where did the peace of westphalia take place
Osnabrück and Münster
320293
Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia () was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion. The treaties of Westphalia brought to a close a calamitous period of European history which caused the deaths of approximately eight million people. Scholars have identified Westphalia as the beginning of the modern international system, based on the concept of Westphalian sovereignty. The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two different cities, as each side wanted to meet on territory under
Peace of Westphalia
320293
Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia () was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely ending the European wars of religion. The treaties of Westphalia brought to a close a calamitous period of European history which caused the deaths of approximately eight million people. Scholars have identified Westphalia as the beginning of the modern international system, based on the concept of Westphalian sovereignty. The negotiation process was lengthy and complex. Talks took place in two different cities, as each side wanted to meet on territory under
Peace of Westphalia
320301
European issues of the time. Scholars of international relations have identified the Peace of Westphalia as the origin of principles crucial to modern international relations, including the inviolability of borders and non-interference in the domestic affairs of sovereign states. This system became known in the literature as Westphalian sovereignty. Although scholars have challenged the association with the Peace of Westphalia, the debate is still structured around the concept of Westphalian sovereignty. Peace of Westphalia The Peace of Westphalia () was a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of Osnabrück and Münster, largely
Peace of Westphalia
327434
place in two cities, Osnabrück and Münster in Westphalia, with intermediaries travelling back and forth between the Protestant and the Catholic delegates. Chigi, of course, protested on behalf of the Papacy, when the treaties were finally completed, against the Treaty of Westphalia once the instruments were finally completed. Pope Innocent himself stated that the Peace "is null, void, invalid, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all time." The Peace ended the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and established the balance of European power that lasted until the wars of the French Revolution (1789). Pope Innocent X (1644–1655)
Pope Alexander VII
19597137
of Osnabrück’s Stadthalle; subsequently it was moved to the Katharinenkirche. Steckenpferdreiten Steckenpferdreiten (English: hobby horse riding) is a custom of the city of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany commemorating the peace agreement of 1648 by which the Thirty Years’ War was concluded. The peace festival first took place on 22 October 1948 to mark the 300-year anniversary of the Treaty of Westphalia, which had been negotiated and signed in Osnabrück and Münster. Every year since 1953, year four (primary) school pupils have gathered on or around 25 October – the day on which peace was declared – and “ridden” their hobby
Steckenpferdreiten
19597132
Steckenpferdreiten Steckenpferdreiten (English: hobby horse riding) is a custom of the city of Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany commemorating the peace agreement of 1648 by which the Thirty Years’ War was concluded. The peace festival first took place on 22 October 1948 to mark the 300-year anniversary of the Treaty of Westphalia, which had been negotiated and signed in Osnabrück and Münster. Every year since 1953, year four (primary) school pupils have gathered on or around 25 October – the day on which peace was declared – and “ridden” their hobby horses to the Rathaus (at first only male pupils were
Steckenpferdreiten
10808007
which their church no longer had any use, for a yearly benefit of five "Gulden", in perpetuity, to Duke Wolfgang and his heirs. The Peace of Westphalia, a series of peace treaties signed between May and October 1648 in Osnabrück and Münster, which brought the Thirty Years' War to an end, guaranteed the free practice of religion, and in the late 17th century, this law was also operative in Breitenbach, where it is likely that once again Lutherans, and certain that Catholics were among the newcomers who came to settle in the village. For a time, the various denominations within
Breitenbach, Rhineland-Palatinate
4289606
"Renaissance man". During the Baroque period the Thirty Years' War in Central Europe decimated the population by up to 20%. In 1648, the Peace of Westphalia, consisting of the treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24, respectively, ended several wars in Europe and established the beginning of sovereign states. The treaties involved the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III (Habsburg), the Kingdoms of Spain, France and Sweden, the Netherlands and their respective allies among the princes and the Republican Imperial States of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Westphalia resulted from the first modern diplomatic
Early modern period
320300
settlement, with Pope Innocent X calling it "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all time" in the bull "Zelo Domus Dei". The main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia were: The treaties did not entirely end conflicts arising out of the Thirty Years' War. Fighting continued between France and Spain until the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659. The Dutch-Portuguese War had begun during the Iberian Union between Spain and Portugal, as part of the Eighty Years' War, and went on until 1663. Nevertheless, the Peace of Westphalia did settle many outstanding
Peace of Westphalia
320296
Habsburgs began in Cologne in 1641. These negotiations were initially blocked by Cardinal Richelieu of France, who insisted on the inclusion of all his allies, whether fully sovereign countries or states within the Holy Roman Empire. In Hamburg and Lübeck, Sweden and the Holy Roman Empire negotiated the Treaty of Hamburg with the intervention of Richelieu. The Holy Roman Empire and Sweden declared the preparations of Cologne and the Treaty of Hamburg to be preliminaries of an overall peace agreement. The main peace negotiations took place in Westphalia, in the neighboring cities of Münster and Osnabrück. Both cities were maintained
Peace of Westphalia
14568038
the Commonwealth, known as the Deluge, took place within the context of the Second Northern War. In 1655 the Commonwealth's survival had become endangered, when the huge federation, already critically weakened by the offensive of the Russians, who occupied most of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and by Khmelnytsky's Cossacks holding fast to the lands they overran in Ukraine, was subjected to a massive attack by Sweden. The Swedish leaders, emboldened by the Peace of Westphalia gains, including the western Duchy of Pomerania, intended precisely to take advantage of Poland's grave difficulties, hoping to easily take over at least Courland
History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1648–1764)
179203
lying in Eastern Europe and advocated passive relations with the West. He felt that a German attack should not be feared, because even if this unlikely event were to take place, the Western powers would be bound to restrain Germany and come to Poland's rescue. "s."According to the researcher Jan Sowa, the Commonwealth failed as a state because it was not able to conform to the emerging new European order established at the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. Poland's elective kings, restricted by the self-serving and short-sighted nobility, could not impose a strong and efficient central government with its characteristic
History of Poland
4923802
advances in 1813, the Kingdom was overrun by the Allies and (in 1815) most of its territories became Prussian ruled. Most of the reforms, however, remained in place. The Kingdom of Westphalia was created in 1807 by merging territories ceded by the Kingdom of Prussia in the Peace of Tilsit, among them the region of the Duchy of Magdeburg west of the Elbe River, the Brunswick-Lüneburg territories of Hanover and Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and the Electorate of Hesse. Hesse's capital Cassel (modern spelling "Kassel") then fulfilled the same function for Westphalia, and the king kept court at the palace of Wilhelmshöhe, renamed
Kingdom of Westphalia
7509823
in the South. Peace with Marck was made in 1445 which witnessed territorial concessions from both sides. After the Soest Feud, the city of Soest remained part of the Duchy of Cleves. Starting from 1463, the league of knights and cities in Westphalia began a long and bitter struggle against the Archbishops. During the reign of Archbishop Herman V of Wied (1515–1546), the Reformation arrived in Westphalia. Eventually the Reformation was suppressed, but during the reign of Archbishop Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg (1577–1583) the Reformation returned and he was forced to attend to Westphalia in 1582 where several knights and
Duchy of Westphalia
10239036
and did not reopen again until the Peace of Westphalia (1648). In 1625, at the age of twenty, Haak embarked for England where he visited Oxford and Cambridge Universities. A year later he returned to Germany and spent the next two years in Cologne, where he regularly met in secret with other Protestants for religious gatherings. He brought back from England a copy of Daniel Dyke's "Mystery of Self-Deceiving", which he shared with his Protestant spiritual circle. This volume was also Haak's first work in English to German translation, completed in 1638 under the title "Nosce Teipsum: Das Grosse Geheimnis
Theodore Haak
2128694
Anabaptism. Although the Peace of Augsburg was moderately successful in relieving tension in the empire and increasing tolerance, it left important things undone. Neither the Anabaptists nor the Calvinists were protected under the peace, so many Protestant groups living under the rule of a Lutheran prince still found themselves in danger of the charge of heresy. (Article 17: "However, all such as do not belong to the two above named religions shall not be included in the present peace but be totally excluded from it.") These minorities did not achieve any legal recognition until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.
