when did the british government started ruling directly
1858
7240562
British Raj The British Raj (; from "rāj", literally, "rule" in Hindustani) was the rule by the British Crown in the Indian subcontinent between 1858 and 1947. The rule is also called Crown rule in India, or direct rule in India. The region under British control was commonly called British India or simply India in contemporaneous usage, and included areas directly administered by the United Kingdom, which were collectively called British India, and those ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British tutelage or paramountcy, and called the princely states. The whole was also informally called the Indian Empire. As India,
British Raj
2017335
the corruption and irresponsibility of Company officials or "nabobs" who made vast fortunes in a few years. Pitt's India Act of 1784 gave the British government effective control of the private company for the first time. The new policies were designed for an elite civil service career that minimized temptations for corruption. Increasingly Company officials lived in separate compounds according to British standards. The Company's rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857, it was abolished. With the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British
Company rule in India
13219226
his years in prison Mukherjee met several revolutionary leaders, notably Moni Ganguly and Panna Lal Dasgupta. The prisons of British authorities were at that time hot beds of Marxist discussion and training. From 1938 when the British government relaxed its rules and started releasing many of the revolutionaries from prison, they started living and working in Amar Kutir. They were instrumental in organizing night classes and spreading Marxist ideas amongst the rural masses. When the Second World War broke out in 1939, many of the revolutionaries left Amar Kutir and were directly involved in organizing peasant movement in the villages.
Amar Kutir
5310530
including winning big in the local elections of November 1959, alarming the then ruling British colonial government. When the proposal for Federation of Malaysia was first mooted in 1961, SUPP came out strongly to oppose the idea. Ong argued for Sarawak's independence before setting up a greater federation. In December 1962, the British colonial government launched a crackdown on all dissenting groups in Sarawak. Many party members were detained, some even deported from Sarawak for alleged communist activities as, at the time, some members had links with Communist-affiliated organisations. Nonetheless, SUPP still did well at the Sarawak elections of June
Sarawak United Peoples' Party
1788564
high-profile Bosman departure", when he moved from Liverpool to Real Madrid and the deal resulted in McManaman becoming the highest paid British player in history, from 1999 to 2001. Since Davids and McManaman, scores of other notable players became able to negotiate deals according to their market value when their contracts expired, a trend that continued into the 2000s and beyond. The ruling meant that clubs could no longer block a move or demand a fee, from the player or from the destination club, if the player left at the end of their contracts. The Bosman ruling coincided directly with
Bosman ruling
17982005
1862 when Khaniadhana was declared to be directly dependent from the British government as successor to the Jhansi darbar and the Peshwa. The State was one of the original constituent members of the Chamber of Princes, an institution established in 1920. In 1948, the Khaniadhana State acceded to the Union of India and about half of Khaniadhana (27 villages) was included in Shivpuri district of Madhya Bharat while the other half (28 villages) was included in Vindhya Pradesh., which all are now part of Madhya Pradesh. The ruling family of Khaniadhana were Bundela Rajputs. The ruler of the princely state
Khaniadhana State
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such, and in line with the ICJ's ruling, the British government endeavoured to protect British trawlers up to the 12-mile limit, provided that the total catch did not exceed . British trawler captains, eager to protect their nets, tried several tactics: Because of the failure of all the above tactics, British trawlers withdrew from Icelandic waters on 17 May 1973, citing fears for their own safety and livelihoods. They informed the British government that unless the Royal Navy were sent to protect them, they would not return to fishing in that area. Two days later, on 19 May, the government
Fishery Protection Squadron
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effective control, and they negotiated a boundary between the French Guinea and British Sierra Leone. The Temne territories went to the British. The British colonial government was directly ruling the Temne lands enforced their anti-slavery laws and instituted new taxes to finance their local administration in 1894. This included a hut tax, similar to property tax in vogue in England, and this tax was to become effective on January 1, 1898. A similar tax had existed in Sierra Leone before 1872, which the British Governor John Pope Hennessy had abolished within the Sierra Leone colony then ceded by the Temne
Temne people
20172447
(with more than 20% who consider themselves "chavistas") consider the government a dictatorship. A poll taken by Hercon between 10-25 May 2017 found that 78.1% wanted Maduro out of office in 2017, 79.9% did not agree with the Constituent Assembly, 73.3% believed the CNE favored the ruling party (PSUV) and 75.5% thought that President Maduro started the Constituent Assembly proposal to establish a government similar to Cuba's. The first official announcement of preliminary results came when Tibisay Lucena, president of the National Electoral Council, announced that 8,089,230 persons voted, with a 41.53% turnout. In the early afternoon of the voting
2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election
20051129
assert imperial power to rule Latin American directly, but it did have an influence on Latin American economies through neo-colonialism. Private British investment in Latin America began as early as the independence era, but increased in importance during the nineteenth century. To a lesser extent, the British government was involved. The British government did seek most favored nation status in trade, but, according to British historian D.C.M. Platt, did not promote particular British commercial enterprises. On ideological grounds, Britain sought to end the African slave trade to Brazil and to the Spanish colonies of Cuba and Puerto Rico and to
Latin American economy
18775563
Service, he entered private business as a cotton goods and textiles agent. Another source states that he started as a clerk with a firm of British merchants in Lagos. Ibikunle Akitoye was President of the United Native Africa Church (UNA). Ibikunle Akitoye was elected Oba of Lagos by members of the Lagos Ruling House on 26 June 1925, following the deposition of Oba Eshugbayi Eleko via an order to vacate Iga Idunganran by the same members of the Lagos Ruling House on 10 June 1925. Akitoye's election was recognized by the British colonial government on 6 August and was received
