where did the game of chess originate from
India
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players. The earliest precursor of modern chess is a game called chaturanga, which flourished in India by the 6th century, and is the earliest known game to have two essential features found in all later chess variations—different pieces having different powers (which was not the case with checkers and Go), and victory depending on the fate of one piece, the king of modern chess. The original chess board was mathematically revolutionary, as reported by the infamous Wheat and chessboard problem. A common theory is that India’s development of the board, and chess, was likely due to India’s mathematical enlightenment involving
History of chess
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under Arab rule. According to them, the game was brought to Armenia by the Arabs from India, where the game is believed to have been originated in the 6th century as Chaturanga. In 1967, chess figures were found in the citadel of Dvin, the medieval Armenian capital. Chess is mentioned in manuscripts from the 12th–13th centuries, kept in the Matenadaran Institute of Ancient Manuscripts in Yerevan, including a 13th-century manuscript by Vardan Areveltsi. Until the mid-20th century villagers in Shenavan near Aparan used homemade chess figures similar to medieval ones. Chess in Armenia was institutionalized after the establishment of Soviet
Chess in Armenia
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the creation of the number zero. Other game pieces (speculatively called "chess pieces") uncovered in archaeological findings are considered as coming from other, distantly related board games, which may have had boards of 100 squares or more. Chess was designed for an "ashtāpada" (Sanskrit for "having eight feet", i.e. an 8×8 squared board), which may have been used earlier for a backgammon-type race game (perhaps related to a dice-driven race game still played in south India where the track starts at the middle of a side and spirals into the center). Ashtāpada, the uncheckered 8×8 board served as the main
History of chess
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is commonly referred to as "Western chess", "international chess", "orthodox chess", "orthochess", and "classic chess". Reference aids Lists Chess Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a checkered gameboard with 64 squares arranged in an 8×8 grid. The game is played by millions of people worldwide. Chess is believed to have originated in India sometime before the 7th century. The game was derived from the Indian game chaturanga, which is also the likely ancestor of the Eastern strategy games xiangqi, janggi, and shogi. Chess reached Europe by the 9th century, due to the Umayyad conquest of
Chess
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3 minutes per player for the entire game). Intermediate between these are rapid chess games, lasting between 20 minutes and two hours per game, a popular time control in amateur weekend tournaments. Time is controlled using a chess clock that has two displays, one for each player's remaining time. Analog chess clocks have been largely replaced by digital clocks, which allow for time controls with increments. Chess is believed to have originated in Eastern India, 280–550, in the Gupta Empire, where its early form in the 6th century was known as "chaturaṅga" (), literally "four divisions" [of the military] –
Chess
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via Persia from ancient India, where it was known as chaturanga. Chaturanga is assumed to have also spread eastward to China, under the name of xiangqi ("elephant game"). According to the chess historian H. J. R. Murray, the earliest certain reference to xiangqi in Chinese sources dates to 762 AD (earlier passages containing the character "xiang", which has several different meanings, cannot be proven to refer to elephant chess). The European form of Chess was only introduced in China during the 19th century but has never been as popular as Weiqi or Xiangqi. Alexander Alekhine was the first great chess
Chess in China
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History of chess The history of chess can be traced back nearly 1500 years, although the earliest origins are uncertain. The earliest predecessor of the game probably originated in India, before the 6th century AD; a minority of historians believe the game originated in China. From India, the game spread to Persia. When the Arabs conquered Persia, chess was taken up by the Muslim world and subsequently spread to Southern Europe. In Europe, chess evolved into roughly its current form in the 15th century. "Romantic Chess" was the predominant chess playing style from the late 15th century to the 1880s.
History of chess
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finishers. The rules are simple, so even young children can play. Despite its name, the game is not a variation of checkers, nor did it originate in China or any part of Asia (whereas the game 象棋 "xiangqi", or "Chinese chess", is from China). The game was invented in Germany in 1892 under the name "Stern-Halma" as a variation of the older American game Halma. The "Stern" (German for "star") refers to the board's star shape (in contrast to the square board used in Halma). The name "Chinese Checkers" originated in the United States as a marketing scheme by Bill
Chinese checkers
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Padmini started playing chess at the age of nine (2003) because of her father's passion for the game. She did her schooling from D.A.V. Public School, Chandrasekharpur and graduated in Commerce from BJB College in Bhubaneswar. She started playing chess to help with her studies, chess being an intellectual game. Early successes in tournaments led the way for a career in chess. She practices 6–7 hours every day on chess. She likes to do yoga, swimming to keep herself fit and is always eager to learn new things. Her dream is that more and more girls participate in sports from
Padmini Rout
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Chess Olympiad team at Malta. Alburt won the U.S. Chess Championship in 1984, 1985 and 1990, and the U.S. Open Chess Championship in 1987 and 1989. In 1986 he drew an eight-game match with British champion Jonathan Speelman. Alburt is the author of a series of and best-selling chess books. He served on the Board of Directors of the United States Chess Federation from 1985 to 1988. At the conclusion of his term, he stated that not once did he ever hear any discussion by the board of how to promote chess or bring new players into the game. Alburt
Lev Alburt
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invented new chess variants in their works, such as stealth chess in Terry Pratchett's "Discworld" series or Tri-Dimensional chess in the "Star Trek" series. One unusual connection between art and chess is the life of Marcel Duchamp, who almost fully suspended his artistic career to focus on chess in 1923. As the popularity of the game became widespread during the 15th and 16th centuries, so too did the number of paintings depicting the subject. Continuing into the 20th century, artists created works related to the game often taking inspiration from the life of famous players or well-known games. An unusual
Chess in the arts
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given the most attention to detail. In the thirteenth century, chess had been played in Europe for almost two hundred years, having been introduced into Europe by Arabs around the year 1000. The Arabs had become familiar with the game as early as the eighth century when the Islamic empire conquered Persia, where the game of chess was alleged to have been originated. It is said that a royal advisor had invented the game in order to teach his king prudence without having to overtly correct him. As Arab contact with the West expanded, so too did the game and
Libro de los juegos
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but there is one little twist to this game. With every chess piece you takeover, the game cuts into an animated clip where one piece devours another piece in a creative yet funny way. This gives the game a meaning and a reason for the consumer to keep playing the game. Chess Crusade Chess Crusade is a video game of the board game genre developed in 2008 by British studio Slam Games. "Chess Crusade" follows the game of chess featuring animations between chess pieces, as these medieval themed characters confront each other on the chess board. As the pieces move
Chess Crusade
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a real sport in the early 21st century. Fictional chess variants can involve fantastical or dangerous elements that couldn't be implemented in real life. "The Chessmen of Mars" describes a form of Jetan where the pieces are human beings and captures are replaced by fights to the death between them. The Doctor Who episode "The Wedding of River Song" depicts "Live Chess", which introduces potentially lethal electric currents into the game. Bibliography Chess variant A chess variant is a game "related to, derived from, or inspired by chess". Such variants can differ from chess in many different ways, ranging from
Chess variant
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Chess on a Really Big Board, and the superknight and archbishop remain the same. The other pieces are as follows: The shortest possible checkmate is: The shortest game ending in quadruple check and mate is: Betza also proposed a 24×24 version of Chess on a Really Big Board, although he did not fully design it. His description of the game was "Push 9 boards together in a [3×3] square, symmetrically replicate all the unique pieces from the Four Board Chess lineup, add a W beside the K, two Fs flanking the K [and] W, and you have a game." The
Chess on a Really Big Board
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Carlsen and Ding Liren faced each other. They were in first and second place, respectively, and Carlsen as white needed only a draw to reclaim the title after two years of absence from the tournament. The game was a theoretical Four Knights Game. It was clear that Ding did not want to risk his runner-up position by attempting to defeat Carlsen as black, and the game was drawn within 20 minutes. As a result, Carlsen won the tournament for the third time. Shamkir Chess Shamkir Chess is a chess supertournament played in Shamkir, Azerbaijan in memory of Vugar Gashimov (1986–2014).
