what language do they speak in the czech republic
Czech Bohemian
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Czech language Czech (; "čeština" ), historically also Bohemian (; "lingua Bohemica" in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree. Like other Slavic languages, Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German. The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period, and the
Czech language
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of Languages. The five countries with the greatest use of Czech were the Czech Republic (98.77 percent), Slovakia (24.86 percent), Portugal (1.93 percent), Poland (0.98 percent) and Germany (0.47 percent). Czech speakers in Slovakia primarily live in cities. Since it is a recognised minority language in Slovakia, Slovak citizens who speak only Czech may communicate with the government in their language to the extent that Slovak speakers in the Czech Republic may do so. Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and
Czech language
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foreign films and TV series were almost exclusively dubbed into Czech, for example. This (and the fact that the languages are very similar) made almost all people of both nations passively bilingual, i.e., they were able to understand but not necessarily speak the other language. After the dissolution in 1990s the new TV channels in the Czech Republic practically stopped using Slovak, and young Czech people now have a much lower understanding of the Slovak language. Also, the number of Slovak-language books and newspapers sold in the Czech Republic dropped drastically. The Czech TV news, however, started to reintroduce Slovak-language
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
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modern Czech Republic. However, the country is now divided into 14 administrative regions. The local culture varies somewhat in each of the historical regions. Moravians are usually more nationalistic regional patriots of Moravia, but they also speak Czech. Local dialects (such as Central Bohemian, the Chod dialect, Moravian, Cieszyn Silesian, etc.) are found in various parts of the country. The Czech language is spoken by approximately 12 million people around the world, but the vast majority are in the Czech Republic. It developed from the Proto-Slavic language in the 10th century and is mutually intelligible with the Slovak language. Richard
Czechs
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spoke German, and Czech and nurtured Croatian at home. Considering that they often used Czech and German in schools, churches, public administration, the grammar and vocabulary of the Moravian Croats did not remain untouched. The Croatian Cakavian and Ikavian language was mixed with loan words of both Czech and German origins. Croatian is not studied in Czech schools, so the majority younger generation does not speak it. The older generation of Czech Croats preserved the language, culture, and customs by gathering in organizations and reading magazines in Croatian. Croats in the Czech Republic Croats are one of the 12 recognized
Croats in the Czech Republic
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language (divided into three dialects in Bohemia, four dialects in Moravia, and two dialects in Czech Silesia) is the official language of the state. There is also the transitional Cieszyn Silesian dialect as well as the Polish language in Cieszyn Silesia, both spoken in Czech Silesia. Various Sudeten German dialects are currently practically extinct: present Czech Germans speak mainly Czech or Standard German. Czech Sign Language is the language of most of the deaf community. For other languages spoken in the Czech Republic, see the above section on officially recognised minorities. Almost most of the Czech population prefer not to
Demographics of the Czech Republic
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the country, Jaromír Plíšek, Director General of the Territorial Section, and a representative of the local Armenian community. Topics of discussion included trade and inter-parliamentary links. Armenian migrants freely speak the Russian language which was a subject needed at Czech schools until the end of the 1980s. This has had some impact on the language integration of the Armenian community. The knowledge of Russian may make it easier for Armenians to communicate with locals, and those of the older generation. "Level of Armenian migrants’ knowledge of the Czech language" Armenians in the Czech Republic Armenians in the Czech Republic are
Armenians in the Czech Republic
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to fifteen. After that, some students leave formal education altogether, while other students attend a professional or vocational school. Enrolment in public schools is fairly high, though these figures do not document active student engagement. Attendance among Romani children is generally much lower than other Czech children due to their parents not sending them to school or not ability to speak in Czech language. Czech's education system is governed by the Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports and had a budget of €4.6 billion in 2016. Elementary school () consists of nine grades grouped into two stages. The first stage
Education in the Czech Republic
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Moravians Moravians ("Czech: Moravané" or colloquially "Moraváci", outdated "Moravci") are a West Slavic ethnographic group from the Moravia region of the Czech Republic, who speak the Moravian dialects of the Czech language or Common Czech or a mixed form of both. Along with the Silesians of the Czech Republic, a part of the population to identify ethnically as Moravian has registered in Czech censa since 1991. The figure has fluctuated and in the 2011 census, 4.9% of the Czech population declared Moravian as their nationality. Smaller pockets of persons declaring Moravian ethnicity are also native to neighboring Slovakia. A certain
Moravians
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as a dialect continuum, with limited mutual intelligibility between the eastern and western dialects. This dialectal differentiation is not typical for the Czech Republic, where there is a good deal of dialect leveling, especially in the west of the republic. Most Lachs, especially younger speakers, now speak Czech, and use it as a written language, while Lach remains the language of everyday speech. Lachian contains many German loanwords, according to some sources, up to 8% of the vocabulary. The poet Óndra Łysohorsky is probably the best-known writer in a Lachian dialect. Łysohorsky was notable for refusing to write in Standard
Lach dialects
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Croats in the Czech Republic Croats are one of the 12 recognized minorities in the Czech Republic. They number 850 – 2,000. They have the right to use the Croatian language in communication with Czech authorities and government according to the Charter of Fundamental Rights and Basic Freedoms of the Czech Republic. They form a portion of the 29% minority in the Czech Republic. They live primarily in Moravia, in the villages of Jevišovka (Frielištof), Dobré Pole (Dobro Polje) and Nový Přerov (Nova Prerava). The ancestors of the Croats in the Czech Republic arrived in the 1500s from central Croatia,
Croats in the Czech Republic
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publication houses, amongst them BBart, Netopejr and Crew. In 2009, the Czech comics server Komiksarium organized a poll to determine the most significant Czech comics. Sixty members of the board included comic publishers, creators and collectors. They selected what the believed were the ten most important works in the history of Czech comics: Czech comics Czech comics are comics written in the Czech or Slovak language or by Czech-speaking creators, for the comic markets in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (the former Czechoslovakia). The beginnings of the comics genre in Czechoslovakia are connected with the popular magazine "Mladý hlasatel" ("Young
