when did the working class get the vote
1868
2852824
males in England and Wales could vote; the Act immediately doubled that number. Moreover, by the end of 1868 all male heads of household were enfranchised as a result of the end of compounding of rents. However, the Act introduced only a negligible redistribution of seats. The overall intent was to help the Conservative Party, yet it resulted in their loss of the 1868 general election. For the decades after the Great Reform Act of 1832, cabinets (in that era leading from both Houses) had resisted attempts to push through further reform, and in particular left unfulfilled the six demands
Reform Act 1867
18467419
GDFS) for women within the SFIO. A debate at once began within the GDFS over the question of whether socialist women should ally with bourgeois feminists. Rauze argued against, saying working women would not be emancipated by the vote but by the economic independence that they would gain through the SFIO. If working women helped the suffragists get the vote, it would be used against them in the class struggle. Rauze did agree that, although caused by economic conditions, "masculine arbitrariness" was an oppressive force. By late 1913 Louise Saumoneau, who strongly believed the struggle should be based only on
Marianne Rauze
3095765
other matter important for good rule as well as the traditional liberal and capitalist elite that ruled before the mediocre middle-class became a powerful force in parliament. "How did these mediocre and silly people become so powerful?" Sorel asks. His theory on this is that the mediocre middle-class became powerful when the working-classes, people without property, were given the right to vote at the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century. Thus, the working classes now created a problem for themselves by creating a political elite that is more stupid and less competent than the people who
Georges Sorel
2860781
and character attacks are more common than elsewhere, potentially suppressing turnouts. The focus placed on get out the vote efforts and mass-marketing can have important effects on turnout. Partisanship is an important impetus to turnout, with the highly partisan more likely to vote. Turnout tends to be higher in nations where political allegiance is closely linked to class, ethnic, linguistic, or religious loyalties. Countries where multiparty systems have developed also tend to have higher turnouts. Nations with a party specifically geared towards the working class will tend to have higher turnouts among that class than in countries where voters have
Voter turnout
19208679
Coggeshall not only lectured and wrote on suffrage, she got involved in a major lawsuit. In 1894, the state of Iowa had passed a law allowing women to vote in city bond elections. In 1908, when the city of Des Moines defied this law and denied women ballots in just such an election, Coggeshall brought a lawsuit against the city. The Iowa Supreme Court held that the election was void because women, as a class were barred from voting. Coggeshall died of pneumonia on December 22, 1911. Although she did not live to see American women get the vote, fellow
Mary Jane Coggeshall
3360670
Department of Education and Science (where Margaret Thatcher was the Secretary of State), and the Minister for the Arts (1973–1974). After the defeat of Heath's government, St John-Stevas supported Heath in the first ballot of the 1975 Conservative Party leadership election but switched his vote to Thatcher in the second ballot. He then served as a member of the Shadow Cabinet from 1974 to 1979, being the Shadow Spokesman for Education between 1975 and 1978. His deputy was Sir Rhodes Boyson, a working-class Thatcherite from Lancashire. Stevas and Boyson did not get along and loathed each other. Stevas gave Boyson
Norman St John-Stevas
1418065
80 Days" (1989). In 1987, he had supporting roles in "Dead of Winter" and "Overboard", on which he also served as executive producer. Other features included "Doin' Time on Planet Earth" (1988), "Fright Night Part 2" (1989), "The Big Picture" (1989), "Cutting Class" (1989), and "Heroes Stand Alone" (1989). In 1989 he said "I feel as Henry Fonda did that every job I get may be my last. I'm one of those creatures born to be working. I feel better when I'm working. I don't like it when I'm not working and I've never worked as much as I want
Roddy McDowall
19882019
to vote, while British women of society were not. Susan B. Anthony (a staunch abolitionist) and Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for white women to get the right to vote in the United States of America, prioritising this above black men getting the right to vote. Anthony and Stanton were wary of creating an "aristocracy of sex"; rather, they proposed universal suffrage, such that the black community and women (including black women) get enfranchised at the same time. Second-wave feminism, particularly at its outset, was similarly shaped by middle-class, educated white women, and again it did not tend to consider issues
White feminism
6625035
the female sex." That is, women could keep their existing and future special protections that men did not have. By 1972, the amendment was supported by both major parties and was immensely popular. However, it was defeated in Congress when it failed to get the vote of thirty-eight legislatures by 1982. Supporters of an unaltered ERA rejected the Hayden rider, believing an ERA containing the rider did not provide for equality. Jerome Himmelstein identified two main theories about the appeal of antifeminism and its role in opposition to the ERA. One theory is that it was a clash between upper-class
Antifeminism
2610971
but not opposed to reforms as such". Hence, the party does not campaign for reforms itself since its sole object is the establishment of socialism, but it is not opposed to reforms passed by the government when they are clearly in the interests of the working class. The Socialist Studies group disagrees with this position, explicitly stating that socialist Members of Parliament should vote against reform measures even when they are in the interests of the working class. The SPGB considers Socialist Studies's position on how socialist Members of Parliament should vote to be "a legitimate position for a socialist
Socialist Studies (1989)
6727497
of an effective parliamentary opposition is one factor that made it difficult to end UDI when this measure had become clearly necessary. RP activists considered that most of their support came from the business elite, the professional class and from second or third generation Rhodesians. The more recent white immigrants tended to vote overwhelmingly for the RF. It has been suggested that Rhodesia hosted a peculiar brand of white politics traceable to British working-class immigrants who during the 20th century brought their successful struggle for a generous social welfare state out to the colonies. The RP group did not contest
Politics of Rhodesia
693736
the Labour Party between middle-class internationalist intelligentsia who opposed the conflict, and working-class voters who supported it. One Conservative MP wrote: "I have lost my middle-class followers, but this has been at least balanced by backing from working-class electors who normally vote Socialist and who favour a strong line on Suez". Labour MP Richard Crossman said that "when the Labour Party leadership tried to organise demonstrations in the Provinces of the kind they'd held in Trafalgar Square, there was great reluctance among the working classes, because we were at war. It was Munich in reverse. And it was very, very
Suez Crisis
12391479
percentage points, aided by a campaign based upon vilification. La Follette did nonetheless match Coolidge outside conservative, heavily populated Southern California, and he carried most urban working class districts in Northern California, as well as most of the Sierra logging counties that were to become Democratic strongholds between FDR and Jimmy Carter. La Follette's vote was later to revive the moribund Democratic Party when it turned largely to Al Smith (whom his family was to endorse when he died) in the following election. 1924 United States presidential election in California The 1924 United States presidential election in California refers to
1924 United States presidential election in California
3146235
often adopts particular views in relation to the other parties in the Folketing and opt out of many of the settlements reached, seen as an expression of class collaboration. Until the conditions for the party's long-term goal are presented, however, the party will use its seats in parliament to vote for any improvement and against any deterioration of working-class people's lives. In line with this, the party agreed at its national conference in 2010 that if Helle Thorning-Schmidt became Prime Minister after the 2011 election, the party would vote for a "red" budget bill that did not contain obvious flaws.