Peace of Augsburg
19495775
France's negotiating position in the short term. The population remaining in Freiburg was relieved (it had shrunk to 2,000 in 17 years after five sieges), when, after three long weeks of trepidation, the French withdrew. After losing Alsace and Sundgau in the Peace of Westphalia to France, Freiburg, in place of Ensisheim, did not just become the capital of Further Austria but also a ""frontline"" city. In 1661, young Louis XIV of France took control of the government after Cardinal Mazarin had died. From 1667, the Sun King led four back-to-back wars of conquest against the Spanish Netherlands, Holland, the
History of Freiburg
3605250
a 14-day siege, Spanish troops once more took their place. In September 1644, the castle and the town were taken by French soldiers after a 10-day siege; the following month, Cologne troops attacked them and forced them to retreat to the castle with heavy losses. The Cologne commander, Constantin von Nievenheimb, therefore ordered the bombardment and "more or less ruination" of the castle, but did not attempt to capture it. The French soldiers remained until 24 July 1650 but had to vacate the castle under the terms of the Peace of Westphalia, which returned it to the Palatinate and Count
Stahleck Castle
14894062
times since the trophy's inception. Records indicate that the tradition continued through 1974, but the peace pipe exchange did not take place in 1975. The current location of the pipe is unknown since it was last held by Oklahoma. OU's senior associate athletic director, Kenny Mossman, has indicated that Oklahoma officials have conducted an extensive search of their archives for historical items, and the peace pipe has not been located. The Tigers were the Big 12 North's representative to the 2007 Big 12 Championship Game where they faced Big 12 South representative Oklahoma. Missouri came into the game ranked #1
Missouri–Oklahoma football rivalry
3835524
relatively small size of armies, meant there was little need for any form of camp to hold prisoners of war. The Peace of Westphalia, a series of treaties signed between May and October 1648 that ended the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War, contained a provision that all prisoners should be released without ransom. This is generally considered to mark the point where captured enemy combatants would be reasonably treated before being released at the end of the conflict or under a parole not to take up arms. The practice of paroling enemy combatants had begun thousands of
Prisoner-of-war camp
18342908
representative of the council of the Catholic imperial estates including committee of the Protestant citizenship, in which the patrician Johann David Herwart played a leading role ensuring a balance in negotiations between Catholics and Protestants at the Peace of Westphalia. Johann von Leuchselring Johann von Leuchselring was Chancellor for the Free Imperial City of Augsburg from 1636 () through 1645 () and a leading Catholic negotiator in the Peace of Westphalia. In Munster, Johann von Leuchselring acted as the chief magistrate in the 1645 to the Peace of Westphalia Congress as an envoy for the Catholic Council of the city
Johann von Leuchselring
19260672
Jürgen Luh Jürgen Luh (born 1963) is a German historian and exhibition curator. He specialises in the history of Prussia and Germany from the Peace of Westphalia to the early nineteenth century. Luh did his PhD with at the Freie Universität zu Berlin, where his dissertation was published in 1995 as "Unheiliges Römisches Reich: der konfessionelle Gegensatz 1648 bis 1806". He followed this in 2003 with "Preussen, Deutschland und Europa 1701-2001", a collection of essays edited with Vinzenz Czech and Bert Becker. Dr. Luh has published books in both German and English examining the nature of warfare in Europe in
Jürgen Luh
19260677
(2007-2013) "Der Große. Friedrich II. von Preußen" (München, 2011) 'Feinde fürs Leben. Friedrich der Große und Heinrich von Brühl', in "Neues Archiv für sächsische Geschichte. Sonderdruck Band 85" (2014) "Der Kurze Traum der Freiheit. Preußen nach Napoleon" (München, 2015) Jürgen Luh Jürgen Luh (born 1963) is a German historian and exhibition curator. He specialises in the history of Prussia and Germany from the Peace of Westphalia to the early nineteenth century. Luh did his PhD with at the Freie Universität zu Berlin, where his dissertation was published in 1995 as "Unheiliges Römisches Reich: der konfessionelle Gegensatz 1648 bis 1806". He
Jürgen Luh
13563692
was normally not conducted for love: it took place but four months after the death of the groom's first wife, and it also caused a scandal because of the age difference, when the bride rather than the groom was one decade senior. The couple remained in Germany, where Johan Oxenstierna was a Swedish delegate during the Congress of Osnabrück, and Margareta Brahe reportedly played an important part during the Peace of Westphalia through her calming influence upon her hot-tempered husband, which benefited the sensitive negotiations. Johan Oxenstierna himself alluded to this in letters to his father: "I may admit, that
Margareta Brahe
11609278
Minister Wim Kok and the German Chancellor Helmut Kohl. The headquarters were chosen to be in Münster because Münster was already the location of the I German Corps' headquarters. On top of that it was chosen due to the particular significance for both countries as the place where the Peace of Westphalia was signed. In 1997, Germany and the Netherlands laid down the cooperation in several documents. In general, these state that Germany and the Netherlands provide the Corps framework on an equal basis; both countries share the responsibility for command & control capabilities. In 2002, the Corps met NATO
I. German/Dutch Corps
14957489
Instead, Innocent's sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini handled all of the functions that would ordinarily have been the realm of a cardinal nephew. During Innocent's papacy, the Peace of Westphalia brought an end to the Thirty Years' War, and it was the most significant secular event that occurred during his reign. Innocent did not approve of the treaty because his representatives had not been a part of the discussions and he had not been consulted or asked to approve the recognition of the Protestant religion in Germany. He called upon secular Catholic leaders to renounce the peace, but they did not do
1655 Papal conclave
2959451
Roman Empire of 14 and 24 October 1648, which comprise the Peace of Westphalia, but which were not signed by the Republic, the Republic now also gained formal "independence" from the Holy Roman Empire, just like the Swiss Cantons. In both cases this was just a formalisation of a situation that had already existed for a long time. France and Spain did not conclude a treaty and so remained at war until the peace of the Pyrenees of 1659. The peace was celebrated in the Republic with sumptuous festivities. It was solemnly promulgated on the 80th anniversary of the execution
Eighty Years' War
17586540
of Democratic Socialism (PDS). From 1998 until 2004 she belonged to the Foreigner Advisory Board of the city of Cologne. In 2007 she became a member of the state party governing body for the Left in North Rhine-Westphalia. During the 2010 North Rhine-Westphalia election, she stood as a candidate of the Left in a local electoral district of Hagen, and as a result of the election, she entered the state parliament as part of the party list. Her political priorities concerned women's equality, environmental protection, and peace. In the 2012 election her party did not win any seats. Hamide Akbayir
Hamide Akbayir
13772008
