what did the clean air act allow citizens to do that no previous u.s. environmental law had allowed
citizen suits .
12394462
gasoline, and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states. Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H. W. Bush, William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment. The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation's
Clean Air Act (United States)
5935650
the Clean Air Act, the United States Congress was inspired by similar legislation in the civil rights arena to begin including specific provisions for citizens to bring suit against violators or government agencies to enforce environmental laws. Today, most anti-pollution laws have provisions for citizen suits and they have become a major means of ensuring compliance with environmental laws. Public-interest environmental legal service organizations, such as Earthjustice and the Tulane Environmental Law Clinic, often prosecute citizen suits. Some non-environmental statutes, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Fair Housing Amendments Act, also contain citizen suit provisions, but the
Citizen suit
12394462
gasoline, and mandated new gasoline formulations sold from May to September in many states. Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H. W. Bush, William K. Reilly characterized passage of the 1990 amendments to the Clean Air Act as his most notable accomplishment. The Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits. Numerous state and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nation's
Clean Air Act (United States)
4882980
Act did not require a permit. Environmental groups asserted that Duke was using loopholes in the law to increase emissions. Initially, Duke prevailed at the trial court level, but in 2006 the case was argued before the Supreme Court ("Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp." (05-848)). The Court unanimously ruled on April 2, 2007 that the modifications allowed the power plants to operate for more hours, increasing emissions, so Clean Air Act permits were needed. In 2002, researchers at the University of Massachusetts Amherst identified Duke Energy as the 46th-largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States, with
Duke Energy
129121
the River Thames began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. Ironically, the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river. In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage system. London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this culminated in the "Great Smog" of 1952, which in turn triggered its own legislative response: the Clean Air Act 1956. The basic regulatory
Environmental law
14142190
concerns over industrial and urban air pollution. That Act classified sources, imposed permitting requirements, and created a process for determining requisite control technology. Local authorities were authorized to regulate smaller polluters. Within the Christchurch Clean Air Zone, burn bans and other measures were effected to control smog. The Clean Air Act 1972 was replaced by the Resource Management Act 1991. The act did not set air quality standards, but did provide for national guidance to be developed. This resulted in the promulgation of New Zealand's National Environmental Standards for Air Quality in 2004 with subsequent amendments. In response to the
Air quality law
12394494
were allowed to continue thousands of persons respiratory illnesses prolonged time in the USA. According to the Economist (2013) the Supreme Court decision may affect how the EPA regulates other pollutants, including the greenhouse gases. The 1970 Clean Air Act required states to develop State Implementation Plans for how they would meet new national ambient air quality standards by 1977. Although the 1990 Clean Air Act is a federal law covering the entire country, the states do much of the work to carry out the Act. The EPA has allowed the individual states to elect responsibility for compliance with and
Clean Air Act (United States)
10185682
a trading system that essentially makes carbon credits a commodity like oil or gas. The United States (which did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol) has the most experience with domestic emissions trading markets. The Clean Air Act (1970) is a federal law that requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop and enforce regulations to protect the general public from exposure to airborne contaminants that are known to be hazardous to human health. The Clean Air Act (1990) or Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 authorized the use of market-based approaches such as emission trading to assist states
Mobile emission reduction credit
17207186
Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law There are many exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law: the oil and gas industries are exempt or excluded from certain sections of a number of the major federal environmental laws. These laws range from protecting clean water and air, to preventing the release of toxic substances and chemicals into the environment: the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, commonly known
Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
16389560
provisions." Duke argued that if the Fourth Circuit could not interpret regulations in this manner, it would present "serious constitutional questions regarding the availability of judicial review" by keeping courts from carrying out their duty to assert the law. Knowing that analysis of the pertinent Clean Air Act amendments was difficult, the District Court allowed flexibility to the EPA in interpreting these amendments as well as their own regulations and should be given "controlling weight unless it is plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the regulation." The court also acknowledged that this flexibility does not allow the EPA "unbridled discretion" to
Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp.
14353188
provides a map so that citizens can see what their relative exposure may be especially as they live near major traffic areas, near regulated facilities, or in proximity to confined animal feeding operations. The Clean Air Act is the law that defines EPA's responsibilities for protecting and improving the national air quality. Good water quality is a key concern of the EPA. The Clean Water Act is the cornerstone of surface water quality protection in the United States. Understanding the complexities of what can be found in your local stream and how that may impact your health or quality of
MyEnvironment
18005038
woefully inadequate to deal with major environmental threats, particularly threats to common resources. During the "Great Stink" of 1858, the dumping of sewerage into the River Thames began to smell so ghastly in the summer heat that Parliament had to be evacuated. The Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848 had allowed the Metropolitan Commission for Sewers to close cesspits around the city in an attempt to "clean up" but this simply led people to pollute the river. In 19 days, Parliament passed a further Act to build the London sewerage system. London also suffered from terrible air pollution, and this
United Kingdom environmental law
15314084
interfere with the state agency's decision. The Ninth Circuit sided with EPA, and ADEC appealed. Under the Clean Air Act, can EPA block construction of a new major pollutant emitting facility permitted by a state environmental regulator, when EPA finds the state environmental regulator's determination unreasonable? What standard of review applies to such actions? The Court held that the Clean Air Act authorized the EPA to bar the construction of the polluting facility in Alaska. EPA correctly interpreted the Clean Air Act to give EPA authority to review state authorities' BACT determinations. Since the Act does not specify a standard
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
13940920
and natural resources program, which is commonly ranked as the best in the nation. Throughout the mid-1960s and 1970s, the United States Congress enacted a series of significant environmental laws, including the Wilderness Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, and Endangered Species Act. During this time, President Richard Nixon acknowledged the establishment of the nation's first law review dedicated to environmental law by writing a letter to the journal to thank Lewis & Clark Law School for its participation in the national movement. "Environmental Law", President Nixon stated, provided "fresh hope" for answering "the great
Environmental Law (journal)
12394458
Clean Air Act (United States) The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in coordination with state, local, and tribal governments. Its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C.F.R. Sub-chapter C, Parts 50-97. The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was
