when did the democratic republic of the congo gain independence
30 June 1960
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forced the local population to produce rubber, and from 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of disease and exploitation. In 1908, Belgium, despite initial reluctance, formally annexed the Free State, which became the Belgian Congo. The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name Republic of the Congo. Congolese nationalist Patrice Lumumba was elected the first Prime Minister, while Joseph Kasa-Vubu became the first President. Conflict arose over the administration of the territory, which became known as the Congo Crisis. The provinces of Katanga, under Moïse Tshombe, and South Kasai attempted to secede.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name "République du Congo" ("Republic of Congo" or "Republic of the Congo" in English). As the neighboring French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name "Republic of Congo" upon achieving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as "Congo-Léopoldville" and "Congo-Brazzaville", after their capital cities. Shortly after independence the Force Publique mutinied, and on July 11 the province of Katanga (led by Moïse Tshombe) and South Kasai engaged in secessionist struggles against the new leadership. Most of the 100,000 Europeans who had remained behind after
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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country in the face of rising demands for independence. Belgian and Congolese political leaders held a Round Table Conference in Brussels beginning on 18 January 1960. At the end of the conference, on 27 January 1960, it was announced that elections would be held in the Congo on 22 May 1960, and full independence granted on 30 June 1960. The elections produced the nationalist Patrice Lumumba as prime minister, and Joseph Kasavubu as president. On independence the country adopted the name "Republic of the Congo" (République du Congo). The French colony of Middle Congo (Moyen Congo) also chose the name
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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live in the Democratic Republic of the Congo - Rwandan Hutu refugees who fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1994. Congolese Banyarwanda The term Banyarwanda refers to Rwandan colonials or nationals who, between the end of World War I and 1960 emigrated to the Democratic Republic of Congo. The term is used to distinguish them from Banyamulenge, Rwandans who emigrated in a wave in the 19th century. They acquired Congolese citizenship at independence from Belgium on 30 June 1960. The Congolese law on citizenship said that to be Congolese one should be a member of a tribe
Congolese Banyarwanda
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College of Commissioners-General The College of Commissioners-General (French: "Collège des Commissaires-generaux") was a body of university graduates that acted as the third government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) under the leadership of Justin Marie Bomboko from 20 September 1960 until 9 February 1961. On 24 June 1960 the Lumumba Government was installed as the first indigenous government of the new Democratic Republic of the Congo. Independence followed on 30 June 1960, but governing became chaotic amid an army mutiny, disorder, and Belgian intervention. Throughout August 1960 President Joseph Kasa-Vubu became increasingly bothered by
College of Commissioners-General
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forced the local population to produce rubber, and from 1885 to 1908, millions of Congolese died as a consequence of disease and exploitation. In 1908, Belgium, despite initial reluctance, formally annexed the Free State, which became the Belgian Congo. The Belgian Congo achieved independence on 30 June 1960 under the name Republic of the Congo. Congolese nationalist Patrice Lumumba was elected the first Prime Minister, while Joseph Kasa-Vubu became the first President. Conflict arose over the administration of the territory, which became known as the Congo Crisis. The provinces of Katanga, under Moïse Tshombe, and South Kasai attempted to secede.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) originated with educational and propaganda films during the colonial era of the Belgian Congo. Development of a local film industry after the Democratic Republic of the Congo became independent in 1960 was handicapped by constant civil war. During the colonial era, before the DRC gained independence as Zaire, the Belgian Congo administration did not let Africans watch foreign films, officially because the locals could not understand the difference between fact and fiction. In reality, authorities were afraid that the films would cause subversive
Cinema of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Jean Schramme Jean Schramme (March 25, 1929, Bruges, Belgium – December 14, 1988, Rondonópolis, Brazil) was a Belgian mercenary and planter. He managed a vast estate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo until 1967. When the Belgian Congo gained its independence in 1960, the country quickly descended into civil war. Several hundred white people were held hostage, and Belgium sent troops to Congo to free them and to protect its interests. Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the Congo, was murdered. The rich province of Katanga, soon followed by the eastern part of Kasai, were trying to gain
Jean Schramme
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CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Congo, short for the Democratic Republic of the Congo, is a country in Africa. The Congo was colonized by Belgium in 1908, and known as Belgian Congo until independence in 1960. In recent decades, the CIA has been involved in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, especially in relation to the CIA's considerations and plans to assassinate former Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba (and accusations of CIA involvement in his eventual assassination). Patrice Lumumba was the first prime minister of the independent country. Even before the independence of the Congo, the
CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have had peaceful diplomatic relations, and growing economic relations, since 1971. Relations between the two countries go back to 1887, when representatives of the Congo Free State established contacts with the court of the Qing dynasty then ruling China. The first treaty between the two powers was signed in 1898. The Free State became a Belgian colony in 1908, but when it gained its independence in 1960 it established formal relations with the Republic of China (ROC), which had replaced
China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
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South Kasai South Kasai () was an unrecognised secessionist state within the Republic of the Congo (the modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) which was semi-independent between 1960 and 1962. Initially proposed as only a province, South Kasai sought full autonomy in similar circumstances to the much larger neighbouring state of Katanga, to its south, during the political turmoil arising from the independence of the Belgian Congo known as the Congo Crisis. Unlike Katanga, however, South Kasai did not explicitly declare full independence from the Republic of the Congo or reject Congolese sovereignty. The South Kasaian leader and main advocate,
South Kasai
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in 1885 before the Berlin Conference and acquired citizenship at independence - People of Rwandan origin who immigrated to settle in the Democratic Republic of the Congo between 1885 and 1960 and acquired citizenship at independence - People of Rwandan origin who came to work in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to work in the mines in Katanga. They retained their Rwandan citizenship - Rwandan refugees who fled to the Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1959-1962 (Rwanda became independent in 1962). They returned to Rwanda when the RPF took power in Rwanda in 1994 - Rwandan citizens who
Congolese Banyarwanda
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by Mobutu to gain legitimacy for his rule, though this criticism has been challenged by the persistence of a post-Mobutu nationalism after the fall of Mobutu from power and the renaming of the country to the Democratic Republic of Congo. Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Congolese nationalism of Democratic Republic of the Congo, was also for a time known as Zairian nationalism during the rule of Mobutu Sese Seko. Congolese nationalism persists amongst the people of Democratic Republic of the Congo, in spite of civil war and the lack of a clear definition of what it means to
Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
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Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the basic law governing the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Constitution has been changed and/or replaced several times since its independence in 1960. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is now under the regime of the constitution which was approved in a referendum by the Congolese people, and promulgated on February 18, 2006 by President Joseph Kabila. It is the Democratic Republic of the Congo's sixth constitution since 1960. New political subdivisions were brought by this constitution. The country is divided
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The Land Forces (), also called the Congolese army, are the land warfare component and the largest branch of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC). The current Congolese army has its origins in the "Force Publique" that was active in the Belgian Congo, which was renamed the Congolese National Army ("Armée nationale congolaise", ANC) when the country gained independence from Belgium in 1960. During the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko, it was renamed the Armed Forces of Zaire ("Forces Armées Zaïroises", FAZ) in 1971 with the
Land Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (, , ), is Congo's head of government. The current prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is Bruno Tshibala. The position of prime minister was already present in the first government after independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, with the first prime minister Patrice Emery Lumumba. Over the years the position's powers and attributions have varied widely, and there were long periods of time under the Mobutu Sese Seko, and the period following the First Congo
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Multi-party elections in the DR Congo were held in July 2006, the first multi-party elections in the country since 1960. The 1960 elections, held in the wake of independence, saw Patrice Lumumba become prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu president. In 1965 Mobutu Sese Seko seized power and declared himself president. He ruled until 1997 when Laurent Kabila seized power after the First Congo War. When Laurent Kabila was killed in 2001, his son Joseph Kabila took over the presidency while the country was going through the Second Congo War (1998–2003). The Second
Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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or herself alone. The constitution does not expressly outline any direct requirement for this position. The only litmus is the approval by the National Assembly of the government's composition and program, which then leads to the investiture of the government. Historical: Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (, , ), is Congo's head of government. The current prime minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is Bruno Tshibala. The position of prime minister was already present in the first government after independence of the Democratic Republic
Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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wrongdoing during his time as ruler of his private colony. The entire archive of the Congo Free State was burned and he told his aide that even though the Congo had been taken from him, "they have no right to know what I did there". After gaining its independence in the mid-20th century, it was renamed three times: first, as the Republic of the Congo; second as Zaire, the name it retained under Mobutu Sese Seko's dictatorship; and third as the Democratic Republic of the Congo, or DRC. (This is not to be confused with the neighboring Republic of the
Leopold II of Belgium
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Luluabourg Constitution The Luluabourg Constitution () was the second constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Functional from 1 August 1964 until November 1965, it was meant to replace the provisional "Loi Fundamental" that had been enacted when independence was declared in 1960. Unlike its predecessor, the Luluabourg Constitution featured a strong executive presidency and carefully delineated federalism between the central government and the provinces. It also formalized the adoption of the name "Democratic Republic of the Congo", succeeding the name "Republic of the Congo". As was agreed upon by the participants in the Belgo-Congolese Round Table Conference in
Luluabourg Constitution
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The Congo was a former colony of Belgium that won its independence in the same year. Patrice Lumumba became the President of the newly formed democratic government. Soon after he was elected president of the Congo, the military began to attack the European population that was still present in the country. Belgium however did not respond well to this news. Not only did they send military enforcement to reoccupy the country, they also attempted to aid the Congo's richest province Katanga to secede. Lumumba went directly to the United Nations for assistance but he was repeatedly ignored. Since they didn't
CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo (at one time known as Zaire) a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, with the end of the Cold War and in the face of growing evidence of human rights abuses, Western support waned as pressure for internal reform increased. The Democratic Republic of the Congo
Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an industry in the country of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that has plenty of potential. The agricultural sector supports two-thirds of the population. Agricultural production has stagnated since independence. The principal crops are cassava, yams, plantains, rice, and maize. The country is not drought-prone but is handicapped by a poor internal transportation system, which impedes the development of an effective national urban food-supply system. Land under annual or perennial crops constitutes only 3.5 percent of the total land area. Agriculture is
Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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of the country. Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Sparsely populated in relation to its area, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to a vast potential of natural resources and mineral wealth. Despite this, the economy has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. At the time of its independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the second most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa. It boasted a thriving mining sector and its agriculture sector was relatively productive. Since then, corruption, war and political instability have been a severe detriment to further growth, today
Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Sparsely populated in relation to its area, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is home to a vast potential of natural resources and mineral wealth. Despite this, the economy has declined drastically since the mid-1980s. At the time of its independence in 1960, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was the second most industrialized country in Africa after South Africa. It boasted a thriving mining sector and its agriculture sector was relatively productive. Since then, corruption, war and political instability have been a severe detriment to further growth, today leaving DRC with
Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Testicles. Rubber is the fourth most important export cash crop. The plantation crop has been slowly recovering from nationalization. Some plantations are now replanting for the first time in over 20 years. Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is an industry in the country of the Democratic Republic of the Congo that has plenty of potential. The agricultural sector supports two-thirds of the population. Agricultural production has stagnated since independence. The principal crops are cassava, yams, plantains, rice, and maize. The country is not drought-prone but is handicapped by a
