when was a right to unionize recognized by the federal government
1914
3918149
of employment can always create better terms than statutory minimum rights. But to increase their bargaining power to get better terms, employees organize labor unions for collective bargaining. The Clayton Act of 1914 guarantees all people the right to organize, and the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 creates rights for most employees to organize without detriment through unfair labor practices. Under the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, labor union governance follows democratic principles. If a majority of employees in a workplace support a union, employing entities have a duty to bargain in good faith. Unions can
United States labor law
12746026
enacted the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890). It proscribed "unlawful restraints and monopolies" in interstate commerce as well as conspiracies to erect them. Soon thereafter federal judges began to employ the measure to combat efforts to unionize workers and to deny labor its traditional self-help weapons. To counteract this "government by injunction," the United States Congress included in the Clayton Act (1914) provisions that sought to preclude application of antitrust legislation against organized labor. The Supreme Court reached the issue in Deering, a six-judge majority holding that the Clayton Act did not insulate labor unions engaged in illegal activities, such as
Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering
1866826
was much more controversial until the 1950s. In 1962 President John F. Kennedy issued an executive order granting federal employees the right to unionize. An issue of jurisdiction surfaced in "National Labor Relations Board v. Catholic Bishop of Chicago "(1979) when the Supreme Court held that the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) could not assert jurisdiction over a church-operated school because such jurisdiction would violate the First Amendment establishment of freedom of religion and the separation of church of state. The right to collectively bargain is recognized through international human rights conventions. Article 23 of the Universal Declaration of Human
Collective bargaining
5556856
introduced a number of labour reforms. It set the work day at 8 hours per day, made Sunday a mandatory day off, introduced the requirement that wage earners receive holidays, and limited the work week to 48 hours (35 hours for unhealthful workplaces). Wages were required to be paid in cash, rather than in vouchers or 'white money'. Other measures recognized workers' right to unionize and strike, as well as the rights of women workers. The government carried out Paraguay's first agrarian reform (5 May 1936), distributing over 200,000 ha of land to 10,000 peasant families, and introduced a one-year
Rafael Franco
5297589
wide variety of legislation: a Corrupt Practices Act, to control cronyism and kickbacks from utility companies to public officials, and a Labor Organization Act, acknowledging labor's right to unionize (the Federal Government did not enact such legislation until it passed the Wagner Act of 1935). Bamberger's administration was at the vanguard of modern legislation in other ways as well: in addition to fulfilling his pledge to sign a statewide Prohibition bill before the 18th Amendment was ratified nationwide, he brought Utah to the forefront of securities regulation. He pushed through legislation that prefigured some of the most significant, far-reaching 20th-century
Simon Bamberger
8954918
which affect their lives; technology that did not exist in 18th century America, when the Constitution was written. The National Initiative for Democracy believes direct citizen participation in law-making is the sovereign right of all Americans and should no longer be the exclusive right of Congress (at the federal level). Since it does not seek to abolish Congress, the States' Constitutional right to a representative form of government stated in Article I, Section 1, remains unaffected. The Supreme Court has recognized the Constitutional right of citizens to make laws at the state level but oddly, not at the federal. The
National initiative
14483776
of the federal government in America and compared Abraham Lincoln to Xerxes. Dunning viewed laws regulating relations between employers and employees, such as Master and Servant Acts, as putting industrial labour under "the old feudal notion of serfdom". In his writing, he called for industrial harmony but also justified the right of British workingmen, both urban and rural, to strike and unionize in order to raise the price of labour during the ongoing mid-Victorian economic upswing. On the request of the members of his trade union, he wrote and published a pamphlet on the philosophy of trade unionism, "Trades' unions
Thomas Dunning
7878884
have believed the RCMP would be cheaper as it would be partly financed by the federal government. One theory is that, in the early days of the Cold War, the federal government wanted the RCMP in British Columbia believing they were more ideologically reliable to fight communism. A related theory is that the provincial government was concerned about a movement to unionize officers in the BCPP. In 2010, Kash Heed, a former Chief Constable and MP of the Legislative Assembly of British Columbia, suggested to end the RCMP's contract as the provincial police or to introduce greater provincial control over
British Columbia Provincial Police
2888500
Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway to the Canadian Pacific Railway. In 1910, he sold his coal mining companies, Union Colliery of British Columbia and R. Dunsmuir & Sons, to Canadian Collieries (Dunsmuir) Ltd (CCD). In the 42 years that the Dunsmuirs owned the collieries, they never recognized their employees' attempts to unionize or create better working conditions. Threats, spies, blacklists and scab labour were among the tactics used by Dunsmuir to break strikes. When he could not break a strike with scab labour, he used his influence to have the provincial government call in the militia. Dunsmuir stated during a royal
James Dunsmuir
2243100
mifepristone was found to act faster. After years of trials and debates, RU-486 was approved for use in Canada when prescribed by doctors on July 29, 2015. The Canada Health Act has been interpreted by the federal government as requiring provinces to fund abortion clinics fully. In 2004, Dr. Henry Morgentaler launched a judicial battle against the New Brunswick government, seeking to have abortion recognized as a constitutional right under the Canadian Charter. In a review of Regulation 84-20 in 2014, the government eliminated the requirement for two physicians to certify the medical necessity of a procedure effective 1 January
Abortion in Canada
9770551
"discovery also gave the discoverer the exclusive right to extinguish Indian title either by 'purchase or by conquest'." Natives were recognized only as occupants of the land, and not owners. The federal government was in charge of relations with the Indians, and the procedure was to use the treaty making power of the president and the Senate to make formal arrangements. Over 200 treaties were agreed upon by 1840. Gatlin argues that treaties established a procedure that benefited both parties. The federal government was primarily interested in guaranteeing that Indian lands did not fall into private hands, and that it
Federal Indian Policy
17839592
a community-by-community basis. In 1995 the Liberal government issued the Inherent Right of Self-Government Policy which recognized that self-government was an inherent right, but limited its implementation to a model which resembles delegation of authority from the Crown to the communities. It requires that individual bands or groups of bands sign modern treaties with the Government of Canada (and sometimes a provincial government) to be removed from the structures of the "Indian Act". , twenty-two comprehensive self-government agreements had been signed by the federal government. Of those, eighteen were part of a comprehensive land claim agreement or modern treaty. Those
Indigenous self-government in Canada
428752
held that the Privileges or Immunities Clause prohibits states from interfering only with privileges and immunities possessed by virtue of national citizenship. The Court concluded that the privileges and immunities of national citizenship included only those rights that "owe their existence to the Federal government, its National character, its Constitution, or its laws." The Court recognized few such rights, including access to seaports and navigable waterways, the right to run for federal office, the protection of the federal government while on the high seas or in the jurisdiction of a foreign country, the right to travel to the seat of
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
7984374
Transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) (, ) was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended and the Federal Government of Somalia was inaugurated. The TFG was established as one of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) of government as defined in the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) adopted in November 2004 by the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). The TFG officially comprised the executive branch of government, with the TFP serving as the legislative branch. The government was headed by the President of Somalia, to whom
Transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia
5800445
Under the heading "Mobility Rights", the section reads, Before the adoption of the "Charter" in 1982, mobility rights had existed by virtue of section 91 of the "Constitution Act, 1867", which gave the federal government full jurisdiction over citizenship. Citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to. Only the federal government could limit this right. This implied right was recognized by the Supreme Court in "Winner v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Limited", where Rand J. observed: Aside from this, section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867 allows for goods to be freely moved from province to
Section 6 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
7007540
that," said Miller. "But the problem is when you have groups that call themselves 'nation', or 'band', or 'tribe', because that implies governance. Many groups have sought recognition by the federal government as Cherokee tribes, but today there are only three groups so recognized. Cherokee Nation spokesman Mike Miller has said that some groups, which he calls Cherokee Heritage Groups, are encouraged. Others have created controversy by their attempts to gain economically through their claims to be Cherokee. The three federally recognized groups say that only they have the legal right to present themselves as Cherokee Indian Tribes. Prior to
Cherokee Nation
1420660
a just forum for resolving those disputes. The right to bring grievances to the courts, in good faith, is protected by state and federal constitutions in a variety of ways. In most states, the right to trial by jury in civil cases is recognized. The right to cross-examine witnesses is considered fundamental to the American judicial system. Moreover, the first amendment protects the right to petition the government for a redress of grievances. The "right to petition extends to all departments of the Government. The right of access to the courts is indeed but one aspect of the right of
Strategic lawsuit against public participation
12314116
Pimicikamak's customary government in modern times. Its policy is that self-government is an inherent right of aboriginal peoples in Canada and that this right is recognized and affirmed by the Constitution of Canada. "The federal government supports the concept of self-government being exercised by Aboriginal nations or other larger groupings of Aboriginal people." but does not accept that an aboriginal people may exercise this right without first negotiating it. Negotiation and legislation of self-government can result in domestic, dependent status similar to that of Indian nations in the United States of America, whose governments are defined by Act of Congress.
Pimicikamak government
7984402
embassies abroad. Transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) (, ) was the internationally recognized government of the Republic of Somalia until 20 August 2012, when its tenure officially ended and the Federal Government of Somalia was inaugurated. The TFG was established as one of the Transitional Federal Institutions (TFIs) of government as defined in the Transitional Federal Charter (TFC) adopted in November 2004 by the Transitional Federal Parliament (TFP). The TFG officially comprised the executive branch of government, with the TFP serving as the legislative branch. The government was headed by the President of Somalia,
Transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia
8611213
might have evoked irredentist associations. The change of the name was supported by both left- and right-wing politicians. The ministry was abolished in 1991 when a new government was established after the federal election of December 1990, some months after German reunification, having supported the transition. Since West Germany maintained an exclusive mandate for all of Germany, and the legal pretense that the authorities of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) or Soviet occupation zone (SBZ) should not be recognized, it could not handle relations with East Germany through the Federal Foreign Office, since this would acknowledge that the GDR
Minister of Intra-German Relations
10575654
there is more competition by tribal groups to gain federal recognition and the right to operate gaming on reservations. Gaining recognition also is a way for Native American groups to assert their identity, their Indianness. Tribes were originally recognized as legal parties through treaties, executive orders, or presidential proclamations. The 1934 Indian Reorganization Act played a major role in the development of the concept of federal recognition. It provided recognition to those tribes with which the government already had a relationship. Under its provisions, some non-federally recognized tribes were enabled to become federally recognized. During the 1960s and early 1970s,
Native American recognition in the United States
18464403
percent over a period when the cost of living had risen nearly 75 percent. The vice-president of the Amalgamated Association of Street Railway Employees, Ben Bowbeer, began to unionize workers with strong support from federal government wage adjustment bureaus in 1918. Labor leaders fueled with renewed energy pulled their efforts together to create the Amalgamated Division 835. The union applied to the National War Labor Board (NWLB) in the fall of 1918 for an increase in wages and an eight-hour workday. The eight-hour workday was granted, but Huntington kept from its implementation. Once again, streetcar workers went on strike. This
1919 Streetcar Strike of Los Angeles
6423193
the potential to set the wrong example for youth and adolescents.” Employees have the right to unionize and strike, although this right is limited in the case of foreigners, government employees, workers without job contracts, and workers providing essential services. Pressure and harassment have been used to prevent the formation of unions or to inhibit union demonstrations, and a union leader was fired for leading a strike in 2010. Collective bargaining is permitted. Forced labor is illegal, but occurs. Several hundred North Koreans who work in factories, mines, and other jobs through an arrangement with their government are not free
Human rights in Mongolia
12018400
Traditionally, the federal government does not attempt to establish its own definition of marriage. Instead, any marriage recognized by a state was recognized by the federal government, even if that marriage was not recognized by one or more other states (as was the case with interracial marriage before 1967 due to anti-miscegenation laws). According to the federal General Accounting Office (GAO), more than 1,138 rights and protections are conferred to U.S. citizens upon marriage by the federal government; areas affected include Social Security benefits, veterans' benefits, health insurance, Medicaid, hospital visitation, estate taxes, retirement savings, pensions, family leave, and immigration
Same-sex unions in the United States
16550764
by extensive labour unrest, experiencing its first mine workers' strike in 1958. Smaller strikes also took place in 1966 and 1969. The United Steelworkers had also set their sights on raiding the Mine Mill locals, and there was often violence in the streets as the rival factions confronted each other—notably, a Mine Mill meeting at the Sudbury Arena, discussing whether to join the Steelworkers, erupted into a riot on September 10, 1961. Ultimately, the two unions settled into an uneasy truce, with Mine Mill winning the right to unionize Falconbridge, and the Steelworkers winning the right to unionize Inco. The
Economy of Greater Sudbury
11668239
this right in practice. The Government accords "recognized" status to Catholicism, Protestantism (including Evangelicals and Pentecostals), Judaism, Anglicanism (separately from other Protestant groups), Islam, and Orthodox (Greek and Russian). Representative bodies for these religious groups receive subsidies from government revenues. The Government also supports the freedom to participate in secular organizations. These secular humanist groups serve as a seventh recognized "religion," and their organizing body, the Central Council of Non-Religious Philosophical Communities of Belgium, receives funds and benefits similar to those of the other recognized religious groups. The federal Government and Parliament have responsibility for recognizing religious groups and paying
Freedom of religion in Belgium
2318362
quo and enriched French businessmen. Guizot's government granted railway and mining contracts to the bourgeois supporters of the government, and contributed some of the start-up costs of these enterprises. As workers under these policies had no legal right to assemble, unionize, or petition the government for increased pay or decreased hours, the July Monarchy under Perier, Molé, and Guizot generally proved detrimental to the lower classes. Guizot's advice to those who were disenfranchised by the tax-based electoral requirements was ""enrichissez-vous"" (enrich yourselves). Following the ouster of Napoléon Bonaparte in 1814, the Allies restored the Bourbon Dynasty to the French throne.
