how long does it take wood to petrified
millions of years
2526011
process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment or volcanic ash and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition. Mineral-laden water flowing through the covering material deposits minerals in the plant's cells; as the plant's lignin and cellulose decay, a stone mold forms in its place. The organic matter needs to become petrified before it decomposes completely. The process lasts millions of years. A forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest. Elements such as manganese, iron, and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood
Petrified wood
2526011
process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment or volcanic ash and is initially preserved due to a lack of oxygen which inhibits aerobic decomposition. Mineral-laden water flowing through the covering material deposits minerals in the plant's cells; as the plant's lignin and cellulose decay, a stone mold forms in its place. The organic matter needs to become petrified before it decomposes completely. The process lasts millions of years. A forest where such material has petrified becomes known as a petrified forest. Elements such as manganese, iron, and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood
Petrified wood
2526012
a variety of color ranges. Pure quartz crystals are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red, or another tint. Following is a list of contaminating elements and related color hues: Petrified wood can preserve the original structure of the stem in all its detail, down to the microscopic level. Structures such as tree rings and the various tissues are often observed features. Petrified wood is a fossil in which the organic remains have been replaced by minerals in the slow process of being replaced with stone. This petrification process generally results
Petrified wood
14628797
The Fayoum primates Fossils of Egypt Egypt has many fossil-bearing geologic formations, in which many dinosaurs have been discovered. Fayoum, Petrified wood protectorate in New-Cairo Area/ Cairo-Suez desert road & entire Western Desert of Egypt is covered in Petrified wood. This is one of the clues that the region was a tropical climate. The petrified wood is very diverse and many samples are very beautiful, often actually littering the ground in certain areas. The area of Uganda bordering Lake Victoria and the upper Nile River area is not unlike the climate of the Fayoum long ago, where many bird fossils
Fossils of Egypt
14628796
Fossils of Egypt Egypt has many fossil-bearing geologic formations, in which many dinosaurs have been discovered. Fayoum, Petrified wood protectorate in New-Cairo Area/ Cairo-Suez desert road & entire Western Desert of Egypt is covered in Petrified wood. This is one of the clues that the region was a tropical climate. The petrified wood is very diverse and many samples are very beautiful, often actually littering the ground in certain areas. The area of Uganda bordering Lake Victoria and the upper Nile River area is not unlike the climate of the Fayoum long ago, where many bird fossils have been discovered.
Fossils of Egypt
6496661
when he claimed to see Noah's Ark in 1943. Even creationist geologists doubt whether the rocks viewed by Cornuke are petrified and are urging caution. The research team included Arch Bonnema, film producer of The Genius Club and other well-known Christian businessmen. The oldest creationist organization does not believe the rocks viewed by Cornuke are petrified or Noah's Ark. Even Cornuke himself isn't completely convinced that what he observed was Noah's Ark or even if it was petrified wood. Associates for Biblical Research also produced a 7,800-word paper about problems with the Cornuke site. "National Geographic" critiqued the rocks at
Bob Cornuke
2526010
Petrified wood Petrified wood (from the Latin root "petro" meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of permineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (mostly a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically impressions or compressions, petrified wood is a three-dimensional representation of the original organic material. The petrifaction
Petrified wood
2526014
that can be seen in rarer specimens. Areas with a large number of petrified trees include: Petrified wood Petrified wood (from the Latin root "petro" meaning "rock" or "stone"; literally "wood turned into stone") is the name given to a special type of fossilized remains of terrestrial vegetation. It is the result of a tree or tree-like plants having completely transitioned to stone by the process of permineralization. All the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (mostly a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the stem tissue. Unlike other types of fossils which are typically
Petrified wood
14144079
the Sepulcher Formation; Mississippian limestones and dolomites; or Precambrian gneiss. Based on radiometric dates and plant fossils from it, the Lamar River Formation is considered to be of Middle Eocene age. Within the Specimen Ridge, exposures of the Lamar River Formation is well known for the fossils of upright standing, petrified tree trunks and multiple beds containing buried petrified forests and petrified wood concentrations. The concentrations of silicified wood, upright standing, petrified tree trunks, and associated buried petrified forests of Specimen Ridge and adjacent Amethyst Mountain are collectively known as "Yellowstone Petrified Forest". They have been known to science and
Specimen Ridge
20450184
Lemmon Petrified Park The Lemmon Petrified Park is a park and museum located off U.S. 12 in Lemmon, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The NRHP nomination describes it:If the traveler crosses the northern plains of South Dakota to the city of Lemmon, he will come upon a very interesting and unusual site—the world's largest petrified wood park. This site consists of 3200 tons of petrified wood, 100 tons of petrified grass, and tons of cannon ball boulders which are either standing in the condition they were found or stacked and cemented
Lemmon Petrified Park
20450185
together to form conical pyramids, pillars, various other configurations, and three buildings. The listing included three contributing buildings and a contributing structure. Lemmon Petrified Park The Lemmon Petrified Park is a park and museum located off U.S. 12 in Lemmon, South Dakota. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977. The NRHP nomination describes it:If the traveler crosses the northern plains of South Dakota to the city of Lemmon, he will come upon a very interesting and unusual site—the world's largest petrified wood park. This site consists of 3200 tons of petrified wood, 100 tons of
Lemmon Petrified Park
12661587
how long ago the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated from the Upper Midwest. These dates show that southwestern Minnesota was last covered in glacial ice at least 500,000 years ago. Several mansions and other notable buildings have been built using Sioux Quartzite. These include: Perhaps the most unusual construction involved Sioux quartzite and petrified wood: Sioux Quartzite The Sioux Quartzite is a Proterozoic quartzite that is found in the region around the intersection of Minnesota, South Dakota, and Iowa, and correlates with other rock units throughout the upper midwestern and southwestern United States. It was formed by braided river deposits, and
Sioux Quartzite
2991708
ashtrays and fruit bowls, and landscape and garden decorations. Petrified wood has also been used in construction. The Petrified Wood Gas Station, located on Main St Lamar, Colorado, was built in 1932 and consists of walls and floors constructed from pieces of petrified wood. The structure, built by W.G. Brown, has since been converted to office space and a used car dealership. Glen Rose, Texas provides even more examples of the use of fossilized wood in architecture. Beginning in the 1920s, the farmers of Somervell County, Texas began uncovering petrified trees. Local craftsmen and masons then built over 65 structures
Petrifaction
2991707
because these fossils tend to be very detailed. Not only are the fossils produced through the process of petrifaction used for paleontological study, but they have also been used as both decorative and informative pieces. Petrified wood is used in several ways. Slabs of petrified wood can be crafted into tabletops, or the slabs themselves are sometimes displayed in a decorative fashion. Also, larger pieces of the wood have been carved into sinks and basins. Other large pieces can also be crafted into chairs and stools. Petrified wood and other petrified organisms have also been used in jewelry, sculpture, clock-making,
Petrifaction
11798431
Teredina Teredina is an extinct genus of fossil bivalve mollusks that lived from the Late Cretaceous to the late Pliocene in Asia, Europe, and North America. "Teredina" shells consist of 2 short, hooked valves with a pair of furrows and each valve with transverse ridges. The overall body was long and clud-shaped. "Teredina" used the ridges on each valve to bore into drift wood by rocking back and forth; its long body shape allowed for large intestines for it to carry bacteria capable of breaking down the cellulose in the wood. Petrified drift wood with "Teridina" burrows can be found
Teredina
18353097
the appearance, if not the colour, of wood is retained. The surrounding sands became sandstone, which is now eroding away. In addition, there are a large number of welwitschia plants at the site. The site was declared a National Monument on 1 March 1950. Petrified forest, Khorixas The Petrified forest, located west of the Namibian town of Khorixas, on the C39 road, is a deposit of large tree trunks that have "turned to stone" through a process of diagenesis. There are at least two large tree trunks, each long, exposed to view. Several hundred others are located in the vicinity.
