this is often referred to as horseness or difficulty speaking
dysphonia
6067135
Hoarse voice A sore voice, also known as hoarseness, is when the voice involuntarily sounds breathy, raspy, or strained, or is softer in volume or lower in pitch. Hoarseness is a symptom of dysphonia, however these terms are often incorrectly synonymously used. A hoarse voice, can be associated with a feeling of unease or scratchiness in the throat. Hoarseness is often a symptom of problems in the vocal folds of the larynx. It may be caused by laryngitis, which in turn may be caused by an upper respiratory infection, a cold, or allergies. Cheering at sporting events, speaking loudly in
Hoarse voice
10218838
sustain good vocal production, as results are only temporary. Some transient side effects observed in adductor spasmodic dysphonia include reduced speaking volume, difficulty swallowing, and a breathy and hoarse voice quality. While treatment outcomes are generally positive, it is presently unclear whether this treatment approach is more or less effective than others. Voice therapy appears to be ineffective in cases of true spasmodic dysphonia, however as it is difficult to distinguish between spasmodic dysphonia and functional dysphonias, and misdiagnosis is relatively common, trial of voice therapy is often recommended before more invasive procedures are tried. Some also state that it
Spasmodic dysphonia
5353603
the particular. The particular is the denotation, and the universal the connotation, of the term. In western inflected languages there is no difficulty in distinguishing between the particular ('white' or 'horse') and the abstract ('whiteness' or 'horseness'). In Chinese, however, owing to the fact that the written characters are ideographic and pictorial and lack all inflection, there is no possible way, as far as the form of individual words is concerned, of distinguishing between abstract and concrete terms. Thus in Chinese the word designating a particular horse and that designating the universal, 'horseness,' are written and pronounced in the same
When a white horse is not a horse
4497103
does) occur with direct quotes in some dialects of English (e.g. Hong Kong, Indian). Verbs of speaking often employ the Conversational Historical Present tense, whereby actions in the past are referred to with present-tense morphology. This is considered to add immediacy or authority to the discourse. However, it also illustrates the difficulty in differentiating direct and indirect quotation. Sentences with verba dicendi for direct quotation may use the somewhat antiquated verb-first (V2) order of English syntax. Inversion of this type with verbs of speaking or thinking frequently occurs in written English, though rarely in spoken English. It is also possible
Verbum dicendi
1495644
the tissue returns to normal in less than 2 hours. The side effects of inferior alveolar nerve block include feeling tense, clenching of the fists and moaning. The duration of soft tissue anaesthesia is longer than pulpal anaesthesia and is often associated with difficulty, eating, drinking and speaking. The risk of temporary or permanent nerve damage varies between different locations and types of nerve blocks. There is risk of accidental damage to local blood vessels during injection of the local anaesthetic solution. This is referred to as Haematoma and could result in pain, trismus, swelling and/or discolouration of the region.
Local anesthetic
4988842
they often become frustrated at their inability to fully communicate. Individuals strongly affected by these signs quite often have difficulty reading and writing as well as speaking, and therefore need extra tuition to help them to overcome those hurdles. Bestial sign In astrology, bestial signs are those astrological signs that represent animals. They are sometimes referred to as quadrupedian, or four-footed signs because they represent animals that walk on all four legs. These animals are inarticulate, which means they have voices, but their power of speech is not developed. Individuals who are strongly influenced by the bestial signs quite often
Bestial sign
682851
public embarrassment, humiliation, or social interaction. This fear can be specific to particular social situations (such as public speaking) or, more typically, is experienced in most (or all) social interactions. Social anxiety often manifests specific physical symptoms, including blushing, sweating, and difficulty speaking. As with all phobic disorders, those suffering from social anxiety often will attempt to avoid the source of their anxiety; in the case of social anxiety this is particularly problematic, and in severe cases can lead to complete social isolation. Social physique anxiety (SPA) is a subtype of social anxiety. It is concern over the evaluation of
Anxiety disorder
15045978
actual existence to a thing and to its ‘essence’ — the "actus essendi" — is unique, in the sense that the perfection of "actus essendi" cannot be said to be common in the way an ‘essence’ is said to be common. Things instantiating the essence of horseness, for example, are said to be similar because of their horseness. The essence of horseness is what makes horses to be the same under a common category. But things instantiating the perfection of "actus essendi", are said to be different on account of their "actus essendi". The possession of "actus essendi" is what
Actus Essendi
383656
they have sleep debt, or feel sleepy, people can have difficulty staying asleep at the peak of their circadian cycle. Conversely they can have difficulty waking up in the trough of the cycle. A healthy young adult entrained to the sun will (during most of the year) fall asleep a few hours after sunset, experience body temperature minimum at 6AM, and wake up a few hours after sunrise. Generally speaking, the longer an organism is awake, the more it feels a need to sleep ("sleep debt"). This driver of sleep is referred to as Process S. The balance between sleeping
Sleep
137737
triggers include flashing lights and sudden noises. In certain types of epilepsy, seizures happen more often during sleep, and in other types they occur almost only when sleeping. After the active portion of a seizure (the ictal state) there is typically a period of recovery during which there is confusion, referred to as the postictal period before a normal level of consciousness returns. It usually lasts 3 to 15 minutes but may last for hours. Other common symptoms include feeling tired, headache, difficulty speaking, and abnormal behavior. Psychosis after a seizure is relatively common, occurring in 6–10% of people. Often
Epilepsy
8936187
slightly bluish red colour, sometimes a very dark hue of red. It is known as guava paste or guava cheese throughout the English-speaking Americas, especially the Caribbean and pasta de guayaba or guayabate in Spanish-speaking Americas. It is commercially available, most often packaged in flat metal cans, or as long rectangular blocks in chipboard boxes. It is called "perad" in Goa, a former Portuguese colony. In Brazil, "goiabada" is often eaten with Minas cheese. This combination is referred to as "Romeo and Juliet." It is also popular spread on toast at breakfast. In Portugal, it is used as the filling
Goiabada
18504797
which is the Upper Saxon German dialect version of the same word. This form of dance is popular in German speaking countries at Oktoberfest where volksmusik and the popular volkstümliche Musik is often played. It is also performed by audience members on TV shows such as "Musikantenstadl". In English speaking countries such as Britain it is often referred to as simply "swaying"; the form of dance would often be performed by audience members in British music halls and later working men's clubs when people would sit together and listen to live entertainment with popular music, or in pubs. Sometimes the
Schunkeln
5726492
Raven's Progressive Matrices Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is usually a 60-item test used in measuring abstract reasoning and regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred to as general
Raven's Progressive Matrices
408760
confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space. Another difficulty, related to the first one, is the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in time. Darwin commented that by the theory of natural selection "innumerable transitional forms must have existed," and wondered "why do we not find them embedded in countless numbers in
On the Origin of Species
5726500
High IQ Society. Raven's Progressive Matrices Raven's Progressive Matrices (often referred to simply as Raven's Matrices) or RPM is a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is usually a 60-item test used in measuring abstract reasoning and regarded as a non-verbal estimate of fluid intelligence. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g (g is often referred
Raven's Progressive Matrices
7129910