Red–Green Alliance (Denmark)
9968528
permitted to vote and what age restrictions that applied. Notably there did not seem to have been a property requirement. In place of that was a one-pound poll tax. This led to accusations of vote buying by those wealthy enough to pay for the registration of indigent electors, however the practice was so prevalent all those candidates who were ultimately successful used the tactic. In contrast to later national elections this local election also saw the emergence of a nascent working class party under the auspices of the Working Men's Association and the Mechanic's Institute. The first national elections in
History of voting in New Zealand
3548887
partly on her own relationship as an aristocrat with the working class Lawrence—it became his only novel ever to be staged. John Harte's play was the only dramatization to be accepted by her, and she did her best to get it produced. Although she loved the play when she read it, the copyright to Lawrence's story had already been acquired by Baron Philippe de Rothschild, who was a close friend. He did not relinquish it until 1960, after his film version had been released. John Harte's play was first produced at The Arts Theatre, London in 1961, five years after
Frieda Lawrence
9603671
white working class voters. In the 2008 presidential election, Barack Obama carried 40% of white voters without college degrees to John McCain carrying 58%. In the 2010 midterms, Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives only carried 33% of the white working class vote compared to 63% for the Republican candidates. In the 2012 presidential election, Obama carried 36% of white working class voters to Mitt Romney carrying 61%. In the 2014 midterms, Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives carried 34% of the white working class vote compared to 64% for the Republican candidates. In the 2016 presidential election,
Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)
7750559
the House of Representatives only carried 33% of the white working class vote compared to 63% for the Republican candidates. In the 2012 presidential election, Barack Obama carried 36% of white working class voters to Mitt Romney carrying 61%. In the 2014 midterms, Democratic candidates for the House of Representatives carried 34% of the white working class vote compared to 64% for the Republican candidates. In the 2016 presidential election, Hillary Clinton only carried 28% of white working class voters to Donald Trump carrying 67%. The Democratic Party receives support from secular organizations such as the Secular Coalition for America
Democratic Party (United States)
3980844
a mother's pension and minimum wage which Hearst had proposed, and promoted good roads in the rural areas. The farmers and unionists did not get along well. The 1923 election reflected a popular move to the right, with the Conservatives winning 50% of the vote and 75 seats of the 111 seats, making George Howard Ferguson premier. When surveys of public health showed infant mortality rates were high in Ontario, particularly in the more rural and isolated areas, the provincial government teamed with middle-class public health reformers to take action. They launched an educational campaign to teach mothers to save
History of Ontario
4991578
an "anti-Islamic crusade". In his opinion, New Labour had "given up on the Muslim vote after the Iraq war, so it's now bashing Muslims to get back the white working-class vote and the veil row is a very carefully orchestrated political strategy". Oborne was on the Orwell Prize's Journalism shortlist for 2009. In collaboration with James Jones, Oborne wrote the pamphlet "The Pro-Israel Lobby In Britain", which outlined the influence allegedly enjoyed by pro-Israeli media and political lobbyists in the United Kingdom. The article asserted that while the lobbying efforts of groups such as Conservative Friends of Israel (CFI), Labour
Peter Oborne
19624743
and the working class in mainstream media could have made the public more susceptible to pro-Brexit arguments, as well as having "shaped the debate". Seaton also comments on the effect of social media on the referendum, which played a much more prominent role in the campaign and the vote than in previous votes in the UK. Seaton argues that social media was highly influential in shaping voters' opinions as social media enables users to "get more of what you like" whilst being able to "avoid exposure to what you disagree with" on a platform that is "driven by popularity". Another
Causes of the vote in favour of Brexit
5073968
not have to listen. . . . [U]ntil the men in the Legislature at Albany represent her as well as the bosses and the foremen, she will not get justice; she will not get fair conditions. That is why the working woman now says that she must have the vote. Lemlich, like Newman and Schneiderman, also had strong personal and political differences with the upper and middle class women who led the suffrage movement. Mary Beard fired Lemlich, for reasons that are not entirely clear, less than a year after hiring her to campaign for suffrage in 1911. Lemlich continued
Clara Lemlich
4874009
working class began to view themselves as lower middle class. Class dealignment took place in Britain post-1960s, when people were more likely to pursue tertiary education, have professional jobs and consequently more affluence. As a result, working-class voters who would traditionally have voted Labour may instead vote Conservative or Liberal Democrat. This happens as people lose their traditional class loyalties to a particular party. An example of this would be the Barking and Dagenham results in the 2006 local elections, in which a traditional Labour area voted for the extreme-right British National Party. Dealignment Dealignment, in political science, is a
Dealignment
5221554
one term as mayor, he moved to Orlando, Florida in 1880 where he died a decade later. Dennis Hammond Dennis Hammond (December 15, 1819October 31, 1891) was born in the Edgefield District of South Carolina. He moved to Georgia where he was a lawyer and, from 1855 to 1861, judge in the superior court Tallapoosa Judicial Circuit. In Atlanta after the American Civil War, he was politically influenced by William Markham and became a Radical Republican wanting Blacks to have the right to vote. When Markham refused to run for mayor, Hammond did and was able to briefly unite working-class
Dennis Hammond
11242588
be granted leave by their employers. In 2008, Jenne was opposed in the primary by Robert Kellner and Freda Sherman Stevens, whom he was able to handily defeat, receiving 52% of the vote to Kellner's 30% and Stevens's 18%, and in the general election, he was re-elected unopposed. He faced Edward Bender, an independent candidate, when he ran for re-election in 2010, and earned the endorsement of the "Sun-Sentinel", which praised Jenne for his "pro-consumer record" and for "crossing the aisle and working with House Republicans to get things accomplished." Ultimately, Bender did not pose a significant risk to Jenne,
Evan Jenne
17119221
Glasgow and West of Scotland Temperance Society, which was formed in 1829. In 1838, the mass working class movement for universal suffrage, Chartism, included a current called "temperance chartism". Faced with the refusal of the parliament of the time to give the right to vote to working people, the temperance chartists saw the campaign against alcohol as a way of proving to the elites that working-class people were responsible enough to be granted the vote. In 1847, the Band of Hope was founded in Leeds, with the stated aim of saving working class children from the perils of drink. The
Temperance movement in the United Kingdom
19347880