Czech comics
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may be thought of as the Germanic counterpart of Wenedyk, showing what Polish might have looked like if it were a Germanic and not a Slavic language. The nearly extinct Wymysorys language provides another real-life example of this. Ill Bethisad also has such a "Slavo-Germanic" language: Bohemian, spoken in that universe's Czech Republic, developed by amateur Czech linguist Jan Havliš. Wenedyk Wenedyk () is a naturalistic constructed language, created by the Dutch translator Jan van Steenbergen (who also co-created the international auxiliary language Interslavic). It is used in the fictional "Republic of the Two Crowns" (based on the "Republic of
Wenedyk
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a permanent resident of the Czech Republic, the children born on Czech territory from non-Czech parents are not granted citizenship. However, children under 15 years old, born in Czech territory, whose parents’ nationality cannot be identified become Czech citizens. As for naturalization, permanent residents of the Czech Republic who have lived on the territory for at least 5 years and do not hold citizenship from another country and who has sufficient knowledge of Czech language, can apply to be granted of Czech citizenship. More flexibility is possible if the person demanding is the spouse of a Czech citizen, or if
History of Czechoslovak nationality
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Czech exonyms The following is a list of Czech exonyms, that is to say names for places that do not speak Czech that have been adapted to Czech phonological system and spelling rules, or are simply native names from ancient times. Note that a large number of the names on the list below are archaic, no longer in use in contemporary Czech. Exonyms should not be confused with romanization, i.e., transliteration of names using a different script into a variant of the Latin alphabet according to a given set of rules. The Czech language usually employs different romanization systems than
Czech exonyms
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can be seen in the work of Božena Němcová, whose novel "The Grandmother" explores life in a rural East Bohemian village. As a result, the Czech language has been restored as an official language in the Czech lands and is now used by the vast majority of Czechs, and serves as an official language in the Czech Republic. However, due to the Revivalists' reverence for the outdated language of the Kralice Bible, which they used as a model for their grammars and dictionaries, a gap emerged between the everyday, colloquial language, and the learned language of literature. Czech National Revival
Czech National Revival
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in 2007. There have been unsuccessful attempts to enshrine the position of the Czech language and its minders in legislation, akin to the Language law of Slovakia. Institute of the Czech Language The Institute of the Czech Language (, "ÚJČ") is a scientific institution dedicated to the study of the Czech language. It is one of the institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Its headquarters are in Prague and it has a branch in Brno. In the Czech Republic, the institute is widely accepted as the regulatory body of the Czech language. Its recommendations on standard
Institute of the Czech Language
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on traditional Central European Romani national costumes and is seldom used nowadays. They also have very strict contamination customs. Tucson, Arizona and Hamilton, Ontario both house large numbers of Machvaya as do the United States, Canada, Brazil and the United Kingdom as a whole. Lovari Lovari ("horse-dealer", from Hungarian "ló", "horse") is a subgroup of the Romani people, who speak their own dialect, influenced by Hungarian and West Slavic dialects. They live predominantly throughout Central Europe (Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, and Germany) as well as in Romania, Croatia, France, Italy, Greece and Ukraine. The "Lovari" are a Romani
Lovari
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and 29 million active speakers. 65% of the population was fluent in Russian in 2006, and 38% used it as the main language with family, friends, or at work. In the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an edge in learning Russian (namely, Poland, Czech Republic,
Russian language
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Slovakia, southern Poland and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language and are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats. The representatives of the Burgenland Croats estimate their total number in all three countries and emigration at around 70,000. Burgenland Croatian was the language of Croatian refugees who fled Croatia during the Turkish Wars and settled in the western part of what was then Hungary, the area where they still live. Burgenland Croats included speakers of all three dialects of the Serbo-Croatian language (Shtokavian, Chakavian and Kajkavian), with the
Burgenland Croatian
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Institute of the Czech Language The Institute of the Czech Language (, "ÚJČ") is a scientific institution dedicated to the study of the Czech language. It is one of the institutes of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. Its headquarters are in Prague and it has a branch in Brno. In the Czech Republic, the institute is widely accepted as the regulatory body of the Czech language. Its recommendations on standard Czech () are viewed as binding by the educational system, newspapers and others, although this has no legal basis. The institute's rich publishing activity has two main
Institute of the Czech Language
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Czech was spoken by about 10 million residents of the Czech Republic. A Eurobarometer survey conducted from January to March 2012 found that the first language of 98 percent of Czech citizens was Czech, the third-highest in the European Union (behind Greece and Hungary). Czech, the official language of the Czech Republic (a member of the European Union since 2004), is one of the EU's official languages and the 2012 Eurobarometer survey found that Czech was the foreign language most often used in Slovakia. Economist Jonathan van Parys collected data on language knowledge in Europe for the 2012 European Day
Czech language
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in southern Brazil. To stimulate the German colonization of southern Brazil, the Brazilian government created many German colonies: these were ethnically Germanic areas where people from many parts of what is now Germany, Austria, Czech Republic and Poland settled. Initially, these colonies were in rural areas, where immigrants were able to cultivate their own farms. Many of these German colonies developed greatly and became large cities, Joinville and Blumenau a, among them. Germans were isolated in rural communities for decades. They did not have much contact with the other peoples of Brazil, and for generations they were able to speak
Santa Catarina (state)
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most of the recent immigrants still only have Bulgarian citizenship. The Bulgarian Cultural Organisation publishes the magazine "Roden Glas", while a folklore organisation "Kytka" promotes traditional Bulgarian dances. Among other organisations are "Pirin", "Zaedno", "Vazraždane" and "Hyshove". As an officially recognized minority the Bulgarian citizens of the Czech Republic enjoy the right to use their language in communication with authorities and in the courts of law. They also enjoy a number of other rights connected to the status of recognized minority, e.g. the right to education in their own language: the first Bulgarian school in the current Czech Republic was
Demographics of the Czech Republic
