where is the tundra located in north america
Alaska Canada
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(), but no month with an average temperature in excess of . The cold limit generally meets the "EF" climates of permanent ice and snows; the warm-summer limit generally corresponds with the poleward or altitudinal limit of trees, where they grade into the subarctic climates designated "Dfd", "Dwd" and "Dsd" (extreme winters as in parts of Siberia), "Dfc" typical in Alaska, Canada, parts of Scandinavia, European Russia, and Western Siberia (cold winters with months of freezing), or even "Cfc" (no month colder than as in parts of Iceland and southernmost South America). Tundra climates as a rule are hostile to
Tundra
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Arctic coastal tundra The Arctic coastal tundra is an ecoregion of the far north of North America, an important breeding ground for a great deal of wildlife. This ecoregion is located on the north coast of Alaska, and includes the east coast plain of Banks Island, as well as the Anderson River and Horton River plains, and the Tuktoyaktuk coast in the Northwest Territories. This is an area of low, flat, boggy coastal plains. The underlying soil of this damp Arctic coast is thick, solid permafrost, covered in summer with thermokarst "thaw lakes" of melted ice. Ice features such as
Arctic coastal tundra
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Trans-Alaska Pipeline. Arctic coastal tundra The Arctic coastal tundra is an ecoregion of the far north of North America, an important breeding ground for a great deal of wildlife. This ecoregion is located on the north coast of Alaska, and includes the east coast plain of Banks Island, as well as the Anderson River and Horton River plains, and the Tuktoyaktuk coast in the Northwest Territories. This is an area of low, flat, boggy coastal plains. The underlying soil of this damp Arctic coast is thick, solid permafrost, covered in summer with thermokarst "thaw lakes" of melted ice. Ice features
Arctic coastal tundra
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shades of brown show where photosynthetic activity declined. The maps show a ring of greening in the treeless tundra ecosystems of the circumpolar Arctic—the northernmost parts of Canada, Russia, and Scandinavia. Tall shrubs and trees started to grow in areas that were previously dominated by tundra grasses. The researchers concluded that plant growth had increased by 7 to 10 percent overall. However, boreal forests, particularly those in North America, showed a different response to warming. Many boreal forests greened, but the trend was not as strong as it was for tundra of the circumpolar Arctic. In North America, some boreal
Climate change in the Arctic
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Arctic foothills tundra The Arctic foothills tundra is an ecoregion of the far north of North America, lying inland from the north coast of Alaska. This is permafrost tundra with an average annual temperature below freezing. This is a hilly area that lies between the boggier Arctic coastal tundra to the north and the Brooks Range to the south, and stretching from the Chukchi Sea east across northern Alaska to the border with Canada's Yukon Territory. The Noatak River valley is the only forested area. The main vegetation is the scrubby cottongrass ("Eriophorum vaginatum"), stiff sedge ("Carex bigelowii") and shrubs
Arctic foothills tundra
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which can disrupt migratory behaviour of some wildlife. The east end of the ecoregion is part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Arctic foothills tundra The Arctic foothills tundra is an ecoregion of the far north of North America, lying inland from the north coast of Alaska. This is permafrost tundra with an average annual temperature below freezing. This is a hilly area that lies between the boggier Arctic coastal tundra to the north and the Brooks Range to the south, and stretching from the Chukchi Sea east across northern Alaska to the border with Canada's Yukon Territory. The Noatak
Arctic foothills tundra
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"ow, ow, owal-ow". Their breeding habitat is in tundra pools and marshes, but also along sea coasts and in large mountain lakes in the North Atlantic region, Alaska, northern Canada, northern Europe, and Russia. The nest is located on the ground near water; it is built using vegetation and lined with down. They are migratory and winter along the eastern and western coasts of North America, on the Great Lakes, coastal northern Europe and Asia, with stragglers to the Black Sea. The most important wintering area is the Baltic Sea, where a total of about 4.5 million gather. The long-tailed
Long-tailed duck
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Beringia lowland tundra The Beringia lowland tundra is a tundra ecoregion of North America, on the west coast of Alaska, mostly covered in wetland. These are areas of flat, wet, lowland on the Bering Sea coast of Alaska north as far as the Kotzebue Sound, and on the eastern coasts of the offshore St Lawrence Island and St. Matthew Island. Lakes and ponds cover almost a quarter of the area, and wetlands cover most of it. The southern Bristol Bay end of this coast receives much more rainfall than Kotzebue Sound in the north. These flat lands are mostly covered
Beringia lowland tundra
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snow above about 2150 m, and are separated by valleys filled with ice fields and great glaciers. There are small patches that are not under ice and consist of rock, rubble and alpine tundra. Elevations of the ecoregion range from sea level (on the western coast) to 600 m in the valleys, to peaks over 4,000 m. Indeed, Denali (Mount McKinley), the highest peak in North America at 6,100 m, is located here, while the St Elias Mountains reach as high as 6000 m and are some of the highest peaks in Canada. This ecoregion is largely separated from the
Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra
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Tundra vole The tundra vole ("Microtus oeconomus") or root vole is a medium-sized vole found in Northern and Central Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America, including Alaska and northwestern Canada. In the western part of the Netherlands, the tundra vole is a relict from the ice age and has developed to the subspecies "Microtus oeconomus arenicola". It has short ears and a short tail. Its fur is yellowish brown with paler sides and white underparts. They are about long with a tail and weigh about . This species is found in damp tundra or moist meadows, usually near water. It
Tundra vole
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Arctic redpoll The Arctic redpoll ("Acanthis hornemanni"), known in North America as the hoary redpoll, is a bird species in the finch family Fringillidae. It breeds in tundra birch forest. It has two subspecies, "A. h. hornemanni" (Greenland or Hornemann's Arctic redpoll) of Greenland and neighbouring parts of Canada, and "A. h. exilipes" (Coues's Arctic redpoll), which breeds in the tundra of northern North America and Eurasia. Many birds remain in the far north; some birds migrate short distances south in winter, sometimes travelling with common redpolls. The genus name "Acanthis" is from the Ancient Greek "akanthis", a name for
Arctic redpoll
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paleo-humans into North America including the Paleo-Eskimo communities of Alaska, Greenland and the Canadian Arctic. The flora of the Canadian Arctic is characterized by low species diversity, low endemism and high resistance towards introduced species, attributed to more recent glaciation, in comparison to other Arctic regions, such as the Siberian tundra. The southern edge of the Canadian Arctic tundra is met by an arboreal tree line - the "Arctic forest tundra transition zone". In order to adapt to the extreme conditions of the Arctic, plants have: On the northernmost area of the Canadian Arctic tundra, the Arctic Cordillera the features
Canadian Arctic tundra
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for the production of coffee, beans, and other crops. North America is a very large continent which surpasses the Arctic Circle, and the Tropic of Cancer. Greenland, along with the Canadian Shield, is tundra with average temperatures ranging from , but central Greenland is composed of a very large ice sheet. This tundra radiates throughout Canada, but its border ends near the Rocky Mountains (but still contains Alaska) and at the end of the Canadian Shield, near the Great Lakes. Climate west of the Cascades is described as being a temperate weather with average precipitation . Climate in coastal California
North America
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is very cold and human life may be difficult. Commonly known as the Hudson Bay-Arctic Lowlands, the Hudson Bay contains over 50% water. Arctic Lowlands The 'Canadian Shield and the Innuitian region are located to the south of the Arctic Lowland plains. This is a region of tundra, a treeless plain, with a cold, dry climate and poorly drained soil. The Arctic Lowlands region is located in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. The Arctic Lowlands are plains located in Canada. Plains are extensive areas of level or gently rolling land. In North America there is a large, flat interior Plain.
