who wrote to kill a mockingbird and when was it published
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but Lee renamed it "To Kill a Mockingbird" to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait. The book was published on July 11, 1960. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I
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book, or Lee herself. Local residents call them "Mockingbird groupies", and although Lee was not reclusive, she refused publicity and interviews with an emphatic "Hell, no!" To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the
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To Kill a Mockingbird To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel by Harper Lee published in 1960. It was immediately successful, winning the Pulitzer Prize, and has become a classic of modern American literature. The plot and characters are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family, her neighbors and an event that occurred near her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama, in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The story is told by the six-year-old Jean Louise Finch. The novel is renowned for its warmth and humor, despite dealing with the serious issues of rape and racial inequality. The narrator's
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but Lee renamed it "To Kill a Mockingbird" to reflect that the story went beyond a character portrait. The book was published on July 11, 1960. The editorial team at Lippincott warned Lee that she would probably sell only several thousand copies. In 1964, Lee recalled her hopes for the book when she said, I never expected any sort of success with 'Mockingbird.' ... I was hoping for a quick and merciful death at the hands of the reviewers but, at the same time, I sort of hoped someone would like it enough to give me encouragement. Public encouragement. I
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To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Since the publication of" To Kill a Mockingbird" in 1960, there have been many references and allusions to it in popular culture. The book has been internationally popular for more than a half century, selling more 30 million copies in 40 languages. It currently (2013) sells 750,000 copies a year and is widely read in schools in America and abroad. Harper Lee and her publisher did not expect "To Kill a Mockingbird" to be such a huge success. Since it was first published in 1960, it has sold close to one million copies
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well as their impact on readers and viewers. To Kill a Mockingbird in popular culture Since the publication of" To Kill a Mockingbird" in 1960, there have been many references and allusions to it in popular culture. The book has been internationally popular for more than a half century, selling more 30 million copies in 40 languages. It currently (2013) sells 750,000 copies a year and is widely read in schools in America and abroad. Harper Lee and her publisher did not expect "To Kill a Mockingbird" to be such a huge success. Since it was first published in 1960,
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the book ahead of the Bible as one "every adult should read before they die". It was adapted into an Academy Award-winning film in 1962 by director Robert Mulligan, with a screenplay by Horton Foote. Since 1990, a play based on the novel has been performed annually in Harper Lee's hometown. "To Kill a Mockingbird" was Lee's only published book until "Go Set a Watchman", an earlier draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird", was published on July 14, 2015. Lee continued to respond to her work's impact until her death in February 2016, although she had refused any personal publicity
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it can't be any good.") and that general readers seem to feel they do not require analytical interpretation. Harper Lee has remained famously detached from interpreting the novel since the mid-1960s. However, she gave some insight into her themes when, in a rare letter to the editor, she wrote in response to the passionate reaction her book caused: "Surely it is plain to the simplest intelligence that "To Kill a Mockingbird" spells out in words of seldom more than two syllables a code of honor and conduct, Christian in its ethic, that is the heritage of all Southerners." When the
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outside immediately and pick up the pages," Shields wrote. When the novel was finally ready, the author opted to use the name "Harper Lee", rather than risk having her first name Nelle be misidentified as "Nellie". Published July 11, 1960, "To Kill a Mockingbird" was an immediate bestseller and won great critical acclaim, including the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1961. It remains a bestseller, with more than 30 million copies in print. In 1999, it was voted "Best Novel of the Century" in a poll by the "Library Journal". Like Lee, the tomboy Scout of the novel is the
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fewer than 100 pages to go. ... This should not have been published. It’s 280 pages in desperate need of an editor. ... If you were anywhere in the vicinity of me when I was reading the thing, you heard a horrible bellowing noise, followed by the sound of a book being angrily tossed down. ..." Author Ursula K. Le Guin wrote that "Harper Lee was a good writer. She wrote a lovable, greatly beloved book. But this earlier one, for all its faults and omissions, asks some of the hard questions "To Kill a Mockingbird" evades." "Go Set a
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to journey without weapons, and being saved from failure by his earlier decision to spare the life of the creature Gollum. Conor Cruise O'Brien wrote that Albert Camus was the writer most representative of the Western consciousness and conscience in its relation to the non-Western world. Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird portrays Atticus Finch (played by Gregory Peck in the classic film from the book (see To Kill a Mockingbird (film))) as a lawyer true to his conscience who sets an example to his children and community. The Robert Bolt play "A Man For All Seasons" focuses on the
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role because the book reminded him of growing up in La Jolla, California. "Hardly a day passes that I don't think how lucky I was to be cast in that film", Peck said in a 1997 interview. "I recently sat at a dinner next to a woman who saw it when she was 14-years-old, and she said it changed her life. I hear things like that all the time". The 1962 softcover edition of the novel opens: Harper Lee, in liner notes written for the film's DVD re-release by Universal, wrote: Upon Peck's death in 2003, Brock Peters, who played
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To Kill a Mockingbird (film) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. "To Kill a Mockingbird" marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley. The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success, earning more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck, and was nominated for
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Sarabande Film Classics series. To Kill a Mockingbird (film) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama film directed by Robert Mulligan. The screenplay by Horton Foote is based on Harper Lee's 1960 Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of the same name. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. "To Kill a Mockingbird" marked the film debuts of Robert Duvall, William Windom, and Alice Ghostley. The film received overwhelmingly positive reviews from critics and was a box-office success, earning more than six times its budget. The film won three Academy Awards, including Best Actor for Peck,