Ibikunle Akitoye
2478581
supporting the Serbs in Bosnia & Herzegovina and Croatia who wished to remain in Yugoslavia. As Croatia and Bosnia declared independence, the involvement by the SPS as a ruling party in Belgrade had become more devoted to helping the external Serbs run their own independent entities. The SPS was in coalition with the nationalist Serbian Radical Party (SRS) at the time. Milošević responded to press questions of whether the Serbian government approved the Bosnian Serbs, by claiming that the Serbian government did not directly support the Srpska government or Serb military forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina in their war but
Socialist Party of Serbia
366606
elected Legislative Councils. Then, during the 1850s, all Australian colonies except Western Australia, along with New Zealand, established both representative and responsible government; Western Australia did the same in 1890. The Cape Colony, in Southern Africa, was under responsible self-government from 1872 until 1910 when it became the Cape Province of the new Union of South Africa. Under its previous system of representative government, the Ministers of the Cape Government reported directly to the British Imperial Governor, and not to the locally elected representatives in the Cape Parliament. Among Cape citizens of all races, growing anger at their powerlessness in
Responsible government
4268535
domesticating yourself"". Schwa began in 1992 when Barker, a former advertising art director, was looking for a way to express himself with a single art style when he was given a copy of "The Secret Government", a conspiracy book that tells of aliens controlling the government. Barker did not like the idea of art exhibitions, which he saw as just a pretentious form of merchandising, so he decided to sell merchandise directly to consumers by mail-order. Barker started selling trinkets like necklaces and stickers, and his first book, "ə", exclusively through this home-grown business. Schwa cartoons also appeared in "The
Schwa (art)
3295511
allowing clever spying into rooms, and identifying the frequency that a superhet receiver is tuned to. In the afterword, he states that writing "Spycatcher" was motivated principally to recuperate pension income lost when the British government ruled his pension un-transferable for earlier work in GCHQ, a ruling that severely reduced his pension. Wright wrote "Spycatcher" in Tasmania, after his retirement from MI5. He first attempted publication in 1985. The British government immediately acted to ban "Spycatcher" in the UK. Since the ruling was obtained in an English court, however, the book continued to be available legally in Scotland, as well
Spycatcher
14328372
it was necessary to deny her request in order to protect the Icelandic language. After the court's decision, Iceland's interior minister confirmed that the government would accept the ruling and would not appeal the case to the country's Supreme Court. The chair of the naming committee, as well as a spokesman for the Ministry of the Interior, said the ruling in Blær's case could prompt the government to revisit the current laws on personal names. The committee refused to accept the names of Duncan and Harriet Cardew—Icelandic-born children of a British father and an Icelandic mother—because their names did not
Icelandic Naming Committee
9094110
and that "[the speaker] had used her quasi judicial powers and gave her ruling over the issue with due application of her mind". Ahsan maintained that the prime minister had accepted the conviction but not disqualification. On 17 June, Ahsan concluded that speaker's ruling was in accordance with parliamentary ethics and reiterated that the ruling in the contempt of court case did not refer to a disqualification of the prime minister. Mirza also submitted the written statement in which, she maintained that the court's ruling did not order that a reference on the issue should directly be sent to the
Yousaf Raza Gillani
13774950
usual, was chronically short of capital and unable to invest adequately in new equipment. The Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) hearings in 1940 increased government control over Alaska's airlines which completely reshaped the industry. Both Star Air Lines and Woodley Airways did everything possible to obtain approval for a route from Alaska to Seattle. The CAB ruled in favor of a Seattle route for Star in March 1941, but President Franklin D. Roosevelt vetoed the ruling. Pan American Airways started a Seattle – Ketchikan – Juneau service with a Sikorsky flying boat in 1940, but the route was discontinued when World
Star Air Service
17299446
education. Returning home, he worked in various posts like Extra Assistant Commissioner, Deputy commissioner under the ruling British Government. Rajkhowa was also an editor of the Bijuli magazine from 1890 to 1892. He started writing in Junaki, a leading Assamese in that period. Some of his books are: Benudhar Rajkhowa Benudhar Rajkhowa (; 1872-1955) was a prominent writer, poet and dramatist from Assam. He was the president of the Asam Sahitya Sabha in 1926 held at Dhuburi district, Assam. When he was studying at Calcutta, he had done a pivot role for development of Oxomiya Bhaxa Unnati Xadhini Xobha, a
Benudhar Rajkhowa
17185091
of the then Bengal Legislative Assembly of British India. Shamsuddin Ahmed was his father, an advocate got his LLB degree from Aligarh Muslim University. Shamsuddin Ahmed started his law practice in Kolkata. Salahuddin, along with his parents when residing in Kolkata started his schooling. After the independence of Pakistan his family came back to Feni where Salahuddin completed his primary education from Debipur Primary School. He did his Matriculation from Feni Government Pilot High School. For ISc he studied in three colleges: Comilla Victoria Government College, then Doyal Shing College of Lahore and finally passed ISc from Feni Government College.
Salauddin Mumtaz
6755074
novels with the pen name "Thu". Later, Chit Maung set up his own newspaper called "Journal Kyaw Newspaper" (). Its patriotic writing style for the Burmese working class attacked the ruling British colonial government. After World War II, he started Burmese independence activities and was arrested by the British government. He actively participated in Aung San's Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League. Due to poor health, he died at the age of 34 years. He is still considered as a role model journalist in Myanmar. His wife "Journal Kyaw" Ma Ma Lay wrote her husband's biography, "Thu Lo Lu" (), which was
Chit Maung
4012835
torture. In 2014, evidence emerged that the British Government had withheld information from the Court. Following these revelations, the Irish Government announced in December 2014 that it would be asking the Court to review its judgement and acknowledge the five techniques as torture. The Court's ruling, that the five techniques did not amount to torture, was later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods. On 23 February 2005, British soldiers were found guilty of abuse of Iraqi prisoners arrested for looting at a British Army camp called Bread Basket, in Basra, during May 2003.