is primarily working-class and philosophically aligned with the communists. In 1945, she founded a journal, "La Femme dans la Cite" (Woman in the City) to coax middle-class readers into making the connection between improving the mind through industry and awakening their social consciousness. The journal was the only newspaper in the area and Nardal used it to try to get women out to vote in the 1945 elections. The communists won a majority of seats and, the following year, Nardal wrote several editorials stressing to women the importance of gaining an understanding of world issues and voting. Her politics were
Paulette Nardal
1360932
He told another friend that he thought Gladstone would wreck the Liberal Party and end up in a madhouse. When in May 1864 the MP Edward Baines introduced a Reform Bill in the Commons, Palmerston ordered Gladstone to not commit himself and the government to any particular scheme. Instead Gladstone said in his speech in the Commons that he did not see why any man should not have the vote unless he was mentally incapacitated, but added that this would not come about unless the working class showed an interest in reform. Palmerston believed that this was incitement to the
Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston
5221553
Dennis Hammond Dennis Hammond (December 15, 1819October 31, 1891) was born in the Edgefield District of South Carolina. He moved to Georgia where he was a lawyer and, from 1855 to 1861, judge in the superior court Tallapoosa Judicial Circuit. In Atlanta after the American Civil War, he was politically influenced by William Markham and became a Radical Republican wanting Blacks to have the right to vote. When Markham refused to run for mayor, Hammond did and was able to briefly unite working-class whites to win the office. This was the last-gasp of Republican power in Reconstruction-era Atlanta. After serving
Dennis Hammond
42201
many years in his parliamentary career Disraeli hoped to forge a paternalistic Tory-Radical alliance, but he was unsuccessful. Before the Reform Act 1867, the working class did not possess the vote and therefore had little political power. Although Disraeli forged a personal friendship with John Bright, a Lancashire manufacturer and leading Radical, Disraeli was unable to persuade Bright to sacrifice his distinct position for parliamentary advancement. When Disraeli attempted to secure a Tory-Radical cabinet in 1852, Bright refused. Disraeli gradually became a sharp critic of Peel's government, often deliberately taking positions contrary to those of his nominal chief. The best-known
Benjamin Disraeli
17908768
Sandra invites her to their house to spend the night. Sandra speaks to Alphonse, a young African immigrant who is working as a welder on contract. He will only get €150 because he is new, but he is afraid of Jean-Marc, who told him to vote against Sandra if he wants to get along with his co-workers. Alphonse tells her he wants to vote for her, but he's afraid Jean-Marc will find out and write him up for his mistakes, which could damage his chance of renewing his contract when it expires in September. On Monday morning, as the Solwal
Two Days, One Night
11842445
to working-class families. The government collapsed after only nine months when the Liberals voted for a Select Committee inquiry into the Campbell Case, a vote which MacDonald had declared to be a vote of confidence. The ensuing general election saw the publication, four days before polling day, of the hoaxed Zinoviev letter, which implicated Labour in a plot for a Communist revolution in Britain, and the Conservatives were returned to power, although Labour increased its vote from 30.7% of the popular vote to a third of the popular vote — most of the Conservative gains were at the expense of
History of the Labour Party (UK)
16287662
vote, and it was speculated that he would have lost his deposit. He did stand in the electorate the , where he came third with 15.6% of the vote. Stephen Boreham Charles Stephen Boreham (19 December 1857 – 15 May 1925) was a New Zealand shearer and trade unionist. He was born in Richmond, Tasmania, Australia on 19 December 1857. He was potentially the first working class representative who stood for Parliament in New Zealand. He stood for election in the electorate in , but withdrew shortly before polling day. He campaigned in the electorate prior to the , but
Stephen Boreham
11453616
feel less inclined to vote. The same goes for Republicans who live in a primarily Democratic state. In these situations, voters feel as if their vote no longer matters in the electoral college. The 2016 U.S. General Election saw political alienation as one of the forefronts of the campaign. Both Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton made appeals to the working class in Midwestern states by pointing out that they feel as if their votes don't matter and that they've been forgotten by past candidates. Both candidates did the same with Black and Latino voters in urban areas, voicing concerns with
Political alienation
20301123
Committee on Community Affairs (Legislation) and an active member on 11 other Senate Committees. His work background includes running a family farm, management roles in business and working for industry associations. He has a Bachelor of Laws and a first-class Honours Degree in Political History. He is a public opponent of same sex marriage, and warned that he would vote against it even if the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey demonstrated community support. In the final vote on the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Bill on the 29th Nov 2017, he did indeed oppose it despite 63% of his
Slade Brockman
3475935
vote on a ceasefire at the Security Council, we did not want her to vote in favor. I said 'get me President Bush on the phone'. They said he was in the middle of giving a speech in Philadelphia. I said I didn't care. 'I need to talk to him now'. He got off the podium and spoke to me. I told him the United States could not vote in favor. It cannot vote in favor of such a resolution. He immediately called the Secretary of State and told her not to vote in favor." When asked about the comments,
Ehud Olmert
4621690
to have clear parallels with the war for oil. Regarding the song "Dare" and the collaboration with Shaun Ryder, Albarn also said: "I love Shaun Ryder. During the whole Oasis thing, he and Bernard Sumner were the only two who cared about what I was going through. Being constantly taken the piss out of by Noel & Liam (Gallagher). How can you fight when you've got the tabloids and a working class attitude on your back? You're fucked. But Shaun was really sweet to me and made me feel a whole lot better about it. Because I did get quite
Demon Days
18599256
take his declaration seriously. When pharmacist Amy Teo (Wendy Kweh) joined AAU, Harry immediately started flirting with her as they helped a patient who had been using home-grown medicines. Harry soon learned that Amy was registrar Raf di Lucca's (Joe McFadden) wife, but it did not stop him from trying to charm her. A rivalry developed between Harry and Raf, and McFadden explained "Raf sees Harry as a posh boy who's had everything handed to him on a plate, unlike Raf, a working class lad, who's had to scrimp and scrape to get where he is. Also, Harry uses a
Harry Tressler
19164254
against militant tactics. She also hoped that both wealthy and working-class women could work together towards suffrage through the EFS. The EFS decided in 1909 to push for the right to vote in the city of New York first, before they fought for the right to vote across the country. Mackay quit as the president of EFS in 1911, stating that she did not have enough time to devote to the project. The Nevada chapter of the EFS was formed by Jeanne Weir in 1910. Equal Franchise Society The Equal Franchise Society (EFS) was a state-by-state organization that advocated women's
Equal Franchise Society
2174460