Arctic Lowlands
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Arctic Lowlands The 'Canadian Shield and the Innuitian region are located to the south of the Arctic Lowland plains. This is a region of tundra, a treeless plain, with a cold, dry climate and poorly drained soil. The Arctic Lowlands region is located in Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. The Arctic Lowlands are plains located in Canada. Plains are extensive areas of level or gently rolling land. In North America there is a large, flat interior Plain. They are also part of an area that is commonly referred to as the Arctic Archipelago, which occupies much of the central Canadian
Arctic Lowlands
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golden eagle occupies verdant mountains. The ecozones occupied by golden eagles are roughly concurrent with those of Eurasia. In western and northern Alaska and northern Canada to the Ungava Peninsula in Quebec, the eagles occupy the Arctic fringe of North America (the species does not range into the true high Arctic tundra), where open canopy gives way to dwarf-shrub heathland with cottongrass and tussock tundra. In land-locked areas of the sub-Arctic, golden eagles are by far the largest raptor. From the Alaska Range to Washington and Oregon, it is often found in high mountains above the tree line or on
Golden eagle
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Beringia upland tundra The Beringia upland tundra is a mountainous tundra ecoregion of North America, on the west coast of Alaska. This ecoregion consists of three separate but similar areas of the Bering Sea coast of Alaska: the hills and mountains of the Seward Peninsula; the Ahklun Mountains in the southwest; and the hilly western half of St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea. All these are hilly areas climbing sometimes to steep barren mountain up to 1500m, and which still have a number of cirque glaciers. The climate varies of course from the coast to the icy peaks. The
Beringia upland tundra
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and Preserve, all in Alaska, and parts of Tatshenshini–Alsek Provincial Park and Kluane National Park and Reserve in Canada. Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra The Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra is an ecoregion of northwestern North America. This ecoregion consists of a long range of high rocky mountains of the Alaska Interior running north from the bottom of the Alaska Peninsula, eastwards taking in the Alaska Range and southwards to include the Wrangell and St. Elias Mountains in eastern Alaska on the Canada–US border as far as Yakutat Bay. Across in Canada, the ecoregion includes the southwestern corner of the Yukon Territory
Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra
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Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra The Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra is an ecoregion of northwestern North America. This ecoregion consists of a long range of high rocky mountains of the Alaska Interior running north from the bottom of the Alaska Peninsula, eastwards taking in the Alaska Range and southwards to include the Wrangell and St. Elias Mountains in eastern Alaska on the Canada–US border as far as Yakutat Bay. Across in Canada, the ecoregion includes the southwestern corner of the Yukon Territory and the northwestern corner of British Columbia. These mountains are largely covered with permanent ice and snow, with permanent
Alaska-St. Elias Range tundra
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and coordinate activities. The North America vehicle production facilities affected were located in Cambridge and Woodstock, Ontario, Canada (where Corolla, Matrix, and RAV4 models are produced), Princeton, Indiana (Highlander and Sequoia), Georgetown, Kentucky (Avalon and Camry), and San Antonio, Texas (Tundra). In addition to recalling vehicles, Toyota announced that it would install brake override systems on all Lexus, Scion and Toyota vehicles by the end of 2010. On February 3, 2010, United States Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood advised owners of vehicles affected by the recall to "stop driving" their vehicles until they can be fixed by a dealer. LaHood later
2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls
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Tasiujaq Airport is located few kilometres south of the village. Tasiujaq is the final destination for the canoeists paddling down Leaf River. The Kativik School Board operates the Ajagutak School. Tasiujaq Tasiujaq (, meaning: "Which resembles a lake") is a northern village (Inuit community) in Nunavik, in northern Quebec, Canada. Its population in the Canada 2011 Census was 303. It was built on the shores of Leaf Lake at the head of Deep Harbour and lies a few kilometres north of the tree line, where the shrub tundra finally gives way to the arctic tundra. Tasiujaq actually refers to the
Tasiujaq
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the North Fork of the Shoshone River. Townsendia condensata Townsendia condensata is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names cushion Townsend daisy and cushion townsendia. It is native to North America where it is known from many scattered occurrences in the mountains of the western United States and Alberta in Canada. It is mainly limited to the alpine climates of high mountain peaks, where it grows in meadows, tundra, and barren, rocky talus. It grows alongside other alpine plants such as "Eriogonum androsaceum". This is a petite biennial or perennial herb taking a
Townsendia condensata
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region, some mining on the Seward Peninsula and some possible over-hunting of caribou, but these are large blocks of largely unspoilt habitat. Protected areas include Wood-Tikchik State Park, Walrus Islands State Game Sanctuary, Yukon Delta National Wildlife Refuge, and Togiak National Wildlife Refuge. Beringia upland tundra The Beringia upland tundra is a mountainous tundra ecoregion of North America, on the west coast of Alaska. This ecoregion consists of three separate but similar areas of the Bering Sea coast of Alaska: the hills and mountains of the Seward Peninsula; the Ahklun Mountains in the southwest; and the hilly western half of
Beringia upland tundra
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of this hybrid were taken in April 2011, during its spring migration. The snow bunting lives in very high latitudes in the Arctic tundra. There is no apparent limit to its northern range, while the southern range is limited by the duration of daylight, which influences their reproductive activity. This species is found in the high Arctic tundra of North America, Ellesmere Island, Iceland, higher mountains of Scotland, Norway, Russia, North Greenland, Siberia, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land. During the winter, this bird migrates to the circumglobal northern temperate zone including the south of Canada, north of the United
Snow bunting
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pseudocyphellae. "Bryocaulon divergens" is red-brown in colour instead of greyish. "Alectoria ochroleuca" also looks similar, but contains usnic acid and always has some yellow parts to its thallus, while "Gowardia" does not. "Gowardia" is found in arctic and alpine tundra in northern Canada, Europe, and Russia. "G. arctica" grows on dry to moist tundra soil in northern regions of Canada and Russia, along the Arctic Ocean coast and islands. "G. nigricans" has a wider distribution, and is found in arctic and alpine tundra habitat in northern and northwestern North America, as well as in northern Europe and Asia. Although "G.
