when did the federal government switch from csrs to fers
January 1 , 1987
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Federal Employees Retirement System The Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) is the retirement system for employees within the United States civil service. FERS became effective January 1, 1987 to replace the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and to conform federal retirement plans in line with those in the private sector. FERS consists of three major components: Since January 1, 1984, employees with fewer than 5 years of nonmilitary experience on December 31, 1986 were covered under interim retirement rules under which they were covered by both CSRS and the Social Security system. They made reduced payments to the CSRS (1.3
Federal Employees Retirement System
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1984 and December 31, 1986 were automatically converted to coverage under FERS on January 1, 1987. Rehired federal employees who worked prior to December 31, 1983 and had 5 years of civilian service by December 31, 1986 can choose between remaining in CSRS or electing FERS within 6 months of rehire. Once an employee is covered by FERS or elects to switch from CSRS to FERS coverage, the employee remains covered by FERS. Employees of Nonappropriated Fund Instrumentalities of the Departments of Defense and Homeland Security participate in a separate retirement system, except when retaining previous coverage under a different
Federal Employees Retirement System
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Federal Employees Retirement System The Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) is the retirement system for employees within the United States civil service. FERS became effective January 1, 1987 to replace the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) and to conform federal retirement plans in line with those in the private sector. FERS consists of three major components: Since January 1, 1984, employees with fewer than 5 years of nonmilitary experience on December 31, 1986 were covered under interim retirement rules under which they were covered by both CSRS and the Social Security system. They made reduced payments to the CSRS (1.3
Federal Employees Retirement System
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2018, over 50 senators were millionaires. Along with earning salaries, senators receive retirement and health benefits that are identical to other federal employees, and are fully vested after five years of service. Senators are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) or Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). FERS has been the Senate's retirement system since January 1, 1987, while CSRS applies only for those Senators who were in the Senate from December 31, 1986, and prior. As it is for federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Under FERS, senators contribute 1.3% of their
United States Senate
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percent of earnings instead of the usual 7 percent) and contributed their full employee share to Social Security. Employees with more than 5 years of nonmilitary service on December 31, 1986 continued under the dual benefit coverage unless they opted to switch to FERS between July 1, 1986 and December 31, 1987. Employees covered only by CSRS remained covered by it unless they opted to switch to FERS. The FERS annuity is based on a specified percentage, multiplied by (a) the length of an employee's Federal service eligible for FERS retirement (referred to as "creditable Federal service", which may not
Federal Employees Retirement System
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eligible to elect coverage under FERS within the first 6 months of rehire. Employees who were previously covered under CSRS and do not meet the 5 year retirement coverage rule are automatically covered under the FERS upon rehire. Employees under CSRS (and CSRS Offset) may contribute to TSP as well, but participate as a supplement to their designated pension benefit. Contributions to the TSP are not matched. Civil Service Retirement System The Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was organized in 1920 and has provided retirement, disability, and survivor benefits for most civilian employees in the United States federal government. Upon
Civil Service Retirement System
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plan was enacted as the Federal Employees' Retirement Act of 1986. This act created the FERS program, under which new Members of Congress are currently covered. When the FERS program went into effect, all Members elected in 1984 or later were automatically enrolled in the new plan. More senior Members were free to remain under the CSRS or enroll in the new FERS plan. The FERS program takes into account the years served and the average pay for the top three years in terms of payment. For example, a member elected before 1984 and thus qualifying under the CSRS plan,
Congressional pension
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and therefore greater power. Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Those elected prior to 1984 were covered by the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). In 1984 all members were given the option of remaining with CSRS or switching for FERS. As it is for all other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and the participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like Federal employees, members contribute one-third of the cost
Structure of the United States Congress
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Civil Service Retirement System The Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was organized in 1920 and has provided retirement, disability, and survivor benefits for most civilian employees in the United States federal government. Upon the creation of a new Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) in 1987, those newly hired after that date cannot participate in CSRS. CSRS continues to provide retirement benefits to those eligible to receive them. CSRS is a defined-benefit plan, akin to a pension. Notably, though, CSRS employees do not participate in Social Security (unless having worked in the private sector beforehand, and then subject to penalties). Employees
Civil Service Retirement System
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the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), formed in 1920. CSRS provided retirement, disability and survivor benefits for most civilian employees in the US Federal government, until the creation of a new Federal agency, the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), in 1987. Pension plans became popular in the United States during World War II, when wage freezes prohibited outright increases in workers' pay. The defined benefit plan had been the most popular and common type of retirement plan in the United States through the 1980s; since that time, defined contribution plans have become the more common type of retirement plan in
Pension
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hired after 1983 are required to be covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), which is a three tiered retirement system with a smaller defined benefit (pension), Social Security, and a 401(k)-style system called the Thrift Savings Plan (TSP). The defined benefits of both the CSRS and the FERS systems are paid out of the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund, which had a projected balance of $898 billion as of September 30, 2017. With changes in the determining retirement coverage of federal employees under FERS or CSRS, those employees who are later rehired that were previously covered under
Civil Service Retirement System
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by a number of state and local governments during the early Progressive Era in the late nineteenth century. Federal civilian pensions were offered under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), formed in 1920. CSRS provided retirement, disability and survivor benefits for most civilian employees in the federal government, until the creation of a new federal agency, the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), in 1987. Retired pay for U.S. Armed Forces retirees is, strictly speaking, not a pension but instead is a form of retainer pay. U.S. military retirees do not vest into a retirement system while they are on active
Public employee pension plans in the United States