doing so it mounted a challenge to the Liberals' position as the third party in London. The rise in the NF's London vote between 1974 and 1977 can be explained in various ways. One possibility is that growing electoral support represented how growing numbers of working-class Londoners were turning to the NF as the party of protest against the Labour government's failure to stem urban decay. An alternate explanation is that the NF's actual voter base did not significantly increase between 1974 and 1977, but rather that their vote share increased due to a lower turnout from voters for mainstream
National Front (UK)
1390837
defending world champions, England's venture in the World Cup attracted a much keener public interest than the general election did. American pollster Douglas Schoen and Oxford University academic R. W. Johnson asserted that Enoch Powell had attracted 2.5 million votes to the Conservatives, although the Conservative vote only increased by 1.7 million. Johnson later stated "It became clear that Powell had won the 1970 election for the Tories ... of all those who had switched their vote from one party to another, 50 per cent were working class Powellites". The Professor of Political Science Randall Hansen assessed a range of
1970 United Kingdom general election
13535701
not want a movie. Charles Roven did reveal to Collider that what they were working on was pretty exciting, there was a director that they did not have at the moment, and they were not ready to cast that vote until they were actually ready to cast. In April 2016, Neil Druckmann, who had worked on previous "Uncharted" games, said that the most important aspect of the film is the character relationships. "If you don't get that right, I don't think the film's going to work," he said. On July 29, 2016, "Variety" reported that Joe Carnahan will write the
Uncharted
12771559
social class and parenting approaches significantly impacted educational and work outcomes. Middle-class families had financial and knowledge resources that working-class families did not, and that was most visible as students worked their way through high school either successfully or not, and even more so when it came time to make decisions about attending college, what institution to attend and what courses to take. Middle-class parents took a different approach to interventions in their children’s lives than working-class parents and continued to play this support role and supervise as their children aged whereas working-class parents tended to stop once their children
Unequal Childhoods
20985706
and the necessity of commitment and conviction; she argued that while the difficult lives of working class women would naturally lead to the formation of definite opinions, the sheltered, easy lives of middle and upper-class women did not naturally lead to such conviction. She wrote that "the withholding of the franchise is very prejudicial to the right development of women, and that the education given by the vote is essential to their true progress", foreseeing that “the bewilderment will pass as the years go on, and the very magnitude of the task will in time arise and awaken those women
Kathleen Lyttelton
6296292
revealed that working-class children needed to achieve higher reading scores than middle-class children in order to get letters of recommendation for entrance into the gymnasium. After testing their reading abilities, the odds for upper-middle-class children to be nominated for a gymnasium were 2.63 times higher than for working-class children. According to the Progress in International Reading Literacy Study, students from ethnic German families were 4.96 times more likely than children from immigrant families to have their teacher write a letter of recommendation. Even when comparing children with the same reading scores, ethnic Germans were still 2.11 times as likely to
Gymnasium (Germany)
10587821
they were devised and the working class self-help movement which also gave rise to trade unions, the co-operative movement etc. The time is the late 18th century when the building society movement was starting. Working-class people did not have access to the banking system and critically nor did their self-help enterprises. Accordingly, the terminating deposit product had to be designed in such a way that it did not depend in any way on the wider financial markets and in particular it did not involve any borrowing by the building society which promoted it. It had to be totally self-funding at
Terminating deposit
19030744
graduated from a high school in Melrose, Massachusetts in 1918. Bunce's career began in the early 1930s with small roles in several films and guest appearances on several radio programs. Bunce did not get household recognition until 1939 when he began playing the role of Dr. Jerry Malone, the young physician who dispensed prescriptions and advice to the folks of Three Oaks on the medical drama "Young Doctor Malone". He left the program in 1944. The same year Bunce left "Young Doctor Malone", he replaced film star Richard Widmark in the role of working-class man Albert Arbuckle, the male lead
Alan Coe Bunce
3143878
Linda Kasabian Linda Darlene Kasabian (born Drouin; June 21, 1949) is a former member of Charles Manson's "Family". She was the key witness in District Attorney Vincent Bugliosi's prosecution of Manson and his followers for the Tate-LaBianca murders. Linda Darlene Drouin was born in Biddeford, Maine and raised in the New England town of Milford, New Hampshire. Her father, Rosaire Drouin, was a construction worker of French-Canadian ancestry. Her mother, Joyce Taylor, was a homemaker. They struggled financially in a working class home. Her parents often did not get along and her father abandoned the family when she was still
Linda Kasabian
18461881
police investigate what happened, her parents both discover that contrary to their belief that Lydia was popular and doing well in school, she was actually a loner with almost no friends and that her grades had severely slipped. The death of their child forces James and Marilyn to reflect back on their lives. James, the academically gifted child of Chinese immigrants spent his entire life yearning to belong. He met Marilyn in 1957 in a class when he was working toward his Ph.D and teaching as a substitute on American culture at Harvard. James did not get a job teaching
Everything I Never Told You
12722024
are being made to level the playing field, students in the wealthiest school districts are given almost twice as much as students in the poorest district, an annual amount of $13,974 compared to $7,457. When schools lack funding, programs such as special education classes and extracurricular activities are cut back. This causes some working class children to not get the attention and help they require. When schools and teachers are not receiving the goods required to fulfill their duty, students cannot be expected to display the motivation to learn in a flawed system. The way parents act in the home
Working class education
1656919
could have been directed toward social problems. The constituency of Basildon was considered a barometer of public opinion in general elections. The results of the constituency elections have been the same as the overall result of general elections since 1983. Basildon was said to epitomise the working class conversion to Thatcherism during the 1980s, though the town did not vote Conservative in 1979. Nor did the Conservative Party ever hold an absolute majority in the town – its success was due to the split between the SDP and the Labour Party. "Basildon Man" or "Essex Man" was coined to describe
Basildon
15213246
