when did oregon become the first state to pass initiative referendum laws
2011
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together a representative cross-section of voters as a citizens' jury to question and hear from advocates and experts regarding a ballot measure; then deliberate and reflect together to come up with statements that support and/or oppose the measure. The state would organize such a review of each ballot measure, and include the panelists' statements in the voters' pamphlet. Since 2009, Healthy Democracy has led efforts to develop and refine the Citizens' Initiative Review process for use by Oregon voters . In 2011, the Oregon Legislature approved House Bill 2634, legislation making the Citizens' Initiative Review a permanent part of Oregon
Initiatives and referendums in the United States
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to own a suicide bag in any jurisdiction. Selling suicide bags is prohibited in some places. In 2011, the FBI raided a small mail-order business in California, which shut down afterwards. In July 2011, this raid caused Oregon to be the first US state to pass legislation prohibiting the sale of kits containing suicide bags or hoods. Canadian right-to-die advocates stopped shipping suicide bags to Australia in 2001, when the Australian government announced that it would review their importation. In 2002, the Queensland Police in Australia said that suicide bags did not violate any laws at that time, and the
Suicide bag
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possible to pass laws without the involvement of the legislature, while the recall allowed for the removal of corrupt or under-performing officials, and the direct primary let people democratically nominate candidates, avoiding the professionally dominated conventions. Thanks to the efforts of Oregon State Representative William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League, voters in Oregon overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum processes for citizens to directly introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution, making Oregon the first state to adopt such a system. U'Ren also helped in the passage
Progressive Era
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distributes the state Voters' Pamphlet. It also investigates allegations of election law violations. Oregon State Elections Division The Oregon State Elections Division (officially, Elections Division of the Office of the Secretary of State of Oregon) is the agency of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon which administers the state's election laws in cooperation with the chief election officers of each of its counties. It provides advice and assistance on electoral matters to the public, elected officials, candidates, and the media. It processes candidate filings for state offices, initiative and referendum petitions, campaign contribution and expenditure reports, and other
Oregon State Elections Division
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Oregon State Elections Division The Oregon State Elections Division (officially, Elections Division of the Office of the Secretary of State of Oregon) is the agency of the government of the U.S. state of Oregon which administers the state's election laws in cooperation with the chief election officers of each of its counties. It provides advice and assistance on electoral matters to the public, elected officials, candidates, and the media. It processes candidate filings for state offices, initiative and referendum petitions, campaign contribution and expenditure reports, and other election documents. Prior to each primary and general election, the division publishes and
Oregon State Elections Division
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lost his bid for a third term, even though he carried all but eight counties. His Democratic challenger, Jeff Merkley, won Multnomah County by 142,000 votes, more than double the overall margin of victory. During Oregon's history, it has adopted many electoral reforms proposed during the Progressive Era, through the efforts of William S. U'Ren and his Direct Legislation League. Under his leadership, the state overwhelmingly approved a ballot measure in 1902 that created the initiative and referendum for citizens to introduce or approve proposed laws or amendments to the state constitution directly, making Oregon the first state to adopt
Oregon
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managing solid- and hazardous-waste disposal; helping with contamination cleanup, and enforcing the state's environmental laws. Oregon State Sanitary Authority The Oregon State Sanitary Authority (OSSA) was the first agency in the U.S. state of Oregon that was charged with protecting the environment. In 1938, Oregon voters, by a three-to-one margin, approved an initiative to regulate water pollution and to create an enforcement agency under the jurisdiction of the Oregon State Board of Health. Political pressure that led to the initiative had begun as early as the 1920s, when the Board of Health, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Izaak Walton
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
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allow laws that prohibit or impose involuntary limits on political campaign contributions or expenditures in elections for state or local public office. Under this measure, the Oregon legislature or voters by initiative would have had the authority to restrict or limit political campaign contributions and expenditures, subject to federal law. If it had passed, the measure would have required a three-fourths (3/4) vote of both the Oregon Senate and the Oregon House of Representatives to amend previously enacted laws, or pass new laws, prohibiting or limiting political campaign contributions or expenditures. Ordinarily, a simple majority vote of both the Oregon
2006 Oregon Ballot Measures 46 and 47
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probably have lawfully been voted on notwithstanding the bills' passage. The first attempt to get national ballot initiatives occurred in 1907 when House Joint Resolution 44 was introduced by Rep. Elmer Fulton of Oklahoma; the proposal was never put to a vote. In 1977, both the Abourezk-Hatfield National Voter Initiative and the Jagt Resolutions never got out of committee. Senator Mike Gravel was part of that effort. The modern system of initiative and referendum originated in the state of South Dakota, which adopted initiative and referendum in 1898 by a popular vote of 23,816 to 16,483. Oregon was the second
Initiative
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won seats in both its houses. In Oregon, the initiative and referendum process dates back to 1902, when the efforts of the Direct Legislation League prompted Oregon to amend its Constitution for the first time since 1859. The process of initiative and referendum became nationally known as the "Oregon System". There are three types of ballot measures that may appear on statewide ballots: initiatives, referendums, and referrals. Initiatives and referendums may be placed on the ballot if their supporters gather enough signatures from Oregon voters; the number of signatures is a percentage based on the number of voters casting ballots
Elections in Oregon
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be rapidly rewarded in Oregon, however, as male voters five times rejected proposals to expand voting rights to women, voting down initiatives in 1884, 1900, 1906, 1908 and 1910. Greater success was realized in the field of property rights for women, however, with Duniway and "The New Northwest's" efforts credited for helping to pass the Married Women’s Property Act of 1878 in Oregon, allowing women the right to their wages and to property under state law for the first time. Only in 1912, long after the 1887 demise of "The New Northwest," did Oregon pass a women's suffrage initiative —
The New Northwest
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the U.S. Senate did not pass legislation to bring Oregon into the Union until 1859, when Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14. The Oregon Constitution was not altered until 1902. Oregon Constitutional Convention The Oregon Constitutional Convention in 1857 drafted the Oregon Constitution in preparation for the Oregon Territory to become a U.S. state. Held from mid-August through September, 60 men met in Salem, Oregon, and created the foundation for Oregon's law. The proposal passed with a vote of 35 for adoption to 10 against. Oregon then became the 33rd state of the Union on February 14, 1859.
