who applied the doctrine of lapse to the indian state
Lord Dalhousie
2720591
British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate. The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. However, it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General. Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him. The accession
Doctrine of lapse
2720594
Company, renounced the doctrine. The princely state of Kittur was taken over by the East India Company in 1824 by imposing a 'doctrine of lapse'. So it is debatable whether it was devised by Lord Dalhousie in 1848, though he arguably made it official by documenting it. Dalhousie's annexations and the doctrine of lapse had caused suspicion and uneasiness among most ruling princes in India. Dalhousie applied the doctrine of lapse vigorously for annexing Indian princely states, but the policy was not solely his invention. The Court of Directors of the East India Company had articulated this early in 1834.
Doctrine of lapse
12786266
who was renamed Damodar Rao, on the day before the Maharaja died. The adoption was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the Maharaja instructing that the child be treated with respect and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the Maharaja in November 1853, because Damodar Rao (born Anand Rao) was adopted, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. In
Jhansi Fort
18004216
raja requesting that the child should be treated with kindness and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the raja in November 1853 because Damodar Rao was adopted, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. The Jhansi state and the Jalaun and Chanderi districts were then formed into a superintendency. In March 1854, Lakshmibai was given a pension of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace and
Jhansi State
18978080
from the raja requesting that the child should be treated with kindness and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the raja in November 1853 because Damodar Rao was adopted, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. Gangadhar Rao Maharaja Gangadhar Rao Newalkar was the Maharaja of Jhansi in northern India, a vassal of Maratha Empire. He was the son of Shiv Rao Bhau and a descendent of
Gangadhar Rao
20078095
and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the Maharaja in November 1853, because Damodar Rao (born Anand Rao) was adopted, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse, rejecting Damodar Rao's claim to the throne and annexing the state to its territories. When she was informed of this Rani Lakshmibai cried out "I shall not surrender my Jhansi" (Mai Jhansi ko nahi doongi). In March 1854, Rani Lakshmibai was given an annual pension of Rs. 60,000 and ordered to leave the palace
Damodar Rao of Jhansi
1635035
Maharaja adopted a child called Anand Rao, the son of Gangadhar Rao's cousin, who was renamed Damodar Rao, on the day before the Maharaja died. The adoption was in the presence of the British political officer who was given a letter from the Maharaja instructing that the child be treated with respect and that the government of Jhansi should be given to his widow for her lifetime. After the death of the Maharaja in November 1853, because Damodar Rao (born Anand Rao) was an adopted son, the British East India Company, under Governor-General Lord Dalhousie, applied the Doctrine of Lapse,
Rani of Jhansi
2720592
of Lord Dalhousie inaugurated a new chapter in the history of British India. He functioned as the Governor-General of India from 1848-1856. At the time of its adoption, the British East India Company had imperial administrative jurisdiction over wide regions of the subcontinent. The company took over the princely states of Satara (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Nagpur and Jhansi (1854), Tore and Arcot (1855) and Udaipur (Chhattisgarh) under the terms of the doctrine of lapse. Oudh (1856) is widely believed to have under the Doctrine of Lapse. However it was annexed by Lord Dalhousie under the pretext of mis-governance.
Doctrine of lapse
3376070
of the Peshwa Baji Rao II. After Baji Rao II was exiled to Bithoor, Pandurang Rao and his family also shifted there. Tantya Tope was the fencing master to Nana Sahib. Azimullah Khan joined the court of Nana Sahib as Secretary, after the death of Baji Rao II in 1851. He later became the dewan in Nana Sahib's court. The Doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy devised by Lord Dalhousie, who was the British Governor-General of India between 1848 and 1856. According to the Doctrine, any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East
Nana Sahib
14609281
Chitpavan Brahmin, the chief of Ichalkaranji. Three of Haribhat's sons served Peshwa and distinguished themselves during various conquests. The Peshwa awarded them Jagirs of Jamkhandi, Miraj Junior, Miraj Senior, Sangli, Kurundvad Junior and Kurundvad Senior, to honor their bravery and courage. Tasgaon was lapsed under Lord Dalhousie's Doctrine Lapse. Patwardhan Patwardhan may refer to the surname most commonly used by members of Indian Chitpavan Brahmin families. The Patwardhan Dynasty refers to the Indian Dynasty established by an Indian Chitpavan Brahmin family, whose members controlled several jagirs in the Maratha Empire and several small princely states in British India. The jagirs
Patwardhan
2720591
British decided whether potential rulers were competent enough. The doctrine and its application were widely regarded by many Indians as illegitimate. The policy is most commonly associated with Lord Dalhousie, who was the Governor General of the East India Company in India between 1848 and 1856. However, it was articulated by the Court of Directors of the East India Company as early as 1834 and several smaller states were already annexed under this doctrine before Dalhousie took over the post of Governor-General. Dalhousie used the policy most vigorously and extensively, though, so it is generally associated with him. The accession
Doctrine of lapse
5968521
of the Southern division. During this time, Travancore was facing a severe financial crisis and the treasury was empty. A large amount of subsidy due to the Madras government remained unpaid. Not long after promulgating his infamous Doctrine of Lapse, Lord Dalhousie was looking forward to annexe Travancore too under this pretext. At this juncture, the Raja of Travancore Uthram Thirunal chose Madhava Rao to negotiate a deal with the British government which he did successfully. As a result, Madhava Rao was appointed next Diwan of Travancore. At that time the entire administration of the state was in a disorganised
T. Madhava Rao
18111886
Three years later, in 1819, the ruler of Oudh took the style of "padshah" (king), signaling formal independence under the advice of the Marquis of Hastings. Throughout the early 1800s until annexation, several areas were gradually ceded to the British. On 7 February 1856 by order of Lord Dalhousie, General of the East India Company, the king of Oudh (Wajid Ali Shah) was deposed,and its kingdom was annexed to British India under the terms of the Doctrine of lapse on the grounds of alleged internal misrule. Between 5 July 1857 and 3 March 1858 there was an upheaval by the
Oudh State
16447607
by appointment, rather than election, and the councils were restricted to a consultative role. The East India Company increased its power in India by playing local rulers off against each other and the declining Mughal Empire. Lord Dalhousie, the Company Governor General between 1848 and 1856 established a principle, the Doctrine of Lapse, that if any princely state or territory under the direct influence (paramountcy) of the British East India Company would automatically be annexed if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a direct heir". This allowed the Company to remove rulers it viewed as troublesome. After
Political warfare in British colonial India
