who wrote the kartilla considered the bible of the katipunan movement
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Kartilya ng Katipunan The Kartilya ng Katipunan () served as the guidebook for new members of the organization, which laid out the group's rules and principles. The first edition of the "Kartilya" was written by Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto will later pen a revised Decalogue. The order for those who want to join the association shall have the full understanding and knowledge of its guiding principles and main teachings so that they may perform their duties wholeheartedly. The Association pursues the most worthy and momentous object of uniting the hearts and the mind of the Tagalog by means of inviolable
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'assembly', comes from the root word "tipon", a Tagalog word meaning "gather". The "Katipunan" and the "Cuerpo de Compromisarios" were, effectively, successor organizations of "La Liga Filipina", founded by José Rizal (Who himself was inspired by the martyrdom of his predecessors, the nationalist Priests: Gomez, Burgos and Zamora). This organization was part of the late 19th century Propaganda Movement in the Philippines. The founders of the Katipunan were Deodato Arrellano, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, Andres Bonifacio, and Jose Dizon. Katipunan founders Bonifacio, Diwa, and Plata were all members of "La Liga" and were influenced by the nationalistic ideals
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Festival entry, "Ang Nawawala." The band also appeared in the movie as themselves, performing the song live. The "Ang Nawawalang Soundtrack" was released on vinyl in 2013. In 2013, Pedicab wrote and recorded "Ang Dakilang Duwag Ng Katipunan" for the Rock Ed Philippines and Ballet Philippines production, "Rock Supremo," a ballet performance about the life of Philippine revolutionary hero Andres Bonifacio, set to original music contributed by Filipino rock acts, including Ebe Dancel, Sandwich, Peryodiko, Peso Movement, Radioactive Sago Project, and others. The show ran for eight dates in September 2013. In 2014, Pedicab performed at the P-Fest UK in
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Philippines (NHCP) inaugurated its "Museo ng Katipunan" in Pinaglabanan Shrine, celebrating the 150th birth anniversary of the Filipino nationalist Andres Bonifacio. This museum is entirely devoted to Bonifacio and the Katipunan, with interactive displays and original Katipunan artifacts. The museum will present an initial list of members of the Katipunan and others who supported its cause, numbering more than 2,500. The names were obtained from archival sources. The museum has an e-learning room where students from grades 5-7 will take online interactive lessons about Bonifacio and the Katipunan—the first in the country—produced by the NHCP. The activity is undertaken in
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Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo (lit. "Bonifacio: The First President") is a 2014 Philippine historical action drama film centering on the life of Katipunan revolutionary Andres Bonifacio.It is an official entry to the 40th Metro Manila Film Festival. The film begins with the execution of GOMBURZA in 1872. The story then flashes forward to the present day where high school students Joaquin (Daniel Padilla), Andrea (Jasmine Curtis-Smith), and Gary (RJ Padilla) visit Museo ng Katipunan. Flashback: On July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal (Jericho Rosales) brings together La Liga Filipina, a peaceful reform movement that aims to
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Pantay and Buhangin. Before the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, a branch of the Katipunan was created in Morong, the capital of the district. Many leaders of the Katipunan were from Distrito de Morong. Among the very first initiates of the Katipunan was Aurelio Tolentino who hailed from Morong. He and his brother Jacinto were Andres Bonifacio's agents. Teodoro Plata, one of original founding members, was a clerk in the Court of Justice of the Peace of Morong. There were a number of attacks made by the Katipuneros and Spaniards who took their stand in the Commandancia and Morong Church
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to have made overtures about establishing a revolutionary government in place of the Katipunan. Though Bonifacio already considered the Katipunan to be a government, he acquiesced and presided over a convention held on March 22, 1897 in Tejeros, Cavite. There The Republic of the Philippines was proclaimed, with Aguinaldo being elected as President, Mariano Trias as Vice-President, Artemio Ricarte as Captain-General, Emiliano Riego de Dios as the Director of War and Andres Bonifacio as Director of the Interior. The results were questioned by Daniel Tirona for Bonifacio's qualifications for that position, Bonifacio was insulted and declared ~ "I, as chairman
Emilio Aguinaldo
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this is the eviction of the Rizal clan from Calamba town after their struggles with their Dominican tenants. José Rizal, national hero of the Philippines wrote about such issues in his 2 great novels, Noli me tangere, and El filibusterismo. The latter called for a revolution urgently. the call of revolt was answered by the Katipunan secret society. Established by Andres Bonifacio in Manila, within a few years, Katipunero chapters were opened in the surrounding provinces with the Katipunan chapter "Maluningning" established in Pagsanjan on December 12, 1894, by Severino Taiño. Members came over from Lumban, Paete, Pakil, Siniloan, Cavinti,
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because of a dispute over the usefulness of the initiation rites and Bonifacio's handling of the society's buts. Basa contested Bonifacio's practice of lending their funds to needy members, complete with promissory notes. Moreover, Basa refused to induct his son into the organization. It was also in 1894 when Emilio Jacinto, a nephew of Dizon who was studying law at the University of Santo Tomas, joined the Katipunan. He intellectualized the society's aims and formulated the principles of the society as embodied in its primer, called "Kartilla." It was written in Tagalog and all recruits were required to commit it
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mg̃á Anak ng̃ Bayan" (Supreme and Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation). The Katipunan had four aims, namely: The rise of the Katipunan signaled the end of the crusade to secure reforms from Spain by means of a peaceful campaign. The Propaganda Movement led by Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and others had failed its mission; hence, Bonifacio started the militant movement for independence. The Katipunan was governed by the Supreme Council (Tagalog: "Kataas-taasang Sanggunian"). The first Supreme Council of the Katipunan was formed around August 1892, a month after the founding of the society. The Supreme Council was
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Andrés Bonifacio Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro (November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a Filipino revolutionary leader and the president of the Tagalog Republic. He is often called "The Father of the Philippine Revolution". He was one of the founders and later "Supremo" (Supreme Leader) of the "Kataas-taasan, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" or more commonly known as "Katipunan", a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution. He is considered a national hero of the Philippines. Bonifacio's mother, Catalina de Castro, was a blue-collar worker. He
Andrés Bonifacio
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one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem "Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà" (approx. "Love for One's Homeland) under the pseudonym "Agapito Bagumbayan". The publication of "Kalayaan" in March 1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The "Katipunan" movement spread throughout Luzon, to Panay in the Visayas and even as far as Mindanao. From less than 300 members in January 1896, it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896. The rapid increase in "Katipunan" activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of
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consisted of a thousand copies which was distributed to Katipunan members all over the country. However, the publication only came out with one more issue because the Katipunan had already been uncovered by the Spanish authorities. He considered the publication of Kalayaan as the most important accomplishment of the "secret chamber" of the Katipunan, which he claimed consisted of himself, Bonifacio and Jacinto. In a meeting of the secret chamber in July 1896, they decided to assassinate the Spanish Augustinian friar who uncovered the Katipunan to the authorities, but they failed to accomplish the mission. Valenzuela also claimed that after
Pío Valenzuela
