when did the uk join the european union
1 January 1973
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26) that it was advisable to put the considerations of influence and power before those of formal sovereignty. The Treaty of Accession was signed in January 1972 by the then prime minister Edward Heath, leader of the Conservative Party. Parliament's European Communities Act 1972 was enacted on 17 October, and the UK's instrument of ratification was deposited the next day (18 October), letting the United Kingdom's membership of the EC come into effect on 1 January 1973. In 1975, the United Kingdom held its first ever national referendum on whether the UK should remain in the European Communities. The governing
History of European Union–United Kingdom relations
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17 October, and the UK's instrument of ratification of the Treaty of Accession was deposited the next day—although the Act and the Treaty did not become law until 1 January 1973, when the United Kingdom officially became a member state of the European Communities (subsequently the European Union) along with Denmark and the Republic of Ireland. The European Communities Act was the instrument whereby the UK was able to join the European Union (then known as the European Communities). It enables, under section 2(2), UK government ministers to lay regulations before Parliament to transpose EU Directives (then Community law) and
European Communities Act 1972 (UK)
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then French president Charles de Gaulle vetoed British membership and Denmark did not wish to join the EEC without the United Kingdom. After much negotiation, and following a change in the French Presidency, Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom eventually joined the European Communities on 1 January 1973. Denmark and Ireland were so economically linked to the UK, that they considered it necessary to join the EEC if the UK did. The Danish population voted for membership with 63.3% in favour with a turnout of 90.1%. This was the first of several enlargements which became a major policy area of
Denmark and the European Union
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1973 enlargement of the European Communities The 1973 enlargement of the European Communities was the first enlargement of the European Communities (EC), now the European Union (EU). Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) acceded to the EC on 1 January 1973. Gibraltar and Greenland also joined the EC as part of the United Kingdom and Denmark respectively, but the Faroe Islands, the British Overseas Territories and the Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom did not join the EC. Ireland and Denmark both held referenda in 1972 in May and October respectively, and the UK held a referendum in 1975,
1973 enlargement of the European Communities
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United Kingdom – European Union relations Relations between the European Union and the United Kingdom date back to the foundation of the European Economic Community in 1957. The United Kingdom has been an important neighbour, was a major member of the European Economic Community since joining in 1 January 1973 (when eight countries were members), and currently is a member until it leaves on 29 March 2019 as per Article 50. The UK's applications to join in 1963 and 1967 were vetoed by the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, who said that "a number of aspects of Britain's economy,
United Kingdom – European Union relations
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When David Cameron resigned in June 2016, he stated that the next Prime Minister should activate Article 50 and begin negotiations with the EU. At the time of the invocation of Article 50 the United Kingdom had been a full member state of the European Communities / European Union since its accession on 1 January 1973 some forty four years earlier. The UK government stated that they would expect a leave vote to be followed by withdrawal, not by a second vote. In a leaflet sent out before the referendum, the UK government stated "This is your decision. The Government
United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
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(i.e. they enjoy access to European Union countries of physical exports without tariff barriers). Other Community rules do not apply to the Islands. The UK Sovereign Base Areas, Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus did not join the European Union when the United Kingdom joined. Cyprus' Accession Treaty specifically stated that this would not change with the accession of Cyprus to the European Union. However, currently, some provisions of the EU Law are applicable there—mainly border management, food safety and free movement of people and goods. The Faroe Islands, a self-governing nation within the Kingdom of Denmark, are not part of
Future enlargement of the European Union
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than many of its main competitors such as France, West Germany and Japan. In the decade-long process of European integration, the UK was a founding member of the alliance called the Western European Union, established with the London and Paris Conferences in 1954. In 1960 the UK was one of the seven founding members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), but in 1973 it left to join the European Communities (EC). When the EC became the European Union (EU) in 1992, the UK was one of the 12 founding members. The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2007, which
United Kingdom
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join the euro. Denmark subsequently notified the Council of the European Communities of their decision to opt out of the euro, and this was included as part of the 1992 Edinburgh Agreement, a Decision of Council, reached following the Maastricht Treaty's initial rejection in a 1992 Danish referendum. The purpose of the agreement was to assist in its approval in a second referendum, which it did. In the UK, the Labour government of Tony Blair argued that the UK should join the euro, contingent on approval in a referendum, if five economic tests were met. However, the assessment of those
Opt-outs in the European Union
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or Euratom) and European Economic Community (EEC) in 1957. The EEC, the more ambitious of the three, came to be known as the "Common Market". The UK first applied to join them in 1961, but this was vetoed by France. A later application was successful, and the UK joined in 1973; two years later, the first ever national referendum on continuing membership resulted in 67.2% approval. Political integration gained greater focus when the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union (EU) in 1993, which incorporated (and after the Treaty of Lisbon, succeeded) the European Communities. Prior to the 2010 general election,
2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
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whole." As part of the deal for British entry, France agreed to allow the EEC its own monetary resources. However France made that concession only as Britain's small agriculture sector would ensure that Britain would be a net contributor to the Common Agricultural Policy dominated EEC budget. Applying together with the UK, as on the previous occasions, were Denmark, Ireland, and Norway. These countries were so economically linked to the UK that they considered it necessary to join the EEC if the UK did. However the Norwegian government lost a national referendum on membership and hence did not accede with
Enlargement of the European Union
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Five economic tests The five economic tests were the criteria defined by the UK treasury under Gordon Brown that were to be used to assess the UK's readiness to join the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU), and so adopt the euro as its official currency. In principle, these tests were distinct from any political decision to join. The five tests were as follows: In addition to these self-imposed criteria, the UK would also have to meet the European Union's economic convergence criteria ("Maastricht criteria") before being allowed to adopt the euro. One criterion is two years'
Five economic tests
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in Britain more influenced by interest rate changes. Five economic tests The five economic tests were the criteria defined by the UK treasury under Gordon Brown that were to be used to assess the UK's readiness to join the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU), and so adopt the euro as its official currency. In principle, these tests were distinct from any political decision to join. The five tests were as follows: In addition to these self-imposed criteria, the UK would also have to meet the European Union's economic convergence criteria ("Maastricht criteria") before being allowed to