Shamkir Chess
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what he perceived to be the detrimental dominance of opening preparation in chess. Several variants introduce complications to the standard game, providing an additional challenge for experienced players, for example in Kriegspiel, where players cannot see the pieces of their opponent. A handful, such as No Stress Chess, attempt to simplify the game, so as to be attractive to chess beginners. The table below details some, but not all, of the ways in which variants can differ from the orthodox game: Variants can themselves be developed into further sub-variants, for example Horde chess is a variation upon Dunsany's Chess. Some
Chess variant
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or similar views, chess is taught to children in schools around the world today. Many schools host chess clubs, and there are many scholastic tournaments specifically for children. Tournaments are held regularly in many countries, hosted by organizations such as the United States Chess Federation and the National Scholastic Chess Foundation. Chess is often depicted in the arts; significant works where chess plays a key role range from Thomas Middleton's "A Game at Chess" to "Through the Looking-Glass" by Lewis Carroll, to Vladimir Nabokov's "The Defense", to "The Royal Game" by Stefan Zweig. Chess is featured in films like Ingmar
Chess
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played round 6, but dropped out of the tournament in protest against the decision in the Trygstad game. Frode Elsness Frode Elsness (born June 15, 1973) is a Norwegian chess player who holds the title of International Master, as well as the 2008 Norwegian Chess Championship. Elsness plays for the chess club in Moss. Apart from chess, Elsness is a medical doctor. Elsness was away from chess after dropping out of the Gausdal Classics tournament in 2001. The cause was an incident in the fifth round game. Elsness' return to organized chess came in 2004, where he finished fourth in
Frode Elsness
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Game). The Reverend E.E. Cunnington in "The Modern Chess Primer" (Thirteenth Edition 1933) referred to it as the "Ponziani Opening (sometimes called Staunton's)". Wilhelm Steinitz, the first World Champion, in his 1895 treatise "The Modern Chess Instructor" (Part II), called the opening the "Ponziani Opening", as did his successor, Emanuel Lasker, in "Lasker's Manual of Chess". Similarly, Frank Marshall in "Chess Openings", the authors of Modern Chess Openings (Second Edition 1913), and Siegbert Tarrasch in "The Game of Chess" (1931, English translation 1938) called it "Ponziani's Opening". William Cook in "The Chess Players' Compendium" (Fifth Edition 1910) called it "Ponziani's
Ponziani Opening
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Pure Chess Pure Chess is a chess video game by British developer VooFoo Studios. Pure Chess was released for the PlayStation Vita and the PlayStation 3. The PS3 version of the game is only available through digital download via the PlayStation Store. The PS3 version of "Pure Chess" was released on April 11, 2012, in Europe and on May 29, 2012, in North America. A PlayStation 4 version was announced to be released on April 15, 2014 in North America and April 16, 2014 in Europe. The PS4 version did receive a physical copy. "Pure Chess" was announced for Wii
Pure Chess
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was over, and telegraphed the moves of the game to his Parisian chess club. The French chess magazine "La Régence" published the game in July 1851. This game was nicknamed "The Immortal Game" in 1855 by the Austrian Ernst Falkbeer. This game is acclaimed as an excellent demonstration of the romantic style of chess play in the 19th century, where rapid and attack were considered the most effective way to win, where many gambits and counter-gambits were offered (and not accepting them would be considered slightly ungentlemanly), and where was often held in contempt. These games, with their rapid attacks
Immortal Game
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of the pieces on the chess board and the control over them separated by „ ~ „. Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN) is a standard notation for describing a particular board position of a chess game. The purpose of FEN is to provide all the necessary information to restart a traditional chess game from a particular position. In order to be compatible with chess variants such as Chess960 (also known as Fischer Random Chess), where the initial position is not necessarily the traditional initial position, FEN has been adjusted. The solution implemented by chess engines like Shredder and Fritz_9 is to use
TeamChess
376192
moved from the left or right. Although not strictly part of the notational calculus for games, game results are indicated in Japanese newspapers, websites, etc. with wins indicated by a white circle and losses indicated by a black circle. Shogi is similar to chess but has a much larger game tree complexity because of the use of drops, greater number of pieces, and larger board size. In comparison, shogi games average about 140 (half-)moves per game (or 70 chess move-pairs) where as western chess games average about 80 moves per game (or 40 chess move-pairs) and minishogi averages about 40
Shogi
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sequential games, since they explicitly illustrate the sequential aspects of a game. Combinatorial games are usually sequential games. Games such as chess, infinite chess, backgammon, tic-tac-toe and Go are examples of sequential games. The size of the decision trees can vary according to game complexity, ranging from the small game tree of tic-tac-toe, to an immensely complex game tree of chess so large that even computers cannot map it completely. In sequential games with perfect information, a subgame perfect equilibrium can be found by backward induction. Sequential game In game theory, a sequential game is a game where one player
Sequential game
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than 60 minutes. Rapid chess can be played with or without time increments for each move. In a game where time increments are used, a player can automatically gain, for instance, ten more seconds on the clock after each move. In a case where time increments are used, the total time per player for a 60-move game must be more than 10 minutes, but less than 60 minutes. For the FIDE World Rapid Championship, each player will have 15 minutes, plus 10 seconds additional time per move starting from move 1. The United States Chess Federation (USCF) quick chess rating
Fast chess
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reply—affirmative—came too late for him to go." Regina did not have the money to pay the airfare, but in the following year Fischer was invited onto the game show "I've Got a Secret", where, thanks to Regina's efforts, the producers of the show arranged two round-trip tickets to Russia. Once in Russia, Fischer was invited by the Soviet Union to Moscow, where International Master Lev Abramov would serve as a guide to Bobby and his sister, Joan. Upon arrival, Fischer immediately demanded that he be taken to the Moscow Central Chess Club, where he played speed chess with "two young
Bobby Fischer
11716682
certain physical barriers: the "light barrier", the "quantum barrier", and the "thermodynamical barrier". These limitations imply, for example, that no computer, however constructed, will ever be able to examine the entire tree of possible move sequences of the game of chess." Nonetheless, Bremermann did not foreclose the possibility that a computer would someday be able to solve chess. He wrote, "In order to have a computer play a perfect or nearly perfect game [of chess] it will be necessary either to analyze the game completely ... or to analyze the game in an approximate way and combine this with a
