture, and Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The rebellion swept through the north of the colony, and with it came freedom to thousands of enslaved blacks, but also violence and death. In 1793, French Civil Commissioners in St. Domingue and abolitionists, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax and Étienne Polverel, issued the first emancipation proclamation of the modern world (Decree of 16 Pluviôse An II). The Convention sent them to safeguard the allegiance of the
Abolitionism
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guerrilla revolts included Felipillo, Bayano, Juan de Dioso, Domingo Congo, Antón Mandinga, and Luis de Mozambique. Tacky's War (1760) was a slave uprising in Jamaica, which ran from May to July before it was put down by the British colonial government. The Suriname slave rebellion was marked by constant guerrilla warfare by Maroons and in 1765-1793 by the Aluku. This rebellion was led by Boni. The Berbice slave revolt in Guyana in 1763 was led by Cuffy. Cuba had slave revolts in 1795, 1798, 1802, 1805, 1812 (the Aponte revolt), 1825, 1827, 1829, 1833, 1834, 1835, 1838, 1839–43 and 1844
Slave rebellion
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There, Radagaisus abandoned his followers and tried to escape, but was captured by the Romans. Historian Peter Heather hypothesizes that Radagaisus's escape attempt may have been compelled by a revolt within his forces. He was executed on 23 August 406. 12,000 of his higher-status fighters were drafted into the Roman army. Some of the remaining followers were dispersed, while so many of the others were sold into slavery that the slave market briefly collapsed. Radagaisus Radagaisus (died 23 August 406) was a Gothic king who led an invasion of Roman Italy in late 405 and the first half of 406.
Radagaisus
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Levi Spaulding Levi Spaulding (22 August 1791 – 18 June 1873) was an American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions missionary to Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), and he also led the team of American missionaries to choose Madura as a site for "American Madura Mission", for Tamil people of South India. He was an evangelist, hymnist, and published a "Tamil dictionary" and an "English-Tamil dictionary". He was born on 22 August 1791 in Jaffrey, New Hampshire, to Elisabeth and Phinehas Spaulding. He started his career as a farmer till the death of his father in 1809. He graduated from Dartmouth
Levi Spaulding
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sawed in half had his punishment as governed by Swiss military law, rather than French. An incident from 1741 (in Louisbourg, Canada) shows that at that time, when two Frenchmen and a Swiss were executed, Swiss mercenary troops had been placed under French military law, rather than under Swiss. Furthermore, detailing the recorded executions in the Swiss Canton of Zürich through the 15th-18th century, Gerold Meyer von Knonau records 1445 executions in total, none of them being through death by sawing. In August 1791, a great slave revolt broke out at Saint-Domingue, eventually leading to Haitian independence. In the process,
Death by sawing
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Kingdom of this World". Mackandal's public torture and execution (via burning at the stake) is depicted vividly in Guy Endore's 1934 novel Babouk. Both Mackandal's rebel conspiracy and his brutal killing are shown as influential on Babouk (based on Boukman), who helps to lead a 1791 slave revolt. A fictionalized version of Mackandal also appears in Nalo Hopkinson's novel, "The Salt Roads" and in Mikelson Toussaint-Fils's novel, "Bloody trails: the Messiah of the islands" (in French, "Les sentiers rouges: Le Messie des iles"). In Neil Gaiman's novel "American Gods", a boy named Agasu is enslaved in Africa and brought to
François Mackandal
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large repair. 2nd slave trading voyage (1791–1792): Captain James Bowie sailed from Liverpool on 29 May 1791, "Robust" arrived at Africa on 29 August and left on 14 March 1792. She arrived at Kingston 20 May and landed 324 slaves there. At some point Captain John Thornborrow replaced Bowie. "Robust" left Kingston on 1 July and arrived at Liverpool on 9 August. She had left 38 crew members and suffered 14 crew deaths on her voyage. In 1792 "Robust" underwent repairs for damages. 3rd slave trading voyage (1793–1794): Captain Archibald Forrest acquired a letter of marque on 9 March 1793,
Robust (1782 ship)
