france loses alsace & lorraine to germany date
1871
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Alsace-Lorraine The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine ( or ) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871, after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges. The territory encompassed 93% of Alsace and 26% of Lorraine, while the rest of these regions remained part of France. For historical reasons, specific legal
Alsace-Lorraine
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component state of Prussia in 1870 the latter's troops and allied forces had defeated France in 1871 (Franco-German War). By the Treaty of Frankfurt France then ceded Alsace and northeastern Lorraine, becoming the new Alsace-Lorraine. 286,000 French Lutherans and their chief bodies then happened to reside within Unified Germany. The 45,000 Lutherans living in remaining France (la France intérieure), soon growing in number to 80,000 through Lutheran Optants from the annexed areas and other immigrants, had to reorganise their religious community forming new bodies. The new German administration was very reluctant to alter or pass new laws corcerning the religion.
Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
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Local law in Alsace-Moselle The territory of the former Alsace-Lorraine, legally known as Alsace-Moselle, is a region in the eastern part of France, bordering with Germany. Its principal cities are Metz and Strasbourg. Alsace-Moselle was part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, and was subsequently reoccupied by Germany from 1940 until its recapture by the Allies at the end of World War II. Consisting of the two départements that make up the region of Alsace, which are Haut-Rhin and Bas-Rhin, and the département of Moselle, which is the northeastern part of Lorraine, there are historical reasons for the
Local law in Alsace-Moselle
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1766, it passed to France after the death of Stanislaw Leszcyznski, who had acquired the region from the German Habsburgs by the Treaty of Vienna (1738) ending the War of Polish Succession (1733-1738). In 1871, Alsace-Lorraine became German, after the victory of Prussia and its German allies over the French in the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871). In 1919, it became French again by the Treaty of Versailles (1919), following the French victory over the Germans in World War I (1914-1918). In 1940, Germany reannexed Alsace-Lorraine following Germany's successful invasion of France. Finally, in 1945, after World War II (1939-1945), Alsace-Lorraine was
Treaty of Verdun
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made a mistake in taking Alsace and Lorraine in 1871, setting off decades of popular hatred of Germany and demand for revenge. Bismarck's decision came in response to popular demand, and the Army's demand for a strong frontier. It was not necessary since France was much weaker militarily than Germany, but it forced Bismarck to orient German foreign policy to block France from having any major allies. Alsace and Lorraine were a grievance for some years, but by 1890 had largely faded away with the French realization that nostalgia was not as useful as modernization. France rebuilt its Army, emphasizing
French Third Republic
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waged war on Prussia (then a member of the North German Confederation) the former was defeated by the latter and its allies. By the Treaty of Frankfurt France ceded Alsace and parts of two northeastern départements of Lorraine to the newly united Germany. The Reformed congregations there with approximately 39,000 parishioners were separated from the Reformed Church of France in May 1871. Unlike the Lutheran Church of the Confession of Augsburg of France (Église de la Confession d’Augsbourg de France) whose directory ("directoire") and supreme consistory (consistoire supérieur) were located in Strasbourg in Alsace, with the vast majority of its
Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine
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the war mainly for revenge against Germany, in particular for France's loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany in 1871. The German high command knew that France would muster its forces to go into Alsace-Lorraine. Aside from the very unofficial Septemberprogramm, the Germans never stated a clear list of goals that they wanted out of the war. Germany did not want to risk lengthy battles along the Franco-German border and instead adopted the Schlieffen Plan, a military strategy designed to cripple France by invading Belgium and Luxembourg, sweeping down to encircle and crush both Paris and the French forces along the Franco-German
German Empire
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in May 1871 by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871. France ceded more than 90% of Alsace and one-fourth of Lorraine, as stipulated in the treaty of Frankfurt. Unlike other members states of the German federation, which had governments of their own, the new "Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine" was under the sole authority of the Kaiser, administered directly by the imperial government in Berlin. Between 100,000 and 130,000 Alsatians (of a total
History of Alsace