watched changes in Britain with interest. When Britain's Reform Act 1832 extended enfranchisement to any man paying taxes of £10 or more per year (previously the vote was restricted to landholders), France's free press took interest. Meanwhile, economically, the French working class may perhaps have been slightly better off than Britain's working class. Still, unemployment in France threw skilled workers down to the level of the proletariat. The only nominally social law of the July Monarchy was passed in 1841. This law prohibited the use of labor of those children under eight years of age, and the employment of children
French Revolution of 1848
1791883
The idea for the 79 Group came from Roseanna Cunningham, then assistant research officer for the SNP, and her brother Chris, during the devolution referendum in early 1979. Although a majority of those voting backed devolution in the referendum, the vote was close and crucially the Yes votes did not reach the threshold of 40% of the electorate set by Parliament. At the SNP national council meeting a few days after the result of the referendum, Margo MacDonald argued that because working-class Scots had supported devolution and middle-class Scots had opposed, the SNP should aim to build its support among
79 Group
13258831
Enforcement, the U.S. Treasury's IRS Bureau of Prohibition, and the U.S. Department of Justice Bureau of Prohibition. As early as 1925, journalist H. L. Mencken believed that Prohibition was not working. "Prohibition worked best when directed at its primary target: the working-class poor." Historian Lizabeth Cohen writes: "A rich family could have a cellar-full of liquor and get by, it seemed, but if a poor family had one bottle of home-brew, there would be trouble." Working-class people were inflamed by the fact that their employers could dip into a private cache while they, the employees, could not. Before the Eighteenth
Prohibition in the United States
14086688
the school stated that working-class and minority students will be guaranteed a slot, while slots for non-minority middle-class students are allocated by lottery, because there are more students applying for the school than slots. Only students in grades nine and ten get written marks for their work. Students in the earlier grades receive yearly written letters about the progress they made in class. The letters are discussed with both the student and his or her parents. Evaluation letters serve several purposes: The students of the Laborschule participated in the Programme for International Student Assessment. They did well and the media
Laborschule Bielefeld
3435798
base over 800,000. Rock the Vote had helped many of them register. The ads did not increase turnout in the experimental group, compared to the control group who did not get the ads. In 2012 they also experimented with text message reminders to 180,000 people who had provided their mobile numbers. Texts the day before the election raised turnout six tenths of a percentage point, while texts on election day lowered turnout. Several mobile apps tell people where to vote, identify their elected officials, or search candidates' positions, though no evidence measures how much these raise turnout. Facebook apps let
Get out the vote
2174451
Council election, the political scientist Paul Whiteley argued that the NF had picked up on the votes of alienated working-class individuals by "providing simple answers to complex problems". He argued that the NF's vote share might best be explained by the "working-class authoritarianism" phenomenon examined in the United States by S. M. Lipset. Husbands instead believed that "local working-class cultures" were "the crucial factor for understanding some pro-NF susceptibility". He cited earlier studies indicating that "territorial sensitivity" was an element of English working-class culture, with this "localism" manifesting as corollaries of "parochialism and a sensitivity to supposed threat". He argued
National Front (UK)
19379649
after 1913 and for a year, the journal was known as "The Woman Voter and the Newsletter". In 1914, "Voter" reverted to its original name and focused heavily on the upcoming vote for women's suffrage in 1915. When women did not get the vote in 1915, Woolston "returned the "Voter" to its broader mission." "Voter" began to focus on the new vote for suffrage taking place in New York in November 1917, however, the publication had its last issue in May 1917 and then was merged into the "Woman's Journal" and "The National Suffrage News". The new publication was called
The Woman Voter
19300084
at the previous election. Their appeals to working class voters were unsuccessful but they also failed to win significant support from the middle classes, resulting in a decreased vote share. The party also struggled to get the access to publicity enjoyed by the more mainstream forces of the right, some of whom had come to co-opt elements of antisemitism into their own programmes, thus denting the DSRP's chances. The party split entirely in 1900 with the DSP re-established. The reconstituted party was able to maintain its presence in the Reichstag until the fall of the empire. The remnants of the
German Social Reform Party
3230554
Electoral Association to replace the League, which in turn lead to the creation of the Labour Party. Labour Representation League The Labour Representation League (LRL), organised in November 1869, was a forerunner of the British Labour Party. Its original purpose was to register the working class to vote, and get workers into Parliament. It had limited power, described by Eugenio Biagini as being "very weak and quite ineffective", and was never intended to become a full political party. However, it played a role in supporting the election of Lib-Lab MPs. The first secretary was Cooperative Society activist and trade unionist,
Labour Representation League
3230553
Labour Representation League The Labour Representation League (LRL), organised in November 1869, was a forerunner of the British Labour Party. Its original purpose was to register the working class to vote, and get workers into Parliament. It had limited power, described by Eugenio Biagini as being "very weak and quite ineffective", and was never intended to become a full political party. However, it played a role in supporting the election of Lib-Lab MPs. The first secretary was Cooperative Society activist and trade unionist, Lloyd Jones. In 1874, the League won two parliamentary seats. In 1886 the TUC created the Labour
Labour Representation League
19061756
focused his campaign on poor health and education for working-class people in the city, calling Birmingham a "rotten and benighted city", while also maintaining his focus on land reform. He came within 2,500 votes of unseating Chamberlain, and improved his vote again at the 1923 general election. Early in 1924, Dunstan visited the Soviet Union, and concluded that conditions for workers were better there than in Britain. Shortly afterwards, he resigned from the ILP and joined the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB). He tried to get the local Labour Party in Ladywood to re-adopt him for the 1924 general
Robert Dunstan
17791001
included the institution of poll taxes and literacy tests, aimed at suppressing the votes of African Americans and poor white working class voters. As off-year elections generally have much lower turnout, they can be a means by which politicians can get policies approved that otherwise would not. This is because the low turnout makes it easier for organized interest groups and voters with vested interests to let their policy goals dominate. William Peniston, a candidate for the Missouri state legislature, made disparaging statements about the Mormons and warned them not to vote in the election. Reminding Daviess County residents of
Voter suppression in the United States
2246807