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were classmates. He did not finish college and, at the age of 19, joined the secret society called Katipunan. He became the advisor on fiscal matters and secretary to Andrés Bonifacio. He was later known as "Utak ng Katipunan". He and Bonifacio also befriended Apolinario Mabini when they attempted to continue José Rizal's "La Liga Filipina". Jacinto also wrote for the Katipunan newspaper called "Kalayaan". He wrote in the newspaper under the pen name "Dimasilaw", and used the alias "Pingkian" in the Katipunan. Jacinto was the author of the "Kartilya ng Katipunan" as well. After Bonifacio's execution, Jacinto pressed on
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government functions were conducted by the Katipunan. The convention decided to replace the Katipunan with a provisional revolutionary government. This was in turn replaced by the Biak na Bato Republic which in turn was disbanded because of the Pact of Biak na Bato. The Revolutionary movement was then led in exile by the Hong Kong Junta. The Revolution resumed in May, 1898 and resulted in what is officially considered the first actual (in contrast to provisional or preparatory) government, that of the First Republic. Constitution of the First Republic explicitly stated the government ministries to be formed. Mabini Cabinet (January
Cabinet of the Philippines
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by armed revolt. Fighters in Cavite province won early victories. One of the most influential and popular leaders from Cavite was Emilio Aguinaldo, mayor of Cavite El Viejo (modern-day Kawit), who gained control of much of the eastern portion of Cavite province. Eventually, Aguinaldo and his faction gained control of the leadership of the Katipunan movement. After Aguinaldo was elected president of the Philippine revolutionary movement at the Tejeros Convention on March 22, 1897, his supporters had Bonifacio executed for treason after a show trial on May 10, 1897. Aguinaldo is officially considered the first President of the Philippines. By
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Bonifacio the title "Haring Bayan" ("Sovereign"). Filipino historian Gregario Zaide also wrote that the Katipunan was a government by itself. However, the Katipunan were not recognized by other countries as the legitimate government of the Philippines. At the Tejeros Convention held by the Katipunan on March 22, 1897, Emilio Aguinaldo was elected to the office of President. Bonifacio, as chairman of the convention and "Supremo" if the Katipunan, voided the convention proceedings, but Aguinaldo (who had not been present at the convention) took his oath of office as President the next day in Santa Cruz de Malabon (present-day Tanza) in
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of the Propaganda Movement in Spain. Marcelo H. del Pilar, another leader of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, also influenced the formation of the Katipunan. Modern-day historians believe that he had a direct hand in its organization because of his role in the Propaganda Movement and his eminent position in Philippine Masonry; most of the Katipunan's founders were freemasons. The "Katipunan" had initiation ceremonies that were copied from masonic rites. It also had a hierarchy of rank that was similar to that of freemasonry. Rizal's Spanish biographer Wenceslao Retana and Filipino biographer Juan Raymundo Lumawag saw the formation of the
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Spanish in 1896, and Magbanua became a member of the Katipunan revolutionaries. While the Katipunan "largely excluded (women) from the revolutionary army", the movement also recognized the role women had played in the struggle against the Spanish, so much that the Katipunan organized a woman's chapter as early as 1893. In October 1898, the war entered Iloilo province and two of her brothers joined the revolutionary army. While Magbanua wanted to help out the war effort, her husband was against it. Magbanua didn't listen; however, and went to her uncle, Major General Perfecto Poblador, who commanded the Northern Zone at
Teresa Magbanua
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the Brunei fleet in 1521. One famous Lucoes is Regimo de Raja, who was appointed by the Portuguese at Malacca as Temenggung (Jawi: تمڠݢوڠ ) or Supreme Governor and Chief General. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, upon the discovery of the anti-colonial secret organization "Katipunan" by the Spanish authorities. The "Katipunan", led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a secessionist movement and shadow government spread throughout much of the islands whose goal was independence from Spain through armed revolt. In a mass gathering in Caloocan, the "Katipunan" leaders organized themselves into a revolutionary government and openly declared a nationwide armed
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has "fallen out of favor among many fundamentalists due to her unusual associations, shrill tone, and dubious background". Gail Riplinger Gail Anne Riplinger (born 1947) is an American writer and speaker known for her advocacy of the King James Only movement and denunciation of modern English Bible translations and the Christians who promote them. In 1993, Riplinger wrote a comparison of popular Bible translations to the King James Version, "New Age Bible Versions". She also wrote "The Language of the King James Bible", "Which Bible is God's Word", "In Awe of Thy Word", "The Hidden History of the English Scriptures",
Gail Riplinger
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Gail Riplinger Gail Anne Riplinger (born 1947) is an American writer and speaker known for her advocacy of the King James Only movement and denunciation of modern English Bible translations and the Christians who promote them. In 1993, Riplinger wrote a comparison of popular Bible translations to the King James Version, "New Age Bible Versions". She also wrote "The Language of the King James Bible", "Which Bible is God's Word", "In Awe of Thy Word", "The Hidden History of the English Scriptures", "Blind Guides", and "Hazardous Materials: Greek and Hebrew Study Dangers". She has spoken out against the people behind
Gail Riplinger
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codices discovered in 1941 at a munitions dump near Toura, Egypt (south of Cairo). These include his commentaries on Zechariah, Genesis 1-17, part of Job and parts (of uncertain authenticity) on Ecclesiastes and Psalms 20-46. In these commentaries, Didymus discusses long quotations from the Bible, and refrains from speculation, which he considered sophistry. However, he interprets scriptures allegorically, seeing symbols everywhere. For example, he wrote that the mountains in Zachariah represented the two Testaments of the Bible. Didymus saw an individual's movement towards virtue as emerging from their interaction with scripture. Didymus probably wrote a treatise called "On The Holy
Didymus the Blind
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de la Cruz, and exposed the Katipunan in revenge. La Font led a Spanish police lieutenant to the shop and to the desk of Apolonio, where they "found Katipunan paraphernalia such as a rubber stamp, a little book, ledgers, membership oaths signed in blood, and a membership roster of the Maghiganti chapter of the Katipunan." As with the Terror of 1872, colonial authorities made several arrests and used torture to identify other Katipunan members. Despite having no involvement in the secessionist movement, many of them were executed, notably Don Francisco Roxas. Bonifacio had forged their signatures in Katipunan documents, hoping
Philippine Revolution
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was originally intended to be the official anthem of the "Katipunan", the secret society that spearheaded the Revolution. It is considered a national anthem because Andrés Bonifacio, the chief founder and "Supremo" of the "Katipunan", converted the organization into a revolutionary government—with himself as President—known as the "Republika ng Katagalugan" (Tagalog Republic) just before hostilities erupted. The arrangement was by Julio Nakpil, who reconstructed it from memory after the original score was destroyed in 1945 during the battle for Manila. It would later be reworked and incorporated in the orchestral piece, "Salve, Filipinas". The "Katipunan" or "Republika ng Katagalugan" was
Lupang Hinirang
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Katipunan movement. The tale of Bernardo Carpio can be considered an etiological myth which explains the occurrence of earthquakes. The area which hosts the legend of Bernardo Carpio is also home to the West Valley Fault System (formerly called the Marikina Valley Fault System). Bernardo Carpio Bernardo Carpio is a legendary figure in Philippine mythology who is said to be the cause of earthquakes. There are numerous versions of this tale. Some versions say Bernardo Carpio is a giant, as supported by the enormous footsteps he has reputedly left behind in the mountains of Montalban. Others say he was the
