who has the power to set voting requirements
the states
3161336
estimates, more than half of white men were disenfranchised. Several states granted suffrage to free men of color after the Revolution, including North Carolina. This fact was noted by Justice Benjamin Robbins Curtis' dissent in "Dred Scott v. Sandford" (1857), as he emphasized that blacks had been considered citizens at the time the Constitution was ratified: Of this there can be no doubt. At the time of the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, all free native-born inhabitants of the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, and North Carolina, though descended from African slaves, were not only
Voting rights in the United States
20238378
applying to federal elections, it has deferred the making of most aspects of election laws to the states. Therefore the administration of voter registration requirements, voting requirements, and elections vary widely across jurisdictions. Voter impersonation (also sometimes called in-person voter fraud) is a form of electoral fraud in which one person who is not eligible to vote in an election does so by voting under the name of another eligible voter or by otherwise pretending to be eligible. In the United States, voter ID laws have been enacted in a number of states since 2010 with the aim of preventing
Presidential Advisory Commission on Election Integrity
3807959
and filed suit on the grounds that the act was unconstitutional. The respondent was John Mitchell in his role as United States Attorney General. The Supreme Court ruled by a 5–4 vote that Congress could set requirements for voting in federal elections, and by a different 5–4 majority that Congress could "not" set requirements for voting in local and state elections. The opinion of the Court was written by Hugo Black. The remaining eight justices were split 4-4 on whether Congress had power to set voting requirements in "any" elections, regardless of whether they were state or federal. Black's vote
Oregon v. Mitchell
6060586
The US Election Assistance Commission has assumed federal responsibility for accrediting voting system test laboratories and certifying voting equipment through the Voting System Certification & Laboratory Accreditation Program. The purpose of the program is to independently verify that voting systems comply with the functional capabilities, accessibility, and security requirements necessary to ensure the integrity and reliability of voting system operation, as established in the Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). With this program the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) will recommend labs for accreditation through its National Voluntary Laboratory Accreditation Program (NVLAP). The VVSG provide a set of specifications
Certification of voting machines
3807967
the next year, which lowered the voting age for citizens to 18 for all elections at the federal level and in all states. Though "Oregon v. Mitchell" affirmed the federal government's power to set a minimum voting age for federal elections, no case has tested whether the federal government possesses the power to prevent states from lowering their voting age below 18, since the federal government has not tried to prohibit states from doing so. Oregon v. Mitchell Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970), was a Supreme Court case which held that the United States Congress could set voting
Oregon v. Mitchell
15944860
Minimum requirements for consideration are: Chapters may raise these minimum requirements to meet local conditions. An academic average of a C is recommended. Admission to the Active Chapter is by majority vote of all active members. Alumni members are Graduates of an Active Collegiate Chapter. Sponsors are members who do not go through the ritual of the fraternity. Sponsor Members will have no voting power outside their Institutional Chapter. Faculty Members, in addition to Chapter Sponsors, who are interested in art, will be invited by the local Chapter to affiliate on the basis of payment of International dues with no
Kappa Pi
9038186
in the South. In an effort to maintain white supremacy, Democratic activists had often used violence and fraud at elections to suppress black voting. Following the temporary loss of power to the biracial coalition of Populists and Republicans in the 1890s, when Democrats regained control of state legislatures (often on campaigns based on white supremacy), they systematically adopted electoral rules in new constitutions or specific laws to disenfranchise black voters by making voter registration and voting more difficult. A number of devices were used, including poll taxes, residency requirements, record-keeping requirements and literacy tests, all administered by white officials. The
White primaries
2312721
and tabulation of election results. A worthy e-voting system must perform most of these tasks while complying with a set of standards established by regulatory bodies, and must also be capable to deal successfully with strong requirements associated with security, accuracy, integrity, swiftness, privacy, auditability, accessibility, cost-effectiveness, scalability and ecological sustainability. Electronic voting technology can include punched cards, optical scan voting systems and specialized voting kiosks (including self-contained direct-recording electronic voting systems, or DRE). It can also involve transmission of ballots and votes via telephones, private computer networks, or the Internet. In general, two main types of e-voting can be
Electronic voting
7490725
daily government. Following a brief coalition between the Republican Party and Populists in the late 19th century, the South Carolina legislature followed others in the South in passing a constitution to disenfranchise most blacks and many poor whites.The Constitution of 1895 was a departure from the Reconstruction Constitution of 1868 that aimed to keep the majority black population from voting. However, the poll tax, property requirements and literacy requirements also keep poor whites from voting. By excluding blacks from politics, the Democrats secured their power and ended the Republican challenge. The legislatures passed such laws and constitutions from 1890 to
South Carolina Republican Party
706050
essentially a system that centralized control of farmland, control of farm labor and political power, while the early American democracy, in which land ownership was a prerequisite for voting rights, was built on relatively easy paths to individual farm ownership. However, the gradual modernization and mechanization of farming, which greatly increases both the efficiency and capital requirements of farming, has led to increasingly large farms. This has usually been accompanied by the decoupling of political power from farm ownership. In some societies (especially socialist and communist), collective farming is the norm, with either government ownership of the land or common
Farm
9983738
Voluntary Voting System Guidelines The Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG) are guidelines adopted by the United States Election Assistance Commission (EAC) for the certification of voting systems. The National Institute of Standards and Technology's Technical Guidelines Development Committee drafts the VVSG and gives them to the EAC in draft form for their adoption. The Help America Vote Act instructed Election Assistance Commission (EAC) to develop voluntary voting system guidelines—a set of specifications and requirements against which voting systems can be tested to determine if the systems provide all of the basic functionality, accessibility and security capabilities required of these systems.