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tolerance and compassion. In 2012, she attended a screening with President Barack Obama at the White House to mark the 50th anniversary of "To Kill a Mockingbird". In 2015, she defended the release of Harper Lee's first draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird", "Go Set a Watchman", and its portrayal of an older, more bigoted, Atticus Finch. Mary Badham Mary Badham (born October 7, 1952) is an American actress who portrayed Jean Louise "Scout" Finch in "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. At the time, Badham (aged 10)
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to work on "To Kill a Mockingbird" by giving her the gift of a year's financial support in 1956 with the note: "You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas." Harper Lee wrote about this Christmas gift in McCalls magazine in December 1961. However, neither she nor the Browns ever disclosed their names, which led to years of speculation in literary circles until the publication of Charles J. Shields’ unauthorized biography "Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee". Confirmation of the story occurred when the Browns broke their silence in interviews they gave for
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by May 2018. The production began previews at the Shubert Theatre on November 1, 2018, prior to an official opening on December 13, 2018. To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 2018 play based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Harper Lee, adapted for stage by Aaron Sorkin. It is scheduled to open at the Shubert Theatre on December 13, 2018. It was announced in February 2016 that Aaron Sorkin would bring the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel to Broadway, in a new production produced by Scott Rudin and directed by Bartlett Sher. The
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To Kill a Mockingbird (2018 play) To Kill a Mockingbird is a 2018 play based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Harper Lee, adapted for stage by Aaron Sorkin. It is scheduled to open at the Shubert Theatre on December 13, 2018. It was announced in February 2016 that Aaron Sorkin would bring the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel to Broadway, in a new production produced by Scott Rudin and directed by Bartlett Sher. The book had previously been adapted for the stage but Rudin specified that this production would be completely unrelated to the prior pieces. On February
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is determined to break herself of a morphine addiction, Atticus tells Jem that courage is "when you're licked before you begin but you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what". Charles J. Shields, who wrote the first book-length biography of Harper Lee, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that "its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal". Atticus' lesson to Scout that "you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb around in his skin and walk around in
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and refrain from offering all forms of allurements, including financial incentives and rewards, in their acts of service." and "..as they carry out these ministries, fully respecting human dignity and ensuring that the vulnerability of people and their need for healing are not exploited."" These points are seen as to prevent false conversions which produce "Rice Christians". The term "Rice Christians" appears in Harper Lee's book "To Kill A Mockingbird," in Chapter 13. Scout's Aunt Alexandra uses the word referring to Missionary Society refreshments during "long reports on Rice Christians." "To Kill A Mockingbird" was first published in 1960. An
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who was inspired by Capote's memories of Lee as a child, was played by Aubrey Dollar. Harper Lee Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926February 19, 2016) was an American novelist widely known for "To Kill a Mockingbird", published in 1960. Immediately successful, it won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and has become a classic of modern American literature. Though Lee had only published this single book, in 2007 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contribution to literature. Additionally, Lee received numerous honorary degrees, though she declined to speak on those occasions. She was also known for assisting
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Monroeville, Alabama Monroeville is a city in Monroe County, Alabama, United States, the county seat of Monroe County. At the 2010 census its population was 6,519. It is known as the hometown of two prominent writers of the post-World War II period, Truman Capote and Harper Lee, who were childhood friends in the 1930s. Lee's 1960 novel, "To Kill a Mockingbird", earned her the Pulitzer Prize. The lasting fame of "To Kill a Mockingbird" became a tourist draw for the town. In 1997, the Alabama Legislature designated Monroeville and Monroe County as the "Literary Capital of Alabama." The town was
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Hull, and Jerusalem. In 1997, the Alabama Legislature designated Monroeville and Monroe County the "Literary Capital of Alabama." Monroeville, Alabama Monroeville is a city in Monroe County, Alabama, United States, the county seat of Monroe County. At the 2010 census its population was 6,519. It is known as the hometown of two prominent writers of the post-World War II period, Truman Capote and Harper Lee, who were childhood friends in the 1930s. Lee's 1960 novel, "To Kill a Mockingbird", earned her the Pulitzer Prize. The lasting fame of "To Kill a Mockingbird" became a tourist draw for the town. In
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50th anniversary of publication in 2010. In honor of the 50th anniversary, famous authors and celebrities as well as people close to the book's author, Harper Lee, shared their experiences with "To Kill a Mockingbird" in the book "Scout, Atticus, & Boo: A Celebration of Fifty Years of To Kill a Mockingbird". The book features interviews with Mary Badham, Tom Brokaw, Oprah Winfrey, Anna Quindlen, Richard Russo, as well as Harper Lee's sister, Alice Finch Lee. The 2010 documentary film "Hey, Boo: Harper Lee & To Kill a Mockingbird" focuses on the background of the book and the film as
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and humanist John Lovejoy Elliot. He notes that the book, "A Ministry to Man", was published in 1959, a year before "Mockingbird." Atticus Finch Atticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel of 1960, "To Kill a Mockingbird". A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel "Go Set a Watchman", written in the mid 1950s but not published until 2015. Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County, Alabama, and the father of Jeremy "Jem" Finch and Jean Louise "Scout" Finch. Lee based the character on her own father, Amasa
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poisoning in Baltimore and Washington, D.C. populations. It also features in the title and central metaphor of the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird", by Harper Lee. In that novel, mockingbirds are portrayed as innocent and generous, and two of the major characters, Atticus Finch and Miss Maudie, say it is a sin to kill a mockingbird because "they don't do one thing for us but make music for us to enjoy. They don't eat up people's gardens, don't nest in corncribs, they don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us." "Hush, Little Baby" is a traditional lullaby,
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Claudia Durst Johnson Claudia Durst Johnson is a literary scholar best known for her work on the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird", introducing the idea of the novel's gothicism and gothic satire. In the process of her research she befriended the author, Harper Lee. When the city of Chicago organized a One City One Book program in 2001 based on "To Kill a Mockingbird", Lee was unavailable to speak, so Johnson was invited to Chicago to present the book to the city. Johnson, a native of North Carolina, earned a PhD in Literature at the University of Illinois in 1973.
