when did they start speaking english in ireland
From the 18th century on
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Scotland, and into the Manx language in the Isle of Man. Early Modern Irish, dating from the 13th century, was the basis of the literary language of both Ireland and Gaelic-speaking Scotland. Modern Irish, as attested in the work of such writers as Geoffrey Keating, may be said to date from the 17th century, and was the medium of popular literature from that time on. From the 18th century on, the language lost ground in the east of the country. The reasons behind this shift were complex but came down to a number of factors: It was a change characterised
Irish language
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support for Singlish stems from the belief that Singlish can forge social cohesion and according to some, "It may be the only thing that makes us Singaporean." Likewise, celebrity STOMP blogger, Leow Ju Len says in this blog post: On 27 April 2002, two years after the start of SGEM, TalkingCock launched the Save Our Singlish Campaign. They made it clear at the speech during the launch that they did not oppose the speaking of good English. Rather, they "completely support the writing and speaking of good English" and hoped that SGEM would see the Save Our Singlish Campaign "as
Speak Good English Movement
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and military conflicts with England and generally stayed Catholic after the Reformation. The authorities in the Pale grew so worried about the "Gaelicisation" of Ireland that they passed special legislation banning those of English descent from speaking the Irish language, wearing Irish clothes, or inter-marrying with the Irish. Since the government in Dublin had little real authority, however, the Statutes did not have much effect. By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared. In 1532, Henry VIII broke with Papal authority. While the English, the Welsh, and the Scots accepted Protestantism, the
History of the formation of the United Kingdom
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on the plantation of Ulster was the political negotiation among the interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be English Undertakers, wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. The planters were granted around each, on condition that they settle there a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families), who had to be English-speaking Protestants. However, veterans of the war in Ireland (known as Servitors) led by Arthur Chichester, successfully lobbied for land grants of their own. Since these former officers did not have enough private
Plantations of Ireland
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News". It was a magazine with its own style, carrying three languages (Spanish, Tagalog and English). The idea to have three languages in one magazine was to allow it to cater to all types of readers (Spanish and Spanish-speaking readers, English, American, and English-speaking readers, and Tagalog language and Filipino readers. Unfortunately, the trilingual magazine was not well-received because some readers did not want to waste their money reading something they did not understand. The sales of the magazine gradually declined and this emotionally affected "Don" Ramon Roces, but he did not give up. When he returned to Manila from
Liwayway
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did his best to become a star here, but he didn't make the grade - even with Mario Lanza's voice; but he did walk out on his wife and family and start gallivanting around with Linda Christian. I'll bet he'll come hopping back if anyone crooked a finger." He eventually married Christian in 1962 but they divorced the following year. He continued to work extensively in Italian B-films, on television and as a voice dubbing actor for many years (recording dialogue translated from Italian into English for sales of Italian films in English-speaking countries). He also had roles in TV
Edmund Purdom
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Ireland was at the invitation of the Trinity College Theological Society in 1978. This was after his decision to ordain some seminarians in the summer of 1976. On that occasion the Archbishop told the people who came to hear him that the Irish were, in his opinion, traditionalists at heart and if they knew what he really believed they would be more receptive. He also claimed that he did not oppose the Pope. He was accompanied on that occasion by Rev. Richard Williamson one of his English speaking priests. By the late 1970s and early 1980s there was a group
District of Ireland (SSPX)
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speakers (Gaeilgeoirí) in both the Republic and Northern Ireland, especially in Dublin and Belfast. They represent an expanding demographic, with their own schools (called "Gaelscoileanna") and their own social media. It has been argued that they tend to be more highly educated than monolingual English speakers, with better employment prospects and higher social status. Recent research suggests that urban Irish is developing in a direction of its own, both in pronunciation and grammar. Irish is also taught in mainstream English-speaking schools as a compulsory subject, but has been criticised for its ineffectiveness. Traditional rural Irish-speaking areas, known collectively as the
Ireland
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and craft of the "seanchaí" is particularly associated with the Gaeltacht (the Irish-speaking areas of Ireland), although storytellers recognizable as "seanchaithe" were also to be found in rural areas throughout English-speaking Ireland. In their storytelling, some displayed archaic Hiberno-English idioms and vocabulary distinct from the style of ordinary conversation. Members of the Celtic Revival such as Padraic Colum took a great interest in the art of the "seanchaí", and through them the stories that they told were written down, published, and distributed to a global audience. At events such as mummers' festival in New Inn, County Galway, and the All-Ireland
Seanchaí
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adopted the English Thirty-Nine Articles alongside the Irish Articles. After the Restoration of 1660, it seems that the Thirty-Nine Articles took precedence; they remain the official doctrine of the Church of Ireland even after disestablishment. The English-speaking minority mostly adhered to the Church of Ireland or to Presbyterianism, while the Irish-speaking majority remained faithful to the Latin liturgy of Roman Catholicism. From this period on, sectarian conflict became a recurrent theme in Irish history. The first Irish translation of the New Testament was begun by Nicholas Walsh, Bishop of Ossory, who worked on it until he was murdered in 1585.