indecisive or have trouble thinking or concentrating. These issues cause significant difficulty in functioning for those involved in intellectually demanding activities, such as school and work, especially in difficult fields. Depressed people often describe a slowing of thought, inability to concentrate and make decisions, and being easily distracted. In the elderly, the decreased concentration caused by a major depressive episode may present as deficits in memory. This is referred to as pseudodementia and often goes away with treatment. Decreased concentration may be reported by the patient or observed by others. In a major depressive episode, appetite is most often decreased,
Major depressive episode
3922220
and as a minority language in various countries. To cover this language area, they are often referred to as the German-speaking countries, the German-speaking area (), or equivalently German-speaking Europe (non-European German-speaking communities are not commonly included in the concept). German is the main language of approximately 95 to 100 million people in Europe, or 13.3% of all Europeans, being the second most spoken native language in Europe after Russian (with 144 million speakers), above French (with 66.5 million) and English (with 64.2 million). The European countries with German-speaking majorities are Germany (95%, 78.3 million), Austria (89%, 7.4 million) and
Geographical distribution of German speakers
5794587
associated with speaking the language that was written. Because of this idea, there are also often social benefits which result from being able to speak English. A prime example of this is the prevalence of bilingualism near the U.S.–Mexican border, which also indicates the porosity of the border and illustrates the difficulty of drawing a "border" around all speakers of a given language, especially because there is not usually much correlation between ethnicity and language. Such common bilingualism leads to the practice of code-switching, or the changing freely between languages while speaking although this trait is somewhat looked down upon
Language border
4334085
example, various Native American autonyms are sometimes explained to English readers as having literal translations of "original people" or "normal people", with implicit contrast to other first nations as not original or not normal. Exonyms often describe others as "foreign-speaking", "non-speaking" or "nonsense-speaking". The classic example is the Slavic term for the Germans, "Nemtsi", possibly deriving from a plural of "nemy" ("mute"): standard etymology has it that the Slavic peoples referred to their Germanic neighbors as "mutes" because their language was unintelligible. The term survives to this day in the Russian "nemtsy" ("немцы"), Bulgarian "nemtsi" ("немци"), Ukrainian "nimtsi" ("німці"), Polish
Exonym and endonym
16993454
complete obstruction include choking with inability to speak or cough, and signs of respiratory distress such as cyanosis. Foreign bodies above the larynx often present with stridor, while objects below the larynx present with wheezing. Foreign bodies above the vocal cords often present with difficulty and pain with swallowing and excessive drooling. Foreign bodies below the vocal cords often present with pain and difficulty with speaking and breathing. Increased respiratory rate may be the only sign of foreign body aspiration in a child who cannot verbalize or report if they have swallowed a foreign body. If the foreign body does
Foreign body aspiration
15385846
is no evidence on which you can find a definite verdict; therefore I direct you to find an open verdict." Chevis's death is often referred to as a murder, but this is incorrect. As the coroner returned an open verdict, in a legal sense this meant that he was unable to confirm whether Chevis has died by accident or misadventure; suicide; murder or manslaughter. Legally, Chevis's death should be referred to as a suspicious death. Though Hubert Chevis's death is strictly speaking a suspicious death, there is some circumstantial evidence to suggest that he may have been murdered by his
Hubert Chevis
9574680
Lilting Lilting is a form of traditional singing common in the Goidelic speaking areas of Ireland and Scotland. It goes under many names, and is sometimes referred to as "mouth music", "diddling", "jigging", "chin music" or "cheek music", "puirt a beul" or "canntaireachd" in Scottish Gaelic, or "portaireacht bhéil" ("port a'bhéil", "mouth-singing") in Irish. It in some ways resembles scat singing. Lilting often accompanied dancing. Features such as rhythm and tone dominate in lilting. The lyrics thus are often meaningless or nonsensical. Because of this, translations from Goidelic languages often do not exist. The origins of lilting are unclear. It
Lilting
4754204
Ukraine, and Crimea are often referred to as "Northern Pontic [Greeks]", in contrast to those from "South Pontus", which strictly speaking is Pontus proper. Those from Georgia, northeastern Anatolia, and the former Russian Caucasus are in contemporary Greek academic circles often referred to as "Eastern Pontic [Greeks]" or as Caucasian Greeks, but also include the Turkic-speaking Urums. Pontic Greeks have Greek ancestry and speak the Pontic Greek dialect, a distinct form of the standard Greek language which, due to the remoteness of Pontus, has undergone linguistic evolution distinct from that of the rest of the Greek world. The Pontic Greeks
Pontic Greeks
286626
identity which in the 20th century has been expressed as a clear ethnic identification with Berber history and language. Arabic-speaking Northwest Africans, regardless of ethnic background, often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs. This, however, may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and/or other parts of their heritage. Berber political and cultural activists for their part, often referred to as Berberists, may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber, whether they are primarily Berber- or Arabic-speaking. Egyptians over the centuries have shifted their language from Egyptian (in
North Africa
17841859
NFA nationals; communication analysis is an original speech centered on the evaluation of a communication event, often referred to as the 'artifact'. (speeches, movements, advertisements, etc.) The evaluation should utilize rhetorical principles and theories. Manuscripts are permitted, but heavily discouraged. Often referred to as ADS for short, after dinner speaking is an original, humorous speech centered on a single theme or subject. While the speech should be mostly humorous, it should not resemble a stand-up comedy act. Judging should be based on speaking skill, speech coherence, and good taste in humor. Minimal notes are permitted, but heavily discouraged. There are
American Forensic Association National Individual Events Tournament
1911944
Once an object has been acquired and is maintained in the grasp of this "frontal variant" form of alien hand, the patient often has difficulty with voluntarily releasing the object from grasp and can sometimes be seen to be peeling the fingers of the hand back off the grasped object using the opposite controlled hand to enable the release of the grasped object (also referred to as tonic grasping or the "instinctive grasp reaction"). Some (for example, the neurologist Derek Denny-Brown) have referred to this behavior as "magnetic apraxia" Goldberg and Bloom described a woman who suffered a large cerebral
Alien hand syndrome
12954848
as "Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra" (藏傳大悲咒) or "The Great Compassion Mantra in Sanskrit" (梵音大悲咒) in Chinese-speaking regions. Some people believe that this dhāraṇī is told by the Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara, an esoteric bodhisattva in Tibetan Buddhism, and that it is the equivalent Tibetan version of "The Great Compassion Mantra" in Mahayana Buddhism. This is why it is often being referred to as "Tibetan Great Compassion Mantra". However, this opinion is not accepted by most Mahayana Buddhists. The chanting of this dhāraṇī is one of the most popular and famous pieces of Buddhist music in Chinese-speaking countries. However, many recordings of this
Eleven-Faced Avalokitesvara Heart Dharani Sutra
4078941
The river in the valley is the Rom ("Il Rom" or "Rombach"). Contrary to the common notion, where the beginning of a valley is referred as the "upper valley" and the end as the "lower valley", in Val Müstair these are referred to as "inner" and "outer" respectively. This is often reflected in location names. For instance, the valley is traditionally divided into three thirds: Incidentally, this division corresponds to the first three plateaus occurring on the Swiss part of the valley. The majority of the population in the new municipality speaks Romansh, with a large German speaking minority. The
Val Müstair
5243034
to as Insubric (see Insubria and Insubres) or Milanese, or, after Clemente Merlo, Cisabduano (literally "of this side of Adda River"). In Italian-speaking contexts, Western Lombard is often incorrectly called a dialect of Italian. Western Lombard and Standard Italian are very different. Some speakers of Lombard varieties may have difficulty understanding each other and require a standard to communicate, but all Western Lombard varieties are mutually intelligible. Western Lombard is relatively homogeneous (much more so than Eastern Lombard language), though it does present a number of variations, mainly in relation to the vowels , and the development of into .