Use of torture since 1948
16313894
example the (i) British Government had the power to disallow any Ordinances passed by the LEGCO; (ii) No Ordinances passed by the LEGCO could conflict with the 1900 Buganda Agreement, (iii) All Ordinances passed by the LEGCO required the assent of the British Colonial Governor in Uganda; (iv) The LEGCO did not have any power to rule on constitutional matters, defence policy and foreign affairs – these were all matters reserved for the British Government. The process of registering voters in started in 1960 when Uganda had constituencies demarcated for the first time. Only 3% of eligible voters in Buganda
Uganda Legislative Council
2592327
efficiency of a well regulated militia." In overturning the indictment against Miller, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Arkansas stated that the National Firearms Act of 1934, "offend[ed] the inhibition of the Second Amendment to the Constitution." The federal government then appealed directly to the Supreme Court. On appeal the federal government did not object to Miller's release since he had died by then, seeking only to have the trial judge's ruling on the unconstitutionality of the federal law overturned. Under these circumstances, neither Miller nor his attorney appeared before the Court to argue the case. The
Gun politics in the United States
1526292
the sovereign's representative. The Governor-General continued to be the sole representative of the Crown, and the Government of India continued to be vested in the Governor-General-in-Council. The viceroys reported directly to the Secretary of State for India in London and were advised by the Council of India. They were largely unencumbered in the exercise of their authority and were among the most powerful men on earth in the Victorian and Edwardian eras, ruling over an entire subcontinent with a large military force at their disposal in the form of the British Indian Army. Under the terms of the Government of
Viceroy
432660
the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or indirectly via local puppet rulers under the threat of force of the Indian Army, 80% of which was composed of native Indian sepoys. On 22 August 1770, James Cook discovered the eastern coast of Australia while on a scientific voyage to the South Pacific. In 1778, Joseph Banks, Cook's botanist on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of Botany Bay for the establishment of a penal settlement, and in 1787 the first shipment of convicts set sail, arriving in 1788. The British government had
History of the United Kingdom
12539878
Bihar due to an ill-advised step on the part of the ruling British Government in superseding the District Board at Gaya and removing Anugraha Narain Sinha, a prominent national leader, from its chairmanship. Sri Krishna Sinha(first Chief Minister of Bihar),leader of the Congress party, disapproved of the policy of Ganesh Dutt Singh as Minister of the Local-Self Government in superseding the Gaya district board, and came down heavily on the government in the Bihar and Orissa Legislative council. Ganesh Dutt Sir Ganesh Dutt Singh (1868–1943) was an Indian administrator serving the British and educationist. He did much to improve education
Ganesh Dutt
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Maisa "alias" Sujata, who was also a Maoist, and the family is now worried about her whereabouts. Anjaneyulu asked the government to give his body to the family as the family wished to view him for "the last time" and carry out the funeral ceremony. Kishenji did not view the independence from British rule to be genuine freedom, rather he believed that it has only strengthened the rich ruling class and brought no meaningful change in the life of poor and tribal people. His classmates says that he had a strong aversion towards feudalism. His political career launched when he
Kishenji
1233104
of whom indignantly refused to report, feeling that as foreigners they should be exempted. Kotzé's ruling that British nationality did not preclude one from conscription as a Transvaal resident prompted an outpouring of displeasure from the uitlanders that manifested itself when Loch visited Pretoria the following month. Protesters waited for Kruger and Loch to enter the presidential coach at the railway station, then unharnessed the horses, attached a Union Jack and raucously dragged the carriage to Loch's hotel. Embarrassed, Loch complied with Kruger's request that he should not go on to Johannesburg. Kruger announced that "the government will, in the
Paul Kruger
2911122
Urdu, well into the early years of the British rule in India. Most British officials had to learn Persian on coming to India and concluded their conversations in Persian. In 1837, however, the British, in an effort to expand their influence, made a government ruling to discontinue the use of Persian and commence the use of English instead. Thus started the decline of Persian as most of the subcontinent's official governmental language, a position to be taken up by the new language of the British Raj, English. Many modern Indian languages still show signs of relatively heavy Persian influence, most
Indian literature
19088082
products, who provided the necessary instructions, would result in the defendants' induced infringement of the physician, under § 271(b). In "Medgraph, Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc." the Federal Circuit upheld a district court ruling that the new "Akamai" standard did not aid the patentee Medgraph in its suit because there was no "showing that Medtronic itself directly infringed the method claims or that it acted as a ‘mastermind’ by controlling or directing anyone else’s direct infringement." Medgraph argued that it should prevail under the Federal Circuit's 2015 ruling that infringement could be found "when an alleged infringer conditions participation in an
Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
3691353
ruling set a precedent for allowing corporate spending in elections, it did not directly lead to federal campaign law changes because of its narrow focus. The "Bellotti" decision focused on state referenda, not the election of candidates. In April 1978, when the Supreme Court decided "First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti," 31 states had laws regulating corporate spending on ballot initiatives. However, not all of these state laws were annulled by the Supreme Court ruling. Universal caps on donations for ballot initiatives as well as specific bans aimed to prevent "undue" corporate influence on referenda were still considered constitutional.
First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti
3173092
right of protection from revealing confidential information in court. The court acknowledged, however, that the government must "convincingly show a substantial relation between the information sought and a subject of overriding and compelling state interest." While this ruling did not set a precedent for journalistic rights in court, it did define a more stringent set of requirements for when a journalist could be subpoenaed in court. This ruling was limited in nature, did not set a clear federal precedent regarding journalistic privileges from revealing confidential information, and thus has been interpreted and cited differently by courts over the years. The
Shield laws in the United States
8195279
appointed by the President and not directly elected by the Palestinian Legislative Council (parliament) or Palestinian voters. Unlike prime ministers in many other countries, the Palestinian Prime Minister does not serve as a member of the legislature while in office. Instead, the appointment is made independently by the ruling party. The Prime Minister is expected to represent the majority party or ruling coalition in the Legislative Council. The leadership of the PNA has been disputed since the national unity government broke up on 14 June 2007 when President Abbas declared a state of emergency moved to dismiss Ismail Haniyeh as
Politics of the Palestinian National Authority
1902541
of Persecutees of the Nazi Regime, which had been banned in 1951 by the Hamburg government as a Communist front organisation, the new law did not help many of the KPD survivors. Compensation started to be paid to most Communist survivors regardless if they had belonged to the VVN or not following a 1967 court ruling, through the same court ruling had excluded those Communists who had "actively" fought the constitutional order after the banning of the KPD again in 1956. Only in the 1980s were demands made mostly from members of the SPD, FDP and above all the Green
History of Germany (1945–90)
16339944
called for a Yes vote. When questioned why, in light of the ruling in the Patricia McKenna case that it was unconstitutional for the government to spend public money to promote one side of a referendum debate, the government was launching a website which contained partisan material, Minister Leo Varadkar replied that as they had launched the website before moving the writ to formally call the referendum, the ruling did not apply. The government was also criticised for diverting millions of euro to fund this website and related leaflet drop from the budget of the Referendum Commission whose role it
Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
17404085
of Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa (1999–present). They were also kept away from government positions when Charles Belgrave was the adviser of the ruler (1926–57) as "the colonial administration [did] not see fit to re-empower the most militant opponents of [the administrative reforms]," Gengler explained. Other factors that kept the Khalids away from power was their relative lack of efficiency to head the new specialized offices and their self-isolation due to "lingering enmity toward the British as well as to some in the ruling branch of the Āl Khalīfa". They however had personal links with the center of power as
Al Khawalid
3311434
Ruling class The ruling class is the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political agenda. Sociologist C. Wright Mills (1916–1962) argued that the ruling class differs from the power elite. The latter simply refers to the small group of people with the most political power. Many of them are politicians, hired political managers and/or military leaders. The ruling class are people who directly influence politics, education and government with the use of wealth or power. Politicians in the United States have obviously begun to think of themselves as part of the Ruling Class,
Ruling class
16078759
put in: The Congress did not trust the intentions of the British government. Consequently, Linlithgow recorded that the British government “could not contemplate the transfer of their present responsibilities for the peace and tranquility of India to any system of Government whose authority is directly denied by large and power elements in the India’s national life.” Moreover, as the British Empire was pre-engaged in their war against the Germans totalitarianism, the period was unpropitious for addressing congressional issues in India. Therefore, Linlithgow stated that the constitutional future of India could be resolved in the future once the war was over
August Offer
13297851
territory. From the ballads we get information that one of the rulers, Khoda Murad was killed by the invading Damani tribes from Sistan. Again when the Nosharwanis attacked Paroom to make it as a subordinate, Khoda Kamaaln defended the territory and killed the Sardar of Nosharwani, Sardar Abdullah at a battle in Sorcheel. After the arrival of the British, the ruling family of Paroom did not offer any resistance and maintained some sovereignty by negotiation. The ruling family was made as an agent to the British. After the occupation of Balochistan, Paroom came under the governance of Pakistan. The people
Paroom
11916981
land west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo as part of Venezuela's Guayana Essequiba. The maritime component of the territorial dispute with Suriname was arbitrated by the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea, and a ruling was announced on 21 September 2007. The ruling concerning the Caribbean Sea north of both nations found both parties violated treaty obligations and declined to order any compensation to either party. When the British surveyed British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River basin within the colony. Venezuela did not agree with this as it claimed
Guyana
491468
that the king's representative, with a change in title to "Governor General", directly governed Lower Canada, while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead. The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did, the British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces. As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, Governor-General of the
Governor General of Canada
10177180
the information, which contained "no disclosure of sensitive intelligence matters". Adding, "we did not consider that a democracy governed by the rule of law would expect a court in another democracy to suppress a summary of the evidence contained in reports by its own officials". Responding to the ruling, David Davis, the Conservative MP and former Shadow Home Secretary, commented: The ruling implies that torture has taken place in the <nowiki>[Binyam]</nowiki> Mohamed case, that British agencies may have been complicit, and further, that the United States government has threatened our high court that if it releases this information the US
Enhanced interrogation techniques
3311440
and cruel, juxtaposed against an insane relative who believes that he is Jesus Christ, whom they identify as a "bloody Bolshevik". Ruling class The ruling class is the social class of a given society that decides upon and sets that society's political agenda. Sociologist C. Wright Mills (1916–1962) argued that the ruling class differs from the power elite. The latter simply refers to the small group of people with the most political power. Many of them are politicians, hired political managers and/or military leaders. The ruling class are people who directly influence politics, education and government with the use of
Ruling class
10139543
into the organization. According to politicians in Skopje, Athens has directly breached the Interim Accord. The governments that supported its membership bid argued that the country had completed the necessary reforms for membership, and that regional stability would be challenged if it did not join NATO. Conversely, Athens contends that although Skopje rejects territorial claims officially, in practice there have been numerous irredentist provocations by high government officials, schoolbooks, and other governmental publications. Senior officials in Skopje asserted that the country had fulfilled NATO requirements to join and was being "punished" for its identity. After an application for ruling submitted
2008 Bucharest summit
777206
only one name on the cover." Paxman's most recent book is a study of the British Empire, "Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British". Paxman's memoir, "A Life in Questions", was published in October 2016. Paxman kept a detached tone while writing his memoir Paxman presented the flagship BBC Radio 4 show "Start the Week" from 1998 to 2002. While John Birt was Director General of the BBC, the British press from time to time reported Paxman's criticism of his boss. The former, suspected at first to be an outsider brought in by a hostile government to supervise
Jeremy Paxman
4870042
the Provisorial government, as it had no wish to delegate to the Muslim territories more independence. Having got the news about the October Revolution in Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) Transcaucasia did not accept the new Bolshevik power. In February 1918 Transcaucasian Council ("Sejm") started its work in Tbilisi. Musavat entered the Sejm as one of the ruling parties, having 30 deputies of 125. The other parties represented in the new intritution were Georgian mensheviks (32 deputies) and Armenian "dashnaks" (27 deputies). At this stage Musavat started propagating the pan-Islamist and pan-Turkish ideas and aimed at creation of United Muslim State under
Musavat
11698936
tried to get Li to change his ruling; Li responded by writing, in large characters, under his ruling, "The Southern Mountains [(i.e., the Qinling Mountains)] may move before this ruling may be changed." Dou could not do anything about it. It was further said that he was apprehensive of the power that court eunuchs held, and whenever litigants did not have beards, he would believe that they were eunuchs and try to ingratiate them. Later, when he served as chief imperial censor reviewing central government affairs (左御史大夫, "Zuo Yushi Daifu"), one of his subordinate censors, Wei Chuangong (魏傳弓), wished to
Dou Huaizhen
19533006
he reported directly to Walter Ulbricht, who was installed as the body's chairman. Under the Leninist precepts of the East German Constitution, the leading role of the ruling SED in the national power structure was expressly stipulated, and except when a party conference was in session, power within the party resided with the Central Committee; although the stark nature of the power relationships between the government ministries, the National legislature (""Volkskammer""), the party central committee and other government institutions was in reality blurred to the extent that the same individuals frequently served in more than one of these institutions. In
Otto Gotsche
2002115
Confucius's political theories were directly contradictory to the Legalistic political orientations of China's rulers, and he failed to popularize his ideals among China's leaders within his own lifetime. Confucius believed that the social chaos of his time was largely due to China's ruling elite aspiring to, and claiming, titles of which they were unworthy. When the ruler of the large state of Qi asked Confucius about the principles of good government, Confucius responded: "Good government consists in the ruler being a ruler, the minister being a minister, the father being a father, and the son being a son" ("Analects" 12.11).