Petrified forest, Khorixas
2991709
from this petrified wood, 45 of which were still standing as of June 2009. These structures include gas stations, flowerbeds, cottages, restaurants, fountains and gateposts. Glen Rose, Texas is also noted for Dinosaur Valley State Park and the Glen Rose Formation, where fossilized dinosaur footprints from the Cretaceous period can be viewed. Another example of the use of petrified wood in construction is the Agate House Pueblo in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. Built by ancestral Pueblo people about 990 years ago, this eight-room building was constructed almost entirely out of petrified wood and is believed to have
Petrifaction
1956777
removal of fossils. Theft of petrified wood remains a problem in the 21st century. Petrified Forest National Park straddles the border between Apache County and Navajo County in northeastern Arizona. The park is about long from north to south, and its width varies from a maximum of about in the north to a minimum of about along a narrow corridor between the north and south, where the park widens again to about . I-40, former U.S. Route 66, the BNSF Railway, and the Puerco River bisect the park generally east–west along a similar route. Adamana, a ghost town, is about
Petrified Forest National Park
1224281
12.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 12.1% of those under age 18 and 16.0% of those age 65 or over. The city contains the Lemmon Petrified Park, the home of the worlds largest petrified wood park. This tourist attraction fills an entire block of the downtown area and is built entirely of petrified wood, fossils and stone. Construction began in 1930 and continued until 1932 under the supervision of Ole S. Quammen. It was in private ownership until 1954 when it was donated to the city by Quammen's heirs. The park features a wishing well, a
Lemmon, South Dakota
13089832
wood found in every state and from other countries. The samples include a variety of plant materials, including leaves, fruits, cones and bark. Other fossils and fossil casts are on display, including dinosaur footprints, whale bones and turtle shells. Mississippi Petrified Forest Mississippi Petrified Forest is a petrified forest located near Flora, Mississippi in the United States. It is privately owned and open for public visits. The forest is believed to have been formed 36 million years ago when fir and maple logs washed down an ancient river channel to the current site where they later became petrified. It is
Mississippi Petrified Forest
15788293
themselves [do not] come remotely near their authors' usual standards." In his review, reprinted in "In Search of Wonder", Damon Knight faulted the high-concept format: "The trouble is that, no matter how interesting the background may be, there’s probably at most only one dramatic way of using it in a story, and when you toss it up for grabs the best thing that can happen is that one out of three writers will use it effectively. The trouble is, further, that shoehorning the postulated background into three different stories does not unify them but makes them mutually contradictory." The Petrified
The Petrified Planet
2526013
in a quartz chalcedony mineralization. Special rare conditions must be met in order for the fallen stem to be transformed into fossil wood or petrified wood. In general, the fallen plants get buried in an environment free of oxygen (anaerobic environment), which preserves the original plant structure and general appearance. The other conditions include a regular access to mineral rich water in contact with the tissues, replacing the organic plant structure with inorganic minerals. The end result is petrified wood, a plant, with its original basic structure in place, replaced by stone. Exotic minerals allow the red and green hues
Petrified wood
14998131
Escalante Petrified Forest State Park Escalante Petrified Forest State Park (also known as Escalante State Park) is a state park of Utah, USA, located a half-mile (0.8 km) north of the town of Escalante. A visitor center was built in 1991, and features displays of plant and marine fossils, petrified wood and fossilized dinosaur bones over 150 million years old (Upper Jurassic Period). The Petrified Forest Trail is a one-mile (1.6 km) loop, winding up the side of a mesa to the top where most of the fossil wood occurs. Logs two feet or more in diameter are seen at
Escalante Petrified Forest State Park
11798432
in the Cretaceous rocks of Vancouver Island. Teredina Teredina is an extinct genus of fossil bivalve mollusks that lived from the Late Cretaceous to the late Pliocene in Asia, Europe, and North America. "Teredina" shells consist of 2 short, hooked valves with a pair of furrows and each valve with transverse ridges. The overall body was long and clud-shaped. "Teredina" used the ridges on each valve to bore into drift wood by rocking back and forth; its long body shape allowed for large intestines for it to carry bacteria capable of breaking down the cellulose in the wood. Petrified drift
Teredina
7431048
petrified wood which marks the location of the original Astro Station is found at the monument near Blackall State School. This petrified stump replaces the original blackened timber stump destroyed by fire. 'Beyond the Black Stump' is a syndicated cartoon strip, featuring Australian native animals as characters. It is published in papers across Australia including "The Courier-Mail" in Brisbane, Queensland. See their web site for more information (including some strips and characters). The Black Stump Music and Arts Festival was a four-day Christian festival that is held in the Greater Sydney Metropolitan region over the Labour Day long weekend, often
Black Stump
1224282
waterfall, and a castle. The castle weighs 300 tons and boasts towering spires and turrets. Also in the park are two separate museums, both built entirely of petrified wood. The larger of the two is circular has a petrified grass floor along with petrified logs. Dinosaur claws, bird tracks and fossilized snakes can be seen in the petrified wood. Also in the museum are antiques and artifacts from the Lemmon area. The formations in the park number over 100 and are up to 20 feet tall. The Boss Cowman Rodeo and Celebration is the second weekend in July, and is
Lemmon, South Dakota
4144309
north from its present-day position. In Louisiana, petrified palmwood is found in the parishes of Rapides, Natchitoches, Grant, and Sabine. Petrified palmwood includes a group of fossil woods that contain prominent rod-like structures within the regular grain of the silicified wood. Depending upon the angle at which they are cut by fracture, these rod-like structures show up as spots, tapering rods, or continuous lines. The rod-like structures are sclerenchyma bundles that comprise part of the woody tissues that gave the wood its vertical strength. Petrified palmwood is a favorite of rock collectors because it is replaced by silica and exhibits
Palmoxylon
6880207