Oregon Constitutional Convention
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Theodore Thurston Geer Theodore Thurston Geer (March 12, 1851February 21, 1924) was the tenth Governor of Oregon (the first born in the territory of the state), serving from January 9, 1899 to January 14, 1903. The Republican politician was in office when the legislature adopted the "Oregon System", Oregon's system of initiative and referendum. He also served in the Oregon House of Representatives, including time as its Speaker. Theodore Geer was born on March 12, 1851, in the Waldo Hills east of Salem, in what was then the Oregon Territory. His parents, Heman Johnson Geer and the former Cynthia Ann
Theodore Thurston Geer
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of an amendment in 1908 that gave voters power to recall elected officials, and would go on to establish, at the state level, popular election of U.S. Senators and the first presidential primary in the United States. In 1911, California governor Hiram Johnson established the Oregon System of "Initiative, Referendum, and Recall" in his state, viewing them as good influences for citizen participation against the historic influence of large corporations on state lawmakers. These Progressive reforms were soon replicated in other states, including Idaho, Washington, and Wisconsin, and today roughly half of U.S. states have initiative, referendum and recall provisions
Progressive Era
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Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wyoming and the U.S. Virgin Islands. The popular referendum was first introduced in the United States by South Dakota in 1898, and first used in the United States in 1906, in Oregon, two years after the initiative was used (in 1904, also in Oregon). Popular referendum A popular referendum (also known, depending on jurisdiction, as "citizens' veto", "people's veto", "veto referendum", "citizen referendum", "abrogative referendum", "rejective referendum", "suspensive referendum" or "statute referendum") is a type of a referendum that provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered
Popular referendum
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location of the Jack Daniel Distillery, whose famous brand of Tennessee whiskey is marketed worldwide. Despite the distillery, Moore is a dry county. This status dates to the passage of state prohibition laws in the early 20th century. While federal prohibition ended in 1933 with the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment, state prohibition laws remain in effect. All Tennessee counties are dry by default, though any county can become "wet" by passing a county-wide "local option" referendum. Moore County has yet to pass such a referendum. Schools in Moore County are a part of Moore County Schools, overseen by The
Moore County, Tennessee
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Community Park in Salem is also named for the Geer family, and is located near a former section of the Geer Branch that was abandoned and later decommissioned. Theodore Thurston Geer Theodore Thurston Geer (March 12, 1851February 21, 1924) was the tenth Governor of Oregon (the first born in the territory of the state), serving from January 9, 1899 to January 14, 1903. The Republican politician was in office when the legislature adopted the "Oregon System", Oregon's system of initiative and referendum. He also served in the Oregon House of Representatives, including time as its Speaker. Theodore Geer was born
Theodore Thurston Geer
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Bill Sizemore's organization, Oregon Taxpayers United. 1000 Friends of Oregon opposed Measures 7 and 37. 2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7 Ballot Measure 7, an Oregon, United States ballot initiative that passed with over 53% approval in 2000, amended the Oregon Constitution, requiring the government to reimburse land owners when regulations reduced the value of their property. It was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court, but Measure 37 in 2004 was largely similar. Measure 37 differed from Measure 7 in several key ways: Voters in neighboring Washington had considered a similar measure, Initiative 164, in the mid-1990s, but did not pass
2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7
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constitutional amendment or a proposed law change on the ballot as a referendum to be approved by voters. Under the state constitution, certain proposed changes to state laws may require mandatory referenda, and must be approved by voters before they can take effect. A measure placed on the ballot via petition can either be a vote to veto a law that has been adopted by the legislature (an optional referendum or "people's veto") or a new proposed law (initiative). There are three forms of direct democracy in California state elections: the initiative, the mandatory referendum, and the optional referendum. Mandatory
California ballot proposition
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Direct Legislation League The Oregon Direct Legislation League was an organization of political activists founded by William S. U'Ren in the U.S. state of Oregon in 1898. U'Ren had been politically activated by reading the influential 1893 book "Direct Legislation Through the Initiative and Referendum", and the group's founding followed in the wake of the 1896 founding of the National Direct Legislation League, which itself had its roots in the Direct Legislation League of New Jersey and its short-lived predecessor, the People's Power League. The group led efforts in Oregon to establish an initiative and referendum system, allowing direct legislation
Direct Legislation League
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with the investors left owing the creditors additional funds. While waiting for approval of the Oregon Constitution from the United States Congress, Oregon's citizens elected officials for all public offices, and Waymire was elected to the Oregon State Senate in 1858. However, the U.S. Senate did not admit Oregon into the Union, and those legislators which included Waymire did not pass any laws and adjourned until news of statehood arrived. Oregon was admitted as a state on February 14, 1859, and Waymire and the rest of the legislature meet later that year. He served District 13 and Polk County as
Frederick Waymire
9782438
2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7 Ballot Measure 7, an Oregon, United States ballot initiative that passed with over 53% approval in 2000, amended the Oregon Constitution, requiring the government to reimburse land owners when regulations reduced the value of their property. It was overturned by the Oregon Supreme Court, but Measure 37 in 2004 was largely similar. Measure 37 differed from Measure 7 in several key ways: Voters in neighboring Washington had considered a similar measure, Initiative 164, in the mid-1990s, but did not pass it. Oregonians In Action ran the campaign supporting Measure 7, after taking it over from
2000 Oregon Ballot Measure 7
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all sides of the political spectrum attempting to form other states and even other countries. (See State of Jefferson, Cascadia, and Ecotopia.) In 1902, Oregon approved of a system of direct legislation by the state's citizens by way of initiative and referendum, known as the Oregon System, and in 1908 also empowered its citizens to recall public officials by ballot initiative. Oregon state ballots often include politically conservative proposals such as anti-gay and pro-religious measures side-by-side with politically liberal issues like drug decriminalization which demonstrates the wide spectrum of political thought in the state. The historical policies of racial discrimination
History of Oregon
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elected in 1894 to the state senate as a Democrat Populist. While in the legislature he was a proponent of the initiative and referendum that Oregon would later adopt. In 1898, he ran for Governor of Oregon and lost to T. T. Geer in the general election. King was appointed as the Commissioner of the Oregon Supreme Court on February 23, 1907. On February 12, 1909, Oregon Governor George Earle Chamberlain appointed King to the state supreme court when the court expanded from three to five justices. He left the state's high court at the end of the term on
William R. King (judge)
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Oregon Revised Statutes The Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) is the codified body of statutory law governing the U.S. state of Oregon, as enacted by the Oregon Legislative Assembly, and occasionally by citizen initiative. The statutes are subordinate to the Oregon Constitution. The Office of the Legislative Counsel prepares and publishes the softcover multi-volume Oregon Revised Statutes every two years, after each biennial legislative session. The Oregon Legislature created the Oregon Revised Statutes by recodifying the previous code, which was called the Oregon Compiled Laws Annotated (1940). "See" 1953 Or. Laws c. 3. The first Oregon Revised Statutes was published in
Oregon Revised Statutes
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laws. In 1983, a lawsuit was filed by the State of Oregon to invalidate the city's incorporation, and many attempts to expand the city further were legally blocked, prompting followers to attempt to build in nearby Antelope, which was briefly named Rajneesh, when sufficient numbers of Rajneeshees registered to vote there and won a referendum on the subject. The Rajneeshpuram residents believed that the wider Oregonian community was both bigoted and suffered from religious intolerance. According to Latkin (1992) Rajneesh's followers had made peaceful overtures to the local community when they first arrived in Oregon. As Rajneeshpuram grew in size
Rajneeshpuram
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and became part of the University of Southern California in 2008 when John G. Matsusaka took over as president. Mr. Waters still serves as the Chair of the Institute. Wayne Pacelle, Senior Vice President of the Humane Society of the United States stated that, "the Initiative & Referendum Institute is the only independent voice for preserving and expanding the right of citizens to make laws directly through the initiative and referendum process. This vital tool of democracy is under siege by special interests, and the Initiative & Referendum Institute is a powerful and persuasive voice for the right of I&R."