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Act (FERCCA) legislation was signed in September 2000. It was designed to provide relief to federal civilian employees who were placed in the wrong retirement system for at least three years of service after December 31, 1986. FERCCA gave affected employees and annuitants placed in the wrong retirement system an opportunity to choose between the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and the offset provisions of CSRS. FERCCA may also provide one or more of the following: Federal Employees Retirement System The Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) is the retirement system for employees within the United States civil service. FERS became
Federal Employees Retirement System
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reporting individual neither exercises control over nor has the ability to exercise control over the financial interests held by the fund. Denies Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or Federal Employees' Retirement System (FERS) retirement benefits (other than a lump-sum reimbursement of personal contributions) to the President, the Vice President, or an elected official of a state or local government, if convicted of certain felonies. Prohibits senior executives at the Federal National Mortgage Association (Fannie Mae) and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac) (government-sponsored enterprises [GSEs]) from receiving bonuses during any period of conservatorship on or after the enactment
STOCK Act
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The current pension program, effective January 1987, is under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), which covers members and other federal employees whose federal employment began in 1984 or later. This replaces the older Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) for most members of congress and federal employees. Members of Congress voted to extend pension benefits to the legislative branch under the CSRS (formerly limited to the executive branch) in January 1942 under a provision of P.L. 77-411. Congress repealed their pension two months later, due to public outcry in the early months of America's involvement in World War II. It
Congressional pension
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large part of the management of security clearances (National Background Investigations Bureau conducts these investigations) for the United States Government. With the exception of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which maintains its own system, separate programs for each executive department have gradually been merged into a single, Government-wide clearance system. The OPM is responsible for investigating individuals to give them Secret and Top Secret clearances. SCI compartments, however, are still managed by the particular agency that uses that compartment. OPM is also responsible for federal employee retirement applications for FERS and CSRS employees. OPM makes decisions on federal employee regular and
United States Office of Personnel Management
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open to employees covered under the older Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). The TSP is administered by the Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board. FERS employees are eligible to join TSP immediately upon starting work and may join at any time thereafter. Prior to June 22, 2009, new employees had to wait at least one year before receiving matching contributions (including Agency Automatic Contributions); after this date employees were eligible for automatic contributions from day one of employment, and are immediately eligible for matching contributions once the employee begins contributing to the TSP. CSRS employees and members of the uniformed services
Thrift Savings Plan
610919
employees. The PAEA created the Postal Service Retiree Health Benefit Fund (PSRHB) after Congress removed the Postal Service contribution to the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS). Most other employees that contribute to the CSRS have 7% deducted from their wages. Currently all new employees contribute into Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) once they become a full-time regular employees. On September 30, 2014, the USPS failed to make a $5.7 billion payment on this debt, the fourth such default. Congress has limited rate increases for First-Class Mail to the cost of inflation, unless approved by the Postal Regulatory Commission. A three-cent
United States Postal Service
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may join at any time. All FERS and CSRS employees and members of the uniformed services may contribute up to the Internal Revenue Code limitation, which is $19,000 for 2019. The contribution for FERS and CSRS for civilian employees may be either a specific dollar amount per paycheck (but the amount will be adjusted once the annual IRC limitation is reached) or a percentage of income (but the percentage must be a whole percentage; fractional percentages are not allowed), uniformed service members elect a percentage of pay only. (Prior to 2006 the contribution was limited to a specified whole percentage
Thrift Savings Plan
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salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. The amount of a senator's pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. The starting amount of a senator's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952. Senators are regarded as more prominent political figures than members of the House of Representatives because there
United States Senate
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one-third of the cost of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of their salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of their final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952. Members of Congress make fact-finding missions to learn about other countries and
United States Congress
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of health insurance with the government covering the other two-thirds. The size of a congressional pension depends on the years of service and the average of the highest three years of his or her salary. By law, the starting amount of a member's retirement annuity may not exceed 80% of his or her final salary. In 2006, the average annual pension for retired senators and representatives under CSRS was $60,972, while those who retired under FERS, or in combination with CSRS, was $35,952. Members who participated in the congressional pension system are vested after five years of service and who
Structure of the United States Congress
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Congress or congressional staff, law enforcement officers, firefighters and air traffic control specialists) and for employees who transferred from CSRS to FERS. Married employees will have their annuity reduced by a survivor benefit unless the spouse consents to receiving less than a full benefit; the reduction is based on the survivor benefit chosen. Employees are eligible for a cost of living adjustment (Cost Of Living Allowance) if they meet certain criteria. The most notable is retirement after age 62; most employees who retire before age 62 will not receive a COLA until age 62. The Federal Erroneous Retirement Coverage Corrections
Federal Employees Retirement System
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pensions of retired federal workers. NARFE has chapters all over the United States, including almost every state. Additionally, there are chapters in Washington, DC; Puerto Rico; Panama and the Philippines. Most members of NARFE are covered Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) or the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). The Legislative Program of NARFE is made annually coming before each Congress. The Program is divided into three categories in order to show their importance as NARFE legislative goals. The first is to preserve the goals already reached. The second is to provide benefits to the future members of NARFE. The third
NARFE
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the benefits payable under a plan with respect to such participant. Most States will allow QDROs to be entered to collect both past due and future child support payments. Examples of retirement plans NOT covered by ERISA include military retirement pay (covered by the Uniformed Services Former Spouses' Protection Act), State and Municipal retirement plans, Federal Retirement Plans (the Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS), Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and Thrift Savings Plan (TSP)), Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) (SEP-IRA, SIMPLE IRA and Keogh Plan), and most deferred compensation plans. However, a QDRO "can" be used to divide an IRA because
