when did the navajo arrive in the southwest
1400 CE
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Athabaskan languages located in Canada may still comprehend the Navajo language despite the geographic and linguistic deviation of the languages. Additionally, some Navajos speak Navajo Sign Language, which is either a dialect or daughter of Plains Sign Talk, as well as some being speakers of Plains Sign Talk itself. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests the Athabaskan ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches entered the Southwest around 1400 CE. The Navajo oral tradition is said to retain references of this migration. Until contact with Pueblos and the Spanish, the Navajos were largely hunters and gatherers. The tribe adopted crop-farming techniques from
Navajo
6323340
Athabaskan languages located in Canada may still comprehend the Navajo language despite the geographic and linguistic deviation of the languages. Additionally, some Navajos speak Navajo Sign Language, which is either a dialect or daughter of Plains Sign Talk, as well as some being speakers of Plains Sign Talk itself. Archaeological and historical evidence suggests the Athabaskan ancestors of the Navajos and Apaches entered the Southwest around 1400 CE. The Navajo oral tradition is said to retain references of this migration. Until contact with Pueblos and the Spanish, the Navajos were largely hunters and gatherers. The tribe adopted crop-farming techniques from
Navajo
15063397
Navajo Communications Navajo Communications Company, Inc. is the operating company of Frontier Communications that provides telephone services in Arizona to the Navajo people. Telephone service to the Navajo began in 1928 when the Bureau of Indian Affairs began building telephone lines to connect its facilities. In 1969, the BIA sold the system to Great Southwest Telephone Co. In 1981, Great Southwest Telephone was acquired by CP National. In 1988, CP National was acquired by Alltel. In 1994, Alltel sold off its operations for the Navajo to Citizens Communications. Citizens later changed its name to the current Frontier Communications. The company
Navajo Communications
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is separate from Citizens Telecommunications Company of the White Mountains, which is a Frontier operating company formed in 1996 following the acquisition of former Contel/GTE service regions in Arizona. Navajo Communications Navajo Communications Company, Inc. is the operating company of Frontier Communications that provides telephone services in Arizona to the Navajo people. Telephone service to the Navajo began in 1928 when the Bureau of Indian Affairs began building telephone lines to connect its facilities. In 1969, the BIA sold the system to Great Southwest Telephone Co. In 1981, Great Southwest Telephone was acquired by CP National. In 1988, CP National
Navajo Communications
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claim to their traditional lands by using anthropology, Navajo oral tradition, written sources and archaeology research. Along with Lee J. Correll, Editha L. Watson and others, Brugge assembled a comprehensive Navajo bibliography published by the Navajo Tribe. He conducted extensive research to document every mention of Navajo in the Catholic Church Records of New Mexico between 1694-1875. This is a primary document for studies about Indian slavery in the Southwest. Brugge did extensive research about early Navajo sites, oral tradition and written records for the Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act. Brugge was unhappy with the outcome and wrote "The Navajo-Hopi Land
David M. Brugge
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in Navajo) symbol to shape the silver pendant that hangs from the "squash blossom" necklace. Turquoise has been part of jewelry for centuries, but Navajo artists did not use inlay techniques to insert turquoise into silver designs until the late 19th century. Navajos came to the southwest with their own weaving traditions; however, they learned to weave cotton on upright looms from Pueblo peoples. The first Spaniards to visit the region wrote about seeing Navajo blankets. By the 18th century the Navajos had begun to import Bayeta red yarn to supplement local black, grey, and white wool, as well as
Navajo
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the Navajo and Hopi reservations and owned by the Twin Arrows Navajo Casino. Twin Arrows, Arizona Twin Arrows is a ghost town located in the central part of Arizona on U.S. Route 66 (US 66) in Coconino County between the city of Flagstaff and the town of Winslow. The area in which Twin Arrows is located was inhabited by the Hopi and Navajo tribes. The Navajo fought against the Apaches in the area. The first setters to arrive in the area of European descent were the Spanish conquistadores. The area became part of Mexico when Mexico gained its independence from
Twin Arrows, Arizona
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reservation at Bosque Redondo, the local Indian agent led sixty Mescaleros south in the pursuit of the raiders and eventually caught up with them at the Pecos. When the fighting started, the Navajo realized they couldn't escape with their herd of stolen livestock so they took up defensive positions to try to fight off their pursuers. Initially, the Navajo were successful in keeping their enemies back, but, eventually, United States Army reinforcements began to arrive. After a long battle the Navajo were forced to retreat without the livestock, leaving an estimated forty dead on the field. Another twenty-five Navajos were
Apache Scouts
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Paso, Texas. They were to link up with Brigadier General John E. Wool, who was moving southwest from San Antonio, Texas toward Guerrero and Monclova, Coahuila, to attack Monterrey, Nuevo León from the west. Kearny had known that the Navajo people were going on the war path. With the Spanish gone, the Navajos wanted to test these new American soldiers; hence, as Doniphan waited for Price, the Navajos mounted a raid and kidnapped 20 Mexican families. Doniphan was eager to start south, but he first had to wait for Price to arrive. Kearny, and then Doniphan had tried to negotiate
Alexander William Doniphan
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allowed Navajo children to attend their schools. In some cases, the United States established separate schools for Navajo and other Native American children. In the late 19th century, it founded boarding schools, often operated by religious missionary groups. In efforts to acculturate the children, school authorities insisted that they learn to speak English and practice Christianity. Students routinely had their mouths washed out with lye soap as a punishment if they did speak Navajo. Consequently, when these students grew up and had children of their own, they often did not teach them Navajo, in order to prevent them from being
Navajo language
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Twin Arrows, Arizona Twin Arrows is a ghost town located in the central part of Arizona on U.S. Route 66 (US 66) in Coconino County between the city of Flagstaff and the town of Winslow. The area in which Twin Arrows is located was inhabited by the Hopi and Navajo tribes. The Navajo fought against the Apaches in the area. The first setters to arrive in the area of European descent were the Spanish conquistadores. The area became part of Mexico when Mexico gained its independence from Spain. The United States fought against Mexico in what is known as the
Twin Arrows, Arizona
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Church Rock uranium mill spill The Church Rock uranium mill spill occurred in the US state of New Mexico on July 16, 1979, when United Nuclear Corporation's Church Rock uranium mill tailings disposal pond breached its dam. Over 1,000 tons of solid radioactive mill waste and 93 million gallons of acidic, radioactive tailings solution flowed into the Puerco River, and contaminants traveled downstream to Navajo County, Arizona and onto the Navajo Nation. The mill was located on privately owned land approximately 17 miles north of Gallup, New Mexico, and bordered to the north and southwest by Navajo Nation Tribal Trust
Church Rock uranium mill spill
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Shiprock Shiprock (, "rock with wings" or "winged rock") is a monadnock rising nearly above the high-desert plain of the Navajo Nation in San Juan County, New Mexico, United States. Its peak elevation is above sea level. It lies about southwest of the town of Shiprock, which is named for the peak. Governed by the Navajo Nation, the formation is in the Four Corners region and plays a significant role in Navajo religion, myth, and tradition. It is located in the center of the area occupied by the Ancient Pueblo People, a prehistoric Native American culture of the Southwest United
Shiprock
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Chinle Wash; three routes converge in the Rock Point region, Navajo Route 35 (and Route 5040) are east, Navajo Route 8070 comes from the southwest, from the region of Trading Post Wash, and the north of Carson Mesa, (a section of the southwest of Chinle Valley), and Navajo Route 18, from US 160 to the northwest. The north terminus region of Chinle Valley is the site of Mexican Water, Arizona; it lies between US 191 on the Utah–Arizona state line, and US 160 adjacent south. US 160 traverses east-west through the north terminus region of Chinle Valley. In the west,
Chinle Valley
20040196
interest in reviving and preserving the Navajo language, and in making it accessible to a greater number of Navajos. They worked with LucasFilm to create a Navajo-dubbed version of "Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope"; the project was completed in 2013. In 2015 they spent a full year collaborating with Pixar on a Navajo-language version of "Finding Nemo". Great care was taken in selecting Navajo voice actors and in producing linguistically accurate dubbing. The film, "Nemo Hádéést'íí", premiered in Albuquerque in 2016 and played in select cities throughout the southwest. It was very well received by Navajo audiences.