Initiative & Referendum Institute
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See the list of Oregon ballot measures for initiative amendments. The right to free speech in Oregon is broader than the federal level: In "State v. Robertson", the Oregon Supreme Court has cited this right against parts of Oregon's disorderly conduct statute, against content-based restrictions on billboards and murals, and against laws restricting the sale of pornography. Later in 1987, the court cited this provision when it abolished the state's obscenity statute in "State v. Henry". Constitution of Oregon The Oregon Constitution is the governing document of the U.S. state of Oregon, originally enacted in 1857. As amended the current
Constitution of Oregon
19043664
2015 Maine Question 1 Maine Question 1, "An Act To Strengthen the Maine Clean Election Act, Improve Disclosure and Make Other Changes to the Campaign Finance Laws", was a citizen-initiated referendum measure in Maine, which appeared on the November 3, 2015 statewide ballot. As the Maine Legislature did not exercise its ability to pass the bill on its own, it was placed on the ballot and approved by Maine voters. The Maine Clean Elections Act was passed as a citizen-initiated referendum titled Question 3 in 1996, making Maine the first state to adopt a public campaign financing law. It established
2015 Maine Question 1
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it passed. Measure 44 passed with 55.9% of the votes. 759,048 people voted yes and 598,543 voted no. With the passage of Measure 44 Oregon became the fourth state to pass a tobacco tax through an initiative. 1996 Oregon Ballot Measure 44 Oregon Ballot Measure 44 was brought to the November, 1996 general election in the U.S. state of Oregon by the initiative process. It passed with 55.9% of the vote. With strong backing from Governor John Kitzhaber, PeaceHealth, a hospital in Eugene, teamed with the Oregon Association of Hospital and Health Systems (OAHHS) to bring about the initiative. Measure
1996 Oregon Ballot Measure 44
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major newspaper, "The Oregonian", also based in Portland, with the "Journal" touting itself as the "strong voice of the Oregon Country." The paper was involved in a number of early 20th century crusades for reform, including better control of Oregon timberlands, adoption of the initiative, referendum and recall laws, direct election of U.S. senators, for pure milk, and dredging of the Columbia River navigation channel to allow development of Portland as a major world port. The "Journal" ventured into the radio waves as well as print, purchasing KOIN radio (AM 970). On September 21, 1932, the "Journal" purchased its second
The Oregon Journal
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and to enact and reject laws, called the initiative, and the power to approve or reject laws enacted by the legislature, called the referendum. The power of initiative extends only to laws which the legislature may enact under this constitution"). Lansing is the state capital and is home to all three branches of state government. The governor and the other state constitutional officers serve four-year terms and may be re-elected only once. The governor is Rick Snyder. Michigan has two official Governor's Residences; one is in Lansing, and the other is at Mackinac Island. The other constitutionally elected executive officers
Michigan
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Annotated (1930), and Oregon Compiled Laws Annotated (1940). Oregon Revised Statutes The Oregon Revised Statutes (ORS) is the codified body of statutory law governing the U.S. state of Oregon, as enacted by the Oregon Legislative Assembly, and occasionally by citizen initiative. The statutes are subordinate to the Oregon Constitution. The Office of the Legislative Counsel prepares and publishes the softcover multi-volume Oregon Revised Statutes every two years, after each biennial legislative session. The Oregon Legislature created the Oregon Revised Statutes by recodifying the previous code, which was called the Oregon Compiled Laws Annotated (1940). "See" 1953 Or. Laws c. 3.
Oregon Revised Statutes
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as House Joint Resolution 8 (1925). The measure was referred to Oregon voters as a 1926 ballot initiative which was approved with 62.5% in favor. From 1850 to 1860, Oregon saw its black population increase by just 75, compared to an increase of 4,000 in neighboring California. Oregon's black exclusion laws have been linked to a below-average black population – two percent – into the present day. Historian Cheryl Brooks has proposed that Oregon's small black population has made it difficult for Oregonians to recognize racial discrimination problems in the state. Oregon black exclusion laws The Oregon black exclusion laws
Oregon black exclusion laws
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the men (and then suspended them), and no fees for the women. Equi continued her birth control work. During the Progressive Era, generally 1895 to 1920, Oregon adopted civic and political reforms that became a model for the nation, including the initiative and referendum process, recall of elected officials, and direct election of U.S. Senators. Equi worked in several campaigns to secure women's right to vote in Oregon, and celebrated victory in 1912 when women gained suffrage in the state. In 1913 Equi visited the site of a strike by cannery workers in east Portland at the Oregon Packing Company.
Marie Equi
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Oregon Ballot Measure 64 2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 64 Oregon Ballot Measure 64 (IRR 25) was an initiated state statute ballot measure on the November 4, 2008 general election ballot in Oregon. This measure would have prohibited money collected with the use of public resources from being used for political purposes, except elections, official voter pamphlets and most lobbying. "Political purpose" is defined as: candidates, political committee or party, initiative or referendum committee, and supporting/opposing candidates or ballot measures (including signature gathering for petitions). The measure was initially filed as a potential initiative by chief petitioner Bill Sizemore in 2006.