2720590
Doctrine of lapse The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1858. According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would have its princely status abolished (and therefore annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". The latter supplanted the long-established right of an Indian sovereign without an heir to choose a successor. In addition, the
Doctrine of lapse
2720595
As per this policy, the Company annexed Mandvi in 1839, Kolaba and Jalaun in 1840 and Surat in 1842. Doctrine of lapse The doctrine of lapse was an annexation policy applied by the British East India Company in India until 1858. According to the doctrine, any Indian princely state under the suzerainty of the British East India Company (the dominant imperial power in the subcontinent), as a vassal state under the British subsidiary system, would have its princely status abolished (and therefore annexed into British India) if the ruler was either "manifestly incompetent or died without a male heir". The
Doctrine of lapse
1400984
the upper castes in the army, perceived loss of caste due to overseas travel, and rumours of secret designs of the government to convert them to Christianity led to deep discontent among the sepoys. The sepoys were also disillusioned by their low salaries and the racial discrimination practised by British officers in matters of promotion and privileges. The indifference of the British towards leading native Indian rulers such as the Mughals and ex-Peshwas and the annexation of Oudh were political factors triggering dissent amongst Indians. The Marquess of Dalhousie's policy of annexation, the doctrine of lapse (or escheat) applied by
Indian independence movement
2720593
Mostly clang that the ruler was not ruling properly, the Company added about four million pounds sterling to its annual revenue by virtue of this doctrine. Udaipur State, however, would have local rule reinstated by the British in 1860. With the increasing power of the East India Company, discontent simmered among many sections of Indian society and the largely indigenous armed forces; these rallied behind the deposed dynasties during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny. Following the rebellion, in 1858, the new British Viceroy of India, whose rule replaced that of the British East India
Doctrine of lapse
6614788
British in 1853 by means of the Doctrine of lapse. The British Nagpur Division included the current districts as well as Balaghat District, currently part of Madhya Pradesh. After Indian Independence, The Central Provinces and Berar (Amravati Division) became the new state of Madhya Pradesh. The Indian states were reorganised along linguistic lines in 1956, and on 1 November Nagpur and Amravati Divisions were transferred to Bombay State, while Balaghat District remained in Madhya Pradesh. The Marathi-speaking portion of Bombay State became Maharashtra State in 1960. Nagpur Division has 6 districts. Following table shows the districts of Nagpur Division and
Nagpur division
7606603
was administered as the Central India Agency and consisted of six large and almost 150 small states, nominally ruled by Maratha or Mogul princes, but actually controlled to a greater or lesser degree by Residents or Commissioners appointed by the British East India Company. Opposition to British control centred on the state of Jhansi, where the Rani Lakshmibai, widow of the last Maratha prince, opposed the British annexation of the state under the notorious doctrine of lapse. (Jhansi and Lalitpur districts are now in the state of Uttar Pradesh.) The loyalty of the Indian soldiers (sepoys) of the East India
Central Indian campaign of 1858
18111883
civic improvements. Oudh joined other Indian states in an upheaval against British rule in 1858 during one of the last series of actions in the Indian rebellion of 1857. In the course of this uprising detachments of the British Indian Army from the Bombay Presidency overcame the disunited collection of Indian states in a single rapid campaign. Determined rebels continued to wage sporadic guerrilla clashes until the spring of 1859. This rebellion is also historically known as the "Oudh campaign". After the British annexation of Oudh by the Doctrine of Lapse, the North Western Provinces became the "North Western Provinces
Oudh State
2383007
May 1816, a British protectorate was signed. In 1856 the East India Company annexed the state under the Doctrine of Lapse, which was placed under a Chief Commissioner. Wajid Ali Shah, the then Nawab, was imprisoned, and then exiled by the Company to Calcutta (Bengal). In the subsequent Revolt of 1857, his 14-year-old son Birjis Qadra son of Begum Hazrat Mahal was crowned ruler, and Sir Henry Lawrence killed in the hostilities. In the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (also known as the First War of Indian Independence and the Indian Mutiny), the rebels took control of Awadh, and it took
Awadh
3272127
The Peshwa regained Belgaum, after Tipu Sultan was defeated by the British forces. In 1818, the British annexed Belgaum and the region in the control of the Peshwa. Kitturu Chennamma (1778–1829) was the queen of the princely state of Kittur in Karnataka. In 1824, 33 years before the 1857 War of Independence in Murree, she led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse. The resistance ended in her martyrdom and she is remembered today as one of the earliest Indian and the First Indian Queen to have fought for independence. Belgaum was chosen as
Belgaum
10368169
holy by Hindus while pigs were considered unclean by Muslims. Underlying grievances over British taxation and recent land annexations by the BEIC were ignited by the sepoy mutineers and within weeks dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The old aristocracy, both Muslim and Hindu, who were seeing their power steadily eroded by the East India Company, also rebelled against British rule. Another important discontent among the Indian rulers was that the british policies of conquest had created unrest among many indian rulers. The policies like the doctrine of lapse, Subsidiary Alliance deprived Indian
Causes of the Indian Rebellion of 1857
6748724
the heir to the throne. This irked the East India Company, who ordered Shivalingappa’s expulsion, on the pretext of the Doctrine of Lapse . This doctrine was based on the idea that in case the ruler of an independent state died childless, the right of ruling the State reverted or ‘lapsed’ to the sovereign. The state of Kittur came under the administration of Dharwad collectorate in charge of St John Thackeray of which Mr. Chaplin was the commissioner, both of whom did not recognize the new ruler and regent and notified Kittur to accept the British regime. Rani Chennamma sent
Kittur Chennamma
3191302
none of these princes were awarded gun salutes, princely titles in this category were recognised as a form of vassals of salute states, and were not even in direct relation with the paramount power. A controversial aspect of East India Company rule was the doctrine of lapse, a policy under which lands whose feudal ruler died (or otherwise became unfit to rule) without a male biological heir (as opposed to an adopted son) would become directly controlled by the Company and an adopted son would not become the ruler of the princely state. This policy went counter to Indian tradition
Princely state
8891136
died without issue, and the British annexed the Carnatic Nawabdom, applying the doctrine of lapse. Ghouse Khan's uncle Azim Jah was created the first Prince of Arcot (Amir-e-Arcot) in 1867 by Queen Victoria, and was given a tax free-pension in perpetuity. Arcot State Nawabs of the Carnatic (also referred to as the Nawabs of Arcot) ruled the Carnatic region of South India between about 1690 and 1801. The Carnatic was a dependency of Hyderabad Deccan, and was under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad, until their demise. They initially had their capital at Arcot in the present-day Indian