indicating its presumed affinity, such as "Araucarioxylon" (wood of "Araucaria" or some related genus), "Palmoxylon" (wood of an indeterminate palm), or "Castanoxylon" (wood of an indeterminate chinkapin). Petrified wood are fossils of wood that have turned to stone through the process of permineralization. All organic materials are replaced with minerals while maintaining the original structure of the wood. The most notable example is the petrified forest in Arizona. Mummified wood are fossils of wood that have not permineralized. They are formed when trees are buried rapidly in dry cold or hot environments. They are valued in paleobotany because they retain
Fossil wood
20783849
Arthropitys Arthropitys is an extinct genus of calamitacean equisetale. The petrified fossils of Arthrophitys bistriata, the type species, can be found at Chemnitz petrified forest, Chemnitz, Germany. Petrified trunks of tree ferns, seed ferns, conifers as well as Cordaitales and different species of Calamites. The primeval plants were repeatedly discovered from the 17 century ongoing till today and mostly at Hilbersdorf, today a district of Chemnitz. In the mid-18th century, gemstone prospector David Frenzel (1691-1772) found numerous examples of this wood in the hills in and around Chemnitz. One of his 1751 finds is one of the few petrified wood
Arthropitys
19577650
painter. Materials: Jasper, black jasper, white jasper, sapphire, amethyst, quartz, snowflake obsidian, lapis lazuli, petrified wood and cacholong. Height 25 cm. • "Prisoners": Two prisoners building their shelter in a Siberian labor camp. Materials: Beloretsk quartz, ice quartz, jasper, zebra jasper, petrified wood, ruby, silver, sapphire and obsidian. Height 32 cm. • "Sauna I": The Thin and the Fat": A thin masseuse struggling with the literal and metaphorical weight of his overstuffed client. Materials: Beloretsk quartz, rose quartz, agate, obsidian, tiger eye, calcite, mahogany obsidian, petrified wood and cacholong. Height 24 cm. • "Sauna II: Woman": A woman of some
Vasily Konovalenko
19577647
The original clay model for this piece is in the DMNS collections. Materials: Beloretsk quartz, agate, Indian agate, jade, tourmaline, gold-plated silver, silver, sapphire, zebra jasper, jasper conglomerate, horn, dinosaur bone (fossil), sodalite, septarian calcite, cacholong, ruby and petrified wood. Height 34 cm. • "Grandmother": An elderly woman, seated outside, spinning wool. Materials: Beloretsk quartz, white quartz, rutilated quartz, amethyst, snowflake obsidian, jasper, aragonite, malachite, gold and petrified wood. Height 34 cm. • "Ice Fishing": A middle-aged man enjoying a winter day on a frozen lake. Materials: Beloretsk quartz, rutilated quartz, obsidian, tiger eye, agate, lapis lazuli, ruby, petrified wood,
Vasily Konovalenko
17574128
of their origin. In the past, these petrified wood accumulations have been classically interpreted to be prehistoric forests buried in place by air-fall volcanic ash and volcanic breccia. As noted above, it is now known that the petrified wood found within the Lamar River Formation is a mixture of material that were either buried in place or transported downslope by lahars and streams. In addition, more recent research has found that the lateral extent of the beds containing either transported wood and stumps or an in place fossil forest is, contrary to assumptions made by earlier studies, quite limited. Instead
Amethyst Mountain
4837117
commission. His son, Don J. Bobo, Teanaway Valley, Washington, inherited his father's collection of about one ton of petrified wood. In 1963, Wanapum Dam was completed about four miles (6 km) downstream, raising the water level of the Columbia River. A new Interpretive Center was constructed and about 60 petroglyphs salvaged from the rising water. Many of the salvaged petroglyphs are on display at the Interpretive Center. In October 1965, the National Park Service designated the Ginkgo Petrified Forest as a National Natural Landmark. Petrified wood was named the Washington state gem by the state legislature in 1975. The park
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
12791067
prevent the pots from sticking together by using ash. When the pots are loaded into the kiln, wood gatherers bring in wood by the truckload for this firing. The wood comes from as far away as 60 kilometers, and is generally harder wood. The firing process differs from western firing because the fire master does not know the specific temperatures that they fire pots to. Instead, they measure how long to fire these pots for based on how many truckloads of wood they have to use and the duration. Although every wood kiln firing is different, they tend to fire
Kyaukmyaung (Sagaing)
20020677
in the world; The largest specimen is 2 m in diameter and 15 m in length. There are also fossils of leaves corresponding to four genera of primitive plants resembling the present ferns and palms. According to Robert E. Shoemaker, a noted paleobotanist who studied the area between 1975 and 1976, the amount of petrified trunks contained in such a compact area represent one of the largest collections of this type in the world, comparable perhaps to Arizona's Petrified Forest National Park in the U.S. Puyango Petrified Forest Puyango Petrified Forest is a fossil deposit of petrified wood located in
Puyango Petrified Forest
1956796
the late 19th century. After the Southwest became part of the U.S., explorers continued to look for good east–west routes along the 35th parallel. In 1853, a crew led by U.S. Army Lieutenant Amiel Whipple surveyed along a sandy wash in the northern part of the Petrified Forest. So impressed was Whipple by the petrified wood along the banks of the arroyo that he named it Lithodendron Creek (Stone Tree Creek). Geologist Jules Marcou, a member of the Whipple expedition, observed that the petrified trees were from the Triassic. A slightly later route along the parallel was a wagon road,
Petrified Forest National Park
18584390
with, she strikes up a deal with him as a means of conditioning herself against the habit. Still, Mace cannot help but ask ""- how does one forget?"" and ""- how long does one take to do it?"". Anthony points out that ""- what's important is to forget"" - how and how long was ""- up to her"". In Baguio, Mace makes up her mind about what to do next, declines Anthony's offer to help and lugs her baggage around on her own - something that, although slow, is still manageable. At an art exhibit, Mace discovers Anthony's unfulfilled passion
That Thing Called Tadhana
11917483
54 degrees! [Executive Producer/Head Writer] Brad Bell came up to me and said, "How does it feel to be Emmy nominated?" For that year, Wood submitted the scenes in which Steffy is informed of the end of her affair with Bill. In 2013, Wood garnered her second consecutive nomination in that category at the 40th Daytime Emmy Awards, in which she submitted the scenes where Steffy surprises Liam (Scott Clifton) by presenting him with signed annulment papers. In May 2013, news broke that Wood had opted not to renew her contract with the show in order to take another break.