Clean Air Act (United States)
5254991
United States environmental law United States environmental law concerns legal standards to protect human health and improve the natural environment of the United States. While subject to criticism at home and abroad on issues of protection, enforcement, and over-regulation, the country remains an important source of environmental legal expertise and experience. The United States Congress has enacted federal statutes intended to address pollution control and remediation, including for example the Clean Air Act (air pollution), the Clean Water Act (water pollution), and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or Superfund) (contaminated site cleanup). There are also federal
United States environmental law
15417868
another important factor in our efforts to stop climate change is the "blindness" that our economic system exhibits toward environmental degradation. According to Al Gore, "[f]ree market capitalist economics is arguably the most powerful tool used by civilization" but it is also, "the single most powerful force behind what seem to be irrational decisions about the global environment." The force to which Gore refers draws strength from the fact that environmental amenities such as clean air and other "public goods" do not have a price tag and are feely shared by everyone. The lack of price mechanisms to signal the
Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
17207212
mechanisms by which fracking can degrade drinking water. The draft report noted among its major findings: Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law There are many exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law: the oil and gas industries are exempt or excluded from certain sections of a number of the major federal environmental laws. These laws range from protecting clean water and air, to preventing the release of toxic substances and chemicals into the environment: the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Safe Drinking Water Act, National Environmental Policy Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Emergency
Exemptions for hydraulic fracturing under United States federal law
12394511
would lower the benefit calculation by up to 22 percent."The Clean Air Act is a constant battle between current economic benefits versus future cost benefits of both health of the nation, and economy. Clean Air Act (United States) The Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. § 7401) is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States' first and most influential modern environmental laws, and one of the most comprehensive air quality laws in the world. As with many other major U.S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by
Clean Air Act (United States)
1420647
relatively short timeframe, if the underlying claims have no reasonable prospect of success. In October 2015, Ontario passed the Protection of Public Participation Act, 2015. The bill is supported by a wide range of groups including municipalities, the Canadian Environmental Law Association, EcoJustice, Environmental Defence, Ontario Clean Air Alliance, Ontario Nature, Canadian Civil Liberties Association, Canadian Journalists for Free Expression, Citizens Environment Alliance of Southwestern Ontario, The Council of Canadians, CPAWS Wildlands League, Sierra Club Ontario, Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario and Greenpeace Canada. The Ontario Civil Liberties Association has called upon the Attorney General to go further, as Bill
Strategic lawsuit against public participation
20546859
to report water quality data for runoff. Regulations of the Clean Water Act that were broken by Frasure Creek mining and illegally falsified to the State of Kentucky can be found at: https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act Because the only measurements of water quality that were taken were proven inaccurate or completely reused from previous monthly reports, it is unclear what the true damage was to the environment and watershed in and around Frasure creek mine. Remediation processes are still being monitored by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and other environmental groups like Appalachian Voices to ensure and prevent no further leakage . After
Frasure Creek lawsuit
12394483
1970 law is sometimes called the "Muskie Act" because of the central role Maine Senator Edmund Muskie played in drafting the bill. To implement the strict new Clean Air Act of 1970, during his first term as EPA Administrator William Ruckelshaus spent 60% of his time on the automobile industry, whose emissions were to be reduced 90% under the new law. Senators had been frustrated at the industry’s failure to cut emissions under previous, weaker air laws. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 required Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD) of air quality for areas attaining the NAAQS and added
Clean Air Act (United States)
1047631
alleviate the effluent problems. And practically nothing was done about a half-century of pollution buildup. Beginning in 1955, the U. S. Congress passed a series of air pollution laws, culminating in the Clean Air Act of 1970. That was followed two years later by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act. That and creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) put heavy pressure on mining operations, including those in the Coeur d'Alenes. When the Bunker Hill smelter in Kellogg shut down in 1981, the Silver Valley lost a vast number of jobs, three-quarters of all the regional mining employment by some
Wallace, Idaho
3101120
three bills are summarized as follows: The law reduces air pollution controls, including those environmental protections of the Clean Air Act, including caps on toxins in the air and budget cuts for enforcement. The Act is opposed by conservationist groups such as the Sierra Club with Henry A. Waxman, a Democratic congressman of California, describing its title as "clear propaganda." Among other things, the Clear Skies Act: By 2018, the Clear Skies Act will supposedly allow 3 million tons more NOx through 2012 and 8 million more by 2020, for SO, 18 million tons more through 2012 and 34 million
Clear Skies Act of 2003
19312583
Recovery Act of 1976. Following passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970, Environmental Action turned its attention to water pollution. With Senator Edmund Muskie and his Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution in the driver’s seat, this major update of the 1965 water pollution law moved forward with almost unprecedented bipartisan support. The Clean Water Act passed 86-0 in the Senate in 1971 and also in the House in 1972. When President Nixon vetoed it on grounds that it was too costly, his veto was overridden by 52-12 in the Senate and 247-23 in the House. The law went
Environmental Action
10274804
groundbreaking Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Solid Waste Management Act, and the Biodiversity Protection Act. The Clean Air Act of 1999 received various awards and citations, including the Oscar Escobar Environmental Award and the Citizens' Movement Against Pollution Award, both in 2002. He has represented the Philippines in numerous international forums, including the United Nations Special Assembly on HIV/AIDS and the Asian Forum of Parliamentarians on Population and Development, where he served as the Deputy Secretary General. From 1998 to 2001, he served as the national chairperson of the "Kabataang Liberal ng Pilipinas", the youth arm of
Nereus Acosta
14142192
law regulating air quality in the United States is the U.S. Clean Air Act. The law was initially enacted as the Air Pollution Control Act of 1955. Amendments in 1967 and 1970 (the framework for today's U.S. Clean Air Act) imposed national air quality requirements, and placed administrative responsibility with the newly created Environmental Protection Agency. Major amendments followed in 1977 and 1990. State and local governments have enacted similar legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. Air quality law Air quality laws<section begin=overview /> govern the emission of air pollutants into the
Air quality law
12394505
which disproportionately impact communities of color and low-income communities. The pollution reduction achieved by the Clean Air Act is associated with a decline in each of these conditions and can promote environmental justice for communities that are disproportionately impacted by air pollution and diminished health status. The EPA analyzes violators of the Clean Air Act and addresses the violators accordingly. For companies or parties that do not comply with the act monetary penalties can be cited. Per day the EPA could fine civil administrators $37,500 per day, with a maximum of about 8 days; unless otherwise mandated by the EPA.
