when did the suffrage movement began in canada
1867
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Women in Quebec did not receive full suffrage until 1940. The cause of women's suffrage began in 1867, Canadian Confederation year, when Dr. Emily Stowe came to Toronto to practise medicine. She was the first, and for many years the sole woman physician in Canada. Stowe, vitally interested in all matters relating to women, at once came before the public as a lecturer upon topics then somewhat new, "Woman's Sphere" and "Women in the Professions," being her subjects. She lectured not only in Toronto, but, under the auspices of various Mechanics' Institutes, in Ottawa, Whitby, and Bradford. After attending a
Women's suffrage in Canada
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Women in Quebec did not receive full suffrage until 1940. The cause of women's suffrage began in 1867, Canadian Confederation year, when Dr. Emily Stowe came to Toronto to practise medicine. She was the first, and for many years the sole woman physician in Canada. Stowe, vitally interested in all matters relating to women, at once came before the public as a lecturer upon topics then somewhat new, "Woman's Sphere" and "Women in the Professions," being her subjects. She lectured not only in Toronto, but, under the auspices of various Mechanics' Institutes, in Ottawa, Whitby, and Bradford. After attending a
Women's suffrage in Canada
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to do basic arithmetic problems. Titus's students gave her a "handsome testimonial" as they greatly appreciated her efforts in teaching them. As well as working to combat slavery, Titus worked with the women of the Suffrage Movement. She initially met with Sojourner Truth in 1856 at the Progressive Friends and began collaborating with Truth in 1867 and bought a barn from William Merritt which she remodeled into a home. Even though Truth concentrated her efforts on the Suffrage Movement around the east coast and Kansas and Titus focused on the Suffrage Movement in Michigan, they still kept in contact. Titus
Frances Titus
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found home rule to be "a blow to the greatness and prosperity of England as well as disaster and ... misery and pain and shame". In Fawcett's book, "Women's Suffrage: A Short History of a Great Movement", she explains her disaffiliation with the more militant movement: Fawcett cut her Liberal ties in 1884: her belief in women's suffrage was unchanged but her political views did and began to resemble the views she had when she was younger. In 1883, Fawcett was made president of the Special Appeal Committee. The South African War created an opportunity for Fawcett to share female
Millicent Fawcett
6582249
House or in the nearby Lafayette Park. The NWP continued to hold watchfires even as the war began, drawing criticism from the public and even other suffrage groups for being unpatriotic. Stanton and Anthony launched a sixteen-page weekly newspaper called "The Revolution" in 1868. It focused primarily on women's rights, especially suffrage, but it also covered politics, the labor movement and other topics. Its energetic and broad-ranging style gave it a lasting influence, but its debts mounted when it did not receive the funding they had expected, and they had to transfer the paper to other hands after only twenty-nine
Women's suffrage in the United States
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suffragettes did succeed in damaging the Liberal party but failed to advance the cause of woman suffrage. When the Pankhursts decided to stop the militancy at the start of the war, and enthusiastically support the war effort, the movement split and their leadership role ended. Suffrage did come four years later, but the feminist movement in Britain permanently abandoned the militant tactics that had made the suffragettes famous. In Wales, women's participation in politics grew steadily from the start of the suffrage movement in 1907. By 2003, half the members elected to the National Assembly were women. Although abortion was
History of women in the United Kingdom
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published by the Massachusetts Association Opposed to the Further Extension of Suffrage to Women (MAOFESW) between 1890 and 1920 was used to promote anti-suffrage ideas and also to react to and refute the claims of suffragists. The anti-suffrage movement began in the United States after the Massachusetts State legislature introduced a proposal to promote female voting rights. Two hundred women opposed this initiative as they did not want women to gain full citizenship. Though nothing became of this proposal, its introduction mobilized the suffrage movement on both sides. In 1871, a petition to the United States Congress was published by
Anti-suffragism
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Women's National Anti-Suffrage League The Women's National Anti-suffrage League (1908–18) was established in London on 21 July 1908. Its aims were to oppose women being granted the vote in United Kingdom parliamentary elections, although it did support their having votes in local government elections. It was founded at a time when there was a resurgence of support for the women's suffrage movement. An anti-suffrage correspondence had taken place in the pages of "The Times" through 1906–07, with further calls for leadership of the anti-suffrage movement being placed in "The Spectator" in February 1908. Possibly as early as 1907, a letter
Women's National Anti-Suffrage League
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established in London on 21 July 1908. Its aims were to oppose women being granted the vote in British parliamentary elections, although it did support their having votes in local government elections. It was founded at a time when there was a resurgence of support for the women's suffrage movement. The Women's National Anti-Suffrage League, publisher of the "Anti-Suffrage Review", submitted a petition to Parliament in 1907 with 87,500 names, but it was rejected by the Petitions Committee of Parliament as "informal". The "Anti-Suffrage Review" also used shame as a tool to fight against the suffrage movement. An Anti-suffrage correspondence
Anti-suffragism
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Allison University). In 1880, Emily Stowe became the first woman licensed to practise medicine in Canada. Women's suffrage was achieved during World War I period. Suffrage activism began during the later decades of the Victorian era. In 1883, the Toronto Women's Literary and Social Progress Club met and established the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association. Before the 1870s there were few organizations for women, apart from charitable groups associated with particular denominations and largely under the control of the male ministry. The main breakthrough came with the formation of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU, in the 1870s. The movement began
History of Canadian women
19966467
during the last half of the nineteenth century. In 1868, Kate Newell Doggett, a botanist, helped set up a chapter of Sorosis, which became the first women's group in Chicago to focus on suffrage. Later, the Chicago Woman's Club would help promote suffrage. Other organizations, dedicated especially to suffrage began to be formed after the Civil War. As women's clubs grew, so did suffrage organizations. African-American women's clubs like the NACW not only fought for women's suffrage, but also for the right of black men to vote. Many black women were involved in groups like the National Woman Suffrage Association
Woman's club movement