Jacqueline MacInnes Wood
1955187
as it is vulnerable to decay, insect damage, and fire. It therefore forms an important hidden element in the art history of many cultures. Outdoor wood sculptures do not last long in most parts of the world, so it is still unknown how the totem pole tradition developed. Many of the most important sculptures of China and Japan in particular are in wood, and so are the great majority of African sculpture and that of Oceania and other regions. Wood is light and can take very fine detail so it is highly suitable for masks and other sculpture intended to
Wood carving
4604403
Araucarioxylon arizonicum Araucarioxylon arizonicum is an extinct species of conifer that is the state fossil of Arizona. The species is known from massive tree trunks that weather out of the Chinle Formation in desert badlands of northern Arizona and adjacent New Mexico and Chemnitz petrified forest in Chemnitz, Germany, most notably in the Petrified Forest National Park. There, these trunks are locally so abundant that they have been used as building materials. The petrified wood of this tree is frequently referred to as "Rainbow wood" because of the large variety of colors some specimens exhibit. The red and yellow are
Araucarioxylon arizonicum
9451740
location in Italy, Wood performed her own stunts in a drowning scene. Wood learned about her Daytime Emmy nomination just before filming a scene in the Adriatic sea, stating, "I was just about to shoot a scene in the Adriatic sea in Italy. The water was only 54 degrees! [Executive Producer/Head Writer] Brad Bell came up to me and said, "How does it feel to be Emmy nominated?" In May 2013, news broke that Wood had opted not to renew her contract with the show to take another break. According to "Soaps In Depth", "[The producers] threw a lot of
Steffy Forrester
4837115
Columbia River from the Beverly Gap to the Snake River. The Wanapum people first welcomed white strangers in the area during Lewis and Clark's expeditions across the United States. They lived by fishing and agriculture, carved over 300 petroglyphs into the basalt cliffs, and may have used the petrified wood exposed by erosion for arrowheads and other tools. According to documentation at the park, Wanapum never fought white settlers, did not sign a treaty with them, and, as a result, retained no federally recognized right to the land. Around 1927, highway workers noticed the petrified wood, leading geologist George F.
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
1956800
Lyndon B. Johnson, wilderness areas (where human activity is limited), were designated in the park. In 2004, President George W. Bush signed a bill authorizing the eventual expansion of the park from 93,353 acres (about 146 mi or 378 km) to 218,533 acres (about 341 mi or 884 km). Theft of petrified wood is still a problem. Despite a guard force of seven National Park Service rangers, fences, warning signs, and the threat of a $325 fine, an estimated of the fossil wood is stolen from the Petrified Forest every year. Jessee Walter Fewkes, the first archeologist to visit Puerco
Petrified Forest National Park
17283115
of the few petrified wood specimens still possessing its roots. Later a collector, the Hilbersdorf contractor Güldner, bequeathed some of the petrified logs to King Albert Museum in Chemnitz. The first director of the Museum, Johann Traugott Sterzel, took over the investigation of the findings. The Sterzeleanum in the museum (the petrified forest display) is dedicated to him. The petrified forest was formed in connection with the eruption of the Zeisigwald volcano in the lower Permian and dates back about 291 million years. The trees were uprooted or snapped off by the eruption and the amount of tephra, much like
Chemnitz petrified forest
4837114
the Neogene period, around 15.5 million years ago. During the Miocene, the region was lush and wet, home to many plant species now extinct. A number of these trees were buried in volcanic ash, and the organic matter in the tree trunks was gradually replaced by minerals in the groundwater; the resulting petrified wood was protected for millennia by flows of basalt. Near the end of the last ice age, the catastrophic Missoula Floods (about 15,000 BCE) eroded the basalt, exposing some of the petrified wood. In prehistoric times, the Wanapum tribe of Native Americans inhabited the region along the
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
1956786
During the Late Triassic, downed trees accumulating in river channels in what became the park were buried periodically by sediment containing volcanic ash. Groundwater dissolved silica (silicon dioxide) from the ash and carried it into the logs, where it formed quartz crystals that gradually replaced the organic matter. Traces of iron oxide and other substances combined with the silica to create varied colors in the petrified wood. In Petrified Forest National Park, most of the logs in the park retained their original external form during petrification but lost their internal structure. However, a small fraction of the logs and most
Petrified Forest National Park
4837113
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park/Wanapum Recreational Area is a geologic preserve and public recreation area covering on the western shoreline of the Columbia River's Wanapum Reservoir at Vantage, Washington. Petrified wood was discovered in the region in the early 1930s, which led to creation of the state park as a national historic preserve. Over 50 species are found petrified at the site, including ginkgo, sweetgum, redwood, Douglas fir, walnut, spruce, elm, maple, horse chestnut, cottonwood, magnolia, madrone, sassafras, yew, and witch hazel. The strata the park lies in is identified as the Miocene epoch of
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
9907509
National Forest. The Yellowstone River flows north on the eastern flank of the range. The Madison Range parallels the Gallatins to the west. The northern end of the range is near Livingston, Montana and Bozeman Pass separates the Gallatins from the Bridger Mountains to the north. The range is an integral part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem and has grizzly bears, wolves and other threatened and endangered species also found in Yellowstone National Park. Within the Gallatin Range, the Gallatin Petrified Forest is one of the largest petrified forests of the Eocene Epoch. The petrified wood that comprise it consist
Gallatin Range
8350135
original broadcast, white light was used. To help the performers cope with the rhythmic chaos "[t]hey wore headphones under their hoods, so they could hear the percussion beats." There is an element of chance in this piece in that Beckett does not indicate how the footsteps should differ nor which instruments should be used other than they should be percussive ("say drum, gong, triangle, wood block"). He also doesn’t specify a required sequence for the colors. The play is shown as recorded, with no cuts, just one fixed long take. Beckett had originally calculated its length at 25 minutes but,
Quad (play)
4002922
is likely the very simple and indistinct line-drawings of the bones. However, It was later recognized as a sauropod. The original publication described little in the way of diagnostic characteristics and was only supported by a few line drawings. This has led to speculation that the bones might actually be petrified wood, akin to the way the original discoverers of "Sauroposeidon" initially believed their find to be fossilized tree trunks. According to the published description, the shin bone (tibia) of "Bruhathkayosaurus" is long. This is 29 percent larger than the tibia of "Argentinosaurus", which is only long. The fragmentary femur
Bruhathkayosaurus
12590362
of "Lepidodendron" trees are found in their original growth positions. The fossilized remains of conifer and angiosperm roots, stems and branches may be locally abundant in lake and inshore sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. Sequoia and its allies, magnolia, oak, and palms are often found. Petrified wood is common in some parts of the world, and is most frequently found in arid or desert areas where it is more readily exposed by erosion. Petrified wood is often heavily silicified (the organic material replaced by silicon dioxide), and the impregnated tissue is often preserved in fine detail. Such
Plant
17355259