Five economic tests
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Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom Wilson v United Kingdom [2002] ECHR 552 is a UK labour law and European labour law case concerning discrimination by employers against their workers who join and take action through trade unions. After a long series of appeals through the UK court system, the European Court of Human Rights held that ECHR article 11 protects the fundamental right of people to join a trade union, engage in union related activities and take action as a last resort to protect their interests. Mr Wilson worked for the "Daily Mail" newspaper. The paper derecognised the National
Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
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of the Czech lands were not permitted to join Germany). This idea floundered as Europe split into three principal factions in the 1920s and 1930s: liberal democratic states led by the UK and France, communist states led by the Soviet Union, and authoritarian nationalists led by Germany and Italy. The failure of the democratic states to prevent the advance of Nazi Germany ultimately led to the Second World War, which led to a temporary alliance between the UK and the Soviets. The UK did not condemn the Soviet invasion of Poland in 1939, but declared war on Germany. Later they
European balance of power
19141071
which only the top two options in the first round would be available. Number Cruncher Politics asked people to imagine the UK had now left the EU and how, in that situation, they would answer "Should the UK join the EU, or not?" There have been opinion polls to gauge support for a second referendum on whether to accept or reject the final Brexit deal. Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum The referendum on EU membership took place on 23 June 2016. Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum was ongoing in the
Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
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stated in November 2010 and March 2012 that Ukraine may join the Customs Union in the future, but that the Constitution of Ukraine did not presently allow them to join. However, he also stated in April 2010 that Ukraine would not join the Customs Union. During this time, Ukraine was negotiating an Association Agreement with the European Union which was seen by the EU as being incompatible with Ukraine entering the Customs Union; the latter would end the chances for the AA according to European Commission President José Manuel Barroso. Yanukovych at the time stated he wanted to pursue EU
Enlargement of the Eurasian Economic Union
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European Union. On 9 December 2014, Cameron said that he still "very much supports" Turkey joining the European Union, during a visit to Turkey to meet the country's Prime Minister and President, despite his Government's inability to control numbers of EU migrants coming to the UK. The visit was his first since 2010 when he told the Turks he backed the country's goal of joining the EU. He had said then that he wanted to "make the case" for Turkey's EU membership, and added that he wanted to "pave the road" for Turkey to join the EU, saying the country
Political positions of David Cameron
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Denmark to join in 1973. Norway had rejected joining in a 1972 referendum, while the UK confirmed its membership in a 1975 referendum. Aside from the European Economic Community itself, the European continent underwent a profound transition towards democracy. The dictators of Greece and Portugal were deposed in 1974, and Spain's dictator died in 1975, enabling their accession in 1981 and 1986. In 1979, the European Parliament had its first direct elections, reflecting a growing consensus that the EEC should be less a union of member states, and more a union of peoples. The Single European Act 1986 increased the
European Union law
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Union in view of Germany's effect on the balance of power in Europe. After Thatcher's Bruges speech in September 1988 and her increasing hostility to a European currency in the last years of her premiership, Powell made many speeches publicly supporting her attitude to Europe. When Heath attacked Thatcher's speech in May 1989 Powell called him "the old virtuoso of the U-turn". When inflation crept up that year, he condemned the Chancellor Nigel Lawson's policy of printing money so sterling would shadow the German deutschmark and said that it was for the UK to join the European Monetary System. In
Enoch Powell
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to become a member when the electorate voted against it, leaving just the UK, Ireland and Denmark to join. But despite the setbacks, and the withdrawal of Greenland from Denmark's membership in 1985, three more countries joined the Communities before the end of the Cold War. In 1987, the geographical extent of the project was tested when Morocco applied, and was rejected as it was not considered a European country. The year 1990 saw the Cold War drawing to a close, and East Germany was welcomed into the Community as part of a reunited Germany. Shortly after, the previously neutral
Member state of the European Union
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polled individuals in each of the other European Union member states to gauge opinion on whether they thought the United Kingdom should leave the EU, whether they thought the UK should remain a member or whether they believed it did not matter. All member states said that they wanted the UK to remain a member, except Cyprus, the Czech Republic and Slovenia, with Lithuania being most in favour, at 78% voting for the UK to remain in the EU. Additionally, Ashcroft asked the same group of people whether they would be happy for Britain to remain in the European Union
Opinion polling for the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum
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with other EU countries such as Spain and the UK. Residents of Gibraltar will either suffer withholding tax on interest arising overseas, or have that income reported to the UK who will pass it on to Gibraltar authorities. Among the third countries signatories there are also, Anguilla, Cayman Islands, Montserrat and Aruba who have agreed to exchanging information. Countries that are not EU member states that also maintain bank secrecy: Singapore, Hong Kong, Bermuda and Barbados did not sign any agreement. Bermuda, a UK dependent territory was missed out by EU by accident. European Union withholding tax The European Union
European Union withholding tax
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United Kingdom, Ireland and Denmark applied to join the EC. In 1963, after negotiations, France vetoed Britain's application because of the aversion of Charles de Gaulle to the UK, which he considered a "trojan horse" for the United States. De Gaulle resigned the French presidency in 1969. In the 1970s, the EFTA states concluded free trade agreements with the EC. 1973 enlargement of the European Communities The 1973 enlargement of the European Communities was the first enlargement of the European Communities (EC), now the European Union (EU). Denmark, Ireland and the United Kingdom (UK) acceded to the EC on 1
1973 enlargement of the European Communities
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History of European Union–United Kingdom relations Since the foundation of the European Communities, the United Kingdom has been an important neighbour and is currently a major member, until its withdrawal. The UK was not a signatory of the three original treaties that were incorporated into what was then the European Communities, including the most well known of these, the 1957 Treaty of Rome, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC). The UK's applications to join in 1963 and 1967 were vetoed by the President of France, Charles de Gaulle, who said that "a number of aspects of Britain's economy, from working
History of European Union–United Kingdom relations
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prediction that by the year 2000, following the defeat of German imperialism "on land and at sea," there would be a European Union that would reach eastward to include the western Slavs—the Poles, Czechs and Slovaks. The latter peoples, along with the Hungarians and six other countries, did in fact join the European Union in 2004. b. Prus was not alone in advocating the development of science and technology. It was part of the spirit of the times. The great Polish mathematician Kazimierz Kuratowski writes that in the period when Poland was under complete foreign rule (1795–1918) "It was a
