who started the trojan war in the iliad
Paris of Troy
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Trojan War In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's "Iliad". The core of the "Iliad" (Books II – XXIII) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the "Odyssey" describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other
Trojan War
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Trojan War In Greek mythology, the Trojan War was waged against the city of Troy by the Achaeans (Greeks) after Paris of Troy took Helen from her husband Menelaus, king of Sparta. The war is one of the most important events in Greek mythology and has been narrated through many works of Greek literature, most notably Homer's "Iliad". The core of the "Iliad" (Books II – XXIII) describes a period of four days and two nights in the tenth year of the decade-long siege of Troy; the "Odyssey" describes the journey home of Odysseus, one of the war's heroes. Other
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could designate his successor. According to the "Iliad", the Phrygians were Trojan allies during the Trojan War. The Phrygia of Homer's "Iliad" appears to be located in the area that embraced the Ascanian lake and the northern flow of the Sangarius river and so was much more limited in extent than classical Phrygia. Homer's "Iliad" also includes a reminiscence by the Trojan king Priam, who had in his youth come to aid the Phrygians against the Amazons ("Iliad" 3.189). During this episode (a generation before the Trojan War), the Phrygians were said to be led by Otreus and Mygdon. Both
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Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus ( ; , "Achilleus" ) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's "Iliad". His mother was the immortal Nereid Thetis, and his father, the mortal Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan hero Hector outside the gates of Troy. Although the death of Achilles is not presented in the "Iliad", other sources concur that he was killed near the end of the Trojan War by Paris, who shot him
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of Rome, the film retells the story of the Trojan War, despite some major changes from the Iliad storyline. Troy is an American epic adventure war film directed by Wolfgang Peterson. Based on Homer’s "Iliad", the film describes the story of the Trojan War following the attack of Troy by Greek forces as well as the stories of those involved. Although the Iliad describes the story of the rivalry between Achilles and Agamemnon in the ninth year, Troy tells the story of the entire decade-long war. The film’s ending is not taken from the Iliad but from Virgil’s "Aeneid," showing
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figure. Talthybius Talthybius () was herald and friend to Agamemnon in the Trojan War. He was the one who took Briseis from the tent of Achilles. Preceding the duel of Menelaus and Paris, Agamemnon charges him to fetch a sheep for sacrifice. He died at Aegium in Achaia. Talthybius appears in Euripides’ "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women". In addition, he has a small role in The "Iliad". In "The Iliad", Agamemnon orders Talthybius to fetch the medic Machaon after Menelaus was wounded with an arrow shot by Pandarus. In "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women", Talthybius seems to always be the
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Talthybius Talthybius () was herald and friend to Agamemnon in the Trojan War. He was the one who took Briseis from the tent of Achilles. Preceding the duel of Menelaus and Paris, Agamemnon charges him to fetch a sheep for sacrifice. He died at Aegium in Achaia. Talthybius appears in Euripides’ "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women". In addition, he has a small role in The "Iliad". In "The Iliad", Agamemnon orders Talthybius to fetch the medic Machaon after Menelaus was wounded with an arrow shot by Pandarus. In "Hecuba" and "The Trojan Women", Talthybius seems to always be the bearer
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the two epic poems traditionally credited to Homer, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", composed sometime between the 9th and 6th centuries BC. Each poem narrates only a part of the war. The "Iliad" covers a short period in the last year of the siege of Troy, while the "Odyssey" concerns Odysseus's return to his home island of Ithaca following the sack of Troy and contains several flashbacks to particular episodes in the war. Other parts of the Trojan War were told in the poems of the Epic Cycle, also known as the Cyclic Epics: the "Cypria", "Aethiopis", "Little Iliad", "Iliou
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Pandarus Pandarus or Pandar (Ancient Greek: Πάνδαρος "Pándaros") is a Trojan aristocrat who appears in stories about the Trojan War. In Homer's "Iliad" he is portrayed as an energetic and powerful warrior, but in medieval literature he becomes a witty and licentious figure who facilitates the affair between Troilus and Cressida. In Shakespeare's play "Troilus and Cressida", he is portrayed as an aged degenerate and coward who ends the play by telling the audience he will bequeath them his "diseases". In Homer's "Iliad", Pandarus is a renowned archer and the son of Lycaon. Pandarus, who fights on the side of
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by Athenaeus and Pausanias, while Strabo cites it frequently in his own discussion of the geography of northwestern Anatolia. Trojan Battle Order The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is an epic catalogue in the second book of the "Iliad" listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding Catalogue of Ships, which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the Iliad appear there. Structurally the Trojan Battle Order is evidently inserted
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Trojan Battle Order The Trojan Battle Order or Trojan Catalogue is an epic catalogue in the second book of the "Iliad" listing the allied contingents that fought for Troy in the Trojan War. The catalogue is noted for its deficit of detail compared to the immediately preceding Catalogue of Ships, which lists the Greek contingents, and for the fact that only a few of the many Trojans mentioned in the Iliad appear there. Structurally the Trojan Battle Order is evidently inserted to balance the preceding Catalogue of Ships. It is, however, much shorter. Denys Page summarizes the prevailing explanation that
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Even without Homer, the Trojan War story had remained central to Western European medieval literary culture and its sense of identity. Most nations and several royal houses traced their origins to heroes at the Trojan War. Britain was supposedly settled by the Trojan Brutus, for instance. William Shakespeare used the plot of the "Iliad" as source material for his play "Troilus and Cressida", but focused on a medieval legend, the love story of Troilus, son of King Priam of Troy, and Cressida, daughter of the Trojan soothsayer Calchas. The play, often considered to be a comedy, reverses traditional views on
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Hector's wife Andromache captive and kills Hector's baby son, Astyanax, by throwing him from the walls of the city. The "Little Iliad" does not seem to have been redacted in a single, authoritative version, according to varying accounts of its details that cannot securely be harmonised. Little Iliad The Little Iliad (Greek: , "Ilias mikra"; ) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Little Iliad" comes chronologically after that of the