History of Christianity in Ireland
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born residence in the United States was born in the Caribbean. In 2016, 18%(3,750,000) of Florida's population reported ancestry from the Caribbean. More than half of Caribbean immigrants either spoke only English or spoke English "very well." In 2009, 33.0 percent of Caribbean immigrants reported speaking only English and 23.9 percent reported speaking English "very well." In contrast, 42.8 percent of Caribbean immigrants were limited English proficient (LEP), meaning they reported speaking English less than "very well." Within this group, 9.7 percent reported that they did not speak English at all, 16.5 percent reported speaking English "well," and 16.7 percent
West Indian Americans
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in the Pale grew so worried about the Gaelicisation of Ireland that, in 1367 at a parliament in Kilkenny, they passed special legislation (known as the Statutes of Kilkenny) banning those of English descent from speaking the Irish language, wearing Irish clothes or inter-marrying with the Irish. Since the government in Dublin had little real authority, however, the Statutes did not have much effect. Throughout the 15th century, these trends proceeded apace and central government authority steadily diminished. The monarchy of England was itself thrown into turmoil during the to 1453, and the Wars of the Roses (1460–85), and as
History of Ireland (1169–1536)
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are at least 400 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling music artists of all time. They are the best-selling band from continental Europe, and also from outside the English-speaking world. ABBA are the first group from a non-English-speaking country to achieve consistent success in the charts of English-speaking countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and the United States. They have a joint record eight consecutive number-one albums in the UK. The group also enjoyed significant success in Latin America, and recorded a collection of their hit songs in Spanish. During the
ABBA
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Wales, and later from Scotland. The final official plantations were established under the English Commonwealth and Cromwell's Protectorate during the 1650s, when thousands of Parliamentarian soldiers were settled in Ireland. Apart from the plantations, significant immigration into Ireland continued well into the 18th century, from both Great Britain and continental Europe. The plantations changed the demography of Ireland by creating large communities with a British and Protestant identity. English diaspora The English diaspora consists of English people and their descendants who emigrated from England. The diaspora is concentrated in the English-speaking world in countries such as the United States, Canada,
English diaspora
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that this erroneous thinking can occur in assessments of the past, present, or future. Applying modern classifications or sensibilities to a time when they did not exist, or, if they did, had a different form or meaning, is one version of the Dillingham Flaw. For example, today’s term "British" refers collectively to the people of the United Kingdom (the English, Welsh, Scots, and Scots-Irish). However, in the 18th century, "British" had the much narrower meaning for only the English, and for good reason. The English, Welsh, Scots, and Scots-Irish may have all been English-speaking, but significant cultural and religious differences
Dillingham Flaw
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political and military conflicts against the Lordship. They became known as the Old English, and in the words of a contemporary English commentator, were "more Irish than the Irish themselves." The authorities in the Pale worried about the Gaelicisation of Norman Ireland, and passed the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1366 banning those of English descent from speaking the Irish language, wearing Irish clothes or inter-marrying with the Irish. The government in Dublin had little real authority. By the end of the 15th century, central English authority in Ireland had all but disappeared. England's attentions were diverted by the Hundred Years'
Gaelic Ireland
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English-speaking Quebecers English-speaking Quebecers (also known as Anglo-Quebecers, English Quebecers, or Anglophone Quebecers, all with the optional spelling Quebeckers; in French "Anglo-Québécois", "Québécois Anglophone", or simply "Anglo") refers to the English-speaking (anglophone) minority of the primarily French-speaking (francophone) province of Quebec, Canada. The English-speaking community in Quebec constitutes an official linguistic minority population under Canadian law. English-speaking Quebeckers have origins in England, Ireland, Scotland, Australia, New Zealand; in other words, from English-speaking countries with similar religions such as Catholic or Protestant with large emigration with Canadian provinces, an early and strong English language education program in Quebec schools, and waves
English-speaking Quebecers
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as Japan (with 7th being si), Indonesia, Australia, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States and English-speaking Canada. Numbers 1 to 7 represent the musical notes (more accurately the scale degrees). They always correspond to the diatonic major scale. For example, in the key of C, their relationship with the notes and the solfège is as follows: In G: When the notes are read aloud or sung, they are called "do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, si". ("Si" has been supplanted in English by "ti", for the sake of having a different beginning consonant for each degree.) Dots above or
Numbered musical notation
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East England. The native-born children in the colony created the new dialect from the speech they heard around them, and with it expressed peer solidarity. Even when new settlers arrived, this new dialect was strong enough to blunt other patterns of speech. A quarter of the convicts were Irish. Many had been arrested in Ireland, and some in Great Britain. Many, if not most, of the Irish spoke Irish and either no English at all, or spoke it poorly and rarely. There were other significant populations of convicts from non-English speaking parts of Britain, such as the Scottish Highlands, Wales
Australian English
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Derry girls put up a splendid fight and were rather better than the score suggests, but they were unable to match the stickwork and combination of the more experienced Dublin line-out. Derry did well at the start but could not turn their early advantage into scores and when Dublin settled into their stride they advanced steadily to victory. Dublin led by 6-1 to nil at half-time. There was only one free in the entire game. 1954 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship The 1954 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship was the high point of the 1954 season in Camogie. The championship was won
1954 All-Ireland Senior Camogie Championship
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Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2012 The Australian cricket team toured England and Ireland in June and July 2012. Australia played a One Day International (ODI) against Ireland on 23 June, and a five-match ODI series against England from 29 June to 10 July. They also played two List A tour matches against English county sides Leicestershire Foxes and Essex Eagles. The tour was put in jeopardy at the start of June 2012, when industrial action was threatened by the Australian Cricketers' Association because of a dispute over the inclusion of performance-related pay in the contract between
Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2012
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the players and Cricket Australia. Peter Forrest replaced the withdrawn Michael Hussey. Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2012 The Australian cricket team toured England and Ireland in June and July 2012. Australia played a One Day International (ODI) against Ireland on 23 June, and a five-match ODI series against England from 29 June to 10 July. They also played two List A tour matches against English county sides Leicestershire Foxes and Essex Eagles. The tour was put in jeopardy at the start of June 2012, when industrial action was threatened by the Australian Cricketers' Association because of
Australian cricket team in England and Ireland in 2012
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English-speaking businessmen and academics and three South African based German academics. The South African delegation attended in their private capacity and did not represent the organisations they worked for. The seventeen ANC delegates would be led by Thabo Mbeki in his capacity of ANC Director of Information and four other members of the ANCs National Executive Committee while the other twelve were made up of ANC members based in Zambia, Scandinavia, UK, Ireland, United States and West Africa. The IDASA delegation flew into Dakar from London and were met at the airport by the Senegalese Head of Protocol in the