previous decade between the Archbishopric of Cologne and the County of Jülich were dispersed and a formal accord set in place between the two states, in which the dominant partner was Count William V of Jülich. Peace was thus established on the lower Rhine early in the new archbishop's reign. This enabled him to concentrate his forces on the ongoing feud between the Archbishopric and the County of the Mark in Westphalia and in 1345 to neutralise the County temporarily as a political power. The rulers of southern Westphalia had far-reaching connections however, particularly through their family relationships, and were
Walram of Jülich
5086140
last archbishop of Utrecht, Frederik V Schenck van Toutenburg, died in 1580, "a few months before the suppression of Roman Catholic public worship" by William I, Prince of Orange. "Suppression of dioceses," wrote Hove, "takes place only in countries where the faithful and the clergy have been dispersed by persecution," the suppressed dioceses become missions, prefectures, or vicariates apostolic. This is what occurred in the Dutch Republic. The Holland Mission started when the vicariate was erected by Pope Clement VIII in 1592. "For two centuries after the [1648] Peace of Westphalia much of Holland was under vicars apostolic as mission
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Utrecht
20807254
Bad Lippspringe Gardening Show 2017 The horticultural show Bad Lippspringe 2017 was the 17th State Garden Show of North Rhine-Westphalia. On June 1, 2011 the city of Bad Lippspringe was chosen out of five applications by the NRW Ministry of the Environment. The garden show took place from April 12 to October 15, 2017. The motto of the show was "Floral splendor & Forest idyll".This was also the first garden show in North Rhine-Westphalia to take place with the forest as backdrop. The town of Bad Lippspringe is the smallest town to date to receive the finance to host the
Bad Lippspringe Gardening Show 2017
871334
fully-fledged international system. The history of international relations based on sovereign states and many more types are often traced back to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, a stepping stone in the development of the modern state system. Prior to this the European medieval organization of political authority was based on a vaguely hierarchical religious order. Contrary to popular belief, Westphalia still embodied layered systems of sovereignty, especially within the Holy Roman Empire. More than the Peace of Westphalia, the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 is thought to reflect an emerging norm that sovereigns had no internal equals within a
International relations
14009305
its Spanish colonial predecessor, with inadequate military resources to suppress the northern indigenous groups that did not recognize outsiders sovereignty over their territory. Mexico faced an insufficient defense network against the Comanches and Apaches in the Northern States. Even going so far as to include a royal signature, pre-Republican Mexico reinstated Spanish Indian policies to the letter. While some peace treaties did exist between locals and "los indios", the peace did not last long, as Apaches would often simply take their violence elsewhere when villages proved to be too difficult to raid. With these ineffective policies in place, combined with
First Mexican Republic
14140483
various destroyed churches of Westphalia, as for example the "Marienaltar" by Conrad von Soest from the Marienkirche in Dortmund. From 1946 the collection of the "Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte" was exhibited in the castle. The return of the collection to Dortmund did not take place until the opening of the new museum building in 1983. In 1985 the "Landschaftsverband Westfalen-Lippe" ("Landscape Society of Westfalen-Lippe") and the local authority of Kreis Unna rented rooms in the castle and converted them for use as a museum. Since then, in conjunction with the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz, various exhibitions have been held here.
Cappenberg Castle
12095414
the lists, by the next person on the party list who has not yet taken office (for instance, if ten of eleven people on a party list are sent to parliament, but one of those ten resigns, then the eleventh person who did not get elected will take his place). For members who were elected directly and do not belong to a party list, a special election is held. For the loss of a seat as a result of the banning of a party, it is necessary to distinguish between representatives who were elected directly from an electoral district, versus
Landtag of North Rhine–Westphalia
320295
the Dutch Republic, with Spain formally recognising the independence of the Dutch. The Peace of Westphalia established the precedent of peace established by diplomatic congress. A new system of political order arose in central Europe, based upon peaceful coexistence among sovereign states. Inter-state aggression was to be held in check by a balance of power, and a norm was established against interference in another state's domestic affairs. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order. Peace negotiations between France and the
Peace of Westphalia
5393363
the vote. On 3 September 1982, during the meeting, Begin demanded that Bachir sign a peace treaty with Israel as soon as he took office in return of Israel's earlier support of Lebanese Forces and he also told Bachir that the IDF will stay in South Lebanon if the Peace Treaty was not directly signed. Bachir was furious at Begin and told him that the Lebanese Forces did not fight for seven years and that they did not sacrifice thousands of soldiers to free Lebanon from the Syrian Army and the PLO so that Israel can take their place. The
Lebanese Forces
668254
of the Carnegie Peace Foundation. In the last months of her life, while suffering from cancer, she helped organize the next Peace Conference, intended to take place in September 1914. However, the conference never took place, as she died of cancer on 21 June 1914, and a few weeks later Franz Ferdinand was killed, triggering World War I. Suttner's pacifism was influenced by the writings of Immanuel Kant, Henry Thomas Buckle, Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin and Leo Tolstoy (Tolstoy praised "Die Waffen nieder!") As a career writer, von Suttner often had to write novels and novellas that she did not
Bertha von Suttner
1297000
() is reflected in the prefix "Markt" of the names of many towns in Austria and Germany, for example, Markt Berolzheim or Marktbergel. Other terms used for market towns were "Flecken" in northern Germany, or "Freiheit" and "Wigbold" in Westphalia. Market rights were designated as long ago as during the Carolingian Empire. Around 800, Charlemagne granted the title of a market town to "Esslingen am Neckar". Conrad created a number of market towns in Saxony throughout the 11th century and did much to develop peaceful markets by granting a special 'peace' to merchants and a special and permanent 'peace' to
Market town
331864
names like "The Crown", "The Red Lion", "The Royal Oak" etc. and, if they did not simply name their place "Smith's Beer House", they would apply topical pub names in an effort to reflect the mood of the times. There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, "against vagabonds and beggers" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, "to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take
Pub
7207728