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authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the "Katipunan" leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around. Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the Tejeros Convention as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes. Regionalism among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio. Mabini considered the execution as criminal and ""assassination...the first victory
Andrés Bonifacio
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communist revolution, thus painting the communist movement as a continuation of the "unfinished revolution" started by the Katipunan. Sources claim that Isabelo de los Reyes, an ilustrado, can be considered to be one of the first Filipino labor leaders. de los Reyes founded the "Unión Obrera Democrática" (UOD), considered the first modern trade federation in the country. He was influenced by Francisco Ferrer, an anarcho-syndicalist he met during a stay in Montjuïc prison in Barcelona, Spain. In 1901, de los Reyes brought back to the Philippines what can be considered the first batch of socialist literature, consisting of writings by
Communism in the Philippines
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of biblical prophecy as essential to its eschatology. Millerites also formed other Adventist bodies, including the one that spawned the Watch Tower movement, better known as Jehovah's Witnesses, who hold to their own unique historicist interpretations of Bible prophecy. Prophetic commentaries in the early church usually interpreted individual passages rather than entire books. The earliest complete commentary on the Book of Revelation was carried out by Victorinus of Pettau, considered to be one of the earliest historicist commentators, around 300 AD. Edward Bishop Elliott, a proponent of the historicist interpretation, wrote that it was modified and developed by the expositions
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considered the inaugural holder of the office. Andrés Bonifacio could be considered the first President of a united Philippines since he was the third Supreme President (Spanish: "Presidente Supremo"; Filipino: "Kataas-taasang Pangulo") of the "Katipunan", a secret revolutionary society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the "Katipunan" started an open revolt against the Spanish colonial government in August 1896, Bonifacio transformed the society into a revolutionary government with him as its head. While the term "Katipunan" remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Spanish: "República Tagala"; Filipino: "Republikang Tagalog").
President of the Philippines
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the Katipunan had become an open revolutionary government. The American historian John R. M. Taylor, custodian of the "Philippine Insurgent Records", wrote: Several Filipino historians concur. According to Gregorio Zaide: Likewise, Renato Constantino and others wrote that the "Katipunan" served as a shadow government. Influenced by Freemasonry, the "Katipunan" had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level" and local councils, in charge of affairs "on the district or barrio
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can be considered precursors to the present Philippine flag. The first flag of the Katipunan was a red rectangular flag with a horizontal alignment of three white Ks (an acronym for the Katipunan's full name, "Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan" - Supreme and Venerable Society of the Sons of the Nation). The flag's red field symbolized blood, as members of the Katipunan signed their membership papers in their own blood. The various leaders of the Katipunan, such as Andrés Bonifacio, Mariano Llanera, and Pío del Pilar, also had individual war standards. The organization was represented in Cavite
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by Bonifacio in establishing the Katipunan was derived from the Masonic society. It may be said that joining masonry was one activity that both the reformists and the Katipuneros shared. The mass deportation of nationalists to the Marianas and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate community of reformers in Europe. The community grew with the next generation of Ilustrados studying in European universities. They allied themselves with Spanish liberals, notably Spanish senator Miguel Morayta Sagrario, and founded the newspaper "La Solidaridad". Among the reformers was José Rizal, who wrote two novels while in Europe. His novels were considered
History of the Philippines (1521–1898)
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October 24, 1909 former Society secretary-treasurer E.C. Henninges, who was by then the Australian branch manager of the International Bible Students Association, based in Melbourne, wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship Hundreds out of the estimated 10,000 US Bible Students also left, including pilgrim M.L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn. The dissidents formed the
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This Little Light of Mine "This Little Light of Mine" is a gospel song written for children in the 1920s by Harry Dixon Loes. It was later adapted by Zilphia Horton, amongst many other activists, in connection with the civil rights movement. Although the words of the song have a Biblical theme, it is unclear as to which specific Bible verse it is based upon. Today, many versions of the song are available. Harry Dixon Loes, who studied at the Moody Bible Institute and the American Conservatory of Music, was a musical composer and teacher, who wrote or co-wrote several
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filibusterismo", which greatly inspired the movement for independence. The Katipunan, a secret society whose primary purpose was that of overthrowing Spanish rule in the Philippines, was founded by Andrés Bonifacio who became its "Supremo" (leader). The Philippine Revolution began in 1896. Rizal was wrongly implicated in the outbreak of the revolution and executed for treason in 1896. The Katipunan in Cavite split into two groups, Magdiwang, led by Mariano Álvarez (a relative of Bonifacio's by marriage), and Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo. Leadership conflicts between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo culminated in the execution or assassination of the former by the latter's
History of the Philippines
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wrote Russell an open letter of protest trying to persuade him to abandon the teaching, and calling on Bible Students to examine its legitimacy. When Russell refused, Henninges and most of the Melbourne congregation left Russell's movement to form the New Covenant Fellowship. Hundreds of the estimated 10,000 U.S. Bible Students also left, including pilgrim Matthew L. McPhail, a member of the Chicago Bible Students, and A. E. Williamson of Brooklyn, forming the New Covenant Believers. The group, which informally referred to members as Free Bible Students, published "The Kingdom Scribe" magazine until 1975. The group is currently known as
Bible Student movement
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Santa Cruz. Pasay produced numerous heroes during the Philippine Revolution. The Katipunan, the organization founded by Andrés Bonifacio that spearheaded the revolution, had a chapter in Pineda organized by Pascual Villanueva, Jacinto Ignacio, and Valentin Ignacio. Several women also fought for the cause of the Katipunan including Marcela Marcelo. The execution of José Rizal, who authored the novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo" (considered seditious by the colonial government) on December 30, 1896, fanned the flames of the Revolution. General Emilio Aguinaldo meanwhile declared the independence of the First Philippine Republic on June 12, 1898, and issued decrees providing
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as treasurer. In 1893, under the presidency of Román Basa, Plata served as councilor and it was at this time that the society organized a women's auxiliary section. One of its first members was Plata's cousin Gregoria de Jesús, who wrote in her autobiography that Plata was Bonifacio's constant companion when he would call at their house in Caloocan to court her. In August 1896, immediately before the discovery of the Katipunan, Plata was elected secretary of war in the last Supreme Council that was constituted by Bonifacio like a government cabinet. When the Spanish started arresting Katipunan members of
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activities of certain natives who had been gathering arms and recruiting men for some unknown purposes. On August 13, 1896, Fr. Agustín Fernández, an Augustinian curate of San Pedro, Makati, wrote to Don Manuél Luengo, the civil governor (mayor) of Manila, denouncing anti-Spanish meetings in his parish. The Katipunan was finally discovered by the Spanish authorities six days after Fr. Fernández's letter to Luengo. On early August 1896, Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio de la Cruz, both working for the "Diario de Manila" printing press (leading newspaper during those times) had undergone misunderstanding regarding wages. Press foreman de la Cruz and
Katipunan
