untouchability practice in india was among which community
the Dalit communities
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of executioner and butcher. Yemen: Al-Akhdam Tibet : Ragyabpa (see Social classes of Tibet) Others: * Tanka (danhu) ("boat people") in Guangdong, Fuzhou Tanka in Fujian Untouchability Untouchability, in its literal sense, is the practice of ostracising a minority group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom or legal mandate. The term is most commonly associated with treatment of the Dalit communities in the Indian subcontinent who were considered "polluting", but the term has also been loosely used to refer to other groups, such as the Cagots in Europe, and the Al-Akhdam in Yemen. Traditionally, the groups characterized
Untouchability
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Untouchability Untouchability, in its literal sense, is the practice of ostracising a minority group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom or legal mandate. The term is most commonly associated with treatment of the Dalit communities in the Indian subcontinent who were considered "polluting", but the term has also been loosely used to refer to other groups, such as the Cagots in Europe, and the Al-Akhdam in Yemen. Traditionally, the groups characterized as untouchable were those whose occupations and habits of life involved ritually polluting activities, such as fishermen, manual scavengers, sweepers and washermen. Untouchability has been outlawed
Untouchability
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of executioner and butcher. Yemen: Al-Akhdam Tibet : Ragyabpa (see Social classes of Tibet) Others: * Tanka (danhu) ("boat people") in Guangdong, Fuzhou Tanka in Fujian Untouchability Untouchability, in its literal sense, is the practice of ostracising a minority group by segregating them from the mainstream by social custom or legal mandate. The term is most commonly associated with treatment of the Dalit communities in the Indian subcontinent who were considered "polluting", but the term has also been loosely used to refer to other groups, such as the Cagots in Europe, and the Al-Akhdam in Yemen. Traditionally, the groups characterized
Untouchability
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in court to prove that high rank officials of the state were involved in the riots. Stalin K. documented caste discrimination against the Dalit communities throughout India with his films "IndiaUntouched" and "Lesser Humans". These films raised international attention to the discrimination of the Dalit communities in India. 2007 India Untouched: 1993 Lesser Human Stalin K Stalin K. is an Indian documentary filmmaker, media and human rights activist. His films, "Lesser Humans" and "India Untouched", on the issue of caste and untouchability in contemporary India, have galvanized international attention to caste discrimination and won numerous film awards. He has done
Stalin K
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in India, Nepal and Pakistan. However, "untouchability" has not been legally defined. The origin of untouchability and its historicity are still debated, but it is believed to have existed at least as far back as 400 CE. A recent study of a sample of households in India concludes that "Notwithstanding the likelihood of under-reporting of the practice of untouchability, 70 percent of the population reported not indulging in this practice. This is an encouraging sign." B. R. Ambedkar, an Indian social reformer and politician who came from a social group that was considered untouchable, theorized that untouchability originated because of
Untouchability
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and discrimination against minorities hurts the country more than its victims. On 26 January 1968, a conference of "All India Scheduled Caste Federation" conference was held at Nanded District in Maharashtra State under the Presidency of Shyam Sunder. He thundered that the practice of Apartheid is a racial one and untouchability is religious in nature. The "ghetto apartheid" has been operation for three thousand years in India in spite of India’s Constitutional provisions for Scheduled Caste has made no differences in the practice of untouchability and they are living in burning furnace and conference also decided to co-ordinate all political
B. Shyam Sunder
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Vitthal Ramji Shinde Mahrshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde (23 April 1873 – 2 January 1944) was one of the most important social and religious reformers in Maharashtra, India. He was prominent among the liberal thinkers and reformists in India, prior to his independence. His greatest contribution was to attempt to remove the practice of untouchability and bring about equality to the depressed classes in Indian society. He was born on 23 April 1873 in the princely state of Jamkhandi in Karnataka, India, a member of a Marathi-speaking Maharashtrian family. His early childhood was influenced by a liberal family environment. The family
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
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launched in 1950 and is the oldest such programme in the world. A common form of caste discrimination in India was the practice of untouchability. SCs were the primary targets of the practice, which was outlawed by the new Constitution of India. In 1954, the Ministry of Education suggested that 20 per cent of places should be reserved for the SCs and STs in educational institutions with a provision to relax minimum qualifying marks for admission by 5 per cent wherever required. In 1982, it was specified that 15 per cent and 7.5 per cent of vacancies in public sector
Reservation in India
19632522
They have faced discrimination from within the Muslim community. Dr. Aftab Alam, a political scientist, states: ""But caste and untouchability is a lived reality for Muslims living in India and South Asia, "and untouchability is the community's worst-kept secret." Muslim and Christian Dalit converts lose Reservation which is only available to Dalits who follow Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism under the Indian Government Reservation policy. National Commission for Minorities has suggested extending reservation to Dalit Muslims and Dalit Christians. Dalit Muslim Dalit Muslim refers to Hindu Untouchables also called Dalit converts to Islam. Approximately 100 million Dalit Muslims live in India.