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Loiters in Mississippi. Meanwhile, A Mississippi Mother Burns Bacon" (1960). The same year Harper Lee published "To Kill a Mockingbird", in which a white attorney is committed to defending a black man named Tom Robinson, accused of raping a white woman. Lee, whose novel had a profound effect on civil rights, never commented on why she wrote about Robinson. Literature professor Patrick Chura noted several similarities between Till's case and that of Robinson. Writer James Baldwin loosely based his 1964 drama "Blues for Mister Charlie" on the Till case. He later divulged that Till's murder had been bothering him for
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Quarterly, December, 1993. “Discord in Concord: Louisa May Alcott and Nathaniel Hawthorne,” in Hawthorne and the Women of His Day. University of Mass. Press,1999 Claudia Durst Johnson Claudia Durst Johnson is a literary scholar best known for her work on the novel "To Kill a Mockingbird", introducing the idea of the novel's gothicism and gothic satire. In the process of her research she befriended the author, Harper Lee. When the city of Chicago organized a One City One Book program in 2001 based on "To Kill a Mockingbird", Lee was unavailable to speak, so Johnson was invited to Chicago to
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Leader", Kilpatrick also started the Beadle Bumble fund to pay fines for victims of what he termed "despots on the bench." He built the fund with contributions from readers and later used the Beadle Bumble Fund to defend books as well as people. After a school board in suburban Richmond ordered school libraries to dispose of all copies of Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird", because the board found the book immoral, Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined." With money from the fund, Kilpatrick offered free copies to children who wrote him; by the end of
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the mid-1950s and published in July 2015 as a "sequel", though it was later confirmed to be "To Kill a Mockingbird"s first draft. Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926, in Monroeville, Alabama where she grew up as the youngest of four children of Frances Cunningham (Finch) and Amasa Coleman Lee. Her parents chose her middle name, Harper, to honor pediatrician Dr. William W. Harper, of Selma, Alabama, who saved the life of her sister Louise. Her first name, Nelle, was her grandmother's name spelled backwards and the name she used; Harper Lee being primarily her pen name.
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Americans such as Zora Neale Hurston and Sterling Allen Brown, along with women such as Eudora Welty, Flannery O'Connor, Ellen Glasgow, Carson McCullers, Katherine Anne Porter, and Shirley Ann Grau, among many others. Other well-known Southern writers of this period include Reynolds Price, James Dickey, William Price Fox, Davis Grubb, Walker Percy, and William Styron. One of the most highly praised Southern novels of the 20th century, "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee, won the Pulitzer Prize when it was published in 1960. New Orleans native and Harper Lee's friend, Truman Capote also found great success in the middle
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novel and the feisty, independent, fiercely loyal Scout, in whom Harper Lee put so much of herself,” wrote Garrison Keillor in the "New York Times Sunday Book Review". “As readable, convincing, and engrossing as Lee’s literary wonder,” said the "Orlando Sentinel". The biography appeared in a revised edition in 2016 as "Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee: From Scout to Go Set a Watchman" (Holt). For the National Endowment for the Arts' "Big Read" initiative, Shields spoke to hundreds of audiences about his biography of Harper Lee for community-wide reads of "To Kill a Mockingbird". Several versions of his talks
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Harper Lee Nelle Harper Lee (April 28, 1926February 19, 2016) was an American novelist widely known for "To Kill a Mockingbird", published in 1960. Immediately successful, it won the 1961 Pulitzer Prize and has become a classic of modern American literature. Though Lee had only published this single book, in 2007 she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom for her contribution to literature. Additionally, Lee received numerous honorary degrees, though she declined to speak on those occasions. She was also known for assisting her close friend Truman Capote in his research for the book "In Cold Blood" (1966). Capote
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learning the school administrators were holding hearings to decide the book's appropriateness for the classroom, Harper Lee sent $10 to "The Richmond News Leader" suggesting it to be used toward the enrollment of "the Hanover County School Board in any first grade of its choice". The National Education Association in 1968 placed the novel second on a list of books receiving the most complaints from private organizations—after "Little Black Sambo". With a shift of attitudes about race in the 1970s, "To Kill a Mockingbird" faced challenges of a different sort: the treatment of racism in Maycomb was not condemned harshly
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at the Melbourne Queer Games Festival. The title "To Kill A Black Swan" was inspired by "To Kill A Mockingbird" by Harper Lee and was presented by German newspaper Die Welt in the category "Games-Knüller" (translated: "Big hit games") in 2015. The visual novel "Raven Curse" was published in August 2018 in English and German and serves as a free prequel to the "Raven Saga". In the game, the player takes control of the protagonist Corvus Raven and makes decisions at certain points to influence the plot. Marcel Weyers Marcel Weyers (born October 16, 1991, real name Marcel Sohrmann) is
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Go Set a Watchman Go Set a Watchman is a novel by Harper Lee published on July 14, 2015 by HarperCollins, United States and William Heinemann, United Kingdom. Although written before her first and only other published novel, the Pulitzer Prize-winning "To Kill a Mockingbird"and initially promoted by its publisher as a sequelit is now more widely accepted as being a first draft of the famous novel. The title comes from Isaiah 21:6: "For thus hath the Lord said unto me, Go, set a watchman, let him declare what he seeth." It alludes to Jean Louise Finch's view of her
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they can "shoot all the bluejays they want", they must remember that "it's a sin to kill a mockingbird". Confused, Scout approaches her neighbor Miss Maudie, who explains that mockingbirds never harm other living creatures. She points out that mockingbirds simply provide pleasure with their songs, saying, "They don't do one thing but sing their hearts out for us." Writer Edwin Bruell summarized the symbolism when he wrote in 1964, "'To kill a mockingbird' is to kill that which is innocent and harmless—like Tom Robinson." Scholars have noted that Lee often returns to the mockingbird theme when trying to make
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the two heroes. Hawkeye and Mockingbird fight back and defeat the two supervillains. However, Hawkeye later quits the World Counter-terrorism Agency when it becomes clear that his relationship with Mockingbird has become too strained. Hawkeye is quickly prompted to rejoin by Steve Rogers after a kill list targeting spies (including Mockingbird and Hawkeye's former lover Black Widow) was discovered. Hawkeye, Mockingbird and Dominic Fortune teamed-up with the Black Widow to uncover the reasons behind the kill list. They battle the new Ronin and the Dark Ocean Society. The new Ronin reveals himself to be Black Widow's ex-husband Alexei Shostakov, who