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Little Iliad The Little Iliad (Greek: , "Ilias mikra"; ) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Little Iliad" comes chronologically after that of the "Aethiopis", and is followed by that of the "Iliou persis" ("Sack of Troy"). The "Little Iliad" was variously attributed by ancient writers to Lesches of Pyrrha (7th century BCE), Cinaethon of Sparta (8th century BCE), Diodorus of Erythrae, Thestorides of Phocaea, or Homer himself (8th century
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found in the "Iliad" and are not normally included in most modern adaptations. One of the show's most radical changes from earlier adaptations was its decision to include the Greek gods as human-like characters played by live actors who speak normal dialogue. While the gods are major figures in the original Homeric epics, ever since the mid-twentieth century, adaptations of the Trojan War have nearly always either removed the gods from the story or heavily reduced their role in it. Most twenty-first-century adaptations of the Trojan War, including the film "Troy" (2004), Alessandro Baricco's "Iliad" (2004), Margaret George's "Helen of
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Troy (novel) Troy is a young adult novel by Adèle Geras, published in 2000. It is based on events in "The Iliad", incorporating original stories set in the heart of the city towards the end of the Trojan War. The novel was shortlisted for the Carnegie Medal, the Whitbread Award and the Guardian Award. It starts ten years into the Trojan War. Xanthe and Marpessa are sisters living in Troy, which is besieged by the Greeks. After Paris swept Helen away from her husband in Greece to his home in Troy, Menelaus started a war to win her back. The
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and of the Mycenaean cities of Greece. Today many scholars agree that the Trojan War is based on a historical core of a Greek expedition against the city of Troy, but few would argue that the Homeric poems faithfully represent the actual events of the war. In November 2001, geologist John C. Kraft and classicist John V. Luce presented the results of investigations into the geology of the region that had started in 1977. The geologists compared the present geology with the landscapes and coastal features described in the "Iliad" and other classical sources, notably Strabo's "Geographia". Their conclusion was
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Trojan language The language spoken by the Trojans in the "Iliad" is Homeric Greek. However, there has been some scholarly debate on what language the historical Trojans would have spoken at the time of the Trojan War, identified with the site Troy VIIa. The language likely to have been prevalent in the historical city is Luwian, although there are no direct records. The cultural context in which the lost Trojan language existed was described by Jaan Puhvel, "Homer and Hittite" (1991). The Trojans in the "Iliad" have no difficulty in speaking to their Greek opponents. However, this may merely be
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"the Catalogues are substantially Mycenaean compositions rather expanded than altered by the Ionians" . Noting that the Greek catalogue occupies 265 lines but the Trojan catalogue only 61, Page wonders why the Ionian authors know so little about their native land and concludes they are not describing it but are reforming poetry inherited in oral form from Mycenaean times . Some examples of Mycenaean knowledge are : There is also some internal evidence that the Trojan catalogue was not part of the "Iliad" but was a distinct composition pre-dating the Trojan War and incorporated later into the "Iliad" : Page
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named Altes, who was killed by Agamemnon. This city was sacked by Achilles. Pedasus Pedasus (Greek: Πήδασος) has been identified with several personal and place names in Greek history and mythology. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was the name of a Trojan warrior, and the son of the naiad Abarbarea and human Bucolion. His twin brother was Aesepus; both were slain by Euryalus, the son of Mecisteus, during the Trojan War. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was also the name of a swift horse taken as booty by Achilles when he killed Eetion. This horse was killed by a spear during a
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goddesses were enraged by this and through Helen's abduction by Paris they brought about the Trojan War. Hera plays a substantial role in "The Iliad", appearing in a number of books throughout the epic poem. In accordance with ancient Greek mythology, Hera's hatred towards the Trojans, which was started by Paris' decision that Aphrodite was the most beautiful goddess, is seen as through her support of the Greeks during the war. Throughout the epic Hera makes many attempts to thwart the Trojan army. In books 1 and 2, Hera declares that the Trojans must be destroyed. Hera persuades Athena to
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Menestheus Menestheus (), the son of Peteus, son of Orneus, son of Erechtheus, and either Polyxene or Mnesimache, was a legendary King of Athens during the Trojan War. He was set up as king by the Dioscuri when Theseus travelled to the underworld, and exiled Theseus from the city after his return. Menestheus was one of the suitors of Helen of Troy, and when the Trojan War started he brought "fifty black ships" to Troy. In the "Iliad" it is noted that no one could arrange chariots and shield-bearing warriors in battle orders better than Menestheus, and that only Nestor
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Menon (Trojan) Menon (in Greek Mένων) was a Trojan soldier killed by Leonteus in the Trojan War as detailed by Homer in the Iliad (XII.201). There is also a Trojan chieftain or king by the same name, mentioned by the twelfth-century Icelandic writer Snorri Sturluson in his prologue to the Prose Edda. Snorri states the chieftain's name as Múnón, yet also called Mennón. It is uncertain whether Snorri is referring to this Menon, the Trojan soldier, or to Memnon, or to someone else. According to Snorri, Múnón was one of the twelve chieftains who dwelt in Troy in the stronghold
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inhabitants of Thrace are Sunni Muslims. Ancient Greek mythology provides the Thracians with a mythical ancestor Thrax, the son of the war-god Ares, who was said to reside in Thrace. The Thracians appear in Homer's "Iliad" as Trojan allies, led by Acamas and Peiros. Later in the "Iliad", Rhesus, another Thracian king, makes an appearance. Cisseus, father-in-law to the Trojan elder Antenor, is also given as a Thracian king. Homeric Thrace was vaguely defined, and stretched from the River Axios in the west to the Hellespont and Black Sea in the east. The Catalogue of Ships mentions three separate contingents
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with the High King. Múnón was wedded to the daughter of the High King at that time, Priam. The daughter's name was Tróán. According to Snorri, Múnón and Tróán had a child named Trór, "whom," Snorri states, "we call Thor." Thus, in Snorri's euhemerized account of Norse mythology, Múnón is the father of Thor, who, according to Snorri, is the ancestor (eighteen generations later) of Odin. Menon (Trojan) Menon (in Greek Mένων) was a Trojan soldier killed by Leonteus in the Trojan War as detailed by Homer in the Iliad (XII.201). There is also a Trojan chieftain or king by