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Scaevola engaged in more fighting in the region, though not of clear nature, receiving a proconsular command in 121 BC. The rapid expansionism throughout this period caused internal unrest that had triggered the First Servile War in Sicily two years earlier in 135 BC. Publius Mucius Scaevola’s fellow consul Lucius Calpernius Piso led armies in 133 BC against the slave revolt on the island of Sicily. This revolt was led by a man named Eunus, a semi-prophetic military leader who managed to win several small scale engagements against larger Roman forces. Piso managed to suppress this long-running revolt, though Scaevola
Publius Mucius Scaevola
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Charles Deslondes Charles Deslondes was one of the slave leaders of the 1811 German Coast Uprising, a slave revolt that began on January 8, 1811, in the Territory of Orleans. He led more than 200 rebels against the plantations along the Mississippi River toward New Orleans. White planters formed militias and ended up hunting down the rebels. The slave insurgents killed one Free Man of Color, the "comandant" "overseer" or "slave driver" on the Andre plantation which started the revolt and one white man during their retreat from the out skirts of New Orleans. The militia and the Army killed
Charles Deslondes
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April 1790. He gathered his slaves at Bonny Island and delivered them to Kingston, Jamaica on 6 November. He had embarked 576 slaves and he landed 528, for a loss rate of 8.3%. Also, four of his 46 crew members died on the voyage. "Princess Royal" sailed from Kingston on 22 December and arrived back at Liverpool on 14 February 1791. Second slave voyage: Robert Catterall replaced Forbes for the second slaving voyage. He sailed from Liverpool on 8 March 1791 and started slave trading on 6 June. Apparently he first gathered slaves at "Barabalemo", and then at Bonny. "Princess
Princess Royal (1790 ship)
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with False River, a long oxbow lake and formerly the main channel of the Mississippi. In 1791, the Mina (an African people) slave uprising, the Mina Conspiracy, started on the estate of Widow Robillard at New Roads. Three years later, there was another area slave revolt near Point Coupee, the Pointe Coupée Conspiracy. In 1803 the United States made the Louisiana Purchase, and the territory became part of the United States. In-migration of American settlers increased, changing Louisiana culture. In 1822, Catherine Dispau (a free woman of color called ""La Fille Gougis"") made a four or six block subdivision out
New Roads, Louisiana
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Eugenia" just off the coast of Benguela. The revolt took place below decks. The sailors, along with many of the children that were on board, were able to escape using small boats. Slave rebellion A slave rebellion is an armed uprising by slaves. Slave rebellions have occurred in nearly all societies that practice slavery or have practiced slavery in the past, and are amongst the most feared events for slaveholders. The most successful slave rebellion in history was the 18th-century Haitian Revolution, led by Toussaint Louverture and later Jean-Jacques Dessalines who won the war against their French colonial rulers, which
Slave rebellion
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solidarity, slave revolts did occur and were severely punished. The most famous slave rebellion in Europe was led by Spartacus in Roman Italy, the Third Servile War. This war resulted in the 6000 surviving rebel slaves being crucified along the main roads leading into Rome. This was the third in a series of unrelated Servile Wars fought by slaves to the Romans. The English peasants' revolt of 1381 led to calls for the reform of feudalism in England and an increase in rights for serfs. The Peasants' Revolt was one of a number of popular revolts in late medieval Europe.
Slave rebellion
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St. John's Cemetery, Frederick, Maryland St. John’s Cemetery is a Roman Catholic cemetery located in Frederick, Maryland. The cemetery is operated by St. John the Evangelist Holy Catholic Church in Frederick, Maryland. The cemetery is located at East 3rd Street Frederick, Maryland 21701. The grounds which would become St. John’s Cemetery was first used as a cemetery for the interment of Henry, a free black man who died of cholera in 1832. St. John’s Cemetery was officially established in 1845. St John’s Cemetery contains a number of graves from French settlers who fled the St. Domingue Slave revolt of 1791.