First-move advantage in chess
580653
Chess clock A chess clock consists of two adjacent clocks with buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, so that the two clocks never run simultaneously. Chess clocks are used in chess and other two-player games where the players move in turn. The purpose is to keep track of the total time each player takes for their own moves, and ensure that neither player overly delays the game. Chess clocks were first used extensively in tournament chess, and are often called game clocks. The first time that game clocks were used in a chess tournament was in the
Chess clock
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has not the usual rapidity of the French school; but is to the full as slow in digesting his chess calculations as 'nous autres' in the London Chess Club.”" He liked to play chess, which he considered essentially a hobby, but did not like studying theory; this fact was well known in Parisian circles. For this reason, as the above Walker's quotation indicates, he did not excel in the most theoretical parts of the game: the opening and the endgame. As an example of Boncourt's play the following game played with Kieseritzky is reported. Punctuation and the notes between square
Hyacinthe Henri Boncourt
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annual festival in Tendō, Yamagata held every late April has an event called , where people involved alongside large shogi pieces with stands are dressed in Sengoku period costumes. Tendō and Marostica have been sister cities since 1993. In 2004, Metrocon created and hosted the first anime human chess game. It was pre-scripted and used choreographed combat. Since then, other anime conventions ranging in size from Anime Boston to Manifest began featuring cosplay human chess in which the chess pieces are people cosplaying as anime or video game characters. Some cosplay chess games are themed (good versus evil, shōnen versus
Human chess
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brother was born and the family moved to Orinda. His father taught him how to play chess at the age of 6, but he did not give the game much attention until he joined the chess club at Glorietta Elementary School in fourth grade. He quickly surpassed the level of chess at Glorietta, and began playing in tournaments by the age of 11. Shankland attended The College Preparatory School – a private high school in Oakland, and graduated from Brandeis University in 2014 with a degree in Economics. In 2016, he competed on the first season of FOX's reality game
Sam Shankland
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Frode Elsness Frode Elsness (born June 15, 1973) is a Norwegian chess player who holds the title of International Master, as well as the 2008 Norwegian Chess Championship. Elsness plays for the chess club in Moss. Apart from chess, Elsness is a medical doctor. Elsness was away from chess after dropping out of the Gausdal Classics tournament in 2001. The cause was an incident in the fifth round game. Elsness' return to organized chess came in 2004, where he finished fourth in the Norwegian championship. In 2007, Elsness won the Open Norwegian Championship for rapid chess. Elsness' first Norwegian Chess
Frode Elsness
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Rf1 Qxf1+ 28. Kxf1 Bd7 29. Qh5+ Kg8 30. Ne5 1–0 Black will get mated in six moves at most. The Cambridge Springs Defense of the Queen's Gambit Declined takes its name from this 1904 tournament. It was played in three games: Marshall–Teichmann, Hodges–Barry and Schlechter–Teichmann. The results were not good as Black only scored a single draw and two losses. Despite these results and the fact that the variation did not truly originate at Cambridge Springs, the name Cambridge Springs Defense is still used today to refer to this variation. Along with the main tournament a special Rice Gambit
1904 Cambridge Springs International Chess Congress
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game as a part of her occult training in Golden Dawn circles. Her husband took part in some of these games, as did MacGregor Mathers. Enochian chess Enochian chess is a four-player chess variant, similar to Chaturanga, associated with the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. The name comes from the Enochian system of magic of Dr. John Dee (magus and astrologer to Queen Elizabeth I), which was later adapted by Victorian members of the Golden Dawn into "a complete system of training and initiation." Enochian Chess was created by William Wynn Westcott, one of the three founders of the
Enochian chess
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some variants of diagrams where this piece is represented by a helmet with visor. Chess diagram A chess diagram is graphic representation and stylized of a specific moment in a chess game, showing the different positions occupied by chess pieces in given time during game development. This graphical representation is done through symbols previously agreed for this purpose in order to facilitate reading the diagram. The chess diagrams are a resource widely used not only in teaching game in the courses offered to people just getting into it; but they are also used in subsequent analysis, that amateurs and professionals
Chess diagram
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face the current world champion. Before and during the game, Luzhin has a mental breakdown, which climaxes when his carefully planned defense against Turati fails in the first moves, and the resulting game fails to produce a winner. When the game is suspended Luzhin wanders into the city in a state of complete detachment from reality. He is returned home and brought to a rest home, where he eventually recovers. His doctor convinces Luzhin's fiancée that chess was the reason for his downfall, and all reminders of chess are removed from his environment. Slowly however, chess begins to find its
The Defense
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Jonathan Corbblah Jonathan Corbblah (born October 21, 1979) is an American game show competitor and USCF expert chess player. At one point in 2013, his regular rating came within one point (2199) of him achieving the coveted master title. His game show debut was in 1991 at age 12, when he appeared in "Where in The World is Carmen Sandiego?" He has appeared on nine game show programs and NPR radio show "Ask Me Another". Corbblah co-hosted two chess entertainment programs, "America's Next Chess Star" and the "Extreme Chess Championship" with US Women's Chess Champion Jennifer Shahade. Corbblah coaches chess
Jonathan Corbblah
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of General Game Playing, and created programs to generate the rules of chess-like games and programs to play individual games directly from the rules without human assistance. He also did early work on machine learning in the game of Go and on an architecture for pragmatic reasoning for bidding in the game of Bridge. In natural language processing, he was a scientist in the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI International, where we worked on the Core Language Engine. Barney Pell was the Technical Area Manager of the Collaborative and Assistant Systems area within the Computational Sciences Division (now the Intelligent
Barney Pell
3201454
siblings. He did not start playing chess until he was 13, when he was introduced to the game by a friend. He kept on losing to his friend, so he went into the school library and checked out every single chess book. He then read a lot of chess tactics, and eventually beat his friend. At 16 he had improved and joined the local chess club. As he had not played that many people, he was surprised when he found he could beat everyone in the club. At this point he became very keen on the game. While at Sheffield
John Littlewood (chess player)