Dakar Conference
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of Scottish independence when referring to supporters of the Union. Some older slang names for Britons are "Tommy" (for British soldiers) and "Anglo". Anglo properly refers only to England, but it is sometimes used as a broader reference as an element in compound adjectives: for example, "Anglo-French relations" may be used in newspaper articles when referring to relations between the political entities France and the United Kingdom. "Anglo-Saxon" may be used (particularly in Continental European languages) when referring to the whole English-speaking world. Since the adoption of the Constitution of Ireland in 1937, Ireland has been the English name of
Terminology of the British Isles
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him with a new bicycle. "I did not know it was the President's car that I ran into," the boy said. Wilson replied, "I rather thought it was the President's car that ran into you." Telegram messenger In many English-speaking countries a telegram messenger, more often known as a telegram delivery boy, telegraph boy or telegram boy was a young male employed to deliver telegrams, usually on bicycle. In the United Kingdom and Ireland telegram boys were employed by the Post Office; in the United States, they worked for Western Union or other telegraph companies. Telegram boys became popular after
Telegram messenger
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taught as part of the classroom instruction. Pre-K up to Year 2 classes have 2 homeroom teachers, one English-speaking teacher and one bilingual (Indonesian/English) teacher. All teachers are well-trained PYP instructors. Years 3-5 have an English speaking homeroom teacher who teaches English, Mathematics and the Units of Inquiry, which include science and social studies. At Year 5, students start with their project for an annual PYP exhibition. At the end of Year 5, students will receive a certificate showing that they have completed the IB Primary Years Programme. In Years 6 - 12 most subjects are taught in English. In
Sekolah Global Indo-Asia
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modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of "The Troubles" was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the 'English style' in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs. The most popular term in English-speaking Canada used for a drinking establishment was "tavern", until the 1970s when the
Pub
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to Manbij and stated "When we came to defend the revolution we meant from all enemies, big or small". On 7 September 2016, the Bob Crow Brigade sent a message of solidarity to the women of Ireland fighting to repeal the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on the 33rd anniversary of its approval by referendum, as well as striking Irish bus workers the following day. The Henri Krasucki Brigade () is a group of fighters from France. Inspired by their English-speaking counterparts of the Bob Crow Brigade, they named themselves after the French trade-unionist Henri Krasucki. The group
International Freedom Battalion
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made 31 for 0 to see them to stumps on day 1. Play was impossible on the next two days, and the Scots now needed to thump Ireland in Aberdeen if they were to have any hope of qualifying for the semi-finals. 13–15 August: Ireland (30.5pts) beat Scotland (17pts) by three runs The start of the match at Aberdeen was delayed due to rain, but when it did get underway, Ireland immediately got into trouble. The first two partnerships didn't add a single run, four batsmen departed for ducks, and Craig Wright got four wickets for the hosting Scots. Ireland
2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup
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to flow, were generally Irish-speaking. The Famine was not the only reason for the decline of the language (the general exclusion of Irish from public life and the influence of the English-speaking clergy and middle classes also played a part) but it was a conspicuous element. This led to the creation of an Ireland which thought of itself as essentially English-speaking, though with a persistent and influential reaction in the form of organisations such as the Gaelic League and the growth of a network of urban Irish-speaking activists from the late nineteenth century on. In pre-Famine Ireland Irish was the
Legacy of the Great Irish Famine
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for the poor and a dislike of older, established monastic orders. The Kildare poems comprise the following items: The Kildare Poems show many linguistic features common to the Middle English dialects of the west and south-west of England, from which most English-speaking settlers in medieval Ireland had come, but they also display a number of unique features that point towards an independent development of English dialects in Ireland, either because of levelling between different source dialects of English, or because of the influence of Irish. Among the conspicuous features are: The following is a passage from the "Land of Cokaygne",
Kildare Poems
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did have a win to have bilingual education. While they were allowed to have bilinugal education, the primary, enforced language is the English one. In some schools Latinos were corporally punished for speaking Spanish in the classroom. In some Universities, Latinos were also forced to take many speech classes in order to remove the accents of the Latinos when they spoke English. While that is not seen evidently in schools anymore, the education system continues to enforce English, Anglo-American customs, culture and language as the dominant one. Asian Americans Asian Americans began to be deculturalized by not being allowed to
Deculturalization
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his spare time helping out on his family farm. Because of this he did not start playing rugby until he was 17. He was educated at Ballymena Academy and played for the school's First XV. After he left he joined Ballymena R.F.C.. In 1962 was selected to play for Ireland. His first Test on 10 February 1962 was against England at Twickenham. Later that year he was selected to tour South Africa with the British and Irish Lions. McBride continued to play for Ireland throughout the 1960s and played for Ireland when they first defeated South Africa (the "Springboks") in
Willie John McBride
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Speaking Korean, she asks him if they can "start all over". However, Jin tells her that it's too late to start over. At night, Shannon decides to stay with Sayid even though Boone does not like Sayid around her. Locke reveals that he knows Walt burnt the raft when he asks him why he did it, though he promises not to tell anyone. Walt replies by stating that he doesn’t want to move anymore (he has moved many times throughout his life), and that he likes it on the island and doesn't want change. The next morning, on the beach,
...In Translation
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Protestantism in Ireland Protestantism is a Christian minority on the island of Ireland. In the 2011 census of Northern Ireland, 48% (883,768) described themselves as Protestant, which was a decline of approximately 5% from the 2001 census. In the 2011 census of the Republic of Ireland, 4.27% of the population described themselves as Protestant. In the Republic, Protestantism was the second largest religious grouping until the 2002 census in which they were exceeded by those who chose "No Religion". Some forms of Protestantism existed in Ireland in the early 16th century before the English Reformation, but demographically speaking these were
Protestantism in Ireland
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The Ketchup Effect Hip Hip Hora!, known as The Ketchup Effect in most English-speaking countries, is a 2004 Swedish teen movie, directed by Teresa Fabik. Friends and future seventh-year (upper primary school) students Sofie, Amanda and Emma anxiously await the start of term. This is virtually no major change education-wise, but a social watershed moment when cliques come into play, more or less serious relationships start being developed, and students, to hear them tell it, leave behind childish things to move into their teens; certainly the three girls are confident in how grown up they now are. Sofie develops a
The Ketchup Effect
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/s/. It is a way of imitating how a baby or young child speaks, because most babies, when they start talking, talk as though they have a speech disorder because they mistake certain consonants. This usually is outgrown by the age of five or six. Still other transformations, but not in all languages, include elongated vowels, such as "kitty" and "kiiiitty", (emphasized /i/) meaning the same thing. While this is understood by English speaking toddlers, it is not applicable with Dutch toddlers as they learn that elongated vowels reference different words. CDS includes features of higher pitch, exaggerated pitch changes,
Baby talk