St. John's Cemetery, Frederick, Maryland
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the maroons, as well as many people enslaved on plantations, into a secret army. Makandal was murdered (or disappeared) in 1758, but the resistance movement grew. At Bois Caïman, a maroon leader named Dutty Boukman held the first mass antislavery meeting secretly on August 14, 1791. At this meeting, a Vodou ceremony was performed, and all those present swore to die rather than to endure the continuation of slavery on the island. Following the ritual led by Boukman and a mambo named Cécile Fatiman, the insurrection started on the night of August 22–23, 1791. Boukman was killed in an ambush
Cap-Haïtien
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August 2016, after Hensley Koeiman took control over the party, Martina and his sons returned to the party. As chairperson of the "Fundashon Rehabilitashon Tula" Martina campaigned for the rehabilitation and declaration as national hero of Tula, a slave that led the Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795 and was subsequently executed. In 2013 Tula was declared a national hero. Martina has also spoken out for improved water resource management on Curaçao. Martina has two sons. His son Steven Martina served as Minister of Economic Development of Curaçao. In 2010 a book about Martina was published: "Don Martina: waardig en rechtvaardig".
Don Martina
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plantations in Lara, Aragua and Zulia, around Lake Maracaibo. The history of slave revolts in Venezuela, both in the form of runaway communities and mutiny, began quite early. The first documented insurrection was in Coro on 1532. However, the most momentous revolt of the time took place on the Buría mines on 1552. The rebellion was led by El Negro Miguel (also known as Rey Miguel), who founded a "cimarrón," or "cumbe" (escaped slave) settlement and had himself proclaimed king. He developed an army of 1,500 slaves, Blacks, Mulattos, Zambos and Indigenous peoples to attack colonial establishments. Numbers of runaway-slave
Afro-Venezuelan
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most successful in United States history. Madison Washington Madison Washington was an American enslaved cook who instigated a slave revolt in November 1841 on board the brig "Creole," which was transporting 134 other slaves from Virginia for sale in New Orleans, as part of the coastwise slave trade. On the night of Nov. 7, 1841, Washington led 17 of his fellow slaves into rebellion; they killed one of the slave traders on board and wounded crew. Taking control of the "Creole," they commanded that it be sailed to Nassau, which was under British control. Great Britain had abolished slavery in
Madison Washington
6886702
Madison Washington Madison Washington was an American enslaved cook who instigated a slave revolt in November 1841 on board the brig "Creole," which was transporting 134 other slaves from Virginia for sale in New Orleans, as part of the coastwise slave trade. On the night of Nov. 7, 1841, Washington led 17 of his fellow slaves into rebellion; they killed one of the slave traders on board and wounded crew. Taking control of the "Creole," they commanded that it be sailed to Nassau, which was under British control. Great Britain had abolished slavery in 1833 in its nation and colonies.
Madison Washington
656921
Nat Turner Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an African-American slave who led a two-day rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831. The rebellion caused the death of approximately sixty white men, women and children. Whites organized militias and called out regular troops to suppress the uprising. In addition, white militias and mobs attacked blacks in the area, killing an estimated 120, many of whom were not involved in the revolt. Nobody was arrested, tried or executed for these crimes against black men, women and children. The rebels went
Nat Turner
656902
Nat Turner Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an African-American slave who led a two-day rebellion of slaves and free blacks in Southampton County, Virginia on August 21, 1831. The rebellion caused the death of approximately sixty white men, women and children. Whites organized militias and called out regular troops to suppress the uprising. In addition, white militias and mobs attacked blacks in the area, killing an estimated 120, many of whom were not involved in the revolt. Nobody was arrested, tried or executed for these crimes against black men, women and children. The rebels went
Nat Turner
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He said that this was a proper reward for a slave who had helped a master earn a lifetime's fortune, and that it could keep the slave from descending into despair. New York Slave Revolt of 1712 The New York Slave Revolt of 1712 was an uprising in New York City, in the British Province of New York, of 23 enslaved Africans. They killed nine whites and injured another six before they were stopped. More than three times that number of blacks, 70, were arrested and jailed. Of these, 27 were put on trial, and 21 convicted and executed. In
New York Slave Revolt of 1712