Bolesław Prus
17340891
to the Labour Party. The Socialist Labour Party campaigned for Britain to leave the European Union during the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum. The party also advocated a unilateral withdrawal without invoking Article 50. At the 2001 general election, the party took about 3% of the vote in seats where it stood candidates. The party received its highest share of the vote in an individual constituency at the 2005 general election, when it gained 14.2% of the votes cast in Glasgow North East. The Socialist Labour Party did not contest the 2004 European Parliament election, but fielded a
Socialist Labour Party (UK)
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were the only EU member states which had not signed the agreement. However, the specified that they could request to opt into participating in Schengen measures on a case-by-case basis if they wished, subject to unanimous approval of the other participating states. Ireland only joined the UK in adopting this opt-out to keep their border with Northern Ireland open via the Common Travel Area (CTA). Prior to the renewal of the CTA in 2011, when the British government was proposing that passports be required for Irish citizens to enter the UK, there were calls for Ireland to join the Schengen
Opt-outs in the European Union
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out membership for the foreseeable future, saying that the decision not to join had been right for Britain and for Europe. However, in late 2008, Jose Manuel Barroso (the European Commission President) stated differently; that UK leaders were seriously considering the switch amidst the financial crisis. Brown later denied this. One of the underlying issues that stand in the way of monetary union is the structural difference between the UK housing market and those of many continental European countries. Although home ownership in Britain is near the European average, variable rate mortgages are more common, making the retail price index
Five economic tests
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with confidence to the day when that Union will be achieved. The United Kingdom did not however join the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) in 1951, with Churchill reasoning: Where do we stand? We are not members of the European Defence Community, nor do we intend to be merged in a Federal European system. We feel we have a special relation to both. This can be expressed by prepositions, by the preposition "with" but not "of"—we are with them, but not of them. We have our own Commonwealth and Empire. Churchill also valued closer relations with non-European countries, as
Later life of Winston Churchill
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equality to Northern Ireland. She advocated a "Remain" vote at the 2016 EU Referendum, and after the result was announced that the UK voted to leave the European Union; she said she supported the UK remaining part of the European Single Market and Customs Union with reciprocal freedom of movement rights. She is also in favour of a liberal immigration policy and maximising free trade. Davidson said following the result of the 2017 UK general election; it meant that Prime Minister Theresa May (after losing her parliamentary majority) did not have a mandate to take the UK out of the
Ruth Davidson
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of office, with 65% opposed to and 26% in favour of membership. As a result of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016 when 52 percent of those who voted supported withdrawal, the UK has engaged in negotiating a Brexit from European Union. UK exports in goods and services to other countries in the EU in 2017 £274 billion out of £616 billion total exports which has generally been declining, since exports to other countries outside the EU have increased at a faster rate. United Kingdom – European Union relations Relations between the European Union and the United Kingdom
United Kingdom – European Union relations
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have a duty "to override any rule of national law found to be in conflict with any directly enforceable rule of Community law". More recently the UK Supreme Court noted that in "R (HS2 Action Alliance Ltd) v Secretary of State for Transport", although the UK constitution is uncodified, there could be "fundamental principles" of common law, and Parliament "did not either contemplate or authorise the abrogation" of those principles when it enacted the European Communities Act 1972. The view of the German Constitutional Court from the "Solange I" and "Solange II" decisions is that if the EU does not
European Union law
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and the North Atlantic, a joint energy network was established. The Nordic Science Policy Council was set up in 1983 and, in 1984, representatives from Greenland were allowed to join the Danish delegation. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Nordic Council began to cooperate more with the Baltic states and new Baltic Sea organisations. Sweden and Finland joined the European Union (EU), the EEC's successor, in 1995. Norway had also applied, but once again voted against membership. However, Norway and Iceland did join the European Economic Area (EEA) which integrated them economically with the EU. The
Nordic Council
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who had signed the treaty, declined to ratify it and so it was amended to exclude that country. The ECSC and EEC would later be integrated into the European Union under the Maastricht and (subsequently) Lisbon treaties. The UK was the first country to establish a Delegation to the ECSC in 1952 and the first country to sign an Association Agreement with the Community in 1954. The UK had first applied to join in 1961, but this was vetoed by French President Charles de Gaulle. After de Gaulle had relinquished the French presidency in 1969, the UK made a third
Accession of the United Kingdom to the European Communities
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member upon joining the European Union. In the first meeting since the Brexit vote, EFTA reacted by saying both that they were open to a UK return and that Britain has many issues to work through although the Norwegian Government later expressed reservations. In January 2017, Theresa May, the British Prime Minister, announced a 12-point plan of negotiating objectives and confirmed that the UK government would not seek continued permanent membership in the single market. The UK could be allowed by other member states to join the EEA or EFTA but existing EEA members such as Norway would have concerns
European Economic Area
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would not seek permanent membership in the single market. Britain is currently a member of the European Economic Area as a member of the European Union. Questions have been raised as to whether a state that withdraws from the EU automatically withdraws from the EEA or whether such a withdrawal requires notice under Article 127 of the EEA Agreement – and, if the courts so decide, whether such notice given by the UK would require an act of parliament. Were the UK to join the EEA as an EFTA member, it would sign up to existing EU internal market legislation
Membership of United Kingdom in the European Economic Area
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June 2013. On 9 October 2008 the Council of the European Union adopted a decision authorising the European Commission to open negotiations with Lebanon, and on 9 December 2008 adopted a decision authorising the European Commission to open negotiations with Algeria. The negotiations with Algeria have not started yet. When the UK leaves the European Union in March 2019 (Brexit), the UK will not be part of the Common Aviation Area. The British airline EasyJet which has many flight outside the UK decided to relocate its headquarter. Unless permission or new treaties with the UK are made, aviation to and
European Common Aviation Area
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Thatcher's leadership of the party had been growing over the latter years of her tenure. There were differences within the Cabinet over Thatcher's perceived intransigence in her approach to the European Economic Community. In particular, many leading Conservatives wanted Britain to join the Exchange Rate Mechanism, a move which Thatcher did not favour. In 1989, the then Foreign Secretary Geoffrey Howe and Chancellor Nigel Lawson forced Thatcher to agree to the "Madrid Conditions", namely that Britain would eventually join the ERM "when the time was right". In July 1989, she retaliated by removing Howe from the Foreign Office, while making
1990 Conservative Party (UK) leadership election