Agriculture in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Congo and the Republic of Zaire, before returning to its current name the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At the time of independence, the country was named the Republic of Congo-Léopoldville to distinguish it from its neighbour the Republic of the Congo-Brazzaville. With the promulgation of the Luluabourg Constitution on 1 August 1964, the country became the DRC, but was renamed to Zaire (a past name for the Congo River) on 27 October 1971 by President Mobutu Sese Seko as part of his "Authenticité" initiative. The word "Zaire" is from a Portuguese adaptation of a Kikongo word "nzere" ("river"), a
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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fractured Precambrian crystalline basement rock. Eastern DRC has several active volcanoes. The eruption of Mount Nyiragongo in January, 2002, killed 45 people in the major eastern city of Goma and lava flows destroyed the city's airport flowing toward Lake Kivu. The eruption of Mount Nyamulagira on November 27, 2006 did not result in significant fatalities. Mining in southern provinces like Katanga has seriously polluted some of DRC's aquifers. Historically, the economy of the Democratic Republic of Congo hinged on the mining industry, particularly in colonial times and immediately after independence. However, Congolese metal mining virtually collapsed as a result of
Geology of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1971, the state's name changed to Zaire. The first stamps of Zaire were issued on 18 December 1971. In 1997 the country's name reverted to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The State of Katanga seceded from the Republic of the Congo and, during its three years of independence, produced its own stamps and issues overprinted on earlier stamps of the Belgian Congo and the Republic of the Congo. For a short period in 1960–61, South Kasai was a secessionist region in the south central area of the country that issued overprinted Belgian Congo stamps. Postage stamps and postal history
Postage stamps and postal history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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TPOK Jazz OK Jazz, later renamed TPOK Jazz (short for "Tout Puissant Orchestre Kinshasa", "all-powerful Kinshasa orchestra"), was a soukous band from the Democratic Republic of the Congo established in 1956 and fronted by Franco. The group disbanded in 1993, but begin again in 1996. The OK Jazz band was formed in 1956 in Léopoldville (now Kinshasa), in what was at the time the Belgian Congo. On independence in 1960, the Belgian Congo became the Republic of the Congo, later Zaire and is now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo. At one time in the late 1970s and
TPOK Jazz
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Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo () was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was often known as Congo-Léopoldville (after its capital) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour, also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville. With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1 June 1966, it was known as Congo-Kinshasa until 1971. On 1 August 1964, the state's official name was changed to Democratic Republic of the Congo. In 1971, the state's
Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
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the association was taken over by Joseph Kasa-Vubu, and under his leadership it became increasingly hostile to the colonial authority and sought autonomy for the Kongo regions in the Lower Congo. In 1956 a group of Congolese intellectuals under the tutelage of several European academics issued a manifesto calling for a transition to independence over the course of 30 years. The ABAKO quickly responded with a demand for "immediate independence". The Belgian government was not prepared to grant the Congo independence and even when it started realising the necessity of a plan for decolonisation in 1957, it was assumed that
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) also chose the name Republic of Congo upon receiving its independence, the two countries were more commonly known as Congo-Leopoldville and Congo-Brazzaville, after their capital cities. The United States immediately recognized the new Republic of the Congo and moved to establish diplomatic relations. The embassy in Brazzaville was established August 15, 1960, with Alan W. Lukens as Chargé d'Affaires "ad interim". The first ambassador, W. Wendell Blancke was appointed on November 9, 1960. United States Ambassador to the Republic of the Congo This is a list of Ambassadors of the United States
United States Ambassador to the Republic of the Congo
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and purposes, the Democratic Republic of the Congo had effectively come to an end, but it would be another year before Mobutu officially changed the country's name to Zaire. Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) The Republic of the Congo () was a sovereign state in Central Africa that was created with the independence of the Belgian Congo in 1960. From 1960 to 1966, the country was often known as Congo-Léopoldville (after its capital) in order to distinguish it from its north-western neighbour, also called the Republic of the Congo or Congo-Brazzaville. With the renaming of Léopoldville as Kinshasa on 1
Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
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Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics The Democratic Republic of the Congo ("DR Congo") first participated at the Olympic Games in 1968, when it was known as "Congo Kinshasa". The nation's next Olympic appearance was sixteen years later in 1984, when it was known as Zaire. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, but has never participated in the Winter Olympic Games. By the 2000 Games, the nation was once again designated "Democratic Republic of the Congo". No athlete from DR Congo has ever won an Olympic medal, making it the
Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics
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MUKUNGUBILA since 1959, when he will be given the Bible, a moment synonymous of the beginning of the suffering that he endures until this days for the true independence of the Democratic Republic of Congo. On Wednesday, March 2, 2011, the Patriotic Congolese Journalists Network awarded Paul Joseph Mukungubila a diploma and a trophy of merit and patriotism to celebrate a rich enough past in favor of the populations of the Democratic Republic of Congo. It was after a severe criterion and an objective analysis that the selection of the jury was unanimous in Paul Joseph Mukungubila, prophet of the
Paul-Joseph Mukungubila
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376 United Nations Security Council resolution 1376, adopted unanimously on 9 November 2001, after recalling all previous resolutions on situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Council supported the third phase of the deployment of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC). In the preamble of the resolution, all countries were reminded against the use of force against another country. The sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo was reaffirmed, including over its natural resources. The Security Council noted that all parties had generally
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1376
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domestic consumption. While rampant corruption and inadequate supervision leaves the banking system vulnerable to money laundering, the lack of a well-developed financial system limits the country's utility as a money-laundering center. Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Its location in the center of Africa has made the Democratic Republic of the Congo (at one time known as Zaire) a key player in the region since independence. Because of its size, mineral wealth, and strategic location, Zaire was able to capitalize on Cold War tensions to garner support from the West. In the early 1990s, however, with the
Foreign relations of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1628 United Nations Security Council resolution1628, adopted unanimously on 30 September 2005, after recalling all previous resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, including resolutions 1565 (2004), 1592 (2005), 1596 (2005) and 1621 (2005), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) for a period of one month. The Council reaffirmed its support for the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and extended the mandate of MONUC until 31 October 2005. The resolution was essentially technical
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1628