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the winemaking industry (that is a synonym for the English word "track"), primarily used in Czech language as a term for a "railroad track", does not have anything to do with railway transportation at all, except for its default meaning. Vineyard track A vineyard track () is a term used in the legislature of the Czech Republic, meaning a site suitable for vineyards growing. By definition of the law no. 321/2004 of the Czech Republic, a vineyard track is "an agricultural estate, part of an estate, set of estates, ensemble of an estate and a part of an estate or
Vineyard track
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translated into Czech language by a sworn translator. Foreigners with registered place of residence in the Czech Republic may purchase firearms after obtaining corresponding licenses and permits; persons having residence also in another EU country must provide documentation showing that they are allowed to own such a firearm therein in order to be granted a permit to purchase a B category gun. The written test as well as the practical exam has to be taken in the Czech language. Until 31 December 2011, test-takers were allowed to use a sworn interpreter/translator, but this has since been forbidden. Under the current
Gun laws in the Czech Republic
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Kužvart, however, was allegedly not able to communicate in any foreign language, although he does in fact speak English, and allegedly lacked insight into EU affairs. He stepped down in a dramatic way after his first candidate visit in Brussels. Under time pressure the government nominated Telička. When the Czech Republic entered the EU on 1 May 2004 Telička became EU commissioner in the Prodi Commission. He shared the portfolio of Health and Consumer Protection with David Byrne. He held this post only until November 2004; he did not continue in the following Barroso Commission due to a Czech government
Pavel Telička
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Matt Konop Lieutenant Colonel Matt Konop (February 6, 1906 – May 12, 1983) was a United States Army officer during World War II, noted for his fighting in the Battle of the Bulge and celebrated in the Czech Republic for his role in the liberation of the cities of Domažlice and Pilsen in Czechoslovakia near the end of the war. In early May 1945, Konop was made the commander of the 2nd Infantry Division advance party by Second Infantry Division Commanding Officer General Walter M. Robertson, who had learned of Konop's Czech lineage and ability to speak the language. Konop's
Matt Konop
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"Luxury Hotel Guide" was designed to provide an in-depth look into the luxury hotels around Prague, while the "Weddings" supplement offers insight into all facets of wedding planning. In 2007, "The Prague Post" also helped with the revival of English-language theater in Prague with the launching of the first annual Prague Post Playwriting Contest. 2008 The Prague Post launches a digital edition for Amazon Kindle, the first paper in the Czech Republic to do so. Web vendor Amazon ranks it as the best-selling Czech newspaper in the Czech Republic on the device. 2010 The Prague Post Blogs section was launched,
The Prague Post
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have Vietnamese citizenship, with the border town of Cheb being a main centre for Vietnamese people. Also the northernmost part of Bohemia – around the town Varnsdorf – has a significant Vietnamese population. In the Czech Republic, national minorities are afforded classic national minority rights, including government funding for the protection of their language and culture. In recent years, the Vietnamese community has sought recognition as a national minority. In 2004, however, the Government Council for National Minorities, the advisory body of the Czech Government on the issues of national minorities, concluded that the Vietnamese do not constitute a "national
Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic
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have resided in the Czech Republic for most of that time can apply for Czech naturalisation if they can prove they have lost or will lose their original citizenship upon being granted Czech citizenship (valid till December 31, 2013), are of good character and are proficient in the Czech language (current or former Slovak citizens are exempt from language requirements). Parents can apply for their children under 15 years of age, and naturalisation occurs at the discretion of the Interior Ministry. The residence requirement can be waived if the person has a permanent residence permit and The involuntary loss of
Czech nationality law
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A1 Team Czech Republic A1 Team Czech Republic is the defunct Czech team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series. Although no official announcement was made, the team's flag icon was removed from the A1GP website, and they do not appear in the 2008-09 season results page. The "A1 Team Czech Republic" seat holder is Antonin Charouz. "Drivers: Tomáš Enge, Erik Janiš, Josef Král, Filip Salaquarda" The team fared worse in 2007–08, scoring in just three events, and finishing 19th overall. "Drivers: Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge, Jaroslav Janiš, Tomáš Kostka, Filip Salaquarda" Although the team scored on less occasions,
A1 Team Czech Republic
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30% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force"; the percentage of believers is thus the lowest of EU countries after Estonia with 16%. Demographics of the Czech Republic This article is about the demographic features of the population of the Czech Republic, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations. With an estimated population of as of , compared to 9.3 million at the beginning of the 20th century, the population growth of the Czech Republic has been limited, due to low fertility rates and
Demographics of the Czech Republic
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Ewa Farna Ewa Farna (born 12 August 1993) is a Polish-Czech pop-rock singer. She released five Polish-language and four Czech-language studio albums, and received platinum and gold certifications for them, both in Poland and the Czech Republic. Farna is the youngest commercially successful singer in the Czech Republic. She was a judge on the "Czech&Slovak SuperStar" in 2013, the "X Factor" (Poland) in 2014, and is currently a judge on "Idol" (Poland). Farna was born on 12 August 1993 into a Polish family residing in the Vendryně village close to Třinec, Czech Republic. She attended a Polish Elementary School in
Ewa Farna
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brother named Slava. He can speak both English and Czech and lives in Brno, Czech Republic, during the off-season. His nephew, Borek Sedlák, is a Czech ski jumper. Martin Havlát Martin Havlát (; born April 19, 1981) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey player who played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). Havlát was selected from the Czech Extraliga in the first round of the 1999 NHL Entry Draft, 26th overall, by the Ottawa Senators. He remained in the Czech Republic for one more season before joining the Senators for his rookie NHL season in 2000–01. Havlát
Martin Havlát
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thousand people who do not want to be here are forced into the Czech Republic, it is fair to assume that they will leave anyway. The quotas are unfair to the refugees, we can't just move them here and there like a cattle." According to the Czech interior minister Milan Chovanec, from 2 September 2015, Czech Republic was offering asylum to every Syrian caught by the police notwithstanding the Dublin Regulation: out of about 1,300 apprehended until 9 September, only 60 decided to apply for asylum in the Czech Republic, with the rest of them continuing to Germany or elsewhere.