Voluntary Voting System Guidelines
11264171
regardless of their weight, who has no say in the outcome of the election. A player without any say in the outcome is a player without power. Consider the weighted voting system [8: 4, 4, 2, 1]. In this voting system, the voter with weight 2 seems like he has more power than the voter with weight 1, however the reality is that both voters have no power whatsoever (neither can affect the passing of a motion). Dummies always appear in weighted voting systems that have a dictator but also occur in other weighted voting systems (the example above). A
Weighted voting
3807958
Oregon v. Mitchell Oregon v. Mitchell, 400 U.S. 112 (1970), was a Supreme Court case which held that the United States Congress could set voting age requirements for federal elections but not for local or state elections. The case also upheld Congress's nationwide prohibition on literacy tests and similar "tests or devices" used as voting qualifications as defined in the "Voting Rights Act of 1965". Congress had passed the "Voting Rights Act Amendments of 1970" requiring all states to register citizens between the ages of 18 and 21 as voters. The state of Oregon objected to the lower voting age,
Oregon v. Mitchell
1602862
Tribes are currently encouraged to form their own governments, with power resting in elected tribal councils, elected tribal chairpersons, or religiously appointed leaders (as is the case with pueblos). Tribal citizenship and voting rights are typically restricted to individuals of native descent, but tribes are free to set whatever citizenship requirements they wish. The institutions that are responsible for local government within states are typically town, city, or county boards, water management districts, fire management districts, library districts and other similar governmental units which make laws that affect their particular area. These laws concern issues such as traffic, the sale
Federal government of the United States
2649060
accessibility, affordability, and security of voting equipment, election systems, and voting technology. HAVA requires the National Institute of Standards and Technology annually recommend areas for research. Responses to these requirements varied by state, but a widespread effect has been the purchasing of electronic voting machines, including DRE voting machines. There are criticisms of the reliability and security of these machines. Some electronic voting machines sold through 2005, including those by Diebold Election Systems, have not met the requirements of HAVA and were not required to be in compliance until January 1, 2006. Concerns have been raised that as late as
Help America Vote Act
12325247
165 contract corrections employees to state payrolls. Bruce also joined with left-leaning and environmental groups in opposing proposed changes to Colorado's petition process that would raise signature requirements and make it more difficult to put proposals to amend the Colorado state constitution on the statewide ballot. Bruce also entered into debate on, and voted against, a bill to impose new requirements on landlords and set standards for rental properties. His actions generated criticism from other legislators, who argued that Bruce should have recused himself from voting on the measure because his ownership of rental properties created a conflict of interest;
Colorado House career of Douglas Bruce
12828371
in court decisions have made each of those requirements unconstitutional or a violation of federal law. The 26th Amendment to the United States Constitution prevents denial or abridgment of the voting rights of a citizen 18 years of age or older. Federal court decisions have held that residency requirements of the type which were set forth in section 6, violated the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. In addition, the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 generally prohibits literacy tests as a condition for eligibility to vote. Because of this, Oregon’s Attorney General in
2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 54
15246071
equal protection. Voting rights in Singapore The right to vote in Singapore is not explicitly stated in Singapore's Constitution, but the Government has expressed the view that it may be inferred from the fact that Singapore is a representative democracy and from specific constitutional provisions, including Articles 65 and 66 which set out requirements for the prorogation and dissolution of Parliament and the holding of general elections. Speaking on the matter in Parliament in 2009, the Minister for Law, K. Shanmugam, said that the right to vote could not be a mere privilege as this would imply the existence of
Voting rights in Singapore
15246027
Voting rights in Singapore The right to vote in Singapore is not explicitly stated in Singapore's Constitution, but the Government has expressed the view that it may be inferred from the fact that Singapore is a representative democracy and from specific constitutional provisions, including Articles 65 and 66 which set out requirements for the prorogation and dissolution of Parliament and the holding of general elections. Speaking on the matter in Parliament in 2009, the Minister for Law, K. Shanmugam, said that the right to vote could not be a mere privilege as this would imply the existence of an institution
Voting rights in Singapore
7795582
all the laws. The work culminated in what Arrow called the "General Possibility Theorem," better known thereafter as Arrow's (impossibility) theorem. The theorem states that, absent restrictions on either individual preferences or neutrality of the constitution to feasible alternatives, there exists no social choice rule that satisfies a set of plausible requirements. The result generalizes the voting paradox, which shows that majority voting may fail to yield a stable outcome. The Introduction contrasts voting and markets with dictatorship and social convention (such as those in a religious code). Both exemplify social decisions. Voting and markets facilitate "social" choice in a
Social Choice and Individual Values
11264169
"w", . . ., "w"]. The weights are always listed in numerical order, starting with the highest. When considering motions, all reasonable electoral systems will have the same outcome as majority rules. Thus, the mathematics of weighted voting systems looks at the notion of power: who has it and how much do they have? A player's power is defined as that player's ability to influence decisions. Consider the voting system [6: 5, 3, 2]. Notice that a motion can only be passed with the support of "P". In this situation, "P" has veto power. A player is said to have
Weighted voting
18708024
Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand The voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand have been in a near constant state of flux since the first election in New Zealand in 1853. Prisoners have experienced varying degrees of enfranchisement. The present position in New Zealand is that anyone in prison at the time of an election is ineligible to vote, regardless of the length of sentence imposed. The New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 set out the requirements for enfranchisement. Prisoners were expressly excluded from registration for voting where they were serving a sentence for "any treason, felony, or infamous
Voting rights of prisoners in New Zealand
9727537
auditability and proactively address the increasing difficulty of protecting against all prospective threats, the TGDC directs STS to write requirements for the next version of the VVSG requiring the next generation of voting systems to be software independent. The TGDC directs STS and HFP to draft usability and accessibility requirements to ensure that all voters can verify the independent voting record." "The TGDC further directs STS and Core Requirements and Testing Subcommittees (CRT) to draft requirements to ensure that systems that produce independently verifiable voting records are reliable and provide adequate support for audits." Examples of software-independent voting systems are
Software independence
665681
with superior voting rights over that of common shareholders. If an unfriendly bidder acquired a substantial quantity of the target firm's voting common stock, it then still would not be able to exercise control over its purchase. For example, ASARCO established a voting plan in which 99% of the company's common stock would only harness 16.5% of the total voting power. In addition to these pills, a "dead-hand" provision allows only the directors who introduce the poison pill to remove it (for a set period after they have been replaced), thus potentially delaying a new board’s decision to sell a
Shareholder rights plan
788644