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fall of 1804. Subsequently, the commissioned officers and a skeleton crew of other ranks were sent to re-raise the regiment in the Canadas. Initially, the commissioned and non-commissioned officers were Scottish while the core of the regiment would be French and English-speaking Canadians. The Scottish roots of the regiment are evident in the regiment's coat of arms with a thistle. The regiment was created in Montreal in 1803, but did not begin recruitment until 1805. By the start of the War of 1812, the regiment's strength was at 600 men. The Canadian Fencibles first received scholarly attention when Scottish popular
Canadian Regiment of Fencible Infantry
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film there due to the fact the film did not see widespread theatrical release across the English-speaking world. Wolfhound most recently received a 3D Blu-ray release in Germany. Originally, "Wolfhound" was both massively popular and a box office success in its native Russia, as well as in Scandinavia and the Baltics. The success was enough to green-light a twelve episode television series named "Young Wolfhound" based upon the film. The film itself when translated into English did not attain a great level of recognition in the English-speaking world, largely due to lack of any sustained advertising campaign in the West,
Wolfhound (2006 film)
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a knife") or "What did you seh at the Kino?" ("What did you see at the movie theatre?"). This trend, however, is not limited to just the Lac du Bois and Waldsee camps, villagers at every camp employ a unique variety of code-switching with English and the target language. Site buildings are given names in the target language, and rarely does anyone refer to site buildings by their English names, even when speaking English. Additionally, some words have been invented by native-speaking staff members for concepts that are not native to the target cultures but daily words in camp life,
Concordia Language Villages
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of Ulster was formed in 1642 separately from the established Anglican Church. Presbyterians, along with Roman Catholics in Ulster and the rest of Ireland, suffered under the discriminatory Penal Laws until they were revoked in the early 19th century. Presbyterianism is represented in Ireland by the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, the Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster, the Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland, the Reformed Presbyterian Church of Ireland and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church. There is a Church of Scotland (Presbyterian) in central Paris: The Scots Kirk, which is English-speaking, and is attended by many nationalities. It maintains close links with
Presbyterianism
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16th century by the Tudor conquest of Ireland, leading the Gaelic order to collapse at the start of the 17th century. The Flight of the Earls in 1607 paved the way for the Plantation of Ulster and a deepening of the English language culture in Ireland. The Cromwellian Plantation and suppression of Catholicism, including both native Irish and the "Old English" (those of Anglo-Norman descent), further cemented English influence across the country. As the centuries passed and the social conditions in Ireland deteriorated, culminating in the Great Irish Famine, Irish parents didn't speak Irish to their children as they knew
English language in Europe
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The Taiwanese group was successful, so they branched out to Latin America, casting Spanish-speaking Australians. The Wiggles ceased to pursue additional franchising when they learned that viewers in other countries preferred the original versions of their songs and programs because they helped children learn English, and according to Cook, when it became too hard for them to control, and when it "did not prove lucrative". By 2012, they found that it was easier to simply dub their programs into other languages. Also in 2005, Australia's largest theme park, Dreamworld in Queensland, opened a "Wiggles World" section, which included a Big
The Wiggles Pty Ltd
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Ireland–New Zealand relations Ireland–New Zealand relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Ireland and New Zealand. Both nations are English speaking nations. As a result of famine and poverty, several thousand Irish people migrated to New Zealand where today approximately 18% of the population can claim Irish heritage. Both nations are members of the Australia Group, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. Historically, both Ireland and New Zealand were joined as one when the United Kingdom formally established the Colony of New South Wales in 1788 which included most of present-day New Zealand. In 1840, New
Ireland–New Zealand relations
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Ireland–New Zealand relations Ireland–New Zealand relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Ireland and New Zealand. Both nations are English speaking nations. As a result of famine and poverty, several thousand Irish people migrated to New Zealand where today approximately 18% of the population can claim Irish heritage. Both nations are members of the Australia Group, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. Historically, both Ireland and New Zealand were joined as one when the United Kingdom formally established the Colony of New South Wales in 1788 which included most of present-day New Zealand. In 1840, New
Ireland–New Zealand relations
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these precepts were in keeping with best interests in the age of revelation; they did not rank among the Lawgiver’s permanent, unchanging laws. When people start speaking about the implications of time and place, it means that they have accepted the idea that a Shari’a precept can be temporary. The implications of time and place are not necessarily unchanging; they differ and change. The philosophy behind the presence of these precepts in unchanging Scripture and Tradition was the need to solve the problems of the age of revelation and similar situations. If the Lawgiver had not taken into account the
Mohsen Kadivar
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by purely linguistic differences, since (like other Celtic languages) it is distinctive in structure and vocabulary. Irish was the language that a large number of emigrants took with them from the 17th century (when large-scale emigration, forced or otherwise, became noticeable) to the 19th century. The Irish diaspora mainly settled in English-speaking countries, chiefly Britain and North America. In some instances the Irish language was retained for several generations. Argentina was the only non-English-speaking country to which the Irish went in large numbers, and those emigrants came in the 19th century from areas where Irish was already in retreat. An
Irish language outside Ireland
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star Robert Cuccioli in Elmsford, New York, which ran in 2001 and 2010. Many international productions have been staged over the years which have translated the book and score into different languages. The first such production was in the Netherlands (September 1997). Subsequent productions were in Germany, Sweden, Spain, Austria, Canada (English-speaking), Australia (English-speaking), Japan, Finland (twice), Greece, Switzerland, Denmark, Mexico, the Czech Republic, New Zealand (English-speaking), Russia, Italy, Malta, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Brazil, Poland, Slovakia, Argentina, Israel, Ireland (English-speaking) and China. On January 21, 2013, it was announced that Mike Medavoy, Rick Nicita and his production company
Jekyll & Hyde (musical)
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historical social structure in Ireland, to differentiate it from the centralised Scottish clan system. This would imply that Ireland possessed no formalised clan system, which is not wholly accurate. Brehon Law, the ancient legal system of Ireland clearly defined the clan system in pre-Norman Ireland, with its electoral system limited to the senior sept's members (see derbfine), which collapsed after the Tudor Conquest in the 16th century. The Irish, when speaking of themselves, employed their term "clan", which means "children" in Irish. Sept A sept is an English word for a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or
Sept
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underage persons (under the age of majority), living in proximity to a school or day care center, owning toys or items targeted towards children, or using the Internet. Sex offender registries exist in many English-speaking countries, including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United States, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, South Africa, the United Kingdom, Israel and the Republic of Ireland. The United States is the only country with a registry that is publicly accessible; all other countries in the English-speaking world have sex offender registries only accessible by law enforcement. In offense-based systems, registration is required when a person is convicted