Dalit Muslim
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acts committed against Dalits were reported in 1996. The UN report claimed 1.33 cases of violent acts per 10,000 Dalit people. For context, the UN reported between 40 and 55 cases of violent acts per 10,000 people in developed countries in 2005. One example of such violence is the Khairlanji massacre of 2006. Article 15 of the Constitution of India prohibits discrimination based on caste and Article 17 declared the practice of untouchability to be illegal. In 1955, India enacted the Untouchability (Offences) Act (renamed in 1976, as the Protection of Civil Rights Act). It extended the reach of law,
Caste system in India
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system in India which leads to untouchability (the practice of ostracizing a group by segregating them from the mainstream society) often interacts with gender discrimination, leading to a double discrimination faced by Dalit women. In a 2014 survey, 27% of Indians admitted to practicing untouchability. Traditional customs regarding birth sometimes endanger the mothers. Births in parts of Africa are often attended by traditional birth attendants (TBAs), who sometimes perform rituals that are dangerous to the health of the mother. In many societies, a difficult labour is believed to be a divine punishment for marital infidelity, and such women face abuse
Gender equality
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potentially inflating the figure. Across India, Untouchability was practised among 52 per cent of Brahmins, 33 per cent of Other Backward Classes and 24 per cent of non-Brahmin forward castes. Untouchability was also practiced by people of minority religions – 23 per cent of Sikhs, 18 per cent of Muslims and 5 per cent of Christians. According to statewide data, Untouchability is most commonly practiced in Madhya Pradesh (53 per cent), followed by Himachal Pradesh (50 per cent), Chhattisgarh (48 per cent), Rajasthan and Bihar (47 per cent), Uttar Pradesh (43 per cent), and Uttarakhand (40 per cent). Examples of
Dalit
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ancient Indian literature refers often to "varnas", but hardly if ever to "jatis" as a system of groups within the "varnas". He concludes that "If caste is defined as a system of group within the class, which are normally endogamous, commensal and craft-exclusive, we have no real evidence of its existence until comparatively late times." The Vedic texts neither mention the concept of untouchable people nor any practice of untouchability. The rituals in the Vedas ask the noble or king to eat with the commoner from the same vessel. Later Vedic texts ridicule some professions, but the concept of untouchability
Caste system in India
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first novel by a Goan, which focused on the practise of caste-based discrimination in India, particularly of untouchability among the Hindus. The novel has a purely Indian background and was inspired by the French playwright Victor Hugo. Its theme is centred on the love of liberty, justice and concern for the downtrodden, and focuses on the life of the Anglo-Indian community in the Faizabad district and its relationship with the native inhabitants. It vividly portrays the traditional festivities in Cawnpore, and discusses the causes and effects of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 in great detail. In it, Gomes also alluded
Francisco Luís Gomes
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not treated like the savarnas (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras). According to Sarah Pinto, an anthropologist, modern untouchability in India applies to people whose work relates to "meat, and bodily fluids". In the name of untouchability, Dalits have faced work and descent-based discrimination at the hands of the dominant castes. Based on the punishments prescribed in The Untouchability (Offences) Act, 1955 the following practices could be understood to have been associated with Untouchability in India: At the time of Indian independence, Dalit activists began calling for separate electorates for untouchables in India to allow fair representation. Officially labeled the Minorities
Untouchability
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but this intervention should be based on constitution only. If some tenets, principles or beliefs of any particular religion violates the constitution or the law of the land, then the Indian government is mandated to intervene and remedy the situation. Government of India has for a few times have intervened in religions historically as mandated by the constitution. The enactment of anti-untouchability act(SC/ST Act,1989) and also the recent law banning triple talak among the muslim community is example of this constitutionally mandated intervention. Government also intervene when women of any religion are denied opportunities or equality as gender equality is
Freedom of religion in India
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and George Mathew says that, "Technically, the Christians were outside [the] caste hierarchy, but in practice a system of inclusion and exclusion was developed ...". Among Christians, the established Syrian Christians also practised the rules of untouchability. In the colonial period, many lower castes were converted to Christians by the European Missionaries, but the new converts were not allowed to join the Syrian Christian community and they continued to be considered as untouchables even by the Syrian Christians. Syrian Christians derive status within the caste system from the tradition that they were elites, who were evangelised by Thomas the Apostle.
Caste system in Kerala
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by caste ill-feelings and practice of untouchability, his agitated mind took him to Buddha's Ajanta Caves to seek solace. When his family moved to Hyderabad, he enrolled in the Osmania University, graduating in Political Science, Economics and went on to earn a law degree. He could speak Urdu, English and Marathi. He was popular among the student community and he was elected Senate and Syndicate member of the Osmania University. He entered active politics and joined the student wing of Depressed Classes Association; he was chosen as General Secretary and later became its President in 1947. He practiced law briefly
B. Shyam Sunder
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totally eliminated. The 1950 national constitution of India legally abolished the practice of untouchability and provided measures for positive discrimination in both educational institutions and public services for Dalits and other social groups who lie within the caste system. These are supplemented by official bodies such as the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Despite this, instances of prejudice against Dalits still occur in some rural areas, as evidenced by events such as the Kherlanji massacre. France: Cagots were historically untouchable groups of France. Korea: Baekjeong in Korea are an "untouchable” group of Korea who traditionally performed jobs
Untouchability
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R. Ambedkar was appointed to lead the committee to draft a new constitution for India. He proposed, and the new country passed into law, a wide range of civil liberties, including the legal abolition of untouchability. Many Indian universities were renamed after people like Ambedkar and those changes were welcomed with few arguments. The Dalit community in the state of Maharashtra proposed to rename Marathwada University in honour of Ambedkar. The chief minister, the legislature, and university leaders approved the change, but a storm of opposition arose among Hindus. On 27 July 1978 riots began and the name change was
Namantar Shahid Smarak
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the development of the "Rochdale system", in which the town council arranged for the collection of the night soil from the outhouse attached to each dwelling or group of dwellings (see pail closet). A later response was the passage of the Public Health Act 1875, which led to the creation of byelaws regarding housing, mandating one outhouse per house. These were still "earth closets" (not water closets i.e. WCs) and so still depended on the "night soil men" or "nightmen". People responsible for the disposal of night soil are considered untouchables in India. The practice of untouchability was banned by
Night soil
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he never touched it for past 21 years. Air Date:- 8 July 2012 The show discussed the social ills of casteism and untouchability. Aamir and the guests spoke about discrimination made in Indian society on the basis of caste, and the kind of treatment that is meted out to people belong to the Dalit community. Though untouchability is a criminal offence in India, and the state has, since independence, adopted affirmative action for the benefit of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, incidents of caste based discrimination are reported from across the country on an everyday basis. The first guest to
Satyamev Jayate (Season 1)
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the poor). Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti is one of the most influential Sufi in India and is credited with spreading of Islam in South Asia (present day India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). When Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti reached India, he found the local society to be poisoned by untouchability. So he decided to organize a langar (public eating of food together irrespective of status, sex, religion and caste). This langar brought people into influence of Islam and its strict stand against untouchability. Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti is buried at the Dargah of Khawaaza Moiunddin Chisti which is his mausoleum (Roza Shareef) in Rajasthani city
Rajasthani Muslims
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abolished the ban on Dalits from entering Hindu temples in Travancore (now part of Kerala, India) and also ended the cruel practice of untouchability. Historians and sociologists consider the proclamation as a milestone in the history of Travancore as well as the rest of Kerala. It was published on the eve of Sree Chithira Thirunal's birthday in 1112 (1936 A.D.). The Proclamation was received throughout India with delight and admiration. Thus, Travancore achieved equal temple entry freedom of worship to all classes of Hindus in 1930s itself. The Proclamation was the first of its kind in Princely States as well
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
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Shripad Mahadev Mate Shripad Mahadev Mate (2 September 1886–25 December 1957) was a Marathi writer and a social reformer from Maharashtra, India. Mate was a teacher of English and Marathi literature by profession. Although he took up writing at the relatively late age of forty-four, during the remainder of his life he wrote eclectically and copiously on a variety of social, scientific, biographical and historical subjects. He was deeply troubled by the social scourge of untouchability in contemporary India, and wrote several short stories as well as essays arguing for the abolition of this practice. Although he was a Brahmin
Shripad Mahadev Mate
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at Sangli in 1943. Shripad Mahadev Mate Shripad Mahadev Mate (2 September 1886–25 December 1957) was a Marathi writer and a social reformer from Maharashtra, India. Mate was a teacher of English and Marathi literature by profession. Although he took up writing at the relatively late age of forty-four, during the remainder of his life he wrote eclectically and copiously on a variety of social, scientific, biographical and historical subjects. He was deeply troubled by the social scourge of untouchability in contemporary India, and wrote several short stories as well as essays arguing for the abolition of this practice. Although
Shripad Mahadev Mate
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myth of Chandalika in Hinduism as its subtexts on the basis of which it tries to criticize the practice of untouchability in India. Brahmin couple Upen and Charu bring up the orphaned Sujata. Although Upen is fond of the adopted child, his wife Charu and mother can never fully embrace Sujata because she is an untouchable. They never fail to remind Sujata that she doesn't belong amongst Brahmins. One day, Upen's wife falls down the stairs and is rushed to the hospital. The doctors tell the family that in order to save Charu, they need blood of a rare group.