Qualified domestic relations order
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type. If the employee separates from federal service before the loan is paid, the employee must repay the loan within 90 days or it will be reported as taxable income. The minimum withdrawal is $1,000 (or the account balance, if smaller). For married FERS employees and uniformed service members the spouse must consent to the withdrawal; for married CSRS employees the spouse need only be notified. An employee over age 59½ may request an "age-based" withdrawal. The withdrawal is not subject to any penalties (other than income tax and loss of potential future earnings on the investment); however, the employee
Thrift Savings Plan
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be $109,592 [$80,731 plus $28,861 locality adjustment].) However, FEPCA places a cap on the total salary of highly paid employees (mainly those at the higher GS-15 Grade steps) – the total base pay plus locality adjustment cannot exceed the salary for employees under Level IV of the Executive Schedule, which as of January 2017 was $161,900. The locality pay adjustment is counted as part of the "high-3" salary in calculating Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and Civil Service Retirement System (CSRS) annuities, as well as the baseline for individuals having a percentage of salary deducted for deposit into the Thrift
General Schedule (US civil service pay scale)
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accounts are subject to the IRC Section 415(c) limitation of $56,000 (as of 2019). Catch-up contributions made (to one or both TSP accounts) are in addition to the elective deferral and 415(c) limits. Participants may also rollover existing 401(k) or Individual Retirement Accounts (Traditional IRAs only) into the TSP. Employees under CSRS are ineligible for matching contributions. Matching contributions for FERS employees are made dollar-per-dollar for up to 3% of base pay, then at fifty-cents-per-dollar for each additional percent up to 5%. Thus, FERS employees are automatically enrolled with a contribution of 3%, but can change that amount at any
Thrift Savings Plan
9856860
who worked for 22 years and who had a top three-year average salary of $154,267 would be eligible for a pension payment of $84,847 per year. A member elected after 1984 would have been enrolled under the FERS plan, and their pension payment under similar conditions ($154,267 top three-year average salary, but with only 20 years of service, rather than the 22 in the CSRS example) would be $52,451. In 2002, the average congressional pension payment ranged from $41,000 to $55,000. , senior Members of Congress who have been in office for at least 32 years can earn about $139,000
Congressional pension
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of pay.) Once the contribution is selected it automatically renews each year at the same amount or percentage until the participant elects otherwise. As of September 2015, new employees will be enrolled in the TSP with a 3% deduction from their gross pay being deposited into the age-appropriate Lifecycle Fund unless they make another choice. In addition, participants age 50 or older under FERS and CSRS, or uniformed services may also make "catch-up" contributions up to the Code limitation, which is $6,000 for 2019. The catch-up contributions are tax-deferred and allow age eligible participants to defer up to $25,000 (for
Thrift Savings Plan
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of members of Congress. Representative Jim Cooper of Tennessee told Harvard professor Lawrence Lessig that a chief problem with Congress was that members focused on lucrative careers as lobbyists after serving––that Congress was a "Farm League for K Street"––instead of on public service. Members elected since 1984 are covered by the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Like other federal employees, congressional retirement is funded through taxes and participants' contributions. Members of Congress under FERS contribute 1.3% of their salary into the FERS retirement plan and pay 6.2% of their salary in Social Security taxes. And like Federal employees, members contribute
United States Congress
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personal mentor during the Fellowship. Mentors must be senior leaders and ideally from outside a Fellow's chain of command. Mentors assist Fellows with completing the requisite Individual Development Plan, identifying valuable developmental assignments, providing career advice, being a confidential sounding board, and act as advocates for Fellows. As employees of the U.S. government, PMFs earn annual leave, sick leave, and paid Federal holidays. PMFs are enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS). Upon appointment, PMFs may elect life insurance, health insurance, and Thrift Savings Plan options. U.S. government agencies are authorized to repay student loans under the Federal Student
Presidential Management Fellows Program
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are available (spouses' rights apply when the balance exceeds $3,500): Thrift Savings Plan The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) is a defined contribution plan for United States civil service employees and retirees as well as for members of the uniformed services. As of August 31, 2017, there were more than 5 million participants, and more than $500 billion in assets under management. The TSP is one of three components of the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS; the others being the FERS annuity and Social Security) and is designed to closely resemble the dynamics of private sector 401(k) and Roth 401k plans
Thrift Savings Plan
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CSRS will retain their CSRS coverage if they meet certain service rules. In general, if rehired employees have 5 years of civilian service as of December 31, 1986, they will retain CSRS coverage. However, if the break in service is greater than 365 days, the employee is also covered under Social Security and will be deemed CSRS Offset. Overall benefits paid to CSRS or CSRS Offset employees will remain equitable based on the number of years of creditable service and CSRS formula upon retirement. CSRS and CSRS Offset employees with a break in service more than 3 days are also
Civil Service Retirement System
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was not until after the war, in 1946, that Congress would be covered under the CSRS with the passage of P.L. 79-601. The justification this time was that a pension would "bring into the legislative service a larger number of younger members with fresh energy and new viewpoints" by encouraging older Members to retire. The Social Security Amendments of 1983 required all Members of Congress to participate in Social Security beginning January 1, 1984. As Social Security and CSRS benefits sometimes overlapped, Congress called for the development of a new federal employee retirement program to complement Social Security. This new
Congressional pension
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Act to expand the definition of "qualifying service," for purposes of creditable service determinations under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS) and the Central Intelligence Agency Retirement and Disability System, to include duties in support of intelligence activities hazardous to life or health or duties that are so specialized as to be clearly distinguishable from normal government employment. Title III: General Intelligence Community Matters - Subtitle A: General Matters - (Sec. 301) Declares that the authorization of appropriations by this Act shall not be deemed to authorize any intelligence activity that is not otherwise authorized by the United States Constitution
Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014
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periods have no impact on the calculation. The average pay includes all items for which retirement deductions are withheld (e.g., basic pay, locality pay adjustments and shift differentials), but not overtime, bonuses or hazard pay (additional pay for certain "hazardous" duty assignments, such as working in a combat zone). For the majority of FERS employees the annuity is structured to provide employees an incentive to continue working until age 62 (which is also the earliest age at which a FERS employee can collect Social Security benefits) and is calculated as follows: Separate calculations exist for certain workers (mainly Members of
Federal Employees Retirement System