Gowardia
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Umiat, Alaska Umiat (OO-mee-yat) is an unincorporated community in North Slope Borough, Alaska, United States. It is located on the Colville River, 140 miles southwest of Deadhorse in the Arctic Circle. The town is not accessible by road or rail, only by air or river. In 1944, the Naval Oil Reserve was set up and it later became an air force base, which is now closed. It is known as one of the coldest places in the US with its inland tundra climate, a rarity for North America. Yearly low temperatures run even colder than Utqiagvik, Alaska on average. In
Umiat, Alaska
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occurs in the far Northern Hemisphere, north of the taiga belt. The word "tundra" usually refers only to the areas where the subsoil is permafrost, or permanently frozen soil. (It may also refer to the treeless plain in general, so that northern Sápmi would be included.) Permafrost tundra includes vast areas of northern Russia and Canada. The polar tundra is home to several peoples who are mostly nomadic reindeer herders, such as the Nganasan and Nenets in the permafrost area (and the Sami in Sápmi). Arctic tundra contains areas of stark landscape and is frozen for much of the year.
Tundra
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Townsendia condensata Townsendia condensata is a species of flowering plant in the aster family known by the common names cushion Townsend daisy and cushion townsendia. It is native to North America where it is known from many scattered occurrences in the mountains of the western United States and Alberta in Canada. It is mainly limited to the alpine climates of high mountain peaks, where it grows in meadows, tundra, and barren, rocky talus. It grows alongside other alpine plants such as "Eriogonum androsaceum". This is a petite biennial or perennial herb taking a clumped form just a few centimeters tall,
Townsendia condensata
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Solidago multiradiata Solidago multiradiata is a species of goldenrod known by the common names Rocky Mountain goldenrod, northern goldenrod, and alpine goldenrod. It is native to North America, where it can be found throughout the northern regions, including Alaska and most of Canada (all 3 territories plus all provinces except Prince Edward Island, including territory north of the Arctic Circle. Its distribution extends through the western United States as far south as Arizona, New Mexico, and California. It is known mostly from the subalpine and alpine climates of high mountain ranges. Its habitat includes tundra and mountain meadows. This is
Solidago multiradiata
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valley lie between the Brooks Range to the north and the Alaska Range to the south. The highest elevations in the preserve are about in the headwaters of the Charley River, ranging to abuit where the Yukon leaves the preserve. The Yukon River is the main feature of the preserve, one of the largest rivers in North America. The Yukon's valley is bordered by bluffs and terraces along its course, representing river downcutting through alluvial deposits. The lowlands were never glaciated during the last ice age, but higher valleys did see glaciation, in which the ice-free land was mostly tundra.
Yukon–Charley Rivers National Preserve
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Denali National Park and Preserve Denali National Park and Preserve is an American national park and preserve located in Interior Alaska, centered on Denali, the highest mountain in North America. The park and contiguous preserve encompass which is larger than the state of New Hampshire. On December 2, 1980, Denali Wilderness was established within the park. Denali's landscape is a mix of forest at the lowest elevations, including deciduous taiga, with tundra at middle elevations, and glaciers, snow, and bare rock at the highest elevations. The longest glacier is the Kahiltna Glacier. Wintertime activities include dog sledding, cross-country skiing, and
Denali National Park and Preserve
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the very different-looking osprey) to regularly hover over one spot, by beating its wings quickly. The rough-legged hawk is a member of the genus "Buteo", a group of moderately large raptors exhibiting broad wings, short tails and wide robust bodies. This group is known as hawks in North America but referred to as buzzards in Europe. There are at least three recognized subspecies of "Buteo lagopus": The rough-legged hawk breeds in tundra and taiga habitats of North America and Eurasia between the latitudes of 61° and 76° N. Rough-legged hawks occurring in North America migrate to southern Canada and into
Rough-legged buzzard
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in the earth. The bumblebee feeds on several flowering plants, most commonly those in Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Saxifragaceae, and Lamiaceae. This species is host to the parasitic cuckoo bumblebee "Bombus insularis". This bee occurs at high altitude and latitude, living in habitat such as tundra, taiga, and mountain forests and meadows. Bombus flavifrons Bombus flavifrons, the yellow-fronted bumble bee or yellowhead bumblebee, is a species of bumblebee. It is native to North America, where it is distributed across much of Canada, Alaska, and the western contiguous United States. This is a robust bumblebee; the queen has a body length between and
Bombus flavifrons
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such as coniferous bogs. It can be found on tundra, in swamps, and on riverbanks. It often occurs with many other species of willows. Salix fuscescens Salix fuscescens is a species of flowering plant in the willow family known by the common name Alaska bog willow. It is native to northern North America, where it occurs throughout much of Alaska and across northern Canada. It is also present in Eurasia. This plant is a squat deciduous shrub growing up to to tall. Sometimes it remains under high. The species is dioecious, with male and female flowers occurring on separate individuals.
Salix fuscescens
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Canadian Arctic tundra The Canadian Arctic tundra is a biogeographic designation for Northern Canada's terrain generally lying north of the tree line or boreal forest, that corresponds with the Scandinavian Alpine tundra to the east and the Siberian Arctic tundra to the west inside the circumpolar tundra belt of the Northern Hemisphere. Canada's northern territories encompass a total area of , 26% of the country's landmass that includes the Arctic coastal tundra, the Arctic Lowlands and the Innuitian Region in the High Arctic. Tundra terrain accounts for approximately in Yukon, the Northwest Territories, in Nunavut, north-eastern Manitoba, northern Ontario, northern
Canadian Arctic tundra
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in clusters. Potentilla villosa Potentilla villosa is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. Its common names include villous cinquefoil, northern cinquefoil, and hairy cinquefoil. It is native to northwestern North America, where its distribution extends from Alaska to Alberta to Oregon. There are records from eastern Asia. This is a coastal plant. It occurs on coastal bluffs and beaches, and in meadows, tundra, and alpine talus. This is a rhizomatous perennial herb with a tuft of several hairy to woolly stems growing from a thick base covered in previous seasons' dead foliage. The stems are up
Potentilla villosa
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Potentilla villosa Potentilla villosa is a species of flowering plant in the rose family, Rosaceae. Its common names include villous cinquefoil, northern cinquefoil, and hairy cinquefoil. It is native to northwestern North America, where its distribution extends from Alaska to Alberta to Oregon. There are records from eastern Asia. This is a coastal plant. It occurs on coastal bluffs and beaches, and in meadows, tundra, and alpine talus. This is a rhizomatous perennial herb with a tuft of several hairy to woolly stems growing from a thick base covered in previous seasons' dead foliage. The stems are up to 20