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cooperatives were secretly remitted to the revolutionary movement of Andrés Bonifacio, the Katipunan. The cooperative also served as an effective covert means of spreading the ideals of the revolution. Their members could move around freely without arousing the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By 1896, Lukbán had centralized the funds of the cooperatives into the coffers of the revolution. He periodically remitted money to the evolving revolutionary movement. At the same time, he acted as an emissary of the Katipunan unit in Bicol to gather information about the Spanish movements in Manila and to determine how such movements affected Bicol
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Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía and María C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote "Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolución Filipina)," a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote "Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola", a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926) Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adiós in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited "Tunong", a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote "Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal", a biography of Rizal. Magsano published "Silew", a literary
Pangasinan language
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the best Bible now existing on earth". Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible The Joseph Smith Translation (JST), also called the Inspired Version (IV), is a revision of the Bible by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith considered this work to be "a branch of his calling" as a prophet. Smith was murdered before he ever deemed it complete, though most of his work on it was performed about a decade beforehand. The work is the King James Version of the Bible (KJV) with some significant additions and revisions. It is considered a sacred text
Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible
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culture and environment. NEPA in History The crusade for political independence stimulated a parallel campaign for economic freedom in early 1900s. In 1903, Ang Bagong Katipunan was organized to promote "economic nationalism" and "economic self-sufficiency" among the Filipinos. The movement had a brief but colorful existence. Nevertheless, the flame of economic nationalism continue to spread as the people's aspiration for national independence intensified in the 1920s. The Chamber of Commerce of the Philippine Islands, composed of Filipino businessmen, carried on the movement after the demise of Bagong Katipunan. In 1926, the Chamber issued a manifesto entitled "Ours First, Yours Later",
National Economic Protectionism Association
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the globe. Ministers Fellowship International (MFI) is the most prominent direct descendant of the Latter Rain movement and one that is considered mainstream in theology. It founded Portland Bible College in Portland, Oregon, which is a leading institution in the Latter Rain tradition. Many of the books used by Latter Rain churches are textbooks created for Portland Bible College and written by its original teachers. These books include "Present Day Truths" by Dick Iverson and many by Kevin Conner. City Bible Publishing carries many contemporary books that define the movement. Kevin Conner's "Tabernacle of David" and "Present Day Truths" are
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with some of the men in the living room so that the civil guard were led that there was nothing but a harmless social party within. Though women are considered to be members of the Katipunan, information regarding the women's section were scarce and sometimes conflicting. Teodoro Agoncillo, for example, disregarded Marina Dizon and concluded that Josefa Rizal was the only president of the said section. Gregorio Zaide, on the other hand, mentioned Dizon's presidency in his 1939 publication "History of the Katipunan" but changed his mind when he adopted Dr. Pío Valenzuela's notion that women-members did not elect officers,
Katipunan
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Christian countercult movement The Christian countercult movement or Christian anti-cult movement is a social movement of certain Protestant evangelical and fundamentalist and other Christian ministries ("discernment ministries") and individual activists who oppose religious sects they consider "cults". Christian countercult-activism stems mainly from evangelicalism or fundamentalism. The countercult movement asserts that particular Christian sects whose beliefs they deem partially or wholly not in accordance with the Bible are erroneous. It also states that a religious sect can be considered a cult if its beliefs involve a denial of what they view as any of the essential Christian teachings (such as salvation,
Christian countercult movement
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to speculations about fulfilled prophecies heralding Christ's reappearance. Christian countercult movement The Christian countercult movement or Christian anti-cult movement is a social movement of certain Protestant evangelical and fundamentalist and other Christian ministries ("discernment ministries") and individual activists who oppose religious sects they consider "cults". Christian countercult-activism stems mainly from evangelicalism or fundamentalism. The countercult movement asserts that particular Christian sects whose beliefs they deem partially or wholly not in accordance with the Bible are erroneous. It also states that a religious sect can be considered a cult if its beliefs involve a denial of what they view as any
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level". In the last days of August, the "Katipunan" members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt (the event was later called the "Cry of Balintawak" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results: The above was divulged to the Spanish by the "Katipunan" member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity. Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote: Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert: One name for Bonifacio's concept of
Tagalog Republic
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A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan held elections, with the following results: The above was divulged to the Spanish by the "Katipunan" member Pío Valenzuela while in captivity. Teodoro Agoncillo thus wrote: Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert: One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving "Katipunan" documents: "Haring Bayang Katagalugan" ("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into "Haring Bayan" ("Sovereign Nation"). "Bayan" may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the
Andrés Bonifacio
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Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible The Joseph Smith Translation (JST), also called the Inspired Version (IV), is a revision of the Bible by Joseph Smith, the founder of the Latter Day Saint movement. Smith considered this work to be "a branch of his calling" as a prophet. Smith was murdered before he ever deemed it complete, though most of his work on it was performed about a decade beforehand. The work is the King James Version of the Bible (KJV) with some significant additions and revisions. It is considered a sacred text and is part of the canon of
Joseph Smith Translation of the Bible
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years later, on December 15, 1884, Russell became president of the society when it was legally incorporated in Pennsylvania. (The society was renamed Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society in September 1896). Russell wrote many articles, books, pamphlets and sermons, which by his death totaled 50,000 printed pages, with almost 20 million copies of his books printed and distributed around the world. In 1886, he wrote the first of what would become a six-volume Bible textbook series called "Millennial Dawn", later renamed "Studies in the Scriptures", which presented his fundamental doctrines. As a consequence, the Bible Students were sometimes called
Bible Student movement
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to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing Katipunan government. Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs. Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the "Katipunan" of which he was a member". Aguinaldo's
Andrés Bonifacio
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of the founding members of the reform movement La Liga Filipina was lawyer and Novo Ecijano Mamerto Natividad. By the time the Katipunan, the revolutionary movement against Spain, was formed, Novo Ecijanos were actively yet secretly joining it. Even local officials in Nueva Ecija secretly allied with the illustrados and farmers in forming the underground revolutionary society. Once the Spanish authorities learned of the Katipunan's existence, those perceived as sympathizers of the movement, and even those who were falsely accused of being members of it, were arrested. Mamerto Natividad was among those arrested for sedition, tortured and killed by guardia