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position and 7 times against the organization's position. In September 2009, Moran was one of 75 members of the House of Representatives to vote no on a bill to eliminate any federal funds going to community organizer ACORN. Moran introduced and supported legislation to increase benefits and pay for federal workers, in part due to the Federal Government's large presence within the 8th District – 114,000 federal employees work within its bounds. He introduced a bill signed into law that allows FERS employees to buy back credit from a lapse in federal service toward annuity payments, with the goal of
Jim Moran
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Thrift Savings Plan The Thrift Savings Plan (TSP) is a defined contribution plan for United States civil service employees and retirees as well as for members of the uniformed services. As of August 31, 2017, there were more than 5 million participants, and more than $500 billion in assets under management. The TSP is one of three components of the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS; the others being the FERS annuity and Social Security) and is designed to closely resemble the dynamics of private sector 401(k) and Roth 401k plans (Roth TSP was implemented in May 2012). It is also
Thrift Savings Plan
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powers, Peter II has abdicated to Tito. This date, when the second Yugoslavia was born under international law, had since been marked as Yugoslavia's national holiday "Day of the Republic", however following the communists' switch to authoritarianism, this holiday officially marked the 1943 Session of AVNOJ that coincidentally fell on the same day of the year. Milan Grol the Deputy Prime Minister resigned on 8 August 1945, on the grounds that the new government did not respect the principle of democracy and freedom of speech. After the "burning house" editorial of "Democracy" was published in the towns of Yugoslavia, there
Provisional Government of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
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was appointed the party's candidate by leader Stéphane Dion on January 3. Beatty defended her decision to switch from the provincial NDP to the federal Liberals saying that the Liberals have a better chance of taking power and "the one thing that I have found out [is] that you have to be in government to have say when it comes to policy or budget decisions or raising issues at that level." She said she was initially approached by the federal Liberals in the summer of 2007 but decided to run provincially in hopes that the Lorne Calvert-led Saskatchewan NDP government
Joan Beatty
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Mevlanacongress of the Selçukuniversity of Konya (Turkey) the Merit of Honour by the Turkish Secretary of State for Religion, Prof. Mehmet Aydin. Mohamed El-Fers Mohamed el-Fers (born 1950 in Haarlem) is a Dutch writer, musician and filmmaker. El-Fers was musician in Los Compañeros (Latin American), Nass el-Ghorba (Moroccan), Tiq Maya (Moroccan), Medina (pop) and Atlal (folkrock). With this last group he had in 1982 a number 1 hit in Egypt and Sudan and appeared in "El Alem Ghani" the Egyptian television show by Hamdia Hamdi. He published in "Hitweek" / "Aloha", "De Groene Amsterdammer", "Nieuwe Revu", "Algemeen Dagblad", the Turkish
Mohamed El-Fers
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Mohamed El-Fers Mohamed el-Fers (born 1950 in Haarlem) is a Dutch writer, musician and filmmaker. El-Fers was musician in Los Compañeros (Latin American), Nass el-Ghorba (Moroccan), Tiq Maya (Moroccan), Medina (pop) and Atlal (folkrock). With this last group he had in 1982 a number 1 hit in Egypt and Sudan and appeared in "El Alem Ghani" the Egyptian television show by Hamdia Hamdi. He published in "Hitweek" / "Aloha", "De Groene Amsterdammer", "Nieuwe Revu", "Algemeen Dagblad", the Turkish newspaper "Dünya" and "De Staatskrant". Together with René Zwaap, he founded MokumTV, one of the best viewed programmes of Salto TV, a
Mohamed El-Fers
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FBI Police The Federal Bureau of Investigation Police (FBI Police) is the FBI's uniformed security police force tasked with protecting FBI facilities, properties, personnel, users, visitors and operations from harm and may enforce certain laws and administrative regulations. They are endowed with full police powers of crime prevention, arrest, law enforcement and investigation within the following FBI facilities: The 240-plus FBI Police officers are classified as professional staff, which also includes intelligence analysts, language specialists, scientists, information technology specialists, and other agency professionals. FBI Police officers are covered under the Federal Employee Retirement System (FERS) and do not receive enhanced
FBI Police
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windows from activating the power window switch. Starting with the 2008 model year, U.S. government regulations required automakers to install safety mechanisms to improve child safety. However, the rules do not prevent all potential injuries to a hand, finger, or even a child's head, if someone deliberately holds the switch when the window is closing. In 2009, the U.S. auto safety administration tentatively decided against requiring all cars to have automatic reversing power windows if they sense an obstruction while closing. Proposed requirements concern automatic ("one-touch up") window systems, but most vehicles with this feature already have automatic-reversing. The federal
Power window
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was the central switching station of the Federal Reserve's Fedwire electronic funds transfer system, which at the time connected only the Fed's member banks. The Culpeper Switch also served as a data backup point for member banks east of the Mississippi River. In 1988, all money was removed from Mount Pony. The Culpeper Switch ceased operation in 1992, its functions having been decentralized to three smaller sites. In addition, its status as continuity of government site was removed. The facility was poorly maintained by a skeleton staff until 1997 when the bunker was offered for sale. With the approval of
National Audio-Visual Conservation Center
16705562
this became "ferz" or "fers" in Medieval Europe. Its name later changed to "queen", but when that name started being used for the modern chess queen, its former name "ferz" or "fers" began to be used in chess problems. In Russian and Ukrainian, however, "ferz" ("ферзь") is the current name for the chess queen. The ferz by itself is worth about half a knight. Three ferzes and a king can force checkmate on a bare king, if all three ferzes are not on the same color squares; two ferzes and a king can force stalemate on a bare king, but
Ferz
20393262
that the lack of an explicit appropriation for CSRs means that the payments can not be made. The decision in this case, "House of Representatives v. Burwell", was that CSRs required a specific appropriation, but stayed any cancellation of CSR payments if and when appeals to the decision were made. The arguments made in this case became the backdrop for why the Trump Administration would cancel these payments. On October 12, 2017, after months of speculation, the Trump Administration announced that they were discontinuing the cost sharing reduction payments, claiming that the payments were unconstitutionally circumventing the legislative appropriations process.
Bipartisan Health Care Stabilization Act of 2017
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that the effectiveness of CSRS on Interstate highway (or freeways or thruways) with paved shoulders is about 7% to 21% with an overall effectiveness of about 14%. The effectiveness of CSRS on the lower-standard primary highways (that are also divided) has not been given the same consideration as those on Interstate highways. The 2003 Montana study suggested that CSRS on primary highways can result in either worsening or improvement of crash rates. This may be due to variation in recovery zone width and condition, and other factors. The study also stated that unprevented crash severity may worsen, and the overall
Rumble strip
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of the CSR and the organization they represent. There are five key customer service skills that define the best CSRs: Although earnings may vary, the median hourly average for CSRs in 2017 was $15.81, in the US. People in this job typically have less than 20 years' experience. Skills that are associated with high pay for this job are those in customer service metrics, Microsoft Office, customer relationship management, and oral and verbal communication. Customer service representative Customer service representatives (CSRs), customer service advisors, or customer service associates (CSAs) interact with customers to handle complaints, process orders, and provide information