Sujata (1959 film)
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opposed the government's decision which he considered it would divide the Hindu society and subsequently went on to the indefinite fast in Yerwada Jail. He ended his fast after signed Poona Pact with Ambedkar on 25 September 1932. On 30 September, Gandhi founded "All India Anti Untouchability League", to remove untouchability in the society, which later renamed as Harijan Sevak Sangh ("Servants of Untouchables Society"). At the time industrialist Ghanshyam Das Birla was its founding president with Amritlal Takkar as its Secretary. The Sangh is headquartered at Kingsway Camp in Delhi. It was "Valmiki Bhawan" within the campus, which functioned
Harijan Sevak Sangh
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Dalits caste that included his own Mahar caste. Ambedkar disagreed with mainstream leaders like Gandhi on issues including untouchability, government system and the partition of India. This did not prevent him from struggling for the rights of his brethren among the lower castes of the country. His leadership of dalit or Depressed Classes led to the Dalit movement that still endures. Ambedkar most importantly played the pivotal role in writing the constitution of India and hence he is considered as the "father of the Indian Constitution". The ultimatum in 1942 to the British to "Quit India" was given in Mumbai,
History of Maharashtra
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humiliated. Even as a schoolboy he became averse to "Varnasrama Dharma", a Hindu religious code that stratifies society on caste lines and facilitates the practice of untouchability. The national movement and Gandhi’s call to wear khadi and his stand against untouchability influenced Jeevanandham to join the movement. He began wearing only khadi from then on. Jeevanandham took his Dalit friends into the streets and public places where, usually, entry was denied to them, which earned him the displeasure of his family and orthodox caste members in his village. His father disapproved his behaviour and asked him to stop all things
P. Jeevanandham
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the Khalpa, who wanted to be known as "Rohit", and the Bhangi's desire to be known as "Rishi", as well as the vankar claim to "Mahyavanshi" status. Of these, only the Mahyavanshi claim was successful in gaining official recognition from the British Raj administration. This success was limited to a part of the community in South Gujarat. Dhedh Dhedh (also Dhed, Dhedha or Dhedhas) are a Scheduled Caste of India. Historically, certain upper caste communities have considered them to be an untouchable group, outside the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna. The Dhedh community too observes untouchability in relationships
Dhedh
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Stalin K Stalin K. is an Indian documentary filmmaker, media and human rights activist. His films, "Lesser Humans" and "India Untouched", on the issue of caste and untouchability in contemporary India, have galvanized international attention to caste discrimination and won numerous film awards. He has done pioneering work on new models of community media to empower marginalized groups. Stalin K. was born in Pune, and grew up in Gujarat. He studied Development Communication in Ahmedabad. Today he lives and works in Goa. Stalin K. co-founded Drishti Media Collective as a trust in 1993. The media and human rights organization is
Stalin K
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Mission on 18 October 1906 in order to work against untouchability on the national level. Aims of this mission were: Many schools and hostels were founded by this mission. Dr. G.M. Pawar, English translation by Sudhakar Marathe "The life and work of Maharshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde, Sahitya Akademi 2013, Vitthal Ramji Shinde Mahrshi Vitthal Ramji Shinde (23 April 1873 – 2 January 1944) was one of the most important social and religious reformers in Maharashtra, India. He was prominent among the liberal thinkers and reformists in India, prior to his independence. His greatest contribution was to attempt to remove the
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
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created an atmosphere of public opinion against these social evils". His grandson Uddhav Thackeray also outlined the social reformist contributions by his grandfather in the abolishing of child marriage, untouchability and enabling women empowerment. Prabodhankar Thackeray Keshav Sitaram Thackeray (17 September 1885 – 20 November 1973), commonly known by his pen name Prabodhankar Thackeray, was an Indian social reformer who campaigned against superstitions and social evils in India such as Untouchability, Child marriage and Dowry. He was also a prolific author. He was one of the key leaders of the Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti which successfully campaigned for the linguistic state
Prabodhankar Thackeray
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Achhut Achhut ("The Untouchable") is a 1940 social Indian Bollywood film based on untouchability. It was the third highest grossing Indian film of 1940. The film was produced by Chandulal Shah for his Ranjit Studios. He also wrote the story and screenplay, and directed it. "Achhut"'s premiere was attended by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel on 23 December 1939, who stated: "If the picture helps India to remove this curse, it can be said to have helped India to win Swaraj as untouchability is one of the chief obstacles in the road to freedom". The film had Motilal and Gohar in the
Achhut
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and 1947 had social themes. In 1938, Gudavalli Ramabrahmam, has co-produced and directed the social problem film, Mala Pilla which dealt with the crusade against untouchability, prevailing in pre-independent India. In 1939, He directed "Raithu Bidda", starring thespian Bellary Raghava. The film was banned by the British administration in the region, for depicting the uprise of the peasantry among the Zamindar's during the British raj. 1940 film, Viswa Mohini, is the first Indian film, depicting the Indian movie world. The film was directed by Y. V. Rao and scripted by Balijepalli Lakshmikanta Kavi, starring Chittor V. Nagaiah in the lead
Telugu cinema
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the deliberate policy of the upper-caste Brahmanas. According to him, the Brahmanas despised the people who gave up the Brahmanism in favour of Buddhism. Later scholars such as Vivekanand Jha have successfully refuted this theory. Nripendra Kumar Dutt, a professor of history, theorized that the concept of untouchability originated from the "pariah"-like treatment accorded to the aboriginies of India by the early Dravidians, and that the concept was borrowed by the Indo-Aryans from the Dravidians. Scholars such as R. S. Sharma have rejected this theory, arguing that there is no evidence that Dravidians practised untouchability before coming into contact with
Untouchability
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University of Sussex, UK; NALSAR University of Law, Hyderabad; MIT, Boston; University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA); Universities of Stanford, Washington (Stanford), Austin, among others. Harsh Mander's books include ‘Unheard Voices: Stories of Forgotten Lives’, ‘The Ripped Chest: Public Policy and the Poor in India’, ‘Fear and Forgiveness: The Aftermath of Massacre’, ‘Fractured Freedom: Chronicles from India’s Margins’,‘Ash in the Belly: India’s Unfinished Battle against Hunger’, ‘Untouchability in Rural India’ (co-authored), and, most recently,'Looking Away: Inequality, Prejudice and Indifference in New India. He regularly writes columns for the Hindu, Hindustan Times and Dainik Bhaskar, and contributes frequently to scholarly journals.