European migrant crisis
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the state of "forced sterilizations" arguing that they were not properly informed of what "sterilization" meant. According to Czech ombudsman Otakar Motejl, "at least 50 Romani women were unlawfully sterilized". The Czech representative at the United Nations protested against the accusations, claiming that they were "false" and that Romani women "exaggerate in all cases". A hospital in Vitkovice, Ostrava, apologised to a Romani woman who was sterilised after her second caesarean, but a request for a compensation of 1 million Czech crowns was rejected by the court. Many Romani left the country after the independence of the Czech Republic, saying
Romani people in the Czech Republic
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the 20th century, Russian was a mandatory language taught in the schools of the members of the old Warsaw Pact and in other countries that used to be satellites of the USSR. In particular, these countries include Poland, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Albania, former East Germany and Cuba. However, younger generations are usually not fluent in it, because Russian is no longer mandatory in the school system. According to the Eurobarometer 2005 survey, though, fluency in Russian remains fairly high (20–40%) in some countries, in particular those where the people speak a Slavic language and thereby have an
Geographical distribution of Russian speakers
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Romani people in Germany Romani people in Germany are estimated to around 170,000-300,000, constituting around 0.1% of the population. One-third of Germany Romani belong to the Sinti group. The majority of Romani in Germany lack German citizenship, having immigrated mostly from Hungary, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Romania, Albania, and Kosovo, and the other countries of former Yugoslavia, and few from Turkey. Most speak German or Sinte Romani. The Romani people originate from the Northern India, presumably from the northwestern Indian states Rajasthan and Punjab. The linguistic evidence has indisputably shown that roots of Romani language lie in India: the language has
Romani people in Germany
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the team still finished in 12th position, including a podium in their home race. "Drivers: Jan Charouz, Tomáš Enge" Good, consistent results, including a victory and two podiums, brought the team to 12th position in the final standings. (), "spr" indicate a Sprint Race, "fea" indicate a Main Race. A1 Team Czech Republic A1 Team Czech Republic is the defunct Czech team of A1 Grand Prix, an international racing series. Although no official announcement was made, the team's flag icon was removed from the A1GP website, and they do not appear in the 2008-09 season results page. The "A1 Team
A1 Team Czech Republic
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Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic The Ruthenian (Greek) Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic, also known as the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic, is an Eastern Catholic institution overseeing Catholics of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. It uses the localized Byzantine Rite in archaic Slavonic language and is based in the Czech Republic. It's cathedral episcopal see is Katedrála sv. Klimenta, located in the Czech national capital, Prague. On March 13, 1996, Pope John Paul II proclaimed a new Apostolic Exarchate (exempt pre-diocese) for Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine Rite in the Czech Republic under the rule
Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic
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woman" or from "půlka" "half"). According to Article 1 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights: Czech: "Všichni lidé se rodí svobodní a sobě rovní co do důstojnosti a práv. Jsou nadáni rozumem a svědomím a mají spolu jednat v duchu bratrství." English: "All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood." Czech language Czech (; "čeština" ), historically also Bohemian (; "lingua Bohemica" in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. Spoken by
Czech language
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National symbols of the Czech Republic The national symbols of the Czech Republic are flags, heraldry, cultural expressions and other symbols that represent the Czech Republic, Czech people and their history, culture and nationhood. There are six official symbols which are declared in the Constitution of the Czech Republic. However many other historical, cultural and geographical symbols of the Czech republic and Czech people do exist. Article 14 of the Constitution of the Czech Republic lists national symbols: the coat of arms, the official colours (including white, red and blue, also Pan-Slavic colors), the national flag, the flag of the
National symbols of the Czech Republic
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late November, they are no longer Russian). Unlike other Nickelodeon feeds, the end credits on shows do not appear. They were replaced by short credits including the show name, production year and production company. In fall 2011 it was reported that Nickelodeon HD and Nick Jr. will launch in the Romania and Czech Republic. In October, the Czech version of Nickelodeon HD began testing on satellite and is currently encrypted. Nickelodeon HD is expanding in Romania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Malta, Turkey, Russia, CIS, Slovakia, and Poland. On December 1, 2011, Nick Czech increased its video bitrate
Nickelodeon (Central & Eastern Europe)
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have included Germany at the invitation of Prof. Rita Süssmuth, President of the Bundestag (the German Parliament) and Daniel Goeudevert (Chair of Volkswagen International); Colombia, invited by the Mayor of Bogota; and the Czech Republic, invited by Václav Havel (President of the Czech Republic). In 2013, Eisler was invited to speak during a Congressional Briefing on "The Economic Return from Investing in Care Work and Early Childhood Education" and to speak for the United States State Department. Riane Eisler is a founding member of the General Evolution Research Group (GERG), a fellow of the World Academy of Art and Science
Riane Eisler
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on 10 July 1943 moved to the Dachau concentration camp where he was forced to do manual labour on the S.S. plantation. In the camp he befriended the future cardinal Josef Beran. The latter taught Henkes the basics of the Czech language since Henkes wanted to master it in order to use it to speak with Czech people. In the second-half of 1944 he served as a canteen-keeper for the inmates in Block XVII. Henkes volunteered in December 1944 to work with patients in Block XVII who had contracted an acute disease. He became infected with the disease himself due
Richard Henkes
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by a number of projects by world-renowned architects (Frank Gehry and his Dancing House, Jean Nouvel, Ricardo Bofill, and John Pawson). There are also contemporary Czech architects whose works can be found all over the world (Vlado Milunić, Eva Jiřičná, Jan Kaplický). In a strict sense, Czech literature is the literature written in the Czech language. A more liberal definition incorporates all literary works written in the Czech lands regardless of language. The literature from the area of today's Czech Republic was mostly written in Czech, but also in Latin and German or even Old Church Slavonic. Thus Franz Kafka,
Czech Republic
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Czech Nebraskan Czech Nebraskans are residents of the state of Nebraska who are of Czech ancestry. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, Czech-Americans living in Nebraska make up 5.5% of the state's population, the largest percentage of any state. 3,295 Nebraskans can speak the Czech language. Hrbkova has estimated that of the 539,392 Bohemians counted in the 1910 Census, about one eighth lived in Nebraska. Various fraternal orders, and thirteen Komensky educational clubs were established in Nebraska. The Sokol society had organizations in Crete and in Wilber. A Czech language newspaper, the "Pokrok Zapadu" (Progress of the West), was founded
Czech Nebraskan
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Czech language Czech (; "čeština" ), historically also Bohemian (; "lingua Bohemica" in Latin), is a West Slavic language of the Czech–Slovak group. Spoken by over 10 million people, it serves as the official language of the Czech Republic. Czech is closely related to Slovak, to the point of mutual intelligibility to a very high degree. Like other Slavic languages, Czech is a fusional language with a rich system of morphology and relatively flexible word order. Its vocabulary has been extensively influenced by Latin and German. The Czech–Slovak group developed within West Slavic in the high medieval period, and the
Czech language
19581978
important agreements signed between India and Czech Republic: Both India and Czech Republic are equally interested in being educated about the history and culture of the other country. Czech people are passionate about yoga, Ayurveda and Indian religious texts. Many universities in the Czech Republic have a long history of offering education about Indian culture, languages, literature and history. Similarly, in the Delhi University in India, students can learn Czech language and history, and are increasingly eager to visit Czech Republic to explore the architecture, history and beauty. For many decades, Czechoslovakia was one of India’s main trading partners among