Navajo Nation Museum
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Together in 1937 they published a practical orthography of Navajo. In the early 1940s Young joined the Bureau of Indian Affairs, where he worked in the Southwest at the Navajo Agency in Window Rock, Arizona. Morgan also joined the BIA, and the two worked together for decades on the Navajo language, making it the most documented indigenous language in the United States. As a linguist, Young worked primarily on programs related to analyzing and expanding documentation of the Navajo language, encouraging its written use, and education in the language. He collaborated with Navajo scholar William Morgan on all his major
Robert W. Young
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be signed and military actions taken, resulting in the Long Walk of the Navajo in 1863, and their return in 1868. Bear Springs Treaty The Bear Spring (Ojo del Oso) Treaty was signed on November 21, 1846 between Chief Narbona and 13 other Navajo leaders and Colonel Alexander Doniphan representing the US Government at Bear Springs, New Mexico in the Navajo country. It was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. The traditional Navajo homeland spans from Arizona through western New Mexico, where the Navajo had houses and raised livestock. There was a long historical pattern in the Southwest of groups
Bear Springs Treaty
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Berard Haile Father Berard Haile (1874–1961), O.F.M., was a Franciscan priest and one of the foremost authorities on Navajo anthropology. He entered the Franciscan Order in 1891 and was ordained a priest on June 29, 1898. He served at St. Michael's Mission, a Franciscan mission to the Navajo at St. Michaels, Arizona, and at other missions in the Southwest, from 1901 to 1954, where he developed an interest in Navajo language and culture. He helped devise a written alphabet of the Navajo language and published a four volume work on learning Navajo. In 1929 Haile attended the Catholic University of
Berard Haile
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and reached the outskirts of Santa Fe. The 1823 raid marked the start of a long period of raids and counter raids lasting until 1848 as New Mexicans took Navajo captive to work as slaves, and as Navajo raided to recover their people and to obtain livestock. The U.S. military assumed nominal control of the southwest from Mexico by 1846. And raids continued between the Navajo and the New Mexican civilians. Following an invitation from a small party of American soldiers under the command of Captain John Reid who journeyed deep into Navajo country and contacted him, Narbona and other
Navajo Wars
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Uranium mining and the Navajo people The United States encouraged uranium mining production because of the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, its opponent in the Cold War. Large uranium deposits were found on and near the Navajo Reservation in the Southwest, and these were developed through the 20th century. Absent much environmental regulation prior to the founding of the Environmental Protection Agency in 1970 and passage of related laws, the mining endangered thousands of Navajo workers, as well as producing contamination that has persisted in adversely affecting air and water quality, and contaminating Navajo lands. Private companies hired
Uranium mining and the Navajo people
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Bear Springs Treaty The Bear Spring (Ojo del Oso) Treaty was signed on November 21, 1846 between Chief Narbona and 13 other Navajo leaders and Colonel Alexander Doniphan representing the US Government at Bear Springs, New Mexico in the Navajo country. It was never ratified by the U.S. Senate. The traditional Navajo homeland spans from Arizona through western New Mexico, where the Navajo had houses and raised livestock. There was a long historical pattern in the Southwest of groups or bands raiding and trading with each other. This included Navajo, Spanish, Mexican, Apache, Comanche, Ute, and the "new men" (Anglo-Americans),
Bear Springs Treaty
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oyster, and jet have been used in jewelry in the southwest for centuries. Silverwork was introduced through trade in the 19th century, and Atsidi Sani became the Navajo silversmith around 1853. Silversmithing technologies rapidly spread to other tribes. Southwest silverwork includes designs of channel inlay, cluster, mosaic, and petite point and materials of shell, gemstones and beads. While the Navajo favored the squash blossom necklace, they often also combined turquoise, coral, and other semi-precious gemstones. Stones were set into silver scrolls, leaf patterns, and strung on cord for necklaces. Hopi are renowned for their overlay silver work, developed in the
Art of the American Southwest
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married Harry Rorick; this marriage lasted around a decade. Her third husband was Anton Hegemann (b. ca. 1890). Hegemann's interest in Southwest Native Americans developed during her first marriage, when she frequently visited Navajo and Hopi reservations within driving distance of the Grand Canyon, where her husband was stationed. She also apprenticed for a time at a local Indian arts and crafts shop. After her marriage broke up in the late 1920s, Hegemann moved to Tuba City on a Navajo Reservation in Coconino County, Arizona. With her second husband, she purchased the Shonto Trading Post, and beginning in the winter
Elizabeth Compton Hegemann
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category of illness, making workers compensation unattainable for many of the sick Navajo (Dawson and Madsen 2007). Private industry's treatment of the Navajo workers was poor, according to recent standards: companies failed to educate workers on precautionary measures, did not install sufficient engineering controls, such as adequate ventilation; and did not provide sufficient safety equipment to protect workers to the known dangers related to the mines. The Navajo were never told of the radiation effects, and did not have a word for it in their language. Many Navajo did not speak English and trusted the uranium companies to have their
Uranium mining and the Navajo people
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Antelope Canyon Antelope Canyon is a slot canyon in the American Southwest. It is on Navajo land east of Page, Arizona. Antelope Canyon includes two separate, scenic slot canyon sections, referred to individually as "Upper Antelope Canyon" or "The Crack"; and "Lower Antelope Canyon" or "The Corkscrew". The Navajo name for Upper Antelope Canyon is , which means 'the place where water runs through rocks'. Lower Antelope Canyon is (called "Hasdestwazi" by the Navajo Parks and Recreation Department), or 'spiral rock arches'. Both are in the LeChee Chapter of the Navajo Nation. The canyons are accessible by guided tour only.