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"shieldless" in the "Iliad" because he was wearing a two-piece corselet, which was thought to provide enough protection in the battle. Phorcys of Phrygia In Greek mythology, Phorcys (; , "Phorkus") was a Phrygian ally of King Priam in the Trojan War. Phorcys appears in "The Iliad" as the leader of the Phrygians, a son of Phaenops. The "Bibliotheca", however, refers to him as a son of Aretaon and brother of Ascanius, another Phrygian leader. Phorcys is mentioned among the Trojan allies whom Hector addresses with a speech in Book 17 of the "Iliad". He was killed in battle by
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fighting in the "Iliad". Nicostratus was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Pieris, an Aetolian slave. Megapenthes was a son of Menelaus by his concubine Tereis, no further origin. In Euripides's tragedy "The Trojan Women", Helen is shunned by the women who survived the war and is to be taken back to Greece to face a death sentence. This version is contradicted by two of Euripides' other tragedies Electra, which predates The Trojan Women, and Helen, as Helen is described as being in Egypt during the events of the Trojan War in each. From Antiquity, depicting Helen would be
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Polites (prince of Troy) Polites () was the legitimate son of Priam and Hecuba. He was a prince of Troy, and brother of 49 other children, including 12 daughters. He was killed by Neoptolemus (Pyrrhus), son of Achilles, who then killed his father. Polites was born to Priam, King of Troy, and Hecuba, his wife. He lived in Troy during his youth, was crowned prince of Troy, and was styled "his royal Majesty". During his youth, Polites witnessed the Trojan War and was a supporting character in the Iliad. During the passage of the Trojan Horse in the Trojan War,
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In Search of the Trojan War In Search of the Trojan War is a 6-part BBC TV documentary series written and presented by Michael Wood, first broadcast in 1985 on BBC2. It examines the extent to which historical and archeological evidence matches the tale of the Trojan War as recounted by Homer in "The Iliad". Terry Oldfield and David Pash are credited with the original musical score. "In Search of the Trojan War" was the first follow-up series to Michael Wood's initial major broadcasting success, the documentary series "In Search of the Dark Ages", which the BBC had aired between
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to take into account more recent developments in the search for Troy. In Search of the Trojan War In Search of the Trojan War is a 6-part BBC TV documentary series written and presented by Michael Wood, first broadcast in 1985 on BBC2. It examines the extent to which historical and archeological evidence matches the tale of the Trojan War as recounted by Homer in "The Iliad". Terry Oldfield and David Pash are credited with the original musical score. "In Search of the Trojan War" was the first follow-up series to Michael Wood's initial major broadcasting success, the documentary series
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Menelaus In Greek mythology, Menelaus (; , "Menelaos", from μένος "vigor, rage, power" and λαός "people," "wrath of the people") was a king of Mycenaean (pre-Dorian) Sparta, the husband of Helen of Troy, and the son of Atreus and Aerope. According to the "Iliad", Menelaus was a central figure in the Trojan War, leading the Spartan contingent of the Greek army, under his elder brother Agamemnon, king of Mycenae. Prominent in both the "Iliad" and "Odyssey", Menelaus was also popular in Greek vase painting and Greek tragedy, the latter more as a hero of the Trojan War than as a
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De bello Troiano Daretis Phrygii Ilias De bello Troiano ("The Iliad of Dares the Phrygian: On the Trojan War") is an epic poem in Latin, written around 1183 by the English poet Joseph of Exeter. It tells the story of the ten year Trojan War as it was known in medieval western Europe. The ancient Greek epic on the subject, the "Iliad", was inaccessible; instead, the sources available included the fictional "diaries" of Dictys of Crete and Dares of Phrygia. When Joseph's text was printed for the first time in 1541, it was actually erroneously attributed to Dares of Phrygia,
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announced as the long-lost verse version of his story ("quibus multis seculis caruimus" – which we lacked for many centuries) supposedly put into Latin hexameters by Nepos. De bello Troiano Daretis Phrygii Ilias De bello Troiano ("The Iliad of Dares the Phrygian: On the Trojan War") is an epic poem in Latin, written around 1183 by the English poet Joseph of Exeter. It tells the story of the ten year Trojan War as it was known in medieval western Europe. The ancient Greek epic on the subject, the "Iliad", was inaccessible; instead, the sources available included the fictional "diaries" of
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attempt to stamp out the Jewish religion, directed that the temple at Jerusalem be profaned and rededicated to Zeus (Jupiter Olympius). The "Iliad" is a poem by Homer about the Trojan war and the battle over the City of Troy. As God of the sky, lightning, thunder, law, order, justice, Zeus controlled ancient Greece and all of the mortals and immortals living there. The Iliad covers the Trojan War, in which Zeus plays a major part. Notable Scenes that include Zeus The most notable conflict in Zeus's history was his struggle for power. Zeus's parents Cronus and Rhea ruled the
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Asteropaios In the "Iliad", Asteropaios (; Greek: Ἀστεροπαῖος; Latin: "Asteropaeus") was a leader of the Trojan-allied Paeonians along with fellow warrior Pyraechmes. Asteropaios was the son of Pelagon, who was the son of the river god Axios and the mortal woman Periboia, daughter of Akessamenos (Greek: Ἀκεσσάμενος). Asteropaios was a newcomer to the war at the start of the "Iliad"; he had only been in Troy for less than two weeks. Asteropaios had the distinction in combat of being ambidextrous and would on occasion throw two spears at once. In Book XII of the "Iliad" as the Trojans attacked the
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Hector’s death and funeral instead. The film’s cast includes actors Brad Pitt, Orlando Bloom, and Eric Bana. Another Homeric epic often used in modern film, the "Odyssey" (Ὀδύσσεια) serves as a sort of sequel to the "Iliad". The poem narrates the journey home (or "nostos") of Greek hero Odysseus after ten years of fighting in the Trojan War. Like the "Iliad", the poem begins "in medias res", or "in the middle of things," beginning Ulysses is a fantasy-adventure film based on Homer’s "Odyssey". The film tells the story of Ulysses’ attempt to return home after the Trojan War, as well
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Where Troy Once Stood Where Troy Once Stood is a 1990 book by Iman Wilkens that argues that the city of Troy was located in England and that the Trojan War was fought between groups of Celts. The standard view is that Troy is located near the Dardanelles in Turkey. Wilkens claims that Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey", though products of ancient Greek culture, are originally orally transmitted epic poems from Western Europe. Wilkens disagrees with conventional ideas about the historicity of the "Iliad" and the location and participants of the Trojan War. His work has had little impact among professional
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the site of the Trojan War. Her opinion influenced Demetrius of Scepsis, who cited her as a source. According to the Homer scholar J. V. Luce, writing in "Celebrating Homer's Landscapes: Troy and Ithaca Revisited", neither Hestiaea nor Demetrius would have accepted the view espoused by the inhabitants of Ilium that their city marked the location of ancient Troy. Strabo mentions Hestiaea in his "Geography" (XIII.1.16, C599): "Demetrius cites also Hestiaea of Alexandreia as a witness, a woman who wrote a work on Homer's "Iliad" and inquired whether the war took place round the present Ilium and the Trojan Plain,