Arcot State
3179982
"Deeply embedded traditional ways of carrying out state policy ..." – or not carrying it out – "are often tougher and truer law than the dead words of the written text." Shortly thereafter, Connecticut's birth control law was enforced, and struck down, in "Griswold v. Connecticut". Desuetude In law, desuetude (; , ) is a doctrine that causes statutes, similar legislation, or legal principles to lapse and become unenforceable by a long habit of non-enforcement or lapse of time. It is what happens to laws that are not repealed when they become obsolete. It is the legal doctrine that long
Desuetude
226556
inherited by his son Tipu Sultan. To contain European expansion in South India, Haidar Ali and later Tipu Sultan fought four significant Anglo-Mysore Wars, the last of which resulted in Tippu Sultan's death and the incorporation of Mysore into the British Raj in 1799. The Kingdom of Mysore was restored to the Wodeyars and Mysore remained a princely state under the British Raj. As the "doctrine of lapse" gave way to dissent and resistance from princely states across the country, Kittur Chennamma, Sangolli Rayanna and others spearheaded rebellions in Karnataka in 1830, nearly three decades before the Indian Rebellion of
Karnataka
6748722
Kittur Chennamma Kittur Chennamma (23 October 177821 February 1829) was the Rani of Kittur, a former princely state in Karnataka. She led an armed rebellion against the British East India Company in 1824 in defiance of the doctrine of lapse in an attempt to maintain Indian control over the region, but was defeated and died imprisoned. One of the first female rulers to rebel against British rule, she has become a folk hero in Karnataka and symbol of the independence movement in India. Kittur Chennamma was born on 23 October 1778, in Kakati, a small village in the present Belagavi
Kittur Chennamma
17772395
annexed the state of Satara to the Presidency of Bombay under the doctrine of lapse, on 1 May 1849. Raja Shahaji of Satara Shahji ruled the Indian city of Satara and the surrounding Satara district from 1839 until 1848. He was also known as Appa Saheb, and his full titles were "Shreemant Maharaj Shaji Raja Chhatrapati of Satara". His adoptive father Pratap Singh had been dethroned as Raja Pratap Singh, Raja of Satara by the British rulers in 1839 and stripped of his powers and personal possessions. Appa Sahib succeeded his father under the title Shreemant Maharaj Shajee Raja Chhatrapati
Raja Shahaji of Satara
18004209
Jhansi State Jhansi was an independent princely state ruled by the Maratha Newalkar dynasty under suzerainty of British India from 1804 till 1853, when the British authorities took over the State under the terms of the Doctrine of Lapse. The fortified town of Jhansi served as its capital. Historically the principality of Jhansi in Bundelkhand had been held by a tributary chief of the Peshwa, who ceded his rights in the Jhansi Province to the British after the defeat of the Maratha Empire. Lord Hastings rewarded the chief with hereditary rule over the province. The State of Jhansi was, however,
Jhansi State
183716
for the Enfield rifle, which was insensitive to local religious prohibition; key mutineer being Mangal Pandey. In addition, the underlying grievances over British taxation, the ethnic gulf between the British officers and their Indian troops, and land annexations played a significant role in the rebellion. Within weeks after Pandey's mutiny, dozens of units of the Indian army joined peasant armies in widespread rebellion. The rebel soldiers were later joined by Indian nobility, many of whom had lost titles and domains under the Doctrine of Lapse, and felt that the Company had interfered with a traditional system of inheritance. Rebel leaders
History of India
18121218
is said to be descended from a Raksel Raja of Palamau.The state became a British protectorate in 1818. In 1852 the ruler and his two brothers were accused by the British of murder and were jailed. There was an interregnum during which the state was ruled directly by the British authorities who invoked the Doctrine of lapse. Finally in 1860 local rule was restored when Lal Bindeshwari Prasad Singh Deo was granted the rule of Udaipur State by the British for his services in the Sepoy Mutiny. And succeeded as Swasti Sri Prabal Pratap Udit Pratap Sampanna Sitare Hind Maharajadhiraj
Udaipur State, Chhattisgarh
20487264
Satara state Satara state was a short-lived Princely state created by the British in 1818 after the Third Anglo-Maratha War and annexed by them in 1849 using the Doctrine of lapse. The state was ruled by descendants of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. The first Raja of the state was Pratap Singh who was freed by the British after they defeated Peshwa Bajirao II in 1818. Pratap Singh was deposed in 1838. His brother, Shahaji succeeded him but died without a natural heir in 1848. At that time, the East India Company government refused to accept Shahaji's
Satara state
18140581
by Gond Raja Karkat Rai who hailed from a family that owned land in Harda tehsil. In the 18th century the Scindia and the Peshwa warriors took over the forested areas of Kalibhit and Charwa from Makrai. In December 1890 the British government took over Makrai State under the doctrine of lapse owing to bad administration. Power was restored to the native ruler in 1893 under the condition that he appoint a Diwan (Minister) duly approved by the British Head Commissioner. Makrai State was under the administrative authority of the Central India Agency until 1933, when it was transferred to
Makrai State
20487265
adopted son as his successor and absorbed the territory into the growing British dominion. Satara state Satara state was a short-lived Princely state created by the British in 1818 after the Third Anglo-Maratha War and annexed by them in 1849 using the Doctrine of lapse. The state was ruled by descendants of Chhatrapati Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire. The first Raja of the state was Pratap Singh who was freed by the British after they defeated Peshwa Bajirao II in 1818. Pratap Singh was deposed in 1838. His brother, Shahaji succeeded him but died without a natural heir
Satara state
14170057
the Indians of Oklahoma. The Oklahoma State Constitution, as adopted in 1907,further provides that non-Indian inhabitants of the State do not haverights to Indian lands. The Five Tribes doctrine emphasizes thatunder federal legislation treating the Five Tribes differently from other tribes on reservations, the Choctaw and Chickasaw Tribes in southeastern Oklahoma would own all the water on their lands, and would not be subject to state authority as to its use or non-use. The "Winters" ruling also applied to this case, because a ruling in 2007 determined that water rights were reserved even in riparian jurisdictions. The ruling in this
Water law in the United States
4368641
his reign, being constantly challenged by Amarasimha who ran a parallel court in Thiruvidaimarudur even after his accession. However, despite the troubled times, Serfoji's reign was a time of great innovations in Thanjavur art and many other parallel fields. The Maratha rule came to a sad end after the death of its last ruler Shivaji II, (resembling only in name his vastly greater ancestor) who died without a male issue, when the Britishers obliged by annexing the Thanjavur state to its dominions under the notorious Doctrine of Lapse. After the Maratha rule waned, the mercantile Chettiar community continued to patronise
Thanjavur painting
6024117
states. A number of states were confiscated or acquired by Britain under the Doctrine of Lapse. After the First Anglo-Sikh War the full administration of the territory became vested in this officer. In 1849 the Punjab was annexed to British India, when the Cis-Sutlej states commissionership, comprising the districts of Ambala, Ferozepore, Ludhiana, Thanesar and Simla, was incorporated with the new Punjab Province. The name continued to be applied to this division until 1862, when — owing to Ferozepore having been transferred to Lahore Division and a part of Thanesar to Delhi Division — it ceased to be appropriate. The
