the eastern limit of the harappa culture was
Gujarat
188347
the 1920s also after excavations at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh near Larkana, and Harappa, in west Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in east Punjab, India in the north, to Gujarat in the south and east, and to Pakistani Balochistan in the west have also been discovered and studied. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad (as part of the Sind and Punjab Railway), used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. The bricks discovered
Harappa
91067
Cemetery H culture The Cemetery H culture was a Bronze Age culture in the Punjab region in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, from about 1900 BCE until about 1300 BCE. It was a regional form of the late phase of the Harappan (Indus Valley) civilisation (alongside the Jhukar culture of Sindh and Rangpur culture of Gujarat). The Cemetery H culture was located in and around the Punjab region in present-day India and Pakistan. It was named after a cemetery found in "area H" at Harappa. Remains of the culture have been dated from about 1900 BCE until about
Cemetery H culture
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in the ""Kanya Gurukul museum"" in Narela and Haryana. Cemetery H culture was a Bronze Age cultural regional form in the Punjab region and north-western India, from about 1900 BCE until about 1300 BCE, of the late phase of the Harappan (Indus Valley) civilisation (alongside the Jhukar culture of Sindh and Rangpur culture of Gujarat), and it has also been connected with the early stages of the Indo-Aryan migrations. It was named after a cemetery found in "area H" at Harappa. According to Kenoyer, the Cemetery H culture "may only reflect a change in the focus of settlement organization from
Pottery in the Indian subcontinent
1408695
of a major river system on the trade route of the ancient peoples from Sindh to Saurashtra in Gujarat. Lothal provides with the largest collection of antiquities in the archaeology of modern India. It is essentially a single culture site—the Harappan culture in all its variances is evidenced. An indigenous micaceous Red Ware culture also existed, which is believed to be autochthonous and pre-Harappan. Two sub-periods of Harappan culture are distinguished: the same period (between 2400 and 1900 BCE) is identical to the exuberant culture of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. After the core of the Indus civilisation had decayed in Mohenjo-daro
Lothal
188347
the 1920s also after excavations at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh near Larkana, and Harappa, in west Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in east Punjab, India in the north, to Gujarat in the south and east, and to Pakistani Balochistan in the west have also been discovered and studied. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad (as part of the Sind and Punjab Railway), used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts have nevertheless been found. The bricks discovered
Harappa
831852
The Indus still flows east of the site, but the Ghaggar-Hakra riverbed on the western side is now dry. Mohenjo-daro was built in the 26th century BCE. It was one of the largest cities of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, which developed around 3,000 BCE from the prehistoric Indus culture. At its height, the Indus Civilization spanned much of what is now Pakistan and North India, extending westwards to the Iranian border, south to Gujarat in India and northwards to an outpost in Bactria, with major urban centers at Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Kalibangan, Dholavira
Mohenjo-daro
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Umreth Taluka Umreth (Gujarati: ઉમરેઠ) is a taluka and the administrative center of Anand District in the state of Gujarat, India. It is administered by Umreth Nagarpalika. It is part of the region known as Charotar, located in Anand and Kheda districts. Umreth is also known as the Silk City of Charotar. It became famous for silk sarees and its Pol culture. It commonly looks like Harappa architecture. Umreth lines between Dwarka, Nadiad and Dakor on the State Highway known as “PragatiPath”. It is connected with Baroda, Anand, Nadiad, Ahmedabad, Godhra, Kapadvanj, and Balasinor via roadway. The railway line is
Umreth Taluka
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were made of red sand, clay, stones and were baked at very high temperature. As early as 1826 Harappa, located in west Punjab, attracted the attention of a British officer in India, who gets credit for preliminary excavations in Harappa. The Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers." Although such similarities have given rise to arguments for the existence of a standardized
Harappa
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of "demographic disruptions" after the decline of the Harappa culture. Kenoyer notes that no biological evidence can be found for major new populations in post-Harappan communities. Hemphill notes that "patterns of phonetic affinity" between Bactria and the Indus Valley Civilisation are best explained by "a pattern of long-standing, but low-level bidirectional mutual exchange". According to Kennedy, the Cemetery H culture "shows clear biological affinities" with the earlier population of Harappa. The archaeologist Kenoyer noted that this culture "may only reflect a change in the focus of settlement organization from that which was the pattern of the earlier Harappan phase and
Indo-Aryan migration
16005311
in the Harappa Phase (Period 3) levels at Harappa. Ash pits and kilns of considerable size were observed on the northwestern and eastern peripheries of the site. One among these was a feature that is suspected to be a series of faience kilns. Their furnace walls exhibit vitrification indicative of extremely high temperature craft activities. In his discussion of Indus faience production Kenoyer mentions (1994: 37) the discovery of white rocky quartz at the site of Harappa, which might have been the raw material crushed to make the silica powder. It's found along with the kilns. This, and the unusually
Mitathal
188354
culture as seen from both Pakistan- and India-based scholars. In February 2006 a school teacher in the village of Sembian-Kandiyur in Tamil Nadu discovered a stone celt (tool) with an inscription estimated to be up to 3,500 years old. Clay and stone tablets unearthed at Harappa, which were carbon dated 3300–3200 BC., contain trident-shaped and plant-like markings. "It is a big question as to if we can call what we have found true writing, but we have found symbols that have similarities to what became Indus script" said Dr. Richard Meadow of Harvard University, Director of the Harappa Archeological Research
Harappa
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migrated to other areas, possibly Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the best known sites from the Indus Valley civilization (c 2500 - 1900 BCE). Pre-Soanian culture in Pakistan corresponds to Oldowan culture dating back to the Mindel glaciation. Some findings in Punjab belong to this period. Early Soanian sites correspond to the Acheulean period. Different stone artifacts have been discovered from these sites from all over Pakistan. Sites in Soan Valley and Potohar Plateau from this period include; Mehrgarh (c. 7000 BCE - 2000 BCE), from Neolithic age, in Balochistan is one of the earliest sites with evidence
Archaeological sites in Pakistan
188346