Harsh Mander
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one of the powerful caste in India. During the 1890s the caste system in Kerala was very rigid, with untouchability. Dr. Palpu started works towards getting the rights of Ezhava community. With the 1891 Malayali Memorial Revolt, he came forward by taking the leadership of the community. He tried to make an organization called ‘Ezhava Sabha’. In 1896, he created the bye-law of it and published the same in Malayali, a newspaper published from Thankussery. Even though he organised some meetings at Paravur and Mayyanad, that movement failed. Then, In 1889, Vavoottu Yogam had been expanded. Thus an organization, ‘Aruvippuram
Sree Dharma Paripalana Yogam
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in 1903, he devoted his life to religious and social reforms. He continued his missionary work for the Prarthana Samaj. His efforts were devoted mainly to the removal of untouchability in India. In 1905 he established a night school for the children of untouchables in Pune, and in 1906 he established the Depressed Classes Mission in Mumbai (Bombay). Also in 1910 he founded MURALI PRATIBANDHAK SABHA. And in1912 organised a "ASPRUSHATA NIWARAN PARISHAD "In 1922 the mission’s Ahalyashram building was completed at Pune. In 1917 he succeeded in getting the Indian National Congress to pass a resolution condemning the practice
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
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called as Kirloskarwadi. Laxmanrao Kirloskar was not only an industrialist but also a great social reformer. When blind orthodoxy was rampant in rural area, he advocated the removal of untouchability. He banned untouchability in the township that he had established at Kirloskarwadi which is in Sangli district. He believed in social reform and tristed in the goodness of man. He employed ex-convicts as night watchman. He had read about industrial townships in Europe and America where the owners of industries had built communities for the employees. His dream was to build his own industry and community for his employees; he
Laxmanrao Kirloskar
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Swami Vivekananda (1862–1902), he stood against the practice of caste and untouchability. Admiring his patriotic zeal, Swami Vivekananda once wrote on a wall in Yogendra's drawing-room: "India has to win her freedom by 1925." Flocks of nationalist militants went to contemplate this prediction. His second son Sachin was Captain of the Mohun Bagan football club and was to be a brilliant physician in the army during First World War. Having met Bagha Jatin (Mukherjee) at the gymnasium of the Guhas, Sachin brought him home and introduced him to Yogendra. In 1900, the latter's youngest daughter, Sudhamayi, was married to Lalitkumar
Yogendra Vidyabhushan
8917944
of their own. “Women belonging to these castes and tribes bore double burden. They were exploited by caste and gender, and were vulnerable to and powerless against sexual exploitation.” Despite the right to non-discrimination on the basis of race or caste enshrined in Article 15 of the Indian Constitution, discrimination against SCs and STs is pervasive. Though abolished and forbidden by Article 17, the practice of ‘untouchability’ persists due to its systemic character. Hence, the Indian Parliament enacted the Untouchability Offences Act 1955, which underwent amendment and renaming in 1976 to become the Protection of Civil Rights (PCR) Act. Under
Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989
3485926
the Indo-Aryans. Austrian ethnologist Christoph von Fürer-Haimendorf theorized that untouchability originated as class stratification in urban areas of the Indus Valley Civilisation. According to this theory, the poorer workers involved in 'unclean' occupations such as sweeping or leather work were historically segregated and banished outside the city limits. Over time, personal cleanliness came to be identified "purity", and the concept of untouchability eventually spread to rural areas as well. After the decline of the Indus Valley towns, these untouchables probably spread to other parts of India. Scholars such as Suvira Jaiswal reject this theory, arguing that it lacks evidence, and
Untouchability
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Segments were continuously published in the rationalist Tamil magazine Kudi Arasu. Annihilation of Caste Annihilation of Caste is an undelivered speech written in 1936 by B. R. Ambedkar who fought against the country's practice of untouchability. It was later self-published by the author. In a letter dated 12 December 1935, the secretary of the "Jat-Pat Todak Mandal" (Society for the Abolition of Caste system), an anti-caste Hindu reformist group organisation based in Lahore, invited B. R. Ambedkar to deliver a speech on the caste system in India at their annual conference in 1936. Ambedkar wrote the speech as an essay
Annihilation of Caste
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Annihilation of Caste Annihilation of Caste is an undelivered speech written in 1936 by B. R. Ambedkar who fought against the country's practice of untouchability. It was later self-published by the author. In a letter dated 12 December 1935, the secretary of the "Jat-Pat Todak Mandal" (Society for the Abolition of Caste system), an anti-caste Hindu reformist group organisation based in Lahore, invited B. R. Ambedkar to deliver a speech on the caste system in India at their annual conference in 1936. Ambedkar wrote the speech as an essay under the title "Annihilation of Caste" and sent in advance to
Annihilation of Caste
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Gandhi tested the technique of "Satyagraha" in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws. Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay, "Hind Swaraj", (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of "Swaraj", or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of untouchability from Indian society; and the exercise of "swadeshi"the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian cottage industry. The first two, he felt, were essential for India
British Raj
19273042
the Communist Party. New strains of thought developed as capitalist transformation laid the foundation for the commencement of social reform movements in sections of society. At the all India level, Vivekananda and others put forward such thoughts. Against this background social reform movements started by Sree Narayana Guru, Ayyankali and others in southern parts of Kerala and by Vagbhatananda and others in northern parts got developed into movements against superstition and bad customs. These evoked a big stirring among the people. An attitude against untouchability and casteism and interest in acquiring modern education were evident among all sections. Pressures for
History of Kannur
7708182
of violence against Dalits elsewhere in India, "Frontline" magazine said in 2006 that: However, "Frontline" goes on to note that the situation in Kerala now, is not as severe, to the extent that those seeking to research: The Nambudiris had varying rules regarding the degrees of ritual pollution while interacting with people of different castes, which also included other Brahmins- such as Iyers, whose touch required a Nambudiri to bathe before resuming rituals. In a similar manner, most castes practised the principles of untouchability in their relationship with the other regional castes. Untouchability in Kerala is not restricted to Hindus,
Caste system in Kerala
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this land. He strove hard to provide education facilities and fought for land reforms for his brethren. He spearheaded a movement to federate Minorities and Bahujans to fight for their legitimate constitutional rights. Hinduism has a practice of "untouchability", wherein certain people are Untouchable. The Father of Nation, Sri Mahatma Gandhi, fondly said they are Harijan, meaning sons of God. The Constitution of India declared they are Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and Human Right activists say they are Dalit. Shyam Sunder, from the beginning of his political career, bluntly refuted this, saying "We are not Hindus, we have nothing
B. Shyam Sunder
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to present a memorandum to the Secretary of State in 1917. He also wrote a dozen of books and collections of essays. In 1919, in Madras he organised sweepers and rikshaw drivers. He was among the earliest in Kerala to argue for abolition of 'untouchability' Kesava Menon established "Mathrubhumi" in 1923. He was its Chief Editor from the beginning till his death, except for a brief interregnum he moved out of Kerala and went to practice law in Malaysia and Singapore. There also he was actively involved in nationalist movements. His autobiography has been published by Mathrubhumi Books. He was
K. P. Kesava Menon
7842168
Pandit Karuppan Pandit Karuppan was a poet, dramatist, and social reformer who lived in Kerala, India. Pandit Karuppan emerged from Ernakulam of Cochin State as a relentless crusader against untouchability and social evils. He was called the "Lincoln" of Kerala for steering socio-economically and educationally backward communities to the forefront. Hailing from a community of inland fishermen who engaged in localised fishing in backwaters and rivers, Karuppan became a Sanskrit scholar, poet and dramatist of repute. As the first human rights activist of the Cochin State, he used his literary skill and organizational ability to combat illiteracy, social injustice, casteism,
Pandit Karuppan
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right to equality includes equality before law, prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, gender or place of birth, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles. The right to freedom includes freedom of speech and expression, assembly, association or union or cooperatives, movement, residence, and right to practice any profession or occupation, right to life and liberty, protection in respect to conviction in offences and protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. The right against exploitation prohibits all forms of forced labour, child labour and trafficking of human beings.