Sex offender registry
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clothing, as can be seen in their record cover. The band sang many songs in English, despite their location, and gained their greatest popularity in Argentina. They signed with the Odeon label of EMI in Argentina. The first single recorded as The Shakers was "Break it All", in 1965, followed by self-titled album later that year. For obvious reasons, the band focused their attentions almost exclusively on Latin America, but they did take one crack at the English-speaking market when they released the album "Break it All," on the US-based Audio Fidelity label in 1966. The record (which featured re-recorded
Los Shakers
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in the programme, earn £26,000 to £30,000. Nearly 60% of those who had been on the Company Programme said they had a "good understanding" of career options when they left school, while 46% of those who did not take part did. It was also found that Young Enterprise alumni are twice as likely to start up their own company than their peers. Young Enterprise Young Enterprise is a not-for-profit business and enterprise education charity in England & Wales. It is made up of three organisations, Young Enterprise, Young Enterprise Scotland and Young Enterprise Northern Ireland, the latter two operating individually
Young Enterprise
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Pages directory. Today, the expression "yellow pages" is used globally, in both English-speaking and non-English speaking countries. In the United States, it refers to the category, while in some other countries it is a registered name and therefore a proper noun. The term "Yellow Pages" is not a registered name within the United States and is freely used by many companies. Telephone directories using the official internet address "yellowpages.xx" exist in 75 different countries. They are edited by many different phone companies and directory publishers, mostly independent from each other. In Belgium, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, the Republic of Ireland,
Yellow pages
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FA officials and he was charged with misconduct; Aldridge said about the slapping incident: "I felt he [Zagorakis] had disrespected Clint on one of the biggest occasions of his career so I slapped him". Tranmere were relegated into English football's third tier in 2001. Aldridge resigned in March 2001 just before Rovers went down, and has yet to return to management. Aldridge had already been recruited to play for the Republic of Ireland by the time he was approached by Liverpool at the start of 1987. (When the Football Association of Ireland came looking for him they found out that
John Aldridge
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countries such as Equatorial Guinea, Ghana and Cameroon. Pidgin, is commonly used throughout the country, but it has not been granted official status. In 2011, Google launched search interface in Pidgin English; “I dey feel lucky”. Also in 2017, BBC started services in Pidgin. Each of the 250 or more ethnic groups in Nigeria can converse in the language, though they usually have their own additional words. For example, the Yorùbás use the words "Ṣebi" and "Abi" when speaking Pidgin. They are often used at the start or end of an intonated sentence or question: "You are coming, right?" becomes
Nigerian Pidgin
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mutual relationship the styles and preoccupations of recent English-speaking philosophy and the concepts and concerns shared by Aquinas and his followers" (from the article on "analytical Thomism" in "The Oxford Companion to Philosophy", edited by Ted Honderich). By "recent English-speaking philosophy" Haldane means the analytical tradition founded by thinkers like Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, which tends to dominate academic philosophy in the English-speaking world. Elizabeth Anscombe (1919–2001) and her husband Peter Geach are sometimes considered the first "analytical Thomists," though (like most writers to whom this label has been applied) they did not describe
Thomism
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Buffers, Travellers will disguise the structure so as to make it seem like they aren't speaking Shelta at all. There is fear that if outsiders know the entirety of the language, it will be used to bring further discrimination to the Traveller community. Irish Sign Language (ISL) is the sign language of most of Ireland. It has little relation to either spoken Irish or English, and is more closely related to French Sign Language (LSF) than to British Sign Language (BSL). Northern Ireland Sign Language is used in Northern Ireland, and is related to both ISL and BSL in various
Languages of Ireland
2262110
speaking loudly" is "" (literally, "loud she's-speaking"). A Cherokee sentence may not have a verb as when two noun phrases form a sentence. In such a case, word order is flexible. For example, ' ("that man is my father"). A noun phrase might be followed by an adjective, such as in ' ("my father is big"). Cherokee is written in an 85-character syllabary invented by Sequoyah (also known as Guest or George Gist). Many of the letters resemble the Latin letters they derive from, but have completely unrelated sound values; Sequoyah had seen English, Hebrew, and Greek writing but did
Cherokee language
11438454
opinions about the film's performance at the Indian box office. Trade analyst Komal Nahta commented, "There was a problem with the title itself. Slumdog is not a familiar word for majority Indians." In addition, trade analyst Amod Mehr has stated that with the exception of Anil Kapoor, the film lacks recognisable stars and that "the film... is not ideally suited for Indian sentiment." A cinema owner commented that "to hear slum boys speaking perfect English doesn't seem right but when they are speaking in Hindi, the film seems much more believable." The dubbed Hindi version, "Slumdog Crorepati", did better at
Slumdog Millionaire
3998655
language of the vast majority in Northern Ireland. It had small elderly Irish-speaking populations in the Sperrin Mountains as well as in the northern Glens of Antrim and Rathlin Island. There were also pockets of Irish speakers in the southernmost part of County Armagh. All of these Irish speakers were bilingual and chose to speak English to their children, and thus these areas of Northern Ireland are now entirely English-speaking. However, in the 2000s a Gaeltacht Quarter was established in Belfast to drive inward investment as a response to a notable level of public interest in learning Irish and the
English language in Europe
6548961
in Ulster, an event which scarred communal relations in Ireland for centuries afterwards. As a result of the outbreak of the English Civil War in 1642, no English troops were available to put down the uprising and the rebels were left in control of most of Ireland. The Catholic majority briefly ruled the country as Confederate Ireland (1642–1649) during the subsequent Wars of the Three Kingdoms in Britain and Ireland. The Confederate regime allied themselves with Charles I and the English Royalists, though they did not sign a formal treaty with them until 1649. Had the Royalists won the English
History of Ireland (1536–1691)
2583497
in Mühlhausen, Thuringia, 1351) and "mum(en)schanz", (Hans Sachs, Nuremberg, 16th century), these latter words originally referring to a game or throw ("schanz") of dice. Ingrid Brainard argues that the English word "mummer" is ultimately derived from the Greek name Momus, a god of mockery and scoff. Mummers' and guisers' plays were formerly performed throughout much of English-speaking Great Britain and Ireland, spreading to other English-speaking parts of the world including Newfoundland and Saint Kitts and Nevis. There are a few surviving traditional teams of mummers in England and Ireland, but there have been many revivals of mumming, often associated nowadays
Mummers play
10153441
Tirbrunensis, Triburnia or Tybruinensis) at the Synod of Kells in 1152. Following the Reformation in the 16th century, the church in "communion with the Bishop of Rome" used the term "Catholic" to distinguish itself from the various Protestant churches. The Parliament of Ireland broke communion when it created the Church of Ireland as the State Religion in the Kingdom of Ireland assuming possession of most Church property. The English-speaking minority mostly adhered to the either the Church of Ireland or, despite the political and economic advantages of membership in the state church, to Presbyterianism. Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh
Diocese of Kilmore, Elphin and Ardagh
4900931
as the arms of Ireland after Henry VIII's split with the Papacy. Strictly speaking, following the Norman invasion of the 12th century, Ireland was a feudal possession of the Pope under the overlordship of the English monarch. The decision to change the three crowns arms may have sprung "from an idea that they might denote the feudal sovereignty of the pope" — whose tiara has three crowns — "whose vassal the king of England was, as lord of Ireland." Despite this, the memory of the three crowns arms may have remained for a time with one Elizabethan variant of the