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Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is legal but related activities are prohibited. The Congolese penal code punishes pimping, running a bawdy house or brothel, the exploitation of debauchery or prostitution, as well as forced prostitution. Activities that incite minors or promote the prostitution of others have been criminalised. The government does little to enforce the law. During the colonial era and the years that followed independence, the Ministry of Health issued calling cards identifying professional sex workers and provided them with medical health checks. However, this system was abandoned
Prostitution in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1489 United Nations Security Council resolution 1489, adopted unanimously on 26 June 2003, after recalling Resolution 1291 (2000) and other resolutions on the situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, particularly resolutions 1468 (2003) and 1484 (2003), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo (MONUC) until 30 July 2003. The Council reaffirmed its commitment to the sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. There was concern over hostilities in the east of the country, particularly in North Kivu province. The
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1489
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Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations are the bilateral relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the United Kingdom. The Democratic Republic of the Congo maintains an embassy in London and the United Kingdom maintains an embassy in Kinshasa. The United Kingdom established its first Diplomatic mission with the Congo Free State in 1902 when a British Consulate was built in the then capital Boma. A vice-consulate later opened in Léopoldville in 1906. In 1923 Léopoldville was proclaimed the capital of the Belgian Congo and in 1930 the British Consulate
Democratic Republic of the Congo–United Kingdom relations
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the "Françafrique" policy was motivated by three strategic concerns: Françafrique includes all of French-speaking Africa, i.e. former French and Belgian colonies in Africa: Togo, Republic of the Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, Senegal, Côte d'Ivoire, Cameroon, Burundi, Chad, Comoros, Gabon, Burkina Faso, Madagascar, Benin, Tunisia, Morocco, Guinea, Niger, Djibouti, Mali, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Algeria, and also other countries like Equatorial Guinea, where France gained influence after its independence from Spain. Not all countries are affected by Françafrique to the same extent. Petroleum dictatorships like Gabon and the Democratic Republic of Congo are the archetypes of "Françafrique". In
Françafrique
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century, largely as part of the slave trade. Henry Morton Stanley arrived at Banana in 1879 at the start of an exploratory expedition funded by Léopold II of Belgium. Following the Conference of Berlin (1884–85) the European powers recognized Léopold's claim to the Congo basin, and in a ceremony at Banana in 1885 the king announced the establishment of the Congo Free State, headed by himself, beginning the period of European colonization. Banana was the main Belgian naval base of the Congo until independence in 1960. Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo Banana is a small seaport in the Bas-Congo
Banana, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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country more federalist, and increased the number of provinces from six to 21. The country was renamed the "Democratic Republic of Congo" (having been officially the "Republic of Congo" since independence in 1960, a name shared by its neighbour) When the constitution came into effect, the parliament elected in 1960 was automatically dissolved, and the President, Joseph Kasa-Vubu, appointed a transitional government, whose role was to organise elections within nine months. In June 1964 Kasavubu appointed Moise Tshombe, who had led the Katanga breakaway, as the interim Prime Minister. After Tshombe's government announced that elections would be held by 30
1964 Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) constitutional referendum
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to 11,000 in 1934. In 1947, the white population was 24,000 and 89,000 in 1959. The post-World War II white population increased steadily until 1960 when Belgium granted the Republic of the Congo its independence. White settlers were primarily government officials and missionaries, and disproportionately young men. Belgians made up between 40 and 65 percent of the white population until after World War II. During the existence of the Congo Free State and the early years of the Belgian Congo, the majority of White Congolese were Scandinavian. Demographics shifted throughout the 1950s. By 1959, 0.9 percent of the total Belgian
White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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situation. This distortion emanates from people often hiding behind so-called humanitarian organizations. Some have a hidden agenda of distracting the international community so that their own role in Rwanda's tragedy cannot be exposed. Bishop Ahimana defended the Rwandan invasions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which led to the First Congo War and the Second Congo War: When Rwandan troops decided to pursue the genocidal forces and their sponsors in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1996 and 1998, they did so in the light of day. The peace we enjoy today in our country is mainly a
Augustin Ahimana
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and "Congo" is the preferred English name in 19th-century literature, although references to "Zahir" or "Zaire" as the name used by the inhabitants remained common. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo are named after it, as was the previous Republic of the Congo which had gained independence in 1960 from the Belgian Congo. The Republic of Zaire during 1971–1997 was also named after the river, after its name in French and Portuguese. The Congo's drainage basin covers , an area larger than India. The Congo's discharge at its mouth ranges from , with an
Congo River
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was originally a Belgian colony that was established in 1908. It shared a name with the neighboring Republic of the Congo to the west, a French colony that also gained independence in 1960; the two were differentiated by also stating the name of the relevant capital city—Congo (Léopoldville) versus Congo (Brazzaville). From the beginning of the Congo's independence, the CIA was running operations in the country to "...stabilize the government and minimize communist influence in a strategically vital, resource-rich location in central Africa." According to a report regarding the CIA's activities in the Congo from 1960 to 1968, the CIA
CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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literacy in local languages during the European colonial period. This trend was reversed after independence, when French became the sole language of education at all levels. Since 1975, the four national languages have been reintroduced in the first two years of primary education, with French becoming the sole language of education from the 3rd year onwards, but in practice many primary schools in urban areas solely use French from the first year of school onward. The culture of the Democratic Republic of the Congo reflects the diversity of its hundreds of ethnic groups and their differing ways of life throughout
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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26, 2004. It is available here. American School of Kinshasa The American School of Kinshasa (TASOK) is an international, private, independent K-12 school in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, for students aged between 3 and 18 years. TASOK was founded in 1961 as "TASOL" for "The American School of Leopoldville", Leopoldville being the name of the capital of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo. The "L" was amended to "K" when the name of the city was changed to Kinshasa in 1966. After independence in 1960, the Congolese schooling system entered into chaos, and many of the
American School of Kinshasa