Clean Air Act (United States)
1957583
company, claimed that what is now TFEU article 30 prevented the Dutch Customs Authorities charging tariffs, when it imported urea-formaldehyde plastics from Germany to the Netherlands. After a Dutch court made a reference, the Court of Justice held that even though the Treaties did not "expressly" confer a right on citizens or companies to bring claims, they could do so. Historically, international treaties had only allowed states to have legal claims for their enforcement, but the Court of Justice proclaimed "the Community constitutes a new legal order of international law". Because article 30 clearly, unconditionally and immediately stated that no
European Union law
15450308
no pollutant discharges. The Court differentiated the BAT test from other tests on the basis of distinguishable language and interpreted the ambiguity to allow the agency greater discretion in determining the content of the test. (See Note 2.) In "Whitman v. American Trucking Associations, Inc." the Court ruled that Congress was "unambiguously barred cost considerations" in setting air quality standards under section 109 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). The statute was silent on the issue because it had expressly allowed for the consideration of costs in other provisions of the act. However, concerning the CWA in regards to Entergy,
Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc.
12875757
political boundaries dictate the scope of our efforts. We do what it takes to win, no matter how many borders we have to cross along the way. 2. Protect human rights - Environmental health and human rights are two sides of the same coin. Without the services provided by functioning ecosystems – clean water, breathable air, and productive soil – human communities cannot thrive. When human rights are violated, democracy fails. When significant disparities in economic capacity and political influence are involved, AIDA protects poor communities struggling against powerful corporate or state interests. 3. Cultivate the power of international law
Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense
20546858
same numbers but changing the dates. The coalition of environmental organizations including Appalachian Voices, Waterkeeper Alliance, Kentuckians For The CommonWealth and Kentucky Riverkeeper moved forward to sue Frasure Creek and ICG with support from citizens in October, 2010. Legal representations for the groups included Pace Law School Environmental Litigation, Appalachian Citizens’ Law Center and Waterworth Law Office. The tens of thousands falsified data measurements that Frasure Creek reported to the state of Kentucky in and around 2010 included over 200,000 data points that broke multiple rules and regulations within the Clean Water Act. Coal companies, like Frasure Creek, are required
Frasure Creek lawsuit
7652300
U.S. citizens and policy makers aware of this global problem. Unfortunately, this act did little to prevent air pollution, but it at least made government aware that this was a national problem. The act allowed Congress to reserve the right to control this growing problem. The Air Pollution Control Act of 1955 was the first federal law regarding air pollution. This act began to inform the public about the hazards of air pollution and detailed new emissions standards. Public opinion polls showed that the percentage of Americans who regarded air pollution as a serious problem almost doubled from 28% in
Air Pollution Control Act
15314081
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation v. EPA, , is a U.S. Supreme Court case clarifying the scope of state environmental regulators as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court found the EPA has authority to overrule state agency decisions under the Clean Air Act that a company is using the "best available controlling technology" to prevent pollution. The Clean Air Act requires state agencies to determine optimal methods of preventing air quality degradation in areas that meet national clean air standards. The Act regulates air quality
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
5043987
to functionality creep. Further applications envisaged by the government include: MyKad must be carried at all times. Failure to do so may incur a fine of between RM3,000 and RM20,000 or jail term of up to three years. (This rule has been abolished as of 2006, see s. 2(u) of National Registration Act 1959.) No unauthorised people, including security guards, are allowed to retain the MyKads of other people. Only those authorised by the National Registration Department, like the police and immigration officers, can do so. For Muslim citizens, "Islam" is printed on the card below the picture of the
Malaysian identity card
11228921
but he did not oppose the goals of the environmental movement. In 1970, he signed the National Environmental Policy Act and established the Environmental Protection Agency, which was charged with coordinating and enforcing federal environmental policy. During his presidency, Nixon also signed the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Clean Water Act, and the Endangered Species Act of 1973. While applauding Nixon's progressive policy agenda, environmentalists found much to criticize in his record. The administration strongly supported continued funding of the "noise-polluting" Supersonic transport (SST), which Congress dropped funding for in 1971. Additionally, he vetoed the Clean Water Act of
Presidency of Richard Nixon
3124792
technical assistance to citizens and organizations dealing with environmental problems, filed a lawsuit against Onondaga County alleging that Metro and the combined sewer overflow (CSO) discharges were violating federal water pollution standards established under the Clean Water Act of 1972. The state of New York joined as a plaintiff with allegations that Onondaga County had also violated the New York State Environmental Conservation Law. In 1990, the U.S. Congress created the Onondaga Lake Management Conference (Public Law 101-596, section 401). It ordered the group to develop a comprehensive revitalization, conservation, and management plan for Onondaga Lake that recommends priority corrective
Onondaga Lake
20394548
that Lyndon Johnson signed on November 3, 1966, was one shaped largely by Senator Edmund Muskie’s Subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution. Rivers across the country were restored because of senators who saw a problem and were determined to fix it. Clean Waters Restoration Act The Clean Waters Restoration Act (1966) is to be regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. On November 3, 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Clean Waters Restoration Act. The previous year’s Water Quality Act required the states to establish and enforce water quality standards for all interstate waters that flowed through their boundaries.