Fundamental rights in India
5600461
in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, descent, place of birth, place of residence or any of them. It creates exceptions for the implementation of measures of affirmative action for the benefit of any backward class of citizens in order to ensure adequate representation in public service, as well as reservation of an office of any religious institution for a person professing that particular religion. The practice of untouchability has been declared an offence punishable by law under Article 17, and
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
4396165
have been reports of Dalits being forced to eat human faeces and drink urine by Christian Thevars, an OBC. In one such instance, a 17-year-old girl was set on fire by Yadav (an OBC) youth, allegedly because she was allowed school-education. In September 2015, a 45-year-old dalit woman was allegedly stripped naked and was forced to drink urine by perpetrators from the Yadav community in Madhya Pradesh. The Government of India has attempted on several occasions to legislate specifically to address the issue of caste-related violence that affects SCs and STs. Aside from the Constitutional abolition of untouchability, there has
Dalit
6520967
villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leadership to undo purdah, untouchability and the suppression of women. Gandhi set up two more basic schools at Bhitiharwa with the help of Sant raut in West Champaran and Madhuban in this district on November 30, 1917 and January 17, 1918, respectively. The purpose behind setting up these schools was to fight illiteracy and generate awareness among the rural people. He was joined by many young nationalists from all over India, including Brajkishore Prasad, Rajendra Prasad, Anugrah Narayan Sinha, Acharya Kriplani, Ram Navami Prasad and later Jawaharlal Nehru. But his
Champaran Satyagraha
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characterize untouchability as a relatively later development after the establishment of the varna and caste system. Jha notes that the earliest Vedic text "Rigveda" makes no mention of untouchability, and even the later Vedic texts, which revile certain groups such as the Chandalas, do not suggest that untouchability existed in the contemporary society. According to Jha, in the later period, several groups began to be characterized as untouchable, a development which reached its peak during 600-1200 CE. Sharma theorizes that institution of untouchability arose when the aboriginal tribes with "low material culture" and "uncertain means of livelihood" came to be
Untouchability
4396141
the Government of India Act, 1935, which introduced the reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes, now renamed as Scheduled Castes. From soon after its independence in 1947, India introduced a reservation system to enhance the ability of Dalits to have political representation and to obtain government jobs and education. In 1997, India elected its first Dalit President, K. R. Narayanan. Many social organisations have promoted better conditions for Dalits through education, healthcare and employment. Nonetheless, while caste-based discrimination was prohibited and untouchability abolished by the Constitution of India, such practices are still widespread. To prevent harassment, assault, discrimination and
Dalit
10701203
would have to be commonplace by evolutionary necessity – but it is not. The only way by which cannibalism could have been widespread would be if kuru was not the only prion to spread by human cannibalism. Endocannibalism Endocannibalism is a practice of eating the flesh of a human being from the same community (tribe, social group or society), usually after they have died. Endocannibalism has also been used to describe the consumption of relics in a mortuary context. Herodotus (3.38) mentions funerary cannibalism among the "Callatiae", a tribe of India. Also, the Aghoris of northern India consume the flesh
Endocannibalism
13770217
pradesh. The Kasgar are an endogamous community, and they practice both parallel and cross cousin marriages. Among the Kasgar, the caste council known as a panchayat, plays an important role in resolving disputes among the community. They perceive themselves to be of Shaikh status. The community is split by sectarian affiliation, with some members belonging to the Shia sects, while others are Sunni. Kasgar The Kasgar are a Muslim community, found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India . After independence of Pakistan in 1947, many Kasgar migrated and resettled in Pakistan. They are now found mainly in Sindh
Kasgar
15538262
Dhedh Dhedh (also Dhed, Dhedha or Dhedhas) are a Scheduled Caste of India. Historically, certain upper caste communities have considered them to be an untouchable group, outside the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna. The Dhedh community too observes untouchability in relationships with other low-status castes. The sociologist Sujata Patel says that in Gujarat the Dhedhs are considered to be a sub-caste of the scheduled castes whose traditional occupation was weaving. In the 1930s-40s, many depressed classes and communities were active in trying to change their caste name and elevate their social status to that of Rajput. These included
Dhedh
19765590
V. P. Appukutta Poduval V. P. Appukutta Poduval (born 9 October 1923) is a freedom fighter, social activist and Gandhian from Kerala, India. After completing his schooling at Payyanur Sanskrit Padhanasala and the Basel Mission School, Payyanur, V. P. Appukutta Poduval joined the University of Lucknow and later the University of Mysore. A meeting with Mahatma Gandhi in 1934—during Gandhiji's visit to Payyanur—changed Appukutta Poduval's life for ever. Gandhiji's visit to Payyanur was as per the invitation of Swami Ananda Theertha, a strong voice against untouchability. Poduval was influenced by Swami Ananda Theertha, Raghavji—who was among the 78 who participated
V. P. Appukutta Poduval
14857848
the clans intermarry. The community marry among close kin, and practice both cross cousin and parallel cousin marriages. The Attarwala are a landless community, and are still involved in the manufacture of attar, the traditional perfume of North India. Many now are wage labourers, involved in pulling rickshaw. They are Shia Muslims and have their own caste association, the Shia Jafria Attarwala Jamat. The caste association runs a madrasa as well as other welfare activity. Attarwala The Attarwala are a Muslim community found in the state of Gujarat in India. The Attarwala claim to be descended from a group of
Attarwala
1962152
to come from outside the Buddhist tradition. Recently, community activities have begun to include outdoor festivals, online meditation courses, arts festivals, poetry and writing workshops, tai chi, karate, and pilgrimages to Buddhist holy sites in India. For many years, the community charity Karuna Trust (UK) has raised money for aid projects in India. As among Buddhists generally, Puja is a ritual practice at some events, intended to awaken the desire to liberate all beings from suffering. The most common ritual consists of a puja, derived and adapted from the "Bodhicaryavatara" of Shantideva. Retreats provide a chance to focus on meditational
Triratna Buddhist Community
17125684
activists and political leaders challenged the decision to have new district headquarters at Palghar by filing Public interest litigation (PIL) in the Bombay High Court by opposing the Maharashtra government's decision to bifurcate Thane district and carve out a new district with its headquarters at Palghar. Mukne had written many articles on various social issues like Untouchability and Caste system in India, untouchability in political parties, about injustice to scheduled cast. He had written many articles against. One of his articles was noted by famous author Klaus K. Klostermaier in his book "A Survey of Hinduism" Rajaram Mukne supported proposed
R.P. Mukne
18939916