2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 64
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the Oregon Direct Legislation League to broaden the base of initiative, referendum, and recall support. The new executive committee included bankers, the president of the state bar association, and "The Oregonian" editor Harvey W. Scott. U'Ren and the Direct Legislation League won passage of an initiative and referendum amendment in 1898. Under the constitution of the time, amendments had to be approved by two successive sessions of the legislature. By 1902 the legislature had approved the amendment and voters had ratified it. U'Ren associated himself with many initiative efforts, including banning free railroad passes, establishing popular election of U.S. Senators,
William Simon U'Ren
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one of several similar measures on local and state ballots that day: Columbia, Missouri, another college town, approved a similar law on medical marijuana, as did the state of Montana, while Oregon voters rejected an initiative to loosen its existing medical-marijuana program, and Alaska voters rejected total decriminalization of marijuana possession. However, what had been a relatively uncontroversial measure during the election proved controversial following its passage. Shortly after its approval, the Ann Arbor city attorney Steve Postema characterized the initiative as "unenforceable," citing its conflicts with federal and state law. Likewise, city police chief Dan Oates announced that his
Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan
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federal law, such as the federal debt impairment clause. Proposition 218 only applies to the local initiative power and not the referendum power which is a separate power under California law. The referendum is the power of the voters to approve or reject laws (or parts of laws) except urgency laws, laws calling elections, and laws providing for tax levies or appropriations for usual current expenses of government. The referendum issue becomes more significant with respect to local levies that do not require a mandatory election under Proposition 218 prior to their imposition. This is particularly the case concerning property-related
1996 California Proposition 218 (Local Initiative Power)
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2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 64 Oregon Ballot Measure 64 (IRR 25) was an initiated state statute ballot measure on the November 4, 2008 general election ballot in Oregon. This measure would have prohibited money collected with the use of public resources from being used for political purposes, except elections, official voter pamphlets and most lobbying. "Political purpose" is defined as: candidates, political committee or party, initiative or referendum committee, and supporting/opposing candidates or ballot measures (including signature gathering for petitions). The measure was initially filed as a potential initiative by chief petitioner Bill Sizemore in 2006. In December 2007, Sizemore
2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 64
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Legislative referral A Legislative referral (or legislative referendum) is a form of referendum in which a legislature puts proposed legislation up for popular vote (either voluntarily or, in the case of a constitutional amendment, as a necessary part of the procedure), rather than through the initiative or referendum process. These ballot measures, depending on the state in question, can either amend a state's constitution or enact a change in a state statute. Bond issues are a common type of legislatively referred ballot measure. In some states, such as Oregon, if the state legislature in both chambers vote to put a
Legislative referral
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The state of Washington's legislature referred Initiative 164 (also known as Referendum 48) to the ballot in 1995. This "regulatory takings" bill was similar to Measure 37 in its restriction of local governments' ability to regulate land use. The bill was widely criticized, and was not approved by voters. In 2006, voters in six western states considered ballot initiatives similar to Oregon's 2004 Measure 37. All states except Arizona rejected the initiatives. Arizona's initiative combined the land use/regulatory taking issue central to Oregon Ballot Measure 37 with a restriction on eminent domain (similar to Oregon Ballot Measure 39 (2006)). The
Oregon Ballot Measures 37 and 49
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the drive ended after an incomplete pass. Oregon State finished with 209 yards rushing to Idaho's 12. The Beavers finished with 255 yards, and the Vandals finished with 89 yards, the second-fewest yards that Oregon State had allowed up until that time (only behind the 1939 Beaver-Vandal game). Outside of the 55-yard first half drive and the 40-yard fourth quarter pass, the Beavers held the Vandals to -6 total yards. Idaho only recorded seven first downs, five through the air and two by penalty. The Vandals did not net a single rushing first down. Entering the game, Oregon State had
1941 Oregon State Beavers football team
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the State Legislature or by a petition signed by members of the public under the initiative system. In California a vote on a measure referred to voters by the legislature is a mandatory referendum; a vote to veto a law that has already been adopted by the legislature is an optional referendum or "people's veto"; the process of proposing laws by petition is the initiative. See lists on the side for past election results. Elections in California Elections in California are held to fill various local, state and federal seats. In California, regular elections are held every even year (such
Elections in California
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Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment The Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment was an amendment to the constitution of the U.S. state of Oregon, establishing women's suffrage, which was passed by ballot initiative in 1912. It had previously been placed on the ballot, initially by referral from the Oregon Legislative Assembly and later by popular initiative, in 1884, 1900, 1906, 1908, and 1910. When the initiative was ratified in 1912, Oregon became the seventh state to extend the right to vote to women. Ballot measure #2 on the state's 1906 ballot was the "first attempt in American political history to amend the constitution
Oregon Equal Suffrage Amendment
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Oregon State Sanitary Authority The Oregon State Sanitary Authority (OSSA) was the first agency in the U.S. state of Oregon that was charged with protecting the environment. In 1938, Oregon voters, by a three-to-one margin, approved an initiative to regulate water pollution and to create an enforcement agency under the jurisdiction of the Oregon State Board of Health. Political pressure that led to the initiative had begun as early as the 1920s, when the Board of Health, the U.S. Public Health Service, the Izaak Walton League, and others had expressed concerns about water pollution and its threats to human health.
Oregon State Sanitary Authority
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state to adopt and did so in 1902, when the Oregon Legislative Assembly adopted it by an overwhelming majority. The "Oregon System," as it was at first known, subsequently spread to many other states, and became one of the signature reforms of the Progressive Era (1890s-1920s). On Brazil, a popular law initiative requires two conditions to be send to analysis by the national congress: signatures from at least 1% of the people allowed to vote from all the country and at least 0,3% of the people allowed to vote from each of at least 5 of the 27 federal unities
Initiative
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simultaneously guilty of certain offenses listed in ORS 475.316, such as driving under the influence of marijuana or using marijuana in public. In 1994, Portland cannabis activist Chris Iverson, who was chairman of the NW Hemp Foundation opened the first cannabis buyers club in Oregon. Mr. Iverson was quoted as saying "Sure, working within the system is the best way. But we've been robbed of this resource for too many years." The Oregon Medical Marijuana Act was established by Ballot Measure 67, a citizens' initiative, in November 1998, the same election as the referendum Measure 57. It modified state law
Cannabis in Oregon
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commissioners, in turn, appoint an executive director to administer the commission and appoint a limited staff. The commission was established in 1974 by a statewide referendum. Its purview is set by state statute. Its name was changed from Oregon Government Standards and Practices Commission to Oregon Government Ethics Commission in July 2007, by the Oregon Legislature. Oregon Government Ethics Commission The Oregon Government Ethics Commission, formerly known as the Oregon Government Standards and Practices Commission, is a seven-member government body in the U.S. state of Oregon responsible for enforcing the state's government ethics, lobbying, and executive session laws. The commission