has been limited to people who had achieved a certain level of education or passed a certain test. In some US states, "literacy tests" were previously implemented to exclude those who were illiterate. This disproportionately affected poor and black people, who were systemically denied access to the same educational opportunities as the white and rich people. Under the 1961 constitution of Rhodesia, voting on the "A" roll, which elected up to 50 of the 65 members of parliament, was restricted based on education requirements, which in practice led to an overwhelming white vote. Voting on the "B" roll had universal
Suffrage
5480653
requirements, NCAA institutions must meet one of the requirements in the "three prong test" as follows: OCR (Office of Civil Rights) is one of the governing bodies that attempts to ensure that title IX is enforced. They have the power to pull federal funding from schools or organizations that are found to be non-compliant with title IX, although this power has never been exercised. The OCR will usually work with the school or organization that is non-compliant to set up a schedule or plan to follow to become compliant. Research concerning Title IX institutional compliance and gender equity issues has
College athletics in the United States
411003
voting equilibria that require all voters use the optimal strategy and all voters share a common set of "p" pivot probabilities. Because of these additional requirements, such equilibria may in practice be less widely applicable than the strategies. Because tactical voting relies heavily on voters' perception of how other voters intend to vote, campaigns in electoral methods that promote compromise frequently focus on affecting voter's perception of campaign viability. Most campaigns craft refined media strategies to shape the way voters see their candidacy. During this phase, there can be an analogous effect where campaign donors and activists may decide whether
Tactical voting
12327372
the measure with some amendments clarifying the rights of an individual who has received FISA orders to challenge nondisclosure requirements and to refuse disclosure of the name of their attorney. Voting against this bill would have terminated the Patriot Act. McCain voted to extend the Patriot Act's Wiretap Provision. This piece of legislation would allow the FBI to use roaming wiretaps on U.S. residents and would concede to the Federal Agents entry and access to corporate accounts. Voting for this bill would extend the Patriot Act to December 31, 2009, thereby making its provisions permanent whereas voting against this bill
Political positions of John McCain
16137205
thrice until 28 October 2009 due to the lack of candidates from some groups for which minimum voting requirements were in place. The following persons were nominated: Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was no minimum voting requirement. Regarding the regional criteria, there was a voting requirement for one judge from the Asian States and one judge from the Latin
November 2009 International Criminal Court judges election
16137339
article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. The following minimum voting requirements existed: Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was a minimum voting requirement (not to be waived at any time) of nine judges from List A and five judges from List B. Regarding the regional criteria, there were minimum voting requirements for three African, two Asian, two Eastern European judges, three Latin American and Caribbean judges and three judges from Western European and Other States. Regarding the gender criteria, there was a minimum voting requirement for six female and six male judges. The voting requirements were as follows:
2003 International Criminal Court judges election
6060587
and requirements against which voting systems can be tested to determine if the systems provide all of the basic functionality, accessibility and security capabilities required of these systems. In addition, the guidelines establish evaluation criteria for the national certification of voting systems. The EAC's Technical Guidelines Development Committee, with technical support from NIST are tasked with developing an initial set of recommendations for each VVSG iteration. After the initial draft guidelines are authored, they are sent to the EAC for review and revision and then released for public comment. Comments are reviewed and considered by the EAC in consultation with
Certification of voting machines
5818409
is delivered at a later date. Most countries around the world award high school diplomas on the basis of completing appropriate coursework and passing one or more standardized tests. Every country has different requirements for receiving a diploma, and in some cases, individual schools set their own requirements. Requirements also change over time. There is no single, universal set of requirements for receiving a high school diploma. Every time and place has different requirements. A person who qualifies for a diploma, but has not yet received it, is called a "graduand"; after receiving it, the person is called a "graduate".
School leaving qualification
120964
by the municipal council and comprises at least five members, with half of the members being presented by the municipal secretary and half by participating political parties. The activities of the National Electoral Committee and election managers can be observed by everyone. Electronic voting was first used in Estonia during the municipal council elections of 2005. Since then the share of people voting electronically has continuously risen. Electronic voting is managed by the State Electoral Office, which establishes the technical requirements and organisation of electronic voting. Voting is based on the Estonian ID card. Every voter has the right to
Politics of Estonia
4209843
in any federal election. In Thailand the minimum age to be elected to the National Assembly is 35 years. The 1876 constitution set the age for parliamentary elections as 30. This remained unchanged until 13 October 2006, when it was lowered to 25 through a constitutional amendment. In 2017, it was further lowered to 18, the same as the voting age. The Prime Minister of Turkey has to be a member of the parliament, hence it has the same requirements as parliamentary eligibility. The age of candidacy for the President is 18. Due to new laws being voted in as
Age of candidacy
11483447
and the other four still in the draft phase. IEEE 1547 IEEE 1547 ("Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems") is a standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers meant to provide a set of criteria and requirements for the interconnection of distributed generation resources into the power grid. "This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with EPSs [Electric Power Systems]. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety, and maintenance of the interconnection." With the increased adoption of distributed resources in the present and future, a set of standards
IEEE 1547
11483443
IEEE 1547 IEEE 1547 ("Standard for Interconnecting Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems") is a standard of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers meant to provide a set of criteria and requirements for the interconnection of distributed generation resources into the power grid. "This document provides a uniform standard for interconnection of distributed resources with EPSs [Electric Power Systems]. It provides requirements relevant to the performance, operation, testing, safety, and maintenance of the interconnection." With the increased adoption of distributed resources in the present and future, a set of standards regarding their usage in the grid becomes increasingly important
IEEE 1547
4390303
were effectively excluded from the franchise. Under the Constitution of 1938, property restrictions on voting were removed however the vote was still restricted to those who male, literate, and of age. Elections were held in 1940 and 1951, and saw a dramatic expansion of the electorate. Shortly after coming to power through the 1952 Revolution, the National Revolutionary Movement instituted universal suffrage, ending literacy requirements and racial restrictions which had massively reduced the Bolivian electorate up to that time. General elections were held in 1956, 1960, and 1964; and purely legislative elections were held in 1958 and 1962. Democracy was
Elections in Bolivia
11455390
South Africa Company, with the BSAC administrator presiding (and who also holding the right of veto over any legislation). Additionally, a British resident commissioner sat on the Council as a non-voting member. Qualifications for members and franchise were set by the commissioner, who required voters to be British subjects, male, 21 years of age and older, able to write their address and occupation, and then to fulfil any one of the following financial requirements: All voters were entered onto a common roll. Due to continuing pressure by white settlers for a greater role in the administration of the colony, the