Antelope Canyon
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spillway leaked considerably until the 1970s, when the Bureau of Reclamation finally took corrective action by installing drainage systems and placing stabilizing fill. The canal head works and diversion tunnel for the Navajo Indian Irrigation Project were started in 1966 and were completed on July 3, 1967; this allowed the commencement of irrigation water deliveries from Navajo Lake, although the main canal was not completed to its full length until 1977. Operations of the irrigation system were transferred to the Bureau of Indian Affairs shortly thereafter. The reservoir did not fill completely until spring 1973, when it flowed over the
Navajo Dam
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most closely related to Western Apache, with which it shares a similar tonal scheme and more than 92 percent of its vocabulary. It is estimated that the Apacheean linguistic groups separated and became established as distinct societies, of which the Navajo were one, somewhere between 1300 and 1525. As a member of the Western Apachean group, Navajo's next closest relatives is the Mescalero-Chiricahua language. Navajo is generally considered mutually intelligible with all other Apachean languages. The Apachean languages, of which Navajo is one, are thought to have arrived in the American Southwest from the north by 1500 CE, probably passing
Navajo language
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Battle of Canyon de Chelly The Battle of Canyon de Chelly was fought in 1864 as part of the Navajo Wars. It was a successful operation for the United States Army which precipitated the Long Walk and was the final major military engagement between the Navajo and the Americans. The battle ended with the fall of the main Navajo settlements of Canyon de Chelly in present-day northern Arizona. By the time of the American Civil War the Navajo was the largest nation in the Southwest and one of the largest remaining Native American nations within the United States. Colonel Christopher
Battle of Canyon de Chelly
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Navajo, who were neighbors of the Hopi in the southwest, borrow elements of the Pueblo people’s emergence myths in their creation stories. The Navajo creation story has parallels to the Biblical book of Genesis. The early Judaic-Christian concept of the world is similar to the Navajo concept of the world. This world is one where the earth is an area of land floating in an ocean covered by a domed heaven. The domed heaven fits the land and ocean like a lid with its edges on the horizon. The Navajo creation story traces the evolution of life through four previous
Fifth World (Native American mythology)
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"soft-hammer" such as a deer antler. The Navajo people, Southern Athabaskan nomadic hunter-gatherers, arrived in the southwest around 1400 AD and settled in the mountains between the valleys occupied by the Pueblos. The Navajo became farmers, and then herders. Through raids, trade and intermarriage, the Navajo acquired many aspects of the Pueblo culture. However, they remained warlike and in effect defined the northern limit to Spanish expansion. The stronghold of the Canyon de Chelly, to the west of the Narbona Pass, became the sacred center of the Navajo people. Narbona Pass was called "Beesh Lichii'ii Bigiizh", or Copper Pass, by
Narbona Pass
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from Arizona through western New Mexico, where the Navajo had houses, planted crops and raised livestock. There was a long historical pattern in the Southwest of groups or bands raiding and trading with each other, with treaties being made and broken. This included interactions between Navajo, Spanish, Mexican, Pueblos, Apache, Comanche, Ute, and later the "Americans." Individual civilians and Native Americans could be victims of these conflicts and also instigate conflicts to serve their special interests. Hostilities escalated between the Americans and Navajos following the scalping of the respected Navajo leader Narbona in 1849. In August 1851, Colonel Edwin Vose
Long Walk of the Navajo
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the production of petroleum, natural gas, and coal. Major coal mines are the Navajo and San Juan mines, operated by BHP Billiton southwest of Farmington. The coal mined from the Navajo and San Juan mines is used entirely for fuel for the nearby Four Corners Generating Station and San Juan Power Plant to produce electric power. Farmington is known across New Mexico and throughout the southwest for its baseball tournaments, and Ricketts Park is the home of the Connie Mack World Series. Farmington High School claimed the AAAA Baseball State Championship four years in a row from 2005 through 2008.
Farmington, New Mexico
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what Father Weber did and more, but it will take years and years to open the Indians' confidence in their hearts, same as they had for Father Weber..."Anselm Weber was buried in St. Mary's Cemetery in St. Bernard, Ohio. His colleagues Father Berard Haile, Father Marcellus Troester, and Father Leopold Ostermann remained at St. Michael's, with Troester succeeding Weber as Father Superior of the mission. Anselm Weber Father Anselm Weber (born Anton Weber, 1862-1921) O.F.M. was an American Franciscan priest and missionary. He was one of the first friars to arrive at St. Michael's Mission in Navajo territory and acted
Anselm Weber
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of World War II at Zuni Pueblo", which was never published. Cornell University hired him in 1948. The school asked him to teach a series of field seminars in the Southwest. The resulting studies in the Southwest were published as the book "First Look at Strangers" in 1959. Adair joined the Cornell-Navajo Field Health Research Project at Many Farms, located on the Navajo Reservation in Arizona, working there as chief anthropologist from 1953 to 1960. He, along with many other anthropologists, played an important role in this project. They were asked to provide anthropological insight, perspectives, and methodologies. Adair and
John Adair (anthropologist)
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languages spoken by associated peoples in Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Yukon, Alaska, parts of Oregon, northern California, and the American Southwest as far as northern Mexico. The southwestern division of Athabaskan is also called Southern Athabaskan or Apachean, and includes Navajo and all the Apache dialects. Eyak was spoken in south-central Alaska; the last speaker died in 2008. Navajo is by far the most widely spoken language of the Na-Dene family, spoken in Arizona, New Mexico, and other regions of the American Southwest. All of these languages share a highly complex prefixing verb structure in which
Na-Dene languages
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six sections, three of which fall into the Southwest region. Beginning with the Navajo section forming the northern boundary of the Southwestern United States, which has shallower canyons than those in the Canyonlands section just to its north; the Navajo section is bordered to the south by the Grand Canyon section, which of course is dominated by the Grand Canyon; and the southeastern-most portion of the Plateau is the Datil section, consisting of valleys, mesas, and volcanic formations. Albuquerque is the most populous city within the portion contained in the Southwest region, but Sante Fe, New Mexico and Flagstaff, Arizona,
Southwestern United States
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traditional arts provide a major source of income for many Zuni people today. An artisan may be the sole financial support for her immediate family as well as others. Dr. Joe Ben Wheat examined thousands of 19th-century textiles, with the goal of establishing "a key for southwestern textiles identification based on the traits that distinguish the Pueblo, Navajo, and Spanish American blanket weaving traditions and provide a better way of identifying and dating pieces of unknown origin.” The years of research resulted in the "groundbreaking" publication of "Blanket Weavings in the Southwest". Navajo textiles, such as handwoven blankets and rugs,
Art of the American Southwest
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O'odham and Akimel O'odham or Pima tribes. The Mimbres, a subgroup of the Mogollon culture, are especially notable for the narrative paintings on their pottery. Turquoise, jet, and spiny oyster shell have been traditionally used by Ancestral Pueblo for jewelry, and they developed sophisticated inlay techniques centuries ago. The Ancestral Puebloans (Anasazi) of the Chaco Canyon and surrounding region are believed to have prospered greatly from their production and trading of turquoise objects. Within the last millennium, Athabaskan peoples emigrated from northern Canada in the southwest. These include the Navajo and Apache. Sandpainting is an aspect of Navajo healing ceremonies
Art of the American Southwest