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American School of Kinshasa The American School of Kinshasa (TASOK) is an international, private, independent K-12 school in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, for students aged between 3 and 18 years. TASOK was founded in 1961 as "TASOL" for "The American School of Leopoldville", Leopoldville being the name of the capital of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo. The "L" was amended to "K" when the name of the city was changed to Kinshasa in 1966. After independence in 1960, the Congolese schooling system entered into chaos, and many of the European schools that had catered to
American School of Kinshasa
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heads of state of the Southern African Development Community in resolving the ongoing fighting in the eastern DRC. In March 2010 Kalume was Commissioner-General in charge of the celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of independence of the Democratic Republic if the Congo. Denis Kalume Numbi Denis Kalume Numbi is a general and a politician in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). He was part of the Antoine Gizenga government as Minister of State for the Interior, Decentralization and Security. He was replaced in this position on 26 October 2008 by Celestin Mbuyu Kabango when the government headed by Adolphe
Denis Kalume Numbi
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Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Primary education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) is free and compulsory. The education system in the Democratic Republic of the Congo is governed by three government ministries: the "Ministère de l’Enseignement Primaire, Secondaire et Professionnel (MEPSP"), the "Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et Universitaire (MESU)" and the "Ministère des Affaires Sociales (MAS)". As a result of the 6-year civil war in the late 1990s-early 2000s, over 5.2 million children in the country did not receive any education. Since the end of the civil war, the situation has improved tremendously, with
Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Patrice Lumumba Patrice Émery Lumumba (; alternatively styled Patrice Hemery Lumumba; 2 July 1925 – 17 January 1961) was a Congolese politician and independence leader who served as the first Prime Minister of the independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) from June until September 1960. He played a significant role in the transformation of the Congo from a colony of Belgium into an independent republic. Ideologically an African nationalist and Pan-Africanist, he led the Mouvement National Congolais (MNC) party from 1958 until his assassination. Shortly after Congolese independence in 1960, a mutiny broke out in
Patrice Lumumba
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in the same ethnic group which increased tensions. In 1960 there were only 16 university graduates out of a population of 20 million. Belgium still had economic power and independence gave little opportunity for improvement. Common refrains included "no elite, no trouble" and "before independence = after independence". When the Belgians left, most of the government officials and educated residents left with them. Before independence there were just 3 out of 5000 government jobs held by Congolese people. The resulting loss of institutional knowledge and human capital crippled the government. After the Congo crisis, Mobutu arose as the country's sole
Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Congolese Australians Congolese Australians are Australians of Congolese descent or who were born in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or the Republic of the Congo. The population of Congolese born Australians has increased significantly over the past 20 years, from just 21 at the 1996 Census to 5,522 at the 2016 Census. Almost 75% of Congolese Australians have immmigrated from the Democratic Republic of the Congo, which has experienced significant conflict and instability since gaining independence in 1960. This has resulted in around 1.8 million Congolese being internally displaced, with around 300,000 fleeing to neighbouring countries. Most immigrants from
Congolese Australians
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Edouard Masengo Edouard (Katiti) Masengo (born 1933 in Kafubu, Haut-Katanga District, Democratic Republic of the Congo - 27 March, 2003) was a Congolese guitarist. In 1950 Masengo helped train JECOKE, a comedic troop of Kenyan youths. The JECOKE troop went on tour through Kenya, Uganda, Congo Brazzaville, Belgian Congo, and Cameroon, with great success, due to their "" dance. A music contest was organized in Leopoldville in 1956. The winner was JECOKE, who beat out famed local artists such as Wendo Kolosoy, Grand Kalle and Franco to win. The day before the Independence of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Masengo
Edouard Masengo
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Force Publique The Force Publique (, "Public Force"; ) was a gendarmerie and military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of Belgian colonial rule (Belgian Congo – 1908 to 1960). After independence, the FP was retitled as the Congolese National Army or ANC. The "Force Publique" was initially conceived in 1885 when King Leopold II of the Belgians, who held the Congo Free State as his private property, ordered his Secretary of the Interior to create military and police forces
Force Publique
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a population of 25.789.024 inhabitants. It is estimated that Angola was host to 12,100 refugees and 2,900 asylum seekers by the end of 2007. 11,400 of those refugees were originally from the Democratic Republic of Congo, who arrived in the 1970s. there were an estimated 400,000 Democratic Republic of the Congo migrant workers, at least 220,000 Portuguese, and about 259,000 Chinese living in Angola. Since 2003, more than 400,000 Congolese migrants have been expelled from Angola. Prior to independence in 1975, Angola had a community of approximately 350,000 Portuguese, but the vast majority left after independence and the ensuing civil
Angola
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History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The history of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo can be traced back to 1907, when the first Jewish immigrants began to arrive in the country. Current Jewish Congolese population is mostly of Sephardi background. The territory which is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo was first annexed and colonised by Europeans after 1885 within what was then the Congo Free State. By 1908, the Free State had itself been annexed by Belgium, becoming the Belgian Congo. The first Jews in the Congo were Eastern
History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo Boma is a port town on the Congo River, some 100 km upstream from the Atlantic Ocean, in the Kongo Central province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It had an estimated population of 162,521 in 2012. Boma was the capital city of the Congo Free State and Belgian Congo (the modern Democratic Republic of the Congo) from 1 May 1886 to 1926, when the capital was moved to Léopoldville (since renamed Kinshasa). The port handles exports of tropical timber, bananas, cacao, and palm products. Boma was founded as a slaving station and
Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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1960 Force Publique mutiny On 5 July 1960, soldiers of the garrisons of Léopoldville and Thysville of the Force Publique, the army of the newly independent Democratic Republic of the Congo (then Republic of the Congo) mutinied against their white officers. The revolt quickly spread throughout the Lower Congo and engulfed the country in disorder, beginning the Congo Crisis. The Force Publique was long characterised by repressive police actions and entrenched racial segregation. With the exception of 10 adjutants appointed shortly before independence, no Congolese soldier was able to advance past the rank of sergeant. Many hoped that independence would
1960 Force Publique mutiny
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further seven-year term at the next presidential election in July 2009. History of the Republic of the Congo The history of the Republic of the Congo has been marked by diverse civilisations: indigenous, French and post-independence. The earliest inhabitants of the region comprising present-day Congo were the Bambuti people. The Bambuti were linked to Pygmy tribes whose Stone Age culture was slowly replaced by Bantu tribes coming from regions north of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo about 2,000 years ago, introducing Iron Age culture to the region. The main Bantu tribe living in the region were the Kongo, also
History of the Republic of the Congo