July Monarchy
5995130
In particular, the Guizot administration was marked by increasingly authoritarian crackdowns on republicanism and dissent, and an increasingly pro-business laissez-faire policy. This policy included protective tariffs that defended the status quo and enriched French businessmen. Guizot's government granted railway and mining contracts to the bourgeois supporters of the government, and even contributing some of the start-up costs. As workers under these policies had no legal right to assemble, unionize, or petition the government for increased pay or decreased hours, the July Monarchy under Perier, Molé, and Guizot generally proved detrimental to the lower classes. In fact, Guizot's advice to those
France in the long nineteenth century
8823104
still occasionally supplied, the Partisans received the bulk of all future support. When the AVNOJ (the Partisan wartime council in Yugoslavia) was eventually recognized by the Allies, by late 1943, the official recognition of the Partisan Democratic Federal Yugoslavia soon followed. The National Liberation Army of Yugoslavia was recognized by the major Allied powers at the Tehran Conference, when United States agreed to the position of other Allied. The newly recognized Yugoslav government, headed by Prime Minister Josip Broz Tito, was a joint body formed of AVNOJ members and the members of the former government-in-exile in London. The resolution of
World War II in Yugoslavia
8389708
represented the tribe in negotiations with the federal government related to Indian Removal, preserving the right for Yonaguska and other Cherokee to stay in North Carolina after the 1830s. With his own funds and those provided by the Cherokee, he bought land in North Carolina to be used by the Cherokee, much of which is now Qualla Boundary, the territory of the federally recognized Eastern Band of Cherokee. Thomas served as a colonel in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War, when he led Thomas' Legion of Cherokee Indians and Highlanders William Holland Thomas was born to Richard
William Holland Thomas
13639236
"Undoubtedly the right of locomotion, the right to move from one place to another according to inclination, is an attribute of personal liberty, and the right, ordinarily, of free transit from or through the territory of any State is a right secured by the 14th amendment and by other provisions of the Constitution." Schactman v. Dulles, 225 F.2d 938; 96 U.S. App. D.C. 287 (1955). "The right to travel is a well-established common right that does not owe its existence to the federal government. It is recognized by the courts as a natural right." Schactman v. Dulles 225 F.2d 938;
Human rights in the United States
4667146
was later given exclusive rights to unionize public sector workers in the country. The union has since been attacked by sections of the Iraqi insurgency, and former leader Hadi Saleh was assassinated in January 2005. It often finds itself in competition with the Federation of Workers Councils and Unions in Iraq and the Federation of Oil Unions in Iraq, neither of which are officially recognized. One of the issues that divide these unions is how they relate to the occupation authorities. The IFTU, which is linked to political parties that are part of the Iraqi government, opposed the American invasion
Iraqi Federation of Trade Unions
16762386
121 of the "Constitution Act, 1867"". Before 1982, mobility rights had existed by virtue of section 91 of the "Constitution Act, 1867", which gave the federal government full jurisdiction over citizenship. Citizens were free to move across provincial borders and live wherever they chose to, and only the federal government could limit this right. This was recognized by the Supreme Court in "Winner v. S.M.T. (Eastern) Limited", where Rand J. observed: Since the introduction of the "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms", mobility rights between provinces have been expanded (subject to certain limitations) by its s. 6, but there has
Section 121 of the Constitution Act, 1867
2097156
of re-enactments of the driving of the last spike had been held at Promontory Summit. The renewed interest led to a concerted effort to save the historic site. In 1957, local campaigners succeeded in getting the area recognized by the federal government, but without federal land ownership. The Southern Pacific, which still owned the right of way, agreed to give its holdings to the federal management. On July 30, 1965 the Act for the Golden Spike National Historic Site was signed into law. The area is administered by the National Park Service. On the 110th anniversary of the "Golden Spike"
Promontory, Utah
7315153
is technically supposed to be punished, it occurs routinely in all branches of the Bolivian government. Bolivian law does not provide for public access to government information. Bolivians enjoy the right to vote in regular political elections and to assemble for political protests. Often, however, political protests have devolved into violence, and military and police forces have used violent measures to restore order. Bolivian political parties range from far-right to far-left, and citizens are unrestricted in joining the political party of their choice. Most workers in companies with 20 or more employees are technically allowed to unionize, provided a majority
Human rights in Bolivia
5637622
confers limited benefits under federal law. It is not the same as federal recognition, which is the federal government's acknowledgment of a tribe as a dependent sovereign nation. Some states have provided laws related to state recognition that provide some protection of autonomy for tribes not recognized by the federal government. For example, in Connecticut, state law recognizing certain tribes also protects reservations and limited self-government rights for state-recognized tribes. Such state recognition has at times been opposed by federally recognized tribes. For instance, the Cherokee Nation opposes state-recognized tribes claiming Cherokee identity, as well as many non-recognized groups that
State-recognized tribes in the United States
7984384
The Prime Minister also lives in the city. Mogadishu is the largest city in Somalia with a population of over 2 million people. Prior to the civil war, it was known as the "White Pearl of the Indian Ocean". The Transitional Federal Government (TFG) was the internationally recognized interim national authority in Somalia from April 2004 to August 2012, when it was superseded by the current Somali Federal Government (SFG). It constituted the executive branch of government. Succeeding the Transitional National Government (TNG), the TFG was the second interim administration aiming to restore national institutions to Somalia after the 1991
Transitional federal government, Republic of Somalia
3145872
that priests (called "counsellors" within the secular organizations) receive a state stipend. Also, parents can choose any recognized denomination to provide religious education to their children if they attend a state school. Adherents to religions that are not officially recognized are not denied the right to practice their religion, but do not receive state stipends. After attaining autonomy from the federal government in religious matters, the Flemish Parliament passed a regional decree installing democratically elected church councils for all recognized religious denominations and making them subject to the same administrative rules as local government bodies, with important repercussions for financial