"Mayism", saying that Mayism was "a working-class conservatism openly critical of the “cult of individualism” and globalization". In 1998, May voted against lowering the age of consent for homosexual acts, and was absent for the vote on the repeal of Section 28 in 2003. In May 2012, however, May expressed support for the introduction of same-sex marriage by recording a video for the Out4Marriage campaign, in which she stated "I believe if two people care for each other, if they love each other, if they want to commit to each other... then they should be able to get married and
Theresa May
17184685
and a variety of other efforts to get him to change his mind. Ultimately, the missing vote was found elsewhere; Hale voted against it but, when it was safely passed, changed his vote to "yay" so he would be on record as having supported it. Once suffrage was won Florence continued to work with Alice Paul and the NWP on the Equal Rights Amendment. She also dedicated herself to working for world peace; she joined the National Council on Prevention of War, chaired the Government and International Cooperation Committee of the Maine League of Women Voters, served as the state
Florence Brooks Whitehouse
11273550
Lloyd George and Sir Edward Grey. The meeting had been with the proviso that these were working class women representing their class. The delegates explained the terrible pay and working conditions that they suffered and their hope that a vote would enable women to challenge the status quo in a democratic manner. Cohen explained how female fellow workers who had the vote would be able to negotiate better wages. By 1923, Cohen became the first woman president of the Yorkshire Federation of Trades Councils. She was on the Council for 25 years and by the mid −1920s she was appointed
Leonora Cohen
3464273
of the Industrial Revolution which was causing Birmingham to expand. In the 1850s, a small area of land was bought by a building society and sold to separate developers who built houses for the working class. People who owned a property were entitled to vote and a campaigner for the working class vote was Joseph Sturge, a Birmingham manufacturer. As a result of his campaigning, a newly created street in the area was named after him. The architecture of the houses was varied due to the different developers. A centre began to develop for the area with its own pub,
Sparkhill
16376224
amendment phase, we would offer our program as a substitute for the Johnson proposal. If we lost in the Committee of the Whole, then we would usually offer it as a motion to recommit and get a vote on that. And if we lost on the motion to recommit, our Republican members had a choice: They could vote against the Johnson program and say we did our best to come up with a better alternative. Or they could vote for it and make the same argument. Usually we lost; but when you're only 140 out of 435, you don't expect
Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives
10704332
half of the group. Class played prominent roles in the Victorian vegetarian movement. There was somewhat of a disconnect when the upper-middle class attempted to reach out to the working and lower classes. Though the meat industry was growing substantially, many working class Britons had mostly vegetarian diets out of necessity rather than out of the desire to improve their health and morals. The working and middle classes did not have the luxury being able to choose what they would eat and they believed that a mixed diet was a valuable source of energy. Tied closely with other social reform
History of vegetarianism
3675373
Minor v. Happersett Minor v. Happersett, 88 U.S. (21 Wall.) 162 (1875), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the Constitution did not grant anyone, and in this case specifically a female citizen of the state of Missouri, a right to vote even when a state law granted rights to vote to a certain class of citizens. The Supreme Court upheld state court decisions in Missouri, which had refused to register a woman as a lawful voter because that state's laws allowed only men to vote. The "Minor v. Happersett" ruling was based on
Minor v. Happersett
11968723
that the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution did not require police to get a warrant before obtaining the cell site location information of a mobile phone. In June 2018, the Supreme Court reversed that judgment by a vote of 5–4. In "Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community" (2012), Kethledge wrote for a unanimous court when it found that tribal sovereign immunity and the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act prevented the state from blocking construction of an Indian casino. In May 2014, the Supreme Court affirmed that judgment by a vote of 5–4. In 2008, Kethledge wrote a concurrence when
Raymond Kethledge
12715748
not have time to reschedule a full head-to-head conference schedule. As a result, Oregon State and USC did not play each other, and when they finished with identical 3–1 conference records, the decision of which team to send to Pasadena was left to a vote among the conference's schools. At first, most people assumed Oregon State would get the nod based on their better overall record (8–2 vs. 6–3). However, when it was announced that the vote would be delayed until after USC's season ending game with top ranked and undefeated Notre Dame, many people inferred that if USC upset
1965 Rose Bowl
19394619
class suffrage societies such as Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU). Eleanor Rathbone led the society as its secretary from 1897, especially in campaigning in the 1910 elections. Three campaign shops were opened around Liverpool, asking men to vote for candidates who supported votes for women, especially Alexander Gordon Cameron. In 1911, Rathbone and Stewart-Brown set up a branch of the society to educate women who would soon get the vote. When the society disagreed with the NUWSS, it merged with the Municipal Women's Association to create the Liverpool Women's Citizens Association in 1919. The Liverpool Women's Suffrage Society was
Liverpool Women's Suffrage Society
19849617
Learning to Labour Learning to Labour: How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs is a 1977 book on education, written by British social scientist and cultural theorist Paul Willis. A Columbia University Press edition, titled the "Morningside Edition," was published in the United States shortly after its reception. Willis's first major book, "Learning to Labour" relates the findings of his ethnographic study of working-class boys at a secondary school in England. In it, Willis attempts to explain the role of youths' culture and socialization as mediums by which schools route working-class students into working-class jobs. Stanley Aronowitz, in the
Learning to Labour
15568406
at the working-class market which campaigned on behalf of labor unions and the right of women to vote. In 1917 Day became a pilot in the United States Navy and when discharged at the end of World War I he returned to New York, working as a sports reporter for "The Morning Telegraph". He later became the editor of the "New York World". In 1921, Day was invited by the unofficial Soviet representative in New York, Ludwig Martens, to accompany him on his deportation from the U.S. to the Soviet Union and to report on events there. When he arrived
Donald S. Day
19755728
was in Copenhagen, Denmark, improving his health, when he died from a brain hemorrhage. Toivo Pekkanen Toivo Rikhart Pekkanen (10 September 1902 Kotka, Finland – 30 May 1957 Copenhagen, Denmark) was a writer from Finland. He was a working class writer without much formal education. Pekkanen's breaktrough work "Tehtaan varjossa" (1932, in Shadow of the factory) describes realistically but dispassionately the living conditions of the working class. The hero, Samuel Oino, educates himself to get a better life - much like Pekkanen himself. His second well known book is the autobiographical "Lapsuuteni" (1953, My Childhood), about his poor childhood years.