Potentilla villosa
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creating similar interruptions to the plains community. North America extends to within 10° of latitude of both the equator and the North Pole. It embraces every climatic zone, from tropical rain forest and savanna on the lowlands of Central America to areas of permanent ice cap in central Greenland. Subarctic and tundra climates prevail in north Canada and north Alaska, and desert and semiarid conditions are found in interior regions cut off by high mountains from rain-bearing westerly winds. However, most of the continent has temperate climates very favorable to settlement and agriculture. Prairies, or vast grasslands cover a huge
Geography of North America
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Canada, Alaska, and the northeastern tip of Siberia, and spends winters in warm parts of North America from southwestern British Columbia through parts of the United States to Mexico. They fly as far south as Texas and Mexico during winter, and return to nest on the Arctic tundra each spring. It is a rare vagrant to Europe, but for a frequent escape from collections and an occasional feral breeder. Snow geese are visitors to the British Isles where they are seen regularly among flocks of barnacle, Brent and Greenland white-fronted geese. There is also a feral population in Scotland from
Snow goose
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quantified by scientific studies, although a few studies were reported to be underway in 2011. It is uncertain whether the impact of increased greenhouse gases from this source will be minimal or massive. In locations where dead vegetation and peat has accumulated there is a risk of wildfire such as the of tundra which burned in 2007 on the north slope of the Brooks Range in Alaska. Such events may both result from and contribute to global warming. Antarctic tundra occurs on Antarctica and on several Antarctic and subantarctic islands, including South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the
Tundra
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in historical times, it probably occurred naturally in Ireland. During the late Pleistocene era, reindeer occurred as far south as Nevada and Tennessee in North America and as far south as Spain in Europe. Today, wild reindeer have disappeared from these areas, especially from the southern parts, where it vanished almost everywhere. Large populations of wild reindeer are still found in Norway, Finland, Siberia, Greenland, Alaska and Canada. According to the Grubb (2005), "Rangifer tarandus" is "circumboreal in the tundra and taiga" from "Svalbard, Norway, Finland, Russia, Alaska (USA) and Canada including most Arctic islands, and Greenland, south to northern
Reindeer
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subspecies, the common Arctic fox, "V. l. lagopus", four other subspecies of this fox have been described: The Arctic fox has a circumpolar distribution and occurs in Arctic tundra habitats in northern Europe, northern Asia, and North America. Its range includes Greenland, Iceland, Fennoscandia, Svalbard, Jan Mayen (where it was hunted to extinction) and other islands in the Barents Sea, northern Russia, islands in the Bering Sea, Alaska, and Canada as far south as Hudson Bay. In the late 19th century, it was introduced into the Aleutian Islands southwest of Alaska. However, the population on the Aleutian Islands is currently
Arctic fox
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sea. The Pan-American Highway passes through many diverse climates and ecological types, from dense jungles, to arid deserts, to barren tundra, some of which are passable only during the dry season, and in many regions driving is occasionally hazardous. The Pan-American Highway system is physically mostly complete and extends in de facto terms from Prudhoe Bay, Alaska, in North America to the lower reaches of South America. Several southern highway termini are claimed to exist, including the cities of Puerto Montt and Quellón in Chile and Ushuaia in Argentina. West and north of the Darién Gap, it is also known
Pan-American Highway
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Large areas in northern Canada and northern Alaska have tundra climate, changing to ice cap climate in the most northern parts of Canada. Southernmost South America (Tierra del Fuego where it abuts the Drake Passage) and such subantarctic islands such as the South Shetland Islands and the Falkland Islands have tundra climates of slight thermal range in which no month is as warm as . These subantarctic lowlands are found closer to the equator than the coastal tundras of the Arctic basin. Some parts of the Arctic are covered by ice (sea ice, glacial ice, or snow) year-round, and nearly
Polar climate
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Southwest Bylot Plain The Southwest Bylot plain is an uninhabited plain in Qikiqtaaluk, Nunavut, Canada. It is located in southwestern Bylot Island directly north of Eclipse Sound. Pond Inlet is the closest community. Southwest Bylot is notable for housing the largest known breeding colony of the greater snow goose. The plain's habitat is characterized as a rolling outwash with barrens, rocky flats, and tundra. Its elevation reaches a height of above sea level. The plain has been dissected by glacial rivers and it slopes towards the mountains. Dominant vegetation includes low shrub-herb, and shrub-sedge tundra, along with heath and willow
Southwest Bylot Plain
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development consulting. Tundra has design centers in North America: Ottawa, Eau Claire, Wisconsin and in Hyderabad, India. Its sales offices are located in Europe, and throughout North America and Asia Pacific. In 2004, Tundra joined with IBM and others to form Power.org, an organization devoted to drive development and adaptation of Power Architecture technology. Although Tundra was incorporated as an entity in 1995, its history goes back to 1983 as Calmos Semiconductor, which was subsequently acquired in 1989 by Newbridge Networks Corporation, where it became known as Newbridge Microsystems and in 1995 was spun out as Tundra Semiconductor. In June
Tundra Semiconductor
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Baffin coastal tundra The Baffin coastal tundra is a small ecoregion of the far north of North America, on the central north coast of Baffin Island in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. This is permafrost tundra with an average annual temperature below freezing. This ecoregion is a small stretch of coastal plain on the north coast of Baffin Island. The coast is rocky with many fjords carved by glaciers into the Baffin Mountains. The cold Arctic climate consists of a short summers (mean temperature 1°C) and a long, cold winter (mean temperature -22.5°C). The plant cover is sparse in the
Baffin coastal tundra
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drier areas while the wetter areas have a fair cover of mosses, sedges, shrubs such as purple saxifrage, Arctic willow, and Arctic poppy and rushes. This coast is a breeding area for the snow bunting and is home to polar bear, Arctic hare, Arctic fox, lemming, and caribou. This ecoregion is almost intact although there are no protected areas. Baffin coastal tundra The Baffin coastal tundra is a small ecoregion of the far north of North America, on the central north coast of Baffin Island in the Canadian territory of Nunavut. This is permafrost tundra with an average annual temperature
Baffin coastal tundra