Clean Waters Restoration Act
12394496
a collection of the regulations a state will use to clean up polluted areas. The states are obligated to notify the public of these plans, through hearings that offer opportunities to comment, in the development of each state implementation plan. The SIP becomes the state's legal guide for local enforcement of the CAA. For example, Rhode Island law requires compliance with the Federal CAA through the SIP. The SIP delegates permitting and enforcement responsibility to the state Department of Environmental Management (RI-DEM). The federal law recognizes that states should lead in carrying out the Clean Air Act, because pollution control
Clean Air Act (United States)
18183663
of Environmental Quality (DEQ) in 1973 in passing the Environmental Quality Act. In 2000, the Wyoming legislature enacted the "Voluntary Remediation of Contaminated Sites" law establishing a voluntary remediation program . Two memoranda of agreement from March 14, 2002 define how the DEQ and EPA Region 8 interact regarding contaminated sites: The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Memorandum of Agreement and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) Memorandum of Agreement. DEQ enforces state and federal environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA),
Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality
18841585
draft proposal of replacement water regulations with looser regulatory requirements. The rule ensures that Clean Water Act (CWA) programs are more precisely defined and intends to save time and avoid costs and confusion in future implementation of the act. The rule intends to make it is easier to predict what action(s) will be taken by the EPA and what processes companies and other stakeholders may have to undergo for projects and permitting. There are no direct changes to the law under the Clean Water Rule. After analysis, the EPA and Department of the Army found that higher instance of water
Clean Water Rule
15575377
steps in and takes over enforcement. Both the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act contain conditional spending provisions. Many environmental laws establish federal standards as the minimum criteria needed to be met in order to ensure state compliance. These include the SDWA, RCRA, CAA, and CWA. The notion is that as long as states meet the federal standards, the EPA will not step in. However, there are fundamental differences regarding how this is enforced. Federal and state environmental relations In the environmental law of the United States, relationships between state and federal parties often shape environmental laws and
Federal and state environmental relations
13206850
removal of the EPA's existing authority to use the Clean Air Act to counter emissions of greenhouse gases. Environmental organizations critical of the bill said the bill fell short by allowing for 85 percent or more of pollution permits to be given away free of cost to the electricity sector. A coalition of environmental groups released a statement saying that "to craft a bill that allows for 2 billion tons of offsets per year — roughly equivalent to 27 percent of 2007 U.S. greenhouse gas emissions — is to allow for continued and dangerous delay in real action by our
American Clean Energy and Security Act
4495094
for reelection was fraught with legal doubts, as a recent federal statute (Complementary Law 135/2010, commonly known as "Lei Ficha Limpa" or "Clean Record Act") allowed electoral courts to refuse to register the candidacies of people already found guilty by a higher, collegiate court (possibility of further appeals notwithstanding); however, as the Brazilian STF decided in March 2011 that the "Clean Record Act" did not apply to the 2010 elections, according to the principle of anteriority (no offence being punished when defined by a non-previously existing law, and a Brazilian electoral law must be in force at least a year
Paulo Maluf
4363135
air dispersion models. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is a department specific to the Clean Air Act. Its purpose is to make sure the amount of air pollution emitted stays inside the standards set by the U.S. Each state is required to have a state implementation plan (SIPs) that clearly indicates how it will enforce the regulations of the Clean Air Act. The states have to create regulations of their own that also adhere to the guidelines of the U.S. regulations; in order to do so, they must hold hearings so the public can contribute ideas and provide feedback.
National Emissions Standards Act
8127977
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency, 549 U.S. 497 (2007), is a 5-4 U.S. Supreme Court case in which twelve states and several cities of the United States brought suit against the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to force that federal agency to regulate carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs) as pollutants. Section 202(a)(1) of the Clean Air Act (CAA), 42 U.S.C. § 7521(a)(1), requires the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency to set emission standards for "any air pollutant" from motor vehicles or motor vehicle engines "which in his judgment cause[s], or contribute[s] to, air
Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency
11236647
law more stringently than it was designed. The results of the initiative varied. New Source Review The New Source Review, (NSR) is a permitting process created by the US Congress in 1977 as part of a series of amendments to the Clean Air Act. The NSR process requires industry to undergo an Environmental Protection Agency pre-construction review for environmental controls if they propose either building new facilities or any modifications to existing facilities that would create a "significant increase" of a regulated pollutant. The legislation allowed "routine scheduled maintenance" to not be covered in the NSR process. Since the terms
New Source Review
7943153
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection, 547 U.S. 370 (2006), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States involving licensing requirements under the Clean Water Act. The Court ruled unanimously that hydroelectric dams were subject to section 401 of the Act, which conditioned federal licensing for a licensed activity that could result in "any discharge" into navigable waters upon the receipt of a state certification that water protection laws would not be violated. The Court believed that since the Act did not
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
4765437
the four Sunni "madhhabs"—Shafi'is, Hanafis, and Hanbalis—allow this, although Hanafis consider it to be "makrooh", a disliked act. (The fourth division, Malikis, do not permit women to lead women in prayer.) Where it is allowed, the woman stands among the congregation in the front row, instead of alone in front of the congregation. This is so that the men do not have to look at a woman ahead of them, which is not allowed. In 2000, six "marja"s among Iran's Shia leadership declared that they too allowed women to lead a woman-only congregation, reversing a previous ban in that country.
Women as imams
20040405
in specific geographic areas of high risk, a risk reduction plan must be developed. For example, air polluters can be required to assess the impact of their activities and implement technological solutions to mitigate it. In 2000, Oregon Restaurant Association v. City of Corvallis affirmed that cities had the right to enact their own, more strict ordinances on smoking and led the way towards removing preemption with the Oregon Indoor Clean Air Act. However, until this law passed in 2009, preemption allowed all cities to enact their own regulations for tobacco smoking to include establishments not explicitly defined in ORS
Oregon Indoor Clean Air Act
16058854
with the Clean Air Act, ensuring that citizens' health is not at risk. Former Wyoming Governor Dave Freudenthal advised that the Upper Green River Basin be designated as a region that exceeds national standards for acceptable ozone levels in 2009. Failure of the EPA to formally recognize the Upper Green River Basin as a nonattainment area is what instigates CURED’s threat to sue. The infrastructure of natural gas development includes wells, pipelines, roads, and other components that damage wildlife through direct habitat loss, deterioration of habitat and displacement. Population spikes associated with industry growth result in urban sprawl, as demand