Customer service representative
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are at least 62 years of age. If members leave Congress before reaching retirement age, they may leave their contributions behind and receive a deferred pension later. The current pension program, effective January 1987, is under the Federal Employees Retirement System (FERS), which covers members and other federal employees whose federal employment began in 1984 or later. Another privilege is the use of the Library of Congress which is housed in three buildings. Established in 1800, it consisted mostly of law books which were burned by the British in 1814, but the library collection was restored afterwards with significant gifts
Structure of the United States Congress
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recommendations to the NPAFC. The meetings of the CSRS are held during the annual meetings of the NPAFC. The CSRS has the following sub-committees and working groups: The NPAFC Science Plan is a long-term plan for collaborative scientific research that is drafted by the Science Sub-Committee and reviewed and recommended to the Commission by the CSRS. The overall goal of the current NPAFC Science Plan (NPAFC Science Plan 2016–2020) is to understand changes in Pacific salmon productivity in a changing climate. Under this overall goal, there are five research themes: The Committee on Enforcement (ENFO) was established by the Commission
North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission
3999407
as a psychologist for the Victorian Department of Education from 1980 to 1985, when she was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly as the member for Wantirna. Hirsh was re-elected at the 1988 election, after which she was promoted to the position of Government Whip, but made an unsuccessful attempt to switch to the seat of Knox in 1992. After losing her seat, she returned to private practice as a psychologist. She made two unsuccessful attempts to move to federal politics, as the Labor candidate for the federal seat of La Trobe at the 1996 election and 1998 election. She
Carolyn Hirsh
135009
allows dealers to switch debt that is less liquid for U.S. government securities that are easily tradable. The currency swap lines with the European Central Bank and Swiss National Bank were increased. The Primary Dealer Credit Facility (PDCF) is an overnight loan facility that will provide funding to primary dealers in exchange for a specified range of eligible collateral and is intended to foster the functioning of financial markets more generally. This new facility marks a fundamental change in Federal Reserve policy because now primary dealers can borrow directly from the Fed when this used to be prohibited. , the
Federal Reserve
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active term. Representatives use the prefix "The Honorable" before their names. A member of the House is referred to as a "representative", "congressman", or "congresswoman". While senators are members of Congress, the terms "congressman" and "congresswoman" are not generally used by them. All members of Congress are automatically (without the option of withdrawal) enrolled in the Federal Employees Retirement System, a pension system also used for federal civil servants. They become eligible to receive benefits after five years of service (two and one-half terms in the House). The FERS is composed of three elements: Members of Congress may retire with
United States House of Representatives
17235005
far as Tlalnepantla, as far south as Tlalpan, as far east as Peñón de los Baños. In 1896 the then-municipal government of Mexico City (the "Ayuntamiento de México") authorized the Federal District Railways to change from animal to electric power. This order did not result in an immediate switch, because an analysis needed to be performed of the benefits and issues that switching would cause. The advantages of switching to electric included: The Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos (STE; translates as "Electric Transport Service") was organized in 1947, to replace the privately run "Compañía de Tranvías de México" ("Street Railway Company
Streetcars in Mexico City
5149580
retirement system following a transfer. In order to qualify for the standard FERS annuity an employee must have reached a minimum retirement age (MRA) and have a specified number of years of "creditable Federal service". Certain levels of military service may be purchased for a specified amount, but such repurchase is optional. The MRA is based on the employee's birth year as shown on the table below: For an immediate retirement (which starts 30 days after the employee stops working) or a deferred retirement the employee must meet one of the following combinations of age and years of creditable service:
Federal Employees Retirement System
5149581
Employees in certain cases of either involuntary separation, or voluntary separation during a "reduction in force" can qualify for early retirement. The employee must either have 25 years of service at any age, or 20 years of service and be age 50. Disability retirement is also a potential option for eligible federal employees with at least 18 months of service who no longer can perform their duties due to a medical disability. The FERS annuity is calculated on a base of the "high-3" average pay; which is defined as an employee's highest 78 consecutive pay periods. Years with 27 pay
Federal Employees Retirement System
4532241
of initial enlistment) receive a dollar for dollar matching contribution on the first three percent of their contributions from basic pay; and fifty cents on the dollar for the next two percent contributed for the duration of their first term of enlistment. FERS employees must complete three years of Federal civilian service to be fully vested in agency automatic contributions and any earnings thereon. Unless vesting requirements for matching contributions are met, the separated employee loses the unvested amount. Unvested surrendered funds are used to subsidize operating expenses, leading to the extremely low costs of the program to participants (typically
Thrift Savings Plan
10580537
local television station in Amsterdam. For MokumTV he made several documentairies, later released on DVD. El-Fers produced in 1996 for Hippo Records two CDs with Leo Fuld, the 'king of Yiddish music'. He wrote biographies on e.g. Jacques Brel, Mevlana Rumi, Oum Kalsoum and Bob Marley and published travel guides about Istanbul, Lourdes and Amsterdam. He also wrote an "Encyclopedie van Hollandse Heiligen", an encyclopedia on Dutch Saints. Together with Veyis Güngör, El-Fers took the initiative that would become the UNESCO Mevlana Year in 2007. See Mevlana800. For his Mevlanabiography he received on May 5, 2003 during the 3rd international
Mohamed El-Fers
5149578
day of a month (June 30, for example) will have his/her annuity begin on August 1 (as the entire month of July will have passed), but an employee retiring during a month (July 1, for example) will not have his/her annuity begin until September 1 (as July will not be a full month passed, but August will be). Eligibility for Social Security benefits and TSP withdrawals are covered by the regulations for those plans. Most new federal employees hired on or after January 1, 1984 are automatically covered under FERS. Those newly hired and certain employees rehired between January 1,
Federal Employees Retirement System
18177271
Consumer groups argued that the act would accomplish the opposite of its name, enabling bait-and-switch advertising and making comparison shopping on websites almost impossible. Jean Medina of the organization Airlines for America (A4A) argued that the federal government is "burying tax hikes in the advertised cost of a ticket, hiding these considerable charges from consumers who pay them." Nicholas Calio of A4A said, "It's a misnomer to characterize the current law as a consumer protection rule when it really protects the government, not airline passengers, and it's disingenuous for Washington to hide the ball and not be held responsible for
Transparent Airfares Act of 2014
3433636
speed control for a rotary engine. This was often called a "blip switch" or "coupe switch" (from the French term "coupez", or "cut") and when not being pressed, allowed the high voltage from the engine's magnetos to operate the ignition with normal engine operation in flight — pressing the "blip switch" cut the flow of high voltage from the magnetos, stopping the combustion process in the cylinders. When such a "blip switch" was intermittently used on landing approach, this allowed a limited degree of engine speed control, as rotary engines generally did not have a conventional throttle in their carburettors