Southern Rhodesian Legislative Council
5872486
ABCEF ABDEF ACDEF BCDEF ABCDEF The Banzhaf index gives these values: Banzhaf argued that a voting arrangement that gives 0% of the power to 16% of the population is unfair. Today, the Banzhaf power index is an accepted way to measure voting power, along with the alternative Shapley–Shubik power index. Both measures have been applied to the analysis of voting in the Council of the European Union. However, Banzhaf's analysis has been critiqued as treating votes like coin-flips, and an empirical model of voting rather than a random voting model as used by Banzhaf brings different results. Banzhaf power index
Banzhaf power index
3161321
of the Voting Rights Act. In the early 20th century, numerous cities established small commission forms of government in the belief that "better government" could result from the suppression of ward politics. Commissioners were elected by the majority of voters, excluding candidates who could not afford large campaigns or who appealed to a minority. Generally the solution to such violations has been to adopt single-member districts (SMDs) but alternative election systems, such as limited voting or cumulative voting, have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities to elect candidates
Voting rights in the United States
2121374
and then it is sent by the voting official to the voter's home district to be counted there. Other alternatives are postal voting and early voting, known as "pre-poll voting", which are also available to voters who would not be in their registered electoral districts on an election day. A form of postal voting was introduced in Western Australia in 1877, followed by an improved method in South Australia in 1890. On the other hand, concerns about postal voting have been raised as to whether it complies with the requirements of a secret ballot, in that people cast their vote
Electoral system of Australia
12153345
83% below 2005 levels by 2050. Data from an April 2013 report by the Energy Information Administration (EIA), showed a 12% reduction in the 2005 to 2012 period. Just over half of this decrease has been attributed to the recession, and the rest to a variety of factors such as replacing coal-based power generation with natural gas and increasing energy efficiency of American vehicles (according to a Council of Economic Advisors analysis). Executive Order 13514 set various requirements for energy efficiency in federal buildings and operations, including goals for 2015. That year, Executive Order 13693 set requirements for federal operations
Climate change in the United States
4681823
period. A network manager may need to balance the conflicting requirements for power consumption and communication throughput when in power-save mode of client devices in different wireless networks when configuring the DTIM period of an access point. In the future, an access point that can serve multiple service sets (multiple SSIDs) may have a separate DTIM period for each service set. A network manager may consider the requirements of power consumption and communication throughput of client devices in a particular wireless networks when determining which DTIM period to configure for which service set. A higher DTIM period may increase the
Delivery traffic indication message
8137966
the Cape Province to keep a restricted version of its traditional franchise, whereby qualifications limited the suffrage of all citizens according to education and wealth. This led to the Cape being the only province in South Africa where coloureds (mixed-race people) and Black Africans could vote. The act also permitted the Parliament of South Africa to prescribe all other voting qualifications. However, according to the Act, Parliament was given the power to change the Cape's voting requirements by a two-thirds vote. Over the following years, legislation was passed by Parliament to slowly erode this colour-blind voters roll. In 1931, the
South Africa Act 1909
16630397
according to the Act, Parliament was given the power to change the Cape's voting requirements by a two-thirds vote. Overall the Act did little to protect black Africans, and ultimately enabled the later apartheid government to gradually whittle away and eventually abolish the Cape franchise. Over the following years, legislation was passed by Parliament to slowly erode the remaining colour-blind voters roll. The 1929 and 1930 extensions of white voting rights were not granted to the non-white majority of the population. In 1931, the restricting franchise qualifications were removed for white voters, but kept in place for Black and "Coloured"
Cape Qualified Franchise
2566193
to prepare an effective defense. African Americans in the South were left to the mercy of increasingly hostile state governments dominated by white Democratic legislatures; neither the legislatures, law enforcement or the courts worked to protect freedmen. As Democrats regained power in the late 1870s, they struggled to suppress black voting through intimidation and fraud at the polls. Paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts acted on behalf of the Democrats to suppress black voting. From 1890 to 1908, 10 of the 11 former Confederate states passed disfranchising constitutions or amendments, with provisions for poll taxes, residency requirements, literacy tests,
United States v. Cruikshank
20137023
ballot that best defends her opinions. We then say that approval voting is not "straightforward" : once the voter has identified her own preferences, she does not have a ballot at her disposal that best defends her opinions in all situations. Unfortunately, Gibbard's theorem states that a deterministic process of collective decision cannot be straightforward, except possibly in two cases: if there is a distinguished agent who has a dictatorial power, or if the process limits the outcome to two possible options only. Let formula_33 be the set of "alternatives", which can also be called "candidates" in a context of
Gibbard's theorem
12793646
or doing "proxy voting" under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934. Its provisions were introduced to combat the accumulation of power by directors or management friendly voting trusts after the Wall Street Crash. Under SEC Rule 14a-1, proxy votes cannot be solicited except under the its rules. Generally, one person soliciting others' proxy votes requires disclosure, although SEC Rule 14a-2 was amended in 1992 to allow shareholders to be exempt from filing requirements when simply communicating with one another, and therefore to take collective action against a board of directors more easily. SEC Rule 14a-9 prohibits any false or
United States corporate law
20323474
Chennai being a participating institution. The ministry envisions development of wave energy to power Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) plants and to meet the lighting requirements of small islands. India government has set a target of achieving 40% cumulative electrical power capacity from non fossil fuel resources by 2030. It plans to enhance the renewable power installed capacity to 175 GW by the end of 2022 which includes 60 GW from wind power, 100 GW from solar power, 10 GW from biomass power and 5 GW from small hydro power. There is however no specific target for wave power capacity
Wave power in India
4940757
now has a total installed capacity of 2,74,583 mtpa. The company is also setting up a 67 MW Captive Power Plant at its jajpur unit to feed its energy requirements. In an attempt to forward-integrate, RFTL has set up a 100,000 TPA stainless steel manufacturing facility at its Bishnupur unit and the capacity utilisation is being enhanced in phases. On the side of backward integration, RFTL has acquired economic interest in coal mines in Indonesia securing thermal and coking coal requirements of its manufacturing facilities KJ Ispat Limited is a public company incorporated on 18 March 2003. It is classified
Kalinganagar
16681960
power to exclude bidders who do not meet the minimum technical requirements to host the competition. Canada, Mexico and the United States had all publicly considered bidding for the tournament separately, but the United joint bid was announced on April 10, 2017. The voting took place on June 13, 2018, during FIFA's annual congress in Moscow, and it was reopened to all eligible members. The United bid won receiving 134 valid ballots, while the Morocco bid received 65 valid ballots. Upon the selection, Canada becomes the fifth country to host both men's and women's World Cup—the latter was in 2015,
2026 FIFA World Cup
11276045