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from each group advanced to the knock-out stage where mini-matches (best of 4) were played, with a 2-game rapid chess playoff in the event of a tie. Topalov–Bareev was tied 2–2; Topalov won the rapid playoff 1½–½. Classical World Chess Championship 2004 The Classical World Chess Championship 2004 was held from September 25, 2004, to October 18, 2004, in Brissago, Switzerland. Vladimir Kramnik, the defending champion, played Peter Leko, the challenger, in a fourteen-game match. The match ended 7–7, each player scoring two wins. Kramnik retained his title under the rules of the match. Garry Kasparov's split from FIDE in
Classical World Chess Championship 2004
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(Βλάχικος Γάμος) and wine festival. - Chess Group - Music Group - Dance Group - Youth Group - Football Team of men - Youth Football Team - Men Basketball Team Dafni, Laconia Dafni (Δαφνί) or Dafnio (Δαφνίο) is a small town of Laconia in the municipality of Evrotas, and to the Krokees municipality before the 2011 Kallikratis reform. In the 2011 census its population was registered as 865. The current residents of the village originate from the nearby village of Lykovouno, a medieval settlement. The name Dafni may originate in turn from the ancient settlement of Aphidnae, or otherwise simply
Dafni, Laconia
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in the anti-cheating department and informed about the matter. He himself did not bother to check if there was a chess program installed on the device, as possession already violated the rules, leading to an automatic forfeiture. Later information from other arbiters involved indicated there possibly were two devices involved, and their quick check did not indicate a chess program was running. Without sufficient evidence of cheating "per se", Hasanov felt that more than game disqualification would be double punishment. The captain of the Japanese team GM Mihajlo Stojanović later addressed some of the related issues in comments on the
42nd Chess Olympiad
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Marianske-Lazne Steinitz Memorial tournament, where he finished second behind Filip, ahead of Flohr, Pachman, Ståhlberg and a young Wolfgang Uhlmann. Throughout his life, he displayed an interest and talent for almost every aspect of the game of chess. For his over-the-board play, he became a grandmaster in 1950 and in 1951 he obtained the title of international arbiter. From 1956–1958, his main focus switched to correspondence chess, where he showed that he was also an expert analyst and theoretician by becoming the second ICCF World Correspondence Chess Champion in 1959 (winning 9 games, drawing 4 games, and losing 1 game).
Viacheslav Ragozin
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do. Watermelon Chess Watermelon Chess is a two-player abstract strategy game from China where it is known as Xi Gua Qi. It is also known as The Surround Game and Globe. It is related to the Bear games of the ancient Romans. In fact, the board is exactly the same as one of the Bear Games. The difference is that in Watermelon Chess each player has six pieces, whereas in the Bear Games, there are three hunters played by one player, and one bear played by the other player. Furthermore, in the Bear games, only the hunters can surround and
Watermelon Chess
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Watermelon Chess Watermelon Chess is a two-player abstract strategy game from China where it is known as Xi Gua Qi. It is also known as The Surround Game and Globe. It is related to the Bear games of the ancient Romans. In fact, the board is exactly the same as one of the Bear Games. The difference is that in Watermelon Chess each player has six pieces, whereas in the Bear Games, there are three hunters played by one player, and one bear played by the other player. Furthermore, in the Bear games, only the hunters can surround and immobilize
Watermelon Chess
6924575
This is shown by his performance at the 2006 Queenstown Chess International, where he scored 6/10 with only one loss, and drew his game against Grandmaster Murray Chandler. Wade played in the European Senior Teams chess championship six times between 2002 and 2006. His last major event was the Staunton Memorial in London in July 2008, where he was badly outrated (a single draw would have increased his Elo rating), and he fought gamely but scored 0/11. A few weeks before his death, he played his final serious game, for the Athenaeum Chess Club. Wade built up an enormous chess
Robert Wade (chess player)
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Checkless chess Checkless chess (or prohibition chess) is a chess variant where neither player is allowed to give a check, with the exception of checkmate. All other rules are as in regular chess. This change has a profound impact on the way the game is played. In regular chess, the king needs to be kept safe, since attacks on it need to be parried, and checks can be used to gain time or chase the king to an unsafe position. In checkless chess however, the king is immune from most attacks, as long as checkmates are avoided. In order to
Checkless chess
2410571
is [...] an original game with novel tactics and strategy." Looney in 1996 had invented Monochrome Chess, a similar two player game that uses regular chess pieces where the half of the board determined who controlled a piece. While the king is not royal, that piece and rook can castle. Martian Chess was one of four games in the Icehouse: The Martian Chess Set released by Looney Labs in 1999. The set was Looney Labs's first Icehouse release and first to showcase its potential as a game system. The other three games were IceTowers, IceTraders and Zarcana. In 2001, Icehouse:
Martian chess
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the age of 10. He became serious about chess uncommonly late in life; his schoolteacher taught him the moves at the age of 16, but he did not take to the game until around 1874, having first finished his studies before commencing a career as a government officer. Once smitten with the game, he terminated his employment and started life as a chess professional. In 1876, he started a chess magazine, "Chess Sheet", which he edited until 1881 (only 250 subscribers in all of Russia). He played a series of matches with established masters Emanuel Schiffers (1878–1880) and Semyon Alapin
Mikhail Chigorin
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Cubic Chess Cubic Chess is a chess variant invented by Vladimír Pribylinec beginning with an early version (named Echos) in 1977. The game substitutes "cubes" for the chess pieces, where four of the faces of each cube display a different chess piece (pawn, knight, bishop and rook), the two other faces are blank and are orientated to the players. This provides an efficient means (rotating the cube on a square) to change a piece's type. Kings and queens have unique cubes containing only their symbol, effectively behaving as normal. The game begins like standard chess, with a normal 8×8 chessboard,
Cubic Chess
15067998
as in normal chess. The game is played online in "Free for All" mode, where players compete independently (not in teams). As in normal chess, check is a direct attack by an enemy piece on a king, and checkmate is a condition of check that a king cannot escape. Unlike normal chess however, checkmate does not win or end the game. (When a player is in checkmate he loses his turn to move. If that player is later freed from the checkmate, he may move again.) The game ends by the "capture" of a king: the first player to capture
ThreeChess
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provinces and cities were attending. From 1957 to 1966, national competition was almost held once a year and the number of players grew exponentially. The Chess Association of China was formed in 1962 as a minor affiliate of the Chinese Xiangqi Association due to the lack of popularity for the game at the time and only became a fully-fledged independent organization in 1986. It has been only in the last 30 or so years that chess has made major inroads in China, where the game is seen as the poorer cousin of the more popular xiangqi. Chess was banned during