Religion in Belgium
7045916
CUNY included graduate assistants with the faculty unionization contract. The University of Wisconsin–Madison's Teaching Assistants Association was the first to be recognized as an independent employee bargaining unit in 1969 and was granted a contract in 1970. At the same time, graduate assistants at the University of Michigan organized a union, which later won a contract in 1975. The next to unionize was the University of Oregon and three Florida universities: University of Florida, Florida A&M, and the University of South Florida. Florida was the first state to unionize where the union membership density in the state was below 15
Graduate student employee unionization
977871
federal judge ruled that the Eastern Miami were recognized by the US in the 1854 treaty, and that the federal government had no right to strip them of their status in 1897. However, he also ruled that the statute of limitations on appealing their status had expired. The Miami no longer had any right to sue. United States years A number of places have been named for the Miami nation. Miami, Florida is "not" named for the tribe, but the nearby Miami River, which is in turn named for the Mayaimi people. Miami people The Miami (Miami-Illinois: "Myaamiaki") are a
Miami people
10911251
Administration. The GSA recognized its top 20 federal buildings in 2014. Notable buildings in the United States that have been termed "federal building" include: Notable Federal buildings in Canada include: Federal building A federal building is a building housing local offices of various government departments and agencies in countries with a federal system, especially when the central government is referred to as the "federal government". There are design issues specific to federal buildings, relating to their multipurpose functions and concerns related to the fact of their association with the government. For example, as symbols of the government, they may potentially
Federal building
2765562
to the dispute was the right to unionize. In the United States, under federal labor law, an employer may hire only temporary replacements during a lockout. In a strike, unless it is an unfair labor practice strike, an employer may legally hire permanent replacements. Also, in many US states, employees who are locked out are eligible to receive unemployment benefits, but they are not eligible for such benefits during a strike. For the above reasons, many American employers have historically been reluctant to impose lockouts and instead try to provoke a strike. However, as American unions have increasingly begun to
Lockout (industry)
2309871
services, labour and capital, and other provisions related to employment, standard of living, and development among the provinces. The Accord would have substantially altered the status of Aboriginal groups in Canadian political society. Under the Accord, an Aboriginal right to self-government would have been enshrined in the Canadian Constitution. Moreover, the Accord would have recognized Aboriginal governments as a third order of government, analogous to the federal government and the provinces. In other words, Aboriginal governments would have been granted their own order of government, which would have been constitutionally autonomous from the federal and provincial levels of government. Aboriginal
Charlottetown Accord
8100922
ICU forces were chased from Mogadishu, the leaders of the Transitional Federal Parliament entered Somalia declaring themselves the rightful governors of Somalia. As of October 2007, there was still widespread opposition within Somalia to the TFG, and the TFG's leaders and their allies were still attempting to suppress a strong insurgency. In January 2009 politician Abdirahman Ahmed was executed for alleged apostasy by a Sharia court. The Transitional Federal Government was internationally recognized as the government of Somalia until August 2012, when it was replaced by the Federal Government of Somalia. It was established in 2004 as a successor to
History of Somalia (1991–2006)
18457977
in low-wage work and advocate to strengthen the laws that protect these workers. From the 1950s continuing onto today, IRLE continues to research the role of healthcare and welfare in the place; other research have examined resource management and the relationship between employers and employees. IRLE Publications during the 1970s focused primarily on the relationship between public sector and workplace relations; whereas private sector work has been granted by the federal government to collectively bargain, government jobs and other public sector work still lacked the power to unionize. The IRLE would continue their research of public sector employee rights well
UCLA Institute for Research on Labor and Employment
1850252
in large measure by the individual states. Prior to 1996, the federal government did not define marriage; any marriage recognized by a state was recognized by the federal government, even if that marriage was not recognized by one or more states, as was the case until 1967 with interracial marriage, which some states banned by statute. Prior to 2004, same-sex marriage was not performed or recognized in any U.S. jurisdiction, but subsequently began to be performed and recognized by law in different jurisdictions through legislation, court rulings, tribal council rulings, and popular referenda. The Supreme Court's ruling in "Obergefell v.
Same-sex marriage in the United States
20282835
reaffirmed by the federal government. They include the Burt Lake Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians (also historically known as the Cheboiganing Band), the Grand River Band of Ottawa Indians and the Swan Creek Black River Confederated Ojibwa Tribes of Michigan, each of which is recognized by the state of Michigan. Finally in 1997, the federal government made a mechanism to distribute the award which had been held in trust since 1972. Disputed fishing claims have continued to be an issue, as have ownership of the lands awarded by the treaty, the right to tax those lands and which governing
Treaty of Detroit (1855)
5029619
Tribunal de Orden Público (TOP), a sort of Francoist secret police, was dissolved. The right to strike was legalized in March 1977, with the right to unionize being granted the following month. Also in March a new electoral law ("Ley Electoral") introduced the necessary framework for Spain's electoral system to be brought into accord with those of other countries that were liberal parliamentary democracies. Through these and other measures of government, Suárez complied with the conditions that the opposition groups first demanded in 1974. These opposition forces met in November 1976 to create a platform of democratic organizations. Suárez had
Spanish transition to democracy
20111402
Ilani Casino Resort The Ilani Casino Resort ( ) is a casino operated by the Cowlitz Indian Tribe and located near La Center, Washington. The casino opened on April 24, 2017, after a lengthy legal battle over the tribe's right to establish a reservation to build the casino on. The Cowlitz Indian Tribe was formally recognized by the U.S. federal government on February 14, 2000, consisting of 3,700 members but lacking an Indian reservation. In the 2000s, the newly recognized Cowlitz Tribe began planning for a casino and hotel complex on trust lands near La Center to bring in revenue.