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diplomatic chess for almost twenty years after 1871, [and] devoted himself exclusively, and successfully, to maintaining peace between the powers". Bismarck's assent to the Army and to intense public demand in Germany for acquisition of the border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine had turned France into a permanent, deeply-committed enemy ("see" French–German enmity). Theodore Zeldin says, "Revenge and the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years. That Germany was France's enemy became the basic fact of international relations." Bismarck's solution was to make France a pariah nation, encouraging royalty to ridicule its
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
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and requiring French were promptly introduced. However, propaganda for elections was allowed to go with a German translation from 1919 to 2008. In order not to antagonize the Alsatians, the region was not subjected to some legal changes that had occurred in the rest of France between 1871 and 1919, such as the 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State. Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgau. Alsace was merged with Baden,
History of Alsace
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antisemitism sharply declined. By 1831, the state began paying salaries to official rabbis, and in 1846 a special legal oath for Jews was discontinued. Antisemitic local riots occasionally occurred, especially during the Revolution of 1848. The merger of Alsace into Germany in 1871-1918 lessened antisemitic violence. The Franco-Prussian War, which started in July 1870, saw France defeated in May 1871 by the Kingdom of Prussia and other German states. The end of the war led to the unification of Germany. Otto von Bismarck annexed Alsace and northern Lorraine to the new German Empire in 1871. France ceded more than 90%
Alsace
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models. The lowest unemployment rate in France can be found in the Southern Sundgau region (approximately 2%). The countryside is marked by hills. Many "Haut-Rhinois" work in Switzerland, especially in the chemical industries of Basel, but commute from France where living costs are lower. Alsace and the adjacent Moselle department have a legal system slightly different from the rest of France. The statutes in question date from the period 1871 - 1919 when the area was part of the German Empire. With the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1919, Paris accepted that Alsace and Moselle should retain some local
Haut-Rhin
684282
with French law. Created in 1919, it preserves the French laws applied in France before 1870 and maintained by the Germans during the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, but repealed in the rest of France after 1871. It also maintains German laws enacted by the German Empire between 1871 and 1918, specific provisions adopted by the local authorities, and French laws that have been enacted after 1919 to be applicable only in Alsace-Lorraine. This specific local legislation encompasses different areas including religion, social work and finance. The most striking of the legal differences between France and Alsace-Lorraine is the absence in Alsace-Lorraine
Metz
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especially in the areas of social security, personal bankruptcy and social aid. Some others have been repealed, like the work law and the election literature, which meet now the French general law. However, working on Sundays remains restricted (). Local law in Alsace-Moselle The territory of the former Alsace-Lorraine, legally known as Alsace-Moselle, is a region in the eastern part of France, bordering with Germany. Its principal cities are Metz and Strasbourg. Alsace-Moselle was part of the German Empire from 1871 to 1918, and was subsequently reoccupied by Germany from 1940 until its recapture by the Allies at the end
Local law in Alsace-Moselle
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channel system was completed in 1834); it provided water to the Rhone-Rhine canal. The Huningue canal is a feeder arm of this Rhone–Rhine Canal; it enters the river opposite the main dock basins. Only about a kilometre of the canal is still navigable, leading to the town of Kembs. In 1871, the town passed, with Alsace-Lorraine, to the German Empire. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France after the First World War. It was evacuated in 1939, retaken by Germany in 1940 with some 60% of the town destroyed during World War II, and finally returned to France once again in 1945. In
Huningue
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merged into the "Société nationale des chemins de fer français" (SNCF) in 1938. In Alsace and Moselle, many multi-track routes are still driven on the right, whereas in the rest of France they drive on the left. Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine The Kaiserliche Generaldirektion der Eisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen or EL (English: General Directorate of the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine) were the first railways owned by the German Empire. They emerged in 1871, after France had ceded the region of Alsace-Lorraine to the German Empire under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Frankfurt following the Franco-Prussian War. The railways of
Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine
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people there spoke Germanic dialects. The area annexed on May 18, 1871 corresponded to the canton of Schirmeck and the northern half of the canton of Saales. Schirmeck and Saales had been historically part of Alsace. These territories, along with the rest of Alsace and the annexed territories of Lorraine, became part of the "Reichsland" of "Elsaß-Lothringen". The area of the Vosges department was thus reduced to its current 5,874 km² (2,268 sq. miles). In 1919, with the allied victory in the World War I, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France by Germany at the Treaty of Versailles. However, Schirmeck and
Vosges (department)
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populations of the former Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation into a single nation-state. As various German dialects were spoken by most of the population of Alsace and Moselle (northern Lorraine), these regions were viewed by German nationalists to be rightfully part of hoped-for united Germany in the future. In 1871, the newly created German Empire's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War was not simply a punitive measure. The transfer was controversial even among the Germans: The German Chancellor, Otto von Bismarck, was initially opposed to it, as he thought it would engender
Alsace-Lorraine
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in northern France. Following the Siege of Paris, the capital fell on 28 January 1871, and then a revolutionary uprising called the Paris Commune seized power in the city and held it for two months, until it was bloodily suppressed by the regular French army at the end of May 1871. The German states proclaimed their union as the German Empire under the Prussian king Wilhelm I, finally uniting Germany as a nation-state. The Treaty of Frankfurt of 10 May 1871 gave Germany most of Alsace and some parts of Lorraine, which became the Imperial territory of Alsace-Lorraine ("Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen").
Franco-Prussian War
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Alsace-Lorraine The Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine ( or ) was a territory created by the German Empire in 1871, after it annexed most of Alsace and the Moselle department of Lorraine following its victory in the Franco-Prussian War. The Alsatian part lay in the Rhine Valley on the west bank of the Rhine River and east of the Vosges Mountains. The Lorraine section was in the upper Moselle valley to the north of the Vosges. The territory encompassed 93% of Alsace and 26% of Lorraine, while the rest of these regions remained part of France. For historical reasons, specific legal
Alsace-Lorraine
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rooms Alsace and the adjacent Moselle department have a legal system slightly different from the rest of France. The statutes in question date from the period 1871 - 1919 when the area was part of the German Empire. With the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1919, Paris accepted that Alsace and Moselle should retain some local laws in respect of certain matters, especially with regard to hunting, economic life, local government relationships, health insurance and social rights. It includes notably the absence of any formal separation between church and state: several mainstream denominations of the Christian church benefit from
Bas-Rhin
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to carry up to 9 m of water. Alsace-Lorraine B 1 The steam locomotives of Alsace-Lorraine Class B 1 were procured by the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine in 1871. In 1906 they were reorganised into Class P 1. When Germany took over the railway network in Alsace-Lorraine following their victory in the Franco-Prussian War, there was a need to procure locomotives and coaches because the French had withdrawn all the railway stock. Originally the intent was to use the 12 locomotives (nos. 16 to 23) built by Strousberg to 'Strousberg norms' for the Halle-Sorau-Guben railway. They were no longer in
Alsace-Lorraine B 1
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Alsace-Lorraine B 1 The steam locomotives of Alsace-Lorraine Class B 1 were procured by the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine in 1871. In 1906 they were reorganised into Class P 1. When Germany took over the railway network in Alsace-Lorraine following their victory in the Franco-Prussian War, there was a need to procure locomotives and coaches because the French had withdrawn all the railway stock. Originally the intent was to use the 12 locomotives (nos. 16 to 23) built by Strousberg to 'Strousberg norms' for the Halle-Sorau-Guben railway. They were no longer in service there, because the Reich railways purchased them
Alsace-Lorraine B 1
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boundary between the Alsace and Lorraine regions of France. In 1871, Alsace was ceded to Germany under the Treaty of Frankfurt, and thus the ridge formed the boundary between France and Germany. During the First World War, the French military decided to create a road to follow the ridge, thus allowing easier access to the valleys on both sides, enabling the faster movement of French troops. The route was mostly just below the ridge to the west and was thus protected from German gunfire. From Sainte-Marie-aux-Mines (Haut-Rhin) (elevation ), the Route des Crêtes is accessed via D48 and Col des