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Iliad The Iliad (; "", in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter, traditionally attributed to Homer. Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of the war, the "Iliad" mentions or alludes to many of the Greek legends about
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1890, Elisabeth of Bavaria, Empress of Austria, had a summer palace built in Corfu. The building is named the "Achilleion", after Achilles. Its paintings and statuary depict scenes from the Trojan War, with particular focus on Achilles. Achilles In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus ( ; , "Achilleus" ) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and the central character and greatest warrior of Homer's "Iliad". His mother was the immortal Nereid Thetis, and his father, the mortal Peleus, was the king of the Myrmidons. Achilles' most notable feat during the Trojan War was the slaying of the Trojan
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the water of the magical river. Achilles grew up to be a man of war who survived many great battles. One day, a poisonous arrow shot at him was lodged in his heel, killing him shortly afterwards. The death of Achilles was not mentioned in Homer's "Iliad", but appeared in later Greek and Roman poetry and drama concerning events after the Iliad, later in the Trojan War. In the myths surrounding the war, Achilles was said to have died from a heel wound which was the result of an arrow—possibly poisoned—shot by Paris. Classical myths attribute Achilles's invulnerability to his
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based on an absolute magnitude of 9.41. This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after the Lycian hero Sarpedon from the "Iliad", who was killed by Patroclus, during the Trojan War. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 August 1981 (). 2223 Sarpedon 2223 Sarpedon, provisional designation "", is a dark Jupiter trojan from the Trojan camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 4 October 1977, by astronomers at the Purple Mountain Observatory near Nanking, China. The D-type asteroid belongs to the 30 largest Jupiter trojans and has a rotation period of
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Phorcys of Phrygia In Greek mythology, Phorcys (; , "Phorkus") was a Phrygian ally of King Priam in the Trojan War. Phorcys appears in "The Iliad" as the leader of the Phrygians, a son of Phaenops. The "Bibliotheca", however, refers to him as a son of Aretaon and brother of Ascanius, another Phrygian leader. Phorcys is mentioned among the Trojan allies whom Hector addresses with a speech in Book 17 of the "Iliad". He was killed in battle by the Greek hero Ajax. Phorcys is referenced in Pausanias' "Description of Greece": the author explains that Phorcys was referred to as
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Pedasus Pedasus (Greek: Πήδασος) has been identified with several personal and place names in Greek history and mythology. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was the name of a Trojan warrior, and the son of the naiad Abarbarea and human Bucolion. His twin brother was Aesepus; both were slain by Euryalus, the son of Mecisteus, during the Trojan War. In Homer's "Iliad", Pedasus was also the name of a swift horse taken as booty by Achilles when he killed Eetion. This horse was killed by a spear during a duel between Patroclus and Sarpedon. Pedasus (Caria): In Caria, according to Herodotus, the
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Aethiopis The Aethiopis or Aithiopis (Greek: , "Aíthiopís"; ) is a lost epic of ancient Greek literature. It was one of the Epic Cycle, that is, the "Trojan" cycle, which told the entire history of the Trojan War in epic verse. The story of the "Aethiopis" comes chronologically immediately after that of the Homeric "Iliad", and is followed by that of the "Little Iliad". The "Aethiopis" was sometimes attributed by ancient writers to Arctinus of Miletus (8th century BC) (see Cyclic poets). The poem comprised five books of verse in dactylic hexameter. The "Aethiopis" was probably composed in the seventh
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Time") and Vladimir Nabokov's novel "". In July 2004, "Ilium" received a Locus Award for best science fiction novel of 2004. The novel centers on three character groups: that of Hockenberry (a resurrected twentieth-century Homeric scholar whose duty is to compare the events of the "Iliad" to the reenacted events of the Trojan War), Greek and Trojan warriors, and Greek gods from the "Iliad"; Daeman, Harman, Ada, and other humans of an Earth thousands of years after the twentieth century; and the "moravec" robots (named for scientist and futurist Hans Moravec) Mahnmut the Europan and Orphu of Io, also thousands
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the fact that it is pointing towards the Sun, not away from it. The group of Jupiter trojan contains about 6,000 asteroid. They are named after figures from Greek mythology, typically after the heroes of the Trojan War as narrated in Homer's "Iliad". The Minor Planet Center credits the Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey with the discovery of 62 numbered minor planets during 1996–1997. Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey The Uppsala–DLR Trojan Survey (UDTS, also known as UAO–DLR Trojan Survey) is an astronomical survey to study the movements and locations of asteroids near Jupiter, which includes Jupiter trojans and other asteroids, which line-of sight
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genuine but predates the period of the Trojan War by about 300 years. Mask of Agamemnon The Mask of Agamemnon is a gold funeral mask discovered at the ancient Greek site of Mycenae. The mask, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, has been described by Cathy Gere as the ""Mona Lisa" of prehistory". German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the artifact in 1876, believed that he had found the body of the Mycenean king Agamemnon, leader of the Achaeans in Homer's epic of the Trojan War, the "Iliad", but modern archaeological research suggests that the mask predates the
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Mask of Agamemnon The Mask of Agamemnon is a gold funeral mask discovered at the ancient Greek site of Mycenae. The mask, displayed in the National Archaeological Museum of Athens, has been described by Cathy Gere as the ""Mona Lisa" of prehistory". German archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann, who discovered the artifact in 1876, believed that he had found the body of the Mycenean king Agamemnon, leader of the Achaeans in Homer's epic of the Trojan War, the "Iliad", but modern archaeological research suggests that the mask predates the period of the legendary Trojan War by about 300 years. German archaeologist Heinrich
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of Lydians and Mysians and all sons of Atys. Homer records that Miletus (later an Ionian city), together with the mountain of Phthries, the river Maeander and the crests of Mount Mycale were held by the Carians at the time of the Trojan War and that the Carians, qualified by the poet as being of incomprehensible speech, joined the Trojans against the Achaeans under the leadership of Nastes, brother of Amphimachos ("he who fights both ways") and son of Nomion. These figures appear only in the "Iliad" and in a list in Dares of Phrygia's epitome of the Trojan War.