Chess in China
5201982
later centuries followed a pattern which assigned names and abstract shapes to the chess pieces, as Islam forbids depiction of animals and human beings in art. These pieces were usually made of simple clay and carved stone. The Thai variant of chess, makruk, and the Cambodian Ouk-Chatrang are considered the closest living relatives to Chaturanga, retaining the vizier, non-checkered board, limited promotion, offset kings, and elephant-like bishop move. As a strategy board game played in China, chess is believed to have been derived from the Indian chaturanga. Chaturanga was transformed into the game xiangqi where the pieces are placed on
History of chess
582389
Around 1230 the queen was also independently invented as a piece in Japan where it formed part of the game of dai shogi, and was retained in its later form, the smaller chu shogi. Unicode defines two codepoints for queen: ♕ U+2655 White Chess Queen (HTML ♕) ♛ U+265B Black Chess Queen (HTML ♛) Queen (chess) The queen (♕,♛) is the most powerful piece in the game of chess, able to move any number of squares vertically, horizontally or diagonally. Each player starts the game with one queen, placed in the middle of the first next to the king. Because
Queen (chess)
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that's comparable you have to have Stockfish running on a supercomputer as well." Top US correspondence chess player Wolff Morrow was also unimpressed, claiming that AlphaZero would probably not make the semifinals of a fair competition such as TCEC where all engines play on equal hardware. Morrow further stated that although he might not be able to beat AlphaZero if AlphaZero played drawish openings such as the Petroff Defence, AlphaZero would not be able to beat him in a correspondence chess game either. Motohiro Isozaki, the author of YaneuraOu, noted that although AlphaZero did comprehensively beat elmo, the rating of
AlphaZero
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with him, Fischer was not impressed with Lane's, or any woman's, chess playing abilities: "They're all fish. Lisa, you might say, is the best of the American fish.") According to two-time U. S. Women's Chess Champion Jennifer Shahade (author of "Chess Bitch", a book about women chess players), Lisa quit the game partly because she was annoyed with being identified as a chess player. "It got to be embarrassing, constantly being introduced as a chess champion at parties." On her fame, Hickey said, "I guess I was good copy. I don't think the things I did in chess forty years
Lisa Lane
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as a translator for the influential railroad tycoon who was nicknamed "The King of Railways". Stroussberg's financial bankruptcy in 1875 led to Albin's exile in Vienna once again, together with his wife and three children. He died at age 72 in a Vienna sanatorium. Albin came to chess relatively late: according to "The Oxford Companion to Chess" he learnt the game in his 20s and did not play in international events until his 40s. His best result came at New York 1893, where he finished second behind Emanuel Lasker (who scored a perfect 13/13), ahead of Jackson Showalter, Harry Nelson
Adolf Albin
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at the Universities of Rotterdam and Tilburg retiring from Tilburg University in 1971. He published a mathematical analysis of the game of chess from an intuitionistic point of view, in which he showed, using the Thue–Morse sequence, that the then-official rules (in 1929) did not exclude the possibility of infinite games. Euwe played his first tournament at age 10, winning every game. Euwe won every Dutch chess championship that he contested from 1921 until 1952, and additionally won the title in 1955 – his 12 titles are still a record. The only other winners during this period were Salo Landau
Max Euwe
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(paid) members: In 2013, Chesscafe.com columnist and chess historian Olimpiu G. Urcan published an article criticising the "phony scholarship" and lack of ethical standards of Chessgames.com and chess websites in general. He also criticised its close association with Raymond Keene. Chessgames.com Chessgames.com is an Internet chess community with over 224,000 members. The site maintains a large database of chess games, where each game has its own discussion page for comments and analysis. Limited primarily to games where at least one player is of master strength, the database begins with the earliest known recorded games and is updated with games from
Chessgames.com
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"scacchi" in Italian, "escacs" in Catalan, "échecs" in French (Old French "eschecs"); "schaken" in Dutch, "Schach" in German, "szachy" in Polish, "šahs" in Latvian, "skak" in Danish, "sjakk" in Norwegian, "schack" in Swedish, "šakki" in Finnish, "šah" in South Slavic languages, "sakk" in Hungarian and "şah" in Romanian; there are two theories about why this change happened: The Mongols call the game "shatar", and in Ethiopia it is called "senterej", both evidently derived from "shatranj". Chess spread directly from the Middle East to Russia, where chess became known as шахматы ("shakhmaty", literally "checkmates", a plurale tantum). The game reached Western
History of chess
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in the first game. Staunton observed in 1871 that "many players still cultivate the foolish habit of playing exclusively with one colour." On October 19, 1857, Mr. Perrin, the Secretary of the New York Chess Club, informed those assembled at the First American Chess Congress that he had received a letter from Johann Löwenthal, a leading English master, "suggesting the advisableness of always giving the first move in public games, to the player of the white pieces." Löwenthal also wrote that London's chess clubs had adopted a new rule that White always moves first. The club evidently did not follow
White and Black in chess
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the captured piece out and dragging it off the board. The players order the pieces to move using algebraic chess notation. Ron has a wizard's chess set left to him by his grandfather and Harry first plays with pieces borrowed from Seamus Finnigan, which kept shouting him advice because they did not trust him. Harry later gets a set of his own in one of his wizard crackers during his first Christmas at Hogwarts. During the climactic chapters of "Philosopher's Stone" Harry, Ron and Hermione become human chess pieces in a life-sized game of Wizard's Chess, which Harry wins thanks
Magical objects in Harry Potter
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book was published, he played in the U.S. Open at Dallas, 1940. Ironically, in the finals he did not win a single game as White (three losses and one draw), but won all four of his games as Black. Adams also lost a match to IM I.A. Horowitz, who took the black pieces in every game. Adams later wrote "Simple Chess", which he revised several times; "How to Play Chess"; and "Absolute Chess". Ultimately giving up on the Bishop's Opening, he switched to the Vienna Game, claiming a win with White after 1.e4 e5 2.Nc3 Nf6 3.Bc4 Nxe4 4.Qh5 Nd6
Weaver W. Adams
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Izidor Gross Izidor Gross (25 June 1860 – 1942) was a Croatian chess master and hazzan. Gross was born into a Jewish family in Kislőd, Hungary on 25 June 1860. In 1891 he settled in Karlovac, Croatia where he served as a hazzan at Karlovac Synagogue. Apart from work at the Karlovac Jewish community, Gross was an avid chess master and notable writer about chess problems and the game itself. He is one of the founders of the Karlovac chess club in 1908 and Croatian chess federation in 1912. Gross published articles about chess problems in various domestic - foreign