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than "To Kill A Mockingbird", saying that "it is hard not to feel some awe at the literary midwives who spotted, in the original conception, the greater literary sibling that existed in embryo. If the text now published had been the one released in 1960, it would almost certainly not have achieved the same greatness." Todd Leopold of CNN wrote that "Lee's graceful, drily witty voice, at once childlike and knowing [...] isn't lost in "Watchman," but one can see the impact of having a strong editor." He concluded that "The value of a good editor cannot be overstated." Tay
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Alabama after Autherine Lucy and Polly Myers were admitted (Myers eventually withdrew her application and Lucy was expelled, but reinstated in 1980). In writing about the historical context of the novel's construction, two other literary scholars remark: ""To Kill a Mockingbird" was written and published amidst the most significant and conflict-ridden social change in the South since the Civil War and Reconstruction. Inevitably, despite its mid-1930s setting, the story told from the perspective of the 1950s voices the conflicts, tensions, and fears induced by this transition." Scholar Patrick Chura, who suggests Emmett Till was a model for Tom Robinson, enumerates
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the narrative. This earlier version of the story follows an adult Scout Finch who travels from New York City to visit her father, Atticus Finch, in Maycomb, Alabama, where she is confronted by the intolerance in her community. The "Watchman" manuscript was believed to have been lost until Lee's lawyer Tonja Carter discovered it, but this claim has been widely disputed. "Watchman" contains early versions of many of the characters from "To Kill a Mockingbird". According to Lee's agent Andrew Nurnberg, "Mockingbird" was originally intended to be the first book of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing "Mockingbird" first, "Watchman" last,
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Kill A Mockingbird". Therese Nunn, Hohoff's granddaughter, said that it was disrespectful to her grandmother's work and legacy that the novel was published after only a light edit, considering the effort that went into changing and polishing "To Kill A Mockingbird". Jonathan Mahler of the "New York Times" compared the two books and praised Hohoff's large role "in reconceiving the story from a dark tale of a young woman's disillusionment with her father's racist views, to a redemptive one of moral courage and human decency". Mark Lawson of The Guardian found "Go Set a Watchman" more complex but less compelling
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The book is widely taught in schools in the United States with lessons that emphasize tolerance and decry prejudice. Despite its themes, "To Kill a Mockingbird" has been subject to campaigns for removal from public classrooms, often challenged for its use of racial epithets. Reaction to the novel varied widely upon publication. Despite the number of copies sold and its widespread use in education, literary analysis of it is sparse. Author Mary McDonough Murphy, who collected individual impressions of "To Kill a Mockingbird" by several authors and public figures, calls the book "an astonishing phenomenon". In 2006, British librarians ranked
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be the first book of a trilogy: "They discussed publishing Mockingbird first, Watchman last, and a shorter connecting novel between the two." Jonathan Mahler's account in "The New York Times" of how "Watchman" was only ever really considered to be the first draft of "Mockingbird" makes this assertion seem unlikely. Evidence where the same passages exist in both books, in many cases word for word, also further refutes this assertion. The book was controversially published in July 2015 as a sequel to "To Kill a Mockingbird", though it has been confirmed to be the first draft of the latter, with
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similar to the one he loses in "To Kill a Mockingbird". "Entertainment Weekly" panned the book as "a first draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird"" and said, "Though "Watchman" has a few stunning passages, it reads, for the most part, like a sluggishly-paced first draft, replete with incongruities, bad dialogue, and underdeveloped characters". "Ponderous and lurching", wrote William Giraldi in "The New Republic", "haltingly confected, the novel plods along in search of a plot, tranquilizes you with vast fallow patches, with deadening dead zones, with onslaughts of cliché and dialogue made of pamphleteering monologue or else eye-rolling chitchat". In "The
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an honorary special membership to the Alabama State Bar for creating Atticus who "has become the personification of the exemplary lawyer in serving the legal needs of the poor". "To Kill a Mockingbird" has been a source of significant controversy since its being the subject of classroom study as early as 1963. The book's racial slurs, profanity, and frank discussion of rape have led people to challenge its appropriateness in libraries and classrooms across the United States. The American Library Association reported that "To Kill a Mockingbird" was number 21 of the 100 most frequently challenged books of 2000–2009. Following
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as people. After the board in Richmond ordered schools to dispose of all copies of "To Kill a Mockingbird", Kilpatrick wrote, "A more moral novel scarcely could be imagined." In the name of the Beadle Bumble fund, he then offered free copies to children who wrote in, and by the end of the first week, he had given away 81 copies. When Lee attended the 1983 Alabama History and Heritage Festival in Eufaula, Alabama, she presented the essay "Romance and High Adventure". Late in 1978, Lee spent some time in Alexander City, Alabama, researching a true-crime book called "The Reverend".
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hired Silencer to kill Hawkeye when Hawkeye and Mockingbird found out there were illegal activities taking place at Cross Technological Enterprises. Silencer followed Hawkeye back to his apartment and attempted to kill him in his sleep. Hawkeye awoke before Silencer was able to shoot and, with the help of Mockingbird, foiled the assassins attempt at his life. Silencer was able to escape by jumping out a window. Later that night, Hawkeye and Mockingbird broke into Cross Technological Enterprises to try to find incriminating evidence, but were interrupted by Silencer. During the fight, both Silencer and Hawkeye fell out of a
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movie. She was the last surviving African-American adult who had a speaking part in the movie. When told of the award, she said, "I think it is terrific. I'm very pleased and very surprised". The film won three Academy Awards out of the eight for which it was nominated. Other nominations were for Its main competition was "Lawrence of Arabia", which won the Oscar for Best Picture, Best Director and Best Original Score. Peter O'Toole had been nominated for Best Actor for his performance as T. E. Lawrence, but Peck won for "Mockingbird". "The Longest Day" claimed the award for
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gift to the entire world. As a model of good writing and humane sensibility, this book will be read and studied forever." After remaining at number one throughout the entire five-month-long voting period in 2018, the American public, via PBS's "The Great American Read", chose "To Kill A Mockingbird" as America's Favorite Book. An earlier draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird", titled "Go Set a Watchman", was controversially released on July 14, 2015. This draft, which was completed in 1957, is set 20 years after the time period depicted in "To Kill a Mockingbird" but is not a continuation of