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penalize me for my work for the young people of this country, they must bear the shame of a jail sentence. It is government which is disgraced, not I." Dennet was proud of her work in sexual education and wanted it to last. Dennett did not become active in the women's suffrage movement until her marriage began to break up. Later, she wrote, "I went into suffrage work, as perhaps you know, because I needed an anaesthetic at the time, and suffrage was the nearest thing at hand that was unconnected with my previous work." Dennett began her work as
Mary Dennett
7827969
anti-suffrage movement was a countermovement opposing the social movement of women's suffrage in various countries. It could also be considered a counterpublic that espoused a Conservative defense of the status quo for women and men in society. As a countermovement, the anti-suffrage movement didn't gain traction or start to organize until the women's suffrage began to challenge the current social order. Countries in the Western World began to explore giving women the equal right to vote around the mid 1800s. Areas with the most visible women's suffrage movements were Great Britain and in the United States, although women's suffrage movements
Anti-suffragism
7827968
Anti-suffragism Anti-suffragism was a political movement composed of both men and women that began in the late 19th century in order to campaign against women's suffrage in countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Anti-suffragism was a largely conservative movement that sought to keep the status quo for women and which opposed the idea giving women equal suffrage rights. It was closely associated with "domestic feminism," the belief that women had the right to complete freedom within the home. In the United States, these activists were often referred to as "remonstrants" or "antis." The
Anti-suffragism
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ref 2WNA The Library and Archives division of the Georgia Historical Society have a collection of broadsides from the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage from 1917–1919. The documents appear to be printed by state affiliates of the national group. One of the documents was issued by The Men's Anti-Ratification League of Montgomery, Alabama. Anti-suffragism Anti-suffragism was a political movement composed of both men and women that began in the late 19th century in order to campaign against women's suffrage in countries such as Australia, Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States. Anti-suffragism was a largely conservative movement
Anti-suffragism
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Kuwaiti Constitution, Parliament was allowed to reject and overrule the emir, and it did. However, for a period of 6 months, women had the right to vote. Unfortunately, there were no elections heard during this time before the emir was overruled. The movement began to gain speed after this, and the first non-violent demonstration kicked off in 1996 when 500 women stopped working for an hour to show solidarity in their right for suffrage. Small demonstrations continued throughout the next 6 years and in 2002 a few Kuwaiti women decided to protest outside voter registration centers. Things continued to escalate
Women's suffrage in Kuwait
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African-American women's suffrage movement As the women's suffrage movement gained popularity through the nineteenth century, African-American women were increasingly marginalized. African-American women dealt not only with the sexism of being withheld the vote but also the racism of white suffragists. The struggle for the vote did not end with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. In some Southern states, African American women were unable to freely exercise their right to vote up until the 1960s. However, these difficulties did not deter African-American women in their effort to secure the vote. The origins of the women's suffrage movement are tied to
African-American women's suffrage movement
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woman, Mary Smith, was used in this speech as an example. The Chartist Movement, which began in the late 1830s, has also been suggested to have included supporters of female suffrage. There is some evidence to suggest William Lovett, one of the authors of the People's Charter wished to include female suffrage as one of the campaign's demands but chose not to on the grounds that this would delay the implementation of the charter. Although there were female Chartists, they largely worked toward universal male suffrage. At this time most women did not have aspirations to gain the vote. There
Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom
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two rival organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, merged to form the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA). As NAWSA began gaining support for its cause, its members realized that the exclusion of African-American women would gain greater support, resulting in the adoption of a more narrow view of women's suffrage than had been previously asserted. NAWSA focused on enfranchisement solely for white women. African-American women began experiencing the "Anti-Black" women's suffrage movement. The National Woman Suffrage Association considered the Northeastern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs to be a liability to the association due
African-American women's suffrage movement
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Stowe met with Susan B. Anthony and witnessed the divisions within the American women's suffrage movement. Stowe also attended a women's club meeting in Cleveland, Ohio. Stowe adopted a gradualist strategy which she brought back to her work in Canada. In 1876, Stowe founded the Toronto Women's Literary Club, renamed the Canadian Women's Suffrage Association in 1883. This has led some to consider Stowe the mother of the suffrage movement in Canada. The Literary Club campaigned for improved working conditions for women and pressured schools in Toronto to accept women into higher education. In 1883, a public meeting of the
Emily Stowe
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a hall. Her lecture took place on April 11 of that year. It was from this visit that the St. Louis Equal Suffrage League was formed. Conservative society did not talk of suffrage and even when the Equal Suffrage League was established, it was with a cautious tone, emphasizing education rather than action. Members preferred to be called suffragists instead of suffragettes to downplay any militant activity. Ten women dared to take a stance on the suffrage movement and establish the Equal Suffrage League. The founding members were Mrs. Robert Atkinson, Miss Marie Garesche, Mrs. E.M. Grossman, Miss Lillian Hetzell,
Equal Suffrage League (St. Louis)
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Women’s Union) and it was from this movement that the campaign for women's suffrage in the Netherlands emerged. This movement got a lot of support from other countries, especially from the women's suffrage movement in England. In 1906 the movement wrote an open letter to the Queen pleading for women's suffrage. When this letter was rejected, in spite of popular support, the movement organised several demonstrations and protests in favor of women's suffrage. This movement was of great significance for women's suffrage in the Netherlands. Liberal politician Gina Krog was the leading campaigner for women's suffrage in Norway from the
Women's suffrage
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law. Therefore, Maddox and several other female attorneys from other states went to Maryland's General Assembly to lobby for women to be admitted to the Maryland bar. In 1902, a bill introduced by Senator Jacob M. Moses was passed, permitting women to practice law in Maryland. Maddox passed the bar exam with distinction and in September 1902, she was the first woman to become a licensed lawyer in Maryland. Women's suffrage in South Carolina began as a movement in 1898, nearly 50 years after the women's suffrage movement began in Seneca Falls, New York. The state's women suffrage movement was