Izidor Gross
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to the point where he would no longer have any useful moves. In 1952, Fine published the 442-page "The Middle Game in Chess", perhaps the most comprehensive treatment of the subject up until that time. The mid-20th century also saw the publication of "The Middle Game", volumes 1 and 2, by former World Champion Max Euwe and Hans Kramer, and a series of books by the Czechoslovak-German grandmaster Luděk Pachman: three volumes of "Complete Chess Strategy", "Modern Chess Strategy", "Modern Chess Tactics", and "Attack and Defense in Modern Chess Tactics". Another key turning point in middlegame theory came with the
Chess theory
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Alice Chess Alice Chess is a chess variant invented in 1953 by V. R. Parton which employs two chessboards rather than one, and a slight (but significant) alteration to the standard rules of chess. The game is named after the main character "Alice" in Lewis Carroll's work "Through the Looking-Glass", where transport through the mirror into an alternate world is portrayed on the chessboards by the after-move transfer of chess pieces between boards A and B. This simple transfer rule is well known for causing disorientation and confusion in players new to the game, often leading to surprises and amusing
Alice Chess
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Bare king In chess and chess variants, a bare king (or lone king) is a game position where one player has only the king remaining (i.e. all the player's other pieces have been ). In some old versions of chess, for example "Baring chess", as well as the game of shatranj, leaving the opponent with a bare king was one way of winning the game (see Checkmate#History). The relative weakness of the pieces in shatranj may have made this form of a win desirable. A possible exception to the bare king rule was if the king immediately after being bared
Bare king
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Penultima Penultima is a game of inductive logic, played on a chess board. It was invented by Michael Greene and Adam Chalcraft in Cambridge in 1994. The game is derived from the chess variant Ultima (otherwise known as "Baroque chess"), and played with a standard chess board and pieces, each piece having different movement and capture rules from standard chess. In a manner similar to the game Mao, which was a popular game in Cambridge at that time, the rules for each piece vary from game to game, and are initially kept secret from the players. Penultima is similar in
Penultima
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or a Mexican standoff. Chess writers note that this usage is a misnomer because, unlike in chess, the situation is often a temporary one that is ultimately resolved, even if it seems currently intractable . Stalemate Stalemate is a situation in the game of chess where the player whose turn it is to move is not in check but has no legal move. The rules of chess provide that when stalemate occurs, the game ends as a draw. During the endgame, stalemate is a resource that can enable the player with the inferior position to draw the game rather than
Stalemate
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the famous Marshall Chess Club in Manhattan, at Saratoga Springs, and at the Blackstone Open, near Boston. Another trip took him to Barbados, where he finished runner-up in the "Heroes Day Cup" with a score of 7½/9. The tournament was claimed by the organiser to be the strongest ever held in the English speaking nations of the Caribbean. Also in 2008, he tied for first place at the British Championship with GM Stuart Conquest, but lost the overall title after a two-game speed chess play-off. His final standing did however qualify him for the title of 'English Champion'. Later that
Keith Arkell
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moving two squares from the starting row and pawns would promote to the piece of the square reached. Also Bengal chess rules did not have castling, but an unchecked king could execute a knight's move once during a game. However, there is little difference in the middlegame and many Indian chess players were very strong tacticians. Bannerjee is likely to have transitioned to western rules after contact with Cochrane and other Europeans. Among his contributions to mainstream chess is the class of openings now called Indian Defence. What little is known of Moheschunder comes from articles that John Cochrane, stationed
Moheschunder Bannerjee
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for national champions PS 166 and the Trinity School. Jonathan Corbblah Jonathan Corbblah (born October 21, 1979) is an American game show competitor and USCF expert chess player. At one point in 2013, his regular rating came within one point (2199) of him achieving the coveted master title. His game show debut was in 1991 at age 12, when he appeared in "Where in The World is Carmen Sandiego?" He has appeared on nine game show programs and NPR radio show "Ask Me Another". Corbblah co-hosted two chess entertainment programs, "America's Next Chess Star" and the "Extreme Chess Championship" with
Jonathan Corbblah
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Aeroplane Chess Aeroplane Chess (, literally "Aviation Game" or "Flying Chess") is a Chinese cross-and-circle board game similar to the western game of Ludo and the Indian game of Pachisi. Developed in the 20th century, Aeroplane Chess features airplanes as pieces instead of the more abstract pawns and beehive-shaped pieces found in the games from which it is derived. Aeroplane Chess had been spread around the world, especially in Africa. Aeroplane Chess comes in many different packages that are manufactured by different companies. The inventor of Aeroplane Chess is not known and the game has entered the public domain, now
Aeroplane Chess
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treatises, but his isolation prevented him from assimilating the positional ideas of the new generation of chess-players. For this reason, Hooper and Whyld in their Oxford Chess Companion describe the last voluminous work of Lewis, "A Treatise on Chess" (1844), as already "out of date when published". William Lewis (chess player) William Lewis (1787–1870) was an English chess player and author, nowadays best known for the Lewis Countergambit and for being the first player ever to be described as a Grandmaster of the game. Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved as a young man to London where he worked for
William Lewis (chess player)
19554811
forfeiting the game. He also checked out of his hotel and booked a flight for Dallas, where he is studying for a master's degree in Computer Science technology at the University of Texas. The Chess Federation of Canada filed a formal complaint about the incident. FIDE issued a report on the incident on October 1. Chess World Cup 2017 The Chess World Cup 2017 was a 128-player single-elimination chess tournament, held in Tbilisi, Georgia, from 2 to 27 September 2017. It was won by Armenian grandmaster Levon Aronian. This was the second time he had won the Chess World Cup,
Chess World Cup 2017
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Yukaghirs; but only as a children's game among the Chukchi. Chessmen have been collected from the Yakutat people in Alaska, having no resemblance to European chessmen, and thus likely part of a chess tradition coming from Siberia. Chess passed from Persia to the Arab world, where its name changed to Arabic shatranj. From there it passed to Western Europe, probably via Spain. Over the centuries, features of European chess (e.g. the modern moves of queen and bishop, and castling) found their way via trade into Islamic areas. Murray's sources found the old moves of queen and bishop still current in