Analects
2888604
special tax restricted to Chinese which was struck down by the Supreme Court of Canada. In the election campaign Walkem had threatened to lead British Columbia out of confederation if the federal government did not commence construction of the promised railway by 1879. The provincial government appealed directly to London resulting in the British government pressuring Ottawa to fulfill the deal. In 1882 Walkem narrowly survived a Motion of No Confidence due to rising costs of a project to build a dock on Vancouver Island but lost the subsequent election due to hostility from Islanders who had a disproportionate number
George Anthony Walkem
18783971
to be characterized by mentions of "the invisible hand", "special power", "irresistible force", all of which were being used to describe the actions of the ruling Thai authorities. The terms were used by intellectual circles critical of the government to describe ruling authority without directly mentioning the government. In a January 2012 article for a Belgian newssite, Pravit summed up then-current Thai politics, noting that any open criticism of the government had virtually vanished, with only anonymous criticisms being found online. He continued, stating that the red-shirt leaders, who were branded "anti-monarchists" by their opponents, had made public statements that
Pravit Rojanaphruk
20207959
would be asked whether the two counties should continue to be part of Buganda, be transferred back to Bunyoro, or be established as a separate district. The referendum could not take place before 9 October 1964 (i.e. for two years after independence). For those two years, the counties were to administered directly by the central government. At Second Reading of the Uganda Independence Bill, Hugh Fraser set out the British Government's rationale: The holding of a referendum was confirmed through the introduction of a Bill by the ruling Uganda People's Congress party (UPC) in August 1964. The Referendum (Buyaga and
1964 Ugandan lost counties referendum
17770753
salary of Rs. 4,000 initially, but in May 1926 he agreed to it. Members of the ruling family often complained that the allowances were not enough. In June 1923, the Government of India told Daly to avoid "interference too much and too directly" so that he does not become the actual ruler. In December, they questioned if British involvement had "gone too far" and in July 1924 it requested that reforms should not be carried further without the free consent of the ruler. Trevor assured them that Shaikh Hamad had fully agreed to the reform plan. Also, Daly pointed out
Bahrain administrative reforms of the 1920s
5768410
over total control of the provincial government. This, in fact, allowed the governors a more untrammeled control than any British official had enjoyed in the history of the Raj. After the resignation of the Congress provincial ministries in 1939, the governors did directly rule the ex-Congress provinces throughout the war. It was generally recognized that the provincial part of the Act conferred a great deal of power and patronage on provincial politicians as long as both British officials and Indian politicians played by the rules. However, the paternalistic threat of the intervention by the British governor rankled. Unlike the provincial
Government of India Act 1935
20761070
Anegada. During the last 24 hours before the storm struck its tracked moved slightly southward so that the centre of the hurricane travelled directly through the middle of the islands. The Government recommended a full evacuation of Anegada, as the highest elevation on that island is just 25 feet - lower than the predicted storm surge - and the hurricane was expected to pass directly over it. Government provided an evacuation ferry, although not all residents did leave. Ironically, because of the storm's late southward turn, Anegada was spared the worst of the weather. At approximately 4.30am local time public
Effects of Hurricane Irma in the British Virgin Islands
3795692
is a sign of the maturity of our relationship now that that is accepted as the UK's position. The British Government has ruled out both the independence of Gibraltar where it refers to the Treaty of Utrecht as, according to the British view, it would require Spanish consent and Gibraltar's integration into the United Kingdom. The option of integration was rejected on 26 June 1976, when the British Government issued the Hattersley Memorandum ruling out integration in order to "avoid innovations which might result in prolongation of the frontier restrictions imposed by Spain." Gibraltar argues that the Spanish claims are
Disputed status of Gibraltar
19658027
go back for time being, and accommodated thousands of people who could not returned immediately. The plan got failed but it irked British government too much, they started arresting who so ever they wanted, tortured people, illegal detentions were common. The situation deteriorated to such a low that when British agents did not find any male member in a house they used to sexually assault female members of the families. To avenge this, people killed a British officer and threw his dead-body into a river in Kumartha village; Police charge-sheeted a named Kantichand Uniyal for this who fled to the
Ram Prasad Nautiyal
1574754
by the German Government and Berlin was forced to directly subsidise NDL to continue the project. "Bremen" recorded on her 1929 Blue Riband voyage and "Europa" increased the Blue Riband to in 1933. In 1928, as Britain's response to the German and , the White Star Line ordered a new Diesel-electric 1000-ft long ocean liner to be named "Oceanic" capable of 200,000 SHP. Construction started June 28, 1928. However, White Star did not have the funds to complete the liner. Oceanic's construction was put on hold until 1931 when her keel was silently scrapped. Oceanic's ahead-of-their-time engines would have been
Blue Riband
18575595
doctor's assistance in dying. This ruling overturned the Supreme Court's 1993 ruling in "Rodriguez v British Columbia (AG)," which had denied a right to assisted suicide. The court suspended its ruling for 12 months, with the decision taking effect in 2016, to give the federal government enough time to amend its laws. In January 2016, the court granted an additional four-month extension to its ruling suspension to allow time for the newly elected federal Liberal government to consult with Canadians on drafting a law to comply with the ruling. As an interim measure, it also ruled that provincial courts can
Carter v Canada (AG)
20252911
is a mix of a dictatorship and democracy). According to a May 2017 poll by More Consulting, 68.8% of the Venezuelans reject the proposal, and 72.9% (with more than 20% who consider themselves "chavistas") consider the government a dictatorship. A poll taken by Hercon between 10–25 May 2017 found that 78.1% wanted Maduro out of office in 2017, 79.9% did not agree with the Constitutional Assembly, 73.3% believed the CNE favored the ruling party (PSUV) and 75.5% thought that President Maduro started the Constitutional Assembly proposal to establish a government similar to Cuba's. President of the National Assembly, Julio Borges,
2017 Venezuelan referendum
5736575
Human Rights, but did not amount to "torture". In 2014, after new information was uncovered that showed the decision to use methods of torture in Northern Ireland in 1971-1972 had been taken by ministers, the Irish Government asked the European Court of Human Rights to review its judgement and acknowledge the five techniques as torture. The Court's ruling that the five techniques did not amount to torture was later cited by the United States and Israel to justify their own interrogation methods, which included the five techniques. British agents also taught the five techniques to the forces of Brazil's military