Ilani Casino Resort
1860470
NDP government was criticized by Conservatives for forcing construction companies to unionize. Brian Pallister told parliament, "the Manitoba NDP government is planning to proceed with a plan to force every worker on the Red River floodway expansion to unionize, despite the fact that 95% of Manitoba's construction companies are not unionized." In 2009, the North Dakota city of Fargo has been contemplating building their own floodway, or diversion channel, similar to the Red River Floodway. This is in response to the disastrous floods of 1997 (nicknamed "The Flood of the Century"), and in early 2009. Red River Floodway The Red
Red River Floodway
9770558
1960s, President John F. Kennedy wanted the Indian tribes to be recognized as independent nations governing themselves. He promised the Indian tribes that treaties made prior to 1960 would be recognized by the federal government and that their rights as Indian people would be protected. This was realized when the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) was passed in 1971. The ANCSA allowed for the Alaskan Natives to be given of land, federal payments of 462.5 million dollars over eleven years, and another 500 million dollars to help with mineral development in Alaska. All this was in exchange for the
Federal Indian Policy
428586
created by the framers had indeed protected the states from overreaching by the federal government. In "South Carolina v. Baker" (1988), the Court said in "dicta" that an exception to "Garcia" would be when a state lacked "any right to participate" in the federal political process or was left "politically isolated and powerless" by a federal law. Since 1992, the Supreme Court has declared laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment when the federal government compelled the states to enforce federal statutes. In "New York v. United States" (1992), the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for
Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
17082663
on November 25, 2012, where he discussed the government mandates to move the US Federal government to a cloud-based network. Jackson had been previously interviewed by the national NPR regarding the Federal government's push for cloud-computing, including in December 2008 when the incoming US President Barack Obama made the decision to convert the White House's computer system cloud–computing. Kevin L. Jackson has been globally recognized as a cloud computing expert, Dell "PowerMore" Thought Leader and Founder/Author of the award winning “Cloud Musings” blog. Jackson has also been recognized as a “Top 100 Cybersecurity Influencer and Brand” by Onalytica (2015), a
Kevin L. Jackson
8681325
in June 1861, established the Restored Government of Virginia, which was recognized by the United States as the official government of the state during the war. That government sat here until 1863, when it moved to Alexandria. The constitional convention which drafted the first West Virginia constitution was also held here, and it was used as a military arsenal by the West Virginia militia. In 1907, the federal government constructed a new federal building at 12th and Chapline, and sold this building. Most of it was occupied by the Conservative Life Insurance Company, which made a three-story addition, and was
West Virginia Independence Hall
5394359
classified as subversive and described as a communist front organization by US Attorney General Thomas Clark under President Harry S. Truman, as well as by the House Committee on Un-American Activities. Targeted by the U.S. government, the group was weakened in 1951, and it finally disbanded in 1956. The group was formed at a radical conference in Detroit held on April 27–28, 1946. Early goals included abolition of HUAC and protecting southern workers' right to unionize. In December 1947, the National Negro Congress merged into the group. International Labor Defense (ILD) national secretary William Patterson led the group throughout its
Civil Rights Congress
4557719
Canadian federal government to court for giving exploration licenses to mining companies areas where the Inuit hunt caribou. Judge Mahoney of the Federal Court of Canada, recognized the existence of Aboriginal Title in Nunavut.The plaintiffs, which included the Inuit Tapirisat of Canada (ITK) were concerned that "government-licensed exploration companies were interfering with their aboriginal rights, specifically, their right to hunt caribou." Videos of elders sharing oral histories have been collected by Inuit students as part of the Nunavut Teacher Education Program. In the 2016 Census, Statistics Canada reported that Baker Lake had a population of 2,069 living in 580 of
Baker Lake, Nunavut
3319521
status of New Mexico. Texas considered New Mexico part of its territory but the claim was not recognized by the Federal government. To strengthen its claim, the Texas Legislature created Santa Fe County and the eleventh judicial district. When the judge appointed to preside over the new district arrived in Santa Fe, he found federal troops already in the city who were determined to support the federal position. Other issues dealt with by Wood were the organization of towns and counties, establishing court buildings, and reforming government operations. To defend the state's western frontier, a request was sent to Congress
George Tyler Wood
5664416
extinguished prior to 1982. The licensing scheme was merely a means of regulating the fisheries, not removing the underlying right, and no historical government policy towards fishing rights amounted to a clear intention to extinguish. The words "recognized and affirmed" incorporate the government's fiduciary duty to the Aboriginal people, which requires it to exercise restraint when applying its powers in interference with Aboriginal rights. It further suggests that Aboriginal rights are not absolute and can be encroached upon given sufficient reason. After the "Sparrow" case, federal or provincial legislation may limit Aboriginal rights only if it has given them appropriate
R v Sparrow
2449916
provisions, he promised to "push Congress to conduct the maximum amount of oversight possible". Udall has supported PRISM, a clandestine anti-terrorism mass electronic surveillance data mining program launched in 2007 by the National Security Agency (NSA); however, he has also expressed support for introduction of measures to reform and limit the scope of the Patriot Act; 'The Patriot Act should be reformed so Americans' phone records do not get indiscriminately swept up in a federal government database.' Udall voted for the Employee Free Choice Act in 2007, which would have eliminated secret ballot in voting to unionize businesses, and said
Mark Udall
1602824
since the adoption of the Constitution. Some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states, or other recognized entities. Since the American Civil War, the powers of the federal government have generally expanded greatly, although there have been periods since that time of legislative branch dominance (e.g., the decades immediately following the Civil War) or when states' rights proponents have succeeded in limiting federal power through legislative action, executive prerogative or by constitutional interpretation by the courts. One of the theoretical pillars of
Federal government of the United States
16213167
like." "Gideon v. Wainwright" explicitly overruled "Betts v. Brady" and found that counsel must be provided to indigent defendants in all felony cases. Under "Argersinger v. Hamlin", counsel must be appointed in any case resulting in a sentence of actual imprisonment. However, in "Scott v. Illinois", the Court ruled that counsel did not need to be appointed if the defendant was not sentenced to any imprisonment. In the United States, while the right to counsel in trials by the federal government was recognized by the US Bill of Rights, the affirmation that this right extended to cases tried by state
Assistance of Counsel Clause
11668275