Czech Republic–India relations
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Skalken in Bohemia in 1796, and his descendants kept most of the property until a land reform in 1923. The Schönborn family continued to live at Skalka Castle, Czechoslovak Republic, until 1945, the year Christoph was born there. They spoke German as their primary language and Czech as a secondary language; in Skalka around half of the population were native German speakers and the other half native Czech speakers and most people spoke both languages. When aristocratic titles were abolished in the First Czechoslovak Republic, after its independence in 1918, just as in Austria, his father officially lost his title
Christoph Schönborn
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end of the 20th century, the private association Moravian Language Institute ("Ústav jazyka moravského"), founded by waiter and amateur linguist Jan Kozohorský, has made attempts to standardise a literary Moravian language. The movement has been criticised by linguistics professors at Masaryk University in Brno as controversial and with strong political undertones. Moravian dialects Moravian dialects () are the varieties of Czech spoken in Moravia, a historical region in the southeast of the Czech Republic. There are more forms of the Czech language used in Moravia than in the rest of the Czech Republic. The main four groups of dialects are
Moravian dialects
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etc.) thus allowing other students to move up these lists and achieve the right of enrollment in their preferred university. The official term for Matura in the Czech Republic is "maturita" or "maturitní zkouška". In 2010 the Czech Republic introduced a system of state exams which divided the previous system into two parts. The first is the state exam which consists of two compulsory subjects: "Czech language and literature" and either a foreign language (mostly English, but also German, Russian, Spanish or French) or mathematics (the combination is chosen by students). The second part consists of Czech language and literature
Matura
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Moravian dialects Moravian dialects () are the varieties of Czech spoken in Moravia, a historical region in the southeast of the Czech Republic. There are more forms of the Czech language used in Moravia than in the rest of the Czech Republic. The main four groups of dialects are the Bohemian-Moravian group, the Central Moravian group, the Eastern Moravian group and the Lach (Silesian) group (which is also spoken in Czech Silesia). While the forms are generally viewed as regional variants of Czech, some Moravians (522,474 in the 2011 Census) claim them to be one separate Moravian language. Southeastern Moravian
Moravian dialects
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to unknown circumstances. "Do What U Want" reached number one in Hungary while peaking within the top 10 in Austria, Canada, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Norway, Scotland, South Korea, Spain and the United Kingdom as well as the top 20 in Belgium, the Czech Republic, Germany, New Zealand, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States. Live performances of the song were televised on the 2013 American Music Awards, "", "Saturday Night Live", America's "The Voice", and Britain's "The X Factor". Several remixes of the song were released, including ones with vocals from Christina Aguilera and Rick Ross. "Do What U
Do What U Want
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the Apostolic Exarchate and their terms of service: Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic The Ruthenian (Greek) Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic, also known as the Apostolic Exarchate in the Czech Republic, is an Eastern Catholic institution overseeing Catholics of the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. It uses the localized Byzantine Rite in archaic Slavonic language and is based in the Czech Republic. It's cathedral episcopal see is Katedrála sv. Klimenta, located in the Czech national capital, Prague. On March 13, 1996, Pope John Paul II proclaimed a new Apostolic Exarchate (exempt pre-diocese) for Eastern Catholics of the Byzantine
Ruthenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Czech Republic
9404077
Polish population enthusiastically welcomed the change, seeing it as a liberation and a form of historical justice. But they quickly changed their mood. The new Polish authorities appointed people from Poland to various positions from which Czechs had been dismissed. The Polish language became the sole official language. Rapid Polonization followed. Czech organizations were dismantled and their activity was prohibited. Czech education ceased to exist. About 35,000 Czechs emigrated to Czechoslovakia by choice or forcibly. The behaviour of the new Polish authorities was different but similar in nature to that of the Czech authorities before 1938. Two political factions appeared:
Polish minority in the Czech Republic
364953
In 2007, 68% of the population aged from 25 to 64 years claimed to speak two or more foreign languages, finishing 2nd highest in the European Union. The best known foreign language in Slovakia is Czech. Eurostat report also shows that 98.3% of Slovak students in the upper secondary education take on two foreign languages, ranking highly over the average 60.1% in the European Union. The deaf community uses the Slovak Sign Language. Even though spoken Czech and Slovak are similar, the Slovak Sign language is not particularly close to Czech Sign Language. The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion.
Slovakia
7241540
Karel Klostermann Kar(e)l Faustin Klostermann (February 13, 1848, in Haag am Hausruck, Upper Austria, Austrian Empire – July 17, 1923, in Štěkeň, Czechoslovakia) was a Czech and Austrian writer. He wrote under the alias "Faustin". From 1857 to 1865 he went to school in Písek, a town in the South Bohemian Region of what is now the Czech Republic. He studied medicine until 1869 in Vienna, and was later active as a teacher of German and French at the German high school in Plzeň. He first wrote his works in German; later he turned to the Czech language and wrote
Karel Klostermann
3531327
coverage from Slovakia and Slovak TV (STV2) rebroadcasts the Czech TV newscast "Události ČT" daily, ten minutes after midnight. On the public RTVS, it is common to have at least one daily newscast from the Czech Republic during prime time news. Furthermore, many TV programmes on Slovak TV channels are still dubbed into Czech, some films in cinemas are subtitled in Czech and there are far more Czech-language books and periodicals on the market than before the dissolution. The major boost for the language interchange has come from private TV channel providers like CS Link (Czech Republic) and Sky Link
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
78915
is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and
Czech language
15648265
the state, or official language of the republic'). In practice, in the international documents this role was played by the Czech language. Meanwhile, the Constitution of 1920 and its derivative acts allowed the usage of minority languages provided they were spoken by not less than 20% of the local population of certain areas. Officially the 1920 constitution was superseded on 9 May 1948 with the Ninth-of-May Constitution where the concept of the official language was omitted. The "Czech-Slav Society" created in 1829 by students of the Lutheran Lyceum in Bratislava, also called the "Society for the Czechoslovak language and literature",
Czechoslovak language
19581973
Czech Republic–India relations Economic relations between India and Czech Republic date back to the Middle Ages. People in both countries have always been interested in learning more about the history, language and culture of the other country. During the years after India’s independence, Czechoslovakia also played a role as a vital economic partner. Today, both India and Czech Republic have established close relations when it comes to trade, investment and tourism. Bohemia (now a land that is part of the Czech Republic) traded extensively with India for unique and valuable goods such as spices. These Indian spices were transported into
Czech Republic–India relations
7797127
Bohemia: Small vineyards can be found in Prague, but they do not produce a significant amount of wine. The top five grape varieties grown in Bohemia are Müller-Thurgau (26% of vineyards), Riesling (16% of vineyards), St. Laurent (14% of vineyards), Blauer Portugieser (10% of vineyards), and Pinot noir (8% of vineyards). The most commonly grown grape varieties in the Czech Republic, including the approximate percentage of vineyard planting for each variety, are listed below: The wine-producing areas of the Czech Republic are well known for their wine festivals (Czech: "vinobraní") which take place around harvest time in September. The biggest
Czech wine
9557468