Western Lombard dialect
346254
union is often called the "1st XV", while a cricket or American football team for younger or less experienced players might be the "3rd XI". In tarot, Roman numerals (with zero) are used to denote the cards of the Major Arcana. In theology and biblical scholarship, the Septuagint is often referred to as "", as this translation of the Old Testament into Greek is named for the legendary number of its translators ("septuaginta" being Latin for "seventy"). Some uses that are rare or never seen in English speaking countries may be relatively common in parts of continental Europe. For instance:
Roman numerals
12221184
brass players can suffer embouchure collapse, and the subjective (not static) nature of mouthpiece pressure, knowledge of mouthpiece pressure as a cause of embouchure collapse is limited. Embouchure collapse caused by focal dystonia can be diagnosed medically; embouchure collapse caused by embouchure overuse, however, is generally speaking not considered to be a specifically medical issue. A difficulty in diagnosis is that when a brass player describes the symptoms to a doctor or dentist (as is often the case), the medical practitioner does not fully understand what the patient means. This is because brass players learn their embouchure by "feel," and
Embouchure collapse
606910
other games, as they are usually too bulky, expensive, and specialized to be used with typical home PCs and consoles. Arcade games often have short levels, simple and intuitive control schemes, and rapidly increasing difficulty. This is due to the environment of the Arcade, where the player is essentially renting the game for as long as their in-game avatar can stay alive (or until they run out of tokens). Games on consoles or PCs can be referred to as "arcade games" if they share these qualities or are direct ports of arcade titles. Many independent developers are now producing games
Arcade game
13812053
Gender neutrality in Spanish Feminist language reform has proposed gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender, such as Spanish. Grammatical gender in Spanish refers to how Spanish nouns are categorized as either masculine (often ending in "-o") or feminine (often ending in "-a"). As in other Romance languages—such as Portuguese, to which Spanish is very similar—a group of both males and females, or someone of unknown gender, is usually referred to by the masculine form of a nouns and or pronoun. Advocates of gender-neutral language modification consider this to be sexist, and favor new ways of writing and speaking. Activists
Gender neutrality in Spanish
798401
maiden name. In English-speaking cultures, family names are often used by children when referring to adults, but are also used to refer to someone in authority, the elderly, or in a formal setting, and are often used with a title or honorific such as Mr., Mrs., Ms., Miss, Doctor, and so on. It is also common in English-speaking cultures for individuals to be referred to by their surname instead of their given name by their friends. Generally the given name, first name, forename, or personal name is the one used by friends, family, and other intimates to address an individual.
Surname
3018423
The Scottish Play The Scottish Play and The Bard's Play are euphemisms for William Shakespeare's "Macbeth". The first is a reference to the play's Scottish setting, the second a reference to Shakespeare's popular nickname. According to a theatrical superstition, called the "Scottish curse", speaking the name "Macbeth" inside a theatre will cause disaster. A variation of the superstition also forbids quoting it within a theatre except as part of an actual rehearsal or performance of the play. Because of this superstition, the lead character is most often referred to as the "Scottish King" or "Scottish Lord". Lady Macbeth is often
The Scottish Play
12148675
Vocal cord dysfunction Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), also known as Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion (PVFM) or Paradoxical Vocal Cord Movement (PVCM), is a pathology affecting the vocal folds (commonly referred to as the vocal cords). VCD is characterized by full or partial vocal fold closure, causing difficulty and distress during respiration, especially during inhalation. Symptoms of VCD are not always present. Rather, they often occur episodically, often defined as "attacks," where the sufferer will be symptomatic for a short period of time. Due to the similarity in symptoms, VCD attack are often mistaken for asthma attacks or laryngospasms. Although several
Vocal cord dysfunction
137908
affected muscles) or postural tremor (i.e., present with sustained muscle tone) rather than a resting tremor, such as is seen in Parkinson’s, which is usually not included among its symptoms. This type of tremor is often referred to as "kinetic tremor". Essential tremor has been known as "benign essential tremor", but the adjective "benign" has been removed in recognition of the sometimes disabling nature of the disorder. In mild cases, ET can manifest as the inability to stop the tongue or hands from shaking, the ability to sing only in vibrato, and difficulty doing small precise tasks such as threading
Essential tremor
2190235
Studentenverbindung Studentenverbindung (; often referred to as Verbindung) is the umbrella term for all kinds of fraternity-type associations in German-speaking countries, including "Corps," "Burschenschaften, Landsmannschaften, Turnerschaften, Sängerschaften, Catholic fraternities, Schwarzburgbund, Wingolf, and Ferialverbindungen". Less than 1% of all current students and living alumni in Germany are active members of a "Studentenverbindung". Fraternities of this particular type are present in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, and (formerly) German or German-speaking areas and other communities in Europe and Chile. They consist of active members who are students currently enrolled in university, and the already graduated "Alte Herren" or "Altherren" (Elder
Studentenverbindung
10820446
Unfortunately these can only be generalized to non-human taxa with varying degrees of difficulty. The sense in which animals (or human infants) can be said to have consciousness or a self-concept has been hotly debated; it is often referred to as the debate over animal minds. The best known research technique in this area is the mirror test devised by Gordon G. Gallup, in which the skin of an animal (or human infant) is marked, while it is asleep or sedated, with a mark that cannot be seen directly but is visible in a mirror. The animal is then allowed
Animal consciousness
9147387
botulinum toxin type A than with type B. This use of botulinum toxin is discussed at length in the French medical literature. Neurogenic bladder dysfunction Neurogenic bladder dysfunction, sometimes simply referred to as neurogenic bladder, is a dysfunction of the urinary bladder due to disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of micturition (urination). Neurogenic bladder usually causes difficulty - or full inability - to pass urine without use of a catheter or other method. Any condition that impairs bladder and bladder outlet afferent and efferent signaling can cause neurogenic bladder. It is often
Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
3164722
a minority language in Sweden. The people who speak it are often referred to as Tornedalians, although this term could also be defined as referring to people living in Meänmaa, who are not all speakers of Meänkieli. The originally Finnish-speaking land area is far greater than the actual river valley; it extends as far west as Gällivare. Although confusing from a geographic point of view, this whole area is often referred to as Meänmaa. The area where Meänkieli is spoken is also called "Meänmaa". Since June 15, 2006, the Tornedalians have their own flag. In 1736–1737, the French Academy of