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the Council of Ministers eventually consented to the ratification of the protocol on 7 March 2011, with the protocol entering into force a month later. Liechtenstein was due to join the Schengen Area by the end of 2011 and did so on 19 December. There are further bilateral agreements between the two parties on matters such as taxation of savings. There are also ongoing talks on combating fraud and exchanging information on tax matters. Liechtenstein–European Union relations Relations between the Principality of Liechtenstein () and the European Union (EU) are shaped heavily by Liechtenstein's participation in the European Economic Area
Liechtenstein–European Union relations
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in a position of becoming part of an existing EU member state, rather than seeking to join the EU as a new independent state." Enda Kenny pointed to the provisions that allowed East Germany to join the West and the EEC during the reunification of Germany as a precedent. In April 2017 the European Council acknowledged that, in the event of Irish unification, "the entire territory of such a united Ireland would [...] be part of the European Union." The SDLP manifesto for the 2017 Westminster election called for a referendum on a united Ireland after the UK withdraws from
United Ireland
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of the United Kingdom was the favoured long term option of 66% of the population. When the same survey was carried out in 2015, support was 22%. In 1973, the population of Northern Ireland was granted a referendum on whether Northern Ireland should remain part of the United Kingdom or join with the Republic of Ireland to form a united Ireland. The result was 98.9% in favour of union with the rest of the UK, but the poll was overwhelmingly boycotted by nationalists, and the turnout was therefore 58.7%. The pro-UK vote did however represent 57.5% of the entire electorate,
United Ireland
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by the UK Parliament at will. In February 2016, thirteen of Britain's most senior former military commanders urged voters to back EU membership to protect British national security. Also in February 2016, Rob Wainwright (head of Europol) said that "a U.K. departure from the EU could inhibit police cooperation and cross-border investigations in Europe, at least until an alternative arrangement is agreed". Speaking to "Police Professional", he said that "if the UK was to vote to leave, it would no longer have direct use of pan-European databases or the ability to automatically join intelligence projects such as the European Migrant
Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
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turnout threshold required for the vote to pass. The act did not specify any specific consequences that would follow the result of the referendum. In the event of a "Leave" vote, it was expected that the government would decide whether, when, and under what circumstances, the UK would invoke Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union to begin a two-year process of negotiations for Britain to leave the EU. Since the act is also silent on the question of executive prerogative, the question of whether the government or Parliament is entitled to invoke Article 50 was the subject of
European Union Referendum Act 2015
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the U.K. was required to register was 30 April 2011. The A8 countries were eight of the ten countries that joined the European Union in 2004, namely: Note: In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became members of the European Union but did not become subject to WRS regulations. Bulgarians and Romanians still needed a work permit in order to work legally in the UK until 2014 when the maximum extent (7 years) of this temporary measures allowed by their Treaty of Accession to the EU was reached. Workers from the above countries were required to register on the WRS scheme within
United Kingdom EU Worker Registration Scheme
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2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum The 2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum took place on 14 September 2003 to decide whether Estonia should join the European Union (EU). Just over two-thirds of voters voted Yes and Estonia joined the EU on 1 May 2004. Membership of the European Union was one of the main objectives of Estonian foreign policy since independence in 1991. Estonia was invited to begin negotiations to join the EU in 1997 and was formally invited to join at a summit in Copenhagen in December 2002. The Parliament of Estonia then announced that a referendum on
2003 Estonian European Union membership referendum
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that of the other workers, his pay was increased by 8.9%, and he did not benefit as others did from a private medical insurance plan. The company then derecognised the union. Both parties, together with their union, complained that their right to take part in trade union activities was violated under UK law, and if not that UK law, in particular under the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 section 148(3) failed to comply with international standards, and the European Convention on Human Rights article 11. In the Court of Appeal Dillon LJ, Butler-Sloss LJ and Farquharson LJ
Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
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taken steps toward compulsory metrication prior to European Union membership: in 1951, a Board of Trade committee unsuccessfully recommended metrication to the government, ten years before the UK first applied to join the EEC. The Board of Trade initiated metrication in 1965, with a target completion date of 1975 and the Metrication Board was established in 1968, five years before the UK actually joined the European Economic Community (on its second attempt). The EU's own Units of Measurement Directive dated from 1971 and was substantially revised in 1979. All Statutory Instruments about metrication since 1985 have relied on powers derived
Metrication opposition
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a secondary screening study for patients considered to be at high risk of pancreas cancer. Europac EUROPAC, the European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatic Diseases was established in 1997 by a collaboration of pancreas surgeons from Liverpool, UK. The study is supported by grants from Cancer Research UK, The European Union and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). Patients who have a family history of pancreatic cancer or pancreatitis may be eligible to join the study, Referrals are made via genetic counsellors, GPs, other Consultants or directly via email (see website). The current research team based in Liverpool includes Sara
Europac
15179461
Europac EUROPAC, the European Registry of Hereditary Pancreatic Diseases was established in 1997 by a collaboration of pancreas surgeons from Liverpool, UK. The study is supported by grants from Cancer Research UK, The European Union and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR). Patients who have a family history of pancreatic cancer or pancreatitis may be eligible to join the study, Referrals are made via genetic counsellors, GPs, other Consultants or directly via email (see website). The current research team based in Liverpool includes Sara Harrison (Data Manager) and James Nicholson (Clinical Research Fellow). Since 2007 EUROPAC have been co-ordinating
Europac
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to join the EU's Strategic Partnership for the Mediterranean and the Middle East. It also recommended that EU states join in pushing for Iraq to be admitted to the World Trade Organization, and that the EU should reinstate favored trading partner relations with Baghdad. The essential dividing line in European perceptions on Iraq ran between France and Germany on one hand, and Britain, Poland and Spain on the other. Smaller neutral countries then tended to align with France and Germany, and a number of new member states were with the UK, Poland and Spain.In mid-2004, however, following José María Aznar's
Iraq–European Union relations
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ask themselves whether EU should give all new member countries all the rights of membership. The possibility of Turkey being a member has been subject to particularly heated debate. Turkey applied to join the EU in 1987, but has made relatively little progress towards membership due to concerns over its economy, human rights record and the partition of Cyprus. Successive UK governments supported the view that Turkey should be allowed to join EU if it fulfils certain conditions. David Cameron backed Turkish membership of EU several times after he became prime minister. In the European migrant crisis, EU reached an
Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016