Coat of arms of Ireland
5563284
to larger groups, sometimes called tribes, such as the Dál gCais, Uí Néill, Uí Fiachrach, and Uí Maine. Recently, the late Edward MacLysaght suggested the English word 'sept' be used in place of the word 'clan' with regards to the historical social structure in Ireland, so as to differentiate it from the centralised Scottish clan system.[1] This would imply that Ireland possessed no formalised clan system, which is not wholly accurate. Brehon Law, the ancient legal system of Ireland clearly defined the clan system in pre-Norman Ireland, which collapsed after the Tudor Conquest. The Irish, when speaking of themselves, employed
Irish clans
7810980
County Donegal and Northern Ireland. It is promoted by the Ulster Scots Agency, a cross-border body. Its status as an independent language as opposed to a dialect of Scots has been debated. Shelta is a cant, based upon both Irish and English, generally spoken by the Irish Traveller community. It is known as Gammon to Irish speakers and Shelta by the linguistic community. It is a mixture of English and Irish, with Irish being the lexifier language. Shelta is a secret language, with a refusal by the Travellers to share with non-travellers, named "Buffers". When speaking Shelta in front of
Languages of Ireland
2717066
than their native language. Approximately 1 in 5 Europeans can be described as an active language learner (i.e., someone who has recently improved his/her language skills or intends to do so over the following 12 months). English remains by far the most widely spoken foreign language throughout Europe. 95% of students in the EU study English at secondary level and 38% of EU citizens state that they have sufficient skills in English to have a conversation (excluding citizens of the United Kingdom and Ireland, the two English-speaking countries). 28% of Europeans indicate that they know either French (14%) or German
Languages of the European Union
193342
of starvation". John Ranelagh writes that Ireland remained a net exporter of food throughout most of the five-year famine. However, both Woodham-Smith and Cormac Ó Gráda write that, in addition to the maize imports, four times as much wheat was imported into Ireland at the height of the famine as exported. William Smith O'Brien—speaking on the subject of charity in a speech to the Repeal Association in February 1845—applauded the fact that the universal sentiment on the subject of charity was that they would accept no English charity. He expressed the view that the resources of Ireland were still abundantly
Great Famine (Ireland)
16450728
reached. Semantic tasks for preschool children with predominantly Spanish-speaking, predominantly English-speaking and bilingual showed that these three groups are different from each other. Bilinguals perform best on expressive function for both Spanish and English as predominantly-speaking children but performed differently in each language, which means they do not mirror performance in Spanish and English. They are better on some in English, better on others in Spanish. The ability of learning one language does not influence the ability of learning the other one for bilinguals. Lexical development in children who learn their second language when their first language is already developed
Bilingual lexicon
20825773
September 2015, English was at full-back when Limerick defeated Wexford in the All-Ireland final. He ended the season by being named the Bord Gáis Energy Player of the Year. English joined the Limerick senior hurling team in January 2014. He was released from the panel prior to the start of the Munster Championship. On 13 February 2016, English made his senior debut at left corner-back in a National League defeat of Wexford. Later that season he made his first championship start in a 3-11 to 1-16 Munster Championship semi-final defeat by Tipperary. On 19 August 2018, English was at left
Richie English
18426721
of a Jesuit college in Guelph started in 1852 when the Bishop of Toronto, Armand de Charbonnel invited Fr. John Holzer, S.J. to start a parish in Guelph. In 1857, Fr. Holzer built a rectory, with the intention of it becoming a pre-novitiate. On 7 May 1862, the college opened, but closed less than three years later because of insufficient numbers. In 1913, while the Jesuits were serving the churches in Guelph, such as the Church of Our Lady Immaculate, they built the novitiate in north Guelph. It started when thirteen English-speaking Canadian Jesuits came to Guelph and purchased an
Ignatius Jesuit Centre
16092351
William Bates (Quaker) William Bates, or William Bate, (died November 8, 1700) and other Quakers emigrated from Ireland to Gloucester County (now Camden County), New Jersey where in 1682 they established Newton Colony, the third English settlement in West Jersey. William Bates was the first English-speaking settler of present-day Oaklyn, New Jersey. In 1670, William Bates was a resident of County Wicklow, Ireland where he raised a family, including five children: Jeremiah, Joseph, Abigail, William, and Sarah. Bates attended Quaker religious services which were held in the town of Wicklow. Prior to 1674, West Jersey had been partitioned into five
William Bates (Quaker)
10945136
women, particularly in China. Her national speaking tour in 1910-1911 raised $1 million for this purpose. (See below under "Christian missions".) Montgomery was the first woman to translate the New Testament into English from Greek and have it published by a professional publishing house. (Julia E. Smith published her translation privately, paying for it herself.) Montgomery was inspired to write a new English translation because of her experience teaching street boys in her church, and finding they did not understand the dated language of the "King James Version" of the Bible. When she used the Weymouth New Testament (1903), they
Helen Barrett Montgomery
3046383
institutions and majority of population as native (United Kingdom and Ireland) and as a second language in other member states. English is the third largest language by number of native speakers, after Mandarin and Spanish. Estimates that include second language speakers vary greatly, from 470 million to more than 1 billion. David Crystal calculates that, as of 2003, non-native speakers outnumbered native speakers by a ratio of 3 to 1. When combining native and non-native speakers, English is the most widely spoken language worldwide. Besides the major varieties of English, such as British English, American English, Canadian English, Australian English,
English-speaking world
5650570
youngsters as one of the major reasons for the rather insular character of the Japanese in the overall school environment." Pang wrote that many Japanese students had difficulties in writing and speaking English, and he added that because they translated their thoughts from Japanese to English, many "did not succeed in producing an essay in Standard English". Pang added that there were some Japanese students who had previously lived in English-speaking countries and had gained proficiency or mastery in English. The school charges different levels of tuition based on age. As of 2017 the price for a pre-kindergarten student is
International School of Brussels
7876863
modification is offered by various certified speech-language trainers, linguists, and specialists in ESL. In the United States, they are promoted by various organizations including the Accent Freedom, the American Speech–Language–Hearing Association (ASHA), the Accent Reduction Training Association (ARTA), Corporate Speech Pathology Network (CORSPAN), Voice, Speech Trainers Association (VASTA). Instructor-led courses typically start with a speech assessment to determine a student’s unique needs. Speech production is a very complicated process involving coordinating movements of the lips, tongue, jaw, vocal cords, and respiratory system. Speakers from different language backgrounds have different speech patterns when speaking English as they are attempting to implement
Accent reduction
12138071
English diaspora The English diaspora consists of English people and their descendants who emigrated from England. The diaspora is concentrated in the English-speaking world in countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Scotland, Ireland, Wales and to a lesser extent, South Africa, South America (most notably in Argentina and Chile), and continental Europe. The first organised large-scale English diaspora began when English Catholics exiled themselves from Henry VIII's religious policies to Hapsburg lands, especially the nearest Catholic intellectual centre, the University of Louvain (in present-day Belgium) which was by the late 1540s a bastion of ultra-orthodoxy. This
English diaspora
1902709
of them. This new organization did not apply to congregations speaking Norwegian, and English speaking congregations were to organize as separate district synods within one of the three larger synods The Synodical Conference split when the Ohio Synod left the Synodical Conference in 1881 over the issue of whether God predestined people according to his foreknowledge of whether they would come to faith. The Ohio Synod had some pastors that allowed for this position, while the Missouri Synod declared it to be false doctrine. This Election Controversy had been introduced by a German professor in the Norwegian Synod, Friedrich A.