to meet the requirements before auditioning in one of the seven audition venues. June 2: African Americans June 9: 50s, 60s and 70s June 16: New Millennium June 23: Birth Decade June 30: African Home Grown July 7: My Idols July 14: Producer's Choice July 21: Ultimate Wishlist July 27: Grand Finale Voting is done by ranking the contestants per country and finding the average rank. This is to prevent countries with larger voting power from giving the contestants from their country an unfair advantage. Idols (East African TV series) Idols East Africa was a singing competition, serving as the
Idols (East African TV series)
661424
including literacy tests, poll taxes, property-ownership requirements, moral character tests, requirements that voter registration applicants interpret particular documents, and grandfather clauses that allowed otherwise-ineligible persons to vote if their grandfathers voted (which excluded many African Americans whose grandfathers had been slaves or otherwise ineligible). During this period, the Supreme Court generally upheld efforts to discriminate against racial minorities. In "Giles v. Harris" (1903), the Court held that irrespective of the Fifteenth Amendment, the judiciary did not have the remedial power to force states to register racial minorities to vote. In the 1950s, the Civil Rights Movement increased pressure on the
Voting Rights Act of 1965
10018712
violence in the South, lynchings and attacks to intimidate blacks and repress their voting. After regaining power in the state legislatures in the 1870s, white Democrats passed legislation to impose electoral requirements that effectively disfranchised black voters. From 1890-1910, Southern states ratified constitutional amendments or new constitutions that increased requirements for voter registration, which resulted in disfranchising most blacks and many poor whites (as in Alabama.) With political control in what was effectively a one-party system, they passed Jim Crow laws and instituted racial segregation in public facilities. In 1896, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the defendants in
Judicial aspects of race in the United States
2825981
Jenkins Commission (UK) The Independent Commission on the Voting System, popularly known as the Jenkins Commission after its chairman Roy Jenkins, was a commission into possible reform of the United Kingdom electoral system. The commission was set up in December 1997 by the Labour government with the support of the Liberal Democrats, to investigate alternatives to the single member plurality (or "first past the post") electoral system used for British general elections. A referendum was planned on whether to change the voting system. The commission was asked to take into account four requirements: The commission reported in September 1998 and
Jenkins Commission (UK)
9079893
expensive and difficult to access. Similarly, witnessing requirements, especially those that specify the age or citizenship of the witness, may disenfranchise voters who cannot satisfy this requirement due to their location or circumstances. Notarization or witnessing requirements for all absentee balloting materials should be removed, and the voter’s signature and date, under the self-administered oath on these voting materials, should verify the legitimacy of the voter and the application or ballot. 7. Late Registration Procedures Recently discharged Uniformed Service members and their accompanying families or overseas citizens returning to the United States may become residents of a state just before
Federal Voting Assistance Program
1942867
for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require these data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data are needed to monitor compliance with the Voting Rights Act by local jurisdictions". "Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the Voting Rights Act; monitoring and enforcing equal employment opportunities under the Civil Rights Act). Data on Ethnic Groups are also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the
Race and ethnicity in the United States Census
842468
civil death) or one related to election or public office. Most countries or regions set a minimum voting age, and disenfranchise all citizens younger than this age. The most common voting age is 18, though some countries have minimum voting ages set as young as 16 or as old as 21. Disfranchisement Disfranchisement (also called disenfranchisement) is the revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices, prevention of a person exercising the right to vote. Disfranchisement is also termed to the revocation of power or control of a
Disfranchisement
16137286
Sunday Akinola Akintan of Nigeria was withdrawn. Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was a minimum voting requirement (not to be waived at any time) of two judges from List A . Regarding the regional criteria, there was no minimum voting requirement. Regarding the gender criteria, there was no minimum voting requirement. The regional and gender criteria could have been
2007 International Criminal Court judges election
16416990
the 2014 election lasts from 28 April to 20 July 2014. It was extended once due to the lack of candidates from Asia until 3 August 2014. The following persons were nominated as of 4 August 2014: Minimum voting requirements govern part of the election. This is to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above was fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements will exist; they will be adjusted once the election is underway. Assuming that there is no change in the bench, the voting requirements will be as follows: Regarding the List A or B requirement, there are
2014 International Criminal Court judges election
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of candidates from some groups for which minimum voting requirements were in place. The following persons were nominated: The candidatures of Fernando Enrique Arboleda Ripoll of Colombia and of Lombe Chibesakunda of Zambia were withdrawn. The candidature of Onesimus Mutungi of Kenya was replaced by the candidature of Joyce Aluoch. Chile Eboe-Osuji of Nigeria was originally listed for list B. Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the
January 2009 International Criminal Court judges election
1526946
of general popular assemblies in Appenzell Innerrhoden and Glarus, democratic rights are exercised by secret ballot. The right of foreigners to vote varies by canton, as does whether Swiss citizens living abroad (and registered to vote in a canton) can take part in cantonal voting. Swiss citizens are citizens of a particular municipality (the place of origin) and the canton in which that municipality is part. Cantons therefore have a role in and set requirements for the granting of citizenship (naturalisation), though the process is typically undertaken at a municipal level and is subject to federal law. Switzerland has only
Cantons of Switzerland
11947088
Power in the Middle East"" by Nick, Cypro, Washington University Press, 2001 China–Pakistan Power Plant Corporation China-Pakistan Power Plant Corporation is a corporation set up by the governments of China and Pakistan to build nuclear power plants in Pakistan and China. Pakistan has shortage of electricity resulting in periodic blackouts all over the country. These nuclear plants will help alleviate power shortage in expanding economy. This will help Pakistan’s nuclear energy requirements of 8,800 megawatts by 2030 by expediting the delivery of six nuclear power plants of 300MW each. Earlier, China had assisted Pakistan in setting up the Chashma Nuclear
China–Pakistan Power Plant Corporation
11947087
China–Pakistan Power Plant Corporation China-Pakistan Power Plant Corporation is a corporation set up by the governments of China and Pakistan to build nuclear power plants in Pakistan and China. Pakistan has shortage of electricity resulting in periodic blackouts all over the country. These nuclear plants will help alleviate power shortage in expanding economy. This will help Pakistan’s nuclear energy requirements of 8,800 megawatts by 2030 by expediting the delivery of six nuclear power plants of 300MW each. Earlier, China had assisted Pakistan in setting up the Chashma Nuclear Power Plant with Chashma-1 and Chashma-2 units of the same capacity. ""Nuclear
China–Pakistan Power Plant Corporation
10115629
non-voting members of the GeGC. eduroam is available at selected locations in countries with a National Roaming Operator that has signed the eduroam Compliance Statement. Those sixty-seven countries are listed below. In addition, there may be pilot deployments in countries that are in the process of joining eduroam. The NRENs that are members of the consortium of the GN3 project have joined the "European eduroam confederation" by signing the confederation's policy that requires its members to comply to a set of technical and organisational requirements, which are more specific than those in the global eduroam Compliance Statement. As a consequence,