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snow and ice persist through summer. Alpine tundra occurs in mountains worldwide. The flora of the alpine tundra is characterized by dwarf shrubs close to the ground. The cold climate of the alpine tundra is caused by adiabatic cooling of air, and is similar to polar climate. Alpine tundra occurs at high enough altitude at any latitude. Portions of montane grasslands and shrublands ecoregions worldwide include alpine tundra. Large regions of alpine tundra occur in the Himalayas in Asia, American Cordillera in North and South America, the Scottish Highlands, the Alps, the Scandinavian mountains, Pyrenees and Carpathian Mountains of Europe,
Alpine tundra
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Reindeer The reindeer ("Rangifer tarandus"), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of northern Europe, Siberia, and North America. This includes both sedentary and migratory populations. "Rangifer" herd size varies greatly in different geographic regions. The Taimyr herd of migrating Siberian tundra reindeer ("R. t. sibiricus") in Russia is the largest wild reindeer herd in the world, varying between 400,000 and 1,000,000. What was once the second largest herd is the migratory boreal woodland caribou ("R. t. caribou") George River herd in
Reindeer
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western United States. Most nest are constructed under the canopy or near the main fork of a tree and in North America, averaging nest height ranged from (in the Yukon) to (in New Mexico), elsewhere as in Europe average height is between . In the dwarf trees of the tundra, nests have been found at only off the ground, and, in the tundra and elsewhere, very rarely on felled trees, stumps or on the ground. In some studies from North America up to 15% of nests are in dead trees but this is far rarer in Eurasia. More significant than
Northern goshawk
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km developed marine terraces. The climate is temperate continental, subarctic in the north. In the north is dominated by tundra (Bolshezemelsky, Malozemelskaya and Timan tundra), in the south - the coniferous forests, watersheds and swamps. There are deposits of coal, oil. Pechora Plain Pechora Plain () is a plain in the North Russian Plain which is located in the north-east of the European part of Russia, located in the basin of the Pechora River, between the Urals and Timan Ridge (the Komi Republic and Nenets Autonomous Okrug). On the territory of the Pechora Plain plains alternate folded fluvioglacial sands and
Pechora Plain
17746294
subspecies that occur within Eurasia and North America." Caribou herds are classified by ecotype depending on several behavioural factors - predominant habitat use (northern, tundra, mountain, forest, boreal forest, forest-dwelling), spacing (dispersed or aggregated) and migration patterns (sedentary or migratory). Caribou herds can be classified as a northern or mountain woodland ecotype. In eastern North America caribou are classified into three ecotypes – "the mountain caribou which is found south of the St. Lawrence River, the barren-ground caribou which calves in the tundra, and in between, the forest-dwelling ecotype which lives all year long in the boreal forest. In west-central
Boreal woodland caribou
7227852
Siberia. The Arctic ground squirrel is native to the North American Arctic tundra, where its main habitats are on mountain slopes, river flats, banks, lakeshores and tundra ridges of the arctic tundra. Ground squirrels live in sandy soil due to easy digging and good drainage. Arctic ground squirrels make shallow burrows in areas where the permafrost does not prevent them from digging. The Arctic ground squirrel inhabits dry Arctic tundra and open meadows in the most southern habitats of this species. The diurnal Arctic ground squirrel lives on the tundra and is prey to the Arctic fox, the red fox,
Arctic ground squirrel
10219292
temperature are major physical drivers of natural ecosystems. The more arid and colder conditions found at higher northern latitudes (and high elevations elsewhere) support tundra and boreal forests. The water in this region is generally frozen and evaporation rates are very low. Species diversity, nutrient availability, precipitation, and average temperatures increase as you move from the tundra to boreal forests and then to deciduous temperate ecosystems, which are found south of these Arctic biomes. Tundra is found from 55 ° to 80° N latitude in North America, Eurasia and Greenland. It can be found at lower latitudes at high elevations
Arctic ecology
6995051
Salix arctica Salix arctica, the arctic willow, is a tiny creeping willow (family Salicaceae). It is adapted to survive in Arctic conditions, specifically tundras. The arctic willow grows in tundra and rocky moorland, and is the northernmost woody plant in the world, occurring far above the tree line to the northern limit of land on the north coast of Greenland. It also occurs further south in North America on high-altitude alpine tundra, south to the Sierra Nevada in California and the Rocky Mountains in New Mexico, and in Asia to Xinjiang in China. "S. arctica" is typically a low shrub
Salix arctica
10748135
is diesel fuel and other materiel includes "cement, tires, prill (ammonium nitrate) for explosives manufacture, and construction materials." The Tibbitt to Contwoyto Ice Road follows part of the original road that was cleared to the Tundra Mine in 1960–1961 by John Denison. This road began at Discovery Mine which was already connected to Yellowknife by ice road up the Yellowknife River and swung east to Gordon Lake, heading north up Drybones, Lockhart and Mackay Lakes where the Tundra Mine was located. This route was used until 1968 when the mine closed. The road was reopened in 1979 as part of
Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road
4727949
Great Kobuk Sand Dunes to the north. This area is a transition zone where the northernmost boreal forests give way to open Arctic tundra. The Selawik and Kobuk River deltas, located on the eastern shores of Selawik Lake and Hotham Inlet (Kobuk Lake), provide habitat for migratory bird species. The complex array of freshwater and brackish lakes, riparian areas, and wet meadows, provide habitat and large, undisturbed, tracts for a variety of wildlife species. The approximately 21,000 lakes that occur on refuge lowlands create a large Arctic tundra lake complex. Selawik National Wildlife Refuge Selawik National Wildlife Refuge in northwest
Selawik National Wildlife Refuge
280053
Alabama. Stretching from the borders of the continental humid and subtropical climates, and going west to the Cascades Sierra Nevada, south to the southern tip of durango, north to the border with tundra climate, the steppe/desert climate is the driest climate in the U.S. Highland climates cut from north to south of the continent, where subtropical or temperate climates occur just below the tropics, as in central Mexico and Guatemala. Tropical climates appear in the island regions and in the subcontinent's bottleneck. Usually of the savannah type, with rains and high temperatures constants the whole year. Found in countries and
North America
5155116
ecosystems results from the shared glacial history of the realm. The floristic Boreal Kingdom corresponds to the Holarctic realm. Within the Holarctic realm, there are a variety of ecosystems. The type of ecosystem found in an area depends on the latitude and local geography. In the far north, a band of arctic tundra circles the shore of the Arctic Ocean. The ground beneath this land is permafrost, frozen year-round. In these difficult growing conditions, few plants can survive. South of the tundra, the boreal forest stretches across North America and Eurasia. This land is characterized by coniferous trees. South of
Holarctic
3050424
of the Palaearctic. It occurs in the region stretching from Portugal to East Siberia (as far as Transbaikalia), and from northern Greece to the forest-tundra zone in the North. It is also colonizing Japan and North America, where it is considered a nuisance and an invasive species. This ant's colonies have a polygyne form and can include up to one hundred queens per nest. These queens will have gathered together after their nuptial flight, formed a nest and laid their eggs in it. The species is also polydomous, with many nest sites per individual colony. The queens can live up