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smaller EU countries went a step further and vowed to create a fiscal union across the eurozone with strict and enforceable fiscal rules and automatic penalties embedded in the EU treaties. On 9 December 2011 at the European Council meeting, all 17 members of the eurozone and six countries that aspire to join agreed on a new intergovernmental treaty to put strict caps on government spending and borrowing, with penalties for those countries who violate the limits. All other non-eurozone countries apart from the UK are also prepared to join in, subject to parliamentary vote. The treaty will enter into
European debt crisis
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are linked by a Customs Union agreement, which came in force on 31 December 1995. Turkey has been a candidate country to join the European Union since 1999. In 2010, the BBC reported Prime Minister Cameron's 'anger' at slow pace of Turkish EU negotiations. Boris Johnson, mayor of London has historically been a passionate supporter of Turkey's EU aspirations. However, as a support of the UK's Brexit, he is arguing for Turkey - as the UK - to be outside the EU. As the fifth and eighteen largest global economies (by GDP) respectively, the UK and Turkey are also the
Turkey–United Kingdom relations
2300
Pact, the newly established democratic country broadly pursued an integrationist agenda in becoming a member of the NATO. The organisation invited Albania and Croatia to join the alliance at the 2008 Bucharest summit. In April 2014, it became a full member of the organisation and was among the first Southeast European countries to join the partnership for peace programme. Albania applied to join the European Union, becoming an official candidate for accession to the European Union in June 2014. Although Albania received candidate status for the European Union membership in 2014 (based on its 2009 application), the European Union has
Albania
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join the Soviet Union's economic sphere (Comecon) but remained a free-market economy and conducted bilateral trade with the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Finland unilaterally abrogated the last restrictions imposed on it by the Paris peace treaties of 1947 and the Finno-Soviet Agreement of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance. The government filed an application for membership in the European Union (EU) three months after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and became a member in 1995. Finland did not attempt to join NATO, even though post-Soviet countries on the Baltic Sea and elsewhere joined.
Foreign relations of Finland
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with European Union law, it was decided that the court would be established by an intergovernmental treaty between the participating states outside the framework of the EU. The Agreement on a Unified Patent Court was published by the Council of the European Union on 11 January 2013, and was signed on 19 February 2013 by 24 EU member states, including all states participating in the enhanced cooperation measures except Bulgaria and Poland, while Italy, which did not originally join the enhanced cooperation measures but subsequently signed up, did sign the UPC agreement. The agreement is open for accession to all
Enhanced cooperation
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The Maastricht Treaty of 1992 required that members of the European Union join the euro once certain economic criteria had been met. However, the treaty gave Denmark the right to opt-out from participation, which they subsequently did. Denmark meets all five criteria and could join the euro if it chooses. The krone has been part of the ERM II mechanism since 1 January 1999, when it replaced the original ERM. This implies it is required to trade within 2.25% either side of a specified rate of 1 euro equal to 7.46038 kroner (making the lower rate 7.29252 and the upper
Denmark and the euro
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concluded by 2020. Deepening Andorra's relationship with the EU generally requires compliance with the EU's four freedoms (only goods is achieved) together with fiscal and financial sector reforms to EU standards (removing its tax haven reputation). The government has said that "for the time being" there is no need to join the EU. Minister of Foreign Affairs Gilbert Saboya Sunyé said in 2016 that the country did not wish to become an EU member state. The opposition Social Democratic Party is in favour. Andorra–European Union relations Andorra–European Union relations comprise various bilateral affairs between the Principality of Andorra () and
Andorra–European Union relations
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on the referendum result. 2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum The 2003 Lithuanian European Union referendum took place from 10 May to 11 May 2003 to decide whether Lithuania should join the European Union (EU). Over 90% of those who voted supported membership and Lithuania joined the EU on 1 May 2004. Lithuania was invited to begin negotiations to join the EU in December 1999 at a European Council summit in Helsinki and was formally invited to join the EU in December 2002 at a summit in Copenhagen. In June 2002 and February 2003 the Lithuanian Parliament amended Lithuania's laws
2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum
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2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum The 2003 Lithuanian European Union referendum took place from 10 May to 11 May 2003 to decide whether Lithuania should join the European Union (EU). Over 90% of those who voted supported membership and Lithuania joined the EU on 1 May 2004. Lithuania was invited to begin negotiations to join the EU in December 1999 at a European Council summit in Helsinki and was formally invited to join the EU in December 2002 at a summit in Copenhagen. In June 2002 and February 2003 the Lithuanian Parliament amended Lithuania's laws on referendums. Previously, for
2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum
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the United Kingdom for Scotland to obtain EU membership: "There now seems to be a consensus that, were Scotland to become independent by legal means, it could join the [European] Union". The Scotland Act 1998 empowers the Scottish Parliament to legislate in policy areas devolved to Scotland, but one of its clauses obliges the Scottish Parliament to ensure its legislation is compatible with European law. For the UK to completely leave the EU, it would need to remove that obligation. If the UK Parliament wishes to legislate on policy areas devolved to Scotland, or if it wishes to amend the
Proposed second Scottish independence referendum
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necessary to comply with the ruling. The result was the Employment Relations Act 2004, which changed, in particular, TULRCA 1992 section 146 to stipulate that all "workers" were protected by the provisions on detriment for union membership and activities. Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom Wilson v United Kingdom [2002] ECHR 552 is a UK labour law and European labour law case concerning discrimination by employers against their workers who join and take action through trade unions. After a long series of appeals through the UK court system, the European Court of Human Rights held that ECHR article 11 protects
Wilson and Palmer v United Kingdom
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effort to incorporate any major military actions into the slowly progressing European Security and Defence Policy did not meet the expectations of the U.S. during the Gulf War. After the September 11 attacks, German-American political relations were strengthened in an effort to combat terrorism, and Germany sent troops to Afghanistan as part of the NATO force. Yet, discord continued over the Iraq War, when then German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and foreign minister Joschka Fischer made efforts to prevent war and consequently did not join the U.S. and UK led multinational force in Iraq. Anti-Americanism rose to the surface after the
Germany–United States relations
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Customs Union between the EU and the UK An EU-UK Customs Union is a proposal to have a Customs Union between a post Brexit United Kingdom and the European Union. As the United Kingdom is leaving the European Union, then it will not be able to participate in the EU's Common Commercial Policy and so continued membership of the EU Customs Union is not seen by most commentators as being viable. Some commentators have suggested that there should be a bilateral Customs Union between the European Union and the UK on the same model of the European Union–Turkey Customs Union.