Women's suffrage in states of the United States
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University, in 1911, becoming one of the first Bermudians to earn a university degree; her ambition to become a lawyer, however, was unfulfilled because law schools in England did not admit women until 1919. After graduating, she travelled to India to visit her brother John, and on her return to England, she took up working and organising in the women's suffrage movement, and was active in Millicent Fawcett's National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies until the end of 1913. She went home the following year and began a woman suffrage campaign in Bermuda, holding the first meeting in St. George's
Gladys Morrell
628562
1900 other provinces adopted similar provisions, and in 1916 Manitoba took the lead in extending full women's suffrage. Simultaneously suffragists gave strong support to the prohibition movement, especially in Ontario and the Western provinces. The Military Voters Act of 1917 gave the vote to British women who were war widows or had sons or husbands serving overseas. Unionists Prime Minister Borden pledged himself during the 1917 campaign to equal suffrage for women. After his landslide victory, he introduced a bill in 1918 for extending the franchise to women. This passed without division, but did not apply to Quebec provincial and
History of Canada
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1920 guaranteed women's right to vote. Susan B. Anthony, a long-time leader in the suffrage movement, was the dominant figure in the newly formed NAWSA. Carrie Chapman Catt, who became president after Anthony retired in 1900, implemented a strategy of recruiting wealthy members of the rapidly growing women's club movement, whose time, money and experience could help build the suffrage movement. Anna Howard Shaw's term in office, which began in 1904, saw strong growth in the organization's membership and public approval. After the Senate decisively rejected the proposed women's suffrage amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1887, the suffrage movement
National American Woman Suffrage Association
5177501
She was president of the National Woman's Rights Central Committee from 1850 to 1858. In 1853, she began editing the women's newspaper "The Una", handing over the responsibility to Caroline Healey Dall in 1855. Davis was one of the founders of the New England Woman Suffrage Association in 1868. When the group splintered, she and Susan B. Anthony became involved in the National Woman Suffrage Association. In 1870, she arranged the twentieth anniversary of the Women's Suffrage Movement meeting and published "The History of the National Woman's Rights Movement". Davis died on August 24, 1876 in Providence, Rhode Island and
Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis
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In 1895 she published "The Woman's Bible", a controversial best-seller that attacked the use of the Bible to relegate women to an inferior status. The NAWSA voted to disavow any connection with the book despite Anthony's objection that such a move was unnecessary and hurtful. Stanton afterwards grew increasingly alienated from the suffrage movement. The suffrage movement declined in vigor during the years immediately after the 1890 merger. When Carrie Chapman Catt was appointed head of the NAWSA's Organization Committee in 1895, it wasn't clear how many local chapters the organization had or who their officers were. Catt began revitalizing
Women's suffrage in the United States
19770000
initial efforts did lead to results when the state passed the Maston-McKinley Partial Suffrage Bill in 1917 which granted women to in municipal, school and certain special elections. At the passing of this bill many women registered to vote, including between thirty and forty thousand women in Indianapolis. The Maston-McKinley Partial Suffrage Act placed Indiana in line with states such as Illinois, Utah and Michigan. Unfortunately for the pro-suffrage movement in Indiana, the Maston-Mckinley Partial Suffrage Act was short lived. The Maston-McKinley Partial Suffrage Act faced extreme opposition in the state of Indiana after two men filed lawsuits against the
Women's Franchise League of Indiana
1722660
classes of convicted criminals, and those punished for certain electoral offenses" sometimes lack the right to vote. In the United States, the term "suffrage" is often associated specifically with women's suffrage; a movement to extend the franchise to women began in the mid-nineteenth century and culminated in the 1920, when the United States ratified the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, guaranteeing the right of women to vote. In most countries, universal suffrage (the right to vote but not necessarily the right to be a candidate) followed about a generation after universal male suffrage. Notable exceptions in Europe were
Universal suffrage
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3. Their mother died when Chloe was young and the family moved into the city. With growth after the completion of the Erie Canal through the Mohawk Valley, the city offered many opportunities. She and her brothers were influenced by the abolitionist movement, which strengthened from the 1840s, and growing support for women's suffrage and rights. Her brothers resisted the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, taking part in freeing a fugitive slave from court to gain him freedom in Canada. Chloe Merrick taught in Syracuse public schools from 1854 to 1856, and 1860 to 1862, as did her sister Emma
Chloe Merrick Reed
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Territory as a cynical Mormon ploy, resulting in the passage of the Edmunds-Tucker Act. The anti-suffrage movement began to change in its position against suffrage in 1917, expanding their scope to include anti-radical rhetoric. The anti-suffrage movement focused less on the issue of suffrage and began to spread fear of radical ideas and to use "conspiratorial paranoia." Suffragists were accused of subversion of the government and treason. They were also accused of being socialists, "Bolsheviks" or "unpatriotic German sympathizers." The Texas branch of the NAOWS accused women's suffrage groups of being linked to "socialism, anarchy and Mormonism." Accusations of being
Anti-suffragism
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much more information about the NWSA itself that was written from its own point of view. This unbalanced portrayal of the movement influenced scholarly research in this field for many years. Not until about the middle of the 20th century did the AWSA begin to receive adequate scholarly attention. American Woman Suffrage Association The American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was a single-issue national organization formed in 1869 in Boston. The AWSA lobbied state governments to enact laws granting or expanding women's right to vote in the United States. Its most prominent leader, Lucy Stone, began publishing a newspaper in 1870
American Woman Suffrage Association
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campaign to establish women's right to vote in the states was conducted simultaneously with the campaign for an amendment to the United States Constitution that would establish that right fully in all states. That campaign succeeded with the ratification of Nineteenth Amendment in 1920. The demand for women's suffrage began to gather strength in the 1840s, emerging from the broader movement for women's rights. The first national suffrage organizations were established in 1869 when two competing organizations were formed, each campaigning for suffrage at both the state and national levels. The National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA), led by Susan B.