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of Curaçao’s women and children. Between 2005 and 2013, she served as project manager and coordinator of Museum Tula, a former plantation, which bears the name of Tula, who led the Curaçao Slave Revolt of 1795. The museum strives to exhibit materials focused on the socio-economic development of not only Afro-Curaçaoans but the broader Caribbean region. She worked on projects to collect oral history and published a manual on methodologies of oral history in 2013. That same year, she led a project to reconstruct a slave dwelling for the Museum of Afro-Curaçaoan Heritage and assisted with the establishment of the
Jeanne Henriquez
4644272
Spartacus (Gibbon novel) Spartacus is a historical novel by the Scottish writer Lewis Grassic Gibbon, first published in 1933 under his real name of James Leslie Mitchell. Although Gibbon is mainly known for his trilogy "A Scots Quair", this is his best-known full-length work outside that trilogy. As its name suggests, it is an account of the great slave revolt in Ancient Rome, led by Spartacus. The central character is not Spartacus himself, but Kleon, a fictional Greek educated slave and eunuch who joins the revolt. In the first chapter we are told how he was sold into slavery as
Spartacus (Gibbon novel)
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of yellow fever in 1799. In 1802 Duplantier remarried, to widow Constance Rochon Joyce, and the couple resided part of the time in their country house at "Mount Magnolia" plantation (which property today is within the city of Baton Rouge and owned by that city). Five more children were born of this union. Duplantier was disturbed by the slave revolt which occurred locally in 1794 or 1795. It was called the Pointe Coupée Conspiracy and reminded him of the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804). He was a slave-owner and regretted that he had bought some Saint-Domingue slaves, but he did not want
Armand Duplantier
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Eliza (1789 ship) Eliza was launched in 1789 in New Brunswick. Between 1791 and 1800 she made six voyages as a whaler. She next made one voyage as a slave ship. She then disappears from online resources. "Eliza" enters "Lloyd's Register" in 1791 with Middleton, master, Champion, owner, changing to or from BlackB__c_, and trade London–South Seas. Captain Thomas Middleton sailed from England on 23 January 1791, bound for the Brazil Banks. "Eliza" was reported to have been at Cape Verde on 22 March, Trinidade on 17 April, and Port Desire on 31 March 1792. She stopped at Rio in
Eliza (1789 ship)
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state conventions in 1788. The federal government was reorganized into three branches, on the principle of creating salutary checks and balances, in 1789. George Washington, who had led the revolutionary army to victory, was the first president elected under the new constitution. The Bill of Rights, forbidding federal restriction of personal freedoms and guaranteeing a range of legal protections, was adopted in 1791. Although the federal government criminalized the international slave trade in 1808, after 1820, cultivation of the highly profitable cotton crop exploded in the Deep South, and along with it, the slave population. The Second Great Awakening, especially
United States
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including Glasgow. Anyone who worked in the cotton industry, therefore, depended on the slave trade either directly or indirectly. However, by the late 18th century, attitudes to slavery were beginning to change. The Abolition movement was growing and the slavery issue could not be ignored any longer. Nationally, the Abolitionists were led by Thomas Clarkson and William Wilberforce in London and the London Society sent representatives across the country seeking support for anti-slavery petitions. Glasgow’s response was to set up The Glasgow Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade in January 1791. David Dale was in the Chair. (It
David Dale
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traversed libraries and archives throughout the South, managing to uncover roughly 250 similar instances. The Zanj Rebellion was the culmination of a series of small revolts. It took place near the city of Basra, in southern Iraq over fifteen years (869−883 AD). It grew to involve over 500,000 slaves, who were imported from across the Muslim empire. In the 3rd century BCE, Drimakos (or Drimachus) led a slave revolt on the slave entrepot of Chios, took to the hills and directed a band of runaways in operations against their ex-masters. The Servile Wars (135 to 71 BCE) were a series
Slave rebellion
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pay huge bribes in order to see the French Foreign Minister Talleyrand, which the Americans rejected. The Jeffersonian Republicans, suspicious of Adams, demanded the documentation, which Adams released using X, Y and Z as codes for the names of the French diplomats. The XYZ Affair ignited a wave of nationalist sentiment. Overwhelmed, the U.S. Congress approved Adams' plan to organize the navy. Adams reluctantly signed the Alien and Sedition Acts as a wartime measure. Adams broke with the Hamiltonian wing of his Federalist Party and made peace with France in 1800. On August 22, 1791, a widespread slave rebellion began
France–Americas relations