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as a soldier, who gives us the background to the plot, which takes place during the Trojan War. Immortalized in Greek mythology and Homer's Iliad, the war occurs because a Trojan prince, Paris, has stolen the beautiful Helen from her husband, King Menelaus of Sparta, and carries her home to Troy with him. In response, Menelaus gathers his fellow Greek kings, and they sail to Troy hoping to capture the city and reclaim Helen. Within the walls of Troy, Prince Troilus complains to Pandarus that he is unable to fight because of heartache; he is desperately in love with Pandarus's
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and Queen Clytemnestra. Her sisters were Iphigeneia and Chrysothemis, and her brother was Orestes. In the Iliad, Homer is understood to be referring to Electra in mentioning "Laodice" as a daughter of Agamemnon. Electra was absent from Mycenae when her father, King Agamemnon, returned from the Trojan War. When he came back, he brought with him his war prize, the Trojan princess Cassandra, who had already borne him twin sons. Upon their arrival, Agamemnon and Cassandra were murdered, by either Clytemnestra herself, her lover Aegisthus or both. Clytemnestra had held a grudge against her husband for agreeing to sacrifice their
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Myrmidon, a king of Thessalian Phthia, who was the son of Zeus and of Eurymedousa, a princess of Phthia. Zeus took the physical form of an ant and seduced Eurymedousa, hence their son's name. According to Greek legend, the Myrmidons left their native island of Aegina and moved to Thessaly. From there, Aeacus' grandson, Achilles, led the Myrmidons to battle in the Trojan War as an ally of the Achaeans. Homer's "Iliad" gives an account of a portion of the Trojan War, with a focus on the role of Achilles. When King Agamemnon of the Achaeans disrespects Achilles, he abandons
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Zeleia Zeleia (Ζέλεια) is the name of an ancient town or city, according to the "Iliad", which was allied to Troy. It appears to have been located in the Troad and to have been inhabited by Trojans. Says Homer: "They who lived in Zeleia below the foot of Mount Ida, who drank the dark water of Aesepus, Trojans." ("Iliad" 2.824). Zeleia led a force of warriors to aid Troy during the Trojan War, led by Pandarus, son of Lycaon (the latter Lycaon not to be confused with Lycaon, son of Priam. It is later related that the people of Zeleia
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and expert" horsemen. According to the Iliad, before the Trojan War, a young king Priam of Troy had taken an army to Phrygia to support it in a war against the Amazons. Homer calls the Phrygians "the people of Otreus and godlike Mygdon". According to Euripides, Quintus Smyrnaeus and others, this Mygdon's son, Coroebus, fought and died in the Trojan War; he had sued for the hand of the Trojan princess Cassandra in marriage. The name "Otreus" could be an eponym for Otroea, a place on Lake Ascania in the vicinity of the later Nicaea, and the name "Mygdon" is
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that there is regularly a consistency between the location of Troy as identified by Schliemann (and other locations such as the Greek camp), the geological evidence, and descriptions of the topography and accounts of the battle in the "Iliad". In the twentieth century scholars have attempted to draw conclusions based on Hittite and Egyptian texts that date to the time of the Trojan War. While they give a general description of the political situation in the region at the time, their information on whether this particular conflict took place is limited. Andrew Dalby notes that while the Trojan War most
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help King Priam during the Trojan War - though this contingent was led not by Merops's sons, but by Asius, son of Hyrtacus, according to Homer's Iliad, one native from Percote was wounded in the Trojan War by Antilochus, two natives from Percote were killed in the Trojan War by Diomedes and Ullysses. The Meropidae (Amphius and Adrastus) instead lead a contingent from nearby Adrastea. A nephew of Priam, named Melanippus, son of Hicetaon, herded cattle (oxen) at Percote, according to Homer. According to Phanias of Eresus, Artaxerxes I of Persia had given to Themistocles the city of Percote with
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Black Ships Before Troy Black Ships Before Troy: The story of the Iliad is a novel for children written by Rosemary Sutcliff, illustrated by Alan Lee, and published (posthumously) by Frances Lincoln in 1993. Partly based on the "Iliad", the book retells the story of the Trojan War, from the birth of Paris to the building of the Trojan Horse. For his part Lee won the annual Kate Greenaway Medal from the Library Association, recognizing the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. "Kirkus Reviews" noted the "compelling vision and sensitivity to language, history, and heroics" that she
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of the Iliad and the Odyssey, and is revered as the greatest of ancient Greek epic poets. The album has three main parts; It kicks in with "War I Wage" (track 1) which is based on the Iliad. The Iliad relates a part of the Trojan War, the siege of Troy. It runs through some songs to meet the second station which is "The Tempest" (track 5), fully based on the Odyssey. The Odyssey describes Odysseus rough journey home. The album finishes with the last part of the Odyssey, Odysseus return to Ithaca, slaying of the suitors to find his
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the war god. Yet great as you are I would not strike you by stealth, watching for my chance, but openly, so, if perhaps I might hit you. However, despite examples of disdain for this tactical trickery, there is reason to believe that the "Iliad", as well as later Greek warfare, endorsed tactical genius on the part of their commanders. For example, there are multiple passages in the "Iliad" with commanders such as Agamemnon or Nestor discussing the arraying of troops so as to gain an advantage. Indeed, the Trojan War is won by a notorious example of Greek guile
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"Odyssey", also attributed to Homer. Along with the "Odyssey", the "Iliad" is among the oldest extant works of Western literature, and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC. In the modern vulgate (the standard accepted version), the "Iliad" contains 15,693 lines; it is written in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and other dialects. According to Michael N. Nagler, the "Iliad" is a more complicated epic poem than the "Odyssey". () After an invocation to the Muses, the story launches "in medias res" towards the end of the Trojan War between the Trojans
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quotation shows that the "Little Iliad" narrated how Neoptolemus took Andromache prisoner after the fall of Troy; however, in Proclus, the "Little Iliad" stops before the sack of Troy begins. Some scholars have argued that the "Cypria" as originally planned dealt with more of the Trojan War than Proclus' summary suggests; conversely, others argue that it was designed to lead up to the "Iliad", and that Proclus' account reflects the "Cypria" as originally designed. It is probable that at least some editing or "stitching" was done to edit epics together. For the last line of the "Iliad", ὣς οἵ γ᾽
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4805 Asteropaios is named after the hero. Asteropaios In the "Iliad", Asteropaios (; Greek: Ἀστεροπαῖος; Latin: "Asteropaeus") was a leader of the Trojan-allied Paeonians along with fellow warrior Pyraechmes. Asteropaios was the son of Pelagon, who was the son of the river god Axios and the mortal woman Periboia, daughter of Akessamenos (Greek: Ἀκεσσάμενος). Asteropaios was a newcomer to the war at the start of the "Iliad"; he had only been in Troy for less than two weeks. Asteropaios had the distinction in combat of being ambidextrous and would on occasion throw two spears at once. In Book XII of
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Gorgythion In Greek mythology, Gorgythion (Greek: Γοργυθίων, gen.: Γοργυθίωνος) was one of the sons of King Priam of Troy at the time of the Trojan War and appears as a minor character in Homer's "Iliad". His mother was Castianeira of Aisyme. In the "Iliad", Gorgythion is described as beautiful, and his epithet is "the blameless". Jane Ellen Harrison pointed out that "blameless" (άμύμων) was an epithet of the heroized dead, who were venerated and appeased at shrines. Zeus even applies the epithet to Aegisthus, the usurper, Harrison observes. In applying "blameless" to Gorgythion, then, the poet may have been reflecting