Kill switch
19072421
hall between rue aux Fers and rue de la Cossonnerie sold fruits, vegetables, herbs and flowers. . Les Halles was the only food market for the city until 1558, when a second market, the Marché Neuf, was authorized along the Seine on the southern side of the Île-de-la-Cité, on what is now rue de l'Orberie. It opened in 1568, and included stalls selling fish, meat and vegetables. Efforts were made by royal government in the 16th century to make Paris more liveable and more functional, though a sense of urbanism, and of the city as a work of design and
Paris in the 16th century
16230821
what they want. As a result, the legality of lobbying took "strong and early root" in the new republic. During the nineteenth century, generally, most lobbying happened within state legislatures, since the federal government, while having larger jurisdiction, did not handle many matters pertaining to the economy, and it did not do as much legislating as the state governments. When lobbying did happen in those days, it was often "practiced discreetly" with little or no public disclosure. By one account, more intense lobbying in the federal government happened from 1869 and 1877 during the administration of President Grant near the
History of lobbying in the United States
5184180
Initially the district did not receive funds from the U.S. federal government. Its student body was entirely white. The servants' quarters in the houses did not have black children as the wealthy white families did not hire servants with families. As a result, HPISD had no black children in the 1950s and 1960s, when other Dallas-area school districts dealt with racial integration and white flight. The federal court orders to integrate had no effect in HPISD since it did not receive federal money. As a result, values of HPISD-zoned properties in University Park rose dramatically and the demographic makeup became
Highland Park Independent School District
10655288
2004, Lloyd retained the position, and did so until the 2007 Federal Election when Kevin Rudd and the Australian Labor Party won government. Rudd's first ministry eliminated the position of Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads. The responsibilities were given to Anthony Albanese, Minister for Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government. Accordingly, the old Department of Transport and Regional Services was renamed to Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government. Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads was a position within the Australian federal government from 7 October 2003
Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads
14625661
of America, its successor union. In 1937, the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) formed a new union for U.S. government employees, the United Federal Workers of America (UFWA), from local unions which had disaffiliated from the American Federation of Labor-affiliated American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE). The UFWA's membership, however, remained static (as did the membership of nearly all federal government unions during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when people were grateful for work.). Much of the UFWA leadership was leftist. The leadership was militant in its advocacy of the rights of its members, and most of the national
United Federal Workers of America
2058631
that prevailed in its immediate wake, the federal government did not move to Canberra from Melbourne until 1927. It was only at this time that the governor-general began to use Yarralumla as his official seat, albeit on a limited basis at first. Between 1927 and 1930 the governor-general continued to live principally at Melbourne's Government House, residing at Yarralumla only during those periods of the year when the Parliament of Australia was sitting. In 1930, Melbourne's Government House was finally returned to the Victorian State Government for use by the Governor of Victoria. However, Federal Cabinet had met at Government
Government House, Canberra
14408924
of Illinois and the Federal Government. The False Claims Act stated that Amerigroup had defrauded the government by discouraging women with advanced pregnancies as well as other high-cost patients from signing up for care under Amerigroup. However, Amerigroup argued that the state had previously agreed it was unwise for these patients to switch care provider. A federal jury ruled against the company, and Amerigroup settled the law suit in 2008 with $225 million. Amerigroup formed the National Advisory Board (NAB) in 2007 which focused on healthcare services for seniors and people with disabilities. The board was made up of community
Jeff McWaters
19081782
of additive salts on flavor. The research was supported by the North Carolina Experiment Station at Raleigh, NC. As of November 6, 1965, the "Indianapolis Recorder" reported that Gladys Royal had left the Agricultural and Technical College and joined the U.S. Department of Agriculture, being appointed to "an important research post". She became the principal biochemist at the Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS), evaluating federal research projects dealing with human nutrition and consumer use. Royal served on joint task forces including those for "A National program of research for food and nutrition" (1967) and "A program of research for the
Gladys W. Royal
3892249
harboured hope of becoming premier in a minority government, but this was brought undone when independent Peter Wellington threw his support to Labor. Springborg thus became leader of the opposition for the third time. Springborg lost the leadership to Tim Nicholls on 6 May 2016 in a leadership spill, by 22 votes to 19. On 3 December 2016, he announced his retirement from politics at the next Queensland state election. Months before losing the leadership, there was speculation that Springborg would make a switch to federal politics and therefore resigning the leadership, by seeking preselection for the safe National seat
Lawrence Springborg
2087777
that NDP voters would switch to the Liberals to block a Conservative government. This concern did not manifest itself in the polls, however, and the NDP remained at somewhat below 20 percent mark in the polls for most of the campaign. The NDP achieved 15% of the popular vote, its highest in 16 years. However, it only won 19 seats in the House of Commons, two less than the 21 won in 1997, and far short of the 40 predicted. There was criticism that Layton's focus on urban issues and gay rights marginalized the party's traditional emphasis on the poor,
2004 Canadian federal election
2225321
Michael was released into the witness protection program in January 2006. McVeigh said that he bombed the building on the second anniversary of the Waco siege in 1993 to retaliate for U.S. government actions there and at the siege at Ruby Ridge. Before his execution, he said that he did not know a day care center was in the building and that, had he known, "It might have given me pause to switch targets." The FBI said that he scouted the interior of the building in December 1994 and likely knew of the day care center before the bombing. Many
Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building
2475497
Flats site near Denver. He initially agreed to open a temporary dump near Idaho Falls to store waste until the federal government agreed to open a site near Carlsbad, New Mexico. When the federal government failed to open the Carlsbad site, Andrus refused to accept shipments of plutonium from Rocky Flats. Secretary of Energy James D. Watkins did not challenge Andrus's authority to close the border. In 1990, Andrus drew attention when he vetoed a bill, passed by the legislature, which "would have made abortion illegal except in cases of non-statutory rape reported within seven days, incest if the victim
Cecil Andrus
6902624
companies to turn on generators in peak demand periods. This was in response to AEMO ordering power be cut to tens of thousands of homes rather than instructing generators to switch on The plan also further incentivised gas exploration by increasing royalties to farmers, and ensuring that gas went to South Australians first On 16 March 2017, Weatherill eviscerated then federal energy minister Josh Frydenberg at a press conference in Adelaide. Weatherill told Frydenberg the Federal Liberal Government was the “most anti-SA government in living memory” and claimed the Federal Government's plan for Snowy Hydro 2.0 was a sign of