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by a slave revolt would plague the minds of slave owners, even though slaves were the ones who hurt the most because of their lack of access to proper resources. One exception to the slave owners’ fear was the hurricane in 1776 led to a slave rebellion, where 25,000 slaves from 70 different plantations were killing their overseers and burning buildings and cane fields. Normally, like in San Ciriaco, no “extensive looting or other civil disturbances” were recorded. Thirdly, the damage of society’s infrastructure by hurricanes is massive. The Hurricane of 1780 had a storm surge of up to 25
Hurricanes and the Making of Caribbean History
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of the events are particularly clear with regard to the Heyward Shepherd monument. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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on, the western part of the island was French and the eastern part was Spanish. Haiti became one of the wealthiest of France's colonies, producing vast quantities of sugar and coffee and depended on a brutal slave system for the necessary labor. Inspired by the message of the French Revolution, Haitian slaves rose up in revolt in 1791 and after decades of struggle the independent republic of Haiti was officially proclaimed in 1804. Successive waves of Arawak migrants, moving northward from the Orinoco delta in South America, settled the islands of the Caribbean. Around A.D. 600, the Taíno, an Arawak
History of Haiti
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1791 that took place on the eve of a slave rebellion that predated the Haitian Revolution. During the ceremony the spirit Ezili Dantor possessed a priestess and received a black pig as an offering, and all those present pledged themselves to the fight for freedom. While there is debate on whether or not Bois Caiman was truly a Vodou ritual, the ceremony also served as a covert meeting to iron out details regarding the revolt. Vodou ceremonies often held a political secondary function that strengthened bonds between enslaved people while providing space for organizing within the community. Political leaders such
Haitian Vodou
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on 26 August 1789, published the Declaration of the Rights of Man, declaring all men free and equal. The French Revolution shaped the course of the conflict in Saint-Domingue and was at first widely welcomed on the island. At first, wealthy whites saw it as an opportunity to gain independence from France. The elite planters intended to take control of the island and create trade regulations to further their own wealth and power. Between 1791 and 1804, the leaders François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture and Jean-Jacques Dessalines led the revolution against the slave system established on the island; slavery in Saint-Domingue, along
Saint-Domingue
20497861
#4 (1791-1792): Captain Greaves sailed from Liverpool on 26 June 1791, bound for the Bight of Biafra. She arrived at Africa on 24 August 1791 and gathered her slaves at Bonny Island. She left Africa on 5 January 1792 and arrived at Jamaica on 28 February 92. She had embarked 350 slaves and landed 345, for a loss rate of 1.4%. She had a crew of 30 men, three of whom died on the voyage. "Iris" arrived back at Liverpool on 3 June 92. Slave voyage #5 (1792-1793): Captain Thomas Huson sailed from Liverpool on 8 July 1792, bound for
Iris (1783 ship)
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in rebellion. Through the use of vodou practices, Mackandal is able to poison thousands of people. In the novel, vodou is used both to protect the slaves and to wage war against the slave owners. This point is drawn from an article by Rachel Beauvoir Dominique, who says, "During the night of 14 August 1791 a Voodoo ceremony held in a place called Bois Caiman was a fundamental step in the unification of the slave population of Saint-Domingue. A week later the plantations (which were mainly sugarcane) were on fire, and the revolution had started. It was to last for
The Kingdom of This World
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Mary Kinnan Mary "Polly" Kinnan (born August 22, 1763) was an American woman held captive by Shawnee Native Americans from 1791 to 1794, who published an account of her experience in 1795 in the book "A true narrative of the sufferings of Mary Kinnan: who was taken prisoner by the Shawnee Nation of Indians on the thirteenth day of May, 1791, and remained with them till the sixteenth of August, 1794". Kinnan was taken from her Virginia home in a Shawnee raid on her home near the Tygart Valley River in what is now Randolph County, West Virginia. At the
Mary Kinnan
19379756
Le Marron Inconnu Le Marron Inconnu de Saint-Domingue, shortened as Le Marron Inconnu (, "The Unknown Slave"), also called Le Nègre Marron or Nèg Mawon (, "Maroon Man"), is a bronze statue of a runaway slave commemorating the abolishment of slavery and is in the capital of Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Designed by Haitian sculptor and architect Albert Mangonès (1917–2002) and completed on 22 September 1967, the sculpture serves a reminder of the call to rebellion in the colony of Saint-Domingue against the slave-holding France in 1791. It has become the nation's iconic symbol of freedom and is viewed in the world