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Eudoros In Greek mythology, Eudoros (Greek: Εὔδωρος), was the second of Achilles' five commanders at the Trojan War. According to the "Iliad", he commanded ten penteconters and five hundred Myrmidons. In Book XVI of the "Iliad", when Patroclus readies Achilles' men, Homer talks about him for fourteen lines - more than any of the other commanders in this passage. He is also the second most notable of the five, beaten only by Phoenix. Eudoros was a demigod, the son of Hermes and Polymele, who danced in Artemis' choir. Polymele's father Phylas brought him up after she married Echekles. Eudoros was
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ankle by the Trojan Agenor. Lycomedes of Thebes In Greek mythology, Lycomedes (Ancient Greek: Λυκομήδης "Lykomedes") was a Theban armed sentry with Thrasymedes, son of Nestor during the Trojan War. Lycomedes was the son of Theban regent, Creon of Thebes and possibly his wife Eurydice or Henioche, and thus, the brother of Menoeceus (Megareus), Haemon, Megara, Pyrrha and Henoiche. Lycomedes fought on the side of the Argives in the Trojan War. No real significant background is given about him in the "Iliad". He was listed among the younger leaders and was not a king but of second rank. In the
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Mysians in a battle with the Bebryces. According to some interpretations, Bebryces is an alternate name for Phrygians and this Mygdon is the same person mentioned in the Iliad. King Priam married the Phrygian princess Hecabe (or Hecuba) and maintained a close alliance with the Phrygians, who repaid him by fighting "ardently" in the Trojan War against the Greeks. Hecabe was a daughter of the Phrygian king Dymas, son of Eioneus, son of Proteus. According to the Iliad, Hecabe's younger brother Asius also fought at Troy (see above); and Quintus Smyrnaeus mentions two grandsons of Dymas that fell at the
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Golden Aphrodite'." Apart from these three short citations, nothing now survives from Hestiaea's treatise on the "Iliad". Hestiaea is one of the 1038 women named in Judy Chicago's art installation "The Dinner Party". She is included in the Heritage Floor. Hestiaea Hestiaea of Alexandria, also Hestiaea, was a scholar who wrote a treatise on Homer's Iliad that discussed the question whether the Trojan War was fought near the city then called Ilium, and which was cited by Demetrius of Scepsis. None of her work is extant. Hestiaea is variously believed to have lived in the ancient Greek city Alexandria Troas,
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in the writings of Karl Marx' and those of later Marxist literature in Soviet times much in the spirit of Hegel's construal. Heiner Müller casts Thersites in the role of Shepherd who also shears his sheep reflecting the contradictions broached by Hegel. Thersites In Greek mythology, Thersites (Ancient Greek: Θερσίτης) was a soldier of the Greek army during the Trojan War. In the "Iliad", he does not have a father's name, which may suggest that he should be viewed as a commoner rather than an aristocratic hero. However, a quotation from another lost epic in the Trojan cycle, the "Aethiopis",
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stopped a pestilence during the Trojan War as mentioned in Homer's "Iliad". Podalirius is the son of Asclepius and Epione and brother of Hygieia, Machaon (who was also a physician) and Panacea. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 June 1993 (). 4086 Podalirius 4086 Podalirius ( ), provisional designation "", is a large Jupiter trojan from the Greek camp, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 9 November 1985, by Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Zhuravleva at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory in Nauchnij, on the Crimean peninsula. The assumed C-type asteroid belongs to the 40
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events of the Trojan War and depicts Achilles as a coward, Ajax as a dull, unthinking mercenary, etc. William Theed the elder made an impressive bronze statue of Thetis as she brought Achilles his new armor forged by Hephaesthus. It has been on display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City since 2013. Robert Browning's poem "Development" discusses his childhood introduction to the matter of the "Iliad" and his delight in the epic, as well as contemporary debates about its authorship. George Chapman published his translation of the "Iliad", in installments, beginning in 1598, published in "fourteeners",
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Epic Cycle The Epic Cycle (, "Epikos Kyklos") was a collection of Ancient Greek epic poems, composed in dactylic hexameter and related to the story of the Trojan War, including the "Cypria", the "Aethiopis", the so-called "Little Iliad", the "Iliupersis", the "Nostoi", and the "Telegony". Scholars sometimes include the two Homeric epics, the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", among the poems of the Epic Cycle, but the term is more often used to specify the non-Homeric poems as distinct from the Homeric ones. Unlike the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", the cyclic epics survive only in fragments and summaries from Late Antiquity
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realizing his destiny, Thetis then had Hephaestus make a shield and armor. Thetis played a key part in the events of the Trojan War. Beyond the fact that the Judgement of Paris, which essentially kicked off the war, occurred at her wedding, Thetis influenced the actions of the Olympians and her son, Achilles.Nine years after the beginning of the Trojan War, the "Iliad" starts with Agamemnon, the King of the Achaeans, and Achilles, son of Thetis, arguing over Briseis, a war prize of Achilles. After initially refusing, Achilles relents and gives Briseis to Agamemnon. However, Achilles feels disrespect for having
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papyri and other sources; some argue for a 'multi-text' view, rather than seeking a single definitive text. The nineteenth-century edition of Arthur Ludwich mainly follows Aristarchus's work, whereas van Thiel's (1991,1996) follows the medieval vulgate. Others, such as Martin West (1998-2000) or T.W. Allen fall somewhere between these two extremes. </div> This is a partial list of translations into English of Homer's "Iliad" and "Odyssey". Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War,
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Nestor also sailed back from Troy stopping at Tenedos and island-hopping to Lesbos. "The Odyssey" mentions the Greeks leaving Troy after winning the war first traveled to nearby Tenedos, sacrificed there, and then went to Lesbos before pausing to choose between alternative routes. Homer, in the Iliad mention that between Tenedos and Imbros there was a wide cavern, in which Poseidon stayed his horses. Virgil, in the "Aeneid", described the Achaeans hiding their fleet at Tenedos's bay, toward the end of the Trojan War, to trick Troy into believing the war was over and allowing them to take the Trojan
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the Caucones did not. (The Bithynians also expelled or absorbed other autochthonous tribes, such as the Mysians, although one – the Mariandyni – maintained their cultural independence, in area that became north-east Bithynia. Strabo [12.3.3] states that in earlier times the Bithynians were known as Mysians. Herodotus [7.20, 75] says that some time before the Trojan War, the Mysians, alongside the Teucrians, invaded Thessaly.) The Caucones appear in the "Iliad" Book X, when the Trojan herald Dolon reveals the array of Trojan allies, ranged among their neighbors like a lesson in geography: "Towards the sea lie the Karians, and Paionians
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the body has an albedo of 0.083 and 0.075, with a diameter of 53.87 and 50.81 kilometers, respectively. The "Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link" assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous C-type asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 55.67 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 10.0. This minor planet was named from Greek mythology after Orus, an Achaean warrior in Homer's "Iliad". He was killed in the Trojan War by the Trojan prince Hector, after whom the largest Jupiter trojan 624 Hektor is named. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 22 February 2016 ().