Environmental issues in Wyoming
12187765
comply with the Clean Air Act in "smoke control areas", an exempt appliance or fuel must be used. The United States Clean Air Act requires that wood stoves be certified by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These devices meet a particular emissions standard of no more than 7.5 grams per hour for non-catalytic wood stoves and 4.1 grams per hour for catalytic wood stoves. Washington State has stricter requirements of a maximum of 4.5 grams per hour. However, the EPA has had no mandatory emission limits for pellet stoves, indoor or outdoor wood boilers, masonry stoves and certain types of
Wood-burning stove
5254999
reconsider regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act) have had policy impacts far beyond the facts of the particular case. The common law of tort is an important tool for the resolution of environmental disputes that fall beyond the confines of regulated activity. Prior to the modern proliferation of environmental regulation, the doctrines of nuisance (public or private), trespass, negligence, and strict liability apportioned harm and assigned liability for activities that today would be considered pollution and likely governed by regulatory regimes. These doctrines remain relevant, and most recently have been used by plaintiffs seeking to impose liability
United States environmental law
8139654
related to the Clean Water Act, Clean Air Act and other major pieces of national environmental legislation before federal and state courts as well as state and local administrative bodies. The organization states that its attorneys and policy advocates work on multi-disciplinary teams alongside scientists, finance specialists, media experts and others. The organization's governing leadership includes a Board of Directors, Science Advisory Council, Next Generation Advisory Council and state-based advisory councils in Iowa, Michigan and South Dakota. Members of the Board and Advisory Councils include individuals from legal, civic, business and non-profit sectors. ELPC runs a number of environmental advocacy
Environmental Law and Policy Center
5255004
EPA's Environmental Appeals Board). Generally, final agency determinations may subsequently be appealed to the appropriate court. Environmental law courses are offered as elective courses in the second and third years of JD study at many American law schools. Curricula vary: an introductory course might focus on the "big five" federal statutes—NEPA, Clean Air Act, CWA, CERCLA (Superfund) and Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (or, alternatively, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act)—and may be offered in conjunction with a natural resources law course. Smaller seminars may be offered on more focused topics. Some US law schools also offer an LLM
United States environmental law
20394547
Clean Waters Restoration Act The Clean Waters Restoration Act (1966) is to be regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. On November 3, 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signed the Clean Waters Restoration Act. The previous year’s Water Quality Act required the states to establish and enforce water quality standards for all interstate waters that flowed through their boundaries. To make that possible, the Clean Waters Restoration Act provided federal funds for the construction of sewage treatment plants. This act and others that followed over the next decade had a significant impact in reducing pollution and restoring rivers. The bill
Clean Waters Restoration Act
3101119
law required and compliance was virtually 100% without the need for litigation. Also, he said that only a "handful" of employees were needed to administer the program. The total cost to achieve the reductions was about 80% less than had originally been expected. Bush mentioned several benefits of the Initiative: In May 2004, the Energy Information Administration (EIA) released a study comparing the Clear Skies Act with the Clean Air Planning Act of 2003 (S. 843), introduced by Senator Thomas R. Carper, and the Clean Power Act of 2003 (S. 366), introduced by Senator James Jeffords. The differences between the
Clear Skies Act of 2003
14179634
surrounding Washington D.C. and "in every State of the Union." On July 14, 1870, Grant signed into law the Naturalization Act of 1870 that allowed persons of African descent to become citizens of the United States. This revised an earlier law, the Naturalization Act of 1790 that only allowed white persons of good moral character to become U.S. citizens. The law also prosecuted persons who used fictitious names, misrepresentations, or identities of deceased individuals when applying for citizenship. To add enforcement to the 15th Amendment, Congress passed an act that guaranteed the protection of voting rights of African Americans; Grant
Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant
19815521
jail sentences for environmental crimes in U.S. history, after they were convicted on 18 counts of conspiracy to violate the Clean Air Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act, and actual violations of the Clean Air Act and Racketeer-Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act. The crimes involved a 10-year scheme to illegally remove asbestos. The RICO counts included obstruction of justice, money laundering, mail fraud and bid rigging, all related to the asbestos cleanup. On January 11, 2006, San Diego Gas & Electric Co., two of its employees, and a contractor were indicted by a federal grand jury on charges that
Asbestos and the law (United States)
16414022
an environmental review. If approval is granted, the applicant will be given conditions to follow that will control construction and operating activities and the amount of contaminants which the facility may dispose of. The Clean Air Act is the most recently created Act and it expands off the Clean Environment Act and the Clean Water Act. It allows for increased public opinion for reviews that relate to projects and contracts involving air emissions. The Air Quality Regulation operates in a similar way to the Water Quality Regulation. It outlines how to submit your plan for approval and the guidelines that
New Brunswick environmental legislation
411422
Will, Crowley stated "every intentional act is a magickal act". Liber AL vel Legis does make clear some standards of individual conduct. The primary of these is "Do what thou wilt" which is presented as the whole of the law, and also as a right. Some interpreters of Thelema believe that this right includes an obligation to allow others to do their own wills without interference, but "Liber AL" makes no clear statement on the matter. Crowley himself wrote that there was no need to detail the ethics of Thelema, for everything springs from "Do what thou Wilt". Crowley wrote
Thelema
6667369
of the agency. Five months earlier, in July 1970, President Nixon had signed Reorganization Plan No. 3 calling for the establishment of EPA in July 1970. At the time, Environmental Policy was a bipartisan issue and the efforts of the United States of America helped spark countries around the world to create environmental policies. During this period, legislation was passed to regulate pollutants that go into the air, water tables, and solid waste disposal. President Nixon signed the Clean Air Act in 1970 which set the USA as one of the world leaders in environmental conservation. In the European Union,
Environmental policy
18005039
culminated in the "Great Smog" of 1952, which in turn triggered its on legislative response: the Clean Air Act 1956. The basic regulatory structure was to set limits on emissions for households and business (particularly burning coal) while an inspectorate would enforce compliance. It required zones for smokeless fuel to be burned and relocated power stations. United Kingdom environmental law United Kingdom environmental law concerns the protection of the environment in the United Kingdom. Environmental law is increasingly a European and an international issue, due to the cross border issues of air and water pollution, and man made climate change.