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History of the Republic of the Congo The history of the Republic of the Congo has been marked by diverse civilisations: indigenous, French and post-independence. The earliest inhabitants of the region comprising present-day Congo were the Bambuti people. The Bambuti were linked to Pygmy tribes whose Stone Age culture was slowly replaced by Bantu tribes coming from regions north of present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo about 2,000 years ago, introducing Iron Age culture to the region. The main Bantu tribe living in the region were the Kongo, also known as Bakongo, who established mostly weak and unstable kingdoms along
History of the Republic of the Congo
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second most populous country in the world never to have done so, after Bangladesh. The National Olympic Committee for DR Congo was created in 1963 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1968. Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics The Democratic Republic of the Congo ("DR Congo") first participated at the Olympic Games in 1968, when it was known as "Congo Kinshasa". The nation's next Olympic appearance was sixteen years later in 1984, when it was known as Zaire. The nation has sent athletes to compete in every Summer Olympic Games since then, but has never participated
Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics
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Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo has historically been focused on furthering the state's aims with no regard for human rights. The Police nationale congolaise (Congolese National Police) is the police throughout the territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It was composed of between 110,000 – 150,000 officers as of 2010. When the Independent State of the Congo was first formed by Leopold II, the Force Publique acted as both the state's military force and as a policing organisation for the country. The Force Publique were
Law enforcement in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kindu atrocity The Kindu massacre, or Kindu atrocity, took place on 11 or 12 November 1961 in Kindu Port-Émpain, in the Congo-Léopoldville (the former Belgian Congo), where thirteen Italian airmen, members of the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC), sent to pacify the country ravaged by civil war, were murdered. The Italian aviators manned two C-119s, twin-engined transport aircraft known as "Flying Boxcars", of the 46ª Aerobrigata based at Pisa Airfield. When independence was proclaimed, Belgium left Congo-Léopoldville (modern-day Democratic Republic of the Congo) in political and administrative chaos; major international and financial interests played a part in making
Kindu atrocity
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Mr. Udjani, who took refuge in Congo-Brazzaville and were linked to the 2011 Democratic Republic of the Congo coup d'état attempt against Congo-Kinshasa president, Joseph Kabila. Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations The Republic of the Congo–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations or the Brazzaville-Kinshasa relations refers to the bilateral relations of the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa). The two nations share the basin of the Congo River after which both nations are named. The two nations' capital cities, Brazzaville and Kinshasa, are the two closest capital cities on
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations
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at the time of the sentence: he died in 1988 in Brazil. Jean Schramme Jean Schramme (March 25, 1929, Bruges, Belgium – December 14, 1988, Rondonópolis, Brazil) was a Belgian mercenary and planter. He managed a vast estate in the Democratic Republic of the Congo until 1967. When the Belgian Congo gained its independence in 1960, the country quickly descended into civil war. Several hundred white people were held hostage, and Belgium sent troops to Congo to free them and to protect its interests. Patrice Lumumba, the first Prime Minister of the Congo, was murdered. The rich province of Katanga,
Jean Schramme
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Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations are the international relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the United States. The dominant position in Central Africa makes stability in the DRC an important element of overall stability in the region. In December 2006, the DRC inaugurated its first democratically elected president in over 40 years, the culmination of the Congolese people's efforts to choose their leaders through a peaceful, democratic process. The United States played a role in the peace process in the DRC. When the DRC was known as
Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations
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students come to study for a year there while also being sent to other places in sub-Saharan Africa to provide Jewish communities with programs. History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo The history of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo can be traced back to 1907, when the first Jewish immigrants began to arrive in the country. Current Jewish Congolese population is mostly of Sephardi background. The territory which is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo was first annexed and colonised by Europeans after 1885 within what was then the Congo Free
History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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left the Congo. However, after the crisis had passed more Jews immigrated from Eastern Europe and were joined by Southern European Jews. Prior to the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 the Congo was home to numerous Zionist organizations, led by the "Association Sioniste du Congo Belge". After the independence of Congo from Belgium in 1960 the majority of Congolese Jews left the country, with most of them settling in Israel or South Africa. At the time of independence, Congo was home to 2,500 Jewish people. 50% of the Jewish population lived in Élisabethville, while 70 Jewish families
History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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of the same constitution defines "citoyen d'origine" as : "anyone belonging to the ethnic groups whose persons and territory constituted what became the Congo (currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo), at independence". Articles 75 and 76 of the constitution state that upon the death or resignation of the President, the vacancy of the position is declared by the Constitutional court. The President of the Senate then becomes interim president. The Independent Electoral Commission has to organize elections between sixty (60) and ninety (90) days after the official declaration of vacancy by the Constitutional court. The official office of the
President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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in theory. Anyone belonging to the ethnic groups whose persons and territory constituted what became Congo (currently the Democratic Republic of the Congo), at independence is a Congolese national. Any Congolese national who has not lost his/her political rights, by virtue of a court decision, or by virtue of the law, is a Congolese citizen. Civil, political, economic, social, cultural and collective rights, as well as the duties of all citizens, are defined in Title II of the constitution – the unofficial bill of rights and duties. Title II also states that ignorance of the law is not a valid
Constitution of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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attacked polling stations and a truck carrying ballots. The election was also plagued by voting difficulties as some voting materials arrived late, or not at all. The presidential election involved 11 candidates, although incumbent President Joseph Kabila winning again amidst claims of vote-rigging and intimidation. transition; Last update August 1, 2006 Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Multi-party elections in the DR Congo were held in July 2006, the first multi-party elections in the country since 1960. The 1960 elections, held in the wake of independence, saw Patrice Lumumba become prime minister and Joseph Kasavubu president. In 1965