Le Marron Inconnu
16118648
Cécile Fatiman Cécile Fatiman (fl. 1791), was a Haitian vodou priestess, a mambo (Voodoo). She is famous for her participation in the vodou ceremony at Bois Caïman, which is considered to be one of the starting points of the Haitian Revolution. Cécile Fatiman was the daughter of an African slave woman and a white Frenchman from Corsica. She and her mother were sold as slaves at Saint Domingue, while her two brothers disappeared in the slave trade. She is described as having long silky hair and green eyes. In August 1791, Fatiman presided over a ceremony at the Bois Caïman
Cécile Fatiman
8128043
Henry Thornton, William Wilberforce, Rev. Thomas Clarkson, Rev. Thomas Gisbourne, Samuel Whitbread Initial attempts to gain a royal charter for the company proved fruitless following opposition from the attorney general, Archibald Macdonald. The company then proceeded to gain incorporation through act of parliament. However this too received opposition, particularly from the Committee of the Company of Merchants Trading to Africa, who called a meeting in March 1791. This led to three petitions being organised by slave trade merchants in London, Liverpool and Bristol. Slave traders in Lancaster also organised a petition as did the Africa Company. Further opposition was organised
Sierra Leone Company
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North American republic as any of its present members, and that it belongs naturally to that great family of states of which the Union is the Providential Nursery". Prominent among the reasons for annexation outlined in the manifesto were fears of a possible slave revolt in Cuba parallel to the Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) in the absence of U.S. intervention. The Manifesto urged against inaction on the Cuban question, warning, We should, however, be recreant to our duty, be unworthy of our gallant forefathers, and commit base treason against our posterity, should we permit Cuba to be Africanized and become a
Ostend Manifesto
5465601
Bussa's rebellion Bussa's rebellion (14–16 April 1816) was the largest slave revolt in Barbadian history. The rebellion takes its name from the African-born slave, Bussa, who led the rebellion which was defeated by British forces. Bussa's Rebellion was the first of three large-scale slave rebellions in the British West Indies that shook public faith in slavery in the years leading up to the abolition of slavery in the British Empire and emancipation of former slaves. It was followed by the large-scale rebellion in Demerara in 1823 and by an even larger rebellion in Jamaica in 1831–32. Collectively these are often
Bussa's rebellion
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slaves, during a religious ceremony at Bois Caïman on the night of 14 August. Within the next ten days, slaves had taken control of the entire Northern Province in an unprecedented slave revolt. Whites kept control of only a few isolated, fortified camps. The slaves sought revenge on their masters through "pillage, rape, torture, mutilation, and death". The long years of oppression by the slave masters had left many blacks with a hatred of all whites, and the revolt was marked by extreme violence from the very start. The masters and mistresses were dragged from their beds to be killed,
Haitian Revolution
16696795
hurt the sugar crop cultivation, This meant the decline of the sugar production, and the shifting of the local economy towards the slave trade, who remained mostly in the hands of the local "mestiço" population. The notable revolt was the one that was led by Rei Amador which started on 9 July 1595 and ended with Rei Amador being captured on 4 January the year after and was later imprisoned and murdered by the Portuguese, a statue of him was erected in 2004. The geographical location of the islands made them a crucial trading post of the transatlantic slave trade,
Portuguese São Tomé and Príncipe
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1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation The 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, then located in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River, was the largest escape of a group of slaves to occur among the Cherokee. The slave revolt started on November 15, 1842, when a group of 20 African-American slaves owned by the Cherokee escaped and tried to reach Mexico, where slavery had been abolished in 1836. Along their way south, they were joined by 15 slaves escaping from the Creek in Indian Territory. The fugitives met with two slave catchers taking a family of
1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
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men who were imported from across the Muslim empire and claimed over "tens of thousands of lives in lower Iraq". The Zanj who were taken as slaves to the Middle East were often used in strenuous agricultural work. As the plantation economy boomed and the Arabs became richer, agriculture and other manual labor work was thought to be demeaning. The resulting labor shortage led to an increased slave market. It is certain that large numbers of slaves were exported from eastern Africa; the best evidence for this is the magnitude of the Zanj revolt in Iraq in the 9th century,