Toivo Pekkanen
1484910
did Luxemburg, that what was true for the Radicals, Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Parvus in Russia, was not necessarily so true in Germany. Kautsky was older than Luxemburg, more cautious, and he read mass strikes as adventurism. But radical qualitative change for the working class would lead Luxemburg into an age of revolution, which she thought had arrived. She was determined to push capitalism to its limits to develop class consciousness. In order to get organization and consciousness, workers had to strike to test resilience to exploitation; this would not be achievable through blind adherence to party organization. Rosa Luxemburg
Rosa Luxemburg
14128108
in effect since the early 20th century. Working whites mobilized to prevent school integration after the "Brown v. Board of Education" decision of the Supreme Court in 1954. They believed that their interests were being sacrificed to those of black Americans. As working-class whites began to feel increasingly embattled in the face of federal intervention into local practices, many turned to the 1964 presidential primary campaign of George Wallace who swept the white working class vote. Durr (2003) explains the defection of white working-class voters in Baltimore to the Republican Party as being caused by their fears that the Democratic
History of Baltimore
135209
In the Thuringian state election, 2014 a similar phenomenon was repeated with the party falling below the 5% threshold following a 5.1% drop in popular vote. The party managed to enter parliament in the Bremen state election, 2015 with the party receiving 6.5% of the vote and gaining 6 seats. However, it failed to get into government as a coalition between the Social Democrats and the Greens was created. In the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern state election, 2016 the party failed to get into parliament despite increasing its vote share by 0.3%. The party did manage to get into parliament in Baden-Württemberg, gaining
Free Democratic Party (Germany)
4804853
he did it thoroughly. He eviscerated you, he left your entrails all over the floor." While Gardiner was only allowed to vote in Metro Council to break ties, he was a voting member of all four policy committees. The committees would do the early work of working through proposals preparing them for Council. Gardiner prided himself on his work ethic, the same style he had used since his days at high school. "I was not going to change my way of proceeding. It was more necessary than ever. My diagnosis was that if I was going to get anywhere I
Fred Gardiner
12719485
no differences in voting behaviour by neighbourhood type – contacts with neighbours have no influence on how people vote. 2) The "environmental effect model", which suggests that 'people may be irritated, alarmed and antagonized by contact with those unlike themselves' and become even stronger supporters of their 'class party' than might otherwise be the case – middle-class people are more pro-Conservative in working-class than middle-class areas, for example, and working-class people are less pro-Conservative in strongly middle-class areas. 3) The "consensual environmental effect" model, which argues that 'people will be influenced towards agreement with their contacts', so that, for example,
Neighbourhood effect
6085216
Railway followed in 1915 and 1916 for larger G Class 0-6-4Ts. Unlike the F Class, the G Class locomotives passed to the LNER on 1 November 1937, when that company became responsible for providing motive power for trains north of Rickmansworth, and the locomotives only lasted in service for 30 years. 1928 saw the LNER get locomotives delivered directly from Sheffield. These nine locomotives (LNER 2682 to 2690) were Class N2 0-6-2Ts for working suburban trains. Along with a number of other private builders, YEC built a batch of GWR 5700 Class 0-6-0PTs in 1929/1930. Between 1949 and 1956 50
Yorkshire Engine Company
14558716
Party came third in Brighton Pavilion (with Keith Taylor as candidate) behind Labour and the Conservatives, taking 21.9% of the votes cast. Despite this unprecedented high share of the vote Taylor was not selected to contest the seat in the 2010 general election, losing his prospective position to Caroline Lucas. The English Democrats gained their highest percentage of the vote, when former "Sun" newspaper columnist, Gary Bushell stood in Greenwich and Woolwich and gained 3.4% of votes cast. The Independent Working Class Association stood for the first time in a general election, having previously only stood in local council elections.
Results breakdown of the 2005 United Kingdom general election
9654500
vote. In 1946, de la Cruz founded the Feminine Party of Chile. These actions were the culmination of a long struggle that began in 1913 and ended in 1949, when President Gabriel González Videla signed the law that granted the right to vote in all elections to women in Chile. The Feminine Party grew up very quickly among middle-class and working women. In 1948, de la Cruz ran for a senate seat, but even though she had the support of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, she lost the election. During the 1952 presidential election, she became Ibáñez's campaign manager. After he
María de la Cruz
19038710
internal hierarchy, becoming vice-president of the Party in 1963 and president in 1964. Other MPs often saw Kirk as a champion for ordinary New Zealanders via his working-class background at a time when ordinary voters saw many other politicians, such as Nordmeyer, out-of-touch and aloof. A caucus vote was held on 9 December 1965 where Nordmeyer was defeated by Kirk 25 votes to 10. Nordmeyer's deputy leader, Hugh Watt, retained his position despite the change in leadership receiving 25 votes against a combined total of 7 votes for the other two nominees. A list of each MP's vote. Kirk's new
1965 New Zealand Labour Party leadership election
13208203
I Get That a Lot I Get That A Lot is a reality television special originally created by Danny Harris occasionally airing on CBS, which sets up celebrities in everyday working class jobs. Hidden cameras are used to capture the reactions of unsuspecting customers and bypassers. When the celebrities are recognized, they deny their real identities and say "I get that a lot," until the end of the segment, at which time the cameras are revealed and they come forward about their identities. The first two episodes also aired internationally in Australia on Channel Ten. There is also a French
I Get That a Lot
7920202
have gotten state jobs and his wife’s government salary got a sizable boost after he became Senate president in 2003, when the Blagojevich administration created a special salary class. Jones faced scrutiny after it was reported that his wife received a $70,000 pay raise two months after she and Jones were married and four months after she started her position, when Governor Rod Blagojevich created a special salary class for her position. Jones also received attention in 2008 for postponing a vote on an automatic legislative pay raise of 7.5% which would go into effect if the Senate did not
Emil Jones
1722667
for the short-lived 18th century Corsican Republic) to grant active universal suffrage by giving women the right to vote. It did not grant universal full suffrage (the right to both vote and be a candidate, or both active and passive suffrage) until 1919. In 1902, Australia become the first country to grant full suffrage for women, i.e. the first country in the world to give women both the right to vote and to run for office. However, universal suffrage was not implemented, as aboriginals did not get the right to vote until 1962. Several European nations that had enacted universal
Universal suffrage
9573861
accent when in public to attract the working-class vote. Whitrow was nominated for the BAFTA TV Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Mr Bennet in "Pride and Prejudice". In the year 2000, in the successful animated movie "Chicken Run," Whitrow voiced the character of Fowler; an old rooster who claims to have fought in World War II. Whitrow's last work was two plays for BBC Radio 4 where he played the late Poet Laureate, Sir John Betjeman. Mr Betjeman's Class was his last completed work. Whitrow died while recording Mr Betjeman Regrets and was completed by Robert Bathurst.