Elections in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The region that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo was first settled about 80,000 years ago. The Kingdom of Congo remained present in the region between the 14th and the early 19th centuries. Belgian colonization began when King Leopold II founded the Congo Free State, a corporate state run solely by King Leopold. Reports of widespread murder and torture in the rubber plantations led the Belgian government to seize the Congo from Leopold II and establish the Belgian Congo. Under Belgian rule numerous Christian organizations attempted to Westernize the Congolese
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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restore order, and began an attempt at reorganisation of the nation. When Kabila gained control of the capital in May 1997, he faced substantial obstacles to governing the country, which he renamed the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) from Zaïre. Beyond political jostling among various groups to gain power and an enormous external debt, his foreign backers proved unwilling to leave when asked. The conspicuous Rwandan presence in the capital rankled many Congolese, who began to see Kabila as a pawn of foreign powers. Tensions reached new heights on 14 July 1998, when Kabila dismissed his Rwandan chief of staff
Second Congo War
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Van Reybrouck recounts the history of the Democratic Republic of Congo from the early slave trade, to the time of European exploration and colonization, independence, the Congo crisis, Mobutu's dictatorship, and two civil wars, and the time after when the country and its citizens are adjusting to a new role in a globalized world. The book is the result of six years of research, and the author conducted 10 trips to Congo and had over 500 interviews with Congolese citizens, both notable figures and ordinary people. Van Reybrouck even explores the vibrant contemporary Congolese community in Guangzhou where several thousand
Congo: The Epic History of a People
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Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Temple The Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Temple is a temple of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) under construction in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. The intent to construct the temple was announced by church president Thomas S. Monson on 1 October 2011. The temple was announced concurrently with the Barranquilla Colombia, Durban South Africa, Star Valley Wyoming, and Provo City Center temples. When announced, this increased the total number of temples worldwide to 166. A groundbreaking ceremony, to signify the beginning of construction, took place on
Kinshasa Democratic Republic of the Congo Temple
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inhabitants, the Kongo people, when they encountered them in the 16th century. The word "Kongo" comes from the Kongo language (also called "Kikongo"). According to American writer Samuel Henry Nelson "It is probable that the word 'Kongo' itself implies a public gathering and that it is based on the root "konga", 'to gather' (trans[itive])." The modern name of the Kongo people, "Bakongo" was introduced in the early 20th century. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has been known in the past as, in chronological order, the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, the Republic of Congo-Léopoldville, the Democratic Republic of the
Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Angola and Jonas Savimbi's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second largest country by area on the African continent, and is one of the most mineral rich countries in the world. It produces many of the free world's minerals, such as 75% of the free world's cobalt and 70% of the diamonds. It also produces valuable agriculture, such as coffee, palm oil, and cotton. The Congo—formerly a Belgian colony—is only one-quarter the size of the United States. Though it is located in the Central African UN subregion, the nation is
CIA activities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kongo Central Kongo Central, formerly Bas-Congo, is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Matadi. At the time of independence, the area now encompassing Kongo Central was part of the greater province of Léopoldville, along with the capital city of Kinshasa and the districts of Kwango, Kwilu and Mai-Ndombe. Under Belgian colonial rule, the province was known as Bas-Congo (as in "Lower Congo River") and was renamed Kongo Central after independence Under the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 to 1997, the Congo river was renamed as "Zaire". The province was
Kongo Central
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Lukaya. Towns with their 2010 populations are: Kongo Central Kongo Central, formerly Bas-Congo, is one of the 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Matadi. At the time of independence, the area now encompassing Kongo Central was part of the greater province of Léopoldville, along with the capital city of Kinshasa and the districts of Kwango, Kwilu and Mai-Ndombe. Under Belgian colonial rule, the province was known as Bas-Congo (as in "Lower Congo River") and was renamed Kongo Central after independence Under the regime of Mobutu Sese Seko from 1965 to 1997, the Congo river
Kongo Central
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the DRC formally referred the situation in the Congo to the International Criminal Court, and in June 2004, prosecutor Luis Moreno Ocampo, formally opened an investigation. To date, arrest warrants have been issued for: Lubanga was imprisoned. Katanga was convicted, Chui was acquitted, and the pre-trial chamber declined to confirm the charges against Mbarushimana, currently a fugitive. Ntaganda turned himself in to the US Embassy in Kigali on 18 March 2013, requesting to be extradited to the ICC. The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was a colony of Belgium between 1885 and 1960. Shortly after independence from Belgium, Mobutu Sese
International Criminal Court investigation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations The Republic of the Congo–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations or the Brazzaville-Kinshasa relations refers to the bilateral relations of the Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa). The two nations share the basin of the Congo River after which both nations are named. The two nations' capital cities, Brazzaville and Kinshasa, are the two closest capital cities on Earth after Rome and the Vatican City, facing each other on both sides of the Congo River. As francophone nations formerly ruled by Belgium and France,
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Republic of the Congo relations
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aims to decentralize authority, dividing the vast nation into 25 semi-autonomous provinces, drawn along ethnic and cultural lines. The country's first democratic elections in four decades were held on 30 July 2006. From the day of the arguably ill-prepared independence of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the tensions between the powerful leaders of the political elite, such as Joseph Kasa Vubu, Patrice Lumumba, Moise Tshombe, Joseph Mobutu and others, jeopardize the political stability of the new state. From Tshombe's secession of the Katanga, to the assassination of Lumumba, to the two coups d'état of Mobutu, the country has known
Politics of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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provinces, the elected governors are members or affiliates of the Alliance of the Presidential Majority. Initially, the Constitutional Court ruled that President Joseph Kabila could appointed interim governors. They went on to organize elections in their regions. The Congolese opposition largely boycotted the elections or were excluded from them. Governors are elected by provincial assemblies. List of the governors-elect by province. 2016 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections Gubernatorial elections took place in 20 out of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 26 March 2016 (in Sud-Ubangi the election did not occur until April
2016 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections
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2016 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections Gubernatorial elections took place in 20 out of the 21 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo on 26 March 2016 (in Sud-Ubangi the election did not occur until April 1, while in Nord-Ubangi a second round had to be held as no candidate received the majority). The elections were the first to take place since the Congolese government has fragmented the former 11 provinces into 26 as mandated by the DRC constitution, though by the time elections occurred only 21 provinces had completed the reform process. In most of the