Nueva Ecija
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Bible at all, nor is it known in Syriac or other versions. Jerome, who wrote the Latin Vulgate translation, wrote in the 4th century, "it is rejected by everyone". However, it evidently gained a certain degree of respect. It appeared in over 100 surviving early Latin copies of the Bible. According to "Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem", there are Latin Vulgate manuscripts containing this epistle dating between the 6th and 12th century, including Latin manuscripts F (Codex Fuldensis), M, Q, B, D (Ardmachanus), C, and Lambda. The apocryphal epistle is generally considered a transparent attempt to supply this supposed lost
Epistle to the Laodiceans
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Bible to political choices and social or scientific issues, and even the limited inerrancy of the Bible. However, the movement has managed in an informal way, to reserve the name "Evangelical" for those who adhere to an historic Christian faith, a "paleo-orthodoxy", as some have put it. Those who call themselves "moderate evangelicals"(although considered conservative in relation to society as a whole) still hold fast to the fundamentals of the historic Christian faith. Even "Liberal" Evangelicals label themselves as such not so much in terms of their theology, but rather to advertise that they are progressive in their civic, social,
History of Protestantism
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ammunition from Japan, but failed due to lack of funds and the uncovering of the Katipunan, José Dizon was part of the committee that the Katipunan formed to secure arms from Japan with the connivance of the Japanese ship captain. Three months later, however, the Katipunan was uncovered and Dizon was among the hundreds who were arrested for rebellion. As the Katipunan was busy preparing for the revolt, various denunciations regarding its existence reached the Spanish authorities. On July 5, 1896, Manuél Sityar, a Spanish lieutenant of the Guardia Civíl stationed at Pasig, reported to Governor-General Ramón Blanco the mysterious
Katipunan
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between them, the Magdalo argued for the replacement of the Katipunan by a revolutionary government. The Magdiwang initially backed Bonifacio's stance that the Katipunan already served as their government, but at the Tejeros Convention, both factions were combined into one government body under Emilio Aguinaldo who has been elected as the president. Some of the civil and military officials of the First Philippine Republic came from this group. Magdalo (Katipunan faction) The Magdalo faction of the Katipunan was a chapter in Cavite, mostly led by "Ilustrados" of that province during the Philippine Revolution. It was named after Mary Magdalene, patroness
Magdalo (Katipunan faction)
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over a larger number of towns and municipalities. When rivalry grew between the two factions, Bonifacio was invited to mediate, but he was quickly embroiled in discussions with the Magdalo, who wished to replace the Katipunan with an insurgent government. The Magdiwang initially backed Bonifacio's stance that the Katipunan already served as their government, but at the Tejeros Convention, both factions were combined into one government body under Aguinaldo. Magdiwang (Katipunan faction) The Magdiwang was a chapter of the Katipunan, a Philippine revolutionary organization founded by Filipino rebels in Manila in 1892, with the aim to gain independence from Spain.
Magdiwang (Katipunan faction)
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States but also across the world, particularly in Australia and the United Kingdom. He came to the United Kingdom in 1975 and preached keynote addresses at the main charismatic conferences – the Lakes and Dales Bible Weeks. Professor Andrew Walker wrote of "the powerful influence of an American, Ern Baxter" because of his influence on the British New Church Movement. The Bible Weeks were run by UK charismatic leader Bryn Jones and his team of churches. Andrew Walker wrote, "Baxter’s influence was sensational; the audiences went wild every time he appeared ... during the first Bible Week at the Great
Ern Baxter
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is buried at Lake Chapel in Shebbear, Devon. Frederick William Bourne Frederick William Bourne (1830–1905) was an English preacher and author. He was born at Woodchurch Kent and joined the Bible Christian Movement as a preacher. In 1866, he became the editor of the "Bible Christian Magazine" and led the Bible Christian movement for many years. He wrote several books under the title "F. W. Bourne". One; "The King's Son, a memoir of Billy Bray" was reprinted over fifty times. He married Mary Horswell in 1859 and had five children before her death in 1873. He later remarried in 1876
Frederick William Bourne
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Frederick William Bourne Frederick William Bourne (1830–1905) was an English preacher and author. He was born at Woodchurch Kent and joined the Bible Christian Movement as a preacher. In 1866, he became the editor of the "Bible Christian Magazine" and led the Bible Christian movement for many years. He wrote several books under the title "F. W. Bourne". One; "The King's Son, a memoir of Billy Bray" was reprinted over fifty times. He married Mary Horswell in 1859 and had five children before her death in 1873. He later remarried in 1876 to Adelaide Chalcraft. He died in 1905 and
Frederick William Bourne
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Bible Students who had been associating with the Watch Tower Society in 1921 had left by 1931. In 1930 Rutherford stated that "the total number of those who have withdrawn from the Society... is comparatively large." Between 1918 and 1929, several factions formed their own independent fellowships, including the Stand Fast Movement, the Pastoral Bible Institute, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement founded by PSL Johnson, and the Dawn Bible Students Association. These groups range from conservative, claiming to be Russell's true followers, to more liberal, claiming that Russell's role is not as important as once believed. Rutherford's faction of the
Bible Student movement
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a running debate with William Jennings Bryan, who considered evolution a heresy and labeled Birge an atheist in several speeches. Birge, a lifelong Congregationalist who had taught Bible classes for most of his professional life, wrote a pamphlet defending evolution as supported by the Bible. Birge and his close collaborator Chancey Juday were pioneers of North American limnology (the study of inland waters, such as rivers and lakes). Together they founded an influential school of limnology on Lake Mendota, as a component of the University of Wisconsin. Birge retired from the administration in 1925 but continued his limnological research until
Edward Asahel Birge
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essentials upon which all reasonable persons might agree." The essentials he identified were those practices for which the Bible provided: "a 'Thus saith the Lord,' either in express terms or by approved precedent." Unlike Locke, who considered the earlier efforts by Puritans to be inherently divisive, Thomas argued for "a complete restoration of apostolic Christianity." Thomas believed that creeds served to divide Christians. He also believed that the Bible was clear enough that anyone could understand it and, thus, creeds were unnecessary. Alexander Campbell was also deeply influenced by Enlightenment thinking, in particular the Scottish School of Common Sense of
Restoration Movement
864361
Maimonides' calendar calculations, the great majority of Jewish religious scholars, who accept the divinity of the Bible and accept many of his rulings as legally binding, do not believe that the Bible or Maimonides command a belief in geocentrism. Prominent cases of modern geocentrism in Islam are very isolated. Very few individuals promoted a geocentric view of the universe. One of them was Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, a Sunni scholar of Indian subcontinent. He rejected the heliocentric model and wrote a book that explains the movement of the sun, moon and other planets around the Earth. The Grand Mufti of
Geocentric model
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after hours of work from Katipunan to Santolan, supposedly. While on board the train in midnight, Jean (Manilyn Reynes) met her long lost boyfriend Cesar (Kempee De Leon), who according to him, they last saw each other since they were college. Jean introduced her son, Jimmy (Quintin Alianza). During their conversation, a female deacon named Lita (Eugene Domingo) preaches verses from the Bible, annoying some passengers. The train travels into an abandoned station which the passengers thought that this was the final stop. Exploring the station, they find out that everything was shut down and the gates were closed locked.