Women's suffrage in states of the United States
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New York in 1890, serving until her death, at age 101. Howland was also active in women's suffrage, peace, and temperance movements and was a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. When the suffrage movement split into two groups, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association, Howland did not take sides, but attended meetings of both groups. She has been credited with persuading Ezra Cornell that, as a Quaker, he should make Cornell University a coeducational institution. In 1926 she received an honorary Litt.D. degree from the State University of New York at Albany, the
Emily Howland
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New Brunswick starting in 1885, and anti-suffrage "testimonies" began to appear in the newspapers around that time. Organized campaigns against women's suffrage began in earnest in 1905, around the same time that suffragettes were turning to militant tactics. In general, most ordinary women had prioritized domestic and family life over paid employment and political activism when it came to the issue of suffrage. Most historical evidence shows that ordinary women did not have much interest in the right to vote before the first World War and also after suffrage had been granted to women. The Women's National Anti-Suffrage League was
Anti-suffragism
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Eugenic feminism Eugenic feminism is a term that describes areas of the women's suffrage movement which overlapped with eugenics. Originally coined by the eugenicist Caleb Saleeby, the term has since been applied to summarize views held by some prominent feminists of the United States. Some early suffragettes in Canada, particularly a group known as The Famous Five, also pushed for eugenic policies, chiefly in Alberta and British Columbia. Eugenic feminism began to be articulated in the late 1800s and faded in the 1930s, along with decreasing support for eugenics itself. When Francis Galton originally formulated eugenics, he saw women functioning
Eugenic feminism
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Carl Anthony suggests a reason the legend of Lemonade Lucy might have become so popular with historians of the early 20th century, when there was greater moral stigma associated with alcohol consumption. As a young woman, Lucy expressed opinions that suggested she was pro-suffrage, but she did not join any of the prominent suffrage groups of the day. Two of Lucy's aunts were involved in the suffrage movement. Many historians believe that had her sister-in-law Fanny Platt lived longer, Lucy would have become a committed advocate for women's suffrage. Back in Ohio after leaving the White House, Lucy joined the
Lucy Webb Hayes
7827970
took place in many Western countries. Anti-suffrage activities began to emerge in many countries as women publicly advocated for suffrage. Anti suffrage movements were present in Australia through the 1880s and 1890s. Anti-suffrage organisations in Australia were "closely associated with the Conservative Party, manufacturing interests and anti-socialist forces." The Australian media took part in the anti-suffrage movement, and depicted women as being "weak and unintelligent," emotional and too involved in domestic and trivial matters. Canadian men and women both became involved in debating the women's suffrage movement in the late 1800s. Women's suffrage was debated in the Legislative Assembly in
Anti-suffragism
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the age of 25, Annie married engineer William Gale. The couple and their two sons eventually left to join their extended family, who had emigrated to Canada and eventually settled in Calgary, Alberta, in 1912. Gale took an active role in her new community. She began community organizing, with a focus on fixing the poor quality and high costs of fresh vegetables, as well as the lack of affordable heat and free hospitals. She played a major role in promoting the women's suffrage movement in Canada and organized Canada's Women's Ratepayers Association, the first of its kind in Canada. After
Hannah Gale
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through personal influence and moral suasion, through the election of men with strong moral character, and through raising public-spirited sons. The National Council position reflected its nation-building program that sought to uphold Canada as a White settler nation. While the woman suffrage movement was important for extending the political rights of White women, it was also authorized through race-based arguments that linked White women's enfranchisement to the need to protect the nation from "racial degeneration". Women did have a local vote in some provinces, as in Canada West from 1850, where women owning land could vote for school trustees. By
History of Canada
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Catt received a bequest of $900,000 from Mrs. Frank (Miriam) Leslie to be used as she thought best for the women's suffrage movement. Catt allocated most of the funds to the NAWSA, with $400,000 applied toward upgrading the "Woman Citizen". In January 1917, Alice Paul's NWP began picketing the White House with banners that demanded women's suffrage. The police eventually arrested over 200 pickets, many of whom went on hunger strike after being imprisoned. The prison authorities force fed them, creating an uproar that fueled public debate on women's suffrage. When the U.S. entered World War I in April 1917,
National American Woman Suffrage Association
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movement. Primarily composed of middle-class women, these clubs often engaged in civic improvement projects. They generally avoided controversial issues, but women's suffrage increasingly found acceptance among their membership. In 1914, suffrage was endorsed by the General Federation of Women's Clubs, the national body for the club movement. To make the suffrage movement more attractive to middle- and upper-class women, the NAWSA began to popularize a version of the movement's history that downplayed the earlier involvement of many of its members with such controversial issues as racial equality, divorce reform, working women's rights and critiques of organized religion. Stanton's role in
National American Woman Suffrage Association
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the movement was obscured by this process, as were the roles of black and working women. Anthony, who in her younger days was often treated as a dangerous fanatic, was given a grandmotherly image and honored as a "suffrage saint". The reform energy of the Progressive Era strengthened the suffrage movement during this period. Beginning around 1900, this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government, eliminating child labor, and protecting workers and consumers. Many of its participants saw women's suffrage as yet another progressive goal, and they believed that the addition of
National American Woman Suffrage Association
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the duration of the suffrage fight, first in England, then in the United States. The two women quickly gained the trust of prominent WSPU members and began organizing events and campaign offices. When Emmeline Pankhurst attempted to spread the movement to Scotland, Paul and Burns accompanied her as assistants. Paul quickly gained the trust of fellow WSPU members through both her talent with visual rhetoric and her willingness to put herself in physical danger in order to increase the visibility of the suffrage movement. While at the WSPU's headquarters in Edinburgh, Paul and local suffragists made plans to protest a
Alice Paul
20161826
Women's suffrage movement in Washington The women's suffrage movement in Washington State was part of the broader Women's suffrage movement. In Washington, women gained and lost the right to vote repeatedly. The first champion of women's suffrage in Washington Territory was a man, Arthur A. Denny, who introduced a bill to the lower house of the territory in 1854, but it lost 8 to 9. After the loss, the subject went silent for 10 years, until 1866 when the election code used language that could allow for women to vote, because it simply stated that "all white citizens" could vote,
Women's suffrage movement in Washington
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In the volume, Stanton did not mention the Liberty Party's plank on woman suffrage pre-dating the Seneca Falls Convention by a month, and she did not describe the Worcester National Women's Rights Convention, organized by Stone and Davis in 1850, as the beginning of the women's rights movement. Rather, Stanton named the 1840 Anti-Slavery Convention in London as the birth of the "movement for woman's suffrage, in both England and America". She positioned the Seneca Falls meeting as her own political debut, and characterized it as the beginning of the women's rights movement, which she called "the greatest movement for
Seneca Falls Convention
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dramatic tactics of the militant wing of the British suffrage movement began to influence the movement in the U.S. Harriet Stanton Blatch, daughter of Elizabeth Cady Stanton, returned to the U.S. after several years in England, where she had associated with suffrage groups still in the early phases of militancy. In 1907 she founded the Equality League of Self-Supporting Women, later called the Women's Political Union, whose membership was based on working women, both professional and industrial. The Equality League initiated the practice of holding suffrage parades and organized the first open air suffrage rallies in thirty years. As many
Women's suffrage in the United States