2005, a controversial amusement park scheme at the site was abandoned when builders unearthed many archaeological artifacts during the early stages of building work. A plea from the Pakistani archaeologist Mohit Prem Kumar to the Ministry of Culture resulted in a restoration of the site. The Harappan Civilization has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BC along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. The civilization, with a possible writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system, was rediscovered in
Harappa
188345
Sindh and the Punjab, and then the Cemetery H culture. The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents and occupied about with clay brick houses at its greatest extent during the Mature Harappan phase (2600–1900 BC), which is considered large for its time. Per archaeological convention of naming a previously unknown civilization by its first excavated site, the Indus Valley Civilization is also called the Harappan Civilization. The ancient city of Harappa was heavily damaged under British rule, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the construction of the Lahore–Multan Railway. In
Harappa
577010
southern Mesopotamia. The Indus Valley Civilisation is also named the "Harappan Civilisation" after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s (mainly 1921), in what was then the Punjab province of British India. The discovery of Harappa, and soon afterwards Mohenjo-daro, was the culmination of work beginning in 1861 with the founding of the Archaeological Survey of India in the British Raj. Excavation of Harappan sites has been ongoing since 1920, with important breakthroughs occurring as recently as 1999. This Harappan civilisation is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from the cultures immediately
Indus Valley Civilisation
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dominated the lower Indus Valley and Ganweriwala might have been the urban centre for what is now Rajasthan. The site at Harappa was first excavated by Sir Alexander Cunningham in 1872-73, two decades after Brick Robbers carried off the visible remains of the city. He found an Indus seal of an unknown origin. The first extensive excavations at Harappa were started by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni in 1920. His excavations at Mohenjo-daro called attention to the Indus Valley civilization as the earliest urban culture in the Indian Sub-Continent. His work was followed later in the decade by that of
Sahiwal District
1418030
predecessor Alexander Cunningham, Marshall in 1920 initiated at dig at Harappa, with Daya Ram Sahni as director. In 1922 work began at Mohenjo-Daro. The results of these efforts, which revealed a seeming ancient culture with its own writing system, were published in the "Illustrated London News" on 20 September 1924. Scholars linked the artifacts with the ancient civilisation of Sumer in Mesopotamia. Subsequent excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro to be sophisticated planned cities with plumbing and baths. Marshall also led excavations at the prehistoric Sohr Damb mound near Nal in Baluchistan; a small representative collection of pottery vessels from the
John Marshall (archaeologist)
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to Kennedy and Mallory & Adams, the Cemetery H culture also "shows clear biological affinities" with the earlier population of Harappa. Some traits of the Cemetery H culture have been associated with the Swat culture, which has been regarded as evidence of the Indo-Aryan movement toward the Indian subcontinent. According to Parpola, the Cemetery H culture represents a first wave of Indo-Aryan migration from as early as 1900 BCE, which was followed by a migration to the Punjab c. 1700-1400 BCE. According to Kochhar, the Swat IV co-founded the Harappan Cemetery H phase in Punjab (2000-1800 BCE), while the Rigvedic
Cemetery H culture
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don't mention cities or urban life) for South Asian culture, their impact on family, societal organisation, religion, morale, literature etc. has never been contested. The Indus Valley Civilisation on the other hand has only come to light by means of 20th century archaeology. Scholars, who employ several periodization models argue over whether South Asian tradition is consciously committed to the Harappan culture. Declining climatic conditions, (aridification) and population displacement (Indo-Aryan migration) are regarded as to have caused the fatal disruption of the Harappa culture, that was superseded by the rural Vedic culture. Following the Indo-Aryan settlement in the Indo-Gangetic Plain
Culture of Asia
188344
Harappa Harappa (; Urdu/) is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs in north. The current village of Harappa is less than from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy railway station from the period of the British Raj, it is a small crossroads town of 15,000 people today. The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Indus Valley Civilization centered in
Harappa
17381225
Archaeology in Pakistan Pakistan contains some of the oldest archaeological discoveries of the world. The country is home to many archaeological sites dating from Lower Paleolithic period to Mughal empire. The earliest known archaeological findings belong to the Soanian culture from the Soan Valley, near modern-day Islamabad. Soan Valley culture is considered as the best known Palaeolithic culture of Central Asia. The Mehrgarh culture was amongst the first cultures in the world to establish agriculture and livestock and live in villages. Mehrgarh civilization lasted for 5000 years till 2000 BCE after which people migrated to other areas, possibly Harappa and
Archaeology in Pakistan
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Project. This primitive writing is placed slightly earlier than primitive writings of the Sumerians of Mesopotamia, dated c.3100 BC. These markings have similarities to what later became Indus Script. Harappa Harappa (; Urdu/) is an archaeological site in Punjab, Pakistan, about west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River which now runs in north. The current village of Harappa is less than from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a legacy railway station from the period of the British Raj, it is a small crossroads town
Harappa
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in the Soan Valley of Punjab. The Indus region, which covers most of present day Pakistan, was the site of several successive ancient cultures including the Neolithic Mehrgarh and the Bronze Age Indus Valley Civilisation (2,800–1,800 BCE) at Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. The Vedic period (1500–500 BCE) was characterised by an Indo-Aryan culture; during this period the Vedas, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism, were composed, and this culture later became well established in the region. Multan was an important Hindu pilgrimage centre. The Vedic civilisation flourished in the ancient Gandhāran city of Takṣaśilā, now Taxila in the Punjab, which was
Pakistan
577084
partially from the Indus Valley Civilisations. , archaeological data suggests that the material culture classified as Late Harappan may have persisted until at least c. 1000–900 BCE and was partially contemporaneous with the Painted Grey Ware culture. Harvard archaeologist Richard Meadow points to the late Harappan settlement of Pirak, which thrived continuously from 1800 BCE to the time of the invasion of Alexander the Great in 325 BCE. In the aftermath of the Indus Civilisation's localisation, regional cultures emerged, to varying degrees showing the influence of the Indus Civilisation. In the formerly great city of Harappa, burials have been found