Arab slave trade
2316630
put into a bundle of straw and roasted!" His dying cries sent a message to the other escaped slaves in the marshes. Harper/HarperCollins Publishers. Charles Deslondes Charles Deslondes was one of the slave leaders of the 1811 German Coast Uprising, a slave revolt that began on January 8, 1811, in the Territory of Orleans. He led more than 200 rebels against the plantations along the Mississippi River toward New Orleans. White planters formed militias and ended up hunting down the rebels. The slave insurgents killed one Free Man of Color, the "comandant" "overseer" or "slave driver" on the Andre plantation
Charles Deslondes
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Aug. 19, 1791, the original in the L'Enfant papers". (L'Enfant's papers include an August 19, 1791, letter to President Washington that contains an "annexed map of dotted lines".) The named plan would therefore be the one that L'Enfant annexed to his June 22, 1791 letter to the President. Comparisons of Andrew Ellicott's February 1792 revision of L'Enfant's Plan with the two manuscript maps suggest that Ellicott had based his revision (which printers distributed soon after its preparation) on the August 1791 "dotted line map", rather than on June 1791 manuscript. The L'Enfant Plan is depicted in Edward Savage's 1789–1796 painting,
L'Enfant Plan
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oppressive limits on slave education were a reaction to Nat Turner's Revolt in Southampton County, Virginia during the summer of 1831. This event not only caused shock waves across the slave-holding South, but it had a particularly far-reaching impact on education over the next three decades. The fears of slave insurrections and the spread of abolitionist material and ideology led to radical restrictions on gatherings, travel, and—of course—literacy. The ignorance of the slaves was considered necessary to the security of the slaveholders. Not only did owners fear the spread of specifically abolitionist materials, they did not want slaves to question
Education during the Slave Period
5507273
his plan on August 1, 1791, and began a new legal process by recording a Deed of Gift in Northumberland County on September 5, 1791. Since the manumission law required a five shilling fee, and Carter had plantations and slaves in several Virginia counties, he corresponded with the Westmoreland County clerk (where he resided) and followed up by filing manumission papers at the Westmoreland County court sessions the following February, May, July and August, despite resistance of his son-in-law John Peck, various overseers and tenants. Carter designed the gradual program to reduce the opposition of slave-owning white neighbors, but failed.
Robert Carter III
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the capital of the Spanish colony of Cuba. The city was plundered by French forces in 1553, by British forces in 1603 and again in 1662 under Christopher Myngs. The city experienced an influx of French and British immigrants in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, many coming from Haiti after the Haitian slave revolt of 1791. This added to the city's eclectic cultural mix, already rich with Spanish and African culture. It was also the location where Spanish troops faced their main defeat at San Juan Hill on July 1, 1898, during the Spanish–American War. After capturing the
Santiago de Cuba
4171132
Creole case The "Creole" case was the result of an American slave revolt in November 1841 on board the "Creole", a ship involved in the United States coastwise slave trade. As 128 slaves gained freedom after the Africans ordered the ship sailed to Nassau, it has been termed the "most successful slave revolt in US history". Two persons died as a result of the revolt, a black slave and a white slave trader. The United Kingdom had abolished the slave trade for British vessels in 1807, and slavery in its colonies effective 1834; its officials in the Bahamas ruled that
Creole case
16015118
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–22) The Simko Shikak revolt refers to an armed Ottoman-backed tribal Kurdish uprising against the Qajar dynasty of Iran from 1918 to 1922, led by Kurdish chieftain Simko Shikak from the Shekak tribe. The revolt is often referred as the first modern conflict involving Iranian Kurds with separatist ambitions. After Brigadier-General Reza Khan deposed the Qajars in an 1921 coup, he defeated Simko Shikak as well as several prominent rebel commanders such as Kuchik Khan and Colonel Pessian during the Iranian events of 1921. The Shikak rebellion resulted in some 5,000 killed, including many Assyrian civilians, who
Simko Shikak revolt (1918–22)
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by electric instruments, like the bass guitar and two guitars played by members Eddy François and Daniel Beaubrun, Lolo's brother and the band's chief arranger. In 1985, the group changed their name to "Boukman Eksperyans", the name of Fanfan Alexis's former band, of which Lolo was the lead singer. The name was a tribute to the Jamaican born slave leader Boukman Dutty, who launched the Haitian slave rebellion in August 1791. "Eksperyans" was in honor of the "high priest of rock music", Jimi Hendrix. Since the beginning, starting with the first encounters made by the Beaubruns with deep African roots,