Benjamin Whitrow
11290229
Brainy Smurf, a brainy guy, who was supported by himself, and Clumsy Smurf: the winning Smurf had told him to vote for Brainy Smurf, expecting him to get it wrong when it came to the actual vote. The winning Smurf then proceeded to put on golden-coloured clothes and asked the others to refer to him as "King Smurf". The Smurfs laughed off his pretence, something he himself did not take with amusement. Instead he resolved to teach them their place and became authoritarian. The Smurfs began to despise him as he became corrupted by power: King Smurf imposed a repressive
King Smurf
18286793
and redistribution was high on the party's agenda during the successful electoral campaign of 1829, which won 31% of the vote and elected two state legislators under the party's banner. Soon however, the combative Skidmore provoked a reaction leading to his exclusion from the Working Men's Party. Previously critical of influential party leader Robert Dale Owen and others for their promotion of policies not of direct benefit to the working class, Skidmore found himself isolated in December 1829 when Owen joined prominent party politicians Noah Cook and Henry Guyon in seeking his removal for excessive radicalism. Skidmore's cause was not
Thomas Skidmore (reformer)
18130225
provide information about the status of Danish women; to publish accounts from "civilised countries" about the status of women and feminist movements abroad; to encourage debate from varied perspectives; and to propose reforms that would allow Danish women the right to vote (which was granted in 1915). It was published 8–12 times a year until 1899, when its frequency increased to 22 issues per year. In 1899, the editors of "Kvinden & Samfundet" launched a campaign to increase their readership amongst working-class women by publishing a series of articles about their working and living conditions; over the next 15 years
Kvinden & Samfundet
3829832
MIR cemented an alliance with the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario de Izquierda of former President Hernán Siles. The result was the formation of the Unidad Democrática y Popular (UDP). It was a mutually beneficial pact, since Siles offered everything the MIR lacked (experience and legitimacy with the working class stemming from the 1952 Revolution) while Paz, in turn, provided Siles what he did not have: the support of the university students and younger intellectuals. The UDP participated in the June 1978 elections, with Siles at the head of the ticket and, by all accounts won a plurality. The vote was annulled,
Jaime Paz Zamora
10910697
Hartwell, the editor of "The Bee-Hive" journal. John Bedford Leno was fully satisfied with the success the Reform League had met and, being opposed to unnecessary violence, bitterly opposed the interference of Cluseret, as did most of the other members of the Reform League. Cluseret's "call to arms" was rejected and he left England for Paris to start his "War of the Commune". The Reform League's campaigning culminated in the passing of the Reform Act 1867 which gave the vote to representatives of working class men for the first time. Despite a Reform Bill being on the Statute Book by
Reform League
1494845
the industrial working class and the peasantry seeking land reform. It also incorporated increased restrictions on the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico, an extension of the anticlericalism in the Constitution of 1857. The Constitution of 1917 did not explicitly empower women's access to the ballot. In the northern Mexican state of Sonora, Mexican women pushed for more rights for women, including the vote. Emélida Carrillo and school teacher María de Jesús Váldez led the effort. Notably, the movement for Mexican women's rights there was linked to the movement to exclude and expel Chinese in Mexico, racial essentialism that was also
Women's suffrage
2852837
gave the vote to many working class men, quite a considerable change. Jonathan Parry described this as a 'borough franchise revolution'; the traditional position of the landed gentry in parliament would no longer be assured by money, bribery and favours; but by the whims and wishes of the public. However, to blindly consider the "de jure" franchise extensions would be fallacious. The franchise provisions were flawed; the act did not address the issues of compounding and of not being a ratepayer in a household. The compounding of rates and rents was made illegal, after it was abolished in a bill
Reform Act 1867
14686438
Alsatian language. On December 8, 1927 Hueber held a speech in Alsatian in the National Assembly, the content of which were so shocking for the Assembly that large chunks were stricken from the official protocol. Hueber had attacked the status of the French language in Alsace-Lorraine, stating that France was oppressing the Alsatian working class and that Alsace was under French colonial rule. Hueber escaped arrest in the 1939 crackdown on Alsatian autonomist leaders, due to his deteriorating health. Hueber did not take part in the 1940 Congress of Vichy vote. In 1941, Hueber became a functionary of the NSDAP.
Charles Hueber
10744079
most of the collar counties by an even larger margin than longtime Chicago resident Barack Obama did in 2012, while Trump's share of the vote was greater than Mitt Romney's four years earlier in all but two of the downstate counties. As in much of the Midwest, Trump's strong performance downstate was largely propelled by the region's many white working class voters. County by county, the national shift toward the Republican Party under Trump was most pronounced in the Midwest, and enabled Trump to win every Midwestern state except Illinois and Minnesota, the latter of which he lost by only
Politics of Illinois
2217928
1954, Kirk stood as the Labour candidate for the Hurunui seat. While he increased Labour's share of the vote considerably, he did not win. In 1957, however, Kirk won the Lyttelton electorate, reclaiming it for Labour after its surprise loss to the National Party in a previous election. In 1969 he transferred to the Sydenham seat which he held until his death. Throughout his political career, Kirk promoted the welfare state, supporting government spending for housing, health, employment, and education. As such, Kirk often appeared as a champion for ordinary New Zealanders. His working-class background also gave him some advantage,
Norman Kirk
467223
the Electoral College. Willkie won 10 states to the president's 38 though he did better than Hoover and Landon had against Roosevelt. Willkie's popular vote total of 22,348,480 set a record for a Republican not broken until Eisenhower in 1952. The endorsement of CIO head John L. Lewis probably gave Willkie Michigan, and he gained ground in the suburbs and rural areas, but Roosevelt consolidated his 1936 coalition of working-class Americans, minorities, and Southerners to take the election. On the evening of November 11, Willkie gave a nationwide radio address, urging those who had voted for him not to oppose
Wendell Willkie
5245667
individual overall, it seems. Labour although not having anyone in top five spots in first count, did capture a seat. This was proportional - it received about 20 percent of the vote spread over five candidates. Farmilo, the leading labour candidate in the first count, was not elected though. Gibbs, who was apparently on an individual basis more popular overall than Farmilo, got quota in later counts through distribution of others' second preferences, such as Joe Clarke supporters probably. Conservatives Duggan and Weaver did not get quota in first count. Weaver did later when his companion Conservative candidates were dropped
Edmonton (provincial electoral district)