Meänmaa
474936
offered as a welcome to guests. In India, life's basic necessities are often referred to as "roti, kapra aur makan" (bread, cloth, and house). Words for bread, including "dough" and "bread" itself, are used in English-speaking countries as synonyms for money. A remarkable or revolutionary innovation may be called the best thing since "sliced bread". The expression "to break bread with someone" means "to share a meal with someone". The English word "lord" comes from the Anglo-Saxon "hlāfweard", meaning "bread keeper." Bread is sometimes referred to as "the staff of life", although this term can refer to other staple foods
Bread
7216932
the generalized type of SAD. Scores higher than 90 indicate that SAD is highly probable. Scores in this range often are accompanied by great distress and difficulty in social functioning, and are also commonly seen in persons entering treatment for the generalized type of SAD. The specific subtype of social anxiety disorder involves fear of one or several kinds of social/performance situations (often public speaking.) The generalized subtype of social anxiety disorder is characterized by fear of most social/performance situations. Heimberg et al. (1992) found that scores on the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale were significantly correlated with scores of two
Liebowitz social anxiety scale
9744562
Base (geometry) In geometry, a base is a side of a polygon or a face of a polyhedron, particularly one oriented perpendicular to the direction in which height is measured, or on what is considered to be the "bottom" of the figure. This term is commonly applied to triangles, parallelograms, trapezoids, cylinders, cones, pyramids, parallelepipeds and frustums. Bases are commonly used (together with heights) to calculate the areas and volumes of figures. In speaking about these processes, the measure (length or area) of a figure's base is often referred to as its "base." By this usage, the area of a
Base (geometry)
1951387
have left its mark in Hollywood but for women and girls around the country their ambitions to succeed are still too often met with sexism. It’s important more women and girls are now speaking out about how this behaviour undermines their confidence and mental health; but this harmful, negative behaviour has to be stopped.” A lover of British culture is known as an Anglophile. The common naming convention throughout the United Kingdom is for everyone to have one or more given names (a forename, still often referred to as a "Christian name") usually (but not always) indicating the child's sex,
Culture of the United Kingdom
383092
have either complained about sexual dissatisfaction or experienced difficulty becoming sexually aroused at some point in their lives. Vaginismus is involuntary tensing of the pelvic floor musculature, making coitus, or any form of penetration of the vagina, distressing, painful and sometimes impossible for women. It is a conditioned reflex of the pubococcygeus muscle, and is sometimes referred to as the "PC muscle." Vaginismus can be hard to overcome because if a woman expects to experience pain during sexual intercourse, this can cause a muscle spasm, which results in painful sexual intercourse. Treatment of vaginismus often includes both psychological and behavioral
Sexual intercourse
118508
through a third language for lack of interpreters ("relay" interpreting) —for example, when interpreting out of Estonian into Maltese. Due to the complexity of the issues, interpretation is not word for word. Instead, interpreters have to convey the political meaning of a speech, regardless of their own views. This requires detailed understanding of the politics and terms of the Parliament, involving a great deal of preparation beforehand (e.g. reading the documents in question). Difficulty can often arise when MEPs use profanities, jokes and word play or speak too fast. While some see speaking their native language as an important part
European Parliament
18782197
walk or use their arms and eventually develop difficulty speaking, swallowing and breathing. Most patients retain cognitive function and sensory neurons are generally unaffected. Patients are often diagnosed after the age of 40 and the median survival time from onset to death is around 3–4 years. In the final stages, patients can lose voluntary control of eye muscles and often die of respiratory failure or pneumonia as a result of degeneration of the motor neurons and muscles required for breathing. Currently there is no cure for ALS, only treatments that may prolong life. To date, multiple genes and proteins have
Epigenetics of neurodegenerative diseases
14809480
is on or after May 1, 2007. Practically speaking, this means some individuals receiving EUC may have become unemployed as early as May 2006. Unemployment extension Unemployment extension occurs when regular unemployment benefits are exhausted and extended for additional weeks. Unemployment extensions are created by passing new legislation at the federal level, often referred to as an "unemployment extension bill." This new legislation is introduced and passed during times of high or above average unemployment rates. Unemployment extensions are set during a date range in order to estimate their federal cost. After expiration, the unemployment data is re-evaluated, and new
Unemployment extension
3379192
in the stage 2 figure are underlined in red. Stage N1: Stage N2: Stage N3: Slow-wave sleep (SWS) is made up of the deepest stage of NREM, and is often referred to as deep sleep. The highest arousal thresholds (e.g. difficulty of awakening, such as by a sound of a particular volume) are observed in stage 3. A person will typically feel groggy when awakened from this stage, and indeed, cognitive tests administered after awakening from stage 3 indicate that mental performance is somewhat impaired for periods up to 30 minutes or so, relative to awakenings from other stages. This
Non-rapid eye movement sleep
765707
Rector (academia) A rector ("ruler", from meaning "ruler") is a senior official in an educational institution, and can refer to an official in either a university or a secondary school. Outside the English-speaking world the rector is often the most senior official in a university, whilst in the United States the most senior official is often referred to as President and in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth of Nations the most senior official is the Chancellor, whose office is primarily ceremonial and titular. The term and office of a rector can be referred to as a rectorate. The title is
Rector (academia)
2190272
Verein") of the "Hütte" and "Miltenberg-Wernigeroder Ring"; the "Hütte" is the publisher of one of the major engineering compendiums in Germany. Corps: Burschenschaften: Others: Studentenverbindung Studentenverbindung (; often referred to as Verbindung) is the umbrella term for all kinds of fraternity-type associations in German-speaking countries, including "Corps," "Burschenschaften, Landsmannschaften, Turnerschaften, Sängerschaften, Catholic fraternities, Schwarzburgbund, Wingolf, and Ferialverbindungen". Less than 1% of all current students and living alumni in Germany are active members of a "Studentenverbindung". Fraternities of this particular type are present in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Belgium, Hungary, Latvia, Estonia, and (formerly) German or German-speaking areas and other communities in