Cis-Sutlej states
8684045
the Maratha leader Raghoji Bhonsle, who governed neighboring Berar in the name of the "Peshwa" of the Maratha Empire. The Gond kingdom was annexed to the Maratha empire, and ruled by Raghoji's successors. The Bhonsle kingdom was defeated the British in the Anglo-Maratha Wars, and became a princely state of British India. The Nagpur kingdom was annexed by the British in 1853 under the Doctrine of lapse, and was governed as Nagpur Province until 1861, when it became part of the Central Provinces. After India's independence in 1947, the Central Provinces became the new state of Madhya Pradesh. Deogarh, Madhya
Deogarh, Madhya Pradesh
4478165
actively opposed, and power becomes a consequence of benevolence. However, evil is the default state of the universe, and good exists only through constant effort; any lapse or redirection of good will apparently create evil out of nothing. This doctrine is also supported by the Bahá’í Faith. ‘Abdu’l-Bahá stated to a French Baha’I woman: Absence of good The absence of good () is a theological doctrine that evil, unlike good, is insubstantial, so that thinking of it as an entity is misleading. Instead, evil is rather the absence or lack ("privation") of good. It is typically attributed to St. Augustine
Absence of good
3179976
Desuetude In law, desuetude (; , ) is a doctrine that causes statutes, similar legislation, or legal principles to lapse and become unenforceable by a long habit of non-enforcement or lapse of time. It is what happens to laws that are not repealed when they become obsolete. It is the legal doctrine that long and continued non-use of a law renders it invalid, at least in the sense that courts will no longer tolerate punishing its transgressors. The policy of inserting sunset clauses into a constitution or charter of rights (as in Canada since 1982) or into regulations and other
Desuetude
14086276
temporarily restricted Oklahoma's right to determine where its seat of government would be was unconstitutional. In "United States v. Holt State Bank", , the Supreme Court ruled that the equal footing doctrine applied to water rights. The Supreme Court rejected a claim by the Red Lake Indian Reservation of Minnesota that it had rights to Mud Lake and other navigable waters within the reservation by virtue of the tribe's aboriginal status. In general, lands underlying navigable waters within a state belong to the state in its sovereign capacity; the state may use and dispose them subject to the paramount power
Equal footing
4887289
his dominions to his Maratha allies, who before long succeeded in annexing the whole of Bundelkhand. Jalaun flourished under the administration of The Great Warrior Shreenath Mahadji Shinde. In 1803 Kalpi was captured by the British. Jalaun State became a British protectorate in 1806. But in 1840, on the death of Raja Nana Gobindrao without descendants, it was annexed to British India by virtue of the doctrine of lapse. Various interchanges of territory took place, and in 1856 the boundaries of the British district were substantially settled, with an area of . Jalaun was the scene of much violence during
Jalaun
11165920
the state under the doctrine of lapse. Sambalpur was kept under "South west Frontier Agency" with headquarters at Ranchi. "South west Frontier Agency" was renamed Chhota Nagpur Division in 1854. The name of Veer Surendra Sai, who fought against the British Rule, is recorded in golden letters in the history of India's struggle for independence. During the Sepoy Mutiny in July 1857 the mutineers broke open the prison at Hazaribagh, where Surendra Sai was imprisoned and released all the prisoners. Surendra Sai fought against the British after reaching Sambalpur. In 1860 AD, Sambalpur was temporarily transferred to the Odisha Division
Western Odisha
2532528
conviction that all India needed to be brought under British administration, began to apply what was called the doctrine of lapse. Under the doctrine, the British annexed any non-British state where there was a lack of a proper male lineal heir. Under the policy he recommended the annexation of Satara in January 1849, of Jaitpur and Sambalpur in the same year, and of Jhansi and Nagpur in 1853. In these cases his action was approved by the home authorities, but his proposal to annex Karauli in 1849 was disallowed, while Baghat and the petty estate of Udaipur, which he had
James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie
1737681
Lapse rate The lapse rate is the rate at which temperature in Earth's atmosphere decreases with an increase in altitude, or increases with the decrease in altitude. "Lapse rate" arises from the word "lapse", in the sense of a gradual change. Although this concept is most often applied to the Earth's troposphere, it can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas. A formal definition from the "Glossary of Meteorology" is: In general, a lapse rate is the negative of the rate of temperature change with altitude change, thus: where formula_2 (sometimes formula_3) is the lapse rate given in
Lapse rate
17530021
social messaging. Contributors to the ongoing art project include Maya/Nahuatl artist Votan and Jemez Pueblo Indian Jaque Fragua, local artists Wild Life, Bandit, Sketchy, Gabette, Free Humanity, Random Act and Teacher, as well as street art notable Shepard Fairey. Watch the time lapse video of Jaque Fragua's mural in Indian Alley here. Watch the time lapse video of Votan's mural in Indian Alley here. The Native Soil Project sculpture installation time lapse can be viewed here. Indian Alley Indian Alley is the unofficial name given to a stretch of alley in the Skid Row area of downtown Los Angeles, so
Indian Alley
13608967
Time-lapse microscopy Time-lapse microscopy is time-lapse photography applied to microscopy. Microscope image sequences are recorded and then viewed at a greater speed to give an accelerated view of the microscopic process. Before the introduction of the video tape recorder in the 1960s, time-lapse microscopy recordings were made on photographic film. During this period, time-lapse microscopy was referred to as microcinematography. With the increasing use of video recorders, the term time-lapse video microscopy was gradually adopted. Today, the term video is increasingly dropped, reflecting that a digital still camera is used to record the individual image frames, instead of a video
Time-lapse microscopy
18142530
under the Bhonsle dynasty of Nagpur State. Sambalpur was invaded and occupied by the Marathas between 1808 and 1817. After the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1817 the British Government returned Sambalpur to the Chauhan king, Jayant Singh, but his authority over its eighteen vassal states was withdrawn. The state was placed under British administration from 1818 to 1820, when local rule was restored and the principality became a British protectorate. When the ruler or the state died without a direct male heir in 1849, the British seized the state under the doctrine of lapse. In 1857 during the Sepoy Mutiny
Sambalpur State
18294732
managed to pacify the kingdom. Following the British attack Senapati Tikendrajit and young king Kulachandra fled, but were captured. The Senapati and those Manipuris who had been involved in the killing of the British officers were tried and hanged, while the deposed King Kulachandra and other leaders of the rebellion were sent to the Cellular Jail in the Andaman Islands. At this time until 22 September 1891, Manipur was briefly annexed to British India by virtue of the doctrine of lapse. On 22 September 1891 when Meidingngu Churachand (Churachandra), a 5-year-old boy, was put on the throne, power was restored