United Kingdom environmental law
19160844
character and ecological integrity of the six million acre Adirondack Park. Kafin received his undergraduate degree from Franklin & Marshall College in 1963, where he was awarded the Williamson Medal and announced "magna cum laude". He graduated in 1966 from the Harvard Law School where he was announced "magna cum laude". While practicing law in New York City in what was then known as Proskauer Rose Goetz & Mendelsohn, Kafin began a career of environmental activism. In the 1960s, he became the president of Citizens of Clean Air, the founder and chair of the Carl Schurz Park Association, the youngest
Robert J. Kafin
20738650
(such as draining land or liming). Third, improvements which the tenant could be compensated for without having to give prior notice to the landlord (temporary improvements such as cultivation and manuring). However, the Act was not compulsory and so landlords could contract out of it. The Liberal MP Edward Knatchbull-Hugessen complained in the House of Commons: "This Bill allowed everybody to do exactly what he could do at present without it, and compelled no one to do anything which he had not hitherto done and did not wish to do. All that the Bill did was to give an indication
Agricultural Holdings (England) Act 1875
16058853
form of watery eyes, bloody noses, and breathlessness. In winter 2010, Wyoming issued 10 warnings for citizens to remain indoors in order to avoid spikes in ozone pollution. Sublette County-based organization Citizens United for Responsible Energy Development (CURED), represented by environmental firm Earthjustice, served the EPA with intent to file lawsuit in early October 2011 unless the Upper Green River Basin be formally designated as a nonattainment area, or one that does not comply with current national standards set by the Clean Air Act. Designation as a nonattainment area would initiate efforts to restore ozone levels to those in agreement
Environmental issues in Wyoming
12394467
exchange is known as the Chapman mechanism: Atmospheric freon and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) contribute to ozone depletion (Chlorine is a catalytic agent in ozone destruction). Following discovery of the ozone hole in 1985, the 1987 Montreal Protocol successfully implemented a plan to replace CFCs and was viewed by some environmentalists as an example of what is possible for the future of environmental issues, if the political will is present. The Clean Air Act requires permits to build or add to major stationary sources of air pollution. This permitting process, known as New Source Review (NSR), applies to sources in areas that
Clean Air Act (United States)
7652297
and welfare. In addition, the 1970 amendments required various states to submit state implementation plans for attaining and maintaining the National Ambient Air Quality Standards and required the use of air monitoring to determine if implementation plans were successful. National technology-forcing emissions standards were also set for new automobiles. This amendment allowed citizens the ability to sue polluters or government agencies for failure to abide by the act. Finally, the amendment required that by 1975, the entire United States would attain clean air status. 1990 was the most recent amendments to the act under President George H.W. Bush. The 1990
Air Pollution Control Act
13574017
trend on the part of the federal government towards a more protection minded approach to the environment began with the passage of the Federal Water Pollution Act in 1948 and the Air Pollution Control Act in 1955. While neither of these regulations themselves served to impose tight restrictions on either water or air pollution, they lay the groundwork for what would later become the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act, as well as serving to demonstrate the recognition on the part of the federal government of the need to codify regulations geared towards environmental protection. Silent Spring The
Conservation in the United States
15601271
not constitute an impermissible search. Furthermore, the device did not allow what would otherwise be an impermissible or impossible search to take place, and instead allowed law enforcement to act more efficiently. The court also ruled that intruding into the defendant's driveway did not make the search any more intrusive or impermissible, as the driveway "is only a semi-private area". Since the driveway is visible from the street, and serves as an entrance to the house for those who might, for example, deliver a newspaper to the house, there is no expectation of privacy in the area. When Pineda-Moreno's appealed
United States v. Pineda-Moreno
15946603
and development of renewable energy, but does not believe that the government should subsidize it. Johnson has stated that the best environmental practices are due to a good economy. He says "America needs to be a land with a clean environment," and supports "clean-air and clean-water action and believe[s] in conservationism." He cites the Environmental Protection Agency as an example of good government. Although he has stated he agrees that human carbon emissions do impact the climate, Johnson rejects government action to control or limit it - including cap and trade - as ineffective. "When you look at the amount
Political positions of Gary Johnson
17906638
of Air and Radiation at the EPA. Brenner and Beale were classmates together at Princeton. Previously, Beale had no experience dealing with environmental issues, but was seen as a good negotiator and had some experience dealing with Congress from his internship during college. He also expressed that he "always had an interest in environmental issues." Beale worked on amendments to the Clean Air Act, and was widely lauded for his efforts. In 1989, Beale was a member of a 24-person team that was awarded the EPA Gold Medal for Exceptional Service, its highest honor, "In recognition of outstanding contributions to
John C. Beale
19815507
as debate over a sunset provision and the impact on the U.S. budgetary process caused the bill to fail to leave committee. According to the Environmental Working Group Action Fund, 10,000 people die each year from asbestos-caused diseases in the United States, including one out of every 125 American men who die over the age of 50. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has no general ban on the use of asbestos. However, asbestos was one of the first hazardous air pollutants regulated under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act of 1970, and many applications have been forbidden by the
Asbestos and the law (United States)
7943157
County Superior Court. The court rejected Warren's argument that its dams do not result in discharges, and the Maine Supreme Judicial Court affirmed. The Court unanimously affirmed the decision of the Maine Supreme Judicial Court. The Court's opinion was delivered by Justice David Souter, and was joined by the whole Court. However, Justice Antonin Scalia, a noted critic of the use of legislative history in statutory interpretation, did not join in Part III-C of the opinion, which criticized the company's argument based on legislative history. The Court observed that the Clean Water Act did not define discharge, but stated that
S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection
16962482
A settlement was reached based on guidance from the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency in 2007 where the Supreme Court held that carbon dioxide is an air pollutant subject to regulation under the Clean Air Act. The attorneys general's lawsuit is over three years late. The EPA published the proposed settlement in December 2010, and Section 113(g) of the Clean Air Act allows a 30-day period to challenge any requirements of the Clean Air Act. In Morrisey's lawsuit against the EPA he said that the Clean Air Act "precludes EPA from directing States to establish
Patrick Morrisey
16031660
back-pumping through initiating the "Water Transfer Rule", which allowed the transfer of polluted water into pristine waters such as in the Everglades without federal permits. Friends of the Everglades and other conservation groups continues to legally challenge the looser interpretation of the Clean Water Act but has not been totally successful. However, recent developments seem to have resulted in some progress. Friends of the Everglades placed hope with the inauguration of the Barack Obama administration that it would repeal what Friends sees as a harmful way of interpreting environmental law. The organization states that such efforts are finally yielding "significant
Friends of the Everglades
12394482