Eduroam
11648096
republican constitution was democratic, based on the principle of the sovereignty of the Roman people. It had also developed an elaborate set of checks and balances to prevent the excessive concentration of power. The two Consuls, together with other republican Magistrates, were elected annually by the Roman citizenry (male citizens over 14 years old only) voting by "centuria" (voting constituency) at the "comitia centuriata" (electoral assembly), held each year on the Field of Mars in Rome. The popular assemblies also had the right to promulgate laws ("leges"). The Consuls, who combined both civil and military functions, had equal authority and
Socii
16646938
peaceful transition to the next election, set for September 2011, and promised to make political reforms. He also said that he would demand that Egyptian authorities pursue "outlaws" and "investigate those who caused the security disarray." Mubarak said that peaceful protests were transformed into "unfortunate clashes, mobilised and controlled by political forces that wanted to escalate and worsen the situation". He called upon the Egyptian parliament to change the term limits of the presidency and to change the requirements to run for president. He also admitted that there were voting violations by key members of the parliament, which would have
Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011
11825082
offered prizes and opportunities to participants. User-generated contests, on the other hand, were created by registered members who can set a cheatfest description, duration, and requirements to enter. After voting was complete, winners of user-generated cheatfests earned a prize-pool of Flamebucks. Industry professionals looking to recruit creative talent post casting/job notices; members could search for and apply to these opportunities by submitting content they had already uploaded to the site for consideration. Taltopia Taltopia was an online artistic community which connected aspiring artists with fans and talent industry professionals. It was launched in Los Angeles, California on February 28, 2008
Taltopia
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the caucuses, as many employees could not leave the casinos during voting hours. Clinton supporters said they violated equal protection and one-person-one-vote requirements, and the Nevada State Education Association filed a lawsuit seeking to eliminate the casino caucus sites. The organization did not officially endorse Clinton, but many of its top officials have done so. This led Obama to allege that the suit was filed in order to hurt his chances at the caucuses. "Some of the people who set up the rules apparently didn't think we'd be as competitive as we were and are trying to change them last
Hillary Clinton 2008 presidential primary campaign
10579964
before accepting a Visiting Fellow position in the Department of Computer Science at Australian National University in 1995, eventually becoming a full-time member of the department in 2000. Boughton was a contributor to the establishment of the BS Eng degree program within Department of Computer Science/Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology. He was involved in eVACS (Electronic voting and counting), a computer system that provides for electronic voting and electronic counting for ACT Legislative Assembly elections. It provides for counting according to the Hare-Clark electoral system rules set out in the Electoral Act 1992. He was involved in requirements identification
Clive Boughton
661454
information in the language of the language minority group. Originally set to expire after 10 years, Congress reauthorized Section 203 in 1982 for seven years, expanded and reauthorized it in 1992 for 15 years, and reauthorized it in 2006 for 25 years. The bilingual election requirements have remained controversial, with proponents arguing that bilingual assistance is necessary to enable recently naturalized citizens to vote and opponents arguing that the bilingual election requirements constitute costly unfunded mandates. Several of the amendments responded to judicial rulings with which Congress disagreed. In 1982, Congress amended the Act to overturn the Supreme Court case
Voting Rights Act of 1965
7090446
whites for decades. Although some northern Congressmen proposed reducing southern states' apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives to reflect the numbers of African Americans who were disfranchised, no action was passed. With one-party rule, white Southern Democrats had a powerful voting block which they exercised for decades, for instance, to reject any Federal legislation against lynching. "(See Section Two of the 14th Amendment.)" Williams v. Mississippi Williams v. Mississippi, 170 U.S. 213 (1898), is a United States Supreme Court case that reviewed provisions of the state constitution that set requirements for voter registration. The Supreme Court did not
Williams v. Mississippi
4883920
at all. Each state has the power to set its own amount in controversy requirements for its own courts, but every state must offer some outlet for citizens to sue for violations of their rights, even if they are seeking no money. Most states have several levels of trial courts, with different amount-in-controversy requirements which must be met to gain access to higher levels of courts. For example, in the state of Virginia, the lowest level of court, the Virginia General District Court has exclusive jurisdiction to hear cases where the amount in controversy is $4,500 or less, and shares
Amount in controversy
16670030
maximum mass of 2.66 kg. The functions of the power system are to generate and store electric power for usage by the other spacecraft subsystems. The subsystems can have various specific requirements for voltage, frequency, stability, noise limits or others. These characteristics have to be considered on supplying the different subsystems. It is also a part of the power system to set the operating mode to prevent an early end of mission caused by lack of energy. To maintain the long-term reliability of the system, the power system provides protection to other subsystems against malfunction. As power source, COMPASS-2 has
COMPASS-2
18729806
wireless base stations, as well as for the power constrained applications such as portable devices, USB peripherals, Consumer electronics. The architecture of generic Dynamic Voltage Scaling system has a performance manager, a Phase-locked loop and a Voltage regulator. The performance manager block uses a software interface in order to predict the performance requirements of the next task.Once the determination of the power requirement is done, the voltage and frequency are set by the performance Manager in order to finish the task.The Phase-locked loop accomplishes the frequency scaling depending on the target frequency set by the performance manager.Similarly the Voltage regulator
Adaptive voltage scaling
10905276
Legislators, Hill and other members encouraged Florida's Governor Charlie Crist to issue an Executive Order establishing a Task Force to develop the requirements needed for the State of Florida to begin the process of restoring Civil Rights and streamlining the restoring of Voting Rights to felons who have completed their sentences and all other court ordered requirements. In 2007, the Governor issued an Executive Order that provided for the restoration of the civil rights for certain ex-offenders. Under the rule, the civil rights of ex-offenders who have committed less severe non-violent crimes, and meeting certain requirements, qualify for approval without
Tony Hill (politician)
16137314
article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they were to be adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was a minimum voting requirement (not to be waived at any time) of one judge from List A and one judge from List B. Regarding the regional criteria, there were minimum voting requirements for one African, one Asian and two Eastern European judges. Regarding the gender criteria, there was a minimum voting requirement for one female judge. The regional and gender criteria could have been adjusted even
2006 International Criminal Court judges election
3410788
require registration), Idaho, Minnesota, New Hampshire, Wisconsin and Wyoming. Maine lost the exemption when it abolished EDR in 2011, although EDR was subsequently restored in that state. After Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to address rampant voting discrimination against racial minorities, voting rights advocates argued for federal legislation to remove other barriers to voter registration in the United States. The basic requirements to vote are the same in all states. A person has to be a U.S. citizen, of at least 18 years old and a resident of the state in which he or she is voting.