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spillway for the first time. Also in 1973, the Bureau of Reclamation also began planning for a hydroelectric power plant at Navajo, which had not been included in the original design of the dam. Construction began in 1976, but was halted when the National Wildlife Federation sued, citing that fluctuating power releases into the San Juan River could cause environmental damage. As a result, Congress did not approve the project. However, in 1981 the city of Farmington applied to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission for a permit to construct a private hydro power plant at the dam. The Navajo Nation
Navajo Dam
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with their chiefs the next day and signed a treaty." This is what they did. The next day Chief Narbona came to Canyon de Chelly for a "talk peace", along with several other headmen. In the treaty the Navajo acknowledging the jurisdiction of the United States and allowing forts and trading posts in Navajo land. The United States, on its part promised "such donations [and] such other liberal and humane measures, as [it] may deem meet and proper". After reaching an accord, a scuffle broke out when a New Mexican thought he saw his stolen horse and tried to claim
Navajo Wars
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author, he was ranked as New Mexico's 22nd wealthiest man in 1996. He wrote 18 books in his Navajo series. He wrote more than 30 books total, among them a memoir and books about the Southwest, its beauty and its history. His literary honors were awarded for his Navajo books. Hillerman's books have been translated into eight languages, among them Danish and Japanese. Hillerman's writing is noted for the cultural details he provides about his subjects: Hopi, Zuni, European-American, federal agents, and especially Navajo Tribal Police. His works in nonfiction and in fiction reflect his appreciation of the natural wonders
Tony Hillerman
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the figure. Beautiful Mountain Beautiful Mountain () is part of the Chuska Mountains and its summit is the highest point in San Juan County, New Mexico. The mountain is about southwest of the community of Shiprock in the Four Corners region. It is on the Navajo Nation and plays a significant role in Navajo mythology. Navajo legend includes "Beautiful Mountain" as the feet of a large mythic male figure, with the Chuska Mountains comprising the body, Chuska Peak as the head and the Carrizo Mountains as the legs. Shiprock is said to be either a medicine pouch or a bow
Beautiful Mountain
11481423
Beautiful Mountain Beautiful Mountain () is part of the Chuska Mountains and its summit is the highest point in San Juan County, New Mexico. The mountain is about southwest of the community of Shiprock in the Four Corners region. It is on the Navajo Nation and plays a significant role in Navajo mythology. Navajo legend includes "Beautiful Mountain" as the feet of a large mythic male figure, with the Chuska Mountains comprising the body, Chuska Peak as the head and the Carrizo Mountains as the legs. Shiprock is said to be either a medicine pouch or a bow carried by
Beautiful Mountain
20047736
David M. Brugge David Martin Brugge (1927 – 2013) was a cultural anthropologist, ethnohistorian, linguist, archaeologist and noted for his knowledge about the Navajo. Brugge publish many papers and is often cited in works about the Navajo, Athapaskan or early Southwestern history. Brugge conducted anthropological and ethnohistorical research for the Navajo Nation. He spent 20 years with the [National Park Service], as Curator of the Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site in Ganado, Arizona, archaeologist at the Chaco Center in Albuquerque, and Regional Curator for the Southwest Regional Office of the National Park Service at Santa Fe. After retirement, he
David M. Brugge
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called Beesh Lichii'l Bigiizh, or Copper Pass, and was the location where Navajo warriors led by Narbona decisively defeated a Mexican slaving expedition under Captain Blas de Hinojos. Later it was renamed Washington Pass, after Colonel John M. Washington, who commanded a military expedition against the Navajo. Narbona was a Navajo headman killed in an encounter with Washington's troops in 1849. The Chuska Mountains and the Defiance Uplift immediately to the southwest form one of the prominent uplifted highlands of the Colorado Plateau. The uplifted region is separated from the San Juan Basin to the east by the Defiance and
Chuska Mountains
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the people owned 2 million in 1931; the sheep provided half the cash income for the individual Navajo. Historians such as Lawrence A. Kuznar have noted that the analysis by Washington was quite thin, and dissent with its conclusions was suppressed. Spanish explorers and colonists had brought sheep and horses to North America and the Southwest for meat, wool, and transport. This was part of the Columbian Exchange, by which products, plants and animals were traded between the hemispheres. By the 18th century, the Navajo had adapted to these new animals, making use of them and developing their own flocks
Navajo Livestock Reduction
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help. In 1871, John H. Stout, sponsored by the Dutch Reformed Church, was sent to the Pima reservation in Arizona to implement the policy. However Congress, the church, and private charities spent less money than was needed; the local whites strongly disliked the Indians; the Pima balked at removal; and Stout was frustrated at every turn. In Arizona and New Mexico, the Navajo were resettled on reservations and grew rapidly in numbers. The Peace Policy began in 1870 when the Presbyterians took over the reservations. They were frustrated because they did not understand the Navajo. However, the Navajo not only
Cultural assimilation of Native Americans
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from Rocko Delbert, a former Navajo police officer. After the divorce from Bernal, she reverted to the name Ellie Friedman. When they arrive at the address provided by Delbert, EFB is closed. The property owner Janelle mentions that Friedman's car is still parked there, but Friedman seems to have vanished. Let inside EFB by Janelle, the interior is ransacked, but the exceptions that were missing from Leaphorn's report are there along with a phone number. Chee remembers that he and Leaphorn once rescued Ellie Friedman at Chaco Canyon when a man named Randall Eliott tried to kill her. After finding
Spider Woman's Daughter
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in the states of Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah. Altogether, Navajo speakers make up more than 50% of all Native American language speakers in the United States. Western Apache, with 12,500 speakers, also mostly in Arizona, is closely related to Navajo but not mutually intelligible with it. Navajo and other Athabaskan languages in the Southwest are relative outliers; most other Athabascan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Dakota is a Siouan language with 18,000 speakers in the US alone (22,000 including speakers in Canada), not counting 6,000 speakers of the closely related Lakota. Most speakers live in
Languages of the United States
8433437
Dance Hall of the Dead Dance Hall Of The Dead is the second crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1973. It features police Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn. It is set primarily in Ramah Reservation (part of the Navajo Reservation) and the Zuni village in New Mexico, both in the American Southwest. Two boys are missing from the Zuni school. One boy is a Navajo, so Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn is called in to find him while the Zuni police seek the other boy. The Zuni boy's body is
Dance Hall of the Dead
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by her father with George and Cecil, Navajo boys whose mother was not present and whose father was alcoholic, leaving George to support the family while going to school. Dance Hall of the Dead Dance Hall Of The Dead is the second crime fiction novel in the Joe Leaphorn / Jim Chee Navajo Tribal Police series by Tony Hillerman, first published in 1973. It features police Lieutenant Joe Leaphorn. It is set primarily in Ramah Reservation (part of the Navajo Reservation) and the Zuni village in New Mexico, both in the American Southwest. Two boys are missing from the Zuni
Dance Hall of the Dead
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subgroup of the Mogollon culture, are especially notable for the narrative paintings on their pottery. Within the last millennium, Athabaskan peoples emigrated from northern Canada in the southwest. These include the Navajo and Apache. Sandpainting is an aspect of Navajo healing ceremonies that inspired an art form. Navajos learned to weave on upright looms from Pueblos and wove blankets that were eagerly collected by Great Basin and Plains tribes in the 18th and 19th centuries. After the introduction of the railroad in the 1880s, imported blankets became plentiful and inexpensive, so Navajo weavers switched to producing rugs for trade. In
Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas
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2011, it completed a multi-year project of removing 20,000 cubic yards of contaminated earth out of the reservation, near the Skyline Mine, to controlled storage on the plateau. In 2017, a $600 million settlement attempts to clean up 94 abandoned uranium mines. Uranium mining and the Navajo people The United States encouraged uranium mining production because of the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union, its opponent in the Cold War. Large uranium deposits were found on and near the Navajo Reservation in the Southwest, and these were developed through the 20th century. Absent much environmental regulation prior to the
Uranium mining and the Navajo people
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reservation land in New York was leased by non-Haudenosaunees. The modern-day Navajo and Hopi Indian Reservations are located in Northern Arizona, near the Four Corners area. The Hopi reservation is 2,531.773 square miles within Arizona and lies surrounded by the greater Navajo reservation which spans 27,413 square miles and extends slightly into the states of New Mexico and Utah. The Hopi, also known as the Pueblo people, made many spiritually motivated migrations throughout the Southwest before settling in present-day Northern Arizona. The Navajo people also migrated throughout western North America following spiritual commands before settling near the Grand Canyon area.
Indian reservation
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Region 9 (Pacific Southwest) of the Superfund which serves Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, the Pacific Islands, and Tribal Nations. The site's official EPA # is NNN000906087 and it is located in Congressional District 4. According to the EPA's Superfund site overview, other names for the AUMs may include "Navajo Abandoned Uranium Mines" or "Northeast Church Rock Mine." Church Rock Mine is one of the EPA's most successful clean-up sites among over 500 sites spanning the 27,000 square mile Navajo Nation. Nearly four years after the initial Congressional hearing, the EPA announced their first helicopter survey for the AUMs in September
Uranium mining and the Navajo people
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only being spoken on the Navajo lands of the American Southwest. Its syntax and tonal qualities, not to mention dialects, made it unintelligible to anyone without extensive exposure and training. One estimate indicates that at the outbreak of World War II, fewer than 30 non-Navajo could understand the language. Early in 1942, Johnston met with Major General Clayton B. Vogel, the commanding general of Amphibious Corps, Pacific Fleet, and his staff. Johnston staged tests under simulated combat conditions which demonstrated that Navajo men could encode, transmit, and decode a three-line English message in 20 seconds, versus the 30 minutes required
Code talker
16228197
are highly regarded, valued for over 150 years, and an important element of the Navajo economy. Navajo textiles were originally utilitarian blankets for use as cloaks, dresses, saddle blankets, and similar purposes. Toward the end of the 19th century, weavers began to make rugs for tourism and export. Typical Navajo textiles have strong geometric patterns. They are a flat tapestry-woven textile produced in a fashion similar to kilims of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, but the warp is one continuous length of yarn and does not extend beyond the weaving as fringe. Bultos are three-dimensional, hand-carved religious figures, often of
Art of the American Southwest
3713515
taking a shot in the chest. Friendly planes arrive and the Japanese position is successfully destroyed. Yahzee rejoices in their success but finds Enders mortally wounded. With his last breaths, Enders reverts to the religious upbringing he earlier claimed he had abandoned, and recites a Hail Mary. Returning to the U.S., Yahzee, his wife, and his son George Washington Yahzee, sit atop Point Mesa in Monument Valley, Arizona, and, wearing the sacred necklaces and other Navajo ceremonial dress, performs the Navajo ritual of paying respects to Enders. He tells his son that Enders was a fierce warrior and Marine and,
Windtalkers
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Southwest artists beginning in the 1850s, when Mexican silversmiths had to trade their silverwork for cattle from the Navajo. The Zuni admired the silver jewelry made by the Navajos, such as Atsidi Sani (Old Smith), so they began trading livestock for instruction in working silver. By 1890, the Zuni had taught the Hopi how to make silver jewelry. Native Americans were also influenced by the introduction of paintings made with oil and watercolor on canvas, where they traditionally painted objects such as hides or inside buildings, such as on the walls of a kiva. The Native American paintings provided artwork
Art of the American Southwest
16228188
pendants. The distinctive silver jewelry produced by the Navajo and other Southwestern Native American tribes today is a rather modern development, thought to date from c. 1880 as a result of European influences. With a need to be self-sufficient, many Hispanic people woodworking, weaving, tinsmith, farming and leather work skills to create the furniture and furnishings for their homes. Ancient artistic traditions have been manifested in native craft for generations when Europeans began to settle in the American Southwest; an important acknowledgement for understanding the inherent aesthetic allure of this area to the Anglo-American artists. Silverworking was adopted by native
Art of the American Southwest
5081368
to the longest continuous uranium mining in any Navajo land. From 1954 until 1968, the tribe leased land to mining companies who did not obtain consent from Navajo families or report any consequences of their activities. Not only did the miners significantly deplete the limited water supply, but they also contaminated what was left of the Navajo water supply with uranium. Kerr-McGee and United Nuclear Corporation, the two largest mining companies, argued that the Federal Water Pollution Control Act did not apply to them, and maintained that Native American land is not subject to environmental protections. The courts did not
Environmental justice
1499444
Navajo interacted with for centuries and borrowed cultural customs, have lent few words to the Navajo language. After Spain and Mexico took over Navajo lands, the language did not incorporate many Spanish words, either. This resistance to word absorption extended to English, at least until the mid-twentieth century. Around this point, the Navajo language began importing some, though still not many, English words, mainly by young schoolchildren exposed to English. Navajo has expanded its vocabulary to include Western technological and cultural terms through calques and Navajo descriptive terms. For example, the phrase for English "tank" is "chidi naa naʼi bee
Navajo language
15677785
Valley near Lakeview, Oregon. "The Kittredge's were hosting a goose hunt for these Oregon officials. The airplane left Klamath Falls about 10:00 P.M. (or later) and did not arrive at the Kittredge Ranch." Pilot Cliff Hogue perished as well, when his small plane crashed in stormy weather southwest of Dog Lake. A state funeral was held for Snell, Farrell and Cornett at the Capitol in Salem. Marshall Cornett's remains were interned at Macedonia Cemetery, Burning Springs, Kentucky. Marshall E. Cornett Marshall Eugene Cornett (November 22, 1898 - October 28, 1947) was an Oregon businessman and American Republican politician serving in
Marshall E. Cornett
18109461
to southwest, is reportedly the second highest lake in the world. Expeditions attempting Everest via the North Col generally arrive up the East Rongbuk Glacier and so do not reach Lhagba La at all. However, when George Mallory and Guy Bullock were trying to reach the North Col, the route from Rongbuk was unknown to them. Instead they approached from the east only to find the glacier did not extend to the North Col. The climbing team eventually had to cross the pass and descend some to the East Rongbuk Glacier before ascending to the North Col. Their discovery allowed
Lhagba La
4226903
Navajo beliefs, the taller of the two spires is the home of Spider Grandmother. Most park visitors arrive by automobile and view Canyon de Chelly from the rim, following both North Rim Drive and South Rim Drive. Ancient ruins and geologic structures are visible, but in the distance, from turnoffs on each of these routes. Deep within the park is Mummy Cave. It features structures that have been built at various times in history. Private Navajo-owned companies offer tours of the canyon floor by horseback, hiking or four-wheel drive vehicle. The companies can be contacted directly for prices and arrangements.