late on this day or not shouting the party leader's name loudly enough would lead to being reported by fellow workers to prosecutors. In Bulgaria, mass games were occasionally held during the "Zname na mira" ("Flag of Peace") international youth festivals. However, Bulgaria did not have a tradition of mass games, and performances were rare. In Japan, schools adopted German gymnastics and mass games were started. Since 1925, mass games were played in Meiji Jingū Kyōgi Taikai (Meiji Shrine Sports Competition). Today, mass games are regularly performed only in North Korea, where they take place to celebrate national holidays such
Mass games
17398451
of the Imperial Army led Ferdinand III to make further concessions in the peace negotiations that had been running for some time in Münster and Osnabrück. These were finally incorporated into the Peace of Westphalia. Battle of Wevelinghoven The Battle of Wevelinghoven () or Battle of Grevenbroich ("Schlacht bei Grevenbroich") was the last battle of the Thirty Years' War. It took place on 14 June 1648 between Imperial and Hessian troops. Several sources cite the Julian date of 4 June. The Hessians under General Johann von Geyso were stationed in Neuss as an occupying power. To the south, on the
Battle of Wevelinghoven
452004
as a small state within Germany in the form of a principality until 1918 and as a free state until 1946. This continues to influence the identity of its people who often distinguish themselves from neighboring regions such as East Westphalia. In addition to these historic, lingual and religious aspects, there are some regional differences in culture and mentality. That is why many of the citizens of North Rhine-Westphalia rather see themselves either as "Rhinelanders", "Westphalians" or "Lippers" rather than as "North Rhine-Westphalians". Westphalia is known for the 1648 Peace of Westphalia which ended the Thirty Years' War, as the
Westphalia
20210715
and cultural achievement. Historian Frederick Nussbaum says it was: The worst came during the Thirty Years' War, 1618–1648, which had an extremely negative impact on the civilian population of Germany and surrounding areas, with massive loss of life and disruption of the economy and society. Scholars taking a "realist" perspective on wars and diplomacy have emphasized the Peace of Westphalia (1648) as a dividing line. It ended the Thirty Years War (1618–1648), where religion and ideology had been powerful motivating forces for warfare. Westphalia, in the realist view, ushered in a new international system of sovereign states of roughly equal
International relations, 1648–1814
7116659
Prime Minister Tony Blair gave a speech in Chicago where he "set out a new, post-Westphalian, 'doctrine of the international community. Blair argued that globalization had made the Westphalian approach anachronistic. Blair was later referred to by "The Daily Telegraph" as "the man who ushered in the post-Westphalian era". Others have also asserted that globalization has superseded the Westphalian system. In 2000, Germany's Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer referred to the Peace of Westphalia in his Humboldt Speech, which argued that the system of European politics set up by Westphalia was obsolete: "The core of the concept of Europe after 1945
Westphalian sovereignty
15944171
when it gained formal independence in the Peace of Westphalia. Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles When the Imperial Circles ( ) — comprising a regional grouping of territories of the Holy Roman Empire — were created as part of the Imperial Reform at the 1500 Diet of Augsburg, many Imperial territories remained unencircled. Initially six circles were established in order to secure and enforce the Public Peace (') declared by Emperor Maximilian I and the jurisdiction of the '. They did not incorporate the territories of the Prince-electors and the Austrian homelands of the ruling
Territories of the Holy Roman Empire outside the Imperial Circles
1721681
the status of Free Imperial Cities, and some of those did so only for a few decades. The military tax register (") of 1521 listed eighty-five such cities, and this figure had fallen to sixty-five by the time of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. From the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 to 1803, their number oscillated at around fifty. Unlike the Free Imperial Cities, the second category of towns and cities, now called "territorial cities" were subject to an ecclesiastical or lay lord, and while many of them enjoyed self-government to varying degrees, this was a precarious privilege which
Free imperial city
114071
VOC did not want to. Merging the two companies was not feasible. Amsterdam was not willing to help out, because it had too much interest in peace and healthy trade relations with Portugal. This indifferent attitude of Amsterdam was the main cause of the slow, half-hearted policy, which would eventually lead to losing the colony. In 1647 the Company made a restart using 1.5 million guilders, capital of the VOC. The States General took responsibility for the warfare in Brazil. Due to the Peace of Westphalia the seizing of Spanish ships was no longer allowed. Many merchants from Amsterdam and
Dutch West India Company
15915047
age, the three surviving brothers divided the territory anew. The oldest, William Louis, received Nassau-Saarbrücken, John received Idstein and Ernest Casimir received Weilburg, Merenberg, Gleiberg, Hüttenberg, Reichelsheim, Kirchheim, Stauf, Bolanden and parts of Homburg Ernest Casimir did not spend much time in his own territory. In 1634, he had to flee from the Thirty Years' War. He fled to Metz and returned after the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Even after the peace had been signed, it took a while before all rightful rulers had been restored to power. During this period, the brothers concluded the "Treaty of Gotha" of 16
Ernest Casimir, Count of Nassau-Weilburg
16242866
fighting took place among individual skirmishers, during which Prince Kirill Różyński wounded the khan's nephew with a bow. The main fighting took place the following day when the khan's troops tried to storm the Polish camp. However, because the Tatars had few infantry the attempt was unsuccessful, and the attackers were constantly harried by Polish sallies issuing from the camp. After the struggle went no better for the Tartars on the 20th, Ğazı came to the conclusion that he did not have the means to take the camp and agreed to peace talks. On October 21 a peace treaty was
Battle of Cecora (1595)
18184801
have musical similarities that I hadn't really thought about until we did that verse." Steve says he used a style of playing that resembled European folk music. McPherson describes "Peaceful Harbor" as "the journey of a man to finding a place where we'll find contentment. It's kind of a mix of what it's like to be a man and how we naturally take our journey." Steve adds that it is "about the joy of finding that peace inside after going through a storm or catastrophe". The initial version of the song didn't contain any choir at the outro, but Neal
Second Nature (Flying Colors album)
1654313
German principalities, the Swedish kings in their roles as princes and dukes, or "Reichsfürsten", of the Holy Roman Empire took part in the German diets from 1648 until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806. Following the Thirty Years' War, the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 assigned to Sweden the two bishoprics of Bremen-Verden, with the exclave of Wildeshausen. All of them were ceded to Hanover in the peace treaty of 1719. By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 Sweden received Swedish Pomerania, situated along the German Baltic Sea coast. The whole Duchy of Pomerania was under Swedish
Dominions of Sweden
1374679