Oregon Government Ethics Commission
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31-24 lead with 2:34 left, but Oregon State drove 71 yards in just over a minute. The final 30 yards was a Jonathan Smith to Tim Alexander touchdown pass. The Beavers opted to tie, rather than go for two. The game went to overtime. Oregon State scored first to take a 38-31 lead. Oregon's fourth-down pass fell incomplete, and Beaver fans stormed the field. However, a pass interference penalty was called, giving the Ducks a first down, which they ultimately converted into a touchdown. Most Beaver fans who had stormed the field did not return to their seats but instead
History of Oregon State Beavers football
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referendum, in 1898, patterning its system after that of Switzerland. However, it was not all successful. Most notably, residents of Texas rejected the referendum because the version put on the ballot by the legislature required 20% of the vote. Other states where the constitutional amendments to place direct democracy failed include Mississippi, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Wyoming. By 1918 enthusiasm waned and the next state to adopt the referendum was Florida 50 years later. Initiative and referendum (I&R) citizen lawmaking spread across the United States because state legislatures were unresponsive in creating laws that the people needed to protect themselves from
History of direct democracy in the United States
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that span. Arizona entered the game two touchdown favorites. Oregon State rushed for two yards against the Wildcats in 1987, a 14-point loss. The Beavers' starting guard, Ken Felix, was injured in fall camp and did not play. The Wildcats took a 7-0 lead in the first quarter on quarterback, Ron Veal's six-yard run after an Oregon State fumble. The Beavers' Troy Bussanich cut the margin to four with a 25-yard field goal. Oregon State took the lead when Erik Wilhelm hit Jason Kent for a 44-yard touchdown pass on third-and eight. Backup quarterback, Bobby Watters, subsequently replaced Veal. He
1988 Oregon State Beavers football team
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After the Bears took the lead, Oregon State scored on a 16-yard touchdown pass from Wilhelm to Dave Montagne with time running out in the first half to take a 13-10 halftime lead, despite Wilhelm's four first half interceptions. Oregon State's offense did not commit a second-half turnover. After California tied the game at 13 late in the third quarter, Wilhelm hit Bynum for a 66-yard touchdown pass. The Bears tied the game again at 20 early in the fourth quarter. The game took its toll on Oregon State. Two different strong safeties were injured during the game. In fact,
1985 Oregon State Beavers football team
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the Republican National Convention in 1896. In 1898, he was elected to the office of Oregon State Treasurer. Elected as a Republican, he replaced fellow Republican Phil Metschan who had served two terms. Moore won re-election in 1902 and served in office from January 9, 1899 until January 14, 1907, when George A. Steel took office. Politically he was against the initiative and referendum, but for the gold standard. After leaving office he returned to his business pursuits which included timber and banking. He also served on the board of directors for insurance company Oregon Life. He and his brother
Charles S. Moore
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and creating the first presidential primary in the United States. Two of the more significant early initiatives he sponsored were a 1906 constitutional amendment extending initiative and referendum powers to local jurisdictions, and a 1908 amendment that gave voters power to recall elected officials. In 1912, he proposed an amendment to the Oregon Constitution to essentially weigh each legislator's vote on proposed bills according to the number of votes he received in the last election; this measure failed by a large margin. In 1908 U'Ren led the successful effort to amend the Oregon state constitution to accommodate proportional representation that
William Simon U'Ren
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Today they are contained in Article 2. 1911 California Proposition 7 Proposition 7 of 1911 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 22) was an amendment of the Constitution of California that introduced, for the first time, the initiative and the optional referendum. Prior to 1911 the only form of direct democracy in California was the compulsory referendum. Since the first state constitution was enacted in 1849, it has been obligatory for constitutional amendments and certain other measures to be approved by voters in a referendum in order to become law. Proposition 7 introduced a form of optional (or facultative) referendum on
1911 California Proposition 7
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1911 California Proposition 7 Proposition 7 of 1911 (or Senate Constitutional Amendment No. 22) was an amendment of the Constitution of California that introduced, for the first time, the initiative and the optional referendum. Prior to 1911 the only form of direct democracy in California was the compulsory referendum. Since the first state constitution was enacted in 1849, it has been obligatory for constitutional amendments and certain other measures to be approved by voters in a referendum in order to become law. Proposition 7 introduced a form of optional (or facultative) referendum on ordinary statutes. This means that a proposed
1911 California Proposition 7
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of the case. The Oregon Supreme Court is the final authority on Oregon law, and absent extraordinary circumstances the U.S. Supreme Court cannot overrule its interpretation of Oregon law (see adequate and independent state ground). Although only the U.S. Supreme Court can reverse or overturn decisions of the Oregon Supreme Court, decisions of the court can be effectively overturned by changing the law. Thus later outcomes of the court can be affected by legislation passed by the Oregon Legislative Assembly or through the initiative and referendum process. Also, in most criminal decisions Oregon's Governor or the President of the United
Oregon Supreme Court
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drew around 800 people. On April 25, 2008, Hutcherson, along with approximately 100 other people, protested at Mount Si High School during the Day of Silence event. Hutcherson was a vocal opponent of state anti-discrimination laws that were based on sexual orientation. On February 9, 2006, Tim Eyman lodged referendum Initiative 65, which sought a public vote to repeal the Murray Anderson Civil Rights Bill before it could take effect on June 7, 2006. Hutcherson supported the initiative and conducted petition signature gathering at his home church. When the June 6, 2006 deadline arrived, the campaign announced they had failed
Ken Hutcherson
13350560
Gambling in Oregon Gambling in Oregon relates to the laws, regulations, and authorized forms of gambling. Portland Meadows, open since 1946, offers a full season of Quarter Horse and Thoroughbred racing. Off-track betting, operated under the Portland Meadows license, is available at 11 sites throughout the state. Horse racing is also held on the "Oregon summer fair circuit", consisting of several weekends at Grants Pass Downs in Grants Pass, plus 3- and 4-day meets in Union, Prineville, Tillamook, and Burns. Races were a part of the Oregon State Fair through the 2000 season, after which they were discontinued due to
Gambling in Oregon
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of examinations. A noted anti-nuclear activist, Chang has served as spokesman for the Nuke-4 Referendum Initiative Association. Premier Frank Hsieh appointed Chang Kow-lung head of the Environmental Protection Administration on 8 June 2005. That August, Chang announced a three-year plan to clean up the polluted Tamsui River. The next month, Chang ordered sanitation companies to stop gathering kitchen waste to use as a component in pig feed, after discussions with the Council of Agriculture. He also worked to pass laws regarding greenhouse gas emissions, later starting a global warming awareness initiative. Chang supported implementation of an ecotax for Taiwanese factories
Chang Kow-lung
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bond measures and amendments to previously approved voter initiatives. More than 50 percent of the voters must then support these amendments or new laws on the ballot for them to go into effect. Laws already adopted by the state legislature may be vetoed by means of a referendum. This is also known as a "petition referendum" or "people's veto". The process is similar to an initiative as noted above, except that it is an already passed law submitted as a petition to the Attorney General. The proponent, however, only has 90 days after the law in question is enacted to
California ballot proposition
5059250