Shake, Rattle and Roll VIII
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Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus. Gail Riplinger (born 1947) has also addressed in some detail the issue of differences in current editions of the King James Bible. However, a lengthy critical review of her book "New Age Bible Versions", originally published in "Cornerstone" magazine in 1994, authored by Bob and Gretchen Passantino of Answers in Action, described the book as "erroneous, sensationalistic, misrepresentative, inaccurate, and logically indefensible". Jack Chick (1924–2016), a fundamentalist Christian best known for his comic tracts, was an advocate for the King James Only movement. He wrote a comic called "Sabotage" advocating the King James Only movement. Joey
King James Only movement
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through to the establishment and administration of God's kingdom on earth. The Photo-Drama represented a significant advancement in film production, as the first major presentation to synchronize motion pictures with audio by use of phonograph records. Worldwide attendance in 1914 exceeded nine million. In 1910 Russell introduced the name "International Bible Students Association" as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. He wrote: Russell explained that the Association would be directed and managed by the Peoples [sic] Pulpit Association which, in turn, represented the Watch Tower Bible & Tract Society. All Bible Student classes using Watch
Bible Student movement
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Pío Valenzuela Pío Valenzuela y Alejandrino (July 11, 1869 – April 6, 1956) was a Filipino physician and revolutionary leader. At the age of 23, he joined the society of Katipunan, a movement which sought the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule and started the Philippine Revolution. Together with Andrés Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto, they formed the secret chamber of the society called "Camara Reina". He took charge of the publication of "Ang Kalayaan", Katipunan's first and only official publication. He was the one who tried to convince the exiled José Rizal to join the revolutionary movement. He
Pío Valenzuela
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growth with the progressive Christian movement in the United States inspired an offshoot in the British Progressive Christianity Network. People who may be considered progressive Christians include those who: The TCPC website gives an analogy that symbolizes the methodology of the Progressive Christianity movement. It involves a Sunday school teacher and a class of 9 or 10-year-olds. Even at that age, some were skeptical of the inerrancy of the Bible. The teacher suggested that they read Charlotte's Web instead. The class enjoyed the book. The teacher interjected the thought that pigs and spiders cannot talk. The kids protested: "Well, it's
Center for Progressive Christianity
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laid by Petr Chelčický and Brother Řehoř (Gregor), the latter often considered one of the main founders. Lukáš Pražský, whose theological ideas strongly shaped the movement after the passing of Chelčický and Řehoř, provided later leadership. Another important leader was Jan Augusta, who spent many years in horrible imprisonment. The "last bishop" of Unity of the Brethren, Comenius (Jan Amos Komenský) is known for his reforms in education. During the second half of the 16th century, members of the Unity of the Brethren translated the Bible from the original languages into the Czech. This translation is known as the Bible
Unity of the Brethren
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Batangas and in the Cities of Batangas, Lipa and Tanauan. Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution (Filipino: "Himagsikang Pilipino"; Spanish: "Revolución Filipina"), also called the Tagalog War (Spanish: "Guerra Tagalog", Filipino: "Digmaang Tagalog") by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Kingdom of Spain - including its Spanish Empire and Spanish colonial authorities in the Spanish East Indies. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial secret organization. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was
Philippine Revolution
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Philippine Revolution The Philippine Revolution (Filipino: "Himagsikang Pilipino"; Spanish: "Revolución Filipina"), also called the Tagalog War (Spanish: "Guerra Tagalog", Filipino: "Digmaang Tagalog") by the Spanish, was a revolution and subsequent conflict fought between the people and insurgents of the Philippines and the Kingdom of Spain - including its Spanish Empire and Spanish colonial authorities in the Spanish East Indies. The Philippine Revolution began in August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anti-colonial secret organization. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, was a liberationist movement whose goal was independence from the 333 years of colonial control from Spain
Philippine Revolution
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Millennial Dawnists. Russell advertised for 1000 preachers in 1881, and encouraged all who were members of "the body of Christ" to preach to their neighbors, to gather the "little flock" of saints while the vast majority of mankind would be given the opportunity to gain salvation during Christ's 1000-year reign. Russell's supporters gathered as autonomous congregations to study the Bible and his writings. Russell rejected the concept of a formal organization as "wholly unnecessary" for his followers and declared that his group had no record of its members' names, no creeds, and no sectarian name. He wrote in February 1884:
Bible Student movement
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"Katipunan" as Del Pilar's victory over Rizal: "La Liga dies, and the Katipunan rises in its place. Del Pilar's plan wins over that of Rizal. Del Pilar and Rizal had the same end, even if each took a different road to it." Captured Katipunan members (also known as "Katipuneros"), who were also members of "La Liga", revealed to the Spanish colonial authorities that there was a difference of opinion among members of "La Liga". One group insisted on "La Liga's" principle of a peaceful reformation while the other espoused armed revolution. On July 7, 1892, writer José Rizal was banished
Katipunan
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the discovery of the Katipunan, he and Bonifacio distributed letters implicating wealthy Filipinos, who refused to extend financial assistance to the Katipunan. He was a member of the committee that was tasked to smuggle arms for the Katipunan from Japan. He was also with Bonifacio, Jacinto and Procopio Bonifacio when they organized the Katipunan council in Cavite. At the secret general meeting called by Bonifacio on the night of May 1, 1896 at Barrio Ugong in Pasig, Valenzuela presented to the body a proposal to solicit contributions to buy arms and munitions from Japan. The proposal was approved on condition
Pío Valenzuela
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approved the publication again. Bible Students who submitted to Rutherford's leadership of the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society became known as "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931. The Watch Tower Society remains the denomination's primary administrative body, and their beliefs and organizational structure have diverged considerably from Russell's. Their literature states that "Bible Students" is the former name for their group, and does not acknowledge the continued existence of other Bible Student groups. In 1955, the Watch Tower Society claimed that those who separated from the movement during Rutherford's presidency constituted the "evil slave" of Matthew 24:48-51. (The Society altered its