Indus Valley Civilisation
9652939
R. D. Banerji Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay (12 April 1885 – 23 May 1930), also known as R. D. Banerji, was an Indian historian and a native Indian pioneer in the fields of Indian archaeology, epigraphy and palaeography. He was the Manindra Chandra Nandy Professor of Ancient Indian History and Culture at the Banaras Hindu University from 1928–30. He is mostly known as the discoverer of Mohenjo-daro, the principal site of the Harappa culture. Bandyopadhyay was born on 12 April 1885 in Berhampore of Murshidabad District to Matilal and Kalimati. He passed his entrance examination from the Krishnath College School in Berhampore
R. D. Banerji
8464627
He founded the Indian Historical Research Institute (1926), which trained numerous historians and Indologists, including Frank Moraes, Dr. Keny, and others. The institute was later renamed the Heras Institute of Indian History and Culture. From 1935 on he turned his attention to the newly excavated archeological sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa: he was particularly keen on deciphering the inscriptions of the so-called Indus Valley Civilization. He wrote numerous articles on the topic, summing up finally his research in what will remain his master piece: "Studies in Proto-Indo-Mediterranean Culture" (1953) in which he proposed a solution to the mysterious script of
Henry Heras
16707891
The Harappa Files The Harappa files is a 2011 graphic novel by Indian graphic artist Sarnath Banerjee. It is the author's third graphic novel after "Corridor" and "The Barn Owl's Wondrous Capers". The book is introduced as a set of 'loosely bound graphic commentaries' produced in a period of three years. The Greater Harappa Rehabilitation, Reclamation & Redevelopment Commission (GHRRR) is a secret committee of elite bureaucrats, historians, ethnographers, social scientists, law enforcers, retired diplomats and policymakers. The committee has had the responsibility of conducting a survey of the 'current ethnography and urban mythologies of a country on the brink
The Harappa Files
5851436
of Baba Bhai Gurdas Ji in the southeast of the town. At Baba Bhai Gurdas Ji Temple, every year a fair held on March–April Season. Mansa is located at . It has an average elevation of 212 metres (695 feet). The ancient history of the Mansa district has been traced to the Indus Valley civilization. The archaeological finds at different villages of Mansa district are almost similar to those of Harappa and Mohanjodaro. It is divided into three parts Pre-Harappa, Harappa and Late Harappa. and it is believed that Shri Baba Bhai Gurdas had lived here during his last times
Mansa, Punjab
20626826
the eastern limit of Panchannagram Main Canal, thence northwards along the eastern limit of Panchannagram Main Canal up to its meeting point with the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass; on the "east" by the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass up to its meeting point with the eastern limit of the Eastern Railway line; on the "south" and on the "west" starting from the point where eastern limit of the Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass meets the eastern limit of the railway line, thence north-west direction along the eastern limit of the eastern railway line up to the eastern limit of
Survey Park
4758588
Ajaz Anwar, Ismail Gulgee, Jamil Naqsh, and Sadequain are prominent and outstanding creative painters of Pakistan. Pakistani vehicle art is a popular folk art. The architecture of the areas now constituting Pakistan can be traced to four distinct periods: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C., an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day. Mohenjo Daro, Harappa and Kot Diji belong to the pre-Islamic era settlements. The rise of Buddhism, Guptas, Mouryas,
Culture of Pakistan
13101176
green plant can also be used in part as cattle feed. The straw can be mixed with clay or cement be used in construction. The harvest yield is from 230 to 900 kg/ha. At the Indus Valley Civilisation sites of Harappa and Farmana, the millet assemblage was dominated by little millet. Over 10,000 grains of little millet were recovered at Harappa. At Harappa, little millet cultivation peaked at around 2600 BC, accounting for around 5% of the total cereal assemblage. Little Millet is cooked like rice. Sometimes the millet is also milled and baked. The protein content of the grain
Panicum sumatrense
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Mohanjodaro. It is divided into three parts "Pre-Harappa", "Harappa" and "Late Harappa". According to the 2011 census Mansa district has a population of 7,68,808, roughly equal to the US state of Alaska. This gives it a ranking of 489th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population density of . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 11.62%. Mansa has a sex ratio of 880 females for every 1000 males and a literacy rate of 62.8%. Mansa is situated in the cotton belt of Punjab and therefore popularly called the "Area of white
Mansa district, Punjab
15791239
Channel C-C-I, thence eastward along the southern limit of Lead Channel C-C-I, up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass; on the "east", starting from a point where the southern limit Lead Channel C-C-1 meets the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan By-Pass, thence southward along the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass up to the point, where it meets the eastern limit of Panchannagram Main Canal, thence proceeds southwards along the eastern limit of Panchannagram Main Canal up to the point, where it meets the southern limit of Kalikapur Road; on the "south" starting
Garfa
6404493
Quimbaya, Quindío Quimbaya is a town and municipality in the western part of the department of Quindío, Colombia. It is 20 km northwest of the departmental capital Armenia. The name of the city derives from the name of the Precolumbian culture that inhabited the area, the Quimbaya civilization. Quimbaya is bounded to the north and west by the Valle del Cauca Department, with La Vieja River forming the western limit. To the south, the Roble River forms the limit with the municipalities of Montenegro and Circasia. The eastern boundary is with the municipality of Filandia. Quimbaya was founded in 1914
Quimbaya, Quindío
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limit of the railway line up to its’ crossing with the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass; and on the "west" starting from a point on the northern limit of the railway line meets the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass, thence northwards along the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass up to a point where it meets the northern limit of Ajoy Nagar 4th Road. Panchasayar Shiksha Niketan, a Bengali-medium co-educational institution, was established in 1988. Swagatam Halder, of Panchasayar Shiksha Niketan, topped the merit list of the higher secondary examination of the West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary
Panchasayar