Sweden in Münster and Osnabrück. (Since 1641, talks had taken place between France and the Empire in Münster, and between Sweden and the Empire in Osnabrück.) The definitive peace treaty, called the Peace of Westphalia, was signed on 24 October 1648, ending the Thirty Years' War. The war between France and Spain, would not end until the Treaty of the Pyrenees on 7 November 1659). The latter made Lens—and the whole Artois province—part of France. In the end, the French victory was made irrelevant by subsequent events elsewhere, during the failure to secure Anne of Austria's regency of France while
Battle of Lens
17369932
working with both domestic and international peace teams, all of which undergo rigorous training prior to deployment and practice TPNI in the field. Domestic peace teams are usually short-term and last for a few days, while international peace teams are long-term and take place over the course of multiple weeks or months. The goal of the teams is to de-escalate violence and prevent potential armed conflict in places where tension is high and violence is likely to occur. They wear yellow "Peace Team" vests on the site to make their presence recognizable. Its peace teams have been requested to help
Meta Peace Team
9246444
2002, "Islam, as I said, is a religion of peace. However through the centuries, deviations from the true teachings of Islam take place. And so [people who call themselves] "Muslims" kill despite the injunction of their religion against killing especially of innocent people. Dalil Boubakeur, "mufti" of the Paris Mosque, said in 2006, "The prophet did not found a terrorist religion, but a religion of peace." Following the 2015 San Bernardino attack, US President Barack Obama used the term, as part of his efforts to counter a perceived anti-Muslim bias, in an address following the attack, and in his first
Religion of peace
17046246
The church opened on 9 May 1954 and was expanded in 1963. The consecration, by Archbishop Cyril Cowderoy, did not take place until June 1971. A new parish hall was built in 1992. The church became a parish in its own right in 1959. Its priest is Monsignor William Saunders. Our Lady Queen of Peace Church, Richmond Our Lady Queen of Peace Church, Richmond is a Roman Catholic church in Sheen Road, Richmond, London. It serves the East Sheen parish in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Southwark and, as it is close to Richmond's boundary with East Sheen, is often
Our Lady Queen of Peace Church, Richmond
15931651
1853. From 1853 to 1858, he served German Baptist churches in Missouri. In 1858 he was called to take charge of the German department of Rochester Theological Seminary, which place he continued to fill until 1888. He received the honorary degree of D.D. from the University of Rochester. In 1890 he returned to Germany where he devoted himself to literary work. He is the father of Baptist clergyman Walter Rauschenbusch. Attribution Augustus Rauschenbusch Augustus Rauschenbusch (born in Altena, Westphalia, Germany, 13 February 1816; died in Wandsbek now part of Hamburg, 5 December 1899) was a Baptist (Lutheran early in his
Augustus Rauschenbusch
9487213
Soviet Russia, Georgy Chicherin, sent a note with a proposal for a peace treaty. It was a "de facto" recognition of the Lithuanian state. Similar proposals were delivered to Latvia and Estonia. On September 14 and September 15, 1919, the Baltic states held a trilateral meeting in Tallinn and agreed to begin simultaneous peace talks with the Soviets. However, Lithuania delayed contacting Moscow and the collective negotiations did not take place. Lithuanian feared that negotiations with communist Russia, which was isolated from European politics, would damage its relationships with the western powers that had not yet recognized Lithuania. While Lithuania
Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty
5423711
education to children. This is also part of the peace-building effort of the local government promoting co-existence to Lumad, Muslims and Christians. Damulog, Bukidnon ', officially the ', is a in the province of , . According to the , it has a population of people. Historically, the first settlers of Damulog were the Manobos. They are the indigenous people of the place. Testimonials of the old folks disclosed that the name of the place was “Ramulog” meaning a place to take a bath. A river at the town proper is a place where the Manobos take a bath. It
Damulog, Bukidnon
4475171
the effect that all is for the best ("The Best of All Possible Worlds") The happy couple sing their marriage duet ("Oh, Happy We"), and the ceremony is about to take place ("Wedding Chorale") when war breaks out between Westphalia and Hesse. Westphalia is destroyed, and Cunegonde is seemingly killed. Candide takes comfort in the Panglossian doctrine ("It Must Be So") and sets out on his journeys. In the public square of Lisbon ("Lisbon Fair"), the Infant Casmira, a deranged mystic in the caravan of an Arab conjuror, predicts dire happenings ("The Prediction"), leaving the public in terror ("Pray For
Candide (operetta)
12239174
presidency of the European Commission; eventually, the candidates agreed to jointly lead the ALDE’s campaign for elections, with Verhofstadt running to succeed José Manuel Barroso. At the time, Linder was widely regarded to support Rehn. Lindner was a FDP delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017, where he endorsed the government's candidate Frank-Walter Steinmeier. That same year, he led his party's successful campaign for the 2017 state elections of North Rhine-Westphalia, which resulted in the FDP joining the state government of incoming Minister-President Armin Laschet. Linder himself did not take a
Christian Lindner
7509822
Marck. The financial burden placed upon the knights and cities of the Duchy of Westphalia led them into union in 1437. Cologne made peace with Cleves in 1441: this led Soest, the richest town of Westphalia, to refuse recognising Colognian supremacy in 1444 in the Soest Feud, that lasted until 1449. Soest had become a part of the Duchy of Cleves. Thereafter the town of Arnsberg became the administrative capital of Westphalia. Economically the loss of Soest had weakened the duchy. Especially as the surroundings of the town were very fertile and the grain was needed for the mountainous regions
Duchy of Westphalia
8266097
dry season, Razadarit sent his eldest son Prince Binnya Dhammaraza to attack Toungoo (Taungoo). But the army was driven back by Thihathu. Thihathu's retaliatory invasion in 1417–1418 went on to take Dagon, forcing Razadarit to retreat to Martaban. But Ava forces could not advance towards Pegu, and withdrew. They did take back Razadarit's son Gov. Binnya Set of Dagon to Ava where he was given good treatment befitting a prince. Minkhaung called off any additional campaigns. Razadarit too decided not to test Ava. Unofficial peace between the two kingdoms would hold the remainder of Minkhaung's and Razadarit's reigns. The peace
Razadarit
5581684
Nipponzan tend to take place. The Pagoda was inaugurated in 1969. Built in 1984, dedicated May 13, 2001, the peace pagoda at Narita-shi in Chiba Prefecture, Japan () is 58 m high and situated on a small hill. Founded in 1964, the Gotemba Peace Pagoda in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan () includes a Nipponzan Myohoji temple. The Stupa is built in Jeju Island on the site where Venerable Masters Bowoo (d. 1565) and Jiahn (d. 1729) died. They gave their lives for Buddhism. The Stupa is the centre of many activities for the propagation of world peace and the unification of
Peace Pagoda
5169047