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from Britain. Independence brought gender equality in the form of constitutional rights, but historically women's political participation has remained low. The movement for women’s suffrage began in the early 1900s in response to a national movement for suffrage, even though vast majority of neither men nor women had a right to vote the British colonial rule before 1947. After Indian independence from Britain, the Indian Constitution in 1950 officially granted women and men suffrage. Prior to universal suffrage, provincial legislatures had granted women the right to vote. Madras was the first to grant women’s suffrage in 1921, but only to
Women's political participation in India
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women's suffrage organizations, the National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association. The NEWSA played a key role in the formation of the latter and had overlapping leadership with it. The New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) was formed during a period when a split was developing within the women's rights movement and also between one wing of that movement and the abolitionist movement. Disagreements had already weakened the American Equal Rights Association, which was formed in 1866 by women's rights advocates and abolitionists to campaign for equal rights, including suffrage, for all citizens regardless of race or
New England Woman Suffrage Association
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women's suffrage, giving a huge boost to the movement. Hoping that the U.S. Supreme Court would rule that women had a constitutional right to vote, suffragists made several attempts to vote in the early 1870s and then filed lawsuits when they were turned away. Anthony actually succeeded in voting in 1872 but was arrested for that act and found guilty in a widely publicized trial that gave the movement fresh momentum. After the Supreme Court ruled against them in 1875 (Minor v. Happersett), suffragists began the decades-long campaign for an amendment to the U.S. Constitution that would enfranchise women. Much
Women's suffrage in the United States
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because their feminine morality would then properly influence legislation (as the WCTU did), she argued that they deserved suffrage as a 'natural right'. Despite her opposition to the Church, Gage was in her own way deeply religious, and she joined Stanton's Revising Committee to write "The Woman's Bible". Gage was well-educated and a prolific writer—the most gifted and educated woman of her age, claimed her devoted son-in-law, L. Frank Baum. She corresponded with numerous newspapers, reporting on developments in the woman suffrage movement. In 1878, she bought the "Ballot Box", a monthly journal of a Toledo, Ohio suffrage association, when
Matilda Joslyn Gage
17484600
New England Woman Suffrage Association The New England Woman Suffrage Association (NEWSA) was established in November 1868 to campaign for the right of women to vote in the U.S. Its principal leaders were Julia Ward Howe, its first president, and Lucy Stone, who later became president. It was active until 1920, when suffrage for women was secured by the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The NEWSA was formed during a period when a split was developing within the women's rights movement and also between one wing of that movement and the abolitionist movement. Disagreement was especially sharp over the
New England Woman Suffrage Association
9825961
Mary Richardson Mary Raleigh Richardson (1882/3 – 7 November 1961) was a Canadian suffragette active in the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom, an arsonist and later the head of the women's section of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) led by Sir Oswald Mosley. She grew up in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. In 1898, she travelled to Paris and Italy. She lived in Bloomsbury, and witnessed Black Friday. At the beginning of the 20th century, the suffragette movement, frustrated by a failure to achieve equal voting rights for women, began adopting increasingly militant tactics. In particular, the Women's Social
Mary Richardson
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her flat in Hastings on 7 November 1961. Mary Richardson Mary Raleigh Richardson (1882/3 – 7 November 1961) was a Canadian suffragette active in the women's suffrage movement in the United Kingdom, an arsonist and later the head of the women's section of the British Union of Fascists (BUF) led by Sir Oswald Mosley. She grew up in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. In 1898, she travelled to Paris and Italy. She lived in Bloomsbury, and witnessed Black Friday. At the beginning of the 20th century, the suffragette movement, frustrated by a failure to achieve equal voting rights for women, began adopting
Mary Richardson
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formation in 1918 with the passage of the Woman Suffrage Act, speaking regularly for the league at open-air meetings. When asked why women should have the right to vote, Ryley replied, "[L]ooking at it from the standpoint of common sense, I think it necessary for the progress of humanity – necessary as the means to an end. Women must be educated to their responsibilities, and as long as the Vote is denied them they will remain uneducated. My point of view is impersonal and altruistic." Despite Ryley's work with the Woman Suffrage Movement, she did not write suffrage drama. She
Madeleine Lucette Ryley
2375208
early 1850s. Stone devoted most of her life after the split to the "Woman's Journal", a weekly newspaper she launched in 1870 to serve as voice of the AWSA. By the 1880s, the "Woman's Journal" had broadened its coverage and was seen by many as the newspaper of the entire movement. The suffrage movement was attracting younger members who were impatient with the continuing division, seeing the obstacle more as a matter of personalities than principles. Alice Stone Blackwell, daughter of Lucy Stone, said, "When I began to work for a union, the elders were not keen for it, on
National American Woman Suffrage Association
6582184
a sophisticated movement in New York State, but their work at this time dealt with women's issues in general, not specifically suffrage. Anthony, who eventually became the person most closely associated in the public mind with women's suffrage, later said "I wasn't ready to vote, didn't want to vote, but I did want equal pay for equal work." In the period just before the Civil War, Anthony gave priority to anti-slavery work over her work for the women's movement. Over Anthony's objections, leaders of the movement agreed to suspend women's rights activities during the Civil War in order to focus
Women's suffrage in the United States
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designed to land them in jail if they attempted to vote. This treatment of African-American women in the South continued up until the 1960s. African-American women's suffrage movement As the women's suffrage movement gained popularity through the nineteenth century, African-American women were increasingly marginalized. African-American women dealt not only with the sexism of being withheld the vote but also the racism of white suffragists. The struggle for the vote did not end with the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment. In some Southern states, African American women were unable to freely exercise their right to vote up until the 1960s. However,
African-American women's suffrage movement
9510522
school reforms and prison reform for citizens. Another organization called the Association Feminista LLonga was created in 1906 and its goal was to focus on women's suffrage. At the same time, there was an all-male National Legislature that was against the feminist movement, thus did not support the movement because they feared that traditional family roles would start to change if women had the right to vote. Those who were opposed to the women's suffrage movement were not only men, but also women. In 1920, the Manila Women's Club emerged as the "next big step" towards forming the League of
1937 Philippine women's suffrage plebiscite
16886123
Morrow took up the cause of women's suffrage, working as an organizer for the suffrage movement until 1901. She began working in South Dakota, then in 1900 she moved to Oregon. As a worker for women’s suffrage, Morrow became the first female activist to work with the powerful labor union movement of Chicago in an effort to enlist its aid in bringing the vote to women. Morrow joined the Socialist Party of America (SPA) in 1902 and redirected her activism from women's suffrage to Socialism. Lewis was attracted to Socialism's emphasis on fair working conditions. As she saw it, a
Lena Morrow Lewis
14631163
he threatened to end his newspaper's support for their work. Soon he began to attack the women's movement. Responding to Greeley's repeated claim that the best women he knew did not want to vote, Stanton and Anthony arranged for it to be announced from the floor of the convention that Mrs. Horace Greeley had signed the petition in favor of women's suffrage. The "History of Woman Suffrage", whose authors include Stanton and Anthony, said, "This campaign cost us the friendship of Horace Greeley and the support of the "New York Tribune", heretofore our most powerful and faithful allies." Two referenda
American Equal Rights Association
6582246
the NAWSA, charged with reviving the drive for a constitutional amendment that would enfranchise women. She and her coworker Lucy Burns organized a suffrage parade in Washington on the day before Woodrow Wilson's inauguration as president. Opponents of the march turned the event into a near riot, which ended only when a cavalry unit of the army was brought in to restore order. Public outrage over the incident, which cost the chief of police his job, brought publicity to the movement and gave it fresh momentum. In 1914 Paul and her followers began referring to the proposed suffrage amendment as