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod
3326700
it was replaced by an alveolar approximant [ɹ]. Speakers of the traditional English dialect of Northumberland and northern County Durham use a uvular rhotic, known as the "Northumbrian Burr". However, it is no longer used by most contemporary speakers, who generally realize as an alveolar approximant, , in common with other varieties spoken in the English-speaking world. The Hiberno-English of northeastern Leinster in Ireland also uses a uvular . Alveolar rhotics predominate in northern Scandinavia. Where they occur, they affect the succeeding alveolars, turning the clusters and , , , retroflex: . Thus the Norwegian word "norsk" is pronounced by
Guttural R
772724
Spanish ancestry. He underwent a quadruple heart bypass operation in December 2015. After the end of filming of "The West Wing," Sheen announced plans to further his education: "My plan is to read English literature, philosophy and theology in Galway, Ireland, where my late mother came from and where I'm also a citizen." Speaking after an honorary arts doctorate was conferred on him by the National University of Ireland, Sheen joked that he would be the "oldest undergraduate" at the National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, when he started his full-time studies there in the autumn of 2006. Although expressing
Martin Sheen
9581673
qualifications in the senior house officer grade, and remained in that grade when they began sub-specialty training. The distinction of Mr (etc.) is also used by surgeons in the Republic of Ireland, some states of Australia, Barbados, New Zealand, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and some other Commonwealth countries. In many English-speaking countries the "military" title of surgeon is applied to any medical practitioner, due to the historical evolution of the term. The US Army Medical Corps retains various surgeon MOS' in the ranks of officer pay grades for military personnel dedicated to performing surgery on wounded soldiers. Some physicians who are
Surgeon
9359974
clubs in that league. Having said that, the best Irish players have always followed the best wages. This did not stop the game entering into a "golden period" after the second world war when grounds would be full every weekend to watch a league game. It was the start of televised football in England, and the amateur setup in Ireland, that led to a decrease in attendances and a lack of support for the home teams. The sport is played at all levels in the country. The national team's performance in the 1990 FIFA World Cup, where they reached the
Association football in the Republic of Ireland
903767
Irish Travellers Irish Travellers (, meaning 'the walking people') are a traditionally itinerant ethnic group who maintain a set of traditions. Although predominantly English-speaking, some also use Shelta and other similar cants. They live mostly in Ireland as well as comprising large communities in the United Kingdom and the United States. Their origin is disputed. Traveller rights groups have long pushed for ethnic status from the Irish government, finally succeeding in 2017. As of 2016, there are 30,987 Travellers within Ireland, and this has led to them becoming recognized as a minority group in Ireland. Travellers refer to themselves as
Irish Travellers
19191737
loyal to Charles I Stuart, but independent of the Royalist Army in Ireland; possibly sending troops to aid the embattled Stuart monarch in the English Civil War, the Long Parliament issued an ordinance of "no quarter to the Irish" fighting on English soil. A minority of the 8,000 troops sent by the Duke of Ormonde from Munster to fight for the king were native Irish and so the policy did see some application. The Parliamentarians under Thomas Mytton killed Irish prisoners of war at Shrewsbury in 1645 and Conway Castle in 1646. After the Battle of Naseby over 100 Welsh-speaking
Irish in the British Armed Forces
19513158
background. Five composers worked on the music, and wrote 65 different tracks. In June 2013, the game distribution platform Playism announced that they were interested in localizing the game for English-speaking audiences, as they wanted to bring visual novels to their platform and felt "The House in Fata Morgana" might be a good place for them to start. They encouraged people to tell them if they were interested in the game, to gauge demand for it. Two days later, they clarified that monetary issues were what caused them to not start localization work right away: Novectacle, being an indie developer,
The House in Fata Morgana
789286
the rights to it for $10. The story's author was paid another $2,500 when Republic bought the idea, and he received a final payment of $3,750 when the film was actually made. Republic Pictures agreed to finance the film with O'Hara and Wayne starring and Ford directing, but only if all three agreed to first film a Western with Republic. They did, and after completing "Rio Grande", they headed for Ireland to start shooting. One of the conditions that Republic placed on Ford was that the film run under two hours. However, the finished picture was two hours and nine
The Quiet Man
7652114
issues 94 and 95: Tom Clyde edited 96-110 with associate editors Ruth Carr and, from 99-110, Frank Sewell. The final print issue, 111, was edited by Ruth Carr and Tom Clyde. It was revived by the Verbal Arts Centre which appointed Darran Anderson as Editor, who edited three online issues. It is currently edited by Gregory McCartney. The magazine was published, with decreasing frequency, from May 1968 until Summer 2003 and so was one of the longest-lived and most widely read little magazines of its type in Ireland, and probably in the English-speaking world. From the start it presented Northern
The Honest Ulsterman
17178410
hurling team, but I really believe that we were the better team over the two days, We’re 2013 All-Ireland champions and it feels so good. I’m so proud of them young boys. They did it and fair play to them.” Fitzgerald speaking the morning after the game said “I suppose it still has not sunk in, but it is one of immense satisfaction. I am still the same. I am still so thrilled for the lads." Fitzgerald also said that it hurt that people did not trust him saying "My one objective was for Clare to win. I wasn't trying
2013 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final
19775896
reasons, all these countries withdrew before the start of the Games. They were one of a number of French speaking African countries who had not participated at a Summer Paralympic Games by 2008. Other countries included Congo and Togo, along with the English speaking countries of Liberia and Gambia, and Portuguese speaking Guinea-Bissau. This was a result of either lack of development of disability sport in the country or problems in financing international participation in disability sport. Cameroon had missed out on the ability to participate at the 2004 Games in Athens and the 2008 Games in Beijing because the
Cameroon at the 2008 Summer Paralympics
8362341