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awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of Notre Dame. During the ceremony, the students and audience gave Lee a standing ovation, and the entire graduating class held up copies of "To Kill a Mockingbird" to honor her. Lee was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom on November 5, 2007 by President George W. Bush. In his remarks, Bush stated, "One reason "To Kill a Mockingbird" succeeded is the wise and kind heart of the author, which comes through on every page ... "To Kill a Mockingbird" has influenced the character of our country for the better. It's been a
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victims, and Granville Hicks labeled the book "melodramatic and contrived". When the book was first released, Southern writer Flannery O'Connor commented, "I think for a child's book it does all right. It's interesting that all the folks that are buying it don't know they're reading a child's book. Somebody ought to say what it is." Carson McCullers apparently agreed with the "Time" magazine review, writing to a cousin: "Well, honey, one thing we know is that she's been poaching on my literary preserves." One year after its publication "To Kill a Mockingbird" had been translated into ten languages. In the
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it begins to impart morals in the courtroom drama, following with his observation that "the book has begun to cherish its own goodness" by the time the case is over. Defending the book, Akin Ajayi writes that justice "is often complicated, but must always be founded upon the notion of equality and fairness for all." Ajayi states that the book forces readers to question issues about race, class, and society, but that it was not written to resolve them. Many writers compare their perceptions of "To Kill a Mockingbird" as adults with when they first read it as children. Mary
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book. She also steadfastly refused to provide an introduction, writing in 1995: "Introductions inhibit pleasure, they kill the joy of anticipation, they frustrate curiosity. The only good thing about Introductions is that in some cases they delay the dose to come. "Mockingbird" still says what it has to say; it has managed to survive the years without preamble." In 2001, Lee was inducted into the Alabama Academy of Honor. In the same year, Chicago mayor Richard M. Daley initiated a reading program throughout the city's libraries, and chose his favorite book, "To Kill a Mockingbird", as the first title of
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schools, and attending events honoring the book. In 1961, when "To Kill a Mockingbird" was in its 41st week on the bestseller list, it was awarded the Pulitzer Prize, stunning Lee. It also won the Brotherhood Award of the National Conference of Christians and Jews in the same year, and the Paperback of the Year award from "Bestsellers" magazine in 1962. Starting in 1964, Lee began to turn down interviews, complaining that the questions were monotonous, and grew concerned that attention she received bordered on the kind of publicity celebrities sought. Since then, she declined talking with reporters about the
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published negative stories about the team. "Washington Post" columnist Mike Wise wrote "[I]t's hard to embrace everyone as a victim. With all due respect to those 'INNOCENT' bracelets worn around Durham this year, this isn't "To Kill a Mockingbird II." "Chicago Tribune" columnist Philip Hersh commented, "The idea that the Duke lacrosse team's success is a feel-good story makes me ill. . . it would be a bigger mistake to believe (the dropping of charges) means Duke's lacrosse team was innocent of assault against common decency." After proclamations by the North Carolina Attorney General, Roy Cooper, that the three students
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"To Kill a Mockingbird" was published first, "Watchman" is the first draft of the text that later became "Mockingbird" and the characterizations and key plot details between the two books are not only different but sometimes contradictory. In terms of plot, Tom Robinson is acquitted in "Watchman" while in "Mockingbird" his unjust conviction as the result of prejudice was a central part of not only the story but why Atticus is seen culturally as such a righteous and progressive character. His defense is based on not just Robinson's innocence but on his fundamental equality. His closing argument is a more
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and a shorter connecting novel between the two." This assertion has been discredited, however, by rare-books expert James S. Jaffe, who reviewed the pages at the request of Lee's attorney and found them to be only another draft of "To Kill a Mockingbird". Nurnberg's statement was also contrary to Jonathan Mahler's description of how "Watchman" was seen as just the first draft of "Mockingbird". Instances where many passages overlap between the two books, in some case word for word, also refutes this assertion. The book was made into the well-received 1962 film with the same title, starring Gregory Peck as
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impressive imagination and a gift for fascinating stories. Both Lee and Capote loved to read, and were atypical children in some ways: Lee was a scrappy tomboy who was quick to fight, and Capote was ridiculed for his advanced vocabulary and lisp. She and Capote made up and acted out stories they wrote on an old Underwood typewriter that Lee's father gave them. They became good friends when both felt alienated from their peers; Capote called the two of them "apart people". In 1960, Capote and Lee traveled to Kansas together to investigate the multiple murders that were the basis
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"To Kill a Mockingbird", a Lane cake is given as a welcome gift to Aunt Alexandra by Miss Maudie Atkinson. The narrator in the story is the young daughter, Scout, of Atticus Finch. Scout reports, "Miss Maudie baked a Lane cake so loaded with shinny it made me tight." "Shinny" is a slang term for liquor. Also in "To Kill a Mockingbird", Miss Maudie bakes a Lane cake for Mr. Avery, who was severely injured in an attempt to put out a fire in her home. “Mr. Avery will be in bed for a week—he’s right stove up. He’s too
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a year and has been the second-best-selling backlist title in the United States. Whether they like the book or not, readers can remember when and where they were the first time they opened the book. Because of this, "Mockingbird" has become a pillar for students around the country and symbol of justice and the reminiscence of childhood. "To Kill a Mockingbird" is not solely about the cultural legal practices of Atticus Finch, but about the fatherly virutes he held towards his children and the way Scout viewed him as a father. Parties were held across the United States for the
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any other film he has ever done. In 1995 "To Kill a Mockingbird" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". It is also Robert Duvall's big-screen debut, as the misunderstood recluse Boo Radley. Duvall was cast on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met him at Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City where Duvall starred in a 1957 production of Foote's play, "The Midnight Caller". The American Film Institute named Atticus Finch the greatest movie hero of the 20th century. Additionally, the AFI