Bundestag motion of confidence with the aim of triggering an early federal election following the defeat of his SPD in Germany's most populous state, North Rhine-Westphalia on 22 May 2005. The victory of the CDU in North Rhine-Westphalia gave that party, together with the FDP, a working majority in the Bundesrat, the federal legislature's upper house. Early federal elections in Germany can only take place after the dissolution of the Bundestag by the President of Germany, since the constitution forbids the Bundestag to dissolve itself. The President can dissolve it only after the Chancellor loses a vote on a motion
2005 German federal election
12095417
all cases, new elections must take place within 60 days of the dissolution of parliament. After the election in 2005, parliament shrank from 201 regular members to 181, after the electoral districts were reduced from 151 to 128, and the list-elected members were increased from 50 to 53. (Of course, due to overhang and leveling seats, parliament still has over 200 members.) The method to divide the seats based on votes for the parties (the second vote) also changed in 2005, switching from the largest remainder method to the Sainte-Laguë Method. Until 2005, the voting system in North Rhine-Westphalia was
Landtag of North Rhine–Westphalia
452009
to be Catholic. Osnabrück was divided almost equally between Catholicism and Protestantism. Parts of Westphalia came under Brandenburg-Prussian control during the 17th and 18th centuries, but most of it remained divided by duchies and other areas of feudal power. The Peace of Westphalia of 1648, signed in Münster and Osnabrück, ended the Thirty Years' War. The concept of nation-state sovereignty resulting from the treaty became known as "Westphalian sovereignty". After the defeat of the Prussian Army by the French at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt, the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807 made the easternmost portion of today's Westphalia part of the
Westphalia
13846483
with Sweden in September 1679. Brandenburg's ally Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor had concluded a separate peace with Louis XIV of France in February 1679, confirming the Treaty of Westphalia of 1648 which included the cession of Bremen-Verden and Swedish Pomerania to Sweden. Neither did Leopold I want Frederick William to become a "new king of the Vandals in the Baltics", nor did he want the Brandenburg-Pomeranian conflict to disturb his negotiations with France. Frederick William I had his diplomats offer France unconditional support, including military support and support against the Holy Roman Emperor, in return for Louis XIV letting
Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1679)
15991341
Johan Adler Salvius Johan Adler Salvius (born in 1590 in Strängnäs; died on 24 August 1652 in Stockholm) was a Swedish baron of Örneholm, chancellor, confidant and representative of the Christina, Queen of Sweden at the peace negotiations at Osnabrück and responsible for the Peace of Westphalia. Salvius was next to Axel Oxenstierna one of Sweden's most capable and influential diplomats of his time and correspondent of Hugo Grotius. Salvius was the son of a civil servant. In 1612 he started his studies in Uppsala, but also visited the Protestant universities of Rostock and Helmstedt where he studied philosophy. Then
Johan Adler Salvius
5110340
to be more in the interests of the powerful Habsburgs than in the interest of the Holy Roman Empire proved fatal handicaps. When his military high commander fell in the battle of Dornach, where the Swiss won a final decisive victory, Emperor Maximilian I had no choice but to agree to a peace treaty signed on September 22, 1499, in Basel. The treaty granted the Confederacy far-reaching independence from the empire. Although the "Eidgenossenschaft" officially remained a part of the empire until the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the peace of Basel exempted it from the imperial jurisdiction and imperial
Swabian War
18342907
Johann von Leuchselring Johann von Leuchselring was Chancellor for the Free Imperial City of Augsburg from 1636 () through 1645 () and a leading Catholic negotiator in the Peace of Westphalia. In Munster, Johann von Leuchselring acted as the chief magistrate in the 1645 to the Peace of Westphalia Congress as an envoy for the Catholic Council of the city of Augsburg and for the cities of Überlingen, Dinkelsbühl, Biberach, Ravensburg, Kaufbeuren, book Horn, Buchau on Federseemuseum, Rottweil, Schwäbisch-Gmündt, Offenburg, Pfullendorf, and Gengenbach, and In the second half of 1646 war returned to Augsburg. Johann von Leuchselring was the official
Johann von Leuchselring
5685573
Kriegsorganisation des Reichs" [Master's thesis on Emperor Maximilian I's attempts to reform the army and military organization of the empire]. She obtained her PhD in 1998 with her "Dissertation zum außenpolitischen Wandel von Richelieu zu Mazarin am Beispiel der französischen Diplomatie beim Westfälischen Frieden" [Dissertation on the change in foreign policy from Richelieu to Mazarin using the example of French diplomacy at the Peace of Westphalia]. She also wrote "Französische Diplomatie und Diplomaten auf dem Westfälischen Friedenskongreß. Außenpolitik unter Richelieu und Mazarin" [French diplomacy and diplomats at the peace congress of Westphalia: foreign policy under Richelieu and Mazarin], published in
Anuschka Tischer
5516043
in sixth place, winning 1,450 votes (4.9%), after SPD (37.4%), Greens (21.5%), The Left (20.1%), Pirate Party (6.7%) and CDU (5.8%). In five districts (Hammerbrook, St. Pauli, Sternschanze, Veddel and Kleiner Grasbrook) the PARTEI beat the well-established FDP. The PARTEI did best in the Kleiner Grasbrook district, where it attracted 39 votes, or 5.3%, drawing level in the district with Germany's largest party, the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). Die PARTEI took part in municipal elections in North Rhine Westphalia on 30 August 2009, garnering 0.69% of the votes in Krefeld. On 17 May 2011, Manuel Lindlar, who had originally been
Die PARTEI
7828390
May the UPDA replaced Latek with Angelo Okello, who had been commander of the UPDA Division One in Gulu. Okello signed a peace agreement on 3 June 1988. A 1997 report states that Latek and several UPDA units loyal to him did not take place in the peace talks on the advice of the UPDA political wing in London. Latek and his followers then joined the Lord's Resistance Army to continue fighting. According to the recollection of a captured LRA commander, in September 1987 Latek met with LRA leader Joseph Kony, who appointed Latek overall military commander. According to reports,
Odong Latek
3842794
twins SaraMai and Justin. The family moved to Rostrevor, County Down in 1987 when Martin set up practice in County Armagh. While his wife served as President of Ireland, McAleese initiated a series of meetings with senior Ulster loyalist paramilitary leaders to pursue peace negotiations. These actions did not take place without controversy, but have been widely viewed as instrumental in bringing loyalist paramilitary groups to peace talks. In May 2011, McAleese was appointed as a Senator by the Taoiseach Enda Kenny. In August 2011 he was appointed the Chancellor of Dublin City University, taking over from David Byrne. On
Martin McAleese
12607733
the emergency regulations. The request was immediately rejected by the Chief Minister and instead, discussions began in the new Emergency Operations Council to intensify the "People's War" against the guerrillas. In July 1957, a few weeks before independence, the MCP made a further request for peace talks to take place. The MCP suggested the following conditions for a negotiated peace; its members would be given privileges enjoyed by ordinary citizens and there would be a guarantee that political as well as armed members of the MCP would not be punished. The Tunku, however, did not respond to the MCP's proposal.