Customs Union between the EU and the UK
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the factors: "[Croatians] know that the European Union is not a remedy to all economic and social problems. So the EU itself is in a sort of crisis, and that reflects on Croatia's accession." The government announced an information campaign to reverse the drop in support. A referendum was held in Croatia on 22 January 2012 on joining the European Union, and the result was 66% approval to join, though the turnout was low at 43.51%. 2013 enlargement of the European Union The 2013 enlargement of the European Union saw Croatia join the European Union as its 28th member state
2013 enlargement of the European Union
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following some declarations, Cristian Preda, first candidate on the People's Movement Party list, was expelled from the party. He continued to stand in the European People's Party group. In 2016, the People's Movement Party merged with (absorbed) the National Union for the Progress of Romania, but the later's MEPs did not join the People's Movement Party. In May 2018, MEP Siegfried Mureșan, spokesman of the European People's Party, announced he is leaving the People's Movement Party, to join the National Liberal Party. As a result, the People's Movement Party lost both its MEPs. The Conservative Party ran with the National
2019 European Parliament election in Romania
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to the President of the European Council, Donald Tusk. The UK is set to leave by April 2019. The terms of withdrawal have not yet been negotiated, and the UK remains a full member of the European Union. May said that the UK government would not seek permanent single market membership, and promised a Great Repeal Bill that would repeal the European Communities Act and would incorporate existing European Union law into the domestic law of the UK. Until the withdrawal from the European Union is effected, the UK remains a member of the EU continuing to fulfil all EU-related
Withdrawal from the European Union
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relations with the UK are currently excellent. Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO. Britain provided both political and practical support to Croatia’s efforts to join the EU and NATO. The 2008-09 ‘UK-Croatia Strategic Partnership’ was launched in London on 18 June by Prime Minister Gordon Brown and Prime Minister Ivo Sanader. The UK is provided funding to assist Croatia in its entry bids, projects covered judicial reform, anti-corruption, organised crime, competition policy and food safety. Both Croatia and the United Kingdom provided contributions to the NATO mission in Afghanistan. According to the 2001 UK Census,
Croatia–United Kingdom relations
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enlargements of the EU, although most countries restricted free movement by nationals of the acceding countries, the United Kingdom did not restrict for the 2004 enlargement of the European Union and received Polish, Latvian and other citizens of the new EU states. Spain was not restricted for the 2007 enlargement of the European Union and received many Romanians and Bulgarians as well other citizens of the new EU states. Many of these Polish immigrants to UK have since returned to Poland, after the serious economic crisis in the UK. Nevertheless, free movement of EU nationals is now an important aspect
Immigration to Europe
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times of shops in public transport hubs. Both were approved. In a 1992 referendum Swiss voters rejected membership of the European Economic Area, which had been seen as a stepping stone on the way to membership of the European Union (EU). Polls consistently showed that the Swiss did not want to join the European Union, which was confirmed in a 2001 referendum where over 75% voted against membership. The traditional Swiss policy of avoiding foreign entanglements was also shown by it not joining the United Nations until 2002. Business and political leaders in Switzerland however were concerned over Switzerland being
2005 Swiss referendums
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evolved over time from a primarily economic union to an increasingly political one. This trend is highlighted by the increasing number of policy areas that fall within EU competence: political power has tended to shift upwards from the Member States to the EU. The European Free Trade Association (EFTA) was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states that did not wish to join the European Union, creating a trade bloc with fewer central powers. The EFTA member states as of 1992 were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In 2014 only four countries,
Economy of Europe
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that it would take at least 20–25 years for Ukraine to join the EU and NATO. In June 2018, President of Ukraine Petro Poroshenko said he expected Ukraine will join both the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation by 2030. Ukraine–European Union relations Relations between the European Union (EU) and Ukraine are shaped through the Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement and the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA). Ukraine is a priority partner within the Eastern Partnership and the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The EU is seeking an increasingly close relationship with Ukraine, going beyond co-operation, to gradual
Ukraine–European Union relations
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Union of Sheet Metal Workers and Coppersmiths. Following its 1967 merger with the Heating and Domestic Engineers' Union, it took its final, lengthy name. The last independent union for sheet metal workers, the Birmingham and Midland Sheet Metal Workers' Society, finally merged into the union in 1973. The union approved an offer to join the Amalgamated Union of Engineering Workers' Engineering Section in 1979, but this did not go ahead and instead, in 1983, it merged into the Technical, Administrative and Supervisory Section. The union sponsored a Labour Party candidate in the 1979 UK general election: National Union of Sheet
National Union of Sheet Metal Workers, Coppersmiths, Heating and Domestic Engineers
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Justice or the European Court of Human Rights), and only then in matters concerning either European Community law or the European Convention on Human Rights. The Law Lords did not have the power to exercise judicial review over Acts of Parliament. However, in 1972 the UK signed up to be a member of the European Union, and with this accepted European law to be supreme in certain areas so long as Parliament does not explicitly override it (see the "ex parte" Factortame case). The doctrine of Parliamentary sovereignty still applies – under UK constitutional law, Parliament could have at any