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thence eastwards along the southern limit of Dr. B. N. Dey Road up to a point, where it meets the eastern limit of the Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass. On the "east", it is bordered by a line starting from a point where the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass meets the southern limit of Dr. B. N. Dey Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of the Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass up to the extended southern limit of Picnic Garden Road. On the "south", it is bordered by a line starting from the junction point of eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass
Tiljala
188352
the remains have suggested that the combined evidence for differences in mortuary treatment and epidemiology indicate that some individuals and communities at Harappa were excluded from access to basic resources like health and safety, a basic feature of hierarchical societies worldwide. The excavators of the site have proposed the following chronology of Harappa's occupation: By far the most exquisite and obscure artifacts unearthed to date are the small, square steatite (soapstone) seals engraved with human or animal motifs. A large number of seals have been found at such sites as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Many bear pictographic inscriptions generally thought to
Harappa
20645241
it meets the northern limit of Churial Khal, thence eastwards along the northern limit of Churial Khal, up to a point where it meets the eastern limit of Kalagachia Khal thence northwards along the eastern limit of Kalagachia Khal up to a point where it meets the southern limit of Khan Mohammad road, thence eastward along the southern limit of Khan Mohammad Road up to a point where it meets the eastern limit of Dakshin Behala Road, thence northwards along the eastern limit of Dakshin Behala Road up to a point where it meets the eastern limit of Sarsuna Main
Thakurpukur
17018764
Bima Sultanate The Sultanate of Bima was a Muslim state in the eastern part of Sumbawa in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day regency of Bima. It was a regionally important polity which formed the eastern limit of Islam in this part of Indonesia and developed an elite culture inspired by Makassarese and Malay models. Bima was subjected to indirect colonial rule from 1669 to 1949 and ceased to be a sultanate in 1958. From early times, Sumbawa Island was divided in six kingdoms called Sumbawa, Tambora, Dompu, Pekat, Sanggar and Bima. Of these, the last four spoke Nggahi
Bima Sultanate
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republic and replaced by a modern bureaucratic structure. Bima Sultanate The Sultanate of Bima was a Muslim state in the eastern part of Sumbawa in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day regency of Bima. It was a regionally important polity which formed the eastern limit of Islam in this part of Indonesia and developed an elite culture inspired by Makassarese and Malay models. Bima was subjected to indirect colonial rule from 1669 to 1949 and ceased to be a sultanate in 1958. From early times, Sumbawa Island was divided in six kingdoms called Sumbawa, Tambora, Dompu, Pekat, Sanggar and
Bima Sultanate
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meets the eastern limit of Central Lake Canal; on the "east" starting from a point where extended southern limit of Dr. B. N. Dey Road meets the eastern limit of Central Lake Canal, thence southwards along the outer boundaries of mouza-Dhapa; on the "south" by the outer boundaries of mouza Dhapa, Choubaga, Nonadanga and Madurdaha, up to the point of eastern limit of the Eastern Metropolitan Bye Pass; and on the "west" starting from a point where the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass meets the southern boundary of mouza Madurdaha, thence northwards along the eastern limit of Eastern Metropolitan
Anandapur, Kolkata
16707895
and tangentially, Rakhaldas Bandyopadhyay, the man credited to have discovered Mohenjo-daro. 'Tea' places the text of an apocryphal tale about Bodhidharma's life with the images of a Tea auction. 'Single Malt, Single Woman' discusses how after a threesome there is disappointment since '...it is now one fantasy less.' The Harappa Files The Harappa files is a 2011 graphic novel by Indian graphic artist Sarnath Banerjee. It is the author's third graphic novel after "Corridor" and "The Barn Owl's Wondrous Capers". The book is introduced as a set of 'loosely bound graphic commentaries' produced in a period of three years. The
The Harappa Files
20625160
the northern limit of Suti Khal, thence southwards along the western limit of Nayabandh Main Road and Nayabandh Avenue up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Budherhat Main Road; on the "south" starting from a point on the western limit of Nayabandh Avenue and eastern limit of Budherhat Main Road, thence west along the eastern and northern limit of Budherhat Main Road and Ajoy Nagar 4th Road up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Eastern Mertopolitan Bye-Pass; and on the "west" starting from a point where the northern limit of Ajoy Nagar
Mukundapur, Kolkata
226550
Hindustani traditions. Karnataka's pre-history goes back to a paleolithic hand-axe culture evidenced by discoveries of, among other things, hand axes and cleavers in the region. Evidence of neolithic and megalithic cultures have also been found in the state. Gold discovered in Harappa was found to be imported from mines in Karnataka, prompting scholars to hypothesise about contacts between ancient Karnataka and the Indus Valley Civilisation ca. 3300 BCE. Prior to the third century BCE, most of Karnataka formed part of the Nanda Empire before coming under the Mauryan empire of Emperor Ashoka. Four centuries of Satavahana rule followed, allowing them
Karnataka
54095
Egyptian fortress of Buhen, and the ancient Indus Valley cities of Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, and Mehrgarh. Ceramic, or "fired brick" was used as early as 3000 BC in early Indus Valley cities like Kalibangan. The earliest fired bricks appeared in Neolithic China around 4400 BC at Chengtoushan, a walled settlement of the Daxi culture. These bricks were made of red clay, fired on all sides to above 600°C, and used as flooring for houses. By the Qujialing period (3300 BC), fired bricks were being used to pave roads and as building foundations at Chengtoushan. Bricks continued to be used during 2nd
Brick
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Journalism. Its 'Archaeological Museum', (established 1945) houses some rare statues, coins, paintings, manuscripts and artefacts, starting from Harappa culture (c. 2500–1500 BC). Mahatma Gandhi visited the campus three times, and stayed in its sprawling and serene campus for extended periods of time, most notably during the 1915 Kumbh mela, followed by a visit in 1916, when on 20 March, he spoke at Gurukul Anniversary. Dev Sanskriti Vishwavidyalaya was established in 2002 by the act of the Uttarakhand Government is a fully residential university. Run by Shri Vedmata Gayatri Trust, Shantikunj, Haridwar (headquarters of All World Gayatri Pariwar), it provides various
Haridwar
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and Harappa, Lothal seems not only to have survived but to have thrived for many years. Its constant threats - tropical storms and floods - caused immense destruction, which destabilised the culture and ultimately caused its end. Topographical analysis also shows signs that at about the time of its demise, the region suffered from aridity or weakened monsoon rainfall. Thus the cause for the abandonment of the city may have been changes in the climate as well as natural disasters, as suggested by environmental magnetic records. Lothal is based upon a mound that was a salt marsh inundated by tide.