violence happened in 1948, 1964 and 1989. After 1989 violence caste Hindus constructed a 30 meter long wall to segregate Dalits from the village. The wall later described as "wall of untouchability". The Dalits were not allowed to enter the streets of caste Hindus. Following this, Tamil Nadu Untouchability Eradication Front (TNUEF) of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Dalit organizations protested against the construction of the wall. The caste Hindus argued that the wall was built on the private land. In May 2008, Madurai district administration demolished the wall and allowed the Dalits into the village. After demolition, violence
Uthapuram
17201498
landholders and other employers in need of labourers who could be easily bonded. Despite their service, the Katkari community is firmly excluded from membership in village society. Particular expressions of untouchability, including physical exclusion, the assumption of criminality and a visceral reaction to Katkari food habits have created an extreme distance of the Katkari from the caste-based agrarian order. The Census of India 2001 (GOI 2012) indicates that Maharashtra is home to 235,022 Katkari, mainly in Raigad and Thane districts. Small numbers of Katkari also live the states of Gujarat, Karnataka and Rajasthan. While no longer a forest people, Katkari
Katkari people
15176158
Basor The Basor are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. They have scheduled caste status. The Basor were traditionally involved in the manufacture of bamboo furniture. Their name means a worker in bamboo. The Basor are found mainly in the districts of Jalaun, Hamirpur, Mahoba, Jhansi, Kanpur and Banda. They speak Bundelkhandi dialect, although most can also understand the high version of Hindi, known as Khari Boli. The Basor practice strict community endogamy, as well as clan exogamy, which is a common practice among most North Indian Hindus. Their clans are called gotras, the main
Basor
15607915
to do with the Hindu caste system, yet we have been included among them by them and for them." and wisely said that Caste system is to them by them and for them. Change! Change swiftly; if you do not change now you will never change!" said Shyam Sunder at the "All India Depressed Classes Association" Conference on 30–31 May 1941 at Parbhani in Aurangabad District held under his Presidency. He laid the foundation for Dalit-Muslim Unity Movement. It was decided in the conference that the untouchables should abandon all the traditional activities and get themselves freed from untouchability and
B. Shyam Sunder
13130747
more quickly among Hindus in the last five decades with its criminalisation Although there are movements to end polygamy, some orthodox members of the Muslim community seek to preserve the practice. On 10 February 2015, the Indian Supreme Court ruled that polygamy was not an integral part of Islam and justified the firing of an Uttar Pradesh government employee for violating UP Government Servant Rules following his marriage to a second woman. Justices TK Thakur and AK Goel stated, "What was protected under Article 25 (right to practice and propagate any religion) was the religious faith and not a practice
Polygamy in India
6902946
Tarksheel Society Tarksheel Society (Rationalist Society) is a rationalist group based in Punjab, India. Founded in 1984 under the leadership of Megh Raj Mitter & Sarjit Talwar. Tarksheel Society aims to disseminate rationalist ideas and scientific temper among the Indian people in order to eradicate religious fanaticism, communalism, caste system, untouchability and superstitions. Affiliated to Federation of Indian Rationalist Associations, Tarksheel Society advocates the separation of religion and education. The society has units in almost all the villages and towns of Punjab. Though mainly confined to the state of Punjab, the Society now operates in the neighboring states of Haryana,
Tarksheel Society
1489963
He traveled throughout India popularizing the gospel of anti-untouchability, social justice and mass education. He probably initiated 'Pankti Bhojon' and Krishna sankirtan in eastern part of Bengal. Several schools (sampradaya) have been practicing it for hundreds of years. Geetashree Chabi Bandyopadhyay and Radharani Devi are among many who achieved fame by singing kirtan. The Dalits in Bengal at that time neglected and underprivileged cast readily accepted his libertarian outlook and embraced the doctrine of Mahaprabhu. His disciples were known as Kalachandi Sampraday who inspired the people to eradicate illiteracy and casteism. Many consider Kalachand as the Father of Rationalism in
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
19111246
of untouchability and illiteracy among the people who were below the poverty line. He worked tirelessly for Bhangi Mukti Morcha Programme, Improvement in the Slum areas, Protection of Environment and Transference of Technology to Villages, Harijan Sevak Sangh and Depressed Class League, Adult Education Programmes, and Implementation of Land Reforms.On the inspiration of Late Smt. Indira Gandhi, he travelled extensively for the developmental works of the people of India. He particularly emphasized education as a mean to self-development, overcoming social barriers and stigma, and upliftment of people they serve. He championed inclusive development where social welfare and developmental policies and
Faguni Ram
15447165
are a small community, found mainly in the districts of Barabanki, Lucknow and Unnao. The Jhamar speak Awadhi among themselves and Hindi with outsiders. The Jhamar are strictly endogamous and practice clan exogamy. They are a landless community, with basket making still their principle occupation. A significant number of Jhamar are now daily wage labourers, involved in occupations such as rickshaw pulling. Each Jhamar settlement also contains a biradari panchayat, an informal caste association, which acts as an instrument of social control. Jhamar caste The Jhamar are a Hindu caste found in the state of Uttar Pradesh in India. They
Jhamar caste
17388817
managed by a committee of "Dharmadharshees" represented from all the seven villages. Untouchability was practiced against Dalits in these temples too till the 1970s. With rise in literacy levels among the youth of the village, untouchability is on the decline and is almost nonexistent now. The village has another temple of religious and historical importance, located on a hill top. It is known as Bettada Thimmappa temple. It is a Hosyala style temple built in the 16th century A.D. Restoration work was carried out in the early 2000s with donations collected from devotees organized by person from a nearby village,
Benavara
13618057
Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi (27 January 1901 – 27 May 1994) was a Sanskritist, Vedic scholar, thinker and Marathi writer from Maharashtra, India. He was born in a Deshastha Brahmin family in the town of Pimpalner in Dhule District on 27 January 1901. He, along with others fought for socio-religious reforms, without which he felt, India would not achieve her goals of swaraj. As a supporter of Indian independence, he joined Mahatma Gandhi. In Yerawada prison he helped Gandhi, who had chosen him to be his principal advisor in his campaign against untouchability, with analysis and arguments from
Laxmanshastri Balaji Joshi
7641075
enshrined in the Constitution. The Constitution prohibits untouchability and obligates the state to make special provision for the betterment of the SCs and STs. Over the years, the categories for affirmative action, also known as positive discrimination, have been expanded beyond those to the OBCs. Reservation is governed by the Constitution, statutory laws and local rules and regulations. The SCs, STs and OBCs, and in some states Backward Classes among Muslims under a category called BC(M), are the primary beneficiaries of the reservation policies. There have been protests from groups outside the system who feel that it is inequitable. The
Reservation in India
16362369