Boukman Eksperyans
4177048
weather or accident. The most notable case was the 1841 "Creole", the result of a ship slave revolt that forced the vessel into Nassau, Bahamas. One of the slave leaders had heard of slaves being freed from the "Hermosa" there the previous year. Holding that the slaves were free persons illegally detained in slavery, British officials ultimately freed the 128 of 135 slaves from the "Creole" who chose to stay in the Bahamas. It has been termed the "most successful slave revolt in US history". The US slaveholders feared this would encourage other slave ship revolts. The following are generally
Coastwise slave trade
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1801. The new federal shipyard was, in reality, the successor to the former state of Virginia naval yard, where slave labor was a common place, and these practices continued until the Civil War. Some idea of the human scale can be found in this exert from a 12 October 1831 letter of Commodore Lewis Warrington to the Board of Navy Commissioners in response to various petitions by white workers. His letter attempts both to reassure the Board, in light of the recent slave rebellion led by Nat Turner, which occurred on 22 August 1831, and to serve as a reply
Slave labor on United States military installations 1799–1863
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slave revolt that led to the abolition of slavery in 1793 by the civil commissioners Sonthonax and Polverel, in a decision endorsed and spread to all the French colonies by the National Convention 6 months later. Toussaint Louverture, a black former slave who had been made Governor by France, re-established peace, fought off Spanish and British attempts to capture the island, and reestablished prosperity by daring measures. However, he went too far in hunting down governor Don Joaquín García y Moreno (27 January 1801), who had remained in what had been the Spanish part of the island following the 1795
Saint-Domingue expedition
19793399
N.C. After the Nat Turner slave rebellion in Virginia, a similar slave revolt was building in Wilmington. A slave named Dave, who belonged to Sheriff Thomas K. Morrisey, was planning to march to Wilmington with a group of conspirators, killing white land owners on the way. In Wilmington, they planned to meet up with over 2,000 other slaves and free blacks to continue their killing raid. Dave was tortured into admitting that he was the leader of this revolt, and he and his accomplice, Jim, were killed and decapitated. Their heads were then staked on poles and placed along the
Negro Head Road
16989325
who killed slaves could be tried for murder. John Kimber John Kimber was the captain of a British slave ship who was tried for murder in 1792, after the abolitionist William Wilberforce accused him of killing a female slave due to mistreating her on board his ship. Kimber was acquitted, but the trial gained much attention in the press. The case established that slave ships' crew could be tried for murder of slaves. Publicity about the case contributed to growing opposition to the African slave trade, which parliament prohibited in its colonies by the Slave Trade Act 1807. In 1791,
John Kimber
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a kind of mythic power. It recounted a morning when Cherokee slaveholders could not find their slaves and said that "hundreds" had disappeared overnight, rather than the 20 of fact. 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation The 1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation, then located in Indian Territory (Oklahoma) west of the Mississippi River, was the largest escape of a group of slaves to occur among the Cherokee. The slave revolt started on November 15, 1842, when a group of 20 African-American slaves owned by the Cherokee escaped and tried to reach Mexico, where slavery had been abolished
1842 Slave Revolt in the Cherokee Nation
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the voyage. 3rd slave trading voyage (1789–1790): Captain Bowskill sailed from Liverpool on 22 May 1789, this time to the Bight of Biafra and Gulf of Guinea islands. "Banastre" gathered her slaves at Calabar and New Calabar. She arrived at Kingston, Jamaica, on 19 December and landed 164 slaves there. At some point her master change from Bowskill to John K. Williams. "Banstre" sailed form Kingston on 15 February 1790 and arrived at Liverpool on 25 April. She had left Liverpool with 25 crew members and she suffered four crew deaths on the voyage. 4th slave trading voyage (1790–1791): In
Banastre (1787 ship)
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slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue in August 1791 profoundly weakened the Caribbean colonial system, sparking a general insurrection that lead to the abolition of slavery and the independence of Haiti. It marked the beginning of a triple process of destruction of the slavery system, the slave trade and colonialism. Slavery was abolished in 1886 in Cuba and 1888 in Brazil. Two outstanding decrees for abolition were produced during the 19th century, including the Abolition Bill passed by the British Parliament in August 1833 and the French decree signed by the Provisional Government in April 1848. In the United States, the Republican
The Slave Route Project