Studentenverbindung
5323966
because the ‘pure’ form "telescope" had already been adopted for another purpose). Most dictionaries follow the "Oxford English Dictionary" in using "combining form" ("comb. form") to label such classical elements, but the name is not widely known. In appendices to dictionaries and grammar books, classical compounds are often loosely referred to as roots or affixes: ‘a logo …, properly speaking, is not a word at all but a prefix meaning word and short for logogram, a symbol, much as telly is short for television’ (Montreal "Gazette", 13 Apr. 1981). They are often referred to as affixes because some come first
Classical compound
16308972
as it was encoded. This is referred to as Context-dependent memory Ex. If one who is bilingual were to learn a Spanish song in a Spanish speaking country, and then come back to their native land, they would have difficulty remembering the song. However once they were immersed in a Spanish context again, recall would come with much more ease. Research has shown that autobiographical memories have increased availability in the language they were created in. That is to say, memories are richer and more elaborate when recalled in the language that the event has taken place, rather than the
Bilingual memory
3194359
difficulty for learners. These include dictionaries of phrasal verbs, such as the "Oxford Phrasal Verbs Dictionary" (2nd edition, Oxford University Press: 2006), and dictionaries of collocation, such as "Macmillan Collocations Dictionary" (Oxford: Macmillan 2010). One of the most common types of specialized dictionary is what is often referred to in English as a technical dictionary and in German as a Fachwörterbuch. These dictionaries cover the terminology of a particular subject field or discipline. As described in Nielsen (1994), dictionaries of this type can be classified in various ways. A dictionary that covers more than one subject field is called a
Specialized dictionary
2770236
ischemia (restriction in blood supply) may manifest as specific symptoms. For example, temporary ischemia of the brain (commonly referred to as a transient ischemic attack) may manifest as temporary loss of vision, dizziness and impairment of balance, difficulty speaking, weakness or numbness or tingling, usually on one side of the body. Insufficient blood supply to the heart may cause chest pain, and ischemia of the eye may manifest as transient visual loss in one eye. Insufficient blood supply to the legs may manifest as calf pain when walking, while in the intestines it may present as abdominal pain after eating
Hypercholesterolemia
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The other difficulty can be trying to find distribution beyond established contacts. Increasingly, online companies are giving VJs the opportunity to keep ownership of their stories and find global distribution. A video journalist is often referred to simply as a "VJ". Other titles for the same or similar job include: Video journalism Video journalism or videojournalism is a form of journalism, where the journalist shoots, edits and often presents his or her own video material. A predecessor to video journalism first appeared in the 1960s in the USA, when reporters had to write and shoot their own stories. Michael Rosenblum
Video journalism
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both his essays and books) was produced by means of conversational dictation to a tape-recorder, or through the transcription of his improvised lectures and talks from recorded tapes. The work of transcribing his spoken word often placed a strain on his secretaries. This method of dictation even extended to his letters, which were produced by speaking to a Grundig tape recorder, often while simultaneously in conversation with his friends, and then transcribed with difficulty by his secretary, who at times would inadvertently include his jokes and laughter into the transcribed text itself. The results are a darting and leaping style
Isaiah Berlin
6273179
and are generally covered with heavy lids to avoid ingress of water. The speaker has to place his mouth in the "horn" or bell-shaped end of the pipe and the receiver has to 'bend an ear' to hear what is being said. Voice pipes have generally been replaced by sound powered telephones. The speaking tubes on naval ships are used when they are in "clam" mode instead of telephones for electronic stealth. In domestic applications, voicepipes were smaller and referred to as "speaking tubes". The ends of the tube were often flexible for convenience of use. The speaking tube supplemented
Speaking tube
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the appearance of RBD often decades earlier than other symptoms. Dementia with Lewy bodies can only be definitively diagnosed after death with an autopsy of the brain—diagnosis of the living is referred to as "probable" or "possible". DLB is often misdiagnosed or confused in its early stages with AD. Another complicating factor is that DLB can occur along with Alzheimer's; autopsy may reveal previously undiagnosed Lewy bodies in as many as half of people with AD. Despite the difficulty in diagnosis, a prompt diagnosis is important because of the serious risks of sensitivity to antipsychotic medications and the need to
Dementia with Lewy bodies
2030483
are widely used to designate someone whose mother tongue is English, as opposed to "Francophone", which describes someone whose mother tongue is French, and to "Allophone", which describes someone whose mother tongue is a language other than English or French. (In Quebec, the word "Anglophone" or "Anglo" refers to English-speaking Quebecers in both English and French.) "Anglo-Metis" is also sometimes used to refer to a historical ethnic group. Immigrants from English-speaking countries are sometimes referred to as "Anglos". In Scotland the term "Anglo-Scot", often shortened to "Anglos", is used to refer to people with mixed Scottish-English ancestry, or people with
Anglo
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the strain is highest here due to the overlying body weight and the strong mobility. Affected persons usually feel dull pain in the cervical or lumbar spine that can radiate into the buttocks and legs. Typically, the pain is worsened by stress on the facet joints, e.g. by diffraction into hollow back (retroflexion) or lateral flexion but also by prolonged standing or walking. Pain associated with facet syndrome is often called "referred pain" because symptoms do not follow a specific nerve root pattern and the brain can have difficulty localizing the specific area of the spine that is affected. This
Facet syndrome
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as a synonym for anarchism and was used almost exclusively in this sense until the 1950s in the United States. At this time, classical liberals in the United States began to describe themselves as libertarians, and it has since become necessary to distinguish their individualist and capitalist philosophy from socialist anarchism. Thus, the former is often referred to as "right-wing libertarianism", or simply "right-libertarianism", whereas the latter is described by the terms "libertarian socialism", "socialist libertarianism", "left-libertarianism", and "left-anarchism". Right-libertarians are divided into minarchists and anarcho-capitalists or voluntarists. Outside the English-speaking world, "libertarianism" generally retains its association with left-wing anarchism.