Manipur (princely state)
1737696
air creates an arid region on the leeward side of the mountain. Lapse rate The lapse rate is the rate at which temperature in Earth's atmosphere decreases with an increase in altitude, or increases with the decrease in altitude. "Lapse rate" arises from the word "lapse", in the sense of a gradual change. Although this concept is most often applied to the Earth's troposphere, it can be extended to any gravitationally supported parcel of gas. A formal definition from the "Glossary of Meteorology" is: In general, a lapse rate is the negative of the rate of temperature change with altitude
Lapse rate
18903248
the public policy of the state of Wisconsin"; that state policy is "simply simply the principles of old-fashioned honesty," meaning that "[o]ne man may not reap where another has sown nor gather where another has strewn." California, Illinois, Missouri, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Nouth Carolina, and Wisconsin applied the "INS" misappropriation doctrine to enjoin those copying records (so-called record piracy) during the period when federal copyright law did not cover sound recordings. But those courts have applied the misappropriation doctrine, as well, to other forms of copying, such as copying of products. Many of these cases were decided
Misappropriation doctrine
204612
others were deprived of their territories. Some portions of India were administered by the British directly; in others native dynasties were retained under British supervision. Until 1858, however, much of India was still officially the dominion of the Mughal emperor. Anger among some social groups, however, was seething under the governor-generalship of James Dalhousie (1847–1856), who annexed the Punjab (1849) after victory in the Second Sikh War, annexed seven princely states using the doctrine of lapse, annexed the key state of Oudh on the basis of misgovernment, and upset cultural sensibilities by banning Hindu practices such as sati. The 1857
Western imperialism in Asia
2532513
in spite of having a bad back. In contrast to many of the past leaders of the British Empire in India, he saw himself as an Orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer, attempting to bring the British intellectual revolution to India. A staunch utilitarian, he sought to improve Indian society under the prevalent Benthamite ideals of the period. However, in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism, believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of India. His policies, especially the doctrine of lapse, contributed to a
James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie
7288391
from Sonai. Gambhir Singh was given the land west of Tillain hill and his headquarters was at Gumrah, Marjit Singh ruled Hailakandi from Jhapirbond.The British annexed the Dimasa Kachari Kingdom under the doctrine of lapse. At the time of British annexation, the kingdom consisted of parts of Nagaon and Karbi Anglong; North Cachar (Dima Hasao), Cachar and the Jiri frontier of Manipur. At Dimapur At Maibong At Khaspur At Lalung (Tiwa) Hills (present day West Karbi Anglong) Kachari Kingdom The Kachari kingdom was a powerful kingdom ruled by Dimasa kings on the Indian subcontinent, located in the region of Assam,
Kachari Kingdom
14982221
deception, concealment, or interference with the Tribe's right to assert a claim, together with the societal interests that always underlie statutes of repose-particularly when title to real property is at stake-convince me that this claim is barred by the extraordinary passage of time. It is worthy of emphasis that this claim arose when George Washington was the President of the United States. The dissenters noted various historical examples of the Court applying "laches" to Indian equitable claims, and argued that the doctrine should also be applied to the action of ejectment (which they admitted was an action at law, not
County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State
18112113
Ponwar in 1806 by the British Raj. In 1854 Chhatarpur would have lapsed to the British government for want of direct heirs under the doctrine of lapse, but was conferred on Jagat Raj as a special act of grace. The Ponwar Rajas ruled a princely state with an area of , and population of 156,139 in 1901, which was part of the Bundelkhand agency of Central India. In 1901 the town of Chhatarpur had a population of 10,029, a high school and manufactured paper and coarse cutlery. The state also contained the British cantonment of Nowgaon. After the independence of
Chhatarpur State
4874242
its importance as a diamond trading centre, nowadays it is mainly known for its textiles, especially the Sambalpuri Saree. Sambalpur is mentioned in the book of Ptolemy (2nd century) as Sambalaka on the river Manada (the Mahanadi River). This gateway to the exotic charms of the western region of Odisha was the cradle of an ancient civilization and is an important landmark in India's cultural history. Sambalpur State was a former princely state of British India. When its ruler died without a direct male heir in 1849, the British seized the state under the doctrine of lapse. It was attached
Sambalpur district
9606492
who are, therefore, subject to state court jurisdiction concurrent with that of the tribal court. As of 2010, Alabama, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Missouri, and Tennessee still use the "existing Indian family" exception. Alabama and Indiana have limited its application by further court decisions. Nineteen states have rejected the doctrine, either by court decision or statute, including Kansas, where the Kansas Supreme Court expressly overturned the "Baby L." decision in "In re A.J.S.", stating: Given all of the foregoing, we hereby overrule Baby Boy L., (citation omitted), and abandon its existing Indian family doctrine. Indian heritage and the treatment of it
Indian Child Welfare Act
7691909
of one country will not sit in judgment on the acts of the government of another, done within its own territory." In "Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino", , the United States Supreme Court applied the Act of State Doctrine even where the state action likely violated international law. The case arose when Cuba nationalized its sugar industry, taking control of sugar refineries and other companies in the wake of the Cuban revolution. A large number of Americans who had invested in those companies lost their investments without compensation when the Cuban government assumed control. However, despite the loss suffered
Act of state doctrine
20844345
Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv was the 10th ruler of the princely state of Bhor of British Raj during the reign (12 February 1871 - 17 July 1922 ). With Doctrine of lapse of the Satara State in 1849 the Pant Sachiv became a tributary of the British Government. In 1820 a Treaty was concluded between the British Government (East India Company). As original British grantee of 1820 Chimnajirao Raghunathrao was made the ruler of Bhor. On 20th July 1874 Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv was installed with full ruling powers on Bhor State. Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv
Shankarrao Chimnajirao Pant Sachiv
19459080
states, and with the Indian Tribes," complements the authority of Congress given in the Import-Export Clause. Following the "Michelin" interpretation of the Import-Export Clause, the U.S. Supreme Court re-examined its application of the dormant commerce clause doctrine in "Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady", which related to interstate commerce and established a four-prong test in which a tax is valid if it "is applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing State, is fairly apportioned, does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and is fairly related to the services provided by the State." In "Japan Line, Ltd. v.