Five techniques
20013064
again pleaded not guilty. However, the ruling handed down twenty minutes after the start of legal proceedings, declared Cohen guilty. That same day, Cohen was shot. Having learned of Cohen's arrest, the communist leaders of Great Britain Harry Pollitt and Willie Gallacher appealed to the Secretary General of the Executive Committee of the Communist International, Georgi Dimitrov and were advised "do not interfere". As a result, the Communist Party of Great Britain did not file a protest, and was not supportive of the protest launched by the Left Socialists, via a letter written by Maurice Reckitt. The British government did
Rose Cohen (feminist)
7933856
elected a chief of the Mississaugas of the Credit Mission in 1829 and acted as a spokesman for the band when petitioning the colonial government and its departments. During his British tours, he had audiences with King William IV and Queen Victoria, directly petitioning the latter on the issue of title deeds for the Mississaugas of Upper Canada. During his life, Jones did manage to obtain some concessions from various provincial governments, such as having control over the trust funds for the Mississaugas of Credit turned over to their chiefs, but he was never able to secure title deeds for
Peter Jones (missionary)
14066206
a deep knowledge of local customs, with his message for independence from British. Unlike "Anandamath", he put together an alternate government in place, led by an ideal leader, steeped in Indian values, directly supported by the people. Very importantly, Bankim Chandra boldly portrayed the struggle being led by a woman, the protagonist, in a time when most women remained behind purdah and did not even show her face to men apart from her husband and siblings. He used the allegory of actual historical figures of valiant queens across India who had ably led their kingdoms and fought on battlefields. This
Devi Chaudhurani
2269580
the bombing in an interview with "The Sunday Business Post". He told interviewer Tom McGurk that the British government's strategy at the time was to depict the IRA as mere criminals while containing the Troubles within Northern Ireland: Of those killed in the bombing, Magee said: "I deeply regret that anybody had to lose their lives, but at the time did the Tory ruling class expect to remain immune from what their frontline troops were doing to us?" "Daily Telegraph" journalist David Hughes called the bombing "the most audacious attack on a British government since the Gunpowder Plot" and wrote
Brighton hotel bombing
6688125
wing party VMRO-DPMNE. When the wars of Yugoslav succession started and the region was heading in for independence, Georgievski emerged as one of the strongest voices of opposition to challenge the Communist ruling structure, and succeeded in gaining strong public support. During his time in government (1998–2002), his coalition introduced strong reforms within the State administration, introduced the VAT system, started denationalisation, and adopted the pension system law. The Government managed to achieve very good financial results; foreign currency reserves were almost doubled, and a large budget surplus was also gained. In 2001, in Luxembourg, Georgievski signed the EU backed
Ljubčo Georgievski
15384433
suddenly at the very end, police started beating street vendors and passers-by and later started chasing and apprehending protesters. On 11 August, nearly 1,000 people gathered in Casablanca chanting anti-corruption slogans, denouncing the sharp rise in prices, and calling for the release of jailed activists, with another 300 people gathered near the main boulevard in Rabat chanting slogans criticising Prime Minister Abdelilah Benkirane and King Mohammed VI, while waving anti-government banners. Activists blame the ruling Justice and Development Party (PJD) for a surge in fuel prices — petrol jumped by 20% in June 2012 when the government moved to cut
2011–12 Moroccan protests
6170729
to submit to the payment of any tribute, they had no occasion to oppress their subjects.” This situation changed in 1790 when Korea had to pay tribute to the Marathas. Historically Korea State also seems to have had some indefinite feudal relations with Surguja, but the British government ignored this claim when Koriya was ceded to them by the Bhonsle Raja of Nagpur in 1818. On 24 Dec 1819 the state became a British protectorate. Upon the extinction of the direct line in 1897, a distant collateral branch of the ruling family was recognized as successor by the British Raj.
Korea State
10026993
OHSU and the individual defendants requested discretionary review by the Oregon Supreme Court, and Clarke requested review of the Court of Appeals' ruling that the limits applied to OHSU. The Supreme Court granted the petitions for review, and, on December 27, 2007, affirmed the ruling of the Court of Appeals. The only significant distinction between the reasoning of the Court of Appeals and the Supreme Court is that the Supreme Court did not directly base its ruling of insufficiency of the remedy against the individual defendants on the ratio of the limits. Instead, it held that the elimination of claims
Clarke v. Oregon Health Sciences University
12450295
even war, if the drifts were not reopened. Eventually, the SAR did relent, and the crisis passed. However, there were lingering clashes of interests. Afrikaners outside the SAR wanted access to the markets of the Rand and to share in the wealth being generated by the gold mining; the SAR government wanted to preserve markets for its own farmers, build up manufacturing to help employ its landless white burghers, and make itself as free as possible from influence by the British. The British government demanded that Kruger open the drifts and used the situation to involve itself directly in Transvaal
Drifts Crisis
3411769
hearts of many. At that time too, the routine work of the Sangh continued. Sangh decided not to do anything directly. ‘Sangh is the organization of inactive people, their talks have no substance’ was the opinion uttered not only by outsiders but also our own swayamsevaks.' ” The British Government stated that the RSS was not at all supporting any civil disobedience against them, and as such their other political activities could be overlooked.The Home Department was thereby of the opinion that the RSS did not constitute a menace to law and order in British India. The Bombay government reported
Quit India Movement
2410895
only did it directly increase the nation's annual interest payments by £ but it meant interest rates were higher throughout the economy during the post-war depression. Compared to France, the British government relied more on short-term financing in the form of treasury bills and exchequer bonds during World War I. Treasury bills provided the bulk of British government funds in 1916, and were available for terms of 3, 6, 9 and 12 months at an interest rate of 5%. Although these were not formally designated as war bonds, advertising was explicit about their purpose. This April 1916 advertisement for 5%
War bond
10001582
was vacant, but what they dreamed was true, because currently Payradanga is one of the famous names for many things in the District of Nadia. The first structured ruling system employed here was the Chowkidary Panchayat system that started in 1870 during the British Period. In 1885 this two-level ruling structure was formed by the British Govt.Post independence, the ruling scheme designed was with a little change in the previous. In 1957 the first Panchayet structure was employed in West Bengal, but in 1973 this law was passed & a 3-stage panchayet was employed, i.e. Zilla Parishad, Block Panchayet Samiti.