Jay Weatherill
11944382
ago when I said they ought to switch on the capacity to make the entire thing publicly accessible." Coordination of Access to Information Requests System The Coordination of Access to Information Requests System, also known as CAIRS, was a database of freedom of information requests made to the federal government of Canada under the "Access to Information Act". It was operated by the Department of Public Works and Government Services. It was created in 1989 to internally track requests, and eventually allowed for access to previously filed requests, previously released documents, and then current requests. By 2008, millions of documents
Coordination of Access to Information Requests System
3694334
the overall effectiveness of CSRS with a generous recovery zone is about 14%. Ice and slush filled rumble strips can be a concern, particularly so for milled centerline rumble strips. For this reason, some jurisdictions are reluctant to install them. A 2015 Federal Highway Administration study evaluated the application of shoulder rumble strips and centerline rumble strips in combination by analyzing geometric, traffic, and crash data obtained at treated two-lane rural road locations in Kentucky, Missouri and Pennsylvania. The results suggested that the effect of combining centerline and shoulder rumble strips further reduces run-off-road crashes compared to shoulder rumble strips
Rumble strip
3694333
present, these are often milled into the pavement. A 2005 National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) study concluded that overall motor vehicle crashes at sites treated with Centerline Rumble Strips were reduced overall by 14%. In these situations the opposite lane and any paved shoulder would function as a generous recovery zone. However, this study did not investigate changes in crash severity, as did the 2005 Montana study. It is interesting that the CRS reduction value is the same as the 2005 Montana CSRS study that indicated a 14% reduction in accidents on Interstate highways. This supports the hypothesis that
Rumble strip
9976146
been passed on to employers and patients (Levy, "AP/San Francisco Chronicle", 2/14). In addition, Caremark did not "adequately inform doctors" of the full financial effect of the switch and did not disclose that the switch would increase Caremark's profits, the lawsuit alleges ("Chicago Tribune", 2/14). ...The settlement prohibits CVS from requesting prescription drug switches in certain cases, such as when the cost to the patient would be higher with the new prescription drug; when the original prescription drug's patent will expire within six months; and when patients were switched from a similar prescription drug within the previous two years ("Hartford
CVS Health
4737216
In 1901, when federation under the new constitution came into effect, Higgins was elected to the first House of Representatives for the working-class electorate of Northern Melbourne. He stood as a Protectionist, but the Labor Party did not oppose him, regarding him as a supporter of the labour movement. The Labor Party's confidence in him was shown in 1904, when Chris Watson formed the first federal Labor government. Since the party did not have a suitably qualified lawyer, Watson offered the post of Attorney-General to Higgins. He is the only person to have held office in a federal Labor government
H. B. Higgins
3077138
been the only station in Saskatoon since going on the air in December 1954, had wished to switch to CTV once the federal government commissioned a new CBC station. In November 1967, however, the federal government declined an application by the CBC to establish a new station, with Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson stating reasons including cost-cutting by the government and the fact CFQC already existed to provide CBC programming. After this and further delays, the CBC was finally approved to launch a new station in Saskatoon. In a move that would come back to haunt the station, however, it
CBKST
224779
scans of two of the whale heads showed hemorrhaging around the brain and the ears, which is consistent with decompression sickness. Another conservation concern was made public in September 2008 when the Canadian government decided it was not necessary to enforce further protections (including the Species at Risk Act in place to protect endangered animals along their habitats) for killer whales aside from the laws already in place. In response to this decision, six environmental groups sued the federal government, claiming killer whales were facing many threats on the British Columbia Coast and the federal government did nothing to protect
Killer whale
17099069
centers, warfighters, other DoD agencies, government departments, and NATO allies. Department of Defense and federal government agencies can get access to the network with approval of the Joint Staff. Upon approval by the Joint Staff, DISA will work with the customer and the appropriate military department to arrange the service. The Defense Red Switch Network consists of four major subsystems: the Switching Subsystem, the Transmission Subsystem, the Timing and Synchronization Subsystem, and the Network Management Subsystem. The Switching Subsystem uses both RED and BLACK switches to provide an integrated RED/BLACK service. End users are provided with a single telephone instrument
Defense Red Switch Network
10863392
Spectra's Texas Eastern Transmission Pipeline ranging from equipment failure to incorrect operations to pipe corrosion. Combined, those incidents caused $12,036,495 in property damage, and the US federal government fined Spectra a total of $403,100 over that period. The most recent incident for that pipeline occurred on May 31, 2015 when a piece of the pipeline in the Arkansas River near Little Rock, Arkansas ruptured. Similarly the US federal government has imposed $154,700 in penalties since 2007 at Spectra's Algonquin Gas Transmission Pipeline for a single incident from 2010. An incident in 2010 from Spectra's Southeast Supply Header Pipeline did $561,563
Spectra Energy
842451
American Civil War, to women (except Native American women) in 1920, all Native Americans in 1924, and people over the age of 18 in the 1970s. When the District of Columbia was established as the national capital, with lands contributed by Maryland and Virginia, its residents were not allowed to vote for local or federal representatives, in an effort to prevent the district from endangering the national government. Congress had a committee, appointed from among representatives elected to the House, that administered the city and district in lieu of local or state government. Residents did not vote for federal representatives
Disfranchisement
151244
more than "a rope of sand" to unite the new nation. His view for the need of a strong federal government developed from his early years of frustration with British officials and his experience at Valley Forge when the Continental Congress failed to supply the military. The general populace did not share his inclination for a strong federal government binding the states together, fearing that it would become as overbearing as the British Parliament from which they had just freed themselves. Washington was reserved during the debates and voting, lending his prestige to the goodwill and work of the other
George Washington
3279204
wanted to switch to CTV. However, these plans were put on hold in November 1967 when the federal government denied an application for a new CBC station, citing budget cuts, among other reasons. Eventually, however, Regina's CBKRT (now CBKT) won permission to set up a rebroadcaster in Saskatoon. CFQC-TV, meanwhile, started airing CTV programs on tape delay in 1969, becoming a full-time CTV affiliate on October 17, 1971 when CBKST signed on as a rebroadcaster of CBKRT. The Murphy family bowed out of broadcasting in 1972 and sold CFQC-AM-TV to Baton Broadcasting, owners of CTV's flagship station, CFTO-TV in Toronto.
CFQC-DT
11756027
PSYOP campaign to prepare the countryside for Aristide’s return. Operation LIGHT SWITCH continued until late January 1995. CA working with other SOF units accomplished a number of other missions in Haiti. They assisted with the training of the Caribbean multi-national police forces, revising the elementary education program, organized city clean-up programs, conducted classes in selected towns on city government. Another major program was when Federal Judges from the U.S, who were also members of the Army Reserve, were dispatched to overhaul the Haitian judicial system. In Bosnia, CA troops encountered large-scale devastation for the first time since World War II.