Myrmica rubra
19650999
and greater North America. Tundra climate prevails in the region. The average annual temperature in the area of the range is -12 °C. The warmest month is July when the average temperature reaches 0 °C and the coldest is February when the temperature sinks to -21 °C. Borgtinderne Borgtinderne, meaning 'Castle Pinnacles' in the Danish language, is a mountain range in King Christian IX Land, eastern Greenland. Administratively this range is part of the Sermersooq Municipality. The Borgtinderne is a long nunatak with high mountains. It is located east of the Ejnar Mikkelsen Range, between the Borggraven Glacier on its
Borgtinderne
15273266
to five leaflets, with the terminal leaflet being up to twice as large as the lateral ones. The plant is native to New Zealand’s subantarctic Auckland and Campbell Islands, as well as to Australia’s Macquarie Island, where it occurs in alpine tundra and rocky coastal habitats. It has been accidentally introduced to other parts of the world, including North America and Europe, where it is a weed of nursery crops grown in polytunnels. Cardamine corymbosa Cardamine corymbosa, commonly known as the New Zealand bitter-cress, is a flowering plant in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. Native to the subantarctic islands of Australasia,
Cardamine corymbosa
2868423
habitats mostly occur in tropical Africa, northern and western Europe and neotropical South America. Most of the world's moorlands are very diverse ecosystems. In the extensive moorlands of the tropics biodiversity can be extremely high. Moorland also bears a relationship to tundra (where the subsoil is permafrost or permanently frozen soil), appearing as the tundra retreats and inhabiting the area between the permafrost and the natural tree zone. The boundary between tundra and moorland constantly shifts with climate change. Heathland and moorland are the most extensive areas of semi-natural vegetation in the British Isles. The eastern British moorlands are similar
Moorland
8238272
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana, Inc. (TMMI) is an automobile manufacturing factory located in Gibson County, Indiana, nearly halfway between Princeton and Fort Branch, and mostly in Union Township. It is part of Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America (TEMA), owned by Toyota Motor Corporation of Japan. With over 5,500 employees, TMMI is the largest employer in the Evansville Area. Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana was built in 1996 to begin production of a full-size pickup truck solely for the US Market. TMMI began production of the Tundra in 1999 for the 2000 model year, and Sequoia
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana
4943841
the poles of the earth, specifically, the Arctic, northernmost North America, Europe, Asia and Antarctica. Polar deserts are located in the Arctic and Antarctic. Unlike the tundra that can support plant and animal life in the summer, polar deserts are barren with permanent layers of ice. However, there is evidence of life in this seemingly inhospitable environment. The thick ice contains sediments of organic and inorganic substances which create a habitable environment for microbial organisms. These organisms are closely related to cyanobacteria which have a variety of functions, particularly, fixing carbon dioxide from the melting water. Temperature changes in polar
Polar desert
177031
from this time period, the late Pleistocene, are found in Europe, Eurasia, Beringia, and North America. Yet between 10,000 and 7,600 years ago, the horse became extinct in North America and rare elsewhere. The reasons for this extinction are not fully known, but one theory notes that extinction in North America paralleled human arrival. Another theory points to climate change, noting that approximately 12,500 years ago, the grasses characteristic of a steppe ecosystem gave way to shrub tundra, which was covered with unpalatable plants. A truly wild horse is a species or subspecies with no ancestors that were ever domesticated.
Horse
8238273
production began a year later for the 2001 model. Both the Tundra and the Sequoia were new to the market and have only been sold in North America. The Tundra replaced the Toyota T100 in the US market. In 2003, production of the Sienna minivan shifted to TMMI for the release of the 2004 Sienna, while Toyota Motor Manufacturing Kentucky produced the Solara in place of the Sienna. On July 10, 2008, Toyota announced that they would consolidate Tundra production at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Texas in San Antonio after 2008. Owing to the large unsold supply of Tundras and Sequoias,
Toyota Motor Manufacturing Indiana
422702
only the more southerly part of the biome, while "taiga" is used to describe the more barren areas of the northernmost part of the biome approaching the tree line and the tundra biome. Hoffman (1958) discusses the origin of this differential use in North America and why it is an inappropriate differentiation of the Russian term. Although at high elevations taiga grades into alpine tundra through Krummholz, it is not exclusively an alpine biome; and unlike subalpine forest, much of taiga is lowlands. Taiga is the world's second-largest land biome, after deserts and xeric shrublands, covering or 11.5% of the
Taiga
13594478
contains the following species: Asaphidion Asaphidion is a Holarctic genus of ground beetle native to Europe, the Near East, North Africa, and North America. Though predominantly a Palaearctic genus with one adventive exotic species in North America ("A. curtum" ), there are two native North American species in the genus: "A. alaskanum" and "A. yukonense" . Both native taxa are Arctic in distribution, found mainly in tundra environments. The introduced "A. curtum" is now found in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canadian maritime provinces. These large-eyed, diurnal species are fast-running predators believed to be specialists on springtails and other
Asaphidion
13594477
Asaphidion Asaphidion is a Holarctic genus of ground beetle native to Europe, the Near East, North Africa, and North America. Though predominantly a Palaearctic genus with one adventive exotic species in North America ("A. curtum" ), there are two native North American species in the genus: "A. alaskanum" and "A. yukonense" . Both native taxa are Arctic in distribution, found mainly in tundra environments. The introduced "A. curtum" is now found in the northeastern United States and adjacent Canadian maritime provinces. These large-eyed, diurnal species are fast-running predators believed to be specialists on springtails and other tiny, soft-bodied prey. "Asaphidion"
Asaphidion
2107833
Short-billed dowitcher The short-billed dowitcher ("Limnodromus griseus"), like its congener the long-billed dowitcher, is a medium-sized, stocky, long-billed shorebird in the family Scolopacidae. The genus name "Limnodromus" is Ancient Greek from "limne", "marsh" and "dromos", "racer". The specific "griseus" is Medieval Latin for "grey". The English name is from Iroquois and was first recorded in 1841. It is an inhabitant of North America, Central America, and northern South America. It is strongly migratory; it completely vacates in breeding areas during the snow-bound months. This species favors a variety of habitats including tundra in the north to ponds and mudflats in
Short-billed dowitcher
2107838
material. Short-billed dowitcher The short-billed dowitcher ("Limnodromus griseus"), like its congener the long-billed dowitcher, is a medium-sized, stocky, long-billed shorebird in the family Scolopacidae. The genus name "Limnodromus" is Ancient Greek from "limne", "marsh" and "dromos", "racer". The specific "griseus" is Medieval Latin for "grey". The English name is from Iroquois and was first recorded in 1841. It is an inhabitant of North America, Central America, and northern South America. It is strongly migratory; it completely vacates in breeding areas during the snow-bound months. This species favors a variety of habitats including tundra in the north to ponds and mudflats