Health service, but did not formulate pollution regulation. However, the Clean Air Act in 1963 created a research and regulatory program in the U.S. Public Health Service. The Act authorized development of emission standards for stationary sources, but not mobile sources of air pollution. The 1967 Air Quality Act mandated enforcement of interstate air pollution standards and authorized ambient monitoring studies and stationary source inspections. In the Clean Air Act Extension of 1970, Congress greatly expanded the federal mandate by requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both industrial and mobile sources. The law established four new regulatory programs: The
Clean Air Act (United States)
6501189
environmental analysis before starting a project. The Clean Air Act (1970) requires the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to set national standards for clean air and pollution control regulations. The Clean Water Act (1972) was designed to minimize pollution in natural bodies of water, and also to ensure water quality that protects drinking water sources and supports recreational activities such as fishing or swimming. The Coastal Zone Management Act (1972) manages the nation's coastal resources such as Great Lakes and estuaries. CERCLA is commonly referred to as "Superfund" because it comprises two trust funds that provide help to improve
Green development
15696304
law did not require settlers to be Mexican citizens, although citizens were given preference in land grants, and did not require that the settlers convert to Catholicism. However, federal laws prohibited all religions except Catholicism. Land would be granted from available public land. Spanish custom had allowed residents continuing use of their land as long as there was no challenge to ownership. The new law allowed residents, including Christianized natives, to claim title to any land they inhabited, cultivated, or used for grazing. Each state was to have administrators to survey land, confirm land titles, and settle disputes. Missionaries were
General Colonization Law
11947493
Stamp Act. That same month, the "HM Sloop Diligence" arrives at the port with stamps. However, angry citizens of Brunswick Town met the Captain at the dock refusing to allow the stamps off the ship. Governor Tryon attempted to calm residents down but he was determined to uphold the law. In February 1766, the "Dobbs" and the "Patience" arrived at Brunswick Town. The ships did not have stamp clearance, and were not allowed to unload. In February 20, 1766, Patriot leaders, John Ashe, Cornelius Harnett, James Moore, Captain Robert Howe and Colonel Hugh Waddell lead several hundred citizens to arrest
Brunswick Town, North Carolina
15417896
the economy, the environment, and our society at large, it is a topic of interest to a broad range of organizations including Congress, the courts, the states, environmental organizations, and the regulated industry. All of these entities have had a direct hand in shaping the laws, regulations, and policies concerning GHGs into what they are today and will likely continue to do so in the future. As discussed above, California has played a large role in shaping the motor vehicle regulations. EPA's authority to regulate GHGs under the CAA is also a topic of continuing political debate in both chambers
Regulation of greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act
19941666
in a River Thames by parliament) ignited a movement in protective legislature to establish the Metropolitan Commission of Sewers Act 1848. As well, the "Great Smog" (a massive buildup of air pollution) promoted the development of England’s Clean Air Act 1956. The environmental regulations imposed limitations on the amount of emissions from household and business establishments that can be produced, and inspectorate forces to ensure compliance. “Environmental law” only became a distinct and separate body of legislature in all developed and many developing nations in the 1960s, upon the recognition that the natural environment is in desperate need of aid
Technological Innovation for Climate Change Mitigation
11196226
waste handling, and enforcement activities. The FRS responds to the increasing demand for access to information and the public need for one source of comprehensive environmental information about a given place. Under the major U.S. environmental statutes—the Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, etc.--there was no mandate for the individual EPA programs to pool their data to create complete pictures of a facility's environmental footprint. FRS accomplishes this by matching the various program system records according to address matches into a single master record. In 1995, the Risk Management Plans were compiled with the Toxics
Facility Registry System
8139667
Leveraged our intervention in the Cinergy merger between two Indiana and Ohio utilities to negotiate a major new five-year energy efficiency initiative. Environmental Law and Policy Center The Environmental Law and Policy Center (ELPC) is a Midwest-based non-profit environmental advocacy group, with offices in Chicago, Columbus (OH), Des Moines (IA), Duluth (MN), Jamestown (ND), Madison (WI), Sioux Falls (SD), and Washington, D.C. ELPC's mission is to advance environmental progress and economic development together throughout the Midwest through projects that advance clean energy, clean air, clean water and clean transportation. Founded in 1993, ELPC today has a staff of more than
Environmental Law and Policy Center
20040408
reviewing economic variables that bars located in areas that have been already smoke free, sold for similar prices for bars with no restrictions. In 2010 an analysis conducted on economics based on smoke-free laws stated "There is clear evidence that smoke free legislation does not hurt restaurant, and in some cases business may improve." Oregon Indoor Clean Air Act The Oregon Indoor Clean Air Act, also known as the Smokefree Workplace Law, is a measure passed in 1981 by the US State of Oregon prohibiting smoking in public indoor places except in certain designated smoking areas. The objective is to
Oregon Indoor Clean Air Act
4713059
air pollution and health being well understood by the late 19th century, such efforts had not proven to be effective public health measures. The 1952 smog gave a momentum for tougher action: as well as this Clean Air Act, its effects also led to the introduction of the City of London (Various Powers) Act of 1954, and influenced the Clean Air Act 1968. And by prohibiting what had been the hitherto widely accepted actions of private households, the Clean Air Act 1956 had important implications for the debate about public regulation, public health, and the sphere of legitimate Government intervention.
Clean Air Act 1956
8139652
Environmental Law and Policy Center The Environmental Law and Policy Center (ELPC) is a Midwest-based non-profit environmental advocacy group, with offices in Chicago, Columbus (OH), Des Moines (IA), Duluth (MN), Jamestown (ND), Madison (WI), Sioux Falls (SD), and Washington, D.C. ELPC's mission is to advance environmental progress and economic development together throughout the Midwest through projects that advance clean energy, clean air, clean water and clean transportation. Founded in 1993, ELPC today has a staff of more than 40 public interest attorneys, public policy analysts, scientists, finance specialists, and media experts. ELPC's annual revenues of about $6 million are raised
Environmental Law and Policy Center
12380025
addressed the pipeline's risks and ordered pipeline repair or replacement. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had investigated the extent of the oil spills and oversaw BPXA's cleanup. When BP XA did not fully comply with the terms of the corrective action, a complaint was filed in March 2009 alleging violations of the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act and the Pipeline Safety Act. In July 2011, the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska entered a consent decree between the United States and BPXA resolving the government's claims. Under the consent decree, BPXA paid a $25 million civil
BP
699180
The Act repealed large sections of previous UK domestic legislation to allow for this. The primacy and direct effect of EU law has no formal basis in the founding treaties of the union, but was developed by the European Court of Justice (ECJ), long before UK accession, on the grounds that the purpose of the treaties would be thwarted if EU law were subordinate to national law. The view of the ECJ is that any norm of EU law takes precedence over national law, including national constitutions. Most national courts, including the United Kingdom's, do not accept this monist perspective.