Judicial functions of the House of Lords
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European Communities and two countries (Spain and Portugal) concerning their accession to the EC. It was signed on 12 June 1985 and Spain and Portugal became full member states on 1 January 1986 following the ratification procedures. The Treaty of Accession 1994 was the agreement between the European Union and four countries (Austria, Finland, Sweden and Norway) concerning their accession to the EU. It was signed on 26 July 1994 and Austria, Finland and Sweden became full member states on 1 January 1995 following the ratification procedures. Norway again failed to join because its referendum did not pass. The Treaty
Glossary of European Union concepts, acronyms, & jargon
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about taking the risk of opening a difficult negotiation with the EU that could lead them to lose their current advantages. The Scottish Government has looked into membership of EFTA to retain access to the EEA. However, other EFTA states have stated that only sovereign states are eligible for membership, so it could only join if it became independent from the UK. The EEA relies on the same "four freedoms" underpinning the European Single Market as does the European Union: the free movement of goods, persons, services, and capital among the EEA countries. Thus, the EEA countries that are not
European Economic Area
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26 May, in protest at the government's handling of the referendum, the Foreign Minister, Pavol Hamžík, resigned. In July 1997, NATO confirmed that they were inviting the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland to become members, but not Slovakia. A week later, the European Commission did likewise: refusing to invite Slovakia to join the European Union, due to failing the 'democratic criteria', but inviting the three surrounding countries, Estonia, and Slovenia. 1997 Slovak referendum A referendum in Slovakia was held on 23 May and 24 May 1997. Voters in Slovakia were asked four separate questions: on whether the country should join
1997 Slovak referendum
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and Poland, while Italy, which did not join the enhanced cooperation measures, did sign the UPC agreement. It is open to any member state of the European Union (whether they participated in the unitary patent or not), but it is not to other parties to the European Patent Convention. Bulgaria signed the agreement on 5 March after it had finalised its internal procedures. Meanwhile, Poland decided to wait to see how the new patent system works before joining because of concerns that it would harm its economy. While Italy did not originally participate in the unitary patent regulations, it formally
Unified Patent Court
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for the re-election of Andrew Smith as Member of Parliament for Oxford East, with an increased majority, in the 2015 General Election, and increasing the number of Labour councillors on Oxford City Council in the 2016 local elections, OULC campaigned hard during the European Union referendum. At the Michaelmas term 2015 General Meeting, OULC voted overwhelmingly to endorse UK membership of the European Union and to actively campaign in favour of the UK's continued membership of the European Union in the coming referendum campaign. This involved campaign stalls, door knocking and rallies. OULC did however host Graham Stringer MP who
Oxford University Labour Club
19819681
EU". The act's two sections are to confer on the Prime Minister the power of giving the notice that the Treaty requires to be given when a member state decides to withdraw. R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union [2017] UKSC 5 is a legal case decided by the United Kingdom Supreme Court on 24 January 2017, which ruled that the UK Government (the executive) may not initiate withdrawal from the European Union by formal notification to the Council of the European Union as prescribed
R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union
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Rycroft moved to the new Department for Exiting the European Union as its Second Permanent Secretary, whilst retaining his rôle heading the UK Governance Group. In October 2017, when Oliver Robbins was moved to Brussels to personally negotiate with the European Commission, Rycroft became the Permanent Secretary. Rycroft attended The Leys School in Cambridge and then Wadham College, Oxford where he did an Oxbridge MA and then a DPhil. Rycroft is married with two sons. In the New Year Honours for 2014, Rycroft was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Bath, ""For services to the UK's Devolved and
Philip Rycroft
19658526
the European Union (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 to allow the Prime Minister to invoke Article 50 unconditionally. On 7 March 2017 the bill passed the House of Lords, though with two amendments. Following further votes in the Commons and the Lords on 13 March 2017, these two amendments did not become part of the bill, so the bill passed its final reading unamended and it received royal assent on 16 March 2017. Invocation of Article 50 has been challenged in the UK courts on the basis that the UK Parliament never voted to leave the EU despite the clear
United Kingdom invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union
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by both the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union to join their integration unions. All three countries opted for the European Union by signing association agreements on 21 March 2014. However, break-away regions of Moldova (Transnistria), Ukraine (Donetsk and Luhansk) and Georgia (South Ossetia and Abkhazia) have expressed a desire to join the Eurasian Customs Union and integrate into the Eurasian Economic Union. Ukraine submitted an application to participate in the Eurasian Economic Union as an observer in August 2013. Viktor Yanukovych's decision to abandon an association agreement with the European Union and exclusively pursue integration with the EAEU
Eurasian Economic Union
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Common Agricultural Policy and fully incorporates the policy into UK domestic law. It repealed previous pieces of UK domestic legislation to allow for this. The Act legislated for the full participation of the United Kingdom in the Common Fisheries Policy and fully incorporates the policy into UK domestic law. The Act legislated for the incorporation and full participation of the United Kingdom within the European Union Customs Union (then European Communities Customs Union) into domestic law, as well as the application of the European common external tariff to all goods which come into the UK from outside the European Communities.