by the state's citizens. In 1902, the Oregon Legislative Assembly approved such a system, which was known at the time as the Oregon System. The group's further efforts led to successful ballot initiatives implementing a direct primary system in 1904, and allowing citizens to directly recall public officials in 1908. Direct Legislation League The Oregon Direct Legislation League was an organization of political activists founded by William S. U'Ren in the U.S. state of Oregon in 1898. U'Ren had been politically activated by reading the influential 1893 book "Direct Legislation Through the Initiative and Referendum", and the group's founding followed
Direct Legislation League
10219325
William R. King (judge) William R. King (October 3, 1864 – June 2, 1934) was an American politician and judge in the state of Oregon. He was the 37th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court. A native of Washington, he also served in Oregon's legislature and promoted the initiative and referendum legislation system. William King was born near Walla Walla, Washington on October 3, 1864, to David Rufus King and Elizabeth King ("née" Estes). Ten years later in 1874 William and his parents moved to Malheur County, Oregon, where he received his basic education. King then attended Oregon Agricultural
William R. King (judge)
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Ypsilanti helped to pass the Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative, a $5 fine for marijuana use or possession. In the same election, the HRP elected council members Eric Jackson and Harold Baize to their first term of office. Jackson and Baize championed anti-discrimination, fair rental practices, women's rights, and environmental issues. When Ypsilanti police ignored the voter's mandate by enforcing State marijuana laws rather than the Ypsilanti Marijuana Initiative, Jackson and Baize called for an emergency meeting of the city council to deal with the issue. Although most of the other members of the city council boycotted the meeting, hundreds of citizens
Human Rights Party (United States)
9804627
amendment to the Secretary of State. This petition must then be signed by 10% of the registered voters who actually voted in the most recent gubernatorial election for statutory amendments; this percentage increases to 15% for constitutional amendments. If enough signatures are obtained the initiative will appear on the subsequent general ballot for voter approval. A 50% majority is required for a ballot proposal to pass and become law. Referendum is the process wherein current legislation is referred to the voting public for approval. The legislature may choose to refer any legislation, however any bills proposing an amendment to the
Arizona ballot proposition
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Legislation League, of which he was named secretary. He had an express goal of implementing the three legs of direct democracy – Initiative, referendum, and recall. In 1894 U'Ren was elected chairman at the Populist Party convention, and won approval of an Initiative & Referendum platform plank. In 1896 U'Ren won a seat in the Oregon House of Representatives; however, in 1897 the House failed to organize, only holding a short special session in the fall of 1898. U'Ren worked the legislature during his term, without success, to gain approval for initiative and referendum. After his 1897 defeat, U'Ren reorganized
William Simon U'Ren
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the most votes will go into effect. In 1994, Measure 11, an earlier initiative proposed by Kevin Mannix, was passed, which set mandatory minimum sentences for violent crimes. It is responsible for 28% of today's prison population. Oregon uses the highest percentage of its state budget to lock up criminals and supervise parole of any state. Oregon has seen a growth in prison inmates from about 4,000 to more than 13,500. If SB 1087 or the initiative proposed by Mannix, is passed, Oregon's prison population and percentage of state budget will become more pronounced. However, Oregon has seen an even
2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 57
4095734
that contradicted Soviet laws, in what became known as the War of Laws. In 1989, the Russian SFSR—the largest constituent republic, with about half of the USSR's population—convened a new Congress of People's Deputies and elected Boris Yeltsin its chairman. On 12 June 1990, the Congress declared Russia's sovereignty over its territory and proceeded to pass legislation that attempted to supersede Soviet laws. Legal uncertainty continued through 1991 as constituent republics slowly gained "de facto" independence. In a referendum on 17 March 1991, majorities in nine of the 15 republics voted to preserve the Union. The referendum gave Soviet leader
Multinational state
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Oregon black exclusion laws The Oregon black exclusion laws were attempts to prevent black people from settling within the borders of the settlement and eventual U.S. state of Oregon. The first such law took effect in 1844, when the Provisional Government of Oregon voted to exclude all black settlers from Oregon's borders. The law authorized a punishment for any black settler remaining in the territory to be whipped with "not less than twenty nor more than thirty-nine stripes" for every six months they remained. Additional laws aimed at African Americans entering Oregon were ratified in 1849 and 1857. The last
Oregon black exclusion laws
12847319
by the 2007 legislature to provide affordable health care for uninsured children. The measure would have funded tobacco prevention programs, safety net clinics, rural health care and health care for Oregon’s lowest income families and individuals through the Oregon Health Plan. The campaigns for and against the measure spent the most money ever on a ballot measure election in the state's history. Because the measure did not pass, these health care programs were not expanded, and the Healthy Kids Program did not become law. 2007 Oregon Ballot Measure 50 Ballot Measure 50 was a legislatively referred state statute ballot measure
2007 Oregon Ballot Measure 50
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chorus: "Kids in Texas smoking grass," "Ten year sentence comes to pass" "Misdemeanor in Ann Arbor," "Ask the judges why?" Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan Since the 1970s, the college town of Ann Arbor, Michigan has enacted some of the most lenient laws on marijuana possession in the United States. These include measures approved in a 1972 city-council ordinance, a 1974 voter referendum making possession of small amounts of the substance merely a civil infraction subject to a small fine, and a 2004 referendum on the use of medical marijuana. Since state law takes precedence over municipal law, the
Cannabis laws in Ann Arbor, Michigan
13972605
that the state legislature had to make up for. A critical factor in this process was that the 2008 general election gave Democrats a three-fifths majority in both chambers of the legislature, which is the supermajority needed to pass any bills calling for revenue increases. Among other actions, the legislature passed House Bills 2649 and 3405, raising taxes on corporations and on wealthy individuals and households, respectively. Some Oregon citizens started a drive to force a referendum on these bills, believing they would hurt the state's economy. While 55,179 valid signatures from registered voters on each referendum petition were needed
2010 Oregon Ballot Measures 66 and 67
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Central Oregon. The Oregon State Highway Commission added the Willamette Highway No. 18, from Goshen via Oakridge to Crescent, to the state highway system on November 24, 1922. The road was entirely unimproved when it was taken over, and improvement progressed slowly from the Goshen end. The roadway received the signed Oregon Route 58 designation in 1932, when the Oregon Route system was first laid out. A major realignment, crossing the Cascades at Willamette Pass rather than Emigrant Pass, was designed in 1933, and incorporated a number of "half viaducts" built into the hillside and one tunnel (the Salt Creek
Oregon Route 58
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in the most recent election for the Governor of Oregon. The constitutional foundation for ballot measures (and legislation produced by the Oregon Legislative Assembly) may be found in Article IV of the Oregon Constitution, and Chapter 250 of the Oregon Revised Statutes relates to initiative and referendum as well. Oregon voters have acted on 851 statewide ballot measures (359 initiatives, 64 referendums, and 428 legislative referrals) since the system was introduced in 1902. The VBM system was first approved for testing by the Oregon Legislature for local elections in 1981. The system met with fairly widespread success and was made
Elections in Oregon
10406291
laws, including taxation and liquor regulation, and created an army to deal with conflicts with Native Americans. Many of the legislators would become prominent figures during the territorial years of Oregon. At first the body was a small committee of nine people, but the group was altered when the Organic Laws of Oregon were revised in 1845 with the legislative branch of the Provisional Government becoming the Oregon House of Representatives with a minimum of 13 members. Once the government was dissolved in 1849, all the laws remained in effect, except for the one that authorized the minting of coins.