Import-Export Clause
2972294
by the Governor-General of India under the doctrine of lapse. His widow, Rani Lakshmi Bai, the Rani of Jhansi protested against the denial of rights of their adopted son. When war broke out, Jhansi quickly became a centre of the rebellion. A small group of Company officials and their families took refuge in Jhansi Fort, and the Rani negotiated their evacuation. However, when they left the fort they were massacred by the rebels over whom the Rani had no control; the Europeans suspected the Rani of complicity, despite her repeated denials. By the end of June 1857, the Company had
Indian Rebellion of 1857
7723500
Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan The Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan is a theoretical concept of military strategy that promotes deterrence by guaranteeing an immediate "massive retaliation" to an aggressive attack against the state. The doctrine is divided into four different thresholds before the weapons would become operationally activated during a conventional or nuclear war with an aggressor state. In the event of war, for instance war between India and Pakistan, the Indian Armed Forces' numerical superiority and large stock of conventional weaponry is most likely to overwhelm Pakistan. Therefore, in a deteriorating situation, where an Indian military aggression is more likely
Nuclear doctrine of Pakistan
3589366
government for want of direct heirs under the doctrine of lapse, but was conferred on Jagat Raj as a special act of grace. The Ponwar Rajas ruled a princely state with an area of , and population of 156,139 in 1901, which was part of the Bundelkhand agency of Central India. In 1901 the town of Chhatarpur had a population of 10,029, a high school and manufactured paper and coarse cutlery. The state also contained the British cantonment of Nowgong. After the independence of India in 1947, the Rajas of Chhatarpur acceded to India, and Chhatarpur, together with the rest
Chhatarpur
20810973
want of direct heirs under the doctrine of lapse, but was conferred on Jagat Raj as a special act of grace. The Ponwar Rajas ruled a princely state with an area of , and population of 156,139 in 1901, which was part of the Bundelkhand agency of Central India. In 1901 the town of Chhatarpur had a population of 10,029, a high school and manufactured paper and coarse cutlery. The state also contained the British cantonment of Nowgong. From National Highway 39 to village many trees of sugar-apples can be found on both sides of road.It also found in many
Maheba
9606494
that courts who rejected the doctrine were correct to do so, but also that "Congress did not intend to limit ICWA's applicability to those Tribal citizens actively involved in Indian culture." Some critics have complained that the existing Indian family exception requires the state court to determine what it means to be an Indian child or an Indian family, by applying tests to determine the "Indian-ness" of the child. One such test involved evaluating if the child lived "in an 'actual Indian dwelling,' apparently thinking of a teepee, hogan, or pueblo." Another work notes that "state courts have taken it
Indian Child Welfare Act
7708406
could not be said for the Malaysian Constitution. The Indian Constitution was drafted by a constituent assembly representative of the Indian people in territorial, racial and community terms, while both the Malaysian and Singapore Constitutions were enacted by ordinary legislatures. The basic structure doctrine was first cited with approval by the Federal Court in "obiter dicta" in "Sivarasa Rasiah v. Badan Peguam Malaysia", before ultimately being applied by the same court in "Semenyih Jaya Sdn Bhd v. Pentadbir Tanah Daerah Hulu Langat & Ano'r Case and "Indira Gandhi a/p Mutho v. Pengarah Jabatan Agama Islam Perak & 2 O'rs &
Basic structure doctrine
18592433
as a practically independent kingdom till 1855. During this period, a large number of Urdu-speaking Muslim intellectuals from North India migrated to Tamil Nadu where they served in the court of the Carnatic nawabs. The state was eventually extinguished by the Doctrine of Lapse in 1855 but the Nawab retained most of his privileges and had the title "Chief Native nobleman of Madras" bestowed upon him by the Governor. The current Nawab enjoys the rank of a State cabinet minister and is an honorary member of many clubs and associations. There were also smaller migrations of Afghan traders during British
Pathans of Tamil Nadu
4761429
time-lapse movie photography can be varied to virtually any degree, from a rate approaching a normal frame rate (between 24 and 30 frames per second) to only one frame a day, a week, or longer, depending on subject. The term "time-lapse" can also apply to how long the shutter of the camera is open during the exposure of "each" frame of film (or video), and has also been applied to the use of long-shutter openings used in still photography in some older photography circles. In movies, both kinds of time-lapse can be used together, depending on the sophistication of the
Time-lapse photography
3191277
rule on some matters. In actual fact, the imprecise doctrine of paramountcy allowed the government of British India to interfere in the internal affairs of princely states and edict laws that applied to all of India when it deemed it necessary. At the time of the British withdrawal, 565 princely states were officially recognised in the Indian subcontinent, apart from thousands of thakurs, taluqdars, zamindaris and jagirs. In 1947, princely states covered 40% of area of pre-Independent India and constituted 23% of its population. The most important states had their own British Political Residencies: Hyderabad, Mysore and Travancore in the
Princely state
7691907
The United States employs the Act of State Doctrine more broadly and with more frequency than other countries. The Act of State Doctrine, which arose out of colonial practice in the 17th Century, entered into American jurisprudence in the case Underhill v. Hernandez, . In an 1892 revolution, General José Manuel "Mocho" Hernández expelled the existing Venezuelan government and took control of Ciudad Bolivar, where plaintiff Underhill lived and ran a waterworks system for the city. Underhill, an American citizen, repeatedly applied to Hernandez for an exit passport, but his requests were refused, and Underhill was forced to stay in
Act of state doctrine
15225626
Hall would have held that: "[W]here a plaintiff seeks ejectment damages, rather than restoration of a possession interest, application of the doctrine of laches to such a money damage claim is rarely if ever justified." Hall also would not have applied "laches" to the trespass cause of action. Nor would Hall have applied "laches" to the federal government. Distinguishing the cases cited by the panel majority, Hall noted that "[t]hese cases cannot support the proposition that this Court has the authority to craft a federal common law defense of laches against an Indian land claim sought by the United States."