their rights and the opportunity to have an education at the school of their choice. There is strong societal support to view education as an exclusively local or linguistic community issue, and as such, outside the federal Government's authority. No federal intervention occurred during the period covered by this report. Freedom of religion in Belgium The Constitution provides for freedom of religion, and the Government generally respected this right in practice. However, government officials continued to have the authority to research and monitor religious groups that are not officially recognized. There were few reports of societal abuses or discrimination based
Freedom of religion in Belgium
8722440
Facal recorded English-language and Spanish-language advertisements for his party during the campaign. He was kept in the intergovernmental affairs portfolio after the election and was also appointed as minister responsible for the Outaouais on 15 December 1998. In 1998 and 1999, Facal took part in discussions with representatives of the Canadian federal government and other provinces on a proposed Social Union Framework Agreement for health, education, and social services. He indicated that Quebec would only accept the agreement if it recognized the province's right to opt out of specific programs with full financial compensation. The federal government ultimately concluded a
Joseph Facal
7286542
of those authorities. The Federal Government's power to contract is not set forth expressly and specifically in the U.S. Constitution. However, the U.S. Constitution appears to assume the continued vitality "Engagements" entered into under the Articles of Confederation. U.S. Const., Art. VI. Moreover, the power to contract was and is regarded at law as necessarily incidental to the Federal Government's execution of its other powers. An early Supreme Court case, "United States v. Thomas Tingey", 30 U.S. 5 Pet. 115 (1831), recognized that the United States Government has a right to enter into a contract. It is an incident to
Government procurement in the United States
14006919
U.S. state to adopt the reform. Nine years later in 1920, women's suffrage was constitutionally recognized at the federal level by the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. This amendment prohibited both the federal government and all of the states from denying women the right to vote. Proposition 4 was narrowly approved by California voters with 50.7 percent support. Election evening results appeared to indicate that Proposition 4 would be defeated as there was strong opposition from the San Francisco Bay Area. However, late returns from the agricultural and rural parts of the state overcame majority opposition from Bay Area
1911 California Proposition 4
924267
of 1934, encouraging tribes to re-establish self-government. The name Waccamaw Siouan was first officially used in US government documents in 1949, when a bill intended to grant the tribe federal recognition was introduced in Congress by the representative of this district. The bill was defeated in committee the following year. But changes in federal policy following Native American activism in the 1960s and 1970s enabled the Waccamaw Indians to obtain more public funding and economic assistance even without federal recognition. The Waccamaw Siouan have been recognized by the North Carolina Commission of Indian Affairs since 1971, as one of eight
Columbus County, North Carolina
18794138
their activities. Companies such as banks, insurance companies, hospitals, schools, telecommunications companies, religious organizations, and professionals such as lawyers, doctors, and others, are required to comply with the provisions of this law. Personal data, according to Article 3 Section V of the Act, is any information that could identify a person. Before issuing the LFPDPPP in Mexico this right was expressly recognized only by the Federal Law of Transparency and Access to Public Government Information (applying to the public sector) and in the Law on Protection of Personal Data in the State of Colima (public and private). Due to the
Federal Law on Protection of Personal Data Held by Individuals
3057164
Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe and Badagry were administered by the then Western Region Government. Lagos, the city, along with these other towns were captured to create the state of Lagos, with the state becoming fully recognized as a semi-autonomous administrative division on 11 April 1968. Lagos served the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital until 1976, when the capital of the State was moved to Ikeja. After the full establishment of the Federal Capital Territory, the seat of the Federal Government was also formally relocated to Abuja on 12 December 1991. Nevertheless, Lagos still remains the
Lagos State
4424002
its efforts to unionize part-time workers. He has also dismissed the right-wing Saskatchewan Party as "nothing more than disaffected socialists" and has referenced Milton Friedman's "Capitalism and Freedom" as representative of his own beliefs. Dillen also opposes gun control, the Canadian Wheat Board and the Kyoto Accord, and has spoken out against efforts by the Ontario government to ban pit bulls. In the late 2000s, he was secretary of the Prairie Centre Policy Institute. He returned to Manitoba after spending a number of years in Saskatchewan, and ran for re-election as a Liberal for the Thompson electoral division, finishing third
Ken Dillen
18498272
NetCentrics NetCentrics Corporation, based in Herndon, Virginia, is a contractor to the federal government. NetCentrics is a leading provider of enterprise IT, cloud and cybersecurity services to the federal government. The company was founded in 1995 by Bob Dixon and Bob Dougherty, the company's first CEO. In July 2017, Cynthia Barreda succeeded Dougherty as the current CEO. NetCentrics was recognized by Comparably in 2017 and again in 2018, receiving a total of 13 awards including Best Companies in DC, Best CEO, Best Company for Diversity, and Best Company Outlook. In 2018, Barreda was recognized by DCA Live as a Federal
NetCentrics
3952300
research and spend money instead on environmental research and preventive medicine. Franklin was also part of a 1969 VOW delegation that urged the federal government to withdraw from the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and establish a special agency to oversee Canadian disarmament. In the 1980s, Franklin participated in an organized campaign to win the right for conscientious objectors to redirect part of their income taxes from military uses to peaceful purposes. Her 1987 paper, written to support the campaign, argued that the well-recognized right to refuse military service on grounds of conscience should be extended to include the right to
Ursula Franklin
435082
directly and employees are permitted to unionize and are represented by AFSCME, California Nurses Association (CNA), CUE-Teamsters Local 2010 (formerly the Coalition of University Employees (CUE)), UAW, UC-AFT, and UPTE. Berkeley receives funding from a variety of federal, state, and private sources. With the exception of government contracts, public money is proportioned to Berkeley and the other 9 campuses of the University of California system through the UC Office of the President. State funding has, historically, been very high at the University of California. In 1987, the state provided 54% of Berkeley's budget. However, educational appropriations to the university have
University of California, Berkeley
5636102
change his views. He believed rights of his home state were being trampled for the "good" of the North, though he also recognized the political dangers of secession. In 1828, Calhoun decided upon the primacy of "states' rights", a doctrine which he would support for the rest of his life. He believed that constitutionally, the state government of each state had more power within that state than did the federal government. Consequently, if a state deemed it necessary, it had the right to "nullify" any federal law within its boundaries. To most South Carolinians, this sounded like a reasonable compromise.