National Voter Registration Act of 1993
12473234
"political suicide" if they followed the party line on the budget. Williams' position was supported by one other provincial premier, Prince Edward Island's Robert Ghiz. Williams was disappointed by the lack of support from other provinces, saying "This is a great country and I want to be part of it, but the country disappoints me when we don't rally to protect each other." There has been a grass-root campaign for strategic voting in the 2015 federal elections to prevent another Conservative government after a decade in power. Several websites were set up to help voters in voting strategically and deciding
Anything But Conservative
2312778
as critical infrastructure; funding for states to upgrade the security of the information technology and cybersecurity elements of election-related IT systems; and requirements for durable, readable paper ballots and manual audits of results of elections. Thanks to the Internet, voters can cast their ballots over the electronic voting systems conveniently and efficiently without going to the polling stations. E-voting is a new technology has been implemented by developed countries; most of the research has embraced this technology within this context. Therefore, there is a necessity to explore the implementation and adoption of this technology in developing countries such as South
Electronic voting
18681357
three times if there had been a lack of candidates from a group for which a minimum voting requirement was in place. The following persons were nominated: The nomination dated March 31, 2015 of A.B.M. Khairul Haque of Bangladesh was withdrawn on April 13, 2015. Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This is to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they could have been adjusted once the election is underway. Regarding the List A or B requirement, there was no minimum voting requirement. Regarding the regional criteria,
2015 International Criminal Court judges election
4204912
introduced early voting in 2009 for general and European Parliament elections; the system was first used in the 2009 election of Members of the European Parliament. Elections in Malta are held over one Saturday. Electors who would be outside the country on the day and are ready to take an oath to that effect may vote one week beforehand, at the premises of the Electoral Commission. Early voting, or advance voting, has been possible in New Zealand without a reason since 2008. Advance voting opens 12 days before the election day, with around 500 polling booths set up across the
Early voting
646919
two years for a mayor, elected at large, and eight council members, elected by district. The mayor is a voting member of the council and represents the city on ceremonial occasions. The council has the power to adopt municipal ordinances and resolutions, make proclamations, set the city tax rate, approve the city budget, and appoint the city secretary, city attorney, city auditor, municipal court judges, and members of city boards and commissions. The day-to-day operations of city government are overseen by the city manager, who is also appointed by the council. The current mayor is Republican Betsy Price, making Fort
Fort Worth, Texas
10567665
Voting interest Voting interest (or voting power) in business and accounting means the total number, or percent, of votes entitled to be cast on the issue at the time the determination of voting power is made, excluding a vote which is contingent upon the happening of a condition or event which has not occurred at the time. Voting interest is one form of economic interest. Economic interests comprise all types and forms of investment vehicles that an investee could issue or be a party to, including equity securities; financial instruments with characteristics of equity, liabilities, or both; long-term debt and
Voting interest
20550763
state; which ultimately played a crucial role in who as elected as president. This event sparked George W Bush to sign the Help America Vote Act (HAVA) a year later. HAVA helped fund states to improve their voting systems and practices by requiring states to meet new standards, accessibility requirements, and protocols (outlined in the legislation) in their electoral process. States like Florida, Georgia, and Maryland have used HAVA to be proactive in reforming their ballot tactics in that suited their state's practices. For instance, activist groups in Maryland, associated with the Verified Voting Foundation, continue to advocate for a
Verified Voting Foundation
3807966
Justice Blackmun, agreed with Harlan that the Constitution gives states the power to set voting qualifications. Enforcement of this ruling would have proven to be problematic, since states not lowering the voting age to the age of 18 for state elections would have had to provide special federal-election only ballots to citizens between 18 and 20 voting in federal elections. States would have had to maintain two sets of voting registries, one for those between the ages of 18 to 20 and another for those 21 and older. The question became moot with the prompt ratification of the Twenty-sixth Amendment
Oregon v. Mitchell
18639559
electrically driven ABB Azipod propulsion units, one of which is located in the bow of the vessel. The stern propulsion units are rated at 6.5megawatts each while the azimuth thruster in the bow has propulsion power of 6megawatts. Each ice-strengthened Azipod unit has a four-bladed stainless steel propeller with removable blades and weighs 135 tons. This new type of propulsion system was selected to fulfill the strict operational capability requirements set by the Finnish Transport Agency particularly in ridged ice fields. The combined propulsion power of the three propulsion units, , makes "Polaris" the most powerful icebreaker ever to fly
Polaris (icebreaker)
4650925
37 candidates running for 21 seats. The voter turnout rage was 79.48%. Each of the 28 functional constituencies receives a set number of electoral votes allocated to them. The block vote is applied to choose the members, as was common in the United States before the modern practice of voting only for a set slate or ticket of electors was established. By-election will be held to update the membership of the Election Committee if there are vacancies in the Election Committee. Each candidate must be validly and legally nominated in order to participate in the election. One of the requirements
Election Committee
4245687
requirements of a secret ballot, in that people cast their vote outside the security of a polling station, and whether voters can cast their vote privately free from another person's coercion. There have been cases of electoral fraud with postal votes in the United Kingdom (including in Birmingham at the 2004 European and local government elections in the UK). "All-postal" voting is the form of postal voting where all electors receive their ballot papers through the post, not just those who requested an absentee ballot. Depending on the system applied, electors may have to return their ballot papers by post,
Postal voting
2312786
issued July 27, 2007, was conducted by the expert "red team" attempting to detect the levels of technological vulnerability. Another report on August 2, 2007 was conducted by a source code review team to detect flaws in voting system source code. Both reports found that three of the tested systems fell far short of the minimum requirements specified in the 2005 Voluntary Voting System Guidelines (VVSG). Some of the systems tested were conditionally recertified with new stringent security requirements imposed. The companies in question have until the February 2008 California Presidential Primaries to fix their security issues and ensure that