Canyon de Chelly National Monument
6331631
Solon Toothaker Kimball Solon Toothaker Kimball (August 12, 1909 – October 12, 1982) was a noted educator and anthropologist. Kimball was born and raised in Manhattan, Kansas. He graduated from Kansas State University in 1930, then received a master's degree and Ph.D in social anthropology from Harvard in 1933 and 1936. Kimball did groundbreaking anthropology work concerning family and community in rural Ireland (with Conrad Arensberg) and on the Navajo reservation in the American Southwest. Over the years, he was on the faculty of a number of universities, including the University of California, Columbia University, the University of Alabama, and
Solon Toothaker Kimball
13094705
duty to the Nation when he approved the 1987 lease amendments. The Indian Mineral Leasing Act (IMLA) of 1938 was brought to the attention of the Navajo people in 1964 when the Navajo Nation entered into an agreement with a third party to lease a substantial portion of Navajo land for coal mining. The Navajo Nation complained that the United States acted in the interests of a coal mining company, and not in the interests of the Navajo Nation, when negotiating the rate of royalty payments owed on coal mined from Navajo land. The Court of Federal Claims dismissed the
United States v. Navajo Nation (2009)
6323360
two new schools were built on the Navajo reservation. Rough Rock Day School was run in the same militaristic style as Fort Defiance and did not implement the educational reforms. The Evangelical Missionary School was opened next to Rough Rock Day School. Navajo accounts of this school portray it as a family-like atmosphere with home-cooked meals, new or gently used clothing, humane treatment, and a Navajo-based curriculum. Educators found the Evangelical Missionary School curriculum to be much more beneficial to the Navajo children. In 1937, Mary Cabot Wheelright and Hastiin Klah, an esteemed and influential Navajo singer, or medicine man,
Navajo
2854150
The campaign to subdue the Navajo by the Army was supplemented by raids by New Mexican and Ute slavers who fell on isolated bands of Navajo killing the men and taking the women and children captive and capturing horses and livestock. During the army campaign the Ute scouts attached to the army unit engaged in this activity and left destruction of Navajo infrastructure to the main army unit. Following the surrender of the Navajo, the Utes continued to raid the Navajo as did New Mexican slavers. A large number of slaves were taken and sold throughout the region. Like some
Long Walk of the Navajo
13094706
complaint, ruling that although the United States had breached its fiduciary obligations to the Navajo Nation, this breach was not actionable because the United States did not have a trust relationship with the Navajo Nation and monetary relief was not available. The court of appeals reversed, holding (1) that a trust relationship existed and exists with the Navajo Nation, and (2) monetary damages are an available remedy for breach of this trust. Whether the court of appeals’ holding that the United States breached fiduciary duties in connection with the Navajo coal lease amendments is foreclosed by Navajo? Is the United
United States v. Navajo Nation (2009)
20916764
was soon abandoned, and although there were other attempts to found Catholic Missions on Navajo land over the next century, the last such mission was abandoned in 1750. In 1896, with funds obtained from Mother Katharine Drexel, the Bureau of Catholic Indian Missions purchased land near Fort Defiance in Arizona in order to build St. Michael's Mission. They invited the Franciscans to send friars to staff the mission, and the first three to arrive were Father Anselm Weber, Father Juvenal Schnorbus, and Brother Placidus Buerger in October 1898. When Father Juvenal left the mission in 1900, Father Anselm became the
Anselm Weber
11157390
the result of a winter storm. KUYI stayed on the air, even when larger radio stations in Flagstaff, Arizona were not operational, and provided emergency information to four counties. Floods in July 2010 left the First Mesa Consolidated Villages without potable water or sewage. KUYI was able to keep its listeners informed for the three days it took for water trucks to arrive. KUYI KUYI 88.1 FM, is a Native American Public Radio station in Keams Canyon, Arizona. The station, founded in 2000, primarily features locally produced programming for the Hopi, Tewa, and Navajo Native American tribal residents, surrounding communities
KUYI
1335951
a large area including present-day Copperas Cove. Starting in the 1830s, the first white settlers came into the Five Hills region; however, the area lacked stability until after the Civil War. Substantial settlement did not arrive until the development of the cattle industry during the 1870s, when a feeder route of the Chisholm Trail was cut through the region. Settlement centered around a local general store about two miles southwest of present-day downtown. In 1878, residents applied for a post office under the name "Cove", so chosen for the site's sheltered location. However "Cove" was already taken by a nearby
Copperas Cove, Texas
10075369
held off the Union cavalry attack for approximately 30 minutes before retreating to the rest of Lt. Col. John Jumper's Seminole Battalion, who were not at the main skirmish. The Confederates retreated southwest down the Dragoon Trail. The Union advance continued south toward Ft. Washita the next day, but when the expected reinforcements did not arrive Philips' Expedition into Indian Territory stalled on February 15, near old Stonewall. Union Colonel William A Phillips led an expedition consisting of about 1,500 soldiers to divide the Confederate forces in Indian Territory along a line from Fort Gibson to the Red River. The
Battle of Middle Boggy Depot
739727
migration into North America, later than the first Paleo-Indians. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan- speaking peoples, including the present-day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year-round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter. The Oshara Tradition people lived from 5500 BCE to 600 CE. They
History of the United States
17463876
distributed."" Director Errol Morris did not finish the film due to "artistic differences" with Redford. The Dark Wind (1991 film) The Dark Wind is a 1991 American mystery drama film based on "The Dark Wind" by Tony Hillerman, one of a series of mysteries set against contemporary Navajo life in the Southwest. It stars Lou Diamond Phillips as Jim Chee and Fred Ward as Joe Leaphorn. As Officer Jim Chee (Lou Diamond Phillips) watches a windmill, trying to catch the vandal repeatedly sabotaging it, a small plane crashes nearby. Thus begins a tangled story involving not only the vandalism and
The Dark Wind (1991 film)
15828774
the Navajo People, and in wrote many other articles for western magazines over the years. More than forty of his articles were published in Desert Magazine alone. Most important to Richard, in the course of his life, was his work for and with the Navajo people. Valkenburgh was employed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to oversee research on land problems, but then resigned in 1942. In 1951, he returned to the reservation to work on Navajo land claims for the Tribal Council. He was Chief of the Land Use and Surveys Section of the Navajo Tribe, and did a
Navajo Rangers
9637824