Antebellum South Carolina
14690068
RLA all of its airline workers; a large number of UPS drivers, package handlers and clerks are represented by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. Yet, all FedEx personnel, including those working on railways and other modes of ground transport, are covered under the RLA, which requires them to unionize nationally. If the provisions were passed, FedEx's non-airline personnel would be able to unionize more easily, because they would be covered under the NLRA. According to the Memphis-based company, this change could also "expose [its] customers at any time to local work stoppages that interrupt the flow of their time-sensitive, high-value
2009–10 Federal Aviation Administration Reauthorization Act dispute
16707652
reduces funding for Unions that represent Federal Government employees. Some have proposed repeal of Executive Order 10988, which could potentially occur if the President were to issue an executive order vacating Executive Order 10988. Executive Order 10988 Executive Order 10988 is a United States presidential executive order issued by President John F. Kennedy on January 17, 1962 that recognized the right of federal employees to collective bargaining. This executive order was a breakthrough for public sector workers, who were not protected under the 1935 Wagner Act. Passage of the executive order forestalled the legislative Rhodes-Johnson Union Recognition bill, which would
Executive Order 10988
407139
area. Special occupational groups such as teachers were not allowed to unionize. The right to strike and collective bargaining were also hamstrung by law. The Collective Bargaining Agreement in 1930 stipulated that collective bargains were not legally valid without government approval. The democratization in 1986 brought dramatic changes to union participation and policies. Between 1986 and 1992, unionized workers increased by 13%. A number of autonomous, non-official trade unions emerged, including the Taiwan Confederation of Trade Unions (TCTU) which acquired legal recognition in 2000. The amendments to the Labor Union Laws and Collective Bargaining Agreement both became effective in the
Economy of Taiwan
16385302
States." The salary and benefits of an elected public employee are not "property" for the purposes of the mail and wire fraud statutes, but the salary and benefits of an unelected public employee are. One intangible form of property recognized under the mail and wire fraud statutes is the right to control the disposition of government funds. In 1983, Curato et al. noted that: At least from the 1970s, and perhaps earlier, the federal appellate courts permitted mail fraud prosecutions of public officials deprive the public of their intangible right to honest services. According to Professor John C. Coffee, "[t]he
Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States
17887277
voted to pass the bill by a voice vote. "The Hill" summarized Rep. Lankford's arguments in favor of the bill by saying that the bill "would help people see clearly where duplication exists in the federal government, and help reduce waste." Rep. Kevin Brady (R-TX) supported the bill, along with several other reform bills, by saying that "these common-sense bills will hold federal agencies more accountable when it comes to how they use tax dollars and how they treat taxpayers." Taxpayers Right-To-Know Act The Taxpayers Right-To-Know Act () is a bill that would require government agencies to identify and describe
Taxpayers Right-To-Know Act
5637626
been recognized by the federal government, often as a result of the process of treaties setting up reservations in the 19th century. The following is a list of tribes recognized by various states, but not by the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs. Tribes originally recognized by states that have since gained federal recognition have been deleted from the list below. The list identifies those state-recognized tribes that have petitioned for federal recognition and been denied. Many continue to work to gain such recognition. By the Davis-Strong Act of 1984, the state established the Alabama Indian Affairs Commission to acknowledge and
State-recognized tribes in the United States
6003476
will expand as needed. Such a federal system will bring the government as a whole closer to the people than a purely national form of government would. Though Madison's arguments and suggestions were considered, "any dispute about which is more powerful -- the federal government or the states -- was settled in 1789 when the Constitution granted the federal government the right to collect taxes, regulate interstate commerce, raise an army and adjudicate legal disputes between states" States have consistently tried to nullify the federal government's power, however, the federal government has always been victorious in avoiding it and still
Federalist No. 45
4601567
conversational role. Linear referencing systems are recognized by the US Federal government as a valuable tool for specifying right of way data, and are now actually required for the States. Therefore, it is not likely to see LRS usage decline any time soon. The US Federal Highway Administration is pushing states to move closer to standardization of LRS data with the ARNOLD requirement. To wit: "On August 7, 2012, FHWA announced that the HPMS is expanding the requirement for State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) to submit their LRS to include all public roads. This requirement will be referred to as
Linear referencing
20620912
four pioneer engineers from the region. He later was posted on secondment for three years to the Nigerian Ports Authority in Lagos and Port Harcourt. In 1968, he joined the Federal Ministry of Works Usman rose through the ranks within the federal civil service, beginning in 1968, when he became the Chief Engineer of the Federal Ministry of Works. In 1971, he was appointed director of works and became the Permanent Secretary Ministry of Works in 1975. Usman was Permanent Secretary when the exclusive list of roads maintained by the government increased from 11,000 km to 27,000 km. Usman recognized
M.T. Usman
3080729
Freedom of speech in the United States In the United States, freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, many state constitutions, and state and federal laws. The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized several categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment and has recognized that governments may enact reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on speech. The First Amendment's constitutional right of free speech, which is applicable to state and local governments under the incorporation doctrine, only prevents
Freedom of speech in the United States
428360
"[a] very small proportion of the people[.]" In contrast, Rawle characterizes the second clause of the Second Amendment, which he calls the corollary clause, as a general prohibition against such capricious abuse of government power, declaring bluntly: Speaking of the Second Amendment generally, Rawle said: Rawle, long before the concept of incorporation was formally recognized by the courts, or Congress drafted the Fourteenth Amendment, contended that citizens could appeal to the Second Amendment should either the state or federal government attempt to disarm them. He did warn, however, that "this right [to bear arms] ought not...be abused to the disturbance
Second Amendment to the United States Constitution
17678380
identity. Changing the birth certificate requires either proof of surgical treatment or a court order in favor of the change (depending on the state), but still in some states this right will not be granted. A person can also change their gender marker on their Social Security card, and this does not require proof of surgical treatment. The LGBT community is legal nationwide in the United States since 2003 ("Lawrence v. Texas"). Recognition of same-sex unions in certain states (Colorado, Nevada, Oregon, and Wisconsin) but is recognized by the federal government. Moving on to same-sex marriage, it is currently recognized
Transgender inequality
16145153
to them by the Mexican government were not being honored by the U.S. government after the U.S. acquired the land from Mexico. The solidification of the Chicano/a struggles for equality into the Chicano Movement came post World War II, when discrimination towards returning Mexican-American servicemen was being questioned, for the most part these were usually instances of racial segregation/discrimination that spanned from simple dining issues to the burial rights of returning deceased servicemen. The formation of the National Farm Workers Association (NFWA), co-founded by César Chávez, Dolores Huerta, and Gil Padilla, sought to unionize Mexican-American labor forces to fight for
Chicano art movement
1301446
in his minority government. After the Labor Party withdrew support and the government fell in October 1891, Parkes persuaded him to take over the leadership of the Federal movement in New South Wales. Dibbs formed a Protectionist government and Barton agreed to be Attorney-General with the right of carry out private practice as a lawyer. His agreement was based on Dibbs agreeing to support federal resolutions in the coming parliamentary session. His attempt to draft the federal resolutions was delayed by a period as acting Premier, when he had to deal with the 1892 Broken Hill miners' strike, and his