Cayuga Indian Nation of New York v. Pataki
9281975
by the Herbert Hoover administration. The Clark memorandum rejected the view that the Roosevelt Corollary was based on the Monroe Doctrine. However, it was not a complete repudiation of the Roosevelt Corollary but was rather a statement that any intervention by the U.S. was not sanctioned by the Monroe Doctrine but rather was the right of America as a state. This separated the Roosevelt Corollary from the Monroe Doctrine by noting that the Monroe Doctrine only applied to situations involving European countries. One main point in the Clark Memorandum was to note that the Monroe Doctrine was based on conflicts
Monroe Doctrine
3605355
British departed from the Indian subcontinent in 1947, they offered the various princely states in the sub-continent the option of acceding to either India or Pakistan, or staying on as an independent state. As stated by Sardar Patel at a press conference in January 1948, "As you are all aware, on the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity." In India, a small number of states, including Hyderabad, declined to join the new dominion. In the case of Pakistan, accession happened far more slowly. Hyderabad had been part of the calculations of all-India political parties since
Indian annexation of Hyderabad
9494320
idea allowed European entities to seize lands inhabited by indigenous peoples under the guise of discovery. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas declared that only non-Christian lands could be colonized under the Discovery Doctrine. In 1792, U.S. Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson declared that the Doctrine of the Discovery would extend from Europe to the infant U.S. government. The Doctrine and its legacy continue to influence American imperialism and treatment of indigenous peoples. As the Piankeshaw were not party to the litigation, "no Indian voices were heard in a case which had, and continues to have, profound effects on Indian
Discovery doctrine
1691030
vassal state of the Kingdom of Mysore. The southern group, however, remained loyal to the rule of Cannanore. Following the defeat of Tippu Sultan and the 1792 treaty of Srirangapatam, the southern subgroup was permitted by the East India Company to remain under the rule of the Cannanore Kingdom in exchange for a yearly tribute of 15,000 Rs. Since the tributary payments were often in arrears, the islands were put under direct rule of the British Government, first between 1855 and 1860, and then finally were annexed in 1877 by virtue of the doctrine of lapse, becoming attached to the
Laccadive Islands
3191303
where, unlike Europe, it was far more the accepted norm for a ruler to appoint his own heir. The doctrine of lapse was pursued most vigorously by the Governor-General Sir James Ramsay, 10th Earl (later 1st Marquess) of Dalhousie. Dalhousie annexed seven states, including Awadh (Oudh), whose Nawabs he had accused of misrule, and the Maratha states of Nagpur, Jhansi and Satara and Sambalpur and Thanjavur. Resentment over the annexation of these states turned to indignation when the heirlooms of the Maharajas of Nagpur were auctioned off in Calcutta. Dalhousie's actions contributed to the rising discontent amongst the upper castes
Princely state
7739885
the self ("Ātman") are real and that to deny their existence is to lapse into a state of dangerous spiritual imbalance. Thus, to seek out the Tathāgatagarbha — which is equated with the true Self — is deemed of great value. The Buddha teaches the bodhisattva Mañjuśrī that practicing the spiritual life is meaningful only because there is a 'self principle' (the Tathāgatagarbha or 'atma-dhatu' - 'essence of Self') with which the quest can be rewarded. He states: The sutra is remarkable for the vigor and passion with which Aṅgulimālīya teaches the Dharma and for its doctrine that at the
Aṅgulimālīya Sūtra
6618548
became the Chhattisgarh Division. Chhindwara District was added to Nerbudda Division. Nagpur Province Nagpur Province was a province of British India that covered parts of the present-day states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh. The city of Nagpur was the capital of the province. In 1861, Nagpur Province was merged into the Central Provinces together with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. Nagpur Province was formed after the death of the heirless Maharaja Raghoji III in 1853. The British used the doctrine of lapse to justify the annexation of the princely state of Nagpur. The province included the domains of the
Nagpur Province
6618546
Nagpur Province Nagpur Province was a province of British India that covered parts of the present-day states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Chhattisgarh. The city of Nagpur was the capital of the province. In 1861, Nagpur Province was merged into the Central Provinces together with the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories. Nagpur Province was formed after the death of the heirless Maharaja Raghoji III in 1853. The British used the doctrine of lapse to justify the annexation of the princely state of Nagpur. The province included the domains of the Maratha Bhonsle Maharajas of Nagpur, powerful members of the Maratha Confederacy
Nagpur Province
15457972
- Balaram Dev established his new capital at Sambalpur. French merchant Jean Baptiste Tavernier (1605–1689) visited Sambalpur. 1800 - Sambalpur came under the Bhonslas of Nagpur. 1825 to 1827, Lieutenant Colonel Gilbert (1785–1853), later Lieutenant General Sir Walter Raleigh Gilbert, first baronet, G.C.B., was the Political Agent for the South West Frontier with headquarters at Sambalpur. He made few paintings during his stay at Sambalpur by an unknown artist which are currently with the British Library and Victoria and Albert Museum. 1849 - British seized the state under the Doctrine of Lapse. 1857 - Sambalpur Municipality established. 1858 - Sambalpur
Timeline of Sambalpur
4901689
immunity enjoyed by U.S. States which can sue, but can not be sued. The Court also raised and dismissed a potential "Erie doctrine" problem, noting that although this suit was brought under diversity jurisdiction, federal interests so outweighed that of the state that federal common law must apply, instead of the law of the state where the suit was filed. Justice White wrote a "dismayed" dissenting opinion, asserting that the Court's application of the act of state doctrine was too rigid: more so, in fact than the doctrine as applied by other countries. Not surprisingly, the Sabbatino case provoked an
Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino
11800781
the Doctrine of Lapse. The matter was eventually taken up by the government in Britain, who demanded that the Raj authorities should grant the petition in recognition of the considerable loyalty that had been demonstrated during the rebellion. Thus, on 19 January 1860 at a durbar in Ambala, Charles Canning, the Governor-General of India, acceded to the request. A dispute in the early 1920s between Bhupinder Singh, who had become Maharaja of Patiala in 1909, and his fellow Maharaja in Nabha, Ripudaman Singh, who became ruler in 1911, had significant ramifications both for relationships within the Sikh community and for
Phulkian sardars
17538638
is, the function draws a (non-strictly) monotonous decreasing slope. Bulk depreciation is often applied among competitive actors, who consume the same information units and/or resources. A prerequisite is that the consumers are capable of transforming the information in knowledge upon which they can react. In general and for non-polynomial depreciation functions, a faster reaction results in a beneficial outcome for the individual competitor. The bulk dispatch lapse also occurs in a seemingly non-competitive environment. Where a communication system (information distribution system) has a broadcast/multicast nature. E.g. Publish and Subscribe Pattern. The term "BDL" arose from an academic deliverable of a
Bulk dispatch lapse
7877271
honorable Muslim Congressman, Mohammed Ali Kasim, and his sons, one of whom had deserted to the Japan-directed Indian National Army; the quandary of the Nawab of the small fictitious princely state of Mirat, left in the lurch by the lapse of British Paramountcy; the suicide of a dysentery-debilitated and maladapted British officer; the prowling of the haunted Ronald Merrick. The new man on the scene is Sergeant Guy Perron, who was a pupil at a public school called Chillingborough, which Hari Kumar (as Harry Coomer) also attended when he lived in England. It is Guy who returns in 1947/8 to