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screen debut was as Boo Radley in the critically acclaimed "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962). He was cast in the film on the recommendation of screenwriter Horton Foote, who met Duvall at Neighborhood Playhouse during a 1957 production of Foote's play, "The Midnight Caller". Foote, who collaborated with Duvall many more times over the course of their careers, said he believed Duvall had a particular love of common people and ability to infuse fascinating revelations into his roles. Foote has described Duvall as "our number one actor." After "To Kill a Mockingbird", Duvall appeared in a number of films during
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Mary Badham Mary Badham (born October 7, 1952) is an American actress who portrayed Jean Louise "Scout" Finch in "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962), for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. At the time, Badham (aged 10) was the youngest actress ever nominated in this category. Mary Badham had no film acting experience before being cast in "To Kill a Mockingbird". The Oscar in her category went to another child actress, Patty Duke for "The Miracle Worker". During filming, Badham became particularly close to actor Gregory Peck, who played Scout's father, Atticus Finch; she
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when they receive instructions telling them to keep filming or die. "Bloody Disgusting" and "Indiewire" both gave favorable reviews for "Mockingbird", and "Bloody Disgusting" praised the film for its tone and wrote that while it "lacks some of the studio polish of "The Strangers", it actually feels bigger than that film in some regards." "HorrorNews.net" and "We Got This Covered" both panned the film, and "We Got This Covered" commented that ""Mockingbird" plays like an over-bloated "V/H/S" anthology segment that wastes a jolting start on generic, recycled "found footage" tropes seen a billion times before." Mockingbird (film) Mockingbird is a
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was the basis for the character Dill in "To Kill a Mockingbird". The plot and characters of "To Kill a Mockingbird" are loosely based on Lee's observations of her family and neighbors, as well as an event that occurred near her hometown in 1936, when she was 10 years old. The novel deals with the irrationality of adult attitudes towards race and class in the Deep South of the 1930s, as depicted through the eyes of two children. The novel was inspired by racist attitudes in her hometown of Monroeville, Alabama. Another novel, "Go Set a Watchman", was written in
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Robertson wrote that, despite four previous Academy Award nominations, "it was not until he won as Best Actor in 1983 ... that moviegoers woke up in droves to this great natural resource. The reason was that they rarely recognized Mr. Duvall from one part to another, so effortlessly did he vanish into each celluloid persona." Foote, who was so certain he would not win the Best Adapted Screenplay Oscar for "To Kill a Mockingbird" he had not attended the 1963 ceremony, made sure he was present to collect his award for Best Original Screenplay. The critical success of the film
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Ewell and Mr. Radley represent a form of masculinity that Atticus does not, and the novel suggests that such men, as well as the traditionally feminine hypocrites at the Missionary Society, can lead society astray. Atticus stands apart as a unique model of masculinity; as one scholar explains: "It is the job of real men who embody the traditional masculine qualities of heroic individualism, bravery, and an unshrinking knowledge of and dedication to social justice and morality, to set the society straight." Allusions to legal issues in "To Kill a Mockingbird", particularly in scenes outside of the courtroom, have drawn
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McDonagh Murphy interviewed celebrities including Oprah Winfrey, Rosanne Cash, Tom Brokaw, and Harper's sister Alice Lee, who read the novel and compiled their impressions of it as children and adults into a book titled "Scout, Atticus, and Boo". One of the most significant impacts "To Kill a Mockingbird" has had is Atticus Finch's model of integrity for the legal profession. As scholar Alice Petry explains, "Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person." Morris Dees of the Southern Poverty Law Center cites Atticus Finch as the
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the University of Alabama. On May 21, 2006, she accepted an honorary degree from the University of Notre Dame, where graduating seniors saluted her with copies of "To Kill a Mockingbird" during the ceremony. On May 7, 2006, Lee wrote a letter to Oprah Winfrey (published in "O, The Oprah Magazine" in July 2006) about her love of books as a child and her dedication to the written word: "Now, 75 years later in an abundant society where people have laptops, cell phones, iPods and minds like empty rooms, I still plod along with books." While attending an August 20,
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(1959), "Compulsion" (1959), "Inherit the Wind" (1960), "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961),and "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962). Arguably, "12 Angry Men" and "To Kill a Mockingbird" stand as the cornerstones of early legal dramas, garnering extensive acclaim, recognition, and awards. Despite underwhelming box office performance, "12 Angry Men" was nominated in three different categories at the 30th Academy Awards and appears on half of the AFI 100 Years... series lists of films, which celebrate the greatest films in American cinema. Likewise, "To Kill a Mockingbird" received even more acclaim, garnering three academy awards out of eight total nominations at the 35th
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robot's death wish." During one of his last televised interviews, Tevis revealed that PBS once planned a production of "Mockingbird" as a follow-up to its successful adaptation of "The Lathe of Heaven" (1980). The "San Francisco Chronicle" called "Mockingbird" "an unofficial sequel to "Fahrenheit 451", for its central event and symbol is the rediscovery of reading." Mockingbird (Tevis novel) Mockingbird is a science fiction novel by Walter Tevis, first published in 1980. It was nominated for a Nebula Award for Best Novel. A central character is the dean of New York University, Spofforth, an android who has lived for centuries
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20th Golden Globe Awards The 20th Golden Globe Awards, honoring the best in film for 1962 films, were held on March 5, 1963. "' Gregory Peck - "To Kill a Mockingbird" "' Marcello Mastroianni - "Divorce, Italian Style (Divorzio all'italiana)" "' Geraldine Page - "Sweet Bird of Youth" "' Rosalind Russell - "Gypsy" "' David Lean - "Lawrence of Arabia" "' "That Touch of Mink" "' "Lawrence of Arabia" "' "The Music Man" "' "To Kill a Mockingbird" To Kill a Mockingbird - Elmer Bernstein The Longest Day - Henri Persin, Walter Wottitz, Jean Bourgoin Lawrence of Arabia - Freddie
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father, Atticus Finch, has served as a moral hero for many readers and as a model of integrity for lawyers. Historian, J Crespino explains, "In the twentieth century, "To Kill a Mockingbird" is probably the most widely read book dealing with race in America, and its protagonist, Atticus Finch, the most enduring fictional image of racial heroism." As a Southern Gothic and "Bildungsroman" novel, the primary themes of "To Kill a Mockingbird" involve racial injustice and the destruction of innocence. Scholars have noted that Lee also addresses issues of class, courage, compassion, and gender roles in the American Deep South.