Edmund Barton
14928388
involvement in the union movement, Littlejohn was not himself a target of McCarthyism or the Hollywood blacklist. He later recalled, "I regularly went over in my mind what I would say when the FBI came a-calling, but they never did, strangely enough." The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the efforts to unionize the animation industry. According to one account of the strike, the strike resulted in substantial salary increases, a 40-hour work week and screen credits for animators. Tom Sito, president emeritus of the Hollywood Animation Guild Local No.839, said, "Bill Littlejohn was the last
Bill Littlejohn
10445002
concurrence, Souter invoked Madison's work (see above) and wrote "The three pence implicates the conscience, and the injury from Government expenditures on religion is not accurately classified with the 'Psychic Injury' that results whenever a congressional appropriation or executive expenditure raises hackles of disagreement with the policy supported...Justice Stewart recognized this in his concurring opinion in "Flast", when he said that "every taxpayer can claim a personal constitutional right not to be taxed for the support of a religious institution,” and thus distinguished the case from one in which a taxpayer sought only to air a generalized grievance in federal
Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation
3251449
organized as a tribal community. Beginning in 1973, they applied to have their government federally recognized, with Gilbert Blue serving as their chief until 2007. They adopted a constitution in 1975 that was modeled on their 1944 version. In addition, for decades the Catawba pursued various land claims against the government for the losses due to the illegal treaty made by South Carolina in 1840 and the failure of the federal government to protect their interests. In 1993 the federal government reversed the "termination", recognized the Catawba Indian Nation and, together with the state of South Carolina, settled the land
Catawba people
14629158
German Empire (1848–49) The German Empire () was a short-lived nation state which existed from 1848 to 1849. The state was created by the Frankfurt Parliament in spring 1848, following the March Revolution. The empire officially ended when the German Confederation was fully reconstituted in the Summer of 1851, but came to a "de facto" end in December 1849 when the Central German Government was replaced with a Federal Central Commission. The Empire struggled to be recognized by both German and foreign states. The German states, represented by the Federal Convention of the German Confederation, on July 12, 1848, acknowledged
German Empire (1848–49)
5636103
Some in the state, such as Joel J. Poinsett, novelist William Gilmore Simms, and James L. Petigru, believed that while a state had the full right to secede from the Union if it chose, it had no right, as long as it remained part of the Union, to nullify a federal law. The federal government believed the concept of nullification was as an attack on its powers. When in 1832, South Carolina's government quickly "nullified" the hated tariffs passed by the full Congress, President Andrew Jackson declared this an act of open rebellion and ordered U.S. ships to South Carolina
Antebellum South Carolina
1177333
frontier destination for both white and numerous free families of color from Virginia in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Many free blacks were descendants of white women (who were free) and African men, whether slave, free or indentured, from the colonial years, when working classes lived and worked near each other. The County has a high proportion of residents who identify as Lumbee: they have been recognized as a Native American tribe by the state of North Carolina have been recognized as a tribe by the Federal government; however, without federal befits (money) because no know treaty (contract)
Lumberton, North Carolina
407138
sector generated US$10.97 billion in production value. The government also announced plans to invest US$838 million for renewable energy promotion and an additional US$635 million for research and development. The Labor Union Laws, legislated by the Kuomintang (KMT) on the mainland, gave Taiwan workers the right to unionize. However, prior to the democratization of Taiwan, the functions of unions were limited under strict regulation and state corporatism. Under the Labor Union Laws, workers were only allowed to be organized at the companies, which means industry level unions were forbidden. Also, only one union can exist within each company or geographical
Economy of Taiwan
14928379
'God'." Littlejohn was also co-founded and served as the first president of the Screen Cartoonists Guild Local #852 in 1938. He led the effort to gain recognition for the union at the major Hollywood animation studios. When Walt Disney refused to negotiate with the union and fired 16 pro-union artists, Littlejohn led the union in the 1941 Disney animators strike. The strike lasted nine weeks and resulted in Disney's recognition of the union, substantial salary increases, a 40-hour work week and screen credits. The Disney strike has been recognized as a watershed moment in the movement to unionize the animation
Bill Littlejohn
4286170
that a right is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution does not mean that the government can infringe on that right. The Supreme Court recognized the Fourteenth Amendment as providing a substantive due process right to privacy. This was first recognized by several Supreme Court Justices in "Griswold v. Connecticut", a 1965 decision protecting a married couple's rights to contraception. It was recognized again in 1973 "Roe v. Wade", which invoked the right to privacy to protect a woman's right to an abortion, and in the 2003 with "Lawrence v. Texas", which invoked the right to privacy regarding the sexual
Privacy laws of the United States
4848408
Article IV forbade the incorporation of churches, though the Virginia Commission on Constitutional Revision, in its 1969 report, had recognized that the prohibition was probably invalid. The federal district court for the Western District of Virginia ruled in April 2002 that this provision of the Virginia Constitution was in fact unconstitutional, because it violates the federal constitutional right to the free exercise of religion. The court found that it is unconstitutional to deny a church the option to incorporate under state law when other groups can incorporate. An amendment striking the ban on church incorporation was approved by Virginia voters
Constitution of Virginia
18626608
In 1916, the naval militia was temporarily disbanded due to an inability of the state to procure a ship to be used for training purposes; however, new units were immediately reorganized in different parts of the state, funded with money raised by private donors. The naval militia was reorganized in 1927 with units in Milwaukee and Madison. The Wisconsin Naval Militia was officially disbanded in 1955. The right of states to organize and maintain naval militias is recognized by the federal government of the United States under 10 U.S. Code §7851. Any naval militia may receive access to vessels, material,
Wisconsin Naval Militia
2803261
U.S. 499 (1945), Justice Robert H. Jackson addressed whether there was a protectable property interest in a head of water lessened by federal action. He stated: [N]ot all economic interests are "property rights;" only those economic advantages are "rights" which have the law back of them, and only when they are so recognized may courts compel others to forbear from interfering with them or to compensate for their invasion. ... We cannot start the process of decision by calling such a claim as we have here a "property right;" whether it is a property right is really the question to
Euthyphro dilemma
12267143
it is today. The first instance of a formal law came when, in 1977, the Canadian government introduced data protection provisions into the Canadian Human Rights Act. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlined that everyone has "the right to life, liberty and security of the person" and "the right to be free from unreasonable search or seizure", but did not directly mention the concept of privacy. In 1983, the federal "Privacy Act" regulated how federal government collects, uses and discloses personal information. Canadians' constitutional right to privacy was further confirmed in the 1984 Supreme Court case,
Canadian privacy law
1318864
popular vote. The devolution of the executive power was not granted until 1997 when the first head of government was elected by popular vote. Finally, in 2000, power was devolved to the "delegaciones", though limited: residents can now elect their own "heads of borough government" ("jefes delegacionales", in Spanish), but the "delegaciones" do not have regulatory powers and are not constituted by a board of trustees, like the municipalities of the constituent states. The autonomy, or home rule, of the Federal District, was granted by the federal government, which in principle, has the right to remove it. The president of
Devolution