National Fossil Wood Park, Sathanur National Fossil Wood Park, Sathanur is a National Geo-heritage Monument of India The petrified tree trunk is believed to be over 120 million years old, and is considered to be evidence for the presence of a sea during the Cretaceous period in this area. This fossil is of a conifer, measures around 18 meters long and a geological treasure. Similar fossilized tree trunks have been found in nearby Varagur, Anaipadi, Alundalippur, and Saradamangalam, all located within of Sathanur. This national park is open to public throughout the year. Early visitors (1960s to 1980s) caused some
National Fossil Wood Park, Sathanur
17355261
Hindu" - 16 August 2010 2. Tamil article by Neethi Sengottaiyan - Navigate to the bottom National Fossil Wood Park, Sathanur National Fossil Wood Park, Sathanur is a National Geo-heritage Monument of India The petrified tree trunk is believed to be over 120 million years old, and is considered to be evidence for the presence of a sea during the Cretaceous period in this area. This fossil is of a conifer, measures around 18 meters long and a geological treasure. Similar fossilized tree trunks have been found in nearby Varagur, Anaipadi, Alundalippur, and Saradamangalam, all located within of Sathanur. This
National Fossil Wood Park, Sathanur
4837118
museum has displays of both petrified wood and Wanapum petroglyphs. The park's Trees of Stone Interpretive Trail follows an exposed section of prehistoric Lake Vantage past 22 species of petrified logs that were left where they were discovered in the 1930s. The trail includes a 1.5-mile loop through sagebrush-covered hills and a longer 2.5-mile loop. The park also has of Columbia River shoreline with swimming and boating access as well as camping facilities. Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park/Wanapum Recreational Area is a geologic preserve and public recreation area covering on the western shoreline of the
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
11667062
no longer was enough water to survive. There are some species of plants remaining, such as salsola and clumps of nara, adapted to surviving off the morning mist and very rare rainfall. The remaining skeletons of the trees, which are believed to have died 600–700 years ago (ca. 1340-1430), are now black because the intense sun has scorched them. Though not petrified, the wood does not decompose because it is so dry. Films partly shot there include "The Cell" (starring Jennifer Lopez), "The Fall", and "Ghajini". Deadvlei Deadvlei is a white clay pan located near the more famous salt pan
Deadvlei
16939304
finish evolving into modern humans. However, now people were menaced by dangerous carnivores such as giant bears and mountain lions. To protect humanity the Twin Heroes traveled the land and destroyed these threats with lightning. Their flesh burnt away and their bones were baked hard like stone. In 1853 the Pacific Railroad Exploration survey became the first to write about Arizona's petrified forest. In 1873 the Smithsonian sent an expedition through Fort Wingate to the petrified forest to collect samples of the eponymous petrified wood. In 1900 the United States Geological Survey dedicated a report to the local petrified forest.
Paleontology in Arizona
1956787
of the park's petrified animal bones have cells and other spaces that are mineral-filled but still retain much of their original organic structure. With these permineralized fossils, it is possible to study the cellular make-up of the original organisms with the aid of a microscope. Other organic matter—typically leaves, seeds, cones, pollen grains, spores, small stems, and fish, insect, and animal remains—have been preserved in the park as compression fossils, flattened by the weight of the sediments above until only a thin film remains in the rock. Much of the park’s petrified wood is from "Araucarioxylon arizonicum" trees, while some
Petrified Forest National Park
20020676
sea dried up, populated with forests and animals, organisms that after hundreds of years, due to great natural events were buried underground. Finally, by geological movements typical of the Earth's crust, these remains came to the surface again forming an invaluable sample of the remote past of the planet. The most recent fossils found are 60 million years old and the oldest fossils reach 500 million years. The main attraction of the Puyango Petrified Forest are the petrified trees of the Araucarioxylon genus. The fossils are about 100 million years old and are perhaps the largest collection of petrified wood
Puyango Petrified Forest
2991710
served as either a family home or ceremonial center. Recently, at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), wood samples have successfully been artificially petrified, unlike what is obtained naturally though, by being infiltrated in acidic solutions, diffused internally with titanium and carbon and fired in a high temperature oven (circa 1400 °C) in an inert atmosphere to yield a man-made ceramic matrix composite of titanium carbide and silicon carbide still showing the initial structure of wood. Future uses would see these artificially petrified wood ceramic materials eventually replace metal-based superalloys (which are coated with ultrahard ceramics) in the tool industry.
Petrifaction
5247466
understand and test an existing theory because no variables are vague and all variables are modifiable. Consider a model of memory built by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968, it showed how rehearsal leads to long-term memory, where the information being rehearsed would be stored. Despite the advancement it made in revealing the function of memory, this model fails to provide answers to crucial questions like: how much information can be rehearsed at a time? How long does it take for information to transfer from rehearsal to long-term memory? Similarly, other computational models raise more questions about cognition than they answer,
Computational cognition
20020674
Puyango Petrified Forest Puyango Petrified Forest is a fossil deposit of petrified wood located in the middle basin of the Puyango River, between the Ecuadorian provinces of El Oro and Loja. The area covers 2,658 hectares and its sediments are divided into four geological formations, dating from the late Cretaceous period. These deposits are rich in both fossilized trunks and leaves - which belonged to the typical Mesozoic flora - as well as fossils of invertebrates such as bivalves, ammonites, echinoderms, among others. The forest is located between 360 and 500 meters above sea level and has an average temperature
Puyango Petrified Forest
16939261
sharks inhabited the local waters. The eastern part of the state was dry land during the ensuing Cretaceous period when dinosaurs roamed the area and trees grew which would later form petrified wood. Cenozoic Idaho had a more hospitable climate than it does today and would come to be home to huge forests and creatures like camels, early horses, mastodons, and sloths. During the Pleistocene, short-faced bears, bison, camels, mammoths, saber-toothed cats, and giant sloths inhabited the state. Local Native Americans devised myths to explain fossils. By the dawn of the 20th century, the state's fossils had come to the
Paleontology in Idaho
3068903
up the Petrified Forest Member of the Chinle, which was deposited by lakes, highly sinuous rivers and on the surrounding floodplains. This is the same bright, multicolored part of the Chinle that is exposed in Petrified Forest National Park and the Painted Desert. Petrified wood is, of course, also common in this member. Early Jurassic uplift created an unconformity above the Chinle Formation that represents about ten million years of missing sedimentation between it and the next formation, the Moenave. Periodic incursions of shallow seas from the north during the Jurassic flooded parts of Wyoming, Montana, and a northeast–southwest trending
Geology of the Zion and Kolob canyons area
8162940
the educational benefits universities produce and the efficiency with which they produce them: What does college cost? How many students are admitted? How many graduate? How long does it take them to graduate? How many get good jobs? At the same time, accrediting bodies have changed their measurement emphasis from inputs and activities to outcomes...Students want not just high-paying jobs, but an acceptable ratio of starting salary to student debt. Governments likewise care not just about the number of graduates but the total cost of producing each graduate.” These questions warrant consideration in the future conversations about the Federal Student