of of new land within and adjacent to the Navajo Indian Reservation, all in New Mexico." The high dam proposed for the San Juan River ultimately became part of the Bureau of Reclamation's Colorado River Storage Project. Navajo Dam was authorized by Congress in the Colorado River Storage Project Act of April 11, 1956, which also authorized Glen Canyon Dam and numerous irrigation and power projects along the Green River, Gunnison River and other tributaries. The initial authorization for Navajo Dam did not include the Navajo irrigation project, which was authorized much later, in June 1962, along with the San
Navajo Dam
1426520
tribes did not owe allegiance to the states within which their reservations were located. Most conflicts and controversies between the federal government and the Nation are settled by negotiations outlined in political agreements. The Navajo Nation Code comprises the rules and laws of the Navajo Nation as currently codified in the latest edition. Lands within the exterior boundaries of the Navajo Nation are composed of Public, Tribal Trust, Tribal Fee, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Private, State, and BIA Indian Allotment Lands. On the Arizona and Utah portions of the Navajo Nation, there are a few private and BIA Indian
Navajo Nation
1007165
peoples which may stem in part from the advent of the Apache and Navajo people in the region. Failure to find mineral resources profitably extractable according to the standards of the day, and the distance from other Spanish settlements caused the Spaniards to cease exploration of the area. By the time mountain men began to arrive in the late 1820s and settlers began to arrive again in the 1860s the people of the Cornville area were a mixed community of Apache (Dil-ze'e) and Yavapai (Wipukepaya), though the Apache are thought to have been more numerous on the east side of
Cornville, Arizona
15085716
idea of designating a new trustee as long as that trustee is not the Navajo Nation. The response to his question of why the Utah Navajo did not want the Navajo Nation to serve as trustee was that they believe the Navajo Nation will use the Utah Navajo Trust Fund for purposes other than what the 1933 Act and 1968 amendments require. Senator Bennett went on the state that, ""I represent their interests as Utahns in the United States Senate and share their desire to grant them the ability to determine their own future, I agreed to work with them
Senate Bill 1690
14143338
family. Runaway Papoose Runaway Papoose is a children's novel by Grace Moon. It is a contemporary story of Native American children from the southwestern United States. Illustrated by the author's husband, Carl Moon, the novel was first published in 1928 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1929. Nah-tee, a Native American girl about four years old, runs away from her family's day-camp when a visiting stranger frightens her. She meets a Navajo shepherd boy named Moyo, who agrees to help her find her family; after many adventures, they arrive at a large regional powwow where Nah-tee is reunited with
Runaway Papoose
14143337
Runaway Papoose Runaway Papoose is a children's novel by Grace Moon. It is a contemporary story of Native American children from the southwestern United States. Illustrated by the author's husband, Carl Moon, the novel was first published in 1928 and was a Newbery Honor recipient in 1929. Nah-tee, a Native American girl about four years old, runs away from her family's day-camp when a visiting stranger frightens her. She meets a Navajo shepherd boy named Moyo, who agrees to help her find her family; after many adventures, they arrive at a large regional powwow where Nah-tee is reunited with her
Runaway Papoose
284968
the American Southwest. Na-Dené-speaking peoples were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan-speaking peoples, including the present-day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year-round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter. Since the 1990s, archeologists have explored and dated eleven Middle Archaic sites in present-day Louisiana and Florida at which early cultures built complexes with multiple earthwork mounds; they were societies of hunter-gatherers rather than the settled agriculturalists believed necessary according to the theory of Neolithic
Native Americans in the United States
17228242
believe their ancestors comprised a separate migration into North America, later than the first Paleo-Indians. They migrated into Alaska and northern Canada, south along the Pacific Coast, into the interior of Canada, and south to the Great Plains and the American Southwest. They were the earliest ancestors of the Athabascan- speaking peoples, including the present-day and historical Navajo and Apache. They constructed large multi-family dwellings in their villages, which were used seasonally. People did not live there year-round, but for the summer to hunt and fish, and to gather food supplies for the winter. The Archaic period lasted until about
History of Native Americans in the United States
18958450
San Juan River on August 7, 2015. While San Juan County in New Mexico lifted the ban on water from the San Juan River on August 15, 2015, the President of the Navajo Nation, Russell Begaye, who had ongoing concerns about the water's safety, did not lift the Navajo Nation's ban until August 21, 2015. This followed the Navajo Nation's EPA completing its testing of the water. During this time, the US EPA had water delivered to the Navajo Nation. An estimated 2,000 Navajo farmers and ranchers were affected directly by the closing of the canals after the spill. While
2015 Gold King Mine waste water spill
20930538
for. 2018 Navajo Nation presidential election The Navajo Nation presidential election of 2018 was held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018. The candidates for President of the Navajo Nation in the general election were Jonathan Nez and Joe Shirley, Jr. Jonathan Nez and running mate Myron Lizer won the election. The primary election was held on Tuesday, August 28, 2018 between 18 candidates for the office of Navajo Nation President. Jonathan Nez received 39,783 votes while Joe Shirley, Jr. received 20,146 votes. A referendum for a salary increase for President and Vice-President did not pass with 37,693 votes against and 18,802
2018 Navajo Nation presidential election
20930537
2018 Navajo Nation presidential election The Navajo Nation presidential election of 2018 was held on Tuesday, November 6, 2018. The candidates for President of the Navajo Nation in the general election were Jonathan Nez and Joe Shirley, Jr. Jonathan Nez and running mate Myron Lizer won the election. The primary election was held on Tuesday, August 28, 2018 between 18 candidates for the office of Navajo Nation President. Jonathan Nez received 39,783 votes while Joe Shirley, Jr. received 20,146 votes. A referendum for a salary increase for President and Vice-President did not pass with 37,693 votes against and 18,802 votes
2018 Navajo Nation presidential election
6323363
grazed 1,100,000 mature sheep units in 1930. These sheep provided half the cash income for the individual Navajo. Collier's solution was to first launch a voluntary program which soon became mandatory in 1935. These programs may have paid for part of the value of each animal, but it did nothing to address the loss of future yearly income. In the matrilineal and matrilocal world of the Navajo, women were especially hurt, as many lost their only source of income. The Navajos did not understand why their centuries-old practices of raising livestock should change. They were united in opposition but they