Short-billed dowitcher
1774685
about which little breeding data is known, may fledge a record 40–45 days after hatching already. The fledglings stay with their parents for the first winter migration. The family is sometimes even joined by their offspring from previous breeding seasons while on the wintering grounds; Tundra swans do not reach sexual maturity until 3 or 4 years of age. The whistling swan is the most common swan species of North America, estimated to number almost 170,000 individuals around 1990. Its numbers seem to be slowly declining in the west of its range since the late 19th century, coincident with the
Tundra swan
11771531
groove. An almost complete mummified specimen was found in 1940. Three other species of musk oxen co-inhabited North America during the Pleistocene era. Besides the surviving tundra muskox, the extinct shrub-ox ("Euceratherium collinum") and Soergel's ox ("Soergelia mayfieldi") were also present. Bootherium bombifrons Bootherium is an extinct bovid genus from the middle to late Pleistocene of North America which contains a single species, Bootherium bombifrons. Vernacular names for "Bootherium" include Harlan's muskox, woodox, woodland muskox, helmeted muskox or, bonnet-headed muskox "Bootherium" was one of the most widely distributed muskox species in North America during the Pleistocene era. Fossils have been
Bootherium bombifrons
19486089
significant shore-side area, and numerous islands along the southern coast. Some of the islands are forested; others are skerries (small rounded rocks without vegetation). The terrain is coastal/island taiga in the southern sector. The Barents Sea sectors to the north are mostly coastal tundra. 74% of the reserve is marine, the remainder is terrestrial. Kandalaksha is located in the "Scandinavian and Russian taiga" ecoregion, which is situated in Northern Europe between tundra in the north and temperate mixed forests in the south. It is covers parts of Norway, Sweden, Finland and the northern part of European Russia, being the largest
Kandalaksha Nature Reserve
12441283
fibrous stipe, a fruity smell and lacks the ochre-coloured umbo. It is a similar coloration to the wood blewit, although mushrooms of that species generally grow much larger. "Inocybe geophylla" is common and widespread across Europe and North America. In western North America it is found under live oak, pine and Douglas fir. Both varieties are found in the Canadian Arctic regions of northern Manitoba and North West Territories, with the nominate form found in dryish tundra heath communities composed of American dwarf birch ("Betula glandulosa"), Arctic willow ("Salix arctica"), dwarf willow ("S. herbacea"), polar willow ("S. polaris" ssp. "pseudopolaris"),
Inocybe geophylla
19394300
Mammoth peninsula, Deer Island, Shokalsky Island, Pestsovoye Island and others. The reserve area encompasses 878.2 thousand ha, of which about one sixth (159,800 ha) is on islands. There is also a 150,000 ha buffer zone. Gydan is located in the "Yamal-Gydan tundra" ecoregion. It covers the Yamal and Gydan peninsulas in north-central Russia, the Ob River estuary, and into the Kara Sea and associated islands. It includes boggy tundra of sedge and heather, wetlands of the Ob estuary, and arctic desert of the far north. The climate of Gydan is "cold semi-arid" (Köppen climate classification (ET)). This is a local
Gydan Nature Reserve
12613900
banks beside rivers, sand banks, sea cliffs and nutrient-poor, stony areas. In Greenland and North America it is found on tundra, barren rocky areas, gulleys and riverside shingle, grassy slopes and sea cliffs. In general it thrives where other plants that are less tolerant of high concentrations of copper and heavy metals in the soil do not. Because of its ability to grow in soils with heavy amounts of copper, "Silene suecica" is used as a copper content indicator in geobotanical prospecting. Silene suecica Silene suecica is a species of plant in the Caryophyllaceae family. Its common name is Red
Silene suecica
13763163
where it attaches to the roots. The inflorescence is an array of several clusters of brown bristle-tipped flowers. The surrounding bracts and the sheaths surrounding the leaf bases are lined with hairs. Luzula spicata Luzula spicata is a species of flowering plant in the rush family known by the common name spiked woodrush. It has a circumpolar distribution, occurring throughout the northern Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, and North America. It grows in subalpine and alpine climates. It occurs at low elevations in colder regions, such as tundra; farther south it is restricted mainly to high mountains. It is a
Luzula spicata
19405859
relative heights of 250 to 300 meters, and a maximum height of 700 meters above sea level. The delineated biosphere includes the core region of Visimskiy (33,487 hectares), plus a buffer zone extending north for 46,000 hectares, and a transition zone extending for a further 100,000 hectares north. Visim is located in the "Urals montane tundra and taiga" ecoregion, a region that covers the Ural Mountains in a band that is narrow from west-east, but runs up most of the divide between European and Asiatic Russia. The area is a meeting zones of taiga and tundra tree and plant species.
Visim Nature Reserve
1642102
winds and cold may make tundra vegetation seem very hardy, but in some respects the tundra is very fragile. Repeated footsteps often destroy tundra plants, allowing exposed soil to blow away; recovery may take hundreds of years. Because alpine tundra is located in various widely separated regions of the Earth, there is no animal species common to all areas of alpine tundra. Some animals of alpine tundra environments include the kea, marmot, mountain goat, Bighorn sheep, chinchilla, Himalayan tahr, yak and pika. Alpine tundra Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because
Alpine tundra
2657830
Josef Land (the northernmost point of Russia, Europe and Eurasia) and Cape Zhelaniya in Novaya Zemlya (the easternmost point of Europe) are both located within Arkhangelsk Oblast. Arkhangelsk Oblast is located on the East European Plain, and most of it represents forested hilly landscape. The north-eastern part belongs to the Timan Ridge, a highland mostly situated east from the oblast. The Nenets Autonomous Okrug is essentially a flat tundra (Bolshezemelskaya Tundra) with several hill chains like Pay-Khoy Ridge. The Arctic islands including Novaya Zemlya and Franz Joseph Land are mountainous with glaciers and eternally snow-covered. This region has a genetically
Arkhangelsk Oblast
18226357
Catoptria latiradiellus Catoptria latiradiellus, the three-spotted crambus moth or two-banded catoptria, is a moth in the Crambidae family. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Yukon and British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan and Colorado. The habitat consists of wet tundra, boreal forests and grasslands. The wingspan is 19–24 mm. The forewings are reddish brown with a silvery-white stripe crossed by two diagonal medium-brown bands. There is a terminal series of black dots. The basal part of the hindwings is whitish and light brown distally.
Catoptria latiradiellus
14155204
continental, oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, steppe, subarctic climate, tundra, polar ice cap, and desert. Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between and . A tropical savanna is a grassland biome located in semi-arid to semi-humid climate regions of subtropical and tropical latitudes, with rainfall between and a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, Malaysia, and Australia. The humid subtropical climate zone where winter rainfall (and sometimes snowfall) is associated with large storms that the westerlies steer from west to east.