Women's suffrage in the United States
2911856
Emily Stowe Emily Howard Stowe (née Jennings, May 1, 1831 – April 30, 1903) was the first female doctor to practise in Canada, the second licensed female physician in Canada and an activist for women's rights and suffrage. Stowe helped found the women's suffrage movement in Canada and campaigned for the country's first medical college for women. Emily Howard Jennings was born in Norwich Township, Oxford County, Ontario to Hannah Howard and Solomon Jennings. While Solomon converted to Methodism, Hannah raised her six daughters as Quakers. In the tradition of the Society of Friends, Jennings p arents encouraged her to
Emily Stowe
2911864
were granted the right to vote. While she counted herself a Quaker until 1879, she became a Unitarian in 1879 and attended the First Unitarian Congregation of Toronto. Public elementary schools in her hometown of Norwich Township (Emily Stowe Public School) as well as Courtice, Ontario are named after her. Emily Stowe Emily Howard Stowe (née Jennings, May 1, 1831 – April 30, 1903) was the first female doctor to practise in Canada, the second licensed female physician in Canada and an activist for women's rights and suffrage. Stowe helped found the women's suffrage movement in Canada and campaigned for
Emily Stowe
17484614
first president. A member of a prominent family, she had recently been convinced to join the women's suffrage movement by Higginson and Stone. During the convention, Howe said she would not demand suffrage for women until it was achieved for blacks. State affiliates of the NEWSA were formed in most New England states. In January 1869, supporters of the NEWSA began publishing a newspaper called the "Woman's Advocate" from the office of the American Anti-Slavery Society. Although the NEWSA waited until suffrage for blacks was assured before it began campaigning for women's suffrage at the national level, it pressed at
New England Woman Suffrage Association
14972152
own defense. Eventually, Davis was released on bail in 1972 and later acquitted of all criminal charges at her jury trial." The American Women's Suffrage movement began in the north as a middle class white woman's movement with most of their members were educated white women primarily from Boston, New York, Maine, and the Northeast. Attempts were made by the National Women's Suffrage Association (NWSA) to include working class women, as well as black suffragists. In 1848 the American Equal Rights Association was formed with the belief that everyone regardless of race or sex should be given the right to
African-American women's suffrage movement
21002887
to have visited with the Keith's at their home while attending the Congress. Soon afterwards, Keith and Anthony began a regular correspondence about suffrage and other women's rights issues that would continue until Anthony's death in 1906. Mary is reported to have first met Elizabeth Cady Stanton in 1871, but developed a friendship with Stanton when in 1895 Stanton and Anna Howard Shaw were visiting California's state suffrage convention in San Francisco and various other suffrage events in the state. As she did with Anthony, Keith engaged in regular correspondence with Stanton throughout the suffrage campaigns. The Keiths, and their
Mary McHenry Keith
18067729
public school system. Kearney was a Methodist, and a member of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. She was also active in the American suffrage movement, and was hired as a speaker and lobbyist by the National American Woman Suffrage Association. In this role, she traveled throughout the United States, Canada, and Europe, and was a respected orator. Kearney was a white supremacist, and used her public speaking events to advocate her racial views. While delivering the keynote address at the National American Woman Suffrage Association Convention in 1903, she said that women's suffrage would bring about "immediate and durable white
Belle Kearney
19348611
voting rights for women were unsuccessful. In 1915 a state constitutional amendment that would have given women the vote was defeated in a popular referendum. BESAGG was the smallest and most important of the three main suffrage organizations active in Massachusetts after 1900. The older, more established, Massachusetts Woman Suffrage Association (MWSA) was allied with the Woman's Christian Temperance Union and the virulently anti-Catholic Loyal Women of America. The College Equal Suffrage League (CESL), also founded by Maud Wood Park, was specifically designed to attract college students and alumnae to the suffrage movement. When BESAGG was founded, the suffrage movement
Boston Equal Suffrage Association for Good Government
17160317
with the Women's suffrage movement. Margaret was interested in journalism which she began pursuing in 1886. She then began working for "The Queen" where she stayed for the majority of her career. In 1888, she organized a campaign of meetings for the Women's Suffrage Society and on 1895 she published 'Professional Women upon their Professions'. In 1913 she became the president of the Cambridge Women's Suffrage Association, a member of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies Executive committee and vice president of the Central Bureau for the Employment of Women. In 1912, as a member of the National Union
Margaret Heitland
14972154
felt that this decision wasn't good enough, and that women black or white, should not be excluded from the vote. The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendment were eventually passed by Congress and women were still not granted the right to vote. As time went on the leaders of the National Women's Suffrage Association began to see African American Suffrage and White Suffrage as different issues. The reasons for this change in ideals varies but in the 1890s younger women began to take the leadership roles and people like Stanton and Anthony were no longer in charge. Another reason for the change
African-American women's suffrage movement
14972146
for their status as women, and then again for their race. Many politically engaged African-American women were primarily invested in matters of racial equality, with suffrage later materializing as a secondary goal. The Seneca Falls Convention, widely lauded as the first women’s rights convention, is often considered the precursor to the racial schism within the women’s suffrage movement; the Seneca Falls Declaration put forth a political analysis of the condition of upper class, married women, but did not address the struggles of working class white women or black women. Well into the twentieth century, a pattern emerged of segregated political
African-American women's suffrage movement
16999312
Dublin Women's Suffrage Association The Dublin Women's Suffrage Association was an organisation for women's suffrage which was set up in Dublin in 1874. Its first secretaries were Anna Haslam and Miss McDowell. It changed its name several times: first to the Dublin Women's Suffrage and Poor Law Guardian Association, when women won eligibility as poor law guardians, then formally to the Dublin Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association when they gained all local government franchises and eligibility for election as district councillors, and in 1898 to the Irish Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association as the suffrage movement expanded coming
Dublin Women's Suffrage Association
4137583
suffragist Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters, the Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin and other influential European intellectuals. It was here that Beard began to read and write history and was deeply influenced by what she learned of the struggles of the working class, the urgency and passion of the women's suffrage movement and the possibilities for social reform. Beard became involved in the suffrage movement through her activism in labor organizations such as the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL) where she hoped to improve the conditions under which women labored. She came to believe that suffrage would hasten governmental regulation of
Mary Ritter Beard
19355565
1910, she began educating the public about suffrage through open air meetings at locations across Maryland. As a speaker Hooker was deft with persuasive use of language and practical evidence gathered from her research. In order to promote support she noted that women's suffrage would reduce disease, improve water quality, and make women better wives. This was a tactic used by Hooker and other suffragists who supported combining Social Hygiene Movement and the women's suffrage movement to improve society. Additionally, Hooker would appeal to men by noting that women active in politics, which could arise only if given the right
Edith Houghton Hooker
11522802
Suffrage Association. Compared to other English speaking industrialized countries, Canada's suffrage movement gained success rather easily, and without violence. The tactics adopted by the movement in order to bring about reform included collecting petitions, staging mock parliaments and selling postcards. Widows and unmarried women were granted the right to vote in municipal elections in Ontario in 1884. Such limited franchises were extended in other provinces at the end of the 19th century, but bills to enfranchise women in provincial elections failed to pass in any province until Manitoba, and Saskatchewan finally succeeded in early 1916. Alberta followed the same year
Feminism in Canada