Anarchy
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carved with found items such as harder stone or in the case of chalk even the fingernail. Limestones and marbles can be worked using abrasives and simple iron tools. Granite, basalt and some metamorphic stone is difficult to carve even with iron or steel tools; usually tungsten carbide tipped tools are used, although abrasives still work well. Modern techniques often use abrasives attached to machine tools to cut the stone. Precious and semi-precious gemstones are also carved into delicate shapes for jewellery or larger items, and polished; this is sometimes referred to as lapidary, although strictly speaking lapidary refers to
Stone carving
7195977
Fire investigation Fire investigation, sometimes referred to as origin and cause investigation, is the analysis of fire-related incidents. After firefighters extinguish a fire, an investigation is launched to determine the origin and cause of the fire or explosion. Investigations of such incidents require a systematic approach and knowledge of basic fire science. In common with many forensic disciplines, one of the early tasks of fire investigation is often to determine whether or not a crime has been committed. The difficulty of determining whether arson has occurred arises because fire often destroys the key evidence of its origin. Many fires are
Fire investigation
9833741
History of Dutch orthography The history of Dutch orthography covers the changes in spelling of Dutch both in the Netherlands itself and in the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in Belgium. The Dutch spoken between 1150 and 1500 is referred to as Middle Dutch. During this period there was no standardization of grammar. Authors generally wrote in their own dialects. Very often it is possible to tell from the language whether a text comes from Limburg, Brabant, or Holland. There was a lot of variation in the spelling. Words were often written as they were pronounced: "lant" (land), "hi vint" (he
History of Dutch orthography
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Sufi lodge, akin to the term Tekke/Tekyeh in Iran, Turkey and the former Ottoman areas, as well as khanqah or dargah used in various parts of Asia. An example is the Hilaliyya Zawiya in Syria. One of the best known living or contemporary "zawiyas" is the Zawiya of Sheikh Ahmed Tijani located in Fes, Morocco. There are several extensions or sub-zawiyas affiliated with this Zawiya located in various places around the world. Among the Hassaniya Arabic-speaking populations of Mauritania, Western Sahara, Morocco, Mali and Algeria (often referred to as Moors/Maure and Sahrawis), the term is also used to signify a
Zawiya (institution)
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include difficulty walking, speaking or with sensations. As the disease progresses, unconsciousness may occur. The cause of most brain tumors is unknown. Uncommon risk factors include inherited neurofibromatosis, exposure to vinyl chloride, Epstein–Barr virus and ionizing radiation. The evidence for mobile phone exposure is not clear. The most common types of primary tumors in adults are meningiomas (usually benign) and astrocytomas such as glioblastomas. In children, the most common type is a malignant medulloblastoma. Diagnosis is usually by medical examination along with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. The result is then often confirmed by a biopsy. Based on the
Brain tumor
1799061
clearly be assigned to the gnetophytes. With just three well-defined genera within an entire division, there still is understandable difficulty in establishing an unambiguous interrelationship among them; in earlier times matters were even more difficult and we find for example Pearson in the early 20th century speaking of the class Gnetales, rather than the order. G. H. M. Lawrence referred to them as an order, but remarked that the three families were distinct enough to deserve recognition as separate orders. Foster & Gifford accepted this principle, and placed the three orders together in a common class for convenience, which they
Gnetophyta
1910365
culture in style, structure, reference, and the local policy toward academic integrity in academic writing. International students may have difficulty completing satisfactory assignments because of the difficulty with grammar and spelling, differences in culture, or a lack of confidence in English academic writing. Insightful opinions may lose the original meaning when transformed from the student's native language to English. Even if international students acquire good scores in English proficiency exams or are able to communicate with native British students frequently in class, they often find that the wording and formatting of academic papers in English-speaking universities are different from what
International student
3268661
difficulty while level 10 was reserved for the most difficult. With "Exceed"'s debut all levels were reworked into a unified range from 1 to 10 for most modes, up to level 15 for Crazy mode and ranging as high as 20 for Nightmare mode. Successive games have resulted in higher level ranges for all song difficulties as well as an overall higher maximum difficulty cap for Nightmare Mode. Exceed 2 added the infamous "????" rating for unusually difficult songs. This level is often referred to as "unrated". Many unrated songs are more difficult than the allowed maximum. All "another" rated
Pump It Up (video game series)
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regardless of ethnic background, often identify with Arab history and culture and may share a common vision with other Arabs. This, however, may or may not exclude pride in and identification with Berber and/or other parts of their heritage. Berber political and cultural activists for their part, often referred to as Berberists, may view all Northwest Africans as principally Berber, whether they are primarily Berber- or Arabic-speaking (see also Arabized Berber). The Nile Valley through northern Sudan traces its origins to the ancient civilizations of Egypt and Kush. The Egyptians over the centuries have shifted their language from Egyptian to
Culture of North Africa
9405852
Radiculopathy Radiculopathy, also commonly referred to as pinched nerve, refers to a set of conditions in which one or more nerves are affected and do not work properly (a neuropathy). This can result in pain (radicular pain), weakness, numbness, or difficulty controlling specific muscles. In a radiculopathy, the problem occurs at or near the root of the nerve, shortly after its exit from the spinal cord. However, the pain or other symptoms often radiate to the part of the body served by that nerve. For example, a nerve root impingement in the neck can produce pain and weakness in the
Radiculopathy
4942909
The upper part of the band, mostly used for voice, is often referred to as 75 meters, since the wavelength is between 80 and 75 meters. In practice, the large physical size of antennas at this frequency (a quarter-wave vertical, for example, is approximately 65 feet/20 meters high) and the difficulty of ensuring significant low angle radiation from antennas to maximize the distance of "hops" are two of the challenges facing amateurs wishing to communicate over longer distances. Most amateurs interested in regional communication use low, wire antennas, such as horizontal dipoles, inverted vee dipole antennas or loop antennas on
80-meter band
33946
non-official minority languages are spoken as well. As no census exists, there are no official statistical data regarding the distribution or usage of Belgium's three official languages or their dialects. However, various criteria, including the language(s) of parents, of education, or the second-language status of foreign born, may provide suggested figures. An estimated 60% of the Belgian population speaks Dutch (often referred to as Flemish), and 40% of the population speaks French. French-speaking Belgians are often referred to as Walloons, although the French speakers in Brussels are not Walloons. Total Dutch speakers are 6.23 million, concentrated in the northern Flanders
Belgium