Electronic voting
5705703
needs, for example, in IT applications the requirements need to meet end-users' needs. Essentially, they want to define the right application. This means that they must document the right requirements through listening carefully to ‘customer’ feedback, and by delivering a complete set of clear requirements to the technical architects and coders who will write the program. If a business analyst has limited tools or skills to help him elicit the right requirements, then the chances are fairly high that he will end up documenting requirements that will not be used or that will need to be re-written – resulting in
Business analysis
987578
representatives to the meeting. The clubs vote for these representatives as they see fit and a total of 101 representatives with voting power are elected. A board (with 9 members, currently as of 2015) is elected during the general meeting. Also, a budget is set and delegates discuss issues they deem to be important. The annual general meeting of the districts are fairly similar but on a regional level. Generally there's no nomination process – clubs are allowed to show up with a number of representatives with voting power (and traditionally, whoever else feels like showing up), the number based
Sverok
19918070
always leak the results to journalists. Candidates for Secretary-General can be vetoed by the permanent members, just as popes could be vetoed by Catholic Great Powers until the 1903 conclave. The qualifications for holding the office have never been set down formally. However, some qualifications have been established through precedent and are supported by the veto power of China and France. The United States and the United Kingdom do not accept the Sino-French qualifications and have supported candidates who do not meet the requirements. No candidate from the Permanent Five has ever been nominated for the position of Secretary-General, as
United Nations Secretary-General selection
2414626
to set fair scales of pay and working hours, require pensions, training and workplace facilities, and update standards as the enterprise changes. Trade union bargaining power rests, in the last resort, on collective action. To balance employer power to change the employment relation's terms, or dismiss staff, an official trade union has been protected by law in its right to strike. Since the 1875, UK law has said collective action, including the right to strike, is lawful if it is "in contemplation or furtherance of a trade dispute". Since the 1980s, there have also been a number of requirements for
United Kingdom labour law
13422970
of the requirements needed for registration, specifically the affidavit of intent to return which is required of Filipino immigrants to avail of the OAV bill. This takes away the fear of Filipino U.S. green card holders who fear that their residency will be affected by submitting this affidavit. Overseas Absentee Voting Act The Overseas Absentee Voting Act, officially known as Republic Act No. 9189, is a law in the Philippines passed on February 4, 2003 which provides for a system for citizens of the Philippines currently residing or working outside of the Philippines to vote in an election. This act
Overseas Absentee Voting Act
11264167
altogether in favor of a "de jure" segregationist weighted voting system, in which the A roll (electing 50 seats) was reserved for Europeans, Coloureds and Asians meeting higher property and education requirements, and the B roll (electing eight seats) reserved for Africans meeting lower property and education requirements. In its 1970 general election, about 50,000 A roll voters (essentially all white) elected 50 parliamentary seats, a little more than 1000 tribal chiefs elected eight special seats, whereas the rest of the population were to be content with the remaining eight seats. A weighted voting system is characterized by three things
Weighted voting
17991465
in 1992 for 15 years, and reauthorized it in 2006 for 25 years. The bilingual election requirements have remained controversial, with proponents arguing that bilingual assistance is necessary to enable recently naturalized citizens to vote and opponents arguing that the bilingual election requirements constitute costly unfunded mandates. Several of the amendments responded to judicial rulings that Congress disagreed with. In 1982, amended the Section 2 general prohibition of discriminatory voting laws to overturn the Supreme Court case "Mobile v. Bolden" (1980), which held that Section 2 prohibited only "purposeful" discrimination. Congress expanded Section 2 to explicitly ban any voting practice
Amendments to the Voting Rights Act of 1965
661470
a person's ability to cast an effective vote. One of these prohibitions is prescribed in Section 201, which prohibits any jurisdiction from requiring a person to comply with any "test or device" to register to vote or cast a ballot. The term "test or device" is defined as literacy tests, educational or knowledge requirements, proof of good moral character, and requirements that a person be vouched for when voting. Before the Act's enactment, these devices were the primary tools used by jurisdictions to prevent racial minorities from voting. Originally, the Act suspended tests or devices temporarily in jurisdictions covered by
Voting Rights Act of 1965
8350639
1890, reportedly from fear of anarchist and socialist immigrants. (CN member) "British subjects", who are not an Australian citizen, have had voting rights at federal elections since 1948. Though that status was abolished in 1984, those on the electoral roll at that time retained voting rights. Non-citizens can generally vote in local government elections, subject to varying residency requirements. (EU member) In 2002, non-citizens were granted voting rights in state elections in Vienna, but the decision was overturned by the Constitutional Court in June 2004. EU nationals may vote and stand for office in local elections (in Vienna only at
Right of foreigners to vote
17467929
rules, the nomination period of judges for the 2013 special election was scheduled to last from 28 August to 8 October 2013 and could have been extended up to three times if there had been a lack of candidates from a group for which a minimum voting requirement is in place. As of 13 October, the following persons were nominated: Minimum voting requirements governed part of the election. This was to ensure that article 36(8)(a) cited above is fulfilled. For this election, the following minimum voting requirements existed; they could have been adjusted once the election was underway. Regarding the
2013 International Criminal Court judges election
16128650
as long as each district contains roughly equivalent numbers of people (see "Baker v. Carr", "Wesberry v. Sanders", and "Reynolds v. Sims") and provides for minority representation pursuant to the Voting Rights Act. While control over redrawing district lines has been in the hands of state legislators for most of American history, a number of states, including Arizona, have adopted independent or bipartisan commissions for redistricting purposes in the last twenty years. The entire state of Arizona was a covered jurisdiction under Section 5 of the Voting Rights Act, meaning that any change in voting requirements or procedures must be
Redistricting in Arizona