2016 Democratic Republic of the Congo gubernatorial elections
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did not comply with the current resolution. United Nations Security Council Resolution 1304 United Nations Security Council resolution 1304, adopted unanimously on 16 June 2000, after recalling resolutions 1234 (1999), 1258 (1999), 1273 (1999), 1279 (1999), 1291 (1999) and 1296 (2000) on situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Council demanded the immediate withdrawal of Ugandan, Rwandan, Congolese opposition and other armed groups from Kisangani in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The resolution primarily focused on fighting in the city of Kisangani in northern Democratic Republic of Congo, which had claimed up to 160 lives prior to
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1304
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Nathan Apea Aferi Major General Nathan Apea Aferi (September 1923 – 8 April 2003) was a soldier and politician in Ghana. He was a former Chief of the Defence Staff of Ghana. He also served briefly as Foreign Minister of Ghana. Aferi served with the United Nations Operation in the Congo now the Democratic Republic of Congo. At the time, he was a Lieutenant Colonel in the Ghana army. He is reported to have been on guard at Radio Congo when Patrice Lumumba attempted a broadcast in the confusion around the time of Congo's independence in 1960 from Belgium. Aferi
Nathan Apea Aferi
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appareils en état de vol') at the Belgian base at Kamina. On 23 August they were transferred to Elizabethville, and on 26 August officially turned over to the secessionist State of Katanga. Force Publique The Force Publique (, "Public Force"; ) was a gendarmerie and military force in what is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo from 1885 (when the territory was known as the Congo Free State), through the period of Belgian colonial rule (Belgian Congo – 1908 to 1960). After independence, the FP was retitled as the Congolese National Army or ANC. The "Force Publique" was initially
Force Publique
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1960, the Democratic Republic of the Congo declared independence from Belgium. However, it was beset by a number of secessions and bitter civil war. The South Kasai region sought independence in similar circumstances to neighboring Katanga during the Congo Crisis. Ethnic conflicts and political tensions between leaders of the central government and local leaders plagued the diamond-rich region. On 14 June 1960, days before the colony was to become independent, officials declared the independence of Kasai (not of Congo) and proclaimed the Federal State of South Kasai. On 8 August 1960, the autonomous Mining State of South Kasai was proclaimed
History of the Kasai region
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Hutu Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR) throughout 2007. More than 165,000 people fled the fighting. The United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic of Congo and human rights activists accused the army of targeting civilian centers sympathetic to the FDLR. The Bravo Brigade allegedly murdered 15 civilians in Buramba village in March. General Gabriel Amisi temporarily halted operations against the FDLR in August, saying operations would resume when ethnically mixed brigades would replace the current Tutsi-majority forces. 2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Congolese history in the 2000s has primarily revolved around the Second Congo
2000s in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Republic of the Congo. He marched unopposed into Kinshasa three days later. Zaire's top-level domain was ".zr". It has since changed to ".cd". Zaire Zaire (), officially the Republic of Zaire (; ), was the name for the Democratic Republic of the Congo that existed between 1971 and 1997 in Central Africa. The country was a one-party totalitarian dictatorship, run by Mobutu Sese Seko and his ruling Popular Movement of the Revolution party. Zaire was established following Mobutu's seizure of power in a military coup in 1965, following five years of political upheaval following independence known as the Congo Crisis.
Zaire
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security over Kabila's extending his stay in power, more than 100 people were killed, hundreds of homes burnt and 200,000 people were forced to flee. In October 2009 a new conflict started in Dongo, Sud-Ubangi District where clashes had broken out over access to fishing ponds. History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo The region that is now the Democratic Republic of the Congo was first settled about 80,000 years ago. The Kingdom of Congo remained present in the region between the 14th and the early 19th centuries. Belgian colonization began when King Leopold II founded the Congo Free
History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Foreign Minister Raymond Tshibanda, met with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi. They discussed the increase in economic cooperation, as well as in other fields, between the two states. China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations The People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) have had peaceful diplomatic relations, and growing economic relations, since 1971. Relations between the two countries go back to 1887, when representatives of the Congo Free State established contacts with the court of the Qing dynasty then ruling China. The first treaty between the two powers was signed in 1898. The Free
China–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations
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Lumumba (film) Lumumba is a 2000 film directed by Raoul Peck centred on Patrice Lumumba in the months before and after the Republic of the Congo (Congo-Léopoldville) achieved independence from Belgium in June 1960. Raoul Peck's film is a coproduction of France, Belgium, Germany, and Haiti. Political unrest in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at the time of filming caused the film to be shot in Zimbabwe and Beira, Mozambique. The plot is based on the final months of Lumumba (played by Eriq Ebouaney) the first prime minister of the Congo, whose tenure in office lasted two months, until
Lumumba (film)
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province through Union Minière du Haut Katanga. This included uranium, radium, copper, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, germanium, manganese, silver, gold, and tin. By the start of WWII, the mining companies "constituted a state within the Belgian Congo". In 1960, after the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then called Republic of the Congo) gained independence from Belgium, Katanga attempted to secede from the country. This was supported by Belgium but opposed by the Congolese Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba. This led to the Katanga Crisis (or "Congo Crisis"), which lasted from 1960 to 1965. The breakaway State of Katanga existed from 1960 to
Katanga Province
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officers of the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (FARDC) were awarded scholarships to study in Russian military academies. This is part of a bigger effort to improve the FARDC by Russia. In December 2014, a Russian language school opened in Kinshasa for the Congolese Diplomatic Academy. Throughout 2013 and 2014, small groups of Congolese National Police attended two-month training stints in Russia. Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations () refers to bilateral foreign relations between the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Russia. The Democratic Republic of the Congo has
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Russia relations
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Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relations Democratic Republic of the Congo – Norway relations refer to the bilateral relations between Democratic Republic of the Congo and Norway. The Democratic Republic of the Congo is represented by a non resident embassy in London. There are 1,930 DR Congolese people living in Norway. The Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs discourages people to travel to the northern and eastern parts of the Congo. The Congo became independent from Belgium on June 30, 1960. Norway had begun humanitarian aid to the Congo since at least 1963. In 1963 Norway was one of only six
Democratic Republic of the Congo–Norway relations