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English name English names are names used in, or originating in, England. In England as elsewhere in the English-speaking world, a complete name usually consists of a given name, commonly referred to as a first name or Christian name, and a (most commonly patrilineal) family name or surname, also referred to as a last name. There can be several given names, some of these being often referred to as a second name, or middle name(s). Most given names used in England do not have English etymology. Most traditional names are Latin or Romance, Christian or Biblical names/Hebrew (Daniel, David, John,
English name
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such as "anata", "kimi", and "omae" (, more formally "the one before me") may be used to refer to a listener depending on the listener's relative social position and the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the listener. When used in different social relationships, the same word may have positive (intimate or respectful) or negative (distant or disrespectful) connotations. Japanese often use titles of the person referred to where pronouns would be used in English. For example, when speaking to one's teacher, it is appropriate to use "sensei" (, teacher), but inappropriate to use "anata". This is because "anata"
Japanese language
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the context of this article, is a cuboid puzzle where all the pieces are the same size in edge length. Pieces are often referred to as "cubies". There are many puzzles which are mechanically identical to the regular cuboids listed above but have variations in the pattern and colour of design. Some of these are custom made in very small numbers, sometimes for promotional events. The ones listed in the table below are included because the pattern in some way affects the difficulty of the solution or is notable in some other way. An irregular cuboid, in the context of
Combination puzzle
9763529
Shuochang Shuochang () is a form of traditional Chinese storytelling (or, more properly, "story-singing"), with many regional subgenres; it is also often referred to as "narrative." "Shuochang" performances usually intermix speaking and singing, and are accompanied by percussion instruments and sometimes also plucked or bowed string instruments. "Shuochang" is most often performed by a solo male or female singer, although it may also be performed by two singers. The singers may provide their own accompaniment with hand-held percussion such as clappers (called "ban"; ) or a small drum, or there may also be a small ensemble of one or two
Shuochang
10440906
SPEAKING In sociolinguistics, SPEAKING or the SPEAKING model, is a model socio-linguistic study (represented as a mnemonic) developed by Dell Hymes. Hymes developed this model as part of a new methodology referred to as the Ethnography of speaking. This model is a tool to assist the identification and labeling of components of interactional linguistics that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the context in which words are used. In essence, the learning the components of the SPEAKING model is essential for
SPEAKING
7519284
16/34 at an elevation of 441 metres. The site of the airport is often referred to as Łodzinka Górna, Krajna, Trójca or Łomna (after nearby villages). Arłamów Airport Arłamów Airport () is a former government airport in the extreme southeast of Poland (near the Ukraine border), in gmina Bircza. The airport was built in the late 1970s in the vicinity of a secret, luxurious, recreational complex called Arłamów. This exclusive, highly protected complex was situated in the midst of a heavily forested area that was accessible only with difficulty. Since it was highly popular among the chief representatives of the
Arłamów Airport
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art". Notoriously, Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain" was rejected from an unjuried art exhibition in 1917 as "not being art" – this being a stunt staged by Duchamp to challenge the conventional (even within the avant-garde) definition of "art". Unjuried An unjuried art exhibition or festival is one where all submissions are accepted. Within theater, it is often referred to as a fringe festival, following the unjuried Edinburgh Festival Fringe. Traditionally gatherings have had varying degrees of inclusiveness and exclusiveness, hence broadly speaking, the notion of a "juried" or "unjuried" gathering dates to prehistory. More narrowly, the notion of an unjuried exhibition
Unjuried
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Swedish Assembly of Finland The Swedish Assembly of Finland (, , although often referred to as "Folktinget" even in Finnish) is an official consultative parliament representing the Swedish-speaking minority in Finland. Elections are held every four years, and candidates are nominated by the political parties which are either bilingual or Swedish-speaking. The assembly has 75 seats, where 70 are filled on the basis of municipal election results, and five are appointed by the Parliament of Åland (). The assembly is a forum for political discussion on issues concerning Swedish speakers, and it also functions as an interest group for Swedish-speaking
Swedish Assembly of Finland
5503023
the highest rating possible in the state. This is based on average attendance, grades, graduation rates, and scores on the Ohio Graduation Test. Oak Hills is known for having very high graduation rates. As of the 2017-2018 school year, the overall graduation rate was 94.6%. Oak Hills offers numerous courses with varying levels of difficulty. Students can take remedial level, college preparatory, or Advanced Placement classes in several subjects. Runner-up Oak Hills High School Oak Hills High School is a four-year public secondary school located in Bridgetown, Ohio, with a mailing address of Cincinnati. Oak Hills often is referred to
Oak Hills High School
3097419
Generalized anxiety disorder Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. This excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning, and sufferers are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health issues, money, death, family problems, friendship problems, interpersonal relationship problems, or work difficulties. Individuals may exhibit a variety of physical symptoms, including: - Feeling tired -Fidgeting - Headaches - Numbness in hands and feet - Muscle tension - Difficulty swallowing - Upset stomach, vomiting or diarrhea - Breathing difficulty - Difficulty concentrating - Trembling - Irritability and restlessness
Generalized anxiety disorder
686538
of Wallonia. In general, European French speakers have no problems understanding Quebec newscasts or other moderately formal Québécois speech. However, they may have some difficulty understanding informal speech, such as the dialogue in a sitcom. This is due more to slang, idioms, vocabulary and use of exclusive cultural references than to accent or pronunciation. However, when speaking to a European French speaker, a more rural French speaker from Quebec is capable of shifting to a slightly more formal, "international" type of speech by avoiding idioms or slang, much like a person from the southern U.S. would do when speaking with
Quebec French
17200291
or permanent weakness, numbness, difficulty speaking, memory loss, dizziness, headache, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, seizures, and/or brain herniation. The most helpful predictors of the treatment outcome is the glasgow coma scale (GCS). This is a standardized pupil response assessment of the neurologic status of the patient. GCS helps assess many different types of head injuries and predicts how a patient will recover following a hematoma. Factors such as elevated intracranial pressure, increased patients age, and abnormal GCS results lead to a poor prognosis. The mortality rate following a hematoma could be as high as 80% and survivors many not regain the
Sports-related traumatic brain injury
6476283
it used to be referred to as , but this word acquired the general sense of jargon or slang, often with a negative conotation (cf. , 'obscene language', lit. low-level ). is the endonym of the Romani people in Iberia, and means "the language spoken by the . However, the are commonly known in Portuguese- and Spanish-speaking countries by the exonyms and . In and other varieties of Romani, means "black or "absorbing all light", hence closely resembling words for "black" and/or "dark" in Indo-Aryan languages (e.g. Sanskrit काल "kāla" "black", "of a dark colour"). Hence and may have originated