Earth rainfall climatology
18226358
Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae probably feed on mosses. Catoptria latiradiellus Catoptria latiradiellus, the three-spotted crambus moth or two-banded catoptria, is a moth in the Crambidae family. It was described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Yukon and British Columbia to Newfoundland, south to Pennsylvania, Michigan and Colorado. The habitat consists of wet tundra, boreal forests and grasslands. The wingspan is 19–24 mm. The forewings are reddish brown with a silvery-white stripe crossed by two diagonal medium-brown bands. There is a terminal series of
Catoptria latiradiellus
684249
three great vegetation belts. About 40% of Sakha lies above the Arctic circle and all of it is covered by permafrost which greatly influences the region's ecology and limits forests in the southern region. Arctic and subarctic tundra define the middle region, where lichen and moss grow as great green carpets and are favorite pastures for reindeer. In the southern part of the tundra belt, scattered stands of dwarf Siberian pine and larch grow along the rivers. Below the tundra is the vast taiga forest region. Larch trees dominate in the north and stands of fir and pine begin to
Sakha Republic
4274458
Toyota Tundra The Toyota Tundra is a pickup truck manufactured in the United States by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since May 1999. The Tundra was the first North American full-size pickup to be built by a Japanese manufacturer. The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award and was "Motor Trend" magazine's Truck of the Year in 2000 and 2008. Initially built in a new Toyota plant in Princeton, Indiana, production was consolidated in 2008 to Toyota's San Antonio, Texas, factory and is the only full-size pickup truck manufactured in Texas. The first generation Tundra had
Toyota Tundra
614517
is found in Australia, one extinct species was found in New Zealand and the Chatham Islands, and one species is distributed in southern South America. They are absent from tropical Asia, Central America, northern South America and the entirety of Africa. One species, the mute swan, has been introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand. Several species are migratory, either wholly or partly so. The mute swan is a partial migrant, being resident over areas of Western Europe but wholly migratory in Eastern Europe and Asia. The whooper swan and tundra swan are wholly migratory, and the trumpeter swans
Swan
15731724
from steppe to prairie to tundra as well as most rocky or mountainous areas. By far the widest ranging species of booted eagle is the golden eagle, which is distributed in much of North America (where it is the only species of the subfamily) and more than half of Eurasia, often along most mountainous terrains therein but also most semi-open ranges. So-called "hawk-eagles" are forest dwelling booted eagle types largely represented by "Spizaetus" (in the neotropics) and "Nisaetus" (in Asia). Despite many similar features in the two main hawk-eagle genera, they apparently evolved separately for some time and are not
Aquilinae
2685651
region through the Pleistocene. By the Mindel, muskoxen had also reached the British Isles. Both Germany and Britain were just south of the Scandinavian ice sheet and covered in tundra during cold periods, but Pleistocene muskoxen are also rarely recorded in more benign and wooded areas to the south like France and Green Spain, where they coexisted with temperate ungulates like red deer and aurochs. Likewise, the muskox is known to have survived in Britain during warm interglacial periods. Today's muskoxen are descended from others believed to have migrated from Siberia to North America between 200,000 and 90,000 years ago,
Muskox
50351
Libya, but it became extinct around the 1870s. The most widespread species is the brown bear, which occurs from Western Europe eastwards through Asia to the western areas of North America. The American black bear is restricted to North America, and the polar bear is restricted to the Arctic Sea. All the remaining species of bear are Asian. They occur in a range of habitats which include tropical lowland rainforest, both coniferous and broadleaf forests, prairies, steppes, montane grassland, alpine scree slopes, Arctic tundra and in the case of the polar bear, ice floes. Bears may dig their dens in
Bear
16040830
of desiccation. Tortula ruralis Tortula ruralis, commonly known as twisted moss and star moss, is a species of moss with a cosmopolitan distribution. It occurs in North America, the Pacific, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North and South Africa, South America, and Australia. It grows in many types of climate, including the Arctic, boreal areas, temperate areas, and deserts. It grows in tundra, coniferous forest, grassland, sagebrush, and other habitat types. This moss forms tufts of erect stems up to 4 centimeters tall. When it is wet it is bright green and the leaves are loose. When it dries the
Tortula ruralis
16040828
Tortula ruralis Tortula ruralis, commonly known as twisted moss and star moss, is a species of moss with a cosmopolitan distribution. It occurs in North America, the Pacific, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, North and South Africa, South America, and Australia. It grows in many types of climate, including the Arctic, boreal areas, temperate areas, and deserts. It grows in tundra, coniferous forest, grassland, sagebrush, and other habitat types. This moss forms tufts of erect stems up to 4 centimeters tall. When it is wet it is bright green and the leaves are loose. When it dries the leaves wrap
Tortula ruralis
1281815
A caribou statue was erected at the center of the Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial, marking the spot in France where hundreds of soldiers from Newfoundland were killed and wounded in World War I and there is a replica in Bowring Park in St. John's, Newfoundland's capital city. Two municipalities in Finland have reindeer motifs in their coats-of-arms: Kuusamo has a running reindeer and Inari has a fish with reindeer antlers. Reindeer The reindeer ("Rangifer tarandus"), also known as the caribou in North America, is a species of deer with circumpolar distribution, native to Arctic, sub-Arctic, tundra, boreal, and mountainous regions of
Reindeer
4274498
logged in an average of a year and had it serviced at his local dealership a total of 117 times. Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. gave Sheppard a 2016 model year Tundra in exchange for his old truck; the company will disassemble it to study its durability and reliability. Toyota Tundra The Toyota Tundra is a pickup truck manufactured in the United States by the Japanese manufacturer Toyota since May 1999. The Tundra was the first North American full-size pickup to be built by a Japanese manufacturer. The Tundra was nominated for the North American Truck of the Year award
Toyota Tundra
417766
Tundra In physical geography, tundra () is a type of biome where the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The term "tundra" comes through Russian (') from the Kildin Sami word (') meaning "uplands", "treeless mountain tract". Tundra vegetation is composed of dwarf shrubs, sedges and grasses, mosses, and lichens. Scattered trees grow in some tundra regions. The ecotone (or ecological boundary region) between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. There are three regions and associated types of tundra: Arctic tundra, alpine tundra, and Antarctic tundra.. Arctic tundra
Tundra
2107746
is largely grey. Their breeding habitat is wet tundra in the far north of North America and eastern Siberia. They nest on the ground, usually near water. They migrate to the southern United States and as far south as Central America. Long-billed dowitcher is a rare but regular visitor to western Europe, with some individuals staying for long periods. These birds forage by probing in shallow water or on wet mud. They mainly eat insects, mollusks, crustaceans and marine worms, but also eat some plant material. They are more likely to be seen near fresh water than the short-billed dowitcher.
Long-billed dowitcher
5461945
2010 model year onward for a majority of North America, replacing Tundra production. TMMI Highlander production began in October 2009 for gasoline engine models only; hybrids continued to be imported from Japan until the release of the third generation XU50, where all production except for China was consolidated at TMMI. In Australia, the new generation Kluger was launched in August 2007. There are three grades available, KX-R, KX-S and Grande. All grades are available with either 2WD or AWD. The base model KX-R is also available with either five or seven seats, whilst the latter grades are seven seaters only.
Toyota Highlander
418788
companies Citroën and Peugeot a year after Toyota started producing cars in France. A youth-oriented marque for North America, Scion, was introduced in 2003. Toyota ranked eighth on Forbes 2000 list of the world's leading companies for the year 2005 but slid to 55th for 2011. The company was number one in global automobile sales for the first quarter of 2008. In 2007, Toyota released an update of its full-sized truck, the Tundra, produced in two American factories, one in Texas and one in Indiana. "Motor Trend" named the Tundra "Truck of the Year", and the 2007 Toyota Camry "Car
Toyota
11945138
Mastered by Guy at The Exchange Mastered by Guy at The Exchange is the second studio album by Ben Jacobs under his stage name of Max Tundra. Released on 2 September 2002 through Domino Records in the United Kingdom and by Tigerbeat6 Records in North America, making it his first album to be distributed in North America. The album was also Max Tundra's first to be released with vocals on nearly all the tracks. Two singles were released from the album: "Lysine" and "Cabasa". The album failed to chart in both the United Kingdom and the United States, but received
Mastered by Guy at The Exchange