Desa Munnetram Desa Munnetram ("Development of the Nation") is a 1938 Indian Tamil-language film, dealing with the issue of untouchability. Produced by Sarvotham Badhami and directed by Mahindra, the film features an ensemble cast, including Mathrimangalam Natesa Iyer, K. R. Chellam, ‘Baby' Rukmini, S. R. Padma, Sripatha Shankar, Govindarajulu Naidu, Seetha Devi, M. Lakshmanan, K. S. Gopalakrishnan and Kokilam. The film opened to critical acclaim and was commercially successful, however it is lost. In a small kingdom, Murugan (Natesa Iyer), who comes from a downtrodden community, fights for the eradication of untouchability. His eight-year-old daughter Madhavi (Baby Rukmini) also joins
Desa Munnetram
11424477
of untouchability. From 1918 to 1920, he went on to convening all the India untouchability removal conferences. Some of these conferences were convened under the president-ship of Mahatma Gandhi and Maharaja Sahyajirao Gaekwad. His written communications with the Mahatmaji are noteworthy. In 1919 he gave evidence before the Southborough Franchise Committee, asking for the special representation for the untouchable castes. In 1923 he resigned as the executive of the Depressed Classes Mission since some of the members of the untouchable castes wanted its own leaders to manage the mission’s affairs. His work and association with the Mission continued even though
Vitthal Ramji Shinde
7239258
There were conversions to Christianity between the 1870s and 1930s. The British Raj censuses became increasingly confused regarding Chuhra religious beliefs because the respondents were allowed to choose their designation. Jeffrey Cox says that in the 1920s and 1930s they described themselves variously as Despite placing great emphasis on social equality and brotherhood among all Muslims, early South Asian Muslims did not address the problem of untouchability for the Chuhras or Bhangis. As a result, only a very few members from this community ever embraced Islam, most converting to Christianity. Chuhras adopted the externals of Islam by keeping Muslim names,
Chuhra
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India. Demands for various forms of positive discrimination had been made, for example, in 1882 and 1891. Shahu, the Maharaja of the princely state of Kolhapur, introduced reservation in favour of non-Brahmin and backward classes, much of which came into force in 1902. He provided free education to everyone and opened several hostels to make it easier for them to receive it. He also tried to ensure that people thus educated were suitably employed, and he appealed both for a class-free India and the abolition of untouchability. His 1902 measures created 50 per cent reservation for backward communities. The British
Reservation in India
7967207
rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom. Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the Constitution of the Soviet Union, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges. Task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, composing of elected representatives. The Constituent Assembly first met on 9 December 1946 under the presidency of Dr. Sachidanand later Dr. Rajendra Prasad was made its president. While members of Congress composed of a
Fundamental rights in India
13871783
community service. During the mid 70s he opposed The Emergency, which imposed severe restrictions on the fundamental rights of India.He joined the movement of Shri. Jaiprakash Narayan during the emergency and was a youth leader of the Janata Yuva Morcha. During this time he was influenced by Atal Bihari Vajpayee, a later prime minister of India. Tiwari was among the founding members of the BJS' successor, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). While still remaining active in politics, Dinanath Tiwari chose to practice as a lawyer in the Mumbai High Court. He has fought many legal cases, although some accuse him
Dinanath Tiwari
2316342
Byzantine Empire by Middle Eastern people. Swayamvara Swayamvara (, IAST: "svayaṃvara"), in ancient India, was a practice of choosing a husband, from among a list of suitors, by a girl of marriageable age. "Swayam" in Sanskrit means "self" and "vara" means "groom" in this context. In this practice, the girl decides to conduct the Swayamvara of the daughter at an auspicious time and venue, and broadcasts the news of this to the outside world. Kings typically used to send messengers to outside lands, whereas commoners arranged to spread the news within the local community. On the appointed day and venue,
Swayamvara
2316336
Swayamvara Swayamvara (, IAST: "svayaṃvara"), in ancient India, was a practice of choosing a husband, from among a list of suitors, by a girl of marriageable age. "Swayam" in Sanskrit means "self" and "vara" means "groom" in this context. In this practice, the girl decides to conduct the Swayamvara of the daughter at an auspicious time and venue, and broadcasts the news of this to the outside world. Kings typically used to send messengers to outside lands, whereas commoners arranged to spread the news within the local community. On the appointed day and venue, the girl chooses from an assembly
Swayamvara
18846394
often leased to the Dalits – the lowest caste - for cultivation with a simple taxation system. For a long time, it resembled the feudalism in Europe, except for the differences introduced by the caste system. This means the ownership of land was concentrated in the hands of a few individual landlords. Innumerable malpractices like untouchability, inapproachability and unseeability were widely practiced by the Namboothiris. Many practices were based on the idea of purity, which gave rise to the widespread practice of theendal (pollution). These practices pushed the Adivasis and the Dalits into servitude, slavery, dispossession and displacement, which then
Chengara struggle
17487227
the mural was first dyed with a red pigment, which when removed revealed a lower white layer of plaster over which the murals were created. The main priest at the temple belongs to the carpenter, or Vishvakarma, caste. Kanakadasa, a famous saint poet of the Bhakti movement, had visited the temple and advised the people to stop animal sacrifice of the he-buffalo. When Mahatma Gandhi visited Sirsi in 1934, during his campaign to abolish untouchability of Dalits, he refused to visit the temple, as animal sacrifice was a prevalent ancient practice at the temple; the sacrifice was in the form
Marikamba Temple, Sirsi
3485931
regarded as impure by the privileged classes who despised manual labour, and regarded associated impurity with "certain material objects". According to Jaiswal, when the members of aboriginal groups were assimilated into the Brahmanical society, the privileged among them may have tried to assert their higher status by disassociating themselves from their lower-status counterparts, who were gradually branded as untouchables. Untouchability is believed to have been first mentioned in "Dharmashastra". According to the text, untouchables were not considered a part of the varna system because of their grievous sins, barbaric or unethical acts such as murder, harassment etc. Therefore, they were
Untouchability
11916670
of the Ministry of Justice oversees the admission and requirements to practice law in Eritrea. Although the establishment of an independent bar association is not proscribed under Proclamation 88/96, among other domestic laws, there is no bar association. The community electorate in the local jurisdiction of the Community Court chooses the Court's judges. The Community Court's standing on women in the legal profession is unclear, but elected women judges have reserved seat. Eritrea is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, and is an observing member of the Arab League alongside Brazil, Venezuela, India and Turkey. The nation
Eritrea