History of civil affairs in the United States Armed Forces
3694347
and injury. In these situations, the rumble strip effectiveness can be negated but the crash implications are mitigated by the snow bank. Generally, deterioration of the shoulder asphalt pavement due to rumble strip installation is not a problem. However, if the sub-grade under the CSRS is poorly compacted or has poor drainage characteristics; or the gravel shoulder has eroded, crack(s) may form in the CSRS. Sand tends to fall into these cracks resulting in "jacking" of the cracks. Water percolates vertically down through the soil, but it also creeps horizontally under the paved shoulder. This may be a particular problem
Rumble strip
3694340
results were inconclusive. The study suggested that the differences in rumble strip-related crashes between Interstate highways and primary highways were due to the primaries having smaller shoulders than Interstates. Secondary highways are single-lane undivided highways, and CSRS would be expected to be less effective than on primary highways. The most serious problem would be an increase in crash severity. Also, there is the concern of drivers sometimes overreacting and crossing the centerline, resulting in a head-on collision. The recovery zone width and condition of single-lane highways can vary greatly. It appears that there may be no published before-and-after CSRS studies
Rumble strip
5217149
Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia The switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia was a change in the rule of the road in 1938–1939. Before 1938, Czechoslovakia drove on the left. In 1925, Czechoslovakia accepted the Paris convention and undertook to change to right-hand traffic "within a reasonable time frame". In 1931, the government decreed to change over within five years, which did not happen. The main obstacles were financial cost and widespread opposition in rural areas. In November 1938, parliament finally decided to change to right-hand traffic with effect from 1 May 1939. The occupation of the Czech part
Switch to right-hand traffic in Czechoslovakia
582382
two squares with jump onto a same-colored square for its first move, to help the sides to come into contact sooner. The "fers" changed into the queen over time. The first surviving mention of this piece as a queen or similar was "regina" in the Einsiedeln Poem, written in Latin around 997 and preserved in a monastery at Einsiedeln in Switzerland. Some surviving early medieval pieces depict the piece as a queen, and the word "fers" became grammatically feminized in several languages, for example "alferza" in Spanish and "fierce" or "fierge" in French, before it was replaced with names such
Queen (chess)
8953054
building of an infrastructure for survey, interviews-based, and participant-observation social research. The Center combines an emphasis on the insight and richness of cultural analysis with the strength of large-scale survey research. Christian Smith of the University of Notre Dame is the director of CSRS and the principal investigator on a number of the Center's current research projects. Center for the Study of Religion and Society The Center for the Study of Religion and Society (CSRS) is a research center at the University of Notre Dame in the United States that is dedicated to advancing social scientific understanding of religion in
Center for the Study of Religion and Society
8953053
Center for the Study of Religion and Society The Center for the Study of Religion and Society (CSRS) is a research center at the University of Notre Dame in the United States that is dedicated to advancing social scientific understanding of religion in society through scholarly research, training and publications. The Center brings a variety of faculty, students and other researchers together into a community of scholars engaged in empirical investigations, intellectual interchange and teaching crucial for advancing the sociological study of religion. Activities facilitated by CSRS include major data collection projects, seminars, colloquia, lectures, conferences, grant writing and the
Center for the Study of Religion and Society
1840873
Canadians. In early post-Contact history, the Beaverhills area was primarily used for commercial hunting. This led to over-hunting and the virtual elimination of beaver from the area by the 1830s and of large ungulates by the 1860s. The area then became valuable for timber until 1894, when fire swept through the area. In 1899, the federal government designated the area the "Cooking Lake Forest Reserve". But while the forest was protected, it did little to protect the moose, elk and deer populations. Thus, in 1906, five men from Fort Saskatchewan put forward $5000 and petitioned the federal government to set
Elk Island National Park
2596761
turn to close to the stock rail or open from it. When the switch rail was closed, a reasonable alignment was secured; when it was open, no wheel could run on it so it did not matter. As speeds rose, this was no longer feasible and the switch rails were fixed at the heel end, and their flexibility enabled the toe end to open and close. Manufacture of the switch rails was a complex process, and that of the crossings even more so. Speeds on the subsidiary route were rarely higher than 20 mph except in very special designs, and
Permanent way (history)
4465876
prices, including corn at ten cents a bushel and pork at three cents a pound, some farmers in western Iowa formed the Farmers Holiday Association. This group, which had its greatest strength in the area around Sioux City, tried to withhold farm products from markets. They believed this practice would force up farm prices. The Farm Holiday Association had only limited success as many farmers did not cooperate and the withholding itself did little to raise prices. Farmers experienced little relief until 1933 when the federal government, as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, created a federal farm aid
History of Iowa
3842166
other traditional sports were assembled in the same federation under Alper Yazoglu. During the 636th annual Kırkpınar of Edirne, Agha (mc) Hüseyin Sahin agreed with Veyis Güngör, the chairman of Türkevi Amsterdam, and Mohamed el-Fers (MokumTV Amsterdam) that they would unite their forces to promote traditional oil-wrestling in Europe and the world. For three days El-Fers filmed almost every match. On September 4, 1996, MokumTV started a weekly program on the A1 Amsterdam channel. It proved to be the start of fast growing respect in Europe for this unique and highly esthetic "mother of all sports". The late Hüseyin Sahin
Kırkpınar
2613450
territorial treasurer. The territory also had chancellor during most of this period. Secretary Auditor Treasurer Attorney General During the first or non-legislative phase of government, the federal government paid the salaries of the governor, the three-member judicial council, and the territorial secretary, which cost about $5,500 per year. In addition, a small fund of approximately $200 covered other expenses such as printing, postage, and rent. The federal government did not provide funds for any additional governmental offices such as the treasurer and attorney general. Salaries for these officials were paid from the territory's treasury. When the Indiana Territory reached the
Indiana Territory
12267143
it is today. The first instance of a formal law came when, in 1977, the Canadian government introduced data protection provisions into the Canadian Human Rights Act. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms outlined that everyone has "the right to life, liberty and security of the person" and "the right to be free from unreasonable search or seizure", but did not directly mention the concept of privacy. In 1983, the federal "Privacy Act" regulated how federal government collects, uses and discloses personal information. Canadians' constitutional right to privacy was further confirmed in the 1984 Supreme Court case,
Canadian privacy law