Discovery (UK and Ireland) Discovery (formerly Discovery Channel) is an English speaking channel which targets the United Kingdom and Ireland, operated by Discovery Networks Western Europe. The channel's programming is based on programming produced by Discovery Networks Europe, Discovery Channel Canada and Discovery Channel from the United States. It first became available in the UK on 1 April 1989 when Discovery Channel Europe launched. It was the first extension of the Discovery Channel outside the United States. Prior to 1993, UK viewers could receive the channel from Intelsat satellites at 27.5° West. In July 1993, the Discovery Channel launched on
Discovery (UK and Ireland)
8518676
Doughiska Doughiska (, 'water pond, water basin') is a fast-growing suburb of Galway City in County Galway, Ireland. There is now continuous urban development between Doughiska and the city centre due to the growth of Galway City in recent years. Famous residents include Stefan Burnett of the band Death Grips, and Norwegian author Åsne Seierstad. Local legend has it that the name of the area comes from the mid 19th century, when on a warm summers day, British soldiers asked the local Gaelic speaking natives for a fresh water source. The locals did not fully understand what they were saying
Doughiska
263575
start of the war: A previously unknown English translation was released in 2008, which had been prepared by the official Nazi printing office, the Franz Eher Verlag. In 1939, the Nazi propaganda ministry hired James Murphy to create an English version of "Mein Kampf", which they hoped to use to promote Nazi goals in English-speaking countries. While Murphy was in Germany, he became less enchanted with Nazi ideology and made some statements that the Propaganda Ministry disliked. As a result, they asked him to leave Germany immediately. He was not able to take any of his notes but later sent
Mein Kampf
3998652
spoke both Irish and English refrained from speaking to their children in Irish, or, in extreme cases, feigned the inability to speak Irish themselves. Despite state support for the Irish language in the Irish Free State (later the Republic of Ireland) after independence, Irish continued to retreat, the economic marginality of many Irish-speaking areas (see Gaeltacht) being a primary factor. For this reason Irish is spoken as a mother tongue by only a very small number of people on the island of Ireland. Irish has been a compulsory subject in schools in the Republic since the 1920s and proficiency in
English language in Europe
12800475
ESU Schools Mace The English-Speaking Union Schools' Mace is an annual debating tournament for secondary schools in England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales. The competition was founded in 1957 by the journalist Kenneth Harris of "The Observer" newspaper, and was initially known as The Observer Schools' Mace. Since 1995, the tournament has been organised by the English-Speaking Union, with assistance from several regional convenors. Schools across the United Kingdom and Ireland are eligible to enter one team in the championships each year, made up of two student debaters from the school. Teams compete in area qualifying rounds, with the best performing
ESU Schools Mace
13037577
two meanings: 1) A tree indigenous to the middle east from the pistachio family ("Pistacia terebinthus"). As written in Isaiah 6-13: "And though a tenth remains in the land, it will again be laid waste. But as the terebinth and oak leave stumps when they are cut down, so the holy seed will be the stump in the land." 2) Ella means "goddess" in modern Hebrew. Ella became used again during the Victorian era in English-speaking countries, and has been revived in the last decade, becoming a popular given name for baby girls born in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand,
Ella (name)
9784290
from the bed a little, I tried to attract the young woman's attention as I caressed her hair and speaking to her in English while using the types of phrases I would have used while speaking with the Grand Duchesses, but I did not refer to her by any name other than 'Darling'. She did not reply and I saw that she did not understand a word of what I had said, for when she raised the cover after a certain period of time, and I saw her face, there was nothing in her eyes which showed she had recognized
Sophie Buxhoeveden
1444175
language of the "vaquero" began a transformation which merged with English cultural traditions and produced what became known in American culture as the "cowboy". The arrival of English-speaking settlers in Texas began in 1821. Rip Ford described the country between Laredo and Corpus Christi as inhabited by "... countless droves of mustangs and ... wild cattle ... abandoned by Mexicans when they were ordered to evacuate the country between the Nueces and the Rio Grande by General Valentin Canalizo ... the horses and cattle abandoned invited the raids the Texians made upon this territory. California, on the other hand, did
Cowboy
3564492
Aquitaine; soon thereafter, he added "Duke of the Aquitanians" and "Count of the Angevins" to his style. "King of the English", "Duke of the Normans", "Duke of the Aquitanians" and "Count of the Angevins" remained in use until King John ascended the Throne in 1199, when they changed to "King of England", "Duke of Normandy", "Duke of Aquitaine" and "Count of Anjou", respectively. John, furthermore, was already the titular ruler of Ireland; therefore, he added "Lord of Ireland" to his style. In 1204 England lost both Normandy and Anjou. Nevertheless, they did not renounce the associated titles until 1259. French
Style of the British sovereign
1800751
often start with a conceptual estimate performed by a building estimator. As portions of a project are completed, they may be sold, supplanting one lender or owner for another, while the logistical requirements of having the right trades and materials available for each stage of the building construction project carries forward. In many English-speaking countries, but not the United States, projects typically use quantity surveyors. A construction project must fit into the legal framework governing the property. These include governmental regulations on the use of property, and obligations that are created in the process of construction. When applicable, the project
Construction
10690775
said to be divided into two commotes: "Mynyw" (Latin: Menevia) and "Pencaer". Dewisland boasts of being the only part of Wales never conquered by a foreign invader. The English before the Conquest did not get so far, and the Normans respected Dewisland as a possession of the Church, so that it was spared the fierce fighting which took place everywhere else when they conquered Wales. Nevertheless, it was occupied by the Normans in the 12th century, and made part of the March, but remained exclusively Welsh-speaking, except for small English plantations in the City of St David's and at Abercastle
Dewisland
5519470
retained control of "Britannia" until its departure about AD 410, although some parts of Britain had already effectively shrugged off Roman rule decades earlier. Thirty years or so after the time of the Roman departure, the Germanic-speaking Anglo-Saxons began a migration to the eastern coast of Britain, where they began to establish their own kingdoms, and the Gaelic speaking Scots migrating from Dál nAraidi (modern Northern Ireland), did the same on the west coast of Scotland and the Isle of Man. At the same time, some Britons established themselves in what is now called Brittany. There they set up their
Celtic Britons