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reason he became a lawyer, and Richard Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook he taught from was "To Kill a Mockingbird", and an article in the "Michigan Law Review" claims, "No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession," before questioning whether "Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun". In 1992, an Alabama editorial called for the death of Atticus,
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over 188,000 visitors, the 2013 season broke all records. The 2014 season began with Arthur Miller's "All My Sons", directed by Timothy Sheader, followed by Harold Brighouse's "Hobson's Choice", and Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" re-imagined for aged six and over. Timothy Sheader also directed The Gershwins' "Porgy and Bess" with a cast drawn from Broadway and the West End. Following its sell-out run in 2013 , "To Kill a Mockingbird" returned to conclude the 2014 season, before embarking on a UK tour. "To Kill a Mockingbird" returned to London in June 2015, when Robert Sean Leonard reprised his role of Atticus
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historian of the Birmingham civil rights campaign, asserts that "To Kill a Mockingbird" condemns racism instead of racists, and states that every child in the South has moments of racial cognitive dissonance when they are faced with the harsh reality of inequality. This feeling causes them to question the beliefs with which they have been raised, which for many children is what the novel does. McWhorter writes of Lee, "for a white person from the South to write a book like this in the late 1950s is really unusual—by its very existence an act of protest." Author James McBride calls
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Best Cinematography, while Patty Duke was awarded Best Supporting Actress for her work in "The Miracle Worker". The film was selected for the 1963 Cannes Film Festival in feature film category, winning the Gary Cooper Award. Elmer Bernstein's score for "To Kill a Mockingbird" is regarded as one of the greatest film scores and has been recorded three times. It was first released in April 1963 on Ava; then Bernstein re-recorded it in the 1970s for his Film Music Collection series; and finally, he recorded the complete score (below) in 1996 with the Royal Scottish National Orchestra for the Varese
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he quickly rejoins after being informed by Steve Rogers that a kill list of international spies includes Mockingbird. Hawkeye and Mockingbird team up with the Black Widow to take on the mysterious new Ronin and the Dark Ocean Society. The new Ronin is later revealed to be Alexei Shostakov, the former Red Guardian and ex-husband of the Black Widow. During the final battle with the new Ronin, Hawkeye receives a strong blow to the head. When the battle is won, he assures Mockingbird and Black Widow that he suffered no ill effects from the blow. The blow to the head
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The mockingbird was known to perch on Jefferson’s couch and sing him to sleep after following him one by one up the stairs. Dick liked to sit on Jefferson’s shoulder as he worked at his desk in the study. In a trained gesture, Jefferson would even put food between his lips and the mockingbird would swoop down and take it from him. When Jefferson took out his violin and started playing, Dick would "pour out his song along with the violin," similar to a duet. An acquaintance of Jefferson wrote, "How he loved the bird! He could not live without
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in the declining of the populations in Ohio (where it has since recovered), Michigan, Minnesota and likely in Quebec. Dry seasons also affect the mockingbird populations in Arizona. In a paper published in 2009, researchers found that mockingbirds were able to recall an individual human who, earlier in the study, had approached and threatened the mockingbirds' nest. Researchers had one participant stand near a mockingbird nest and touch it, while others avoided the nest. Later, the mockingbirds recognized the intruder and exhibited defensive behavior, while ignoring the other individuals. The northern mockingbird is a species that is found in both
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15 seconds after they text. He explains how cell phone companies initially denied texting and driving was a dangerous activity. Indeed, Richtel notes, not a single state banned the practice when the accident occurred. Eventually, Reggie Shaw becomes a prominent advocate against distracted driving. He is forgiven by the families of the scientists he killed. Robert Kolker of "The New York Times" gave the book a positive review. He wrote, "As an instructive social parable, Richtel’s densely reported, at times forced yet compassionate and persuasive book deserves a spot next to “Fast Food Nation” and “To Kill a Mockingbird” in
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colour.' Kirkus Reviews found that 'Erskine draws directly and indirectly on To Kill a Mockingbird and riffs on its central theme: The destruction of an innocent is perhaps both the deepest kind of psychosocial wound a community can face and its greatest opportunity for psychological and spiritual growth.' In the beginning of the book Erskine dedicated the book to the victims of the Virginia Tech Shooting, which happened 3 years prior. Mockingbird (Erskine novel) Mockingbird is a young adult novel by American author Kathryn Erskine about a girl with Asperger syndrome coping with the loss of her brother. It won
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starring Steve McQueen and Lee Remick, which was based on his play "The Travelling Lady". The film was directed by Robert Mulligan who had worked with Foote on "To Kill a Mockingbird" a few years earlier. Foote generally wrote screenplays that were based on his plays, such as the semi-autobiographic trilogy of "1918" (1985), "On Valentine's Day" (1986) and "Courtship" (1987). "1918" and "On Valentine's Day" were shot on location in Waxahachie, Texas. His screenplay for "The Trip to Bountiful" (1985) attracted another Academy Award nomination with Geraldine Page winning an Academy Award for Best Actress. He also adapted works
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New York City, where she worked as a reservation clerk for British Overseas Airways Corporation; there, she began writing a collection of essays and short stories about people in Monroeville. Hoping to be published, Lee presented her writing in 1957 to a literary agent recommended by Capote. An editor at J. B. Lippincott, who bought the manuscript, advised her to quit the airline and concentrate on writing. Donations from friends allowed her to write uninterruptedly for a year. After finishing the first draft and returning it to Lippincott, the manuscript, at that point titled "Go Set a Watchman", fell into
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characters. The second part of the novel deals with what book reviewer Harding LeMay termed "the spirit-corroding shame of the civilized white Southerner in the treatment of the Negro". In the years following its release, many reviewers considered "To Kill a Mockingbird" a novel primarily concerned with race relations. Claudia Durst Johnson considers it "reasonable to believe" that the novel was shaped by two events involving racial issues in Alabama: Rosa Parks' refusal to yield her seat on a city bus to a white person, which sparked the 1955 Montgomery Bus Boycott, and the 1956 riots at the University of
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years since, it has sold more than 30 million copies and been translated into more than 40 languages. The novel has never been out of print in hardcover or paperback, and has become part of the standard literature curriculum. A 2008 survey of secondary books read by students between grades 9–12 in the U.S. indicates the novel is the most widely read book in these grades. A 1991 survey by the Book of the Month Club and the Library of Congress Center for the Book found that "To Kill a Mockingbird" was rated behind only the Bible in books that