Lothal
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first to the history of languages and culture and then to social history. To help his research he mastered Tamil, Kannada, Tulu, and Paali languages and associated himself for some time with Sir Mortimer Wheeler in the excavation works at Harappa, Chandravally, and Brahmagiri. He published his research findings only in his later years but they were received eagerly by the general public as well as by the academic community probably because the historical writing on Kerala until then was rather a jumble of hearsays and subjective accounts lacking any academic methodology. Pillai added a new dimension to historiography in
Elamkulam Kunjan Pillai
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script is largely pictorial and has not been deciphered yet. It may or may not include abstract signs. It is thought that they wrote from right to left and that the script is thought to be logographic. Because it has not been deciphered, linguists disagree on whether it is a complete and independent writing system; however, it is genuinely thought to be an independent writing system that emerged in the Harappa culture. These examples indicate that early acts of literacy were closely tied to power and chiefly used for management practices, and probably less than 1% of the population was
Literacy
577012
the Indus Valley, where the first remains were found. The Indus Valley Civilisation was also named as the "Harappan civilisation" after Harappa, the first of its sites to be excavated in the 1920s, in what was then the Punjab province of British India. The Indus Valley Civilisation has also been called by some the "Sarasvati culture", the "Sarasvati Civilisation", the "Indus-Sarasvati Civilisation" or the "Sindhu-Saraswati Civilisation", as the Ghaggar-Hakra river is identified by some with the mythological Sarasvati River, suggesting that the Indus Valley Civilisation was the Vedic civilisation as perceived by traditional Hindu beliefs. The Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC)
Indus Valley Civilisation
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in scale, revealed much about the site and the region. He identified a pre-Mature Harappan phase related to the Kalibangan I. Also he identified an early phase at the site of Harappa, which has been described as a ‘pre-defense’, 'or Kot Diji Phase'. This is also known in Haryana as 'Late Siswal culture'. This was followed by a continuous sequence going through a Late Harappan phase. Bhan also defined the later Period I and Period II phases as belonging to c. 2000-1900 B.C. and c. 1900-1500 B.C., respectively. The classical phase of the Indus Civilization (Mature Harappan) was indicated at
Mitathal
15791240
from a point where the eastern limit of Panchannagram Main Canal meets the southern limit of Kalikapur Road, thence westwards along the southern limits of Kalikapur Road, Vivekananda Sarani and Garfa Main Road up to the eastern limit of Jhil Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of Jhil Road and Jadavpur Station Road up to the eastern limit of the railway line; and on "west", by the eastern limit of the railway line up to the point where it meets the southern limit of Sarat Ghosh Garden Road. Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under
Garfa
7471980
Bosepukur Road, Kolkata-700042, it has jurisdiction over the police district, which is bordered on the "north" starting from the point where the southern limit of Picnic Garden Road meets the eastern limit of railway line, thence eastwards along the Southern limit of Picnic Garden Road up to the point where it meets the Eastern limit of the Eastern Metropolitan Bye Pass; on the "east" by the eastern limit of the Eastern Metropolitan Bye-Pass up to the point where it meets the southern limit of Lead Channel CC-I; on the south by the Southern limit of the Lead Channel CC-I up
Kasba, Kolkata
4289096
London). Under the Eastern Roman Empire Emperor Justinian's rule, gold was mined in the Balkans, Anatolia, Armenia, Egypt, and Nubia. In the area of the Kolar Gold Fields in Bangarpet Taluk, Kolar District of Karnataka state, India, gold was first mined prior to the 2nd and 3rd century AD by digging small pits. (Golden objects found in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro have been traced to Kolar through the analysis of impurities — the impurities include 11% silver concentration, found only in KGF ore.) The Champion reef at the Kolar gold fields was mined to a depth of during the Gupta period
Gold mining
17340635
which is bordered on the "north" starting from the junction point of the eastern limit of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road and the southern limit of Raipur Road, thence eastwards along the southern limit of Raipur Road, Raipur Road East, up to the junction point of southern limit of Baghajatin Station Road and the eastern limit of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road; on the "east" starting from the junction point of the southern limit of Baghajatin Station Road and the eastern limit of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Raoci
Netaji Nagar, Kolkata
3790803
Shasmal Road, thence eastwards along the southern limit of Prince Anwar Shah Road up to the eastern limit of Gariahat Road, thence eastwards along the sountern limit of Bye-Pass Connector up to the eastern limit of the railway line; on the "east" by the eastern limit of the railway line up to the point, where it meets the southern limit of Bagha Jatin Station Road; on the "south" by the southern limit of Bagha Jatin Station Road, Raipur Road East and Raipur Road up to its crossing with the eastern limit of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road; and on the
Jadavpur
5851241
strictly linguistic one. The excavation of the Harappa, Mohenjo-daro and Lothal sites of the Indus Valley Civilisation (IVC) in the 1920, showed that northern India already had an advanced culture when the Indo-Aryans migrated into the area. The theory changed from a migration of advanced Aryans towards a primitive aboriginal population, to a migration of nomadic people into an advanced urban civilization, comparable to the Germanic migrations during the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, or the Kassite invasion of Babylonia. This possibility was for a short time seen as a hostile invasion into northern India. The decline of the
Indo-Aryan migration
18715035
old and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer's settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period; extending into the Iron Age. The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh. According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya, the capital of Kosala. Krishna, another divine king of Hindu legend, who
History of Uttar Pradesh
314049
produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin. The Mature Indus civilisation flourished from about 2600 to 1900 BCE, marking the beginning of urban civilisation in the Indus Valley. The civilisation included urban centres such as Harappa, Ganeriwala and Mohenjo-daro as well as an offshoot called the Kulli culture (2500–2000 BCE) in southern Balochistan and was noted for its cities built of brick, roadside drainage system, and multi-storeyed houses. It is thought to have had some kind of municipal organisation as well. During the late period of this civilisation, signs of a gradual decline began to emerge, and by around 1700 BCE,
History of Pakistan
17381226
Mohenjo-daro. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the best known sites from the Indus Valley civilization (c 2500 - 1900 BCE). The earliest evidence of civilization in Pakistan can be found on the west banks of the Bolan River and the plains of Kachhi at Mehrgarh. Artifacts found in a 1979 excavation by the Pakistan Archaeology department and a team of French archaeologists can be dated back to 7000 BC. They were able to divide the Mehrgarh culture into three categories: Mehrgarh Period I- 7000 to 5500 BC, was an aceramic settlement with primitive means of agriculture and livestock. They lived in
Archaeology in Pakistan
1768778
Pradesh from the Middle and Upper Paleolithic dated to 21,000–31,000 years old and Mesolithic/Microlithic hunter-gatherer settlement, near Pratapgarh, from around 10550–9550 BC. Villages with domesticated cattle, sheep, and goats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC, and gradually developed between c. 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with the Indus Valley Civilisation and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period and extending into the Iron Age. The kingdom of Kosala, in the Mahajanapada era, was located within the regional boundaries of modern-day Uttar Pradesh. According to Hindu legend, the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned in Ayodhya,