Bible Student movement
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the gigantic steps made by the sons of the country along the path of Progress and Civilization, and lists Bataan instead of Tarlac among the eight provinces symbolized by the sun's rays. It has been common since the 1960s to trace the development of the Philippine flag to the various war standards of the individual leaders of the Katipunan, a pseudo-masonic revolutionary movement that opposed Spanish rule in the Philippines and led the Philippine Revolution. However, while some symbols common to the Katipunan flags would be adopted into the iconography of the Revolution, it is inconclusive whether these war standards
Flag of the Philippines
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Bonifacio founded the "Katipunan", a secret organization with aim of overthrowing Spanish colonial rule. The "Katipunan" movement grew until open rebellion broke out in August 1896 after its discovery by the Spaniards. Bonifacio's attack on Manila was unsuccessful. Rizal became a martyr of the revolution when the Spaniards executed him by firing squad on December 30, 1896 in Bagumbayan. After several months of fighting, a revolutionary government was formed at the Tejeros Convention in Cavite province with Emilio Aguinaldo at its head. Aguinaldo's government was also unsuccessful in its fight for independence, and as part of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato
History of Manila
8987923
had regained much of Cavite itself. Instead, the convention became an election to decide the leaders of the revolutionary movement, bypassing the Supreme Council. The Revolutionary Leaders held an important Meeting in a Friar Estate Residence at Tejeros to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension between the "Magdalo" and "Magdiwang" Forces; And also to settle once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the Katipunan through an Election. Amidst Implications on whether the Government of the "Katipunan" should be established as a Monarchy or as a Republic, Bonifacio defended that it should be maintained as a Republic. According to him, all
Tejeros Convention
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16th and 17th centuries, thousands of Japanese traders also migrated to the Philippines and assimilated into the local population. During the 1896 uprising against Spanish colonial rule the 1898 Spanish–American War, Filipino freedom-fighters (especially the Katipunan) sought assistance from the Japanese government. The Katipunan sent a delegate to the Emperor of Japan to solicit funds and military arms in May 1896. Although the Meiji government of Japan was unwilling and unable to provide any official support, Japanese supporters of Philippine independence in the Pan-Asian movement raised funds and sent weapons on the privately charted "Nunobiki Maru", which sank before reaching
Japan–Philippines relations
4367318
Tagalog Republic Tagalog Republic (Filipino: "Republika ng Katagalugan" or "Republikang Tagalog") is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the "Katipunan" revolutionary movement. The term "Tagalog" refers to both an ethno-linguistic group in the Philippines and their language. "Katagalugan" may refer to the historical Tagalog regions in the large island of Luzon, the northern part of the Philippine Archipelago. However, the "Katipunan" secret society extended the meaning of these terms to all natives in the Philippine islands. The society's primer explains its use
Tagalog Republic
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writers of the Katipunan: Andrés Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Dr. Pío Valenzuela. Each of the three's works were stirring literature of patriotism and are aimed to spread the revolutionary thoughts and ideals of the society. "Kalayaan" (Liberty/Freedom) was the official organ and newspaper of the Katipunan. It was first published March 1896 (even though its masthead was dated January 1896.) The first "Kalayaan" issue has never been followed. In 1895, the Katipunan bought an old hand-press with the money generously donated by two Visayan co-patriots Francisco del Castillo and Candido Iban–who returned to the country after working as shell and
Katipunan
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Third Policeman", are considered early examples of postmodern fiction, but he also wrote a satirical novel in Irish called "An Béal Bocht" (translated as "The Poor Mouth"). Liam O'Flaherty, who gained fame as a writer in English, also published a book of short stories in Irish ("Dúil"). Most attention has been given to Irish writers who wrote in English and who were at the forefront of the modernist movement, notably James Joyce, whose novel "Ulysses" is considered one of the most influential of the century. The playwright Samuel Beckett, in addition to a large amount of prose fiction, wrote a
Irish literature
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there is no official affiliation. Two conventions are held annually in Anglesea, Victoria and Alexandra Headlands, Queensland. There is no official creed; members are allowed to come to their own conclusions regarding interpretations of the Bible; the role of fellowship is to provide mutual help and stimulation. The number of Bible Students in Australia is estimated at approximately 100. In December 1918, Charles E. Heard and others considered Rutherford's indifference regarding the purchase of war bonds to be a perversion of Russell's pacifist teachings, and contrary to scripture. As a result, they founded the Stand Fast Bible Students Association in
Bible Student movement
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were arrested by American authorities and the following year executed for banditry. Some of its survivors escaped to Japan to be joined with Artemio Ricarte, an exiled Katipunan veteran, and later returned to support the Second Philippine Republic, a client state of Japan, during World War II. Tagalog Republic Tagalog Republic (Filipino: "Republika ng Katagalugan" or "Republikang Tagalog") is a term used to refer to two revolutionary governments involved in the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Philippine–American War. Both were connected to the "Katipunan" revolutionary movement. The term "Tagalog" refers to both an ethno-linguistic group in the Philippines and
Tagalog Republic
781928
culminating in a movement-wide schism. As many as three-quarters of the approximately 50,000 Bible Students who had been associating in 1917 had left by 1931. This shift resulted in the formation of several groups that retained variations on the name "Bible Students". Those who maintained fellowship with the Watch Tower Society adopted the name "Jehovah's witnesses" in 1931, while those who severed ties with the Society formed their own groups including the Pastoral Bible Institute in 1918, the Laymen's Home Missionary Movement in 1919, and the Dawn Bible Students Association in 1929. Charles Taze Russell was born to Scottish-Irish parents,
Charles Taze Russell
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Knight says that verbalism was held by some Adventists from the beginning of the movement, but it became problematic by the late 1920's. By that time, many Adventists applied their beliefs in inerrancy and verbalism of the Bible also to the writings of Ellen White. But Ellen White did not believe in verbal inspiration. She wrote in 1886, "The Bible is written by inspired men, but it is not God's mode of thought and expression. It is that of humanity. God, as a writer, is not represented. ... The writers of the Bible were God's penmen, not his pen. ...