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1887 - when the Colorado Constitution was first written and enfranchisement to women denied - and sought to align their politics with the voting body of men - keeping quite on any individual racial sentiments regarding the vast number of ethnic populations in the state. Churchill was willing to not only question the racial subtext which underlay the women's suffrage movement, but to constantly question, challenge, and applaud the actions of men in the state of Colorado. While she did not challenge any individual's right to suffrage, Churchill was critical of many racial groups - often targeting men's actions. While
Caroline Nichols Churchill
2375242
when a young activist named Alice Paul returned to the U.S. from England, where she had been part of the militant wing of the suffrage movement. She had been jailed there and had endured forced feedings after going on a hunger strike. Joining the NAWSA, she became the person most responsible for reviving interest within the suffrage movement for a national amendment, which for years had been overshadowed by campaigns for suffrage at the state level. From Shaw's point of view, the time was right for a renewed emphasis on a suffrage amendment. Gordon and Clay, the most persistent adversaries
National American Woman Suffrage Association
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in 1913. Some states allowed women to vote in school elections, municipal elections, or for members of the Electoral College. Some territories, like Washington, Utah, and Wyoming, allowed women to vote before they became states. As women voted in an increasing number of states, Congressmen from those states swung to support a national suffrage amendment, and paid more attention to issues such as child labor. The reform campaigns of the Progressive Era strengthened the suffrage movement. Beginning around 1900, this broad movement began at the grassroots level with such goals as combating corruption in government, eliminating child labor, and protecting
Women's suffrage in the United States
19379649
after 1913 and for a year, the journal was known as "The Woman Voter and the Newsletter". In 1914, "Voter" reverted to its original name and focused heavily on the upcoming vote for women's suffrage in 1915. When women did not get the vote in 1915, Woolston "returned the "Voter" to its broader mission." "Voter" began to focus on the new vote for suffrage taking place in New York in November 1917, however, the publication had its last issue in May 1917 and then was merged into the "Woman's Journal" and "The National Suffrage News". The new publication was called
The Woman Voter
18289699
and Anderson's father did not place the same emphasis on education, keeping her from attending college. Anderson volunteered with the International Organization of Grand Templars in Chicago and later the Women's Christian Temperance Union to promote temperance. Soon, she began speaking about women's suffrage, beginning at the first Woman's Rights Convention in 1869. In 1892, she worked alongside white suffragists to campaign for one of the nation's first state woman suffrage referendums. When Anderson lived in San Francisco in the 1890s, she lobbied the state legislature in favor women's suffrage. Activists Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton both praised
Naomi Anderson
7949150
Wallace had become involved in the women's suffrage movement. In April 1878 twenty-six people who attended a meeting held at Wallace's home agreed to form the Equal Suffrage Society of Indianapolis. Wallace was elected as the group's president; May Wright Sewall, who initiated the group's first meeting a month earlier, was elected secretary. For nearly a decade the Indianapolis suffrage group did not formally join a specific suffrage organization at the national level. Instead, the Society preferred to work with several different groups that were politically active in lobbying, letter-writing campaigns, gathering petitions, and speechmaking on behalf of women's suffrage.
Zerelda G. Wallace
2159614
Brothers founded the magazine. This company also gave birth to "Harper's Magazine" and HarperCollins Publishing. As the turn-of-the-century began in America, "Harper's Bazaar" began featuring both illustrations and photographs for its covers and inside features of high society and increasingly of fashion. During the late Victorian period, as the women's suffrage movement was gaining momentum (American women did not all win the right to vote until 1920 with the passing of the 19th Amendment), the introduction of more tailored dresses and jackets coincided with women's new sense of feminism. "Bazaar" also began profiling prominent socialites, such as the Astors and
Harper's Bazaar
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Lovett, Francis Place and Henry Hetherington. They were associated with Owenite socialism and the movement for general education. They published a People’s Charter on 8 May 1838 calling for universal suffrage. The London Working Men's Association was aware of the unrest in the Canadas in early 1837, and themselves petitioned the British Parliament after a public meeting to protest the "base proposals of the Whigs to destroy the principle of Universal Suffrage in the Canadas". To implement the Chartist plan, they called a series of mass meetings across the country in the summer of 1838 to select delegates to a
The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)
1494838
has allowed women to vote since 1926. The struggle for women's suffrage was part of a larger movement to gain rights for women. Debate about women's suffrage in Chile began in the 1920s. Women's suffrage in municipal elections was first established in 1931 by decree (decreto con fuerza de ley); voting age for women was set at 25 years. In addition, the Chamber of Deputies approved a law on March 9, 1933 establishing women's suffrage in municipal elections. Women obtained the legal right to vote in parliamentary and presidential elections in 1949. Women's share among voters increased steadily after 1949,
Women's suffrage
11387263
well. Ryan was active in the women's suffrage movement, a member of the Waltham Equal Suffrage League and the Political Equality Association of Massachusetts. Her recreational activities included camping and traveling. When the United States entered World War I, Ryan gave her services without charge in designing and decorating the Army and Navy Canteen on Boston Common. Ryan offered her services to the government in Washington, D.C., and was the first woman employed in the War Department (in the gun carriage section). Ryan began an association with the Central Florida area while still in practice in Massachusetts, designing there the
Ida Annah Ryan
14277755
movement, and during a debate on adding a suffrage amendment to the state constitution gave more than 200 speeches in 14 weeks. She later continued her education in architecture at the newly opened Cambridge School of Architecture and Landscape Architecture in 1916, and began working with local architect Henry Atherton Frost and landscape architect Bremer Whidden Pond in addition to her work with Ryan. Her career was put on hiatus when new construction slumped due to the entrance of the United States into World War I in 1917. She accepted a position as executive secretary for the Boston Equal Suffrage
Florence Luscomb
5086024
was "to work for woman suffrage and then to use the ballot to gain 'home protection' and temperance legislation." However her focus on temperance subsided as she became more heavily involved in the suffrage movement by lecturing for the Massachusetts Suffrage Association and later the American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA). Shaw first met Susan B. Anthony in 1887. In 1888, Shaw attended the first meeting of the International Council of Women. Susan B. Anthony encouraged her to join the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA). Having agreed, Shaw played a key role when the two suffrage associations merged when she "helped
Anna Howard Shaw
19466913
the struggle for women's suffrage. When the Civil War began, Tubman worked for the Union Army, first as a cook and nurse, and then as an armed scout and spy. The first woman to lead an armed expedition in the war, she guided the raid at Combahee Ferry, which liberated more than 700 slaves. After the war, she retired to the family home on property she had purchased in 1859 in Auburn, New York, where she cared for her aging parents. She was active in the women's suffrage movement until illness overtook her and she had to be admitted to
Harriet Tubman Day
4929120
daughters ... demand that women too shall be represented in government." The deepening divide within the women's movement reached a breaking point with the acrimonious disputes at the American Equal Rights Association meeting in May 1869, which led to the demise of that organization. Two days after that meeting, the split began to be formalized when the two founders of "The Revolution" hosted a gathering at which the National Woman Suffrage Association was formed, led by the same two people, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony. In November 1869 the competing American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was formed, with
The Revolution (newspaper)
18051458
year it was still less than her predecessors. When she brought the issue up to her superiors she was told that they had no intention of promoting her or increasing her pay because of the belief that as a woman she could not be the primary bread winner. As a result, in 1912 Ethel Smith began to do volunteer work for the suffrage movement in the evenings. In 1914 Smith resigned from her position as editor of the Civil Service Commission publications and took a paid position as secretary for the Congressional Committee of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.