Federal Direct Student Loan Program
1956772
Petrified Forest National Park Petrified Forest National Park is an American national park in Navajo and Apache counties in northeastern Arizona. Named for its large deposits of petrified wood, the fee area of the park covers about , encompassing semi-desert shrub steppe as well as highly eroded and colorful badlands. The park's headquarters is about east of Holbrook along Interstate 40 (I-40), which parallels the BNSF Railway's Southern Transcon, the Puerco River, and historic U.S. Route 66, all crossing the park roughly east–west. The site, the northern part of which extends into the Painted Desert, was declared a national monument
Petrified Forest National Park
7844587
the family Rauisuchidae. The known material of "Poposaurus" was again described in 2007, along with two new specimens from the Tecovas Formation of Texas and the Petrified Forest of Arizona. Long and Murry's "Lythrosuchus langstoni" was reclassified as a new species of "Poposaurus", "P. langstoni". "P. langstoni" differs from "P. gracilis" in that it is larger, it does not have a ridge of bone behind the hip socket, and does not have a pit on the ischium that fits into the ilium. In 2011, a nearly complete specimen of "P. gracilis" known as YPM VP 057100, and informally named "the
Poposaurus
515979
outliers of a few key transactions that take considerably longer to complete – something that might be caused by inefficient database queries, pictures, etc. Performance testing can be combined with stress testing, in order to see what happens when an acceptable load is exceeded. Does the system crash? How long does it take to recover if a large load is reduced? Does its failure cause collateral damage? Analytical Performance Modeling is a method to model the behaviour of a system in a spreadsheet. The model is fed with measurements of transaction resource demands (CPU, disk I/O, LAN, WAN), weighted by
Software performance testing
15810767
it. The Smurfs, with the exception of Grouchy Smurf – the only one who does not eat cake – are all petrified by the cake's elixir. Grouchy is able to go to alert Papa Smurf in the Village. Gargamel takes the petrified Smurfs to his house, but has to leave in search of ingredients he needs for an antidote. Then Papa Smurf and the rest of the Smurfs arrive, they read the antidote formula and get the ingredients before Gargamel, restore the petrified Smurfs and leave Gargamel's house. Before doing so, Papa Smurf leaves behind a caramel laced with a
The Aerosmurf
3532853
time, the polar climate was warm, but the winters were still continuously dark for three months long. As the trees fell, the fine sediment in which the forest grew protected the plants. Instead of turning into petrified "stone" fossils, they were ultimately mummified by the cold, dry Arctic climate, and only recently exposed by erosion. As late as 1999, the preservation of this unique site was a concern, as the fossil wood was easily damaged and eroded once exposed. There were concerns that wood was being taken by Arctic cruise ship tourists, and that the site was being disturbed by
Axel Heiberg Island
7237708
Also included in the complex are the White Gums Art Gallery and the Library. The Cultural Centre also houses a cinema showing recently released movies. Chinchilla White Gums Art Gallery houses a new display every month. The Western Downs Regional Council operates a public library in Chinchilla at 80-86 Heeney Street. Chinchilla is one of the towns located on the Warrego Highway, which is a main highway leading out west to Charleville, and a popular tourist route. The mainstays of Chinchilla's tourism industry are the Historical Museum, fishing and fossicking for petrified wood. 'Chinchilla Red' petrified wood is unique to
Chinchilla, Queensland
16938905
state was covered by a sea home to cephalopods, mosasaurs and sharks. Local trees left behind petrified wood and amber. By the Cenozoic, only the southern half of the state was covered in seawater, where the early whale "Basilosaurus" lived. On land, trees that were home to some of the earliest known primates left behind petrified wood. For the remainder of the Cenozoic, the state's climate cooled. Many fossils have been serendipitously discovered in the state by people looking for fossil fuels. Significant fossil finds in Mississippi include some of the oldest known primate fossils. The Eocene whales "Basilosaurus cetoides"
Paleontology in Mississippi
1725366
anatomy reveals it was fossilized pieces of trunks of Araucariacea. Oltustone, also called ‘Black Amber’ is unique to Turkey. It is dull and black, but when polished, acquires an attractive black sheen. Fossils widely believed to belong to Araucariaceae include the form genera "Araucarites" (various), "Araucarioxylon" (wood), "Brachyphyllum" (leaves), "Araucariacites" and "Dilwynites" (pollen), and "Protodammara" (cones). In Arizona, the petrified woods of the famous Petrified Forest National Park belong to several species of "Araucarioxylon", the most common of them being "Araucarioxylon arizonicum". During the Upper (Late) Triassic, the region was moist and mild. The trees washed from where they grew
Araucariaceae
16939249
Mexico was written by Santa Fe Trader Josiah Gregg, who described local petrified wood in his 1846 book "" . The next mention comes from J. W. Abert, who traveled through the area between 1846 and 1847. While there he wrote about fossils including petrified wood, shark teeth, shells and bones. His writings were incorporated into an 1848 Congressional Document by J. W. Bailey. Between 1853 and 1856 preparations for the construction of the transcontinental railroad had geologists in the area. While there they wrote about the local fossils they found. They sent some to New York hoping that Albany
Paleontology in New Mexico
15833502
Johnson took a week-long trip through Eastern Washington. It was on this trip that Wehr and Johnson first visited Republic, Washington to find fossils. In the 1970s he started to focus on paleobotany, guided by his correspondence with noted paleobotanists Charles Miller and Chester Arnold. He continued his love of petrified wood through correspondence with George Beck of Central Washington University. The 1977 visit to Republic led to the realization of the richness of the Republic Flora. Until his work in the 1970s the fossils of Republic were regarded as little more than a minor flora. In the early 1980s
Wesley Wehr
6782409
This technique can be applied to concrete masonry, creating a polished finish. Burnishing can also be applied to wood, by rubbing two pieces together along the grain. Hard woods take the treatment best. Burnishing does not protect the wood like a varnish does, but does impart a glossy sheen. If one wood has a dye in it or is colored in some way, it may rub off onto the other wood. Burnishing can also apply to relief printing. Burnishing (pottery) Burnishing is a form of pottery treatment in which the surface of the pot is polished, using a hard smooth
Burnishing (pottery)
19370791
in 1984, it was decided that the shopping centre was not a suitable location for the memorial. With assistance from Mount Isa Mines Limited, who provided the site and paid for the construction, the present Tieri War Memorial was completed. Since its construction, many returned servicemen and women have visited the memorial, particularly to commemorate ANZAC Day (25 April) and Long Tan Day (18 August). The Tieri War Memorial comprises two large pieces of petrified wood. One piece is dedicated as a memorial to those who fought in World War I and World War II and the second piece is
Tieri War Memorial
11830674
Sexi District Sexi District is one of eleven districts of the province Santa Cruz in northern Peru. Chiclayo is the nearest metropolitan center to the east of Sexi, from which one may travel by car or bus to the district. The small town of Sexi is located in this district. The town is situated near a petrified forest, El Bosque Petrificado Piedra Chamana (The Petrified Forest Piedra Chamana). The fossils that are there date to the Eocene epoch (~39 Ma), and the forest contains fossilized wood and leaves. Guided tours of the petrified forest are available and there is a