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It runs an orphanage in Odisha. Servants of India Society The Servants of India Society was formed in Pune, Maharashtra, on June 12, 1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who left the Deccan Education Society to form this association. Along with him were a small group of educated Indians, as Natesh Appaji Dravid, Gopal Krishna Deodhar and Anant Patwardhan who wanted to promote social and human development and overthrow the British rule in India. The Society organized many campaigns to promote education, sanitation, health care and fight the social evils of untouchability and discrimination, alcoholism, poverty, oppression of women and domestic
Servants of India Society
17510543
often denied. In total there are about 260 million Dalits, mostly living in India. He has spoken to the Dutch press about his experiences as a Dalit. "I have experienced the pain of untouchability from my youth. As a student I was beaten up because I was wearing shoes when walking through a higher-caste neighbourhood. In 2009, enraged caste Hindus wanted to kill me". Bharathan describes the Dalits of India as slaves, lacking land, money and rights, and seeing little benefit from the economic growth of India. "Only a very small number of educated dalits manage to find a position
Marimuthu Bharathan
6425384
Servants of India Society The Servants of India Society was formed in Pune, Maharashtra, on June 12, 1905 by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who left the Deccan Education Society to form this association. Along with him were a small group of educated Indians, as Natesh Appaji Dravid, Gopal Krishna Deodhar and Anant Patwardhan who wanted to promote social and human development and overthrow the British rule in India. The Society organized many campaigns to promote education, sanitation, health care and fight the social evils of untouchability and discrimination, alcoholism, poverty, oppression of women and domestic abuse. The publication of The Hitavada,
Servants of India Society
14389920
to achieve the proliferation of Vedic studies among non-Brahmins. A vociferous spokesperson against untouchability, Akkitham demonstrated his unwavering support by participating in the Paliyam Sathyagraha (peaceful protest) against untouchability in 1947. He is a recipient of numerous awards and recognitions including Padma Shri, Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award, Aasan Prize, Vallathol Award, Lalitambika Sahitya Award, Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award, Odakkuzhal Award, KrishnaGeedhi Award, Vayalar Award, Nalappad Award, Puthezhan Award, Ezhuthachan Award, and the Moorti Devi Award of Jnanpith Award Committee, Amrita Keerti Puraskar for 2004. Noted painter Akkitham Narayanan is his younger brother. Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri (born 18
Akkitham Achuthan Namboothiri
18911311
Practice" in which he exposed the corrupt practices in the Indian health sector. He mentioned the practice of unnecessary investigations and referrals made by the doctors and their practice of accepting commissions for the referrals. He suggested computerisation of medical records and procedure audits to combat this trend. His editorial was inspired by the article, "Corruption ruins the doctor-patient relationship in India", published in the "British Medical Journal" and written by David Berger, an Australian physician who had worked as a volunteer at a charitable hospital in India. The article and the subsequent editorial made news among the medical fraternity
Samiran Nundy
7379931
state, and practice Shiite Islam. Arranged marriages are customary. Since the partition of India in 1947, the Indian Burusho community have not been in contact with the Pakistani Burusho. The Government of India has granted the Burusho community Scheduled Tribe status, as well as reservation, and therefore, "most members of the community are in government jobs." The Burusho people of India speak Burushashki, also known as Khajuna, and their dialect, known as Jammu & Kashmir Burushashski (JKB), "has undergone several changes which make it systematically different from other dialects of Burushaski spoken in Pakistan". In addition, many Jammu & Kashmiri
Burusho people
7204534
an idea had grown beyond its founder and is now often being run in slightly different ways, e.g. in India, Pakistan, Philippines, Nepal, Sierra Leone and Zambia. Non-governmental organizations were often in the lead when CLTS was first introduced in a country. India was an exception - here the government led the somewhat similar "Total Sanitation Campaign" which has been turned into the "Clean India Mission" or Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in 2014. It eventually became standard practice for NGOs to leave the community quite soon after "triggering" activities. When communities took the lead, change in sanitation practices was more longer
Community-led total sanitation
17760894
100 females – of between 110.2 and 113.7 in the north over the 60-year period, and 105.8 to 109.8 males for every 100 female in western India for all ages. Visaria states that female deficit among Muslims was markedly higher, next only to Sikhs. South India region was an exception reporting excess females overall, which scholars attribute partly to selective emigration of males and the regional practice of matriarchy. The overall sex ratios, and excess males, in various regions were highest among the Muslim population of India from 1881 to 1941, and the sex ratio of each region correlated with
Female infanticide in India
3018361
tanks etc. by the dalits, were removed. The practice of Theendal (distance of pollution) or Untouchability was immediately banned. According to Mahatma Gandhi University researchers, the report made by the Temple Entry Enquiry Committee was not relevant and became useless as it could not make satisfactory recommendations in the matter of temple entry for which it was primarily formed. After the submission of the Committee Report, people were not much interested in the temple entry movement in Travancore. But the temple entry question was discussed occasionally in Travancore without any serious organised attempts. Based on the research provided on Shodganga
Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma
9117998
Untouchability Eradication Front (TNUEF) and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) under the leadership of P. Samath, protested to bring down the wall on the South Gate of the Chimdabaram temple, which was—as per a tale—built as Nandanar entered from the gate. The walled gate was the symbol of the oppression of the Dalit caste and caste discrimination, as per the protesters who demanded its demolition. The state government — which governs the temple currently — contented that the veracity of Nandanar's tale and its connection to the walled Gate, can not be ascertained and thus, refused the protesters' demands.
Nandanar
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1,000. Most of the others immigrated to India, the European Union, North America or elsewhere. Afghan Hindus and Afghan Sikhs often share places of worship. The main ethnic groups in Afghanistan which practice Hinduism are the Punjabis, and Sindhis who came as merchants to the region in the 19th century. They once dominated the Afghan economy. Along with the Sikhs, they are all collectively known by some as Hindki. Linguistic demographics among the Hindu community are diverse and generally follow regional origins: those hailing from Punjab generally speak Punjabi, Sindhis speak Sindhi, Kabulis and Kandharis speak both Pashto and the
Hinduism in Afghanistan
19902413
has been awarded the eminent Indian poetry award"“Kedar Samman”""," 2012. Pawan Karan's fourth volume “"Kehna Nahi Aata"” (aka How to Say!) was published in 2012. This volume contains the poems against various subjects i.e. imperialism, capitalism, traditional, orthodox and religious fanatics. Karan's resistance has been shown in his last three volumes but not at this level, in this volume it got intensified. In this volume we see poems which support lowest and destitute of the society. This volume shows us Indian society is full of religious fanatics, casters, and people who practice untouchability, also the exploitation done to the lower
Pawan Karan