Navajo
9667589
Other names sometimes used to define the region include "American Southwest", "North Mexico", "Chichimeca", and "Oasisamerica/Aridoamerica". Many contemporary cultural traditions exist within the Greater Southwest, including Yuman-speaking peoples inhabiting the Colorado River valley, the uplands, and Baja California, O'odham peoples of Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, and the Pueblo peoples of Arizona and New Mexico. In addition, the Apache and Navajo peoples, whose ancestral roots lie in the Athabaskan-speaking peoples in Canada, entered the Southwest during the 14th and 15th century and are a major modern presence in the area. "Paleo-Indians", according to most archaeologists, initially followed herds of big
Indigenous peoples of the North American Southwest
685927
children to school, with Morgan forcibly taking children to fill the school. Agriculture is an important part of Hopi culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided. The Hopi people had settled in permanent villages, while the nomadic Navajo people moved around the four corners. Both lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur passed an executive order creating a reservation for the Hopi. It was smaller than the Navajo reservation,
Hopi
11961777
Navajo Preparatory School Navajo Preparatory School is a college preparatory school located in Farmington, New Mexico. The school is fully sanctioned by the Navajo Nation since 1991 when the previous Navajo Academy closed due to lack of funding. The campus is currently undergoing a remodelling project for the past few years that includes new dormitories, classrooms, and an athletic sports complex. The school colors are black, turquoise, yellow, and white which represent the four seasons in Navajo Culture and the mascot is the eagle. The previous school colors for Navajo Mission and Navajo Academy were red, white, and blue. Navajo
Navajo Preparatory School
8736160
Lebeck. Lebeck was not killed in the explosion because he rigged it. He revealed himself to Chee by what he failed to note on the reports 30 years earlier – uranium is being mined now, above the level where oil was expected in the core samples Lebeck analyzed, but was not noted. Vines did not want an active oil field in someone else’s ownership when he could make a fortune by buying the lease for the land and selling the rights for the uranium. That white man acted like Navajo witch, in a twist ending. The Navajo word that means
People of Darkness
16007799
It was believed that after defeating the posse, the two renegade bands would besiege Bluff, but this did not happen. According to newspapers, there were enough men in Bluff to defend the town, but not enough to pursue the natives if and when they chose to escape. Sometime later, a force of about fifty Navajo policemen, from the Navajo Reservation, caught up with the hostiles, but were repulsed in the following skirmish. After that, the handling of the situation was turned over to Brigadier General Hugh L. Scott. Upon receiving orders, General Scott traveled all the way from his post
Bluff War
18845289
Social Services Director of the NN. His experience in the Puget Sound region of Washington State in American Indian Child Welfare Act hearings and learning from Northwest Coast Native women in the needs for the protection of children and families, Tom provided leadership in strengthening casework in domestic and sexual abuse cases on the Navajo reservation. Following working on the Navajo reservation, Tom moved with his family to the Lower Sioux Community in southwest Minnesota in 1981. He later became the Executive Director of the St. Paul American Indian Center, commuting back and forth from rural Minnesota to St. Paul.
Tom B.K. Goldtooth
14459695
strung together by the Santo Domingo to create necklaces, which were important trade items. Silversmiths dominate the production of jewelry centered in the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Early in the 1800s, Spanish and, later, Mexican, silver buttons, bridles, etc. became available in what is now Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico and, Utah through acquisition and trade. Navajo (Diné) artists began working silver in the 1850s after learning the art from Mexican smiths. The Zuni, who admired the silver jewelry made by Navajo smiths, traded livestock for instruction in working silver. By 1890, Zuni smiths had instructed the Hopi
Native American jewelry
9012483
by communists, a remark dismissed by Taca's cousin, longer in the US. Many south Vietnamese people who worked closely with the US military came to the US at the war's end, fifteen years prior to this novel, or more slowly in the years following the war. This novel is set in the American Southwest, on the Navajo Nation and the cities in or near it. Shiprock, New Mexico and Window Rock, Arizona are two cities on the reservation, about 100–110 miles apart depending on the roads used. Window Rock serves as the capital and seat of government of the Navajo
Coyote Waits
2011833
of the American Southwest and his appreciation of its people, particularly the Navajo. His mystery novels are set in the Four Corners area of New Mexico and Arizona, sometimes reaching into Colorado and Utah, with occasional forays to the big cities of Washington, D.C., Los Angeles and New York City. The protagonists are Joe Leaphorn and Jim Chee of the Navajo tribal police. Lt. Leaphorn was introduced in Hillerman's first novel, "The Blessing Way" (1970). Sgt. Jim Chee was introduced in the fourth novel, "People of Darkness". The two first work together in the seventh novel, "Skinwalkers", considered his breakout
Tony Hillerman
16355326
in the Window Rock, Chinle, Kayenta and Tuba City Police Districts, with some segments also filmed in Shiprock & Crownpoint, New Mexico. Louis Tarantino and Douglas Cohen are the Executive Producers (for Flight 33 Productions) & Tim Evans served as Supervising Producer, while Dolan served as Senior Producer and also directed several episodes. The series was written by Dolan and Steffen Schlachtenhaufen. "In the heart of the American Southwest, the 320 cops of the Navajo Police patrol some of the most rugged territory in the United States. These modern day warriors are on a mission to protect the largest Indian
Navajo cops
16007800
in Virginia City to Bluff, in order to negotiate an end to the war. Scott was genuinely uninterested in fighting the hostile Utes and Paiutes, so on March 10, 1915 he left Bluff, unarmed, with just a few of his men, to meet Polk and Posey at a place called Mexican Hat, near Navajo Mountain. General Scott described the journey; ""We reached Bluff on March 10 and learned that the Indians had gone to the Navajo Mountains, 125 miles southwest of Bluff. We stayed a day in Bluff and then went on to Mexican Hat. Some friendly Navajos met me
Bluff War
4830248
that, at its peak, up to 150 people inhabited this site at one time. Due to the extremely dry climate and natural overhanging cliff the site's dwellings and artifacts are well preserved. Keet Seel is considered by many archaeological experts to be one of the best preserved larger ruins in the American Southwest. Betatakin means "House Built on a Ledge" in Navajo. In Hopi, the name of the place is "Talastima", or "Place of the Corn Tassel". Betatakin is smaller than nearby Keet Seel, with about 120 rooms at the time of abandonment. However, like Keet Seel, Betatakin was constructed
Navajo National Monument