A Division of the Spoils
15885615
8(1) of the Constitution of Malaysia, which provides that all persons are equal before the law and are entitled to the equal protection of the law. It was argued that this provision was violated because parliamentarians who participated in illegal demonstrations were subject to a higher mandatory fine as compared to non-parliamentarians who had committed similar offences. The High Court of Malaya applied the doctrine of reasonable classification and identified a rational relation between the differentia and the object of the statute. Similarly, in the Indian case "D.C. Bhatia v. Union of India" (1995), the appellant challenged the constitutional validity
Ong Ah Chuan v Public Prosecutor
5443497
as though the testator had left no will. This rule is referred to as the doctrine of no residue of a residue, because the portion of the residuary estate that did not itself pass under the will could not be considered part of the residuary estate at all. Under section 2-604(b) of the uniform probate code, "if the residue is devised to two or more persons, the share of a residuary devisee that fails for any reason passes to the other residuary devisee, or to other residuary devisees in proportion to the interest of each in the remaining part of
Lapse and anti-lapse
7598832
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act, commonly known as TADA, was an Indian anti-terrorism law which was in force between 1985 and 1995 (modified in 1987) under the background of the Punjab insurgency and was applied to whole of India. It came into effect on 23 May 1985. It was renewed in 1989, 1991 and 1993 before being allowed to lapse in 1995 due to increasing unpopularity after widespread allegations of abuse. It was the first anti-terrorism law legislated by the government to define and counter terrorist activities. The Act's third paragraph gives a
Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act
13192664
Ghouse Khan was formally installed as the monarch. Ghouse Khan ruled as the Nawab of the Carnatic from 1825 to 1855. On his death in 1855, the throne became vacant and in the absence of a legitimate male heir to Ghouse Khan, the state was formally annexed by the British according to the Doctrine of Lapse. Azim Jah protested claiming that he was the legitimate successor to the throne but met with little success. After protracted negotiations and court cases, finally, in 1867, Azim Jah was granted the title of Nawab of Arcot or Amir-i-Arcot by Queen Victoria and given
Azim Jah
4606825
pioneering the education and training of girls in south India. This practice was initially met with local resistance, as it flew in the face of tradition. Raja Rammohan Roy's efforts led to the abolition of Sati under Governor-General William Cavendish-Bentinck in 1829. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's crusade for improvement in the situation of widows led to the Widow Remarriage Act of 1856. Many women reformers such as Pandita Ramabai also helped the cause of women. Kittur Chennamma, queen of the princely state Kittur in Karnataka, led an armed rebellion against the British in response to the Doctrine of lapse. Abbakka Rani,
Women in India
14745705
Circuit in "Cayuga Indian Nation of N.Y. v. Pataki" (2005) held that "these equitable defenses apply to 'disruptive' Indian land claims more generally." Although the Solicitor General joined the Cayugas' appeal, the Supreme Court denied certiorari. The Second Circuit has also applied "laches" to non-possessory contract claims for unconscionable consideration. This doctrine has been criticized for not requiring the defendant to satisfy the traditional elements of the "laches" defense, applying only to Indian land claims, and having the potential to bar nearly all Indian land and treaty claims. No other Circuit has adopted the Second Circuit's expansive view of "Sherrill".
Aboriginal title in the United States
3598960
Maratha - Peshwa Bajirao II. British control of Bundelkhand expanded at the conclusion of the Second Anglo-Maratha War in 1805. The remaining states, including Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal and a number of smaller states in the regions of Malwa, Nimar, and Bundelkhand, came under British control with the end of the Third Anglo-Maratha War in 1818. The estate of Chanderi was ceded to the Sindhia ruler of Gwalior in 1844 by the British, and Jhansi State was seized by the British in 1853 under the doctrine of lapse was added to the United Provinces. In 1921 Gwalior Residency was separated from
Central India Agency
18159170
ruled that the statutory language was ambiguous and applied the Chevron doctrine, meaning that the IRS's regulatory ruling was given deference. However, in the Supreme Court's majority ruling this test is said to have been failed because "had Congress wished to assign that question to an agency, it surely would have done so expressly." Had the Court applied the Chevron doctrine and deferred to the IRS, a subsequent IRS ruling could have overturned the subsidies being available on the federal exchange. Plaintiffs argue that Congress intentionally restricted payment of subsidies to state exchanges to induce states into setting up exchanges
King v. Burwell
13608968
recorder. Time-lapse microscopy can be used to observe any microscopic object over time. However, its main use is within cell biology to observe artificially cultured cells. Depending on the cell culture, different microscopy techniques can be applied to enhance characteristics of the cells as most cells are transparent. To enhance observations further, cells have therefore traditionally been stained before observation. Unfortunately, the staining process kills the cells. The development of less destructive staining methods and methods to observe unstained cells has led to that cell biologists increasingly observe living cells. This is known as live cell imaging. Time-lapse microscopy is
Time-lapse microscopy
3875088
in the Scotland Act 1998 for the purpose of devolution to Scotland. It was also used in Australia until 1964, when the High Court case of "Fairfax v Commissioner of Taxation" overruled its use by an alternate method. It is used in the Indian Constitution. The doctrine has been applied in India also to provide a degree of flexibility in the otherwise rigid scheme of distribution of powers. The reason for adoption of this doctrine is that if every legislation were to be declared invalid on the grounds that it encroached powers, the powers of the legislature would be drastically
Pith and substance
3875087
to one of them will deal with the issue. For example, if the provision in question has no relation to the regulatory scheme, the question of its validity may be quickly answered on that ground alone. The pith and substance doctrine as applied in the jurisprudence of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, effectively the British Imperial Court of Appeal, has been carried to other Commonwealth federations. It is used in the Indian Constitution. It was also used in Northern Ireland under the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The substance of the doctrine has been cast in statutory form
Pith and substance
7212994
Paramountcy The doctrine of paramountcy is the legal principle that reconciles contradicting or conflicting laws in a federalist state, where both the central government, and the provincial or state governments, have the power to create laws in relation to the same matters. In a case where both central and state law exist, central laws will be given priority over state laws through the doctrine of supremacy. This is usually applied in cases of post-colonial indirect rule. In feudalism, paramountcy is a matter of Suzerainty, generally vested in a sovereign Monarch, as the summit of a vassallic pyramid of subject entities.
Paramountcy
7212996
would be annexed. Similarly, the Dutch (first the VOIC, later the government) assumed suzerain paramountcy over the native rulers in the Dutch East Indies. Paramountcy The doctrine of paramountcy is the legal principle that reconciles contradicting or conflicting laws in a federalist state, where both the central government, and the provincial or state governments, have the power to create laws in relation to the same matters. In a case where both central and state law exist, central laws will be given priority over state laws through the doctrine of supremacy. This is usually applied in cases of post-colonial indirect rule.
Paramountcy