1919 Bible Conference (Adventist)
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Moody’s Northfield Bible Conference in Massachusetts, and a series of Bible and Prophecy Conferences that were organized between 1878 and 1914 with the support of a veritable “who’s who” of fundamentalist leaders including James Brookes, A. J. Gordon, and Arthur Tappan Pierson, to name a few. Especially after the Scopes Trial in 1925, as fundamentalists lost control at the denominational level, Bible conferences served as an important link in a growing and successful fundamentalist network that included influential personalities, “parachurch” organizations such as Youth for Christ, and the growing Bible College Movement. The number of Bible Conferences grew immensely after
Bible Conference Movement
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Testament included, was published in 1969 titled, "The Modern Language Bible: New Berkeley Version, Revised Edition". F. F. Bruce described it as "The most outstanding among recent translations" by private groups. Verkuyl wrote books, also, including some related to ministry to younger people, a reflection of why he did his translation. Verkuyl has been considered significant enough to be included in a book of "Hollanders who helped build America. Gerrit Verkuyl Gerrit Verkuijl or Gerrit Verkuyl (18 September 1872, Haarlemmermeer – 19 March 1967, Alameda, California) was a New Testament Greek scholar and Bible Translator. He emigrated from the Netherlands
Gerrit Verkuyl
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doctrinal or theological concerns and a missionary or apologetic purpose. It presents a rebuttal by emphasizing the teachings of the Bible against the beliefs of non-fundamental Christian sects. Christian countercult activist writers also emphasize the need for Christians to evangelize to followers of cults. In the early 1970s, a secular opposition movement to groups considered cults had taken shape. The organizations that formed the secular "anti-cult movement" (ACM) often acted on behalf of relatives of "cult" converts who did not believe their loved ones could have altered their lives so drastically by their own free will. A few psychologists and
Cult
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translated the Bible into Italian, and wrote "biurim" to Job, Isaiah, and the Pentateuch, and some glosses to Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Proverbs, and Job; and M. Rosenthal, J. Mannheimer, and M. Stern translated the Psalms into Hungarian. The movement later crossed the Atlantic, and Isaac Leeser of Philadelphia translated the Bible into English according to the interpretations of the Biurists; while in Europe steps were taken toward the perpetuation of the movement, in the foundation of the Ḥebra Doreshe Leshon 'Eber (Society of Investigators of the Hebrew Language) by Isaac Abraham Euchel and Mendel Breslau, and in the establishment of the
Biurists
5479967
for many Bible translations and wrote dozens of books. He was an editor of the United Bible Societies' standard Greek New Testament, the starting point for nearly all recent New Testament translations. In 1952, he became a contributor to the Revised Standard Version (RSV) of the Bible, and was general editor of the "Reader's Digest Bible" (a condensed version of the RSV) in 1982. From 1977 to 1990, he chaired the Committee on Translators for the New Revised Standard Version (NRSV) of the Bible and was "largely responsible for ... seeing [the NRSV] through the press." He considered it a
Bruce M. Metzger
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observations with details from the journals of other travellers, and helped the Bible reader to understand many things previously obscure or contradictory to the Western mind. His careful research into the geography, biology and archaeology of Bible lands served to support and encourage confidence in the accuracy of the Bible. In his generation Dr Kitto was a most significant contributor to Christian scholarship, and he provided much help for Evangelicals defending the Bible against the attack of liberal critics. He eventually wrote a total of twenty-three books, of which Charles Spurgeon considered the "Daily Bible Illustrations" to be "more interesting
John Kitto
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Bible Student movement The Bible Student movement is the name adopted by a Millennialist Restorationist Christian movement that emerged from the teachings and ministry of Charles Taze Russell, also known as Pastor Russell. Members of the movement have variously referred to themselves as "Bible Students", "International Bible Students", "Associated Bible Students", or "Independent Bible Students". The origins of the movement are associated with the formation of Zion's Watch Tower Tract Society in 1881. A number of schisms developed within the congregations of Bible Students associated with the Watch Tower Society between 1909 and 1932. The most significant split began in
Bible Student movement
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Rizal's refusal to support the impending uprising. However, Valenzuela had already spread the word, so that much fund proposals to the society were canceled. Despite Rizal's rejection, the Katipunan was already trying to address its arms supply problem and had taken steps to smuggle in weapons from abroad. At his trial, Rizal denied that he knew Valenzuela, saying only that he met him first at Dapitan and that he considered him a good friend because of what Valenzuela showed to him and his appreciation of medical tools Valenzuela gave to him. He also said that this was the last time
Katipunan
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churches. In his influential book "The Kingdom of the Cults", first published in the United States in 1965, Christian scholar Walter Martin defines Christian cults as groups that follow the personal interpretation of an individual, rather than the understanding of the Bible accepted by mainstream Christianity. He mentions The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Christian Science, the Jehovah's Witnesses, Unitarian Universalism, and Unity as examples. The Christian countercult movement asserts that Christian sects whose beliefs are partially or wholly not in accordance with the Bible are erroneous. It also states that a religious sect can be considered a
Anti-cult movement
4367319
of "Tagalog" in a footnote: The revolutionary Carlos Ronquillo wrote in his memoirs: In this respect, "Katagalugan" may be translated as the "Tagalog nation." Andrés Bonifacio, a founding member of the "Katipunan" and later its supreme head ("Supremo"), promoted the use of "Katagalugan" for the Philippine nation. The term "Filipino" was then reserved for Spaniards born in the islands. By eschewing "Filipino" and "Filipinas" which had colonial roots, Bonifacio and his cohorts "sought to form a national identity." In 1896, the Philippine Revolution broke out after the discovery of the "Katipunan" by the authorities. Prior to the outbreak of hostilities,
Tagalog Republic
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suspensions from livings and in the longer term to a sense of persecution among English Puritans. A notable success of the Hampton Court Conference was the commissioning of a new translation of the Bible, completed in 1611, which became known as the King James Bible, considered a masterpiece of Jacobean prose. James, who took an interest in the scholarly decisions of the translators, often participated in theological debate. In 1612, for example, he wrote a tract against the unorthodox Dutch theologian Conrad Vorstius, a follower of Jacobus Arminius. At about the same time, he interviewed a dissenter called Bartholomew Legate,
James VI and I and religious issues
5318204
of the Philippine Revolution. He was born in Tuburan where his family were members of the local gentry, or "principalía". He worked as a public school teacher but later joined the Katipunan, whose activities in Cebu were led by León Kilat. After Kilat's execution, Maxilom continued the revolution in Cebu as second in command. The Katipunan regrouped in the then impenetrable, mountainous central part of Cebu island which now part of the central highlands. On 16 December 1898, Maxilom wrote a letter to the Spanish authorities in Cebu, demanding the latter to surrender. The Spaniards quickly responded, weary after incessant
Tuburan, Cebu