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as their own combatants, collecting military and political intelligence from them, or indoctrinating them in new political or religious beliefs. For most of human history, depending on the culture of the victors, enemy combatants on the losing side in a battle who had surrendered and been taken as a prisoner of war could expect to be either slaughtered or enslaved. The first Roman gladiators were prisoners of war and were named according to their ethnic roots such as Samnite, Thracian, and the Gaul (Gallus). Homer's "Iliad" describes Greek and Trojan soldiers offering rewards of wealth to opposing forces who have
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Thrasymedes (mythology) In Greek mythology, Thrasymedes (Ancient Greek: Θρασυμήδης) was a participant in the Trojan War. He was from Pylos and was the oldest son of Nestor and Eurydice (or Anaxibia), and the elder brother of Antilochus. Thrasymedes was one of the more prominent younger leaders portrayed in the "Iliad", though not to the extent of his brother. He fought bravely throughout the entire war. In the Iliad he was one of the lead sentries and was present at night when the Greek wall was built. When Diomedes and Odysseus went on a spying expedition he gave the former his
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Homer Homer (; , "Hómēros") is the legendary author of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", two epic poems that are the central works of ancient Greek literature. The "Iliad" is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek kingdoms. It focuses on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles lasting a few weeks during the last year of the war. The "Odyssey" focuses on the journey home of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, around 20 years after the fall of Troy. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical
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many of its ideals, tactics, and instruction are. Hans van Wees argues that the period that the descriptions of warfare relate can be pinned down fairly specifically—to the first half of the 7th century BC. The "Iliad" was a standard work of great importance already in Classical Greece and remained so throughout the Hellenistic and Byzantine periods. Subjects from the Trojan War were a favourite among ancient Greek dramatists. Aeschylus' trilogy, the "Oresteia", comprising "Agamemnon", "The Libation Bearers" and "The Eumenides", follows the story of Agamemnon after his return from the war. Homer also came to be of great influence
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evidence that a fictional convention frequently used in narratives in later times had already been adopted by the poet of the "Iliad": for example, Jason finds no language barrier with Medea in Colchis, and Trojan Aeneas converses without difficulty both with Punic Dido and with Latin Turnus. Greek legend gives further indications on the subject of language at Troy. For one thing, the allies of Troy, listed at length in the Trojan Battle Order which closes book 2 of the "Iliad", are depicted as speaking various languages and thus needing to have orders translated to them by their commanders (2.802-6).
Trojan language
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the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for the siege, the cause of the war, and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' imminent death and the fall of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place. However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly, when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the Trojan War. The "Iliad" is paired with something of a sequel, the
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during a fishing expedition. Still another version relates that he was lured into a well in search of treasure, and then was crushed by stones. Although he is a major character in some accounts of the Trojan War, Palamedes is not mentioned in Homer's "Iliad". Ovid discusses Palamedes' role in the Trojan War in the "Metamorphoses". Palamedes' fate is described in Virgil's "Aeneid". In the "Apology", Plato describes Socrates as looking forward to speaking with Palamedes after death, and intimates in the "Phaedrus" that Palamedes authored a work on rhetoric. Euripides and many other dramatists have written dramas about his
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Lycomedes of Thebes In Greek mythology, Lycomedes (Ancient Greek: Λυκομήδης "Lykomedes") was a Theban armed sentry with Thrasymedes, son of Nestor during the Trojan War. Lycomedes was the son of Theban regent, Creon of Thebes and possibly his wife Eurydice or Henioche, and thus, the brother of Menoeceus (Megareus), Haemon, Megara, Pyrrha and Henoiche. Lycomedes fought on the side of the Argives in the Trojan War. No real significant background is given about him in the "Iliad". He was listed among the younger leaders and was not a king but of second rank. In the tenth year of the struggle
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area was utilized during the Byzantine Age. Although historians have dated the Trojan war to 1178 BC by calculating Homer's solar eclipse, it was not immortalised in the Iliad until about 750 BC. Around the same period, the Mykonos pithamphora - which shows the wooden horse the Greeks used to infiltrate Troy - was manufactured on the island of Tinos. Referenced in both literature and art, that cunning end to the war - the Trojan Horse - had become synonymous with the name of Agamemnon. The house of Agamemnon claimed continuity at Cyme in Aeolia, associating themselves with the legends
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from whom the race of half-man, half-horse Centaurs then came. Lapithes was the eponymous ancestor of the Lapith people, and his descendants include Lapith warriors and kings, such as Ixion, Pirithous, Caeneus, and Coronus, and the seers Idmon and Mopsus. In the "Iliad" the Lapiths send forty manned ships to join the Greek fleet in the Trojan War, commanded by Polypoetes (son of Pirithous) and Leonteus (son of Coronus, son of Caeneus). The mother of Pirithous, the Lapith king in the generation before the Trojan War, was Dia, daughter of Eioneus or Deioneus; Ixion was the father of Pirithous, but
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Persis", "Nostoi", and "Telegony". Though these poems survive only in fragments, their content is known from a summary included in Proclus' "Chrestomathy". The authorship of the Cyclic Epics is uncertain. It is generally thought that the poems were written down in the 7th and 6th century BC, after the composition of the Homeric poems, though it is widely believed that they were based on earlier traditions. Both the Homeric epics and the Epic Cycle take origin from oral tradition. Even after the composition of the "Iliad", "Odyssey", and the Cyclic Epics, the myths of the Trojan War were passed on
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in 1998. Ancient Greek historians variously placed the Trojan War in the 12th, 13th, or 14th centuries BC: Eratosthenes to 1184 BC, Herodotus to 1250 BC, and Duris of Samos to 1334 BC. Modern archaeologists associate Homeric Troy with archaeological Troy VII. In the "Iliad", the Achaeans set up their camp near the mouth of the River Scamander (presumably modern Karamenderes), where they beached their ships. The city of Troy itself stood on a hill, across the plain of Scamander, where the battles of the Trojan War took place. The site of the ancient city is some 5 km from