exam. Ewa Farna hails from a patriotic Polish family from the Vendryně () village in the Zaolzie region. Her father Tadeusz is a musician in regional Polish folk groups. Farna holds dual Polish-Czech citizenship although she has stated many times that she feels "as a proud Pole". She energetically campaigns for the rights of the Polish minority in the Czech Republic, often cooperating with the Congress of Poles in the Czech Republic. Ewa Farna Ewa Farna (born 12 August 1993) is a Polish-Czech pop-rock singer. She released five Polish-language and four Czech-language studio albums, and received platinum and gold certifications
Ewa Farna
238807
host any embassy. There are, however, a number of honorary consulates in the principality. Most of these are situated in the capital Vaduz, however, some are found in Schaan, Schellenberg and Triesen. The country has an international dispute with the Czech Republic and Slovakia concerning the estates of its princely family in those countries. After World War II, Czechoslovakia, the predecessor of the Czech Republic and Slovakia, acting to seize what they considered to be German possessions, expropriated the entirety of the Liechtenstein dynasty's hereditary lands and possessions in Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia which compose the Czech Republic. The expropriations
Foreign relations of Liechtenstein
12637363
as director of the Diplomatic Academy in Vienna, shared the opinion that Austrians and Czechs are of different language, but of "the same nation", the same character. Schwarzenberg himself had lived in Vienna for decades before returning to the Czech lands after 1989. Austria has an embassy in Prague and two honorary consulates (in Brno and České Budějovice). The Czech Republic has an embassy in Vienna and five honorary consulates (in Graz, Innsbruck, Klagenfurt, Linz, and Salzburg). Both countries are full members of the European Union. They share 362 km of common border, which can be crossed anywhere without border
Austria–Czech Republic relations
15383050
was the whole of today's Republic of Macedonia) a part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Czechoslovak consul in Skopje in 1928, Vladimír Znojemský, underlined in his reports the existence of a Macedonian nation in Macedonia, which is "different from what the others are, whose people speak a different language and feel different". In the period between 1918 and World War II Czechoslovakia supported the several Macedonian initiatives on recognition of the Macedonian nation. At that time, the Macedonian nation was not recognized by the authorities of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Instead, the Macedonians were regarded as (Southern) Serbs. In
Czech Republic–Republic of Macedonia relations
2362566
the region, said that the Armenians lost patience after months of firing by the Azeris. "If they were sitting on our hilltops and harassing us with gunfire, what do you think our response should be?" he asked. The government of Nakhchivan denied these charges and instead asserted that the Armenian assault was unprovoked and specifically targeted the site of a bridge between Turkey and Nakhchivan. "The Armenians do not react to diplomatic pressure," Nakhchivan foreign minister Rza Ibadov told the ITAR-Tass news agency, "It's vital to speak to them in a language they understand." Speaking to the agency from the
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
10429019
Languages of the Republic of Macedonia The official, national and most widespread language in the Republic of Macedonia is Macedonian. Apart from it, Macedonia officially recognizes six national minority languages: Albanian, Turkish, Romani, Serbian, Bosnian, and Aromanian. The Macedonian Sign Language is the country's official sign language. According to the last 2002 census, Macedonia had a population of 2.022,547 citizens. 1,344,815 Macedonian citizens declared that they speak Macedonian, 507,989 citizens speak Albanian, 71,757 citizens speak Turkish, 38,528 citizens speak Roma, 6,884 citizens speak Aromanian, 24,773 citizens speak Serbian, 8.560 citizens speak Bosnian and 19,241 citizens speak other languages. The language
Languages of the Republic of Macedonia
5506765
sign language. Mixed transcortical aphasia is characterized by severe speaking and comprehension impairment, but with preserved repetition. People who suffer mixed transcortical aphasia struggle greatly to produce propositional language or to understand what is being said to them, yet they can repeat long, complex utterances or finish a song once they hear the first part. Persons with mixed transcortical aphasia are often nonfluent, and in most cases do not speak unless they are spoken to, do not comprehend spoken language, cannot name objects, and cannot read or write. However, they often have the ability to repeat what is said to
Mixed transcortical aphasia
18221533
dragons. In the setting of the five Earthsea novels, Ged and his enemy Cob are the only dragonlords. The most famous dragonlord was King Erreth-Akbe, who is a legendary hero by Ged's time. When dragons do speak, they are worth listening to, as they have long lifespans over which to gain great wisdom. Dragons speak only in the Language of the Making, from which the language of human magic is derived. Though they cannot lie, they are able to twist what they say and mislead the unwary because it is their native tongue, while no wizard can live long enough
Earthsea (universe)
3956646
Aka people The Aka or Bayaka (also BiAka", "Babenzele) are a nomadic Mbenga pygmy people. They live in southwestern Central African Republic and in northern Republic of the Congo. An ecologically diverse people, they occupy 11 different ecological zones of the Western Congo Basin. They are related to the Baka people of Cameroon, Gabon, northern Congo, and southwestern Central African Republic. Unlike the Mbuti pygmies of the eastern Congo (who speak only the language of the tribes with whom they are affiliated), the Aka speak their own language along with whichever of the approximately 15 Bantu peoples they are affiliated.
Aka people
4382356
the alien language be heard, to stress that the humans cannot understand what is being said. The Gaim, pak'ma'ra, and Vorlons do not speak directly in English; in the case of the pak'ma'ra, either because they refuse to learn any language other than their own, or because they are incapable of making human sounds. Members of these races instead make use of real-time translation devices. The principal human characters speak with an American accent, with the exception of Marcus Cole, who speaks with Jason Carter's natural English accent. Susan Ivanova, born in Russia, speaks with an American accent, as her
Civilizations in Babylon 5
4680260
inhibited by psychological barriers. Receptive bilingualism is frequently encountered among adult immigrants to the U.S. who do not speak English as a native language but who have children who do speak English natively, usually in part because those children's education has been conducted in English; while the immigrant parents can understand both their native language and English, they speak only their native language to their children. If their children are likewise receptively bilingual but productively English-monolingual, throughout the conversation the parents will speak their native language and the children will speak English. If their children are productively bilingual, however, those
Multilingualism
2165727
the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China where they are known as "Hezhe" (赫哲族 "Hèzhé-zú"). According to the last census of 2004, they numbered 4,640 in China (mostly in Heilongjiang province). Chinese Nanai speak the Hezhen dialect of Nanai. They also have a rich oral literature known as the Yimakan. The dialect does not have a written system in China and Nanai usually write in Chinese. (Second language literacy is 84%.) However, as of 2005 teachers have recently finished compiling what is probably the first Hezhe language textbook. The 2000 Chinese census recorded 4.640 Nanai
Nanai people
9864956
"Where is he/she going?" (where he/she goes), "Where is his/her father going?" (where his/her father goes), "Who speaks our Rama language?" (who our Rama language speaks), "With whom did you go?" (who with you-went). Questions words with a non-verbal predicate: "What is your name?", "How is your family?" Sentences may be negated by placing after the verb or predicate, e.g. "I do not live on Rama Cay", "You do not speak Rama", "My house is not big", "That dog is not mine", or by placing "aa" before the verb, e.g. "They didn't look for the manatee", "I don't want to
Rama language
19301468
are legally just are [none the less] ... inimical to nature. By law it has been laid down for the eyes what they should see and what they should not see; for the ears what they should hear and they should not hear; for the tongue what it should speak, and what it should not speak; for the hands what they should do and what they should not do ... and for the mind what it should desire, and what it should not desire. Repression means pain, whereas it is nature (human nature) to shun pain. Elsewhere, Antiphon wrote: "Life
Sophistic works of Antiphon
7915330
people. Life on the island remains very traditional and includes hunting, dancing and thayilai (feasts); vital components of contemporary life. The day-to-day language of Waraber is Brokan (Torres Strait Creole), however, the traditional language of the people of Waraber is Kulkalgau Ya, one of the four dialects of Kalaw Lagaw Ya. Kulkalagau Ya phrases: Ni midhadh? "How are you?" Ninu nel nga? "What is your name?" Stuwa unaga? "Where is the store?" Ninu waru ubilaig, au? "Do you like turtle?" Ni kulkalgadh yamuleka, au? "Do you speak Kulkalgau Ya?" Ni markaidh muleka, au? "Do you speak English?" Ina ngau mudh.