Provisional Legislature of Oregon
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corporate farming. The first of these laws were enacted in the 1930s by Kansas and North Dakota respectively. In the 1970s, similar laws were passed in Iowa, Minnesota, Missouri, South Dakota and Wisconsin. In 1982, after failure to pass an anti–corporate farming law, the citizens of Nebraska enacted by initiative a similar amendment into their state constitution. The citizens of South Dakota similarly amended their state constitution in 1998. All nine laws have similar content. They all restrict corporate ability to own and operate on farmland. They all outline exceptions for specific types of corporations. Generally, family farm corporations are
Corporate farming
12832440
touchdown and a 7-0 lead. The Ducks scored a field goal and a touchdown to post a 10-7 halftime lead. In the second half, Oregon did not pass the Oregon State 36-yard line. Wilhelm needed 14 yards to pass Elway, but he did not get those 14 yards until he hit Bryant Hill for a 32-yard pass in the fourth quarter. After converting a fourth down with a two-yard run earlier in the same drive, Pat Chaffey scored on a two-yard run with just over eight minutes left. Later in the fourth quarter, the Beavers' intercepted Bob Brothers' pass and
1988 Oregon State Beavers football team
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gained an appointment as the State Land Agent. He proved effective in his position, recovering almost 1 million acres (4,000 km²) of fraudulently held state land. In 1907, West left his position as Land Agent and was appointed to the Oregon Railroad Commission, where he again found a great deal of success. In 1910, he gained the Democratic nomination for Governor and went on to defeat his opponent, Jay Bowerman, and take office in 1911. While in office, West defended what he called the Oregon System which included initiative and referendum systems still in use in many western American states
Oswald West
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yards in 59 seconds, scoring on a 19-yard pass with 3:43 left to take a 17-13 lead. Oregon State drove 64 yards to the Oregon 14 but turned the ball over on downs, when Shanklin's pass splashed down incomplete with 34 seconds left. In the offseason, Pettibone scrapped the wishbone in favor of the flexbone in hopes of increasing passing opportunities. Oregon State opened the 1995 season in Corvallis against 1-AA Idaho. The Beavers held on to win 14-7 but had more punts than first downs. Despite the close win, Oregon State gave Pettibone a contract extension through 1998. The
History of Oregon State Beavers football
13453928
Oregonian organization trying to manipulate Washington State politics. During its brief history, the HOW campaign repelled a number of OCA attempts. In 1997, Washington's existing discrimination laws protected against many different classes, but not sexual orientation, perceived or actual; the HOW campaign attempted to add both categories to the existing anti-discrimination laws via a ballot measure (Initiative 677), which failed to pass despite high profile support from Governor Gary Locke. However, this pro-LGBT rights initiative I-677 was the first-ever attempt to win statewide legal rights at the ballot box, a controversial strategy never before attempted. Until this ballot measure, conventional
Citizens for Fairness Hands Off Washington
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constitution and laws,” and that the lawmaking power in Arizona “plainly includes the power to enact laws through initiative”. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg delivered the opinion of the Court, in which Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan joined. The Court affirmed the District Court's ruling, holding that "[r]edistricting is a legislative function to be performed in accordance with the State’s prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the referendum, "Ohio ex rel. Davis v. Hildebrant," 241 U. S. 565, 567, and the Governor’s veto, "Smiley v. Holm", 285 U. S. 355, 369. While exercise of the initiative
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
15356788
can sometimes be used to subvert the normal checks and balances of a government. For instance, a governor of a state may threaten to use an initiative to "go over the heads" of an uncooperative legislature. Similarly, a state legislator can collect signatures and place on the ballot a measure that overrules a governor's veto. Because it usually takes a two-thirds majority to overrule a governor's veto, but only a simple majority to pass an initiative, this tactic can sometimes be successful. More recently, corporations have used the initiative and referendum to force citizen votes on decisions they do not
History of direct democracy in the United States
12920539
played in Portland, Oregon. The Oregon State game was the final scheduled game of the year for the Grizzlies. 10,000 fans were expected but, due to rain, only 6,000 showed up to watch. With 11:30 left in the first quarter, Dethman threw a 16-yard pass to Durdan, who ran the remaining 55 yards for a 71-yard touchdown pass. Oregon State failed to convert the extra point to leave the score 6-0. The touchdown pass was Oregon State's longest of 1941 and was the longest Oregon State pass-play between 1929 and 1947. At the end of the first half, the Beavers
1941 Oregon State Beavers football team
19052807
from 2002 until 2005, a Temporary Referendum Act in place, which allowed for non-binding referendums, known in Dutch as "volksraadpleging" ("people's consultation"), to be organised for laws already approved by the House of Representatives. No referendum was called based on this law. In order to hold the 2005 referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, a different law was temporarily put in place. That referendum was the first national referendum in the Netherlands since the 1805 referendum in the Batavian Republic, and it was the result of an initiative proposal by parliamentarians Farah Karimi (GreenLeft), Niesco Dubbelboer (Labour)
Referendums in the Netherlands
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Dutch as "Volksraadpleging" ("People's Consultation"), to be organised for laws already approved by the House of Representatives. No referendum was called based on this law. In order to hold the 2005 referendum on the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe, a different law was temporarily put in place. That referendum was the first national referendum in the Netherlands in 200 years (Batavian Republic constitutional referendum, 1805), and it was the result of an initiative proposal by parliamentarians Farah Karimi (GroenLinks), Niesco Dubbelboer (Labour) and Boris van der Ham (Democrats 66). The Dutch Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement referendum, 2016 is the
Referendums by country
20519058
Massachusetts Gender Identity Anti-Discrimination Initiative The Massachusetts Gender Identity Anti-Discrimination Initiative is a state-wide referendum passed by Massachusetts voters in the 6 November 2018 mid-term election that prohibits discrimination in public accommodations on the basis of gender identity. The vote upholds language which was already present in the state anti-discrimination statute, defeating an attempt to veto it by public referendum. It is the first state-wide anti-discrimination statute passed by referendum supporting transgender rights in the United States. On July 7, 2016, “An Act Relative to Transgender Anti-Discrimination” (Senate Bill 2407) was passed by a voice vote in the Senate and
Massachusetts Gender Identity Anti-Discrimination Initiative
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a proclamation of national emergency is in operation. The laws become inoperative on the expiration of six months after the emergency has ceased to operate. Here also, the power of a state legislature to make laws on the same matter is not restricted. But, in case of repugnancy between a state law and a parliamentary law, the latter is to prevail. When States Make a Request: When the legislatures of two or more states pass resolutions requesting the Parliament to enact laws on a matter in the State List, then the Parliament can make laws for regulating that matter. A
Part XI of the Constitution of India
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Colorado have reserved initiative of laws and referendum of laws enacted by the legislature to themselves and provided for recall of office holders. Constitution of the State of Colorado We, the people of Colorado, with profound reverence for the Supreme Ruler of the Universe, in order to form a more independent and perfect government; establish justice; insure tranquility; provide for the common defense; promote the general welfare and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the "State of Colorado". The boundaries of the State of Colorado shall be as follows:
Constitution of Colorado
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behind the creation of the Nevada Commission on Ethics and worked to pass a referendum in 1990 that prohibits the state from amending abortion laws without first winning approval in a referendum. She is noted for introducing and passing more legislation than any other person in Nevada's history and in 1989 was named one of ten "Outstanding National Republican Legislators". In 1990, Wagner ran for Lieutenant Governor of Nevada. In the Republican primary, she received 58,079 votes (75.50%), defeating pro-life activist Charles Frederick "Andy" Anderson, who received 11,965 votes (15.55%). The "None of These Candidates" option received 6,887 votes (8.95%).