History of chess
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subsequent events differ, it is clear that he was persuaded to resume play, but then did not appear for his game with Hort, who was awarded a victory by forfeit. Negotiations with the organizers went downhill from this point, and Fischer withdrew from the tournament to begin his penultimate estrangement from grandmaster chess. Hort went on to finish the Interzonal in a tie for sixth with Samuel Reshevsky and Leonid Stein, but did not advance to the Candidates matches, Reshevsky becoming the successful Candidate following a three-way tie-breaking match. Hort played for Czechoslovakia in the Chess Olympiads of 1960, 1962,
Vlastimil Hort
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Evergreen Game The Evergreen Game is a famous chess game, won by Adolf Anderssen against Jean Dufresne in 1852. This was probably an . At the time, there was no formal title of "World Champion", but the German mathematics professor Adolf Anderssen was widely considered to be the best player in the world after winning the first major international chess tournament in London in 1851. Though not in the same class as Anderssen, Jean Dufresne, a popular author of chess books, was also a strong player. It is usually assumed that the game was played in Berlin, where Dufresne was
Evergreen Game
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World Chess Network The World Chess Network (WCN) was a commercial Internet chess server devoted to the play and discussion of chess that launched in 1997 and closed ten years later in 2007 when it was bought by Internet Chess Club and merged with Chess Live to form World Chess Live. As a typical chess server, the network provided basic services such as the conduction of live chess games over the Internet between two human players. Chess tournaments were occasionally conducted by the service, including a select few matches between known chess Grandmasters where spectators could watch the game in
World Chess Network
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Chad (chess variant) Chad is a chess variant for two players created by Christian Freeling in 1979. It is played on an uncheckered 12×12 gameboard with one king and eight rooks per side, where rooks are able to promote to queens. The inventor's aim was "to create a game of tactical and strategical depth that was both simple and elegant to express the concept of "mate"—the 'pure' chess game". The game was played for many years at the Fanaat games club in the Netherlands and was featured in the periodical "The Gamer" 6 in May–June 1982. Each player owns a
Chad (chess variant)
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20 moves when an anti-cheating arbiter asked him to undergo a spot check with a hand scanner for electronic devices. Short did not heed the request, and sat back down to play. After the game, Klaus Deventer (the head of the anti-cheating arbiters) reprimanded Short with a warning. Short discussed the event extensively after the event, indicating that he did not think the cost of annoyance to the player (even when returning from outside the playing area) was comparable to the anti-cheating benefit, though he was not pressed specifically regarding cases where a culprit has in fact been disqualified following
Concerns and controversies at the 42nd Chess Olympiad
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he did not think the cost of annoyance to the player (even when returning from outside the playing area) was comparable to the anti-cheating benefit, though he was not pressed specifically regarding cases where a culprit had in fact been disqualified following mid-game requests for inspection (some for refusal, others for being caught with a device). Initially Short also mentioned the fact that he and the arbiter in question (Jamie Kenmure, an Australian who is FIDE delegate for the Solomon Islands) have a political past, and thus Short did not trust that his being selected for the test actually originated
42nd Chess Olympiad
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For this role, she won the Laurence Olivier Award for Performance of the Year in a musical. She went on to originate the role of Grizabella in "Cats" and had a Top 10 hit with "Memory", a song from the show. In 1985, Paige released "I Know Him So Well" with Barbara Dickson from the musical "Chess", which remains the biggest-selling record by a female duo. She then appeared in the original stage production of "Chess", followed by a starring role in "Anything Goes" which she also co-produced. Paige made her Broadway debut in "Sunset Boulevard" in 1996, playing the
Elaine Paige
6039811
members of the ACBL Hall of Fame in 1995. A poker player and author on the subject, Jacoby was convicted of a gambling charge in 1944 while in the navy but acquitted of a charge of conduct unbecoming an officer and a gentleman. Although he did not pursue a career in competitive chess and did not write on the game, he was nevertheless a strong player. When in college, Jacoby beat US chess champion Frank Marshall, and in 1963, in a rapid-transit game, he played a draw with Tigran Petrosian, the then world champion. Jacoby was also an expert backgammon
Oswald Jacoby
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Transposition (chess) A transposition in chess and other chess-like games is a sequence of moves that results in a position which may also be reached by another, more common sequence of moves. Transpositions are particularly common in the opening, where a given position may be reached by different sequences of moves. Players sometimes use transpositions deliberately in order to avoid variations they dislike, lure opponents into unfamiliar or uncomfortable territory or simply to worry opponents. In chess the verb "transpose" means to shift the game onto a different opening track from that on which it started. Transposition tables are an
Transposition (chess)
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it". Staunton cumbersomely referred to the opening as "The Queen's Bishop's Pawn Game in the King's Knight's Opening", as did George H. D. Gossip in "The Chess Player's Manual" (1888, American edition 1902). Napoleon Marache, one of the leading American players, similarly called it the "Queen's Bishop's Pawn Game" in his 1866 manual. In their treatise "Chess Openings Ancient and Modern" (1889, 1896), E. Freeborough and the Reverend C.E. Ranken called it "Staunton's Opening". In an appendix to later editions of Staunton's work, R.F. Green, editor of the British Chess Magazine, also called it "Staunton's Opening", directing those seeking a
Ponziani Opening
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zone domination, assassination missions and Boss battles. The game takes place on grids of different size set in scenery that impacts the tiles' accessibility. The game is played from an overhead perspective and offers a tactical view were the 3D pieces appear as chess icons. "Chessaria" can be played in three game modes: Adventure, Quick Game and Online Multiplayer. The "Adventure" is a solo campaign composed of a hundred chess puzzles and chess battles. The "Quick Game" is a PVP/PVE mode that allows playing customizable games of classic chess and chess variants such as Horde Chess and Barricade Chess. The
Chessaria: The Tactical Adventure
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William Lewis (chess player) William Lewis (1787–1870) was an English chess player and author, nowadays best known for the Lewis Countergambit and for being the first player ever to be described as a Grandmaster of the game. Born in Birmingham, William Lewis moved as a young man to London where he worked for a merchant for a short period. He became a student of chess player Jacob Sarratt, but in later years he showed himself to be rather ungrateful towards his teacher. Although he considered Sarratt's "Treatise on the Game of Chess" (1808) a "poorly written book", in 1822 Lewis