Sue Islet (Queensland)
4930743
a sizeable number of Gujarati Muslims speak Urdu for religious and cultural reasons. Bangladeshis from Sylhet speak Sylheti and Bengali. People from Sri Lanka speak Tamil and Sinhala. Those who speak dialects mainly refer their language to the main language, for example Sylheti speakers say they speak Bengali or Mirpuri speakers say they speak Punjabi. The reason for this is because they do not expect outsiders to be well informed about dialects. The unemployment rate among Indian men was only slightly higher than that for White British or White Irish men, 7 per cent compared with 5 per cent for
British Asian
10552051
never speak Portuguese and speak only Cantonese as first language; if other Macanese people of mixed ancestry speak Portuguese, they speak it as second language, thus affected by Cantonese accent. Macau was transferred sovereignty from Portugal to People's Republic of China in 1999, but Portuguese remained an official language. Although Portuguese use was in decline in Asia in the early 21st century after Macau was ceded to China in 1999, there has been an increase in the teaching of Portuguese, mostly due to East Timor's boost in the number of speakers in the last five years, but also the Chinese
Macanese Portuguese
455372
"The Welsh language is a source of great pride for the people of Wales, whether they speak it or not, and I am delighted that this Measure has now become law. I am very proud to have steered legislation through the Assembly which confirms the official status of the Welsh language; which creates a strong advocate for Welsh speakers and will improve the quality and quantity of services available through the medium of Welsh. I believe that everyone who wants to access services in the Welsh language should be able to do so, and that is what this government has
Welsh language
7240285
brothers coming across some sort of trouble in their latest location, usually involving an antagonist bullying the locals. The brothers invariably get involved in the trouble, and beat the antagonist using their daredevil stunts (usually more out of luck than skill), bickering and causing havoc all the while. No matter what happens, the Brothers always come out on top in the end, and regroup in time to chime in with their catchphrase: "Yahzaa Adrenalini!" The brothers do not speak or understand English, which leads other characters to think they are unintelligent. Instead, they speak Rendoosian, a gibberish language comprising standard
The Amazing Adrenalini Brothers
4222038
especially ones in managerial positions, who do not speak French or whose grasp of French is weak attend French-language training. As part of the francization programme, the Quebec government provides free language courses for recent immigrants (from other countries or other provinces) who do not speak French or whose command of French is weak. The government also provides financial assistance for those who are unable to find employment because they are unable to speak French. Another aspect of francization in Quebec regards the quality of the French used in Quebec. The Quebec Office of the French language has, since its
Francization
521488
learn to speak a tonal language (and possibly also by infants when they learn to speak a pitch-accent language). However, the brains of tonal-language speakers do not naturally process musical sound as language; perhaps such speakers are more likely to acquire absolute pitch for musical tones when they later receive musical training. Many native speakers of a tone language, even those with little musical training, are observed to sing a given song consistently with regard to pitch. Among music students of East Asian ethnic heritage, those who speak a tone language very fluently have a much higher prevalence of absolute
Absolute pitch
31642
the country. They are economic migrants whose migration began in 1991, following the collapse of the Socialist People's Republic of Albania. The Arvanites and Albanian-speakers of Western Thrace are a group descended from Tosks who migrated to southern and central Greece between the 13th and 16th centuries. They are Greek Orthodox Christians, and though they traditionally speak a dialect of Tosk Albanian known as Arvanitika, they have fully assimilated into the Greek nation and do not identify as Albanians. Arvanitika is in a state of attrition due to language shift towards Greek and large-scale internal migration to the cities and
Albanians
6213110
Alur people Alur are an ethnic group who live in northwestern Uganda and northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). They are part of the larger Luo group. In Uganda, they live mainly in the Nebbi, Zombo, and Arua districts, in the DRC, they reside mostly north of Lake Albert. Most members of the group speak Alur, a language closely related to Dojunam Acholi and Adhola. Some Alur speak Lendu or Kebu. Alur language dialects vary considerably. The highland Alur (Okoro) speak a slightly different dialect from the lowland Alur (Jonam), and it might be difficult to for a native
Alur people
14448106
confident body language instead. So, what do people do when they see, hear or have to say something they are uncomfortable with? The same thing occurs, but the hand wipes the mouth, scratches the face or strokes the chin. This is especially common when politicians are listening to other people speak, as they are champing at the bit to reply but have to literally hold the words back. This gesture can be mistaken for interest and deep thought, but when this occurs the hand tends to be lower and holds or strokes the chin without touching the mouth. It is
Non-verbal leakage
4088701
the sea is at its worst. There is no current that does not bounce back. The feces that is dropped is sure comfort. Do not gore the peg where you are tied. Nobody can steal your knowledge. Grasp the opportunity because the bed bugs will carry and hide them inside the floor. Do not eat your fingers. No one burns the house of a good man. Stones are softer than his head. Tomatoes do not bear eggplant. They washed their face with what he said. Leave him alone for his head is tangled. Do not speak of a cavan for
Ivatan language
8367839
Ait Ouriaghel The Ait Ouriaghel (also written as "Ayt Waryaɣar" or "Ayt Uryaɣal" in Berber) is the biggest Berber tribe of the Rif region of the north-eastern part of Morocco. Ait Waryagher means "those who do not back off/ those who do not retreat". They inhabit most of the territory around the city of Al Hoceima. The Ayt Waryaghar speak the "Western-Tarifit" dialect of the Riffian language. The Ayt Waryaɣar were the main group which participated in the Rif wars (see Republic of the Rif) against the Spanish Protectorate in Morocco at the beginning of 20th century. The Spanish authorities
Ait Ouriaghel
6070100