Sexi District
9246216
and the surrounding suburbs. Recently Charlton Christian College (the name was changed from Lake Macquarie Christian College, reportedly to avoid confusion from Macquarie College) was established. Fassifern is located on the western side of Lake Macquarie in Fennell Bay, a small bay with mangrove and she-oak trees on its shores. Some petrified wood exists in a part of the bay, which is said to be the remains of a petrified forest (many pieces of the wood have been taken). Fassifern also contains vast amounts of native bushland to the north and west. Fassifern, New South Wales Fassifern is a suburb
Fassifern, New South Wales
12725126
new roof. Room 2's walls were rebuilt to a height of five feet, but not roofed, and the remaining walls were rebuilt to a height of two or three feet. Agate House Pueblo Agate House is a partially reconstructed Puebloan building in Petrified Forest National Park, built almost entirely of petrified wood. The eight-room pueblo has been dated to approximately the year 900 and occupied through 1200, of the Pueblo II and Pueblo III periods. The agatized wood was laid in a clay mortar, in lieu of the more usual sandstone-and-mortar masonry of the area. The ruins of Agate House
Agate House Pueblo
16939028
Missouri rivers. The Cretaceous "Sequoia dakotensis" left fossil cones in the area near Mandan. The same site preserved sections of petrified wood, some up to 50 lbs. Some of the petrified wood at this site bear the borings made by ancient ship worms. Dinosaurs included the armored "Edmontonia", duck-billed "Edmontosaurus", ostrich dinosaurs, pachycephalosaurs, "Triceratops", and "Tyrannosaurus". During the ensuing Paleocene epoch, corals and snails were preserved by sediments now known as the Cannonball Formation, however, such fossils are very rare. Freshwater clams and snails have also been found in other contemporary deposits in the state. On land, trees would later
Paleontology in North Dakota
12725125
Agate House Pueblo Agate House is a partially reconstructed Puebloan building in Petrified Forest National Park, built almost entirely of petrified wood. The eight-room pueblo has been dated to approximately the year 900 and occupied through 1200, of the Pueblo II and Pueblo III periods. The agatized wood was laid in a clay mortar, in lieu of the more usual sandstone-and-mortar masonry of the area. The ruins of Agate House were reconstructed by the Civilian Conservation Corps in 1933-34 under the direction of C.B. Cosgrove Jr. of the New Mexico Laboratory of Anthropology. Room 7 was fully reconstructed with a
Agate House Pueblo
4837116
Beck to organize excavations. The Civilian Conservation Corps completed the excavation, built a small museum, and opened the park to the public in 1938. The petrified wood specimens in the museum were collected by Frank Walter Bobo, who was born 4 March 1894 in California. He moved to Cle Elum, Kittitas County, Washington. He became a "desert rat" digging petrified logs from the arid hills of Kittitas and Yakima counties. Bobo was commissioned to collect, saw, and polish the specimens for the museum. He was partially compensated by being allowed to keep one-half of the specimens he prepared while on
Ginkgo Petrified Forest State Park
4577963
wood but that produce spores rather than seeds. John William Dawson described the genus in 1871. The name derives from the ancient Greek ("archaīos", "ancient"), and ("ptéris", "fern"). "Archaeopteris" was originally classified as a fern, and it remained classified so for over 100 years. In 1911, Russian paleontologist Mikhail Dimitrievich Zalessky described a new type of petrified wood from the Donetz Basin in Russia. He called the wood "Callixylon", though he did not find any structures other than the trunk. The similarity to conifer wood was recognized. It was also noted that ferns of the genus "Archaeopteris" were often found
Archaeopteris
14207629
or the energy for anything else. For example, I do appreciate that lots of people worked long and hard putting together things like the DVD of the Sticky & Sweet Tour that we just released, and I have seen the finished product, but I have got no idea how people are going to find out about it or how it's going to be sold." Mikael Wood from "Entertainment Weekly" gave the video a B+ and commented, "This live CD-DVD can't replicate being there, Sticky & Sweet — taped in Buenos Aires in 2008 — does capture the show's rejuvenative streak,
Sticky & Sweet Tour (album)
20844140
Buffelskloof Formation deposits. Only fragmented, petrified and semi-petrified fossil wood have been recovered from the Buffelskloof Formation. No fossil remains have been found in the Hartenbos Formation at this time. Poor vertebrate fossil content is typical of high-energy environments that predominantly contain braided river systems. However, due to the similarities between the Buffelsdorp Formation and the older Enon Formation, it is possible that dinosaur teeth and claws could be recovered from this formation in the future. Buffelskloof Formation The Buffelskloof Formation is a geological formation found in the Western Cape province in South Africa. It is the uppermost of the
Buffelskloof Formation
9251498
with Weiser along the trail. Spangenberg wrote of the Sheshequin Path as traversing a "Dismal Wilderness" which was "so full of wood and trees which the wind has piled up sometimes three to four logs upon one another that often one does not know how one may get through." He also wrote of it as "a wilderness where one does not see the sun all day long. The woods are so thickly grown that sometimes one can hardly see twenty paces ahead." The Sheshequin Path was used by both sides in the American Revolutionary War. In 1778 after the Wyoming
Sheshequin Path
12430722
American emigrants and settlers. Montezuma Castle, Arizona, is one of the best preserved cliff dwellings. Petrified Forest, Arizona, is world-renowned for its petrified wood, Indian ruins and petroglyphs. Three of these original National Monuments later became the core of National Parks. Mukuntuweap became Zion, Sieur de Monts grew into Acadia, and Petrified Forest which was expanded by Congress to become a National Park of the same name. Three of the smaller areas were later abolished, those being Lewis and Clark Caverns, Shoshone Cavern, and Papago Saguaro. Mineral springs have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times. By 1800,
History of the National Park Service
4144311
other Native American artifact collectors. It is the state stone of Texas and the official state fossil of Louisiana. There are more than 200 species assigned to the genus "Palmoxylon" at this time. Palmoxylon Palmoxylon (Petrified palmwood) is an extinct genus of palm named from petrified wood found around the world. This genus is known in the fossil record from the Late Cretaceous to the Miocene (from about 84.9 to 11.6 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found in Germany, United States, Egypt, Libya and Argentina (Bororó and Salamanquense Formations). Many species were described from
Palmoxylon
2854564
upstream (east) of Denver, but swim downstream to forage. Petrified wood is extremely common in the creek. It is washed down, sometimes in fairly large pieces, from 'petrified forests' upstream. Fossil mammal bones have also been found. Historical records kept at what is now Four Mile Historical Park indicate that prior to the construction of the Cherry Creek Dam, the creek's water level rose and fell regularly. Since the dam's completion, however, this flood cycle has been interrupted. Now, the flow is regulated almost exclusively by the dam's operators. The level of the creek is kept constant except when water
Cherry Creek (Colorado)
16065715
Araucaria mirabilis Araucaria mirabilis is an extinct species of coniferous tree from Patagonia, Argentina. It belongs to the section "Bunya" (the only living species of which is "Araucaria bidwillii" from Australia) of the genus "Araucaria". "A. mirabilis" are known from large amounts of very well preserved silicified wood and cones from the Cerro Cuadrado Petrified Forest, including tree trunks that reached in height in life. The site was buried by a volcanic eruption during the Middle Jurassic, approximately 160 million years ago. Fossils of "Araucaria mirabilis" are found in great abundance in the Cerro Cuadrado Petrified Forest of Patagonia, Argentina.