Payradanga
14442003
decree prohibiting marriage against societal norms. Such caste-based councils are common in the inner regions of several Indian states, including Haryana, Punjab, western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan, and have been operating with government approval for years. In any event, the state government expressed no concern about the ruling of the "khap panchayat". The Khap panchayat's ruling was based on the assumption that Manoj and Babli belonged to the Banwala gotra, a Jat community, and were therefore considered to be siblings despite not being directly related and any union between them would be invalid and incestuous. Nevertheless, the couple
Manoj–Babli honour killing case
13613152
Radio in Yemen Broadcasting began in Yemen in the 1940s when it was still divided into South by the British and North by Imami ruling system. After the unity of Yemen in 1990, Yemeni government reformed its corporations and founded some additional radio channels which can broadcast locally. However it drew back after 1994 due to destroyed infrastructures by the civil war. In 1995 it commenced its first TV broadcasting abroad and since then there has been some gradual increase in its radio and television channels most of which belong to the government. British army established a small radio station
Radio in Yemen
2198465
his newspaper to agitate against the war, calling on working men on both sides of the border to unite in overthrowing the ruling class. As a result, he and Bebel were arrested and charged with treason. It is worth noting that Liebknecht opposed the war regardless of which side started it. His call for revolutionary opposition to the war directly contradicts what his party, the SPD, would do in 1914 when World War I began. At that time, with Liebknecht long dead, his successors opted to back the German cause in the war. In 1872, both Liebknecht and Bebel were
Wilhelm Liebknecht
106802
out in 1685 but not enthroned until 1697 when the death of the Fifth was announced. After 16 years of study as a novice monk, in 1702 in his 20th year he rejected full ordination and gave up his monk's robes and monastic life, preferring the lifestyle of a layman. In 1703 Güshi Khan's ruling grandson Tenzin Wangchuk Khan was murdered by his brother Lhazang Khan who usurped the Khoshut's Tibetan throne, but unlike his four predecessors he started interfering directly in Tibetan affairs in Lhasa; he opposed the Fifth Dalai Lama's regent, Desi Sangye Gyatso for his deceptions and
Dalai Lama
17065578
were not sympathetic with the allies, which the British attributed to their lack of attention toward Shia oppression and enforcement of reforms. When war ended, Britain changed its policy in Bahrain from being cautious and giving advises to the ruler, to directly implementing reforms. The administrative reforms took place between 1919 and 1927. The nature of the reforms, sometimes referred to as "reforms of the twenties" was administrative, not political as they did not involve the issue of government legitimacy or any form of public representation. Instead they were more focused on reshuffling of public offices and economic resources. These
History of Bahrain (1783–1971)
8729239
been in favour of Portugal, Lord Salisbury refused and demanded a bi-lateral treaty. Talks started in Lisbon in April 1890, and in May the Portuguese delegation proposed joint administration of the disputed area between Angola and Mozambique. The British government refused this, and drafted a treaty that imposed boundaries that were generally unfavourable to Portugal. This led to a wave of protests and the downfall of the Portuguese government in when the draft treaty was published. This treaty did however grant Portugal special right to build a railway, road and telegraph line along the north bank of the Zambezi, which
Pink Map
12079349
when it did voice complaint about issues of Indians in Africa, tended to focus on those in East Africa rather than Central Africa. After Zambia achieved independence in 1964, the government started looking to India for material and moral support, and since then the Indian community has played a meaningful role in the Zambian economy. Most held Zambian or British citizenship. Many are in professions like banking, retail, farming and mining. Recent arrivals include medical and educational professionals. The Levy Mwanawasa government was friendly towards the Indian community; the functions hosted by the Indian community, such as Diwali, were attended
Indians in Zambia
2251308
both sides to revive the Royal Commission, the Rhodesian government had Gibbs announce a state of emergency the same day on the grounds that black Rhodesian insurgents were reportedly entering the country. Smith denied that this foreshadowed a declaration of independence, but the publishing of his letter to Wilson in the press provoked a worldwide storm of speculation that UDI was imminent. Smith wrote again to Wilson on 8 November, asking him to appoint the Royal Commission under the terms they had agreed in Salisbury and to commit the British government to accepting its ruling, but Wilson did not immediately
Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence
14141214
open letter to the Canadian government asking them to ban British politician George Galloway from entering Canada, which the government did. Galloway was scheduled to speak in Toronto at an event called "Resisting War from Gaza to Kandahar". In 2010, a Federal Court judge imposed a ruling, calling the ban "a flawed and overreaching interpretation of the standards under Canadian law...". Galloway was now allowed to visit the country. The Jewish Defense league of London, Ontario was established in November 2009. The chairman is Pesach Ovadyah. The chapters Facebook group has an active Discussions Board. As of September 30, 2016,
Jewish Defense League Chapters
3171692
Ottoman jurisdiction. This line separated the Ottoman sanjak of Najd from Qatar. The blue line began a few miles to the south of Zaknuniya (which was included in the sanjak), directly south up to the Rub' al-Khali (Article 11). The agreement did not mention that Zaknuniya would be part of the Najd sanjak in return for an Ottoman consideration of £ 1,000 paid to the Sheikh of Bahrain via the British government. With regard to Bahrain, the Ottomans renounced all claims to it so long as the British declared no intention of annexing it (Article 13) and did not claim
Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913
14483721
to North America started as early as the 1890s. Emigration to the US also started in the late 19th and early 20th century, when Sikhs arriving in Vancouver found that the fact that they were subjects of the British Empire did not mean anything in Canada itself, and they were blatantly discriminated against. Some of these pioneers entered the US or landed in Seattle and San Francisco as the ships that carried them from Asia often stopped at these ports. Most of these immigrants were Hindus from the Punjab region. Asian women were restricted from immigrating, because the US government
Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin
11410490
main political party in Malaysia representing the Indian community, and a current member of Malaysia’s ruling Barisan Nasional coalition government. Singapore politics, however, followed a different path. While Singapore’s ruling People’s Action Party (PAP) initially sought to merge with Malaya in a political federation, this eventual union proved to be unviable, resulting in the ejection of Singapore from Malaysia in 1965, when the former became and independent republic. However, even prior to this momentous event, Singapore politics had developed along different lines from the rest of Malaysia. With its different racial makeup, the racial politics of Malaysia did not fit
Singapore Indian Association
11750108
Najib Razak that he will step down after a year in his second term. He, however, did not step down without another controversy (or crisis during his appointment). He and Ajil assemblyman, Ghazali Taib, followed by Bukit Besi assemblyman, Roslee Daud, quit UMNO, the ruling party in Terengganu and have caused the state to have a minority ruling government Barisan Nasional (14 state assemblyman) and a majority opposition Pakatan Rakyat (15 state assemblyman) with 3 independent assemblyman for the first time in Malaysia's history. This is because he felt slighted when Najib Razak rejected his proposal to quit after his
Ahmad Said (politician)
8277782
Townshend's appointment had come directly from the British Administration, Lord Sydney, the Home Secretary. Townshend had a secure place with the government of the colony, and was soon involved in Patterson's scheme to seize land from absentee landlords. Being a member of the council, he was present when legislation was passed on the land seizures, which had gone against the British government. A report was written and charges were brought to Townshend, as well as to many other officials. However, Townshend had still objected to the measures of the legislation, and had resigned. When the British Privy Council concluded its