Caló language
5765276
water sports and activities, such as rafting, riverboarding, whitewater canoeing, stand up paddle surfing, and whitewater kayaking. There are six categories, each referred to as "Grade" or "Class" followed by a number. The scale is not linear, nor is it fixed. For instance, there can be difficult grade twos, easy grade threes, and so on. The grade of a river may (and usually does) change with the level of flow. Often a river or rapid will be given a numerical grade, and then a plus (+) or minus (-) to indicate if it is in the higher or lower end
International scale of river difficulty
10440923
populations and settings, to better understand the interplay between culture and language, and to analyze status, power and inequality. SPEAKING In sociolinguistics, SPEAKING or the SPEAKING model, is a model socio-linguistic study (represented as a mnemonic) developed by Dell Hymes. Hymes developed this model as part of a new methodology referred to as the Ethnography of speaking. This model is a tool to assist the identification and labeling of components of interactional linguistics that was driven by his view that, in order to speak a language correctly, one needs not only to learn its vocabulary and grammar, but also the
SPEAKING
246916
in 1516, the death of Queen Isabella I of Castile in 1504, or the conquest of Granada in 1492. Historians from Romance-speaking countries tend to divide the Middle Ages into two parts: an earlier "High" and later "Low" period. English-speaking historians, following their German counterparts, generally subdivide the Middle Ages into three intervals: "Early", "High", and "Late". In the 19th century, the entire Middle Ages were often referred to as the "Dark Ages", but with the adoption of these subdivisions, use of this term was restricted to the Early Middle Ages, at least among historians. The Roman Empire reached its
Middle Ages
8173064
Vertebral artery dissection Vertebral artery dissection (VAD) is a flap-like tear of the inner lining of the vertebral artery, which is located in the neck and supplies blood to the brain. After the tear, blood enters the arterial wall and forms a blood clot, thickening the artery wall and often impeding blood flow. The symptoms of vertebral artery dissection include head and neck pain and intermittent or permanent stroke symptoms such as difficulty speaking, impaired coordination and visual loss. It is usually diagnosed with a contrast-enhanced CT or MRI scan. Vertebral dissection may occur after physical trauma to the neck,
Vertebral artery dissection
4525776
the Creator. (The terminology of this formulation is based on the exposition of Lurianic Kabbalah by the 20th century Kabbalist Yehuda Ashlag). The sefiroth are organized into three discrete columns or "gimel kavim" ("three lines" in Hebrew). They are often referred to as the three "Fathers," are derived from the three "Mothers," and are attributed to the vowels (Vav, Yud, and Heh.) They are as follows: Kether heads the central column of the tree, which is known metaphorically speaking as the "Pillar of Mildness" and is associated with Hebrew letter Aleph, "the breath", and the air element. It is a
Sefirot
20141270
Pleistocene human diet The diet of known human ancestors varies dramatically over time. Strictly speaking, according to evolutionary anthropologists and archaeologists there is not a single hominin Paleolithic diet. The Paleolithic covers roughly 2.8 million years, concurrent with the Pleistocene, and includes multiple human ancestors with their own evolutionary and technological adaptations living in a wide variety of environments. This fact with the difficulty of finding conclusive of evidence often makes broad generalizations of the earlier human diets very difficult. Our pre-hominin primate ancestors were broadly herbivorous, relying on either foliage or fruits and nuts and the shift in dietary
Pleistocene human diet
2454805
was a large amount of cultural diffusion between the later Kura-Arax culture and the Maikop culture. The economy was primarily built around cattle and farming. The trend of a highly progressive Caucasus continued: as early as 3000–4000 BCE, evidence of metalworking (including copper) as well as more advanced weaponry (daggers, arrow heads found, as well as armor, knives, etc.). This period is referred to as the Kayakent culture, or Chechnya during the Copper Age. Horseback riding came around 3000 BCE, probably having diffused from contact with Indo-European-speaking tribes to the North. Towns found in this period are often not found
History of Chechnya
9763530
musicians. The term "shuochang" has, since the late 20th century, also come to be used in China to refer to rap music. Shuochang Shuochang () is a form of traditional Chinese storytelling (or, more properly, "story-singing"), with many regional subgenres; it is also often referred to as "narrative." "Shuochang" performances usually intermix speaking and singing, and are accompanied by percussion instruments and sometimes also plucked or bowed string instruments. "Shuochang" is most often performed by a solo male or female singer, although it may also be performed by two singers. The singers may provide their own accompaniment with hand-held percussion
Shuochang
9818096
use. This led them to be described, for example, as "chargers" (war horses), "palfreys" (riding horses), cart horses or packhorses. Reference is also given to their place of origin, such as "Spanish horses," but whether this referred to one breed or several is unknown. Another difficulty arising during any study of medieval documents or literature is the flexibility of the medieval languages, where several words can be used for one thing (or, conversely, several objects are referred to by one word). Words such as 'courser' and 'charger' are used interchangeably (even within one document), and where one epic may speak
Horses in the Middle Ages
696206
thick gray coating is called a “pseudomembrane.” It can cover tissues in the nose, tonsils, voice box, and throat, making it very hard to breathe and swallow. Symptoms can also include cardiac arrhythmias, myocarditis, and cranial and peripheral nerve palsies. Laryngeal diphtheria can lead to a characteristic swollen neck and throat, or "bull neck". The swollen throat is often accompanied by a serious respiratory condition, characterized by a brassy or "barking" cough, stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty breathing, and historically referred to variously as "diphtheritic croup", "true croup", or sometimes simply as "croup". Diphtheritic croup is extremely rare in countries where
Diphtheria
2176447
often have difficulty finding employment due to mental and physical disabilities and lack of education and skills. According to a 2009 survey of the 30 blocks in and around the DTES, 62% of the residents over the age of 15 were not considered participants in the labour force, compared to 33% in Vancouver as a whole. The DTES is often referred to as "Canada's poorest postal code", although this is not the case. Both homelessness and substandard housing are major issues in the DTES, that confound the neighbourhood's problems with addiction and mental illness. In 2012, there were 846 homeless
Downtown Eastside
13602189
are often used at the end of the threaded portion of a shaft or screw to provide clearance for the cutting tool, and also referred to as "thread relief" in this context. A rule of thumb is that the undercut should be at least 1.5 threads long and the diameter should be at least smaller than the minor diameter of the thread. Strictly speaking the relief simply needs to be equal or slightly smaller than the minor diameter of the thread. Thread relief can also be internal on a bore, and then the relief needs to be larger than the
Undercut (manufacturing)
19563546
and a lack of understanding by the public about the true nature of the Theosophical movement. In particular, it is often assumed that the movement is a religion. Kalnitsky has quoted: "Year after year, and day after day had our officers and members to interrupt people speaking of the theosophical movement by putting in more or less emphatic protests against Theosophy being referred to as a 'religion,' and the Theosophical Society as a kind of church or religious body. Still worse, it is as often spoken of as a 'new sect'!" Thesis author has written that, according to the major
Is Theosophy a Religion?