European Communities Act 1972 (UK)
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Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom [1981] ECHR 4 is a UK labour law case, concerning freedom of association and the closed shop. It found that the closed shop was incompatible with the convention, although it does not prevent fair share agreements, or automatic enrollment in union membership with an opt-out. British Rail signed a union membership agreement with unions so that all employees would have to join one union. A majority of the European Court of Human Rights held that a closed shop could violate the Convention if (1) there was
Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom
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the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. The creation of a European single currency became an official objective of the European Economic Community in 1969. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. The states wanting to participate had first to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. In 1999 the currency union started, first as
European Union
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the European Union in May 2004, Poles gained the right to work in some other EU countries. While France and Germany put in place temporary controls to curb Central European migration, the United Kingdom (along with only Sweden and the Republic of Ireland) did not impose restrictions. Many young Poles have come to work in the UK since then. Estimates in 2007 varied between 300,000 and 800,000 moving to the UK since May 2004. The numbers were reported to be decreasing again in 2008. Estimates for the total number of people now living in the UK and born in Poland
Polish diaspora
20173363
European Union negotiating directives for Brexit The European Union (EU) negotiating directives are negotiating directives approved on 22 May 2017 and give authority to the Council of the European Union to negotiate with the United Kingdom (UK) regarding the exit of the UK from the EU (Brexit). Supplemental directives were added on 20 December 2017 based on the negotiations to that date. The UK filed the Article 50 notice of intention to withdraw on 29 March 2017, starting the Brexit process. Following the unanimous approval on 29 April by the leaders of the EU27 (i.e. all countries except the UK)
European Union negotiating directives for Brexit
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UK government had "changed the rules of the game midway through the match" in an "act of constitutional vandalism". UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill The UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill 2018, colloquially known as Continuity Bill within the Scottish Parliament or the EU Continuity Bill within Scotland, provided for all matters devolved under the Scotland Act 1998 and subsequent legislation that are currently under the control of the European Union, to be repatriated to the Scottish Parliament upon 'exit day'. It was referred to as the Scottish EU Continuity Bill
UK Withdrawal from the European Union (Legal Continuity) (Scotland) Bill
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The Democratic Unionist Party, whose support the government needs to have a majority in key Commons votes, said on 2 July 2018 it would not support any deal which did not give the UK full control over its borders. After a meeting to discuss the latest development of the negotiations, when the European Union's chief negotiator Michel Barnier repeatedly told the Prime Minister the EU would not agree to discuss trade until an agreement was found on the terms of withdrawal, the prime minister informed the House of Commons on 2 July 2018 that she warned EU leaders that she
European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018
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and did not join the United Nations until 2002. Nevertheless, it pursues an active foreign policy and is frequently involved in peace-building processes around the world. In addition to being the birthplace of the Red Cross, Switzerland is home to numerous international organisations, including the second largest UN office. On the European level, it is a founding member of the European Free Trade Association, but notably not part of the European Union, the European Economic Area or the Eurozone. However, it participates in the Schengen Area and the European Single Market through bilateral treaties. Spanning the intersection of Germanic and
Switzerland
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2003 Latvian European Union membership referendum A referendum on European Union membership was held in Latvia on 20 September 2003. Latvia was the last of the states which would join the EU in 2004 to hold a referendum on the issue. Just over two-thirds of voters voted Yes and Latvia joined the EU on 1 May 2004. Latvia was invited to begin negotiations to join the EU in 1999 and was formally invited to join at a summit in Copenhagen in December 2002. On the 27 December 2002 the Latvian government decided to hold a referendum on the 20 September
2003 Latvian European Union membership referendum
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UK European People's Party The Alliance EPP: European People's Party UK, also known as UK EPP and the 4 Freedoms Party, is a pro-European Union, centre-right political party in the United Kingdom. It first contested an election at the 2014 European Parliament elections. The party is critical of the Conservative Party's departure from the European People's Party in 2009 and opposes calls for the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. It positions itself as a conservative, pro-European alternative to the Conservative Party and the UK Independence Party, who it condemns as "Britain's hard right". The party calls for EU
UK European People's Party
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City state, which is tied to the mission of the Holy See, has little to do with the objectives of the EU Treaty. Thus EU membership is not discussed, even though it is in the heart of an EU member state. Holy See–European Union relations Holy See–European Union relations is the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the Holy See (or Vatican City). This is framed by the Holy See's geography (within an EU state capital) while being unable to join. According to the EU's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU, a candidate
Holy See–European Union relations
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Croatia was admitted as a member of the EU, acceding on 1 July 2013. A referendum was held in San Marino on whether the country should submit an application to join the European Union as a full member state. The Unified Patent Court is a proposed court between several EU member states, that, inter alia, is to be constituted for litigation related to the European Union patent. Countries which seek to join the European Union in the future may hold a referendum as part of the accession process. In addition, Article 88-5 of the Constitution of France requires a referendum
Referendums related to the European Union
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Holy See–European Union relations Holy See–European Union relations is the relationship between the European Union (EU) and the Holy See (or Vatican City). This is framed by the Holy See's geography (within an EU state capital) while being unable to join. According to the EU's Copenhagen criteria which define what states are eligible to join the EU, a candidate state must be a free market democracy. Given that the Holy See is an elective and polysinodyc monarchy, with only one major economic actor (the state itself) it does not meet the criteria. However, as it is so small, and surrounded
Holy See–European Union relations
2168928
European Community (EC) is a supranational union of nations in Europe. The capital, where the EC Central Assembly operates, is Paris, France. The union's roots date back to the European Union's (EU) genesis in 1993. In the late 1990s, the EU's founding member-states began to convince other European countries to join their banner. The EU is renamed as the European Community in 2005 as the last of the non-EU countries agree to join the bloc. Organization of African Consolidation The Organization of African Consolidation (OAC) is an alliance of African countries. The union's roots date back to 2026, when the
Front Mission
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at 37% the following 18 were elected as Bulgrarian Member of the European Parliament: 5 MEPs from Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria that will join European People's Party–European Democrats: 4 MEPs from the Bulgarian Socialist Party that will join Party of European Socialists: 3 MEPs from Movement for Rights and Freedoms that will join Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe: 2 MEPs from Attack: 2 MEPs from National Movement for Stability and Progress that will join Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe: 1 MEP from Union of Democratic Forces that will join European People's Party–European Democrats: 1
European Parliament elections in Bulgaria
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European Movement UK The European Movement UK is an independent pressure group in the United Kingdom which campaigns in support of greater European integration and for reform of the European Union. It is part of the European Movement International which pushes for a "democratic, federal, enlarged European Union". The current President of the European Movement UK is Lord Ashdown and the current chairman (since December 2016) is Stephen Dorrell. The organisation promotes a "more democratic, effective and accountable" EU. It opposes Brexit. The origins of the European Movement lie in the aftermath of the Second World War. More than eight
European Movement UK
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agreement with Turkey to send migrants who arrived at Greece back to Turkey in return for re-energising Turkey's accession to EU. In the crisis, where more than two million Syrian refugees fled to Turkey, some of those who had supported Turkey's EU membership became sceptical. David Cameron has said that Turkey would not join EU for decades, urging UK citizens not to cast their vote based on the prospect of Turkish membership of EU. He joked that at their current rate of progress in fulfilling accession criteria, Turkey would be eligible to join in "the year 3000" and pointed out
Issues in the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, 2016