Baling Talks
12943116
by the Peace of Westphalia (1648), which enshrined the concept of the nation-state, and the principle of absolute national sovereignty in international law. As European influence spread across the globe, these Westphalian principles, especially the concept of sovereign states, became central to international law and to the prevailing world order. Later concepts of a world of nation-states born by the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, coupled with the ideologies of the Enlightenment, the coming of modernity, the Scientific Revolution and the Industrial Revolution, would produce powerful social transformations, political and economic institutions that have come to influence (or been imposed
Western world
456161
was reliant on the so-called "Maritime Powers" (England and the Dutch Republic) and also a higher priority for them. By formalising religious divisions within the Empire, the [[Peace of Westphalia|1648 Peace of Westphalia]] weakened its integrity and by 1700, the larger German states were pursuing their own policies. [[Electorate of Bavaria|Bavaria]] allied itself with France while as King of Poland, [[Augustus II the Strong|Augustus of Saxony]] was fully occupied by the [[Great Northern War]]. To gain [[Frederick I of Prussia|Frederick of Prussia]]'s support, Leopold recognised him as King, with Prussia made an equal member of the Grand Alliance. [[George I
War of the Spanish Succession
416299
The result of that conflict and the conclusion of the Thirty Years' War helped establish postwar Sweden as a major force in Europe. The arrangements agreed upon in the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 were instrumental in laying the legal foundations of the modern sovereign nation-state. Aside from establishing fixed territorial boundaries for many of the countries involved in the ordeal (as well as for the newer ones created afterwards), the Peace of Westphalia changed the relationship of subjects to their rulers. Previously, many people had borne overlapping, sometimes conflicting political and religious allegiances. Henceforth, the inhabitants of a given
Thirty Years' War
194914
army from a peasant militia into an efficient fighting machine, possibly the best in Europe. The conquest of Livonia was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the Treaty of Stolbova. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany, known as the Thirty Years' War. The Finnish light cavalry was known as the Hakkapeliitat. After the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, the Swedish Empire was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. During
History of Finland
5876390
of no succession with the House of Pomerania, his lands were to pass to Sweden, not to Brandenburg-Prussia. Both, Sweden and Brandenburg, exploited not only their position as superior military and occupying powers but also the succession conflicts within the House of Pomerania itself. Therefore, when the allocation of territory was decided at the Peace of Westphalia which concluded the war in 1648, Pomerania was carved up and the territories were split between Sweden and Brandenburg. This meant that the Peace of Westphalia marked the end of Pomerania as an autonomous, political entity. On 25 May 1654, almost seven years
Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania
1267556
and Electoral dignity granted to the Duke (now Elector) of Bavaria, Maximilian I. At the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the Sundgau became part of France, and in the 18th century, the Habsburgs acquired a few minor new territories in southern Germany such as Tettnang. In the Peace of Pressburg of 1805, Further Austria was dissolved and the formerly Habsburg territories were assigned to Bavaria, Baden, and Württemberg, and the Fricktal to Switzerland. By the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, Frederick V's son, Charles Louis, was restored to the Lower Palatinate, and given a new electoral title, but the Upper
History of Baden-Württemberg
1374026
Wallis, who mentions also Theodore Haak, anchoring it also to the Palatine exiles; there are clear connections to the Wilkins Oxford Philosophical Club, another and less remote precursor to the Royal Society. From 1648 Charles Louis was able to take up his position as Elector of the Palatinate on the Rhine, as a consequence of the Peace of Westphalia. Wilkins travelled to continental Europe, and according to Anthony Wood visited Heidelberg. In 1648 Wilkins became Warden of Wadham College, in Oxford and under him the college prospered. He fostered political and religious tolerance and drew talented minds to the college,
John Wilkins
19136848
Vasilko of his throne at Terebovl, apparently because a blinded prince was considered incapable of ruling. Envoys were sent to Volodar with orders that either he was to take care of his blind brother personally, or else send his brother to Kiev, where the princes promised to take care of him. Vasilko and Volodar did not accept these orders. The conditions under which the peace was concluded are not known, but Vasilko did remain Prince of Terebovl until his death. A short time later Svyatopolk came into conflict with Prince Yaroslav Yaropolkovich, his nephew by the older brother of his
Council of Uvetichi
1107834
dynasty. For the first time since the days of Martin Luther, political and national convictions again outweighed religious convictions in Europe. Two main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War, were: The treaty also effectively ended the Papacy's pan-European political power. Pope Innocent X declared the treaty "null, void, invalid, iniquitous, unjust, damnable, reprobate, inane, empty of meaning and effect for all times" in his bull "Zelo Domus Dei". European sovereigns, Roman Catholic and Protestant alike, ignored his verdict. Scholars taking a "realist" perspective on wars and diplomacy have emphasized the Peace of Westphalia (1648)
Early modern Europe
7509825
1803 the Duchy of Westphalia became part of Hesse-Darmstadt. In 1807 the Kingdom of Westphalia was created although it did not include the Duchy and had its capital in Hesse at Kassel. The Congress of Vienna awarded the Duchy of Westphalia to Prussia in exchange for important lands west of the Rhine, and the Duchy was incorporated into the Province of Westphalia in 1815. Duchy of Westphalia The Duchy of Westphalia () was a historic territory in the Holy Roman Empire, which existed from 1180. It was located in the greater region of Westphalia, originally one of the three main
Duchy of Westphalia
495163
of the French. In 1920, the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were transferred to Belgium (see German-speaking Community of Belgium). Around AD 1, numerous incursions occurred through Westphalia and perhaps even some permanent Roman or Romanized settlements. The Battle of Teutoburg Forest took place near Osnabrück (as mentioned, whether this is in Westphalia is disputed) and some of the Germanic tribes who fought at this battle came from the area of Westphalia. Charlemagne is thought to have spent considerable time in Paderborn and nearby parts. His Saxon Wars also partly took place in what is thought of as Westphalia today.