Ethel M. Smith
4515620
century until the Civil Rights Movement gained passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 through Congress. As women also began to win the right to vote during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the goal of universal manhood suffrage was replaced by universal suffrage. Universal manhood suffrage Universal manhood suffrage is a form of voting rights in which all adult males within a political system are allowed to vote, regardless of income, property, religion, race, or any other qualification. It is sometimes summarized by the slogan, "one man, one vote." In 1789, Revolutionary France adopted the Declaration of
Universal manhood suffrage
18133363
old. Its editors are listed as Anthony and her younger protégé Ida Husted Harper, but Harper did most of the work." (Anthony also chose Harper to write her biography.) In an indication of the increased acceptance of the women's suffrage movement, Harvard University sent in an order for Volume 4. Less than twenty years earlier, when Anthony sent the school free copies of the first three volumes, Harvard had declined the gift and returned the books. Publishing the volumes herself presented a variety of problems for Anthony, including finding space for the inventory. She was forced to limit the large
History of Woman Suffrage
15177857
of her life. Since her tenure it has remained largely as she left it. Born Carrie Lane in Wisconsin and raised on her family's farm near Charles City, Iowa, Catt earned a degree from Iowa State University and went to work as first a high school principal, then a school district superintendent. Her first husband, Leo Chapman, a newspaper editor, died shortly after their 1885 marriage. She had become involved in the movement for women's suffrage. When she remarried, her new husband, George Catt, a wealthy bridge designer and builder who supported suffrage as much as she did, made an
Carrie Chapman Catt House
11570303
movement in March 1878, when she was among the nine women and one man who secretly met to discuss formation of the Indianapolis Equal Suffrage Society. Sewall's work with this group brought her national recognition in women's movement, most notably her affiliation with the National Woman Suffrage Association}. Sewall became involved in the state fight for women's right to vote in 1880, when the Indianapolis suffragists lobbied the Indiana General Assembly to pass a bill that would give Indiana women the right to vote on an equal basis with men. The suffrage supporters, including Sewall, were successful in getting the
May Wright Sewall
14100326
brands were modern and appealed to the modern sensibilities that were taking over the people of the United States at the time. In the early part of the 20th century, the anti-tobacco movement was aimed primarily at women and children. Smoking was considered a dirty habit and smoking by women was seriously frowned upon by society. As the century progressed so did women’s desire for equality. The suffrage movement gave many women a sense of entitlement and freedom and the tobacco industry took advantage of the marketing opportunity. Tobacco companies began marketing cigarettes to appeal to women during the burgeoning
Women and smoking
16938613
the Political Unions in the United Kingdom, Mackenzie recommended their adoption in Upper Canada. Disappointment about the refusal to include the working classes in the Great Reform Act of 1832 led to a more protracted campaign for universal suffrage (known as Chartism) by the radical political unions. The London-based, Owenite inspired National Union of the Working Classes was founded in 1831 by former members of the Metropolitan Political Union. They organized a constitutional convention at Coldbath-Fields to challenge the British parliament in the spring of 1833. They called for adult male suffrage, the secret ballot, annual elections, equally sized electoral
The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)
12800087
helped a woman who was beaten by a policeman; both women were arrested after the confrontation. This woman brought Freeman into the suffrage movement, within which she learned the arts of campaigning, including public speaking, media work and recruitment. Having developed such skills in London, Freeman used them after returning to the US, where she was employed by the suffrage movement. A notable example of Freeman's activism occurred in 1913, when she took part in the national Suffrage Hike to the inauguration of President Woodrow Wilson in Washington, D.C. As a publicity stunt for a New York City suffrage march,
Elisabeth Freeman
1606579
ideology.” Feminist scholars viewed Tarbell as an enigma as she seemed to both embrace the movement and act as a critic. While her accomplishments were many, Tarbell also challenged and questioned the logic of women's suffrage. Early in life, Tarbell was exposed to the suffragette movement when her mother hosted meetings in their home. Unfortunately, Tarbell was put off by women such as Mary Livermore and Frances Willard who she said never paid attention to her. By contrast, Tarbell noted, the men her father hosted showed interest in her. Tarbell did say that the movement sparked in her a desire
Ida Tarbell
4132946
officially sever their ties. Paul and Burns did not want to start a completely separate organization that could potentially rival NAWSA and hinder progress in the movement, so they tried on numerous occasions to initiate negotiations with NAWSA leaders. Despite their efforts, the Congressional Union officially split from NAWSA on February 12, 1914. Many predicted that this split would do irreparable harm to women's campaign for suffrage; the cynics did not discourage Paul and Burns, and they began planning their campaign against the Democrats in the summer of 1914. In addition to confronting the Democratic Party, Burns and Paul had
Lucy Burns