William Townshend (colonial governor)
6631825
the district. During the British period, the district was at peace, the only event of any political importance being the sequestration in 1838, of the Jagir of Udayagiri, owing to its title holder's participation in a conspiracy, engineered by the Nawab of Kurnool, against the ruling power. After the district came under the British administration, the jurisdiction of the district did not undergo any major changes, but for the transfer of Ongole taluk in 1904 to Guntur district when it was newly constituted. It was part of the composite Madras state until 1 October 1953. On 1 November 1956, when
Nellore district
2262777
back in opposition, did co-operate with the SP, against some of the policies of the centre-right Balkenende government, and their relationship improved significantly. New tensions arose however after the elections of 2006, when the SP approached the PvdA in electoral support, and the PvdA joined the government, whereas the SP did not. As of 2016 the ruling VVD-PvdA coalition has meant that the PvdA lost a huge part of its base. In the polls, the party currently stands at around 12 seats, losing 26, which has been a stable position for the last three years. Despite that, the SP has
Socialist Party (Netherlands)
13709574
Foreign relations of Zanzibar The foreign relations of Zanzibar refers to the relationships with other nations by the independent Zanzibari government which existed from 1856 to 1964, when the Zanzibar Revolution overthrew the ruling Sultan and unified the country with Tanganyika, forming Tanzania. In 1890, Zanzibar gave up formal control over their foreign relations to the British Empire. In 1906, the United States of America formalized a treaty in which they relinquished any claims to Zanzibar in favor of the British Empire. Following the unification and creation of Tanzania, Zanzibar's foreign relations were handled by the joint government in Dar
Foreign relations of Zanzibar
1722347
began the transfer of political legitimacy to their own hands and started to form shadow governments built on committees of correspondence that coordinated protest and resistance. They called the First Continental Congress in 1774 to inaugurate a trade boycott against Britain. Thirteen colonies were represented at the Congress. The other British colonies were under tight British control and did not rebel. When resistance in Boston culminated in the Boston Tea Party in 1773 with the dumping of taxed tea shipments into the harbor, London imposed the Intolerable Acts on the colony of Massachusetts, ended self-government, and sent in the Army
History of the United States (1776–1789)
16447602
While this policy was not adopted, the Company did establish a more universal currency based on the sicca rupee to restrain the power of the shroff moneylenders. Later when the Company had increased its power and influence in the subcontinent it started acting as a government. In 1793, Lord Cornwallis abolished the right of local landholders to collect dues on trade which cut back on the feudal powers of the princes, limiting their martial strength and turning them into landlords. After the Indian Mutiny of 1857, the new British administration created a close partnership with certain land-holders and princes to
Political warfare in British colonial India
6649945
villages, which were held by five different "thakur"s. In 1765, the Peshwa of the Maratha Empire assigned the revenues from the villages to the family of Sambhaji Attaji, a Deshastha Brahmin. This ruling family was later known as the family of the Khandekar Pandits. The arrangement made by the Peshwa was respected by the British when they took over Panth Piploda from the Marathas in 1817. The ruling family did not have any proprietary rights whatever in these villages and were mere "tankadar"s (recipients of the cash allowance). This cash allowance was paid to them by the Political Agent in
Panth-Piploda Province
11156951
government in Freetown soon realized that it needed Dala Modu's services in settling disputes in the interior. From 1818, when he arranged the cession of the Isles de Los to the British, he started receiving an annual payment from them. Between 1820 and 1841, Dala Modu arranged peace talks on a number of occasions to settle local disputes the Colony Government felt were inhibiting trade. These included the rebellion on the north Rokel in 1835, and the Temne/Loko war in 1836. Though he did not get along well with some of the governors, succeeding ones were quick to realise his
Dala Modu Dumbuya
2874134
originally placed directly under the rule of the Viceroyalty of Peru, however this location proved to be too distant for effective ruling so Phillip II established the Audiencia of Charcas, which was an autonomous governing body under the purview of the viceroy of Peru. This governing was composed of "oidores" or judges and a governor with the title of president of the Audiencia. The Audiencia was given authority to make final decisions when a viceroy was unavailable or absent. The Audiencia was centered in Chuquisaca, which started out as an indigenous community and later became known by its post-independence name,
Bolivian War of Independence
4980547
by the 1973 Constitution. However the Al Wefaq leadership withdrew support when the ruling regime later announced the 2002 Constitution which mandated a chamber, appointed directly by the King, that would have the same legislative power the elected chamber has. Al Wefaq boycotted the 2002 parliamentary election, with three other political societies: the former Maoist National Democratic Action Society, Baath affiliated Nationalist Democratic Rally Society and Islamic Action Society. Opposition political groups accused the King of unilaterally enacting the constitution though such an important document requiring multilateral agreement in order to be binding. However Al-Wefaq did put forward candidates for
Al Wefaq
6957122
changes to the Constitution would indeed affect the "powers, rights, or privileges" of the provinces. The Court combined the remaining questions into two major issues and addressed those issues in two different rulings. The first ruling dealt with the question of legality: did the federal government have the "legal" authority to unilaterally seek an amendment to the Constitution, without the consent of the provinces? The second ruling dealt with the question of constitutional conventions: did a convention exist obliging the federal government to seek the consent of the provinces before asking the Parliament of the United Kingdom to modify the
Patriation Reference
6237734
the sale of slaves from the social strata within the Wolof society. The sale of weapons and horses to the Wolof elites and warriors made slave raiding easier. Early colonial laws that sought to end slave trade were strongly resisted by Wolof elites as well colonial administrators in Senegambia. These laws were evaded. The slavery system was abolished in Wolof lands and its end enforced after 1890s by the British and French colonial authorities when they began ruling The Gambia and Senegal directly, the two major parts where the Wolof people are found. However, the social distinctions between the freeborn
Wolof people
7215063
by ruling party officials, and the government's steadfast refusal to grant loans to Coloured entrepreneurs. At the height of President Mugabe's land reform programme, Zimbabwean Minister of Education, Sports, and Culture Aeneas Chigwedere demanded that Coloureds be excluded from the redistribution process on racial grounds, insisting that "if we give them land it will be giving it back to the white man". Unlike Southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia (present-day Zambia), a British possession which remained governed directly by the Colonial Office, considered "Coloured" to be a strictly South African racial distinction, and evoked the term only when referring to immigrants of
Goffal
7802380
to famine. The Bani Sakhr were saved from this by the British government ruling Jordan at the time. In exchange, the British required the Bani Sakhr to give up their nomadic lifestyle and turned more towards a semi-nomadic life. In the decades since then, pressures on the Bani Sakhr to give up part of their land have led to occasional tension between them and the Jordanian government. However, this tribe has always been counted as stalwart allies of the Hashemite ruling family since the days of King Abdullah I. Bani Sakhr Beni Sakhr is the name of a large Bedouin
Bani Sakhr