William Lewis (chess player)
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for that newspaper, although he did not give a reason. He is a strong chess player and is the author of "The Inner Game", on the inside story of the 1993 World Chess Championship. He was also involved in the organisation of the 1983 World Chess championship semi-final. Lawson writes a monthly chess column in Standpoint. In 2014 he was elected president of the English Chess Federation. Richard Tomlinson alleged in 2001 that Lawson had worked with the intelligence agency MI6, but Lawson denied being an agent. Boris Johnson, then editor of "The Spectator", wrote a pseudonymous article on the
Dominic Lawson
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a book while reading because a casual glance at the other page would commit it to memory. He claimed that the game of chess was an image of war, and it was possible to play chess as a mental exercise for the solution of military tactics. Chess could not be played for a stake, but if a player was playing for a mental exercise, he was not doing anything illegal. Provided the player took care that his fondness for chess did not cause him to break any other rule of life, he saw no harm in playing chess. He played
Al-Shafi‘i
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notation became popular in Europe following its adoption by the highly influential Handbuch des Schachspiels, and became dominant in Europe during the 20th century. However, it did not become popular in the English-speaking countries until the 1970s. Chess notation Chess notations are various systems that have developed to record either the moves made in a game of chess or the position of pieces on a chessboard. The earliest systems of notation used lengthy narratives to describe each move; these gradually evolved into terser notation systems. Currently algebraic chess notation is the accepted standard and is widely used. Algebraic notation has
Chess notation
799991
the funds, and organized by the Club Argentino de Ajedrez (Argentine Chess Club) in Buenos Aires. In the World Chess Championship match played from September to November 1927 at Buenos Aires, Alekhine won the title, scoring +6−3=25. This was the longest formal World Championship match until the contest in 1984 between Anatoly Karpov and Garry Kasparov. Alekhine's victory surprised almost the entire chess world, since he had never previously won a single game from Capablanca. After Capablanca's death Alekhine expressed surprise at his own victory, since in 1927 he did not think he was superior to Capablanca, and he suggested
Alexander Alekhine
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also occur in some puzzles played on a grid, such as Sudoku. A Sudoku is a type of Latin square with the additional property that each element occurs exactly once in sub-sections of size (called "boxes"). Combinatorial explosion occurs as increases, creating limits to the properties of Sudokus that can be constructed, analyzed, and solved, as illustrated in the following table. One example in a game where combinatorial complexity leads to a solvability limit is in solving chess (a game with 64 squares and 32 pieces). Chess is not a solved game. In 2005 all chess game endings with six
Combinatorial explosion
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16, 2014. A full version of the game was launched on Steam on December 12, 2015. Battle Chess: Game of Kings Battle Chess: Game of Kings is a video game developed by Olde Skuul for publisher Interplay Entertainment. The Early access version was released on Steam on March 16, 2014. A complete version of the game was released on December 12, 2015. It is a remake of the 1988 video game "Battle Chess", which was co-developed by Interplay and Blizzard Entertainment. The game is graphically updated from the original "Battle Chess" and features many new styles of gameplay. The game
Battle Chess: Game of Kings
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drawn. Similarly, if one player has only a king and bishop or knight while the opponent has a bare king, the game is immediately drawn. A quote attributed to Mikhail Tal claims that a game in the 1959 Zurich tournament between Bobby Fischer and Gideon Barcza finished with bare kings, but this is not supported by the published score of the game in chess books and databases. Bibliography Bare king In chess and chess variants, a bare king (or lone king) is a game position where one player has only the king remaining (i.e. all the player's other pieces have
Bare king
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He has been playing chess since the age of five years and eight months, following his father's purchase of a second-hand chess set at a jumble sale. Howell quickly learned to defeat his father and soon came to the attention of the Sussex Junior Chess Association, where he received tuition from a number of established county players. He progressed rapidly and became the British Under-8, Under-9 and Under-10 chess champion. In August 1999, Howell became famous internationally when he broke the world record for the youngest player to have defeated a Grandmaster in an official game. Aged 8, he defeated
David Howell (chess player)
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moves per game (or 20 chess move-pairs). Like chess, however, the game can be divided into the opening, middle game and endgame, each requiring a different strategy. The opening consists of arranging one's defenses usually in a castle and positioning for attack, the mid game consists of attempting to break through the opposing defenses while maintaining one's own, and the endgame starts when one side's defenses have been compromised. In the adjacent diagram, Black has chosen a Ranging Rook position (specifically Fourth File Rook) where the rook has been moved leftward away from its starting position. Additionally, Black is utilizing
Shogi
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Battle Chess: Game of Kings Battle Chess: Game of Kings is a video game developed by Olde Skuul for publisher Interplay Entertainment. The Early access version was released on Steam on March 16, 2014. A complete version of the game was released on December 12, 2015. It is a remake of the 1988 video game "Battle Chess", which was co-developed by Interplay and Blizzard Entertainment. The game is graphically updated from the original "Battle Chess" and features many new styles of gameplay. The game is played via turn-based multiplayer and allows the player to compete at a scalable difficulty against
Battle Chess: Game of Kings
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from the end boards and apart. The rink specifications originate from the ice surface of the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal, constructed in 1862, where the first indoor game was played in 1875. Its ice surface measured . The curved corners are said to originate from the design of the Montreal Arena, constructed in 1898. The "centre line" divides the ice in half crosswise. It is used to judge icing. It is a thick line, and in the NHL must "contain regular interval markings of a uniform distinctive design, which will readily distinguish it from the two blue lines." It
Ice hockey rink
20418868
playtest flaws will probably keep it from going far. Pity." Death and Destruction (board game) Death and Destruction is a 1980 board game published by Uncontrollable Dungeon Master. "Death and Destruction" is a game where both sides have 32 pieces, each with a different name and abilities, each represented by poker chips. Steve Jackson reviewed "Death and Destruction" in "The Space Gamer" No. 34. Jackson commented that "If you like chess (and its complex variants), this game is worth attention, even at its rather high price. If you "don't" like chess and similar games, "D and D" will hold nothing
Death and Destruction (board game)