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Quintus Smyrnaeus Quintus Smyrnaeus or Quintus of Smyrna, also known as Kointos Smyrnaios (), was a Greek epic poet whose "Posthomerica", following "after Homer" continues the narration of the Trojan War. He has traditionally been thought to have lived in the latter part of the 4th century AD, but early dates have also been proposed. His epic in fourteen books, known as the "Posthomerica", covers the period between the end of Homer's "Iliad" and the end of the Trojan War. Its primary importance is as the earliest surviving work to cover this period, the archaic works in the Epic Cycle,
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important is the 1st century BC poet Virgil. In Book 2 of the "Aeneid", Aeneas narrates the sack of Troy; this section of the poem is thought to rely on material from the Cyclic Epic "Iliou Persis". The following summary of the Trojan War follows the order of events as given in Proclus' summary, along with the "Iliad", "Odyssey", and "Aeneid", supplemented with details drawn from other authors. According to Greek mythology, Zeus had become king of the gods by overthrowing his father Cronus; Cronus in turn had overthrown his father Uranus. Zeus was not faithful to his wife and
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Paris the most beautiful woman in all the world. After concluding a diplomatic mission to Sparta during the latter part of which Menelaus was absent to attend the funeral of his maternal grandfather Catreus in Crete, Paris ran off to Troy with Helen despite his brother Hector's prohibition. Invoking the oath of Tyndareus, Menelaus and Agamemnon raised a fleet of a thousand ships and went to Troy to secure Helen's return; the Trojans refused, providing a "casus belli" for the Trojan War. Homer's "Iliad" is the most expansive source for Menelaus’s exploits during the Trojan War. In Book 3, Menelaus
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conte Aurelio Guglielmo Balleani at Jesi, of a manuscript of Dictys, in large part of the ninth century, that was described and collated by C. Annibaldi in 1907. For a medieval source on the Trojan War that is uniquely independent of Dictys and Dares, see the "Rawlinson Excidium Troie". Dictys Cretensis Dictys Cretensis or Dictys of Crete (; ) () of Knossus was the legendary companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War, and the purported author of a diary of its events, that deployed some of the same materials worked up by Homer for the "Iliad". With the rise in
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Dictys Cretensis Dictys Cretensis or Dictys of Crete (; ) () of Knossus was the legendary companion of Idomeneus during the Trojan War, and the purported author of a diary of its events, that deployed some of the same materials worked up by Homer for the "Iliad". With the rise in credulity in Late Antiquity, the story of his journal, an amusing fiction addressed to a knowledgeable and sophisticated Alexandrian audience, came to be taken literally. In the 4th century AD a certain Q. Septimius brought out "Dictys Cretensis Ephemeris belli Trojani" ("Dictys of Crete, chronicle of the Trojan War")
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unpleasant character. Deiphobus In Greek mythology, Deiphobus (Ancient Greek: Δηίφοβος, "Deiphobos") was a son of Priam and Hecuba. He was a prince of Troy, and the greatest of Priam's sons after Hector and Paris. Deiphobus killed four men of fame in the Trojan War. According to the "Iliad" (books XII, XIV, XXII), in the Trojan War Deiphobus, along with his brother Helenus, led a group of soldiers at the siege of the newly constructed Argive wall and killed many, and wounded the Achaean hero Meriones. As Hector was fleeing Achilles, Athena took the shape of Deiphobus and goaded Hector to
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Deiphobus In Greek mythology, Deiphobus (Ancient Greek: Δηίφοβος, "Deiphobos") was a son of Priam and Hecuba. He was a prince of Troy, and the greatest of Priam's sons after Hector and Paris. Deiphobus killed four men of fame in the Trojan War. According to the "Iliad" (books XII, XIV, XXII), in the Trojan War Deiphobus, along with his brother Helenus, led a group of soldiers at the siege of the newly constructed Argive wall and killed many, and wounded the Achaean hero Meriones. As Hector was fleeing Achilles, Athena took the shape of Deiphobus and goaded Hector to make a
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Chryses In Greek mythology, Chryses (; "Khrúsēs") was a Trojan priest of Apollo at Chryse, near the city of Troy. According to a tradition mentioned by Eustathius of Thessalonica, Chryses and Briseus (father of Briseis) were brothers, sons of a man named Ardys (otherwise unknown). During the Trojan War (prior to the actions described in Homer's "Iliad"), Agamemnon took Chryses' daughter Chryseis (Astynome) from Moesia as a war prize and when Chryses attempted to ransom her, refused to return her. Chryses prayed to Apollo, and he, in order to defend the honor of his priest, sent a plague sweeping through
Chryses
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to offer mostly in form of a sacrifice an act of submission. In his prayer to Apollo (Iliad, I, 445-457), Chryses, a priest of the god in a Trojan-allied town in the Iliad, washes his hands and lifts his hands prior to requesting fulfillment of his wish. He admits his lower status in relation to the all mighty god, “who set your power about Chryse and Killa the sacrosanct, who are lord in strength over Tenedos” (Iliad, I, 451-3); the gods’ ruling over humanity is accepted. Similar is Achilleus' prayer to Zeus. The great hero holds a ritual, purifies himself,
Homeric Prayer
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Caroline Alexander (author) Caroline Alexander (born 1956 in Florida) is an author and journalist. She obtained a PhD in classics at Columbia University, New York. In 2015 she became the first woman to publish a full-length English translation of Homer's Iliad. She has written for "The New Yorker", "Granta", and "National Geographic". Her books include "One Dry Season: In the Footsteps of Mary Kingsley" (1989), "The War That Killed Achilles: The True Story of Homer's Iliad and the Trojan War" (2009), "The Bounty: The True Story of the Mutiny on the Bounty" (2004), and "The Endurance: Shackleton's Legendary Antarctic Expedition"
Caroline Alexander (author)
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with newly edited text and commentary. Quintus Smyrnaeus Quintus Smyrnaeus or Quintus of Smyrna, also known as Kointos Smyrnaios (), was a Greek epic poet whose "Posthomerica", following "after Homer" continues the narration of the Trojan War. He has traditionally been thought to have lived in the latter part of the 4th century AD, but early dates have also been proposed. His epic in fourteen books, known as the "Posthomerica", covers the period between the end of Homer's "Iliad" and the end of the Trojan War. Its primary importance is as the earliest surviving work to cover this period, the
Quintus Smyrnaeus
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sex from their husbands to prevent them from going to war. The "Iliad", an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameters traditionally attributed to Homer, is set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy by a coalition of Greek states, and tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles. The "Odyssey", also ascribed to Homer, is, in part, a sequel to the "Iliad", and is fundamental to the modern Western canon. The "Aeneid", written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC, tells the legendary
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