European Communities Act 1972 (UK)
6501188
work within the parameters of legislation that now considers the environmental implications of development. In response to increasing public concern regarding environmental issues, governments have enacted legislation that regulates various aspects of the real estate industry, as well as other sectors of the economy. In the United States such legislation includes the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act, and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA; also known as "Superfund."). NEPA, enacted in 1970, changed how federal agencies made decisions because it required them to propose
Green development
12854187
Acid Rain Retirement Fund The Acid Rain Retirement Fund (A.R.R.F) is an all-volunteer, non-profit environmental educational organization, incorporated in Maine, dedicated to reducing pollution by purchasing and "retiring" marketable sulfur dioxide emissions allowances issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Acid Rain Program. A.R.R.F. was created in 1995 and purchased its first allowances in that year. It provides citizens with information about access to pollution markets, along with the ability to directly prevent pollution. Pursuant to the Clean Air Act of 1990, each year in March the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency auctions off to the highest bidder about 250,000 pollution
Acid Rain Retirement Fund
11074163
law did not require permanent evacuation from the city of Rome, rather, it banned non-citizens from acting as Roman citizens:“They, too, do wrong who prevent foreigners from the enjoyment of a city and expel them, as Pennus did in the time of our fathers and Papius more recently. For it is right not to allow one who is not a citizen to conduct himself as a citizen; the very wise Crassus and Scaevola passed such a law. To ban foreigners from a city, however, is contrary to humanity.”The law likely required that allies had to re-register themselves into their allied
Lex Licinia Mucia
5255002
state environmental laws are based on or depart from federal law varies from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Thus, while a permit to fill non-federal wetlands might require a permit from a single state agency, larger and more complex endeavors—for example, the construction of a coal-fired power plant—might require approvals from numerous federal and state agencies. In the United States, violations of environmental laws are generally civil offenses, resulting in monetary penalties and, perhaps, civil sanctions such as injunction. Many environmental laws also provide for criminal penalties for egregious violations. Some federal laws, such as the Clean Water Act, also allow a
United States environmental law
12748045
are to be divided. The Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985 sets out detailed provisions on what assets the court can deal with and what considerations are to be taken into account when making any award. Once there is a divorce or dissolution the couple no longer are obliged to provide aliment to each other. The court, however, can make an order for a periodical allowance in certain circumstances, but such orders are more difficult to obtain as they go against the Family Law (Scotland) Act 1985's principle of a "clean break". Other orders such as capital sum payments, transfer of
Scots family law
20531948
not collect sales taxes from purchases made by their residents from out-of-state vendors that did not have a physical presence within that state, barring legislation from the United States Congress that would allow them to do so. The Court's decision in "Quill" overruled parts of a previous Supreme Court case, "National Bellas Hess v. Illinois" , which, until "Quill", had prevented states from imposing a duty to collect on out-of-state vendors. The decision effectively allowed Internet-driven e-commerce to be run tax-free in the United States. The Marketplace Fairness Act, which would have authorized states to collect these taxes, was introduced
South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
3531322
dual citizens of both the Czech Republic and Slovakia, since they automatically lose Slovak citizenship upon voluntarily acquiring another one (see previous paragraph). Exempt from this law are only those Slovak citizens who obtain a foreign citizenship by virtue of marriage with a foreign national. Some Slovak politicians have speculated in the media about softening the Citizenship Act, but no change has yet materialized as of January 2015. People of both countries were allowed to cross the border without a passport and were allowed to work anywhere without the need to obtain an official permit. Border checks were completely removed
Dissolution of Czechoslovakia
14142191
Great Smog of 1952, the British Parliament introduced the Clean Air Act 1956. This act legislated for zones where smokeless fuels had to be burnt and relocated power stations to rural areas. The Clean Air Act 1968 introduced the use of tall chimneys to disperse air pollution for industries burning coal, liquid or gaseous fuels. The Clean Air Act was updated in 1993 and can be reviewed online legislation Clean Air Act 1993. The biggest domestic impact comes from Part III, Smoke Control Areas, which are designated by local authorities and can vary by street in large towns. The primary
Air quality law
15314086
ADEC's decision was based on nothing more than its substantive disagreement with the State's discretionary judgment, exceeded its powers in setting aside Alaska's BACT determination. Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA Alaska Dept. of Environmental Conservation v. EPA, , is a U.S. Supreme Court case clarifying the scope of state environmental regulators as well as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court found the EPA has authority to overrule state agency decisions under the Clean Air Act that a company is using the "best available controlling technology" to prevent pollution. The Clean Air Act
Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA
456921
1972. Similar protections were included in subsequent federal environmental laws, including the Safe Drinking Water Act (1974), Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976), Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976, Energy Reorganization Act of 1974 (through 1978 amendment to protect nuclear whistleblowers), Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, or the Superfund Law) (1980), and the Clean Air Act (1990). Similar employee protections enforced through OSHA are included in the Surface Transportation Assistance Act (1982) to protect truck drivers, the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act (PSIA) of 2002, the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century
Whistleblower
2070688
as the U.S. Secretary of State, writers, historians, scholars, political analysts and the general public have debated his legacy. Particular emphasis is placed on his impact in the environmentalist and civil rights movement; bureaucratic advancement, and diplomacy. Overall supporters of Muskie point to an expansion of environmental protection, preservation, and security. Numerous historians have noted him as "the father of the 1960s environmental movement in America". His accomplishments in environmentalism established two of the foremost measures in international environmental policy: the Clean Water Act of 1963 and Clean Air Act of 1972. His contributions to the Clean Air Act were
Edmund Muskie
19414550
from Cornell University in 1966 and her J.D. from Yale Law School in 1971. She passed the California Bar the next year. In 1972, as a new lawyer at a small public interest firm, she was approached by the City of Riverside, where the highest levels of ozone had been recorded, about suing Los Angeles over its air pollution. Instead she brought this suit against the United States federal government, arguing that under the Clean Air Act, the United States Environmental Protection Agency must force California to develop a stringent plan to deal with air pollution in Los Angeles. She
Mary D. Nichols