Uttar Pradesh
9283121
right angles, which further connected by east-west lanes, reflecting urban nature of streets. Houses, which were constructed on both sides of lanes, were having rammed earth floor, mud plastered walls, rooms, kitchen, toilet. Houses were having storage facilities, similar to strong rooms found at Kuntasi This period is represented by Bara culture, which may be termed as post-Harappan or late contemporary Harappa. Archaeological Survey of India has done excavation in this place revealed well constructed fort town of Harappan period overlaying an extensive proto-urban settlement of pre Harappan Period. A defence wall was also found with a height of 4.5
Banawali
20645240
eastern limit of James Long Sarani; on the "east" Starting from a point on the eastern limit of James Long Sarani, where it meets the southern limit of Raja Rammohan Roy Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of James Long Sarani up to a point, where it meets the eastern limit of Diamond Harbour Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of Diamond Harbour Road, where it meets southern boundary of mouza Hanspukuria; on the "south" by the southern boundary of mouza Hanspukuria; and on the "west" by the outer boundaries of mouza Hanspukuria, up to a point where
Thakurpukur
17340636
up to northern limit to TollysNala; on the "south" stating from the junction point of the eastern limit of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road, and the northern limit of Tolly's Nala, thence westwards along the northern limit of Tallys Nala up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Nagendra Narayan Dutta Road; and on the "west" starting from the junction point of Nagendra Narayan Dutta Road and the northern limit of Tolly's Nala, thence northwards along the eastern limit of Nagendra Narayan Dutta Road up to a point where extended Nagendra Narayan Dutta Road meets the eastern
Netaji Nagar, Kolkata
496270
in areas with high population densities or limited topographic relief. Regulations may also limit or ban the use of lead in ammunition because of environmental concerns. Specific seasons for bow hunting or muzzle-loading black-powder guns are often established to limit competition with hunters using more effective weapons. Hunting in the United States is not associated with any particular class or culture; a 2006 poll showed seventy-eight percent of Americans supported legal hunting, although relatively few Americans actually hunt. At the beginning of the 21st century, just six percent of Americans hunted. Southerners in states along the eastern seaboard hunted at
Hunting
20622477
limit of Tolly’s Nala, thence southwards along the eastern boundary of H.L.Sarkar Road and Pirpukur Road up to the point where it meets the southern boundary of mouza Bansdroni. It is bordered on the "south", by the southern limits of mouza Bansdroni, Chakdaha and Purbba Putiary up to the eastern limit of Keorapukur Khal. It is bordered on the "west", by the eastern limit of Keorapukur Khal and up to the north-eastern limit of Tolly’s Nala, then northwards along the eastern limit of Tolly’s Nala up to a point where it meets the southern limit of the road situated at
Regent Park, Kolkata
13244018
in his expedition to overthrow the regime in Kabul, Afghanistan. Not long afterward, near Dera Ghazi Khan, he deserted Harlan. Between 1833 and 1838, Masson excavated over 50 Buddhist sites around Kabul and Jalalabad in south-eastern Afghanistan, amassing a large collection of small objects and many coins, principally from the site at Bagram (the ancient Alexandria on the Caucasus), north of Kabul. From 1827, when he deserted, to his return to England in 1842, it is estimated that Masson collected around 47,000 coins. Masson was the first European to see the ruins of Harappa, described and illustrated in his book
Charles Masson
9810099
Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road and the southern limit of Baghajatin StationRoad, thence eastwards along the southern limit of Baghajatin Station Road up to the point where extended Baghajatin station road meets the eastern limit of the railway line; on the "east", starting from a point where the extended southern limit of Baghajatin Station road meets the eastern limit of railway line, thence southwards along the eastern limit of the railway line up to south-east corner of mouza-Briji; on the "south", starting from a point where the eastern limit of railway line meets the south-east corner of mouza-Briji, thence along
Baishnabghata Patuli Township
10106629
bordered on the "north" starting from a point where the western boundary of mouza Shibrampur and the southern limit of Ho-Chi Min Sarani meet each other, thence eastward along the southern limit of Ho-Chi Min Sarani up to a point where it meets the eastern limit of Sarsuna Main Road; on the "east" starting from a point on the southern limit of Ho-Chi Min Sarani where it meets the eastern limit of Sarsuna Main Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of Sarsuna Main road, up to a point where it meets the eastern limit of Dakshin Behala Road, thence
Sarsuna
13704866
at the heart of Neolithic Orkney and Skara Brae proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places. They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt (first and second dynasties), the brick temples of Sumeria, and the first cities of the Harappa culture in India, and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China. Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence, these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the traditional centres of civilisation.
Ness of Brodgar
272543
site begins: The monuments at the heart of Neolithic Orkney and Skara Brae proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places. They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt (first and second dynasties), the brick temples of Sumeria, and the first cities of the Harappa culture in India, and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China. Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence, these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the
Maeshowe
334098
highest Human Development Index out of all of Pakistan's provinces at 0.670. Sources: This is a chart of the education market of Punjab estimated by the government in 1998. Punjab has been the cradle of civilisation since times immemorial. The ruins of Harappa show an advanced urban culture that flourished over 8000 years ago. Ancient Taxila, another historic landmark also stands out as a proof of the achievements of the area in learning, arts and crafts. The ancient Hindu Katasraj temple and the Salt Range temples are regaining attention and much-needed repair. The structure of a mosque is simple and
Punjab, Pakistan
18682750
in view of its distinctive structural features with profusion of tools made of bones and stones and tools representing the ritualistic practices. Gufkral represents another related site in the area, near the town of Tral. Also, Hariparigam, and Awantipura, in the same area, are related. Skeletal remains of Neolithic people found at Burzahom are similar to those found in Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization. Some historians have stated that the Vedic Aryan culture extended into Kashmir, but archaeological investigation at Burzahom does not support the "Aryans in Kashmir" theory The management and protection of the Burzahom site, including the
Burzahom archaeological site
3509953
towards the nose, with a diamond bindi for fashion, is being worn by younger women. Female figurines excavated at Mehrgarh, Baluchistan seem to imply application of sindoor to the partition of women's hair in Harappa culture. According to the legends, Radha the consort of Lord Krishna turned the kumkum into a flame-like design on her forehead. In the famous epic Mahabharata, Draupadi the wife of the Pandavas wipes off her sindoor in disgust and despair at the happenings in Hastinapura. Use of sindoor is frequently mentioned in the puranas "Lalitha Sahasranama" and "Soundarya Lahari". Adi Shankaracharya writes in "Soundarya Lahari":
Sindoor
2492844