Araucaria mirabilis
5672936
somewhat battered from attempts to take copies, in the care of the National Portrait Gallery, London. By far the most technically accomplished portrait is a miniature by Samuel Cooper now part of the Pierpont Morgan collection. Mr Morgan had bought it from a family of Derbyshire Muggletonians but it is not known how it came to be painted and, although possessing the yellow hair, does give the appearance of being a stock portrait of a Puritan type. Definitely painted from life is the work by William Wood of Braintree, who was a friend of Lodowicke Muggleton. This was done in
Lodowicke Muggleton
1956779
the north and northeast. State-owned land, federal land controlled by the Bureau of Land Management, and private land, much of it used for cattle ranching, adjoin the other borders. The park’s elevation above sea level varies from a low of along the Puerco River to a high of at Pilot Rock; the average elevation is about . The terrain varies from gentle hills and major petrified wood deposits in the south to eroded badlands in the north. Most of the park's intermittent streams—including Lithodendron Wash, Dead Wash, Ninemile Wash, and Dry Wash—empty into the Puerco River. In the southern part
Petrified Forest National Park
20073939
is unknown how long the seed is viable in the soil for, but preliminary studies show that the seed requires warm stratification and then cold stratification to elicit germination; so the earliest recruitment would take place is in the second spring/summer following dispersal (Wood & Rudman 2015). Seedlings superficially resemble small lycopods, with narrow spreading leaves. The seeds are not winged so it is expected to drop within a few meters of the parent plant. It has been suggested that dispersal over long distances via water is possible for plants occurring near lakes and rivers. "Pherosphaera hookeriana" may form extensive
Pherosphaera hookeriana
7605036
Bellata Bellata (postcode 2397) is a small village in north-central New South Wales, Australia, in Narrabri Shire. At the , Bellata had a population of 529. The place name "Bellata" could be derived from the local Aboriginal word meaning "kangaroo" or possibly "home of belar trees". It is north of Narrabri, around halfway between Narrabri and Moree when travelling along the Newell Highway. The village's area is known for its array of mineral deposits, and fossickers will find high quality agate, jasper, carnelian, petrified opal and petrified wood in the vicinity. Located on the rich black soil basalt plains of
Bellata
17574126
Formation that is exposed on it slopes. These concentrations of petrified wood are known as the "Yellowstone Petrified Forest". Extensive exposures on the northeast slopes of Amethyst Mountain comprise a classic study area, known as the "Fossil Forest," that has been studied in detail by a number of researchers for more than 130 years. Some of the beds contain prehistoric forests buried in place ("in situ") by volcanic lahars. Other beds are concentrations of fossilized upright stumps, flat-lying logs, and logs lying at various angles that have been transported from the higher slopes of adjacent volcanoes and buried by braided
Amethyst Mountain
2619983
Green wood hoopoe The green wood hoopoe ("Phoeniculus purpureus") is a large, up to long, near-passerine tropical bird native to Africa. It is a member of the family Phoeniculidae, the wood hoopoes, and was formerly known as the red-billed wood hoopoe. This abundant species is a metallic dark green, with a purple back and very long diamond-shaped purple tail. Distinctive white markings on the wings and white chevrons on the tail edges make it easily identifiable, as does its long, thin, curved red bill. Sexes are similar, but immatures have a black bill. The green wood hoopoe is an insect-eating
Green wood hoopoe
1956798
Chalcedony Forest. Over the years, the line changed hands, becoming the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway, and then the BNSF. More than 60 BNSF trains, mostly carrying freight, pass through the park every day. U.S. Route 66, a former transcontinental auto highway developed in 1926 from part of the National Old Trails Road, ran parallel to the railroad tracks until it was decommissioned in 1985. The park has preserved within its boundaries a small grassy section of the road. Interstate 40, which crosses the park, replaced the older highway. Increasing tourist and commercial interest in petrified wood during the
Petrified Forest National Park
7151450
They are generally dark-haired and green-eyed, with very pale complexions the color of new cream. They simply do not tan, no matter how much time they spend under Oerth's sun. High elves prefer to wear light pastels, blues and greens and violets, and often dwell in homes built into living wood, high in the trees. In 4th edition the Eladrin are the High elves. This subrace resides in painted deserts and petrified forests, preferring a druidic lifestyle. "Rockseer elves are the rarest of all elvenkind. They are far taller than most of their kin, with a few reaching almost to
Elf (Dungeons & Dragons)
28928
an example, here is an implementation of the abstract stack above in the C programming language. An imperative-style interface might be: This interface could be used in the following manner: This interface can be implemented in many ways. The implementation may be arbitrarily inefficient, since the formal definition of the ADT, above, does not specify how much space the stack may use, nor how long each operation should take. It also does not specify whether the stack state "s" continues to exist after a call "x" ← pop("s"). In practice the formal definition should specify that the space is proportional
Abstract data type
11739421
Take It Out in Trade: The Outtakes Take It Out in Trade: The Outtakes is a compilation film of bloopers, alternate takes, behind-the-scenes footage, and deleted scenes from the 1970 soft-core pornographic film, "Take It Out in Trade", directed by Ed Wood The footage is completely silent with an instrumental musical score. "Take It Out in Trade" was written and directed by Wood during his long downward spiral into alcoholism and pornography. Long (though disputedly) believed to be a lost film, three cans of outtake footage were found in the projection booth of a Santa Monica movie theatre and released
Take It Out in Trade: The Outtakes
16939024
during the Cretaceous. On land "Sequoia" grew. Later in the Cenozoic the local seas dried up and were replaced by subtropical swamps. Climate gradually cooled until the Ice Age, when glaciers entered the area and mammoths and mastodons roamed the local woodlands. Local Native Americans interpreted fossils as the remains of the water monster Unktehi or burrowing serpents killed by the thunderbirds. The first scientifically documented local fossils were collected during the Lewis and Clark expedition. Shipworm-bored petrified wood is the North Dakota state fossil. No Precambrian fossils are known from North Dakota, so the state's fossil record does not
Paleontology in North Dakota