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bands of their time." Spin reviewer Nate Cavalieri wrote, "Ignore the mouth-breathing rock bangers, and Mockingbird is as comfortable as well-worn denim." The first single from the album, "She Walks In So Many Ways," was released on July 25, 2011. Mockingbird Time Mockingbird Time is the eighth studio album by the alt country band The Jayhawks, released on September 20, 2011. The album marked the returns of the original front man Mark Olson, who had left the group in 1995 after the release of "Tomorrow the Green Grass", and long-time keyboard player Karen Grotberg. "Mockingbird Time" was the first new
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Daddicus Finch "Daddicus Finch" is the 648th episode of "The Simpsons" and the ninth episode of season 30. It aired on December 2, 2018. It was also dedicated to the memory of Ricky Jay, who guest-starred as himself in the episode "The Great Simpsina". When Lisa's part is cut from the school play Homer takes her clothes shopping to cheer her up. He expresses disgust at the sexualised branding on show, leading Lisa to view him as Atticus Finch from the book "To Kill a Mockingbird", her required reading. Homer responds to Lisa's appreciation and the two spend time together
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magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it "teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life" and calls Scout Finch "the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding". The "Chicago Sunday Tribune" noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: "This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... "To Kill a Mockingbird" is a novel of strong contemporary national significance." Not all reviewers were enthusiastic. Some lamented the use of poor white Southerners, and one-dimensional black
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Blind Justice (comics) Blind Justice is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Blind Justice went to Francesi's flower store to stop him, knowing that Francesi was a criminal running illegal operations in the neighborhood. He used his stun gun to incapacitate some of Francesi's men, but Hawkeye and Mockingbird arrived and tried to stop him, but he escaped. Outside he threatened to kill Francesi, who offered to buy his own life, but Blind Justice wanted only justice. Hawkeye came to the man's rescue, but Francesi suffered a heart attack and Blind Justice fled. Hawkeye
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considered autobiographical: "In my original version of "Other Voices, Other Rooms" I had that same man living in the house that used to leave things in the trees, and then I took that out. He was a real man, and he lived just down the road from us. We used to go and get those things out of the trees. Everything she wrote about it is absolutely true. But you see, I take the same thing and transfer it into some Gothic dream, done in an entirely different way." After completing "To Kill a Mockingbird", Lee accompanied Capote to Holcomb,
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judge in "To Kill a Mockingbird" (1962). He played the sheriff in "The Sons of Katie Elder". In 1966, he appeared in the film "El Dorado". In 1972 he appeared in the film "Night of the Lepus". In 1979, he appeared in "Wanda Nevada". Fix co-wrote the screenplay for the John Wayne film "Tall in the Saddle". Fix made five appearances as District Attorney Hale on "Perry Mason" (1957–1963), showing great skill as an examiner who did not ask objectionable questions unlike Hamilton Burger, who often experienced a judge's ire for asking leading questions. He guest-starred on such television series
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... I always thought Maycomb folks were the best folks in the world, least that's what they seemed like". This leads him to struggle with understanding the separations of race and class. Just as the novel is an illustration of the changes Jem faces, it is also an exploration of the realities Scout must face as an atypical girl on the verge of womanhood. As one scholar writes, ""To Kill a Mockingbird" can be read as a feminist Bildungsroman, for Scout emerges from her childhood experiences with a clear sense of her place in her community and an awareness of
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City who supported herself by working part time as an airline clerk and wrote in her free time. She had written several long stories, but achieved no success of note. One Christmas in the late fifties, a generous friend gave her a year’s wages as a gift with the note, ‘You have one year off from your job to write whatever you please. Merry Christmas.’ A year later, Lee had produced a draft of To Kill a Mockingbird which won a Pulitzer prize. Most proponents of UBI also argue that the net creative output from even a small percentage of
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Mockingbird (Tevis novel) Mockingbird is a science fiction novel by Walter Tevis, first published in 1980. It was nominated for a Nebula Award for Best Novel. A central character is the dean of New York University, Spofforth, an android who has lived for centuries yet yearns to die. The novel opens with his failed attempt at suicide. Spofforth brings a teacher, Paul Bentley, to New York. Bentley has taught himself to read after a Rosetta Stone–like discovery of a film with words matching those in a children's primer. Spofforth disliked Bentley and his reading knowledge. Bentley says he could teach
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by its publisher and initially described in media reports as a sequel to Lee's best-selling novel, "To Kill a Mockingbird", which was published in 1960, "Go Set a Watchman" is actually that novel's first draft. The novel was finished in 1957 and purchased by the J.B. Lippincott Company. Lee's editor, Tay Hohoff, although impressed with elements of the story, saying that "the spark of the true writer flashed in every line", thought it was by no means ready for publication. It was, as she described it, "more a series of anecdotes than a fully conceived novel". As Jonathan Mahler recounts
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Diane McWhorter Rebecca Diane McWhorter is an American journalist, commentator and author who has written extensively about race and the history of civil rights. She won the Pulitzer Prize for General Non-Fiction and the J. Anthony Lukas Book Prize in 2002 for "" (Simon & Schuster, 2001; reprinted with a new afterword, 2013). McWhorter is from Birmingham, Alabama, where she attended the Brooke Hill School. Among McWhorter's elementary school classmates was Mary Badham, who portrayed "Scout" Finch in the 1962 film "To Kill a Mockingbird". When the film was released, McWhorter was among the students who went to a viewing
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"The Story on Page One", he considered becoming a novelist and asked the film's screenwriter, Clifford Odets, to give him lessons in writing fiction. Bernstein wrote the theme songs or other music for more than 200 films and TV shows, including "The Magnificent Seven", "The Great Escape", "The Ten Commandments" (1956)," True Grit", "The Man with the Golden Arm", "To Kill a Mockingbird", "Robot Monster", "Ghostbusters" and the fanfare used in the National Geographic television specials. His theme for "The Magnificent Seven" is also familiar to television viewers, as it was used in commercials for Marlboro cigarettes. Bernstein also provided
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Kansas, to assist him in researching what they thought would be an article on a small town's response to the murder of a farmer and his family. Capote expanded the material into his best-selling book, "In Cold Blood", published in 1966. From the time of the publication of "To Kill a Mockingbird" until her death in 2016, Lee granted almost no requests for interviews or public appearances and, with the exception of a few short essays, published nothing further, until 2015. She did work on a follow-up novel—"The Long Goodbye"—but eventually filed it away unfinished. During the mid-1980s, she began
Harper Lee