Mpondo people The Mpondo people, also called AmaMpondo and Pondo, are a Southern African ethnic group. Their traditional homeland has been in the contemporary era Eastern Cape province of South Africa, more specifically what used to be the Transkei region. They speak a Nguni / Mbo language called "isiMpondo" which is grammatically similar to both isiXhosa and isiZulu. During the colonial and Apartheid era, the Mpondo people lived in Pondoland of the Republic of Transkei along with Xhosa people and others. They are sometimes incorrectly referred as a Xhosa subgroup. While they share some history and culture with the ethnic
Mpondo people
3762588
language only by a small minority, primarily, though not exclusively, in the government-defined Gaeltacht regions in the Republic. A larger minority speak Irish as a second language, with 40.6% of people in the Republic of Ireland claiming some ability to speak the language in the 2011 census. Article 8 of the Constitution of Ireland states that Irish is the "national" and "first official" language of the Republic of Ireland. English in turn is recognised as the State's "second official language". Hiberno-English, the dialect of English spoken in most of the Republic of Ireland, has been greatly influenced by Irish. In
Culture of Ireland
2313192
the variety of the language spoken is significantly influenced by isiZulu. Many Swazis (plural "emaSwati," singular "liSwati"), including those in the south who speak this variety, do not regard it as 'proper' Swazi. This is what may be referred to as the second dialect in the country. The sizeable number of Swazi speakers in South Africa (mainly in the Mpumalanga province, and in Soweto) are considered by Swaziland Swazi speakers to speak a non-standard form of the language. Unlike the variant in the south of Swaziland, the Mpumalanga variety appears to be less influenced by Zulu, and is thus considered
Swazi language
11728258
of the Altay language. Only around 10% of them speak Northern Altay varieties, while the remaining speak Southern Altay varieties. Furthermore, according to some data, only 2% of Altays fluently speak the Altay language. Northern Altay consists of the following varieties: Closely related to the northern varieties of Altay are and the of Chulym language. The following features refer to the outcome of commonly used Turkic isoglosses in Northern Altay. Northern Altai language Northern Altai or Northern Altay is one of two Turkic languages spoken in the Altay Republic of Russia on the border of Mongolia, the People's Republic of
Northern Altai language
2275014
children learn the Garifuna as a cultural language and a language such as Spanish or English spoken as the official language of where they live. Almost all Garifuna are bilingual or multilingual. They generally speak the official languages of the countries they inhabit, such as Spanish and English, most commonly as a first language. Many also speak Garifuna, mostly as a cultural language, as a part of their families heritage. The Garinagu do not have an official religion, but a complex set of practices for individuals and groups to show respect for their ancestors and Bungiu [God] or Sunti Gabafu
Garifuna
5262191
After 2005, students will have less foreign language lessons and IT. At schools where there is no "nulladik évfolyam" (beginners classes), they may be required to introduce them because the majority of Hungarians do not speak more than one language, or only speak their parents' language or dialect. Most students will finish High School at the age of 18 or 19, or when they complete Year 13. Those who had at least an intermediate level language exam weren't required to pass a language exam at Matura, but has become compulsory since 2006. In language training classes, a student must pass
Education in Hungary
65804
49% of Croatians speak English as their second language, 34% speak German, and 14% speak Italian. French and Russian are spoken by 4% each, and 2% of Croatians speak Spanish. A substantial proportion of Slovenes (59%) have a certain level of knowledge of the Croatian language. The main religions of Croatia are Roman Catholicism 86.28%, Eastern Orthodoxy 4.44%, Protestantism 0.34%, other Christianity 0.30%, and Islam 1.47%. In the Eurostat Eurobarometer Poll of 2005, 67% of the population of Croatia responded that "they believe there is a God" and 7% said they do not believe "there is any sort of spirit,
Demographics of Croatia
6232262
A problem facing many communities in Northern Australia is that creole-speaking children are treated as though they speak English, but speak it badly; so they do not receive education in English as a second language. On the other hand, because they are not regarded as having a native mother tongue, they are denied access to education in their traditional language. The only official bilingual language program in Kriol is at Barunga, which was established during the Whitlam government, and has successfully included Kriol as both a medium and an object of study. Funding is scarce for any further development of
Australian Kriol language
19874198
there are three other Amerindian groups: the Galibi-Marwono, who also speak a French Creole language incredibly similar to Karipúna, and the Palikúr and Galibi do Oiapoque indigenous groups who speak their own non-creole languages. Members of the latter groups are often bilingual in Amapá French Creole, though only the Karipúna and Galibi-Marwono speak AFC natively. Anonby finds that "the differences between all the French Creoles do not pose a serious problem to intelligibility." The Karipúna people numbered 1,726 between 16 different villages in 2001. The largest, "Manga", contained 465 people. They are far more dispersed as compared to the Galibi-Marwono
Karipúna French Creole language
9512352
Kuhawar are other important tribes. Majority of the Pashtuns settled in the Punjab region do not speak Pashto as their first language any longer. Instead they speak Urdu or Punjabi; the Sagri Khattaks of Attock District and the Chhachh area, speak Pashto language and practice Pashtun culture known as Pashtunwali. Sections of Niazi i.e. Sultan khel also speak pashto. The Niazi clan has retained their tribal system and the Pashtun culture compared to other Pathans settled in Punjab. They are known to still follow many aspects of Pashtunwali, the honor-code of the Pakhtuns. Pathans of Punjab The Pathans of Punjab
Pathans of Punjab
7380502
with them" and that this was not a problem within the black community "because we’ve shared a religion and in many cases a language". In the pamphlet, Bailey had confused the Hindu religion and the Hindi language: "You don’t know what to do. You bring your children to school and they learn far more about Diwali than Christmas. I speak to the people who are from Brent and they’ve been having Hindi days off." The Conservative Party Deputy Chairman, James Cleverly, defended Bailey and insisted he was misunderstood, and that he was implying black boys were drifting into crime as
Anti-Hindu sentiment