Indo-Aryans. Fire altars and apsidal structures were revealed in Rakhigarhi. Hunting tools like copper hafts and fish hooks have been found here. Presence of various toys like mini wheels, miniature lids, sling balls, animal figurines indicates a prevalence of toy culture. Signs of flourishing trade can be seen by the excavation of stamps, jewelry and 'chert' weights. Weights found here are similar to weights found at many other IVC sites confirming presence of standardized weight systems. Cotton cloth traces preserved on silver or bronze objects were known from Rakhigarhi, Chanhudaro and Harappa. An impressive number of stamps seals were also
Rakhigarhi
9752888
by G. Karve-Corvinus in 1967. Nevasa's Aeneolithic layer reveals a settled agricultural culture characterized in the second millennium B.C. by implements (elongated plates) similar to those of the Harappa civilization. Newasa is also famous as sasurvadi (in laws) of Lord Khandoba, The First wife of Lord Khandoba is from Newasa bk name Mahalasa so khandoba is called Mhalasakant. Due to this pavitra sthal Sant Dnyaneshwar selected this place to write the world-famous grantha "Dnyaneshwari" "Bhawarthdipika" a commentary on Bhagavad Gita, popularly known as "Dnyaneshwari". Saint Dyaneshwar wrote a Dnyaneshwari in Nevasa beside a pole which is still there. Every year
Nevasa
190199
authenticated human remains in South Asia date to about 30,000 years ago. Nearly contemporaneous Mesolithic rock art sites have been found in many parts of the Indian subcontinent, including at the Bhimbetka rock shelters in Madhya Pradesh. Around 7000 BCE, one of the first known Neolithic settlements appeared on the subcontinent in Mehrgarh and other sites in the subcontinent. These gradually developed into the Indus Valley Civilisation, the first urban culture in South Asia; it flourished during 2500–1900 BCE in northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India. Centred around cities such as Mohenjo-daro, Harappa, Dholavira, and Kalibangan, and relying on
India
618589
production, and metal working. The site was occupied continuously until about 2600 BC.[2] The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3300–1700 BC, flourished 2600–1900 BC), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan, although settlements linked to this ancient civilization have been found in eastern Afghanistan, and western India. Minor scattered sites have been found as far away as Turkmenistan. Another name for this civilization is the Harappan Civilization, after the first of its cities to be excavated, Harappa in the Pakistani province of Punjab. The IVC might have
Ancient history
20622476
Deshapran Shasmal Road in a straight line, thence proceeds along the eastern limit of Deshapran Shasmal Road, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Road up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Nagendra Narayan Datta Road, thence southwards along the eastern limit of Nagendra Narayan Dutta Road, up to its crossing with the northern limit of Tolly’s Nala, thence eastward along the northern boundary of Tolly’s Nala up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of H.L.Sarkar Road. It is bordered on the "east", from the point where the eastern boundary of H.L.Sarkar Road meets the northern
Regent Park, Kolkata
18115537
and extended southern limit of Picnic Garden Road thence westwards along the southern limit of Picnic Garden Road up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Tiljala Road. On the "west" it is bordered by a line starting from the junction point of the eastern limit of Tiljala Road and the southern limit of Picnic Garden Road, thence northwards along the eastern limit of Tiljala Road up to the Tiljala Masjidbari Lana, thence by the southern limit of Tiljala Masjidbari Lane and Topsia Road South up to the point where it meets the southern limit of Dr.
Tiljala
2974502
basin at Mundigak in western Afghanistan and Shahr-e Sukhteh in eastern Iran, or at Harappa and Mohenjo-daro in the Indus Valley. Models of two-wheeled carts from c. 3000 BC found at Altyn-Depe are the earliest complete evidence of wheeled transport in Central Asia, though model wheels have come from contexts possibly somewhat earlier. Judging by the type of harness, carts were initially pulled by oxen, or a bull. However camels were domesticated within the BMAC. A model of a cart drawn by a camel of c. 2200 BC was found at Altyn-Depe. Sarianidi regards Gonur as the "capital" of the
Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex
7230048
on the eastern bank of Tolly's Nala where it meets the southern limit of Tollygunge Circular Road, thence southwards along the eastern boundary of Tolly's Nala up to the point, nearest to the junction of the eastern limit of Basanta Lal Saha Road and Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road; on the "south" starting from a point on the eastern side of Tolly's Nala nearest to the junction point of the eastern limit of Basanta Lal Saha Road and Raja Rammohan Roy Road thence westwards along the shortest line up to the junction of the eastern limit of Basanta Lal Saha
Behala
828681
proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places. They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt (first and second dynasties), the brick temples of Sumeria, and the first cities of the Harappa culture in India, and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China. Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably rich survival of evidence, these sites stand as a visible symbol of the achievements of early peoples away from the traditional centres of civilisation...The Ring of Brodgar is the finest known truly circular
Ring of Brodgar
3575513
the Ring of Brodgar and other nearby sites. It is managed by Historic Scotland, whose 'Statement of Significance' for the site begins: The monuments at the heart of Neolithic Orkney and Skara Brae proclaim the triumphs of the human spirit in early ages and isolated places. They were approximately contemporary with the mastabas of the archaic period of Egypt (first and second dynasties), the brick temples of Sumeria, and the first cities of the Harappa culture in India, and a century or two earlier than the Golden Age of China. Unusually fine for their early date, and with a remarkably
Standing Stones of Stenness
309962
mainstream social, political, and analytical philosophy to the fore in academia. Works by Noam Chomsky have influenced philosophical ideas in various fields of social and political philosophy. Four periods are recognised in Pakistani architecture: pre-Islamic, Islamic, colonial, and post-colonial. With the beginning of the Indus civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BCE, an advanced urban culture developed for the first time in the region, with large buildings, some of which survive to this day. Mohenjo Daro, Harappa, and Kot Diji are among the pre-Islamic settlements that are now tourist attractions. The rise of Buddhism and the influence of
Pakistan
206935
800 known Indus Valley sites have been discovered on the Indus and its tributaries. The Sutlej, now a tributary of the Indus, in Harappan times flowed into the Ghaggar-Hakra River, in the watershed of which were more Harappan sites than along the Indus. Most scholars believe that settlements of Gandhara grave culture of the early Indo-Aryans flourished in Gandhara from 1700 BC to 600 BC, when Mohenjo-daro and Harappa had already been abandoned. The word "India" is derived from the Indus River. In ancient times, "India" initially referred to those regions immediately along the east bank of the Indus, but
Indus River
577032
Ghaggar-Hakra valley on the borders of India and Pakistan". By 2600 BCE, the Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres. Such urban centres include Harappa, Ganeriwala, Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. In total, more than 1,052 cities and settlements have been found, mainly in the general region of the Indus Rivers and their tributaries. A sophisticated and technologically advanced urban culture is evident in the Indus Valley Civilisation, making them the first urban centre in the region. The quality of municipal town planning suggests the knowledge of urban planning and
Indus Valley Civilisation
3244383