North Rhine–Westphalia
10821019
far from Palatinate-Zweibrücken), dare return to Zweibrücken, nominally nine years after becoming Duke, and take over the task of government. It was a few more years before the Peace of Westphalia was concluded in 1648. After Friedrich’s return from exile in Metz in 1644 and with the confirmation of Zweibrücken’s privileges and freedoms early in 1642, the country’s reconstruction began. Because Zweibrücken had been destroyed, Friedrich moved into the old residence at Meisenheim, which had been mostly spared the war’s ravages. The physically handicapped Duke showed much goodwill, though war debt weighed heavily on the country. The situation only got
Herschweiler-Pettersheim
1633334
for which many modern writers have blamed Turenne, appeared no more harsh a measure than the spirit of the times and the circumstances of the case permitted. The Peace of Westphalia (1648) brought little peace to France, which soon became involved in the civil war of the Fronde (1648–1653). Few of Turenne's actions caused sharper criticism than his adhesion to the party of revolt. The army of Weimar refused to follow its leader and he had to flee into the Spanish Netherlands, where he remained until the treaty of Rueil (March 1649) put an end to the first war of
Henri de La Tour d'Auvergne, Viscount of Turenne
14513026
Bogislaw XIV, Duke of Pomerania died. He was the last of the Slavic Griffins Dynasty of the Duchy of Pomerania. Sweden acquired the Pomeranian rule, while the Commonwealth was only able to get back its fiefs, Bytów Land and Lębork Land. Słupsk Land was also sought by Władysław IV at the peace conference, but it ended up a part of Brandenburg, which after the Peace of Westphalia controlled all of Pomerania adjacent to the border of the Commonwealth, extending south to where it met with Habsburg lands. Portions of Pomerania were populated by the Slavic Kashubians and Slovincians. The Thirty
History of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1648)
3170761
Peace of Westphalia (1648) and the confessional division of Germanic Christianity that exists to this day: most of Austria, Luxembourg, Flanders(by force), Duchy of Brabant, Southern (especially, Bavaria) and Western Germany (notably Saarland and Rheinland part of Nordrhein-Westfalen) remained Catholic while Northern and Eastern Germany (notably Prussia) remained Lutheran. Under the Peace, the religion of the Lutheran or Catholic ruler determined the religion of his subjects. The last German Pope, Benedict XVI, was born in Southern Germany (Bavaria) and was a product of this confessional division. The Romance speaking territories remained Catholic (with the exception of Geneva, where Calvinism originated)
Christianisation of the Germanic peoples
16167477
Center, approximately at the center of the Westphalia area. Prince George's County Public Schools operates public schools serving the census-designated place. Elementary schools: Middle schools: High schools: Westphalia, Maryland Westphalia is a census-designated place in southern Prince George's County, Maryland, in the United States. The population of the CDP was 7,266 at the 2010 census. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Westphalia has a total area of , of which , or 0.20%, is water. The CDP is bordered to the west by the Capital Beltway (I-495/95) and to the south by Maryland Route 4. The CDP of Largo borders
Westphalia, Maryland
20584207
remarked that Puerto Rico has the strictest gun control regulations of all jurisdictions in the country. Rivera Marín stated that "our communities need to be a place where our people have peace, not fear". He announced that the march would begin at Condado Lagoon and culminate at the Peace Pavilion in Luis Muñoz Rivera Park. In British Columbia, marches were planned in Vancouver and Victoria. Marches were set to take place in Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta. Students from R.D. Parker Collegiate in Thompson, Manitoba, were planning to march. In Ontario, marches were planned in Ottawa, Guelph, Kitchener, Stratford, Toronto, and
March for Our Lives
15554584
for the most part in Pappenheim's regiment. It lay there until being discoved by Jan Peters in 1988, an East German professor at the time. Peter Hagendorf expresses mixed feelings towards the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. He had basically lost his job which required him to work now as a night guard, and to take up other unskilled work. Without giving a reason, he picks up his son from the probst, travelling with his family northeast through Öttingen. His last location is Günzburg when the diary stops - the last three pages are missing. Professor , who had published
Peter Hagendorf
17568803
required to enter parliament), they did not receive any seats. The party entered this election still in direct competition to the ideologically similar Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS), with whom they would cooperate in later elections. On the 25 and 26 of March 2006, the first state convention of the group as a political party took place in Dortmund. The Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS) ran candidates in both the 2000 and 2005 state elections in North Rhine-Westphalia, garnering 1.1% and 0.9% of the votes, respectively. The Left Party came into existence on 21 October 2007 through the merger of
The Left North Rhine-Westphalia
8194864
Najibuddin appealed for peace. But Jawahar Singh was determined to take revenge for his father, by severing his head. After several days, some Rohilla leaders came to the camp of Jawahar Singh with Zubita Khan who sought the intervention of Maharaja Holkar. Holkar tried to persuade Jawahar Singh to make peace on the condition that Najibuddaulah would pay the whole expenditure for the war. Jawahar Singh did not accepted this offer and continued attacking mughals. After some time a treaty took place between Jawahar Singh and Najib-ud-daula, the whole expenditure of war was beared by Najib-ud-daula. Jawahar Singh took Gates
Jawahar Singh
18000306
the Fatah–Hamas agreement. The United States said it was troubled by the announcement, which "could seriously complicate" negotiations to extend peace negotiations and could implications, inter alia regarding aid. The European Union welcomed the agreement, but said the priority remains peace talks with Israel. The Palestinian Unity Government was formed on 2 June 2014. It was dissolved on 17 June 2015 after President Abbas said it was unable to operate in the Gaza Strip. The general elections stipulated to take place within six months of the formation of the government did not eventuate. During the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict, the Shin
2014 Fatah–Hamas Agreements
6154560
Westphalia, Texas Westphalia is a census–designated place and Unincorporated community in Falls County, Texas, United States located south of Waco on State Highway 320. Westphalia has a strong German and Catholic background. The Church of the Visitation was, until recently, the largest wooden church west of the Mississippi River. Westphalia is mainly noted for its historic church and convents, but also for its meat market and for its annual church picnic, which is one of the largest in the area. Westphalia is also known for the Westphalia Waltz. The Westphalia Independent School District serves area students. The entire town of
Westphalia, Texas
7410683
parties in the conflict, Israelis insist that their rights and interests must be addressed as well. In 2000, at Camp David, the Palestinians were offered a nominally independent state. Led by Yasser Arafat, the Palestinians rejected this offer. When U.S. President Bill Clinton and the Israelis asked the Palestinians to offer a counter-proposal, Arafat declined and returned to the West Bank. Later, further negotiations did take place, but they were terminated. In his book "The Missing Peace: The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace", Dennis Ross, the American ambassador and facilitator, writes that the idea the Palestinian
Views on the Arab–Israeli conflict
15156742
violates the Armistice Agreement which specifically prohibits armed guards and anti-personnel mines. In 2016, when North Korea proposed formal peace talks, the U.S. adjusted its position from the pre-condition that North Korea should have already taken "irreversible steps toward denuclearization", to a negotiating stance that includes North Korea halting its nuclear program. The discussions did not take place. A State Department spokesman said that "[North Korea] periodically raise[s] the idea and it never really gets far". On 27 April 2018 the Panmunjom Declaration for Peace, Prosperity and Unification on the Korean Peninsula was signed by South Korean President Moon Jae-in
Korean Armistice Agreement
7731510
but remained in Aragonese prison. She did not take part in the regency for him in Naples, but remained in Provence, where she did take part in the administration from time to time, though she was not formal regent. In 1288, she took part in the negotiations of her consort's release, and the same year, she made a peace treaty with Aragon. Charles was released the same year, and they returned to Naples together. In 1290-94, she was regent for him in Provence. On 10 July 1290, Mary's brother, Ladislaus IV of Hungary died childless. The question now was who
Mary of Hungary, Queen of Naples