Sue Wagner
621288
to tax the people and pass the budget that the state has become effectively ungovernable. Calls for an entirely new Californian constitution have been made. A similar problem however arises when elected governments accumulate excessive debts. That can severely reduce the effective margin for later governments. Both these problems can be moderated by a combination of other measures as Referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is invited to vote on a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new law. In some countries, it is
Referendum
6497441
1910, and every leader of the New South Wales Labor Party except one has become Premier of the state. But Labor came to grief in New South Wales as elsewhere during World War I, when the Premier, William Holman, supported the Labor Prime Minister Billy Hughes in his drive to introduce conscription. New South Wales voters rejected both attempts by Hughes to pass a referendum authorising conscription, and in 1916 Hughes, Holman, Watson, McGowen, Spence and many other founders of the party were expelled, forming the Nationalist Party under Hughes and Holman. Federal Labor did not recover from this split
History of New South Wales
9388258
for violations of the state's anti-pollution laws. In addition to its state mandate, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has delegated authority to DEQ to administer federal environmental programs including the federal Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act within the state. DEQ was established by the Oregon Legislative Assembly in 1969 when it dissolved its predecessor, the Oregon State Sanitary Authority, which was created in 1938 in response to public outcry for cleanup of the Willamette River. It administers the state's pollution laws, the first of which were enacted in 1889. Oregon Department
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
5562682
William Simon U'Ren William Simon U'Ren (January 10, 1859 – March 5, 1949) was an American lawyer and political activist. U'Ren promoted and helped pass a corrupt practices act, the presidential primary, and direct election of U.S. senators. As a progressive activist, U'Ren championed the initiative, referendum, and recall systems in an effort to bring about a Georgist "Single Tax" on the unimproved value of land, but these measures were also designed to promote democracy and weaken the power of backstage elites. His reforms in Oregon were widely copied in other states. He supported numerous other reforms, such as the
William Simon U'Ren
5562692
5, 1949. William Simon U'Ren William Simon U'Ren (January 10, 1859 – March 5, 1949) was an American lawyer and political activist. U'Ren promoted and helped pass a corrupt practices act, the presidential primary, and direct election of U.S. senators. As a progressive activist, U'Ren championed the initiative, referendum, and recall systems in an effort to bring about a Georgist "Single Tax" on the unimproved value of land, but these measures were also designed to promote democracy and weaken the power of backstage elites. His reforms in Oregon were widely copied in other states. He supported numerous other reforms, such
William Simon U'Ren
12618718
to collect signatures for the measure, A union-funded watchdog group asked the Oregon Secretary of State to conduct an investigation into how some of the signatures on the measure were collected. Secretary of State Bill Bradbury said, "…most all of the initiatives Oregon voters will decide this fall got there through practices that are now illegal. But those practices were legal at the time most of the signatures were submitted." A lawsuit has been filed in federal court challenging the constitutionality of the new laws governing the initiative process in Oregon. Note:: "This article was taken from Ballotpedia's article about
2008 Oregon Ballot Measure 64
13350573
state, short-term crisis-respite centers in Grants Pass and St. Helens, a residential treatment center in Salem, and a home-study program for people with less severe problems". In 1997, Spirit Mountain Casino led all casinos in the state in contributions to the newly established Oregon Gambling Addiction Treatment Foundation, with a contribution of $50,000. Leaders cited a desire to be "responsible actors" in the realm of gambling. (The Oregon State Lottery contributed $20,000.) Gambling in Oregon Gambling in Oregon relates to the laws, regulations, and authorized forms of gambling. Portland Meadows, open since 1946, offers a full season of Quarter Horse
Gambling in Oregon
5306954
Frank Lowden of Illinois showed a "passion for efficiency" as he streamlined state government. Corruption represented a source of waste and inefficiency in the government. William U'Ren in Oregon, and Robert M. La Follette Sr. in Wisconsin, and others worked to clean up state and local governments by passing laws to weaken the power of machine politicians and political bosses. In Wisconsin, La Follette pushed through an open primary system that stripped party bosses of the power to pick party candidates. The Oregon System, which included a "Corrupt Practices Act", a public referendum, and a state-funded voter's pamphlet among other
Progressivism in the United States
5640354
agree to hold a referendum on federation. The Western Australian government reluctantly complied and a referendum was held just in time to become a founding state in the new federation. When federation did occur in 1901, Coolgardie was the centre of a federal electorate, the Division of Coolgardie. Soon after in November 1901, Alf Morgans from the state electorate of Coolgardie briefly became Premier of Western Australia. Albert Thomas, also of Coolgardie, was elected the first Member of Dundas, an electoral division south of Coolgardie. However, the gold began to decrease in the early 1900s, and by World War I,
Coolgardie, Western Australia
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County, where he remained until 1982. On December 16, 1982, Jones was appointed by Oregon Governor Victor G. Atiyeh to the Oregon Supreme Court. He replaced Jacob Tanzer who had resigned. One of the most notable cases Jones judged was "State v. Henry", which declared unconstitutional all Oregon obscenity laws then binding. Jones served on Oregon’s highest court until April 30, 1990, when he resigned. Jones left that court in order to become a United States District Judge of the United States District Court for the District of Oregon when he was nominated by President George H. W. Bush to
Robert E. Jones (judge)
4685592
session, and serving as Speaker of the House in 1891. He served as a Presidential Elector in 1897. Theodore Geer was elected as the 10th Governor of Oregon in 1898 to replace William Paine Lord, defeating Democrat and Populist party nominee W. R. King. A Republican governor, he served one term from January 9, 1899 until January 14, 1903. Geer was the tenth governor since statehood, but the first native Oregonian to hold that position. Geer supported the first amendment to the 1857 Oregon Constitution that instituted the initiative and referendum system of legislation in Oregon. The amendment was passed
Theodore Thurston Geer