of life. Trade networks linked this culture with related regional cultures and distant sources of raw materials, including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead-making. By this time, villagers had domesticated numerous crops, including peas, sesame seeds, dates, and cotton, as well as animals, including the water buffalo. 2600 BC marks the Mature Harappan Phase during which Early Harappan communities turned into large urban centres including Harappa, Dholavira, Mohenjo-Daro, Lothal, Rupar, and Rakhigarhi, and more than 1,000 towns and villages, often of relatively small size. Mature Harappans evolved new techniques in metallurgy and produced copper, bronze, lead, and tin and
Cradle of civilization
18603749
also observe and avoid normative behavior displayed by people in outgroups. In this context DRT could play the opposite role as an individual would avoid the observed normative behavior. Differences in culture could potentially expose another boundary condition. A person's level of self-representation could be a limit of application. Future research could show whether cultural identity would influence the predictive power of deviance regulation theory. It seems intuitive to think that a person who holds a more collective identity (e.g. in eastern culture individuals base more of their identity off of the identity of the success and failure of their
Deviance regulation theory
20622617
and Dr. Deodhar Rahman Road, thence westwards by the southern limit of Prince Anwar Shah Road up to the point where it meets the eastern boundary of Deshpran Shasmal Road, thence southwards along the eastern limits of Deshpran Shasmal Roadup to the point nearest to the north-east point of Tollygunge Race Course, thence westwards along the southern limit of the road, situated to the northern boundary of Tollygunge Race Course, up to the eastern limit of Tolly's Nala. It is bordered on the "west" from the point where the eastern limit of Tolly's Nala meets the southern limit of the
Charu Market
20690948
novel, "Harappa: Curse of the Blood River", was released in June 2017. His second fiction book, the sequel to his first, was "Pralay: The Great Deluge". It was released in January 2018. Bajpai is a regular guest speaker at various literature festivals. In 2018 he was invited for three speaking sessions at the Jaipur Literature Festival. He also spoke at the Chandigarh Literary Society and the Kala Ghoda Arts Festival. In September 2018, the third book of Vineet Bajpai’s best-selling Harappa trilogy was released. The title of the book is KASHI – Secret of the Black Temple. Bajpai won the
Vineet Bajpai
7590816
B. N. Dey Road up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Topsia Road (South); and on the "west" starting from a point where the southern limit of Dr. B. N. Dey Road meets the eastern limit of Topsia Road (South), thence northward along the eastern boundary of Topsia Road (south), Gobinda Chandra Khatik Road, Topsia Road (North). Thence by the southern limit of Matheswartala Road (Tangra Road South), thence towards north along the eastern limit of Matheswartala Road (Tangra Road South), up to the point, where it meets Debendra Chandra Dey Road, thence towards east along
Dhapa, India
2624500
the vernacular term `Jalandhar' means area inside the water, i.e., tract lying between the two rivers Satluj and Beas. The whole of Punjab and the area of present Jalandhar District was part of the Indus Valley Civilization. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro are the sites where remains of the Indus Valley Civilization have been found extensively. The archaeological explorations made during recent years have pushed the ancient times of Jalandhar District of Harappa period. Jalandhar was ruled by King Arjan Singh. The modern history of Jalandhar District states that Khilafat Movement was started in the district in early 1920 to bring pressure
Jalandhar
9097129
controlled by the king of Babylon. The name of Dilmun fell from use after the collapse of Neo-Babylon in 538 BC. There is both literary and archaeological evidence of extensive trade between Ancient Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley civilization (probably correctly identified with the land called "Meluhha" in Akkadian). Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. The “Persian
Eastern Arabia
7590815
the East division of Kolkata Police. Located at Parama Traffic Island, Kolkata-700 107, it has jurisdiction over the police district which is bordered on the "north" starting from a point where Beliaghata Canal meets the extended eastern limit of Pagladanga Road, thence eastwards along the southern limit of Beliaghata Canal up to the point where it meets the eastern limit of Central Lake Canal; on the "east" by the eastern limit of Central Lake Canal up to the point, where it meets the southern limit of Dr. B. N. Dey Road; on the "south" by the southern limit of Dr.
Dhapa, India
7471981
to P.Majumder Road, thence westward along the southern limit of P. Majumdar Road, Kayasthapara Main Road, Haltu Main Road and Sarat Ghosh Garden Road up to the eastern limit of railway line. on the "west" starting from a point, where the southern limit of Sarat Ghosh Garden Road meets the eastern limit of railways line, thence northward along the eastern limit of railways line up to the point where it meets southern limit of Picnic Garden Road. Patuli Women police station has jurisdiction over all police districts under the jurisdiction of South Suburban Division i.e. Netaji Nagar, Jadavpur, Kasba, Regent
Kasba, Kolkata
188349
system of urban layout and planning, the similarities are largely due to the presence of a semi-orthogonal type of civic layout, and a comparison of the layouts of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shows that they are in fact, arranged in a quite dissimilar fashion. The weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilization, on the other hand, were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations. Distinctive seals were used, among other applications, perhaps for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was not yet employed. "Cotton was woven and dyed
Harappa
620386
a long history in India. It is known as "Resham" in eastern and north India, and "Pattu" in southern parts of India. Recent archaeological discoveries in Harappa and Chanhu-daro suggest that sericulture, employing wild silk threads from native silkworm species, existed in South Asia during the time of the Indus Valley Civilization (now in Pakistan) dating between 2450 BC and 2000 BC, while "hard and fast evidence" for silk production in China dates back to around 2570 BC. Shelagh Vainker, a silk expert at the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, who sees evidence for silk production in China "significantly earlier" than
Silk
18543464
to the Northern Circle to fill in his post. During his tenure in the Northern Circle, Hargreaves visited the mounds at Harappa, Rajanpur and Sarnath and participated in the excavations at Harappa under John Marshall. Hargreaves returned to the Frontier Circle a few years later and carried out excavations at Nal, Baluchistan in May 1924. He was made Deputy Director General of the ASI and in 1928, succeeded John Marshall as Director General. Harold Hargreaves Harold Hargreaves (born 29 May 1876)was a British Indian archaeologist who served as Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) from 1928 to
Harold Hargreaves
9810100
westwards by the outer boundaries of mouza-Briji up to the point where it meets the northern limit of Tolly's Nala thence westwards along the northern limit of Tolly's Nala up to eastern limit of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road; on the "west" starting from the junction point of the northern limit of Tolly's Nala and eastern limit of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road, thence northwards along the eastern limits of Raja Subodh Chandra Mullick Road up to the point where it meets the southern limit of Baghajatin Station Road. Patuli Women police station, at the same address, has jurisdiction over
Baishnabghata Patuli Township
5430892
tenure would remain unmatched. Marshall was succeeded by Harold Hargreaves in 1928. Hargreaves was succeeded by Daya Ram Sahni, supervisor of Marshall's excavation of Harappa in 1921−22, who in 1931, became the first Indian Director General of the survey. Sahni was succeeded by J. F. Blakiston and K. N. Dikshit both of whom had participated in the excavations at Harappa and Mohenjodaro. In 1944, a British archaeologist and army officer, Mortimer Wheeler took over as Director General. Wheeler served as Director General till 1948 and during this period he excavated the Iron Age site of Arikamedu and the Stone age
Archaeological Survey of India