Route des Crêtes
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works. It has research centre and office in Berlin, and an office in Rolandseck, Germany. Jean Arp Jean Arp or Hans Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966) was a German-French sculptor, painter, poet, and abstract artist in other media such as torn and pasted paper. Arp was born in Strasbourg, the son of a French mother and a German father, during the period following the Franco-Prussian War when the area was known as Alsace-Lorraine ("Elsass-Lothringen" in German) after France had ceded it to Germany in 1871. Following the return of Alsace to France at the end of World
Jean Arp
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business, but the best years were clearly over and on April 7, 1863 the forges were closed. In 1871 Grandfontaine benefited from a last minute renegotiation following the surrender of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany. France was keen to retain a railway line of which, under the terms originally imposed, six kilometres near Avricourt would have ended up in Germany. The Germans were however to return the small amount of land involved to France in return for a large area of woodland surrounding the nearby communes of Raon-sur-Plaine and Raon-lès-Leau in Lorraine. The woodland provided excellent scope for profitable forestry
Grandfontaine, Bas-Rhin
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in November 1914. French defeat in the 1870-1871 Franco-Prussian War led to the loss of the two provinces of Alsace-Lorraine and the establishment of the Third Republic. The suppression of the Paris Commune by the new regime caused deep political divisions and led to a series of bitter political struggles, such as the Dreyfus affair. As a result, aggressive nationalism or Revanchism was one of the few areas to unite the French. The loss of Alsace-Lorraine deprived France of its natural defence line on the Rhine, while it was weaker demographically than Germany, whose 1911 population was 64.9 million to
Allies of World War I
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licensing of the Kusel line, there were new efforts to establish a line through the whole length of the Glan valley. As Alsace and Lorraine were incorporated in the German Empire in 1871 as a result of the Franco-Prussian War, the fear that France would start another war in order to regain Alsace-Lorraine developed in Germany and some argued for a railway in the north-south direction along the Glan for strategic military reasons. Prussia, in particular supported this idea. The first draft plan was made for the line in 1871, which essentially corresponded to the line as built, but the
Glan-Münchweiler station
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active community in Paris, in Strasbourg Lutherans formed the majority and had their headquarters, while Calvinists were underrepresented there. Thus in Alsace-Lorraine the relative strength of the two Protestant churches was reversed, enforcing Lutheran self-confidence with intact institutions. Proponents of Calvinism and Judaism then took the endeavour to form new statewide umbrella organisations. But in 1872 Upper President rejected the Calvinist and Jewish proposals, arguing he would interfere as little as possible in the current state of legal affairs of Alsace-Lorraine as long as no Alsace-Lorrainese legislative body were established. After 1871 many people from interior Germany settled in Alsace-Lorraine,
Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
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various national war plans had been perfected by 1914, albeit with Russia and Austria trailing in effectiveness. All plans called for a decisive opening and a short war. For a few years after its defeat in 1871 France displayed a bitter Revanchism: a deep sense of bitterness, hatred and demand for revenge against Germany, especially because of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Paintings that emphasized the humiliation of the defeat came in high demand, such as those by Alphonse de Neuville. French policy makers were not fixated on revenge. However strong public opinion regarding Alsace-Lorraine meant that friendship with
International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)
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in January 1477. In the battle, René defeated the army of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, who had occupied the Duchy of Lorraine, and regained his duchy. All coins struck for René bore the symbol thereafter. The Cross of Lorraine is an emblem of Lorraine in eastern France. Between 1871 and 1918 (and again between 1940 and 1944), the north-eastern quarter of Lorraine (the Moselle department) was annexed to Germany, along with Alsace. During that period the Cross served as a rallying point for French ambitions to recover its lost provinces. This historical significance lent it considerable weight as
Cross of Lorraine
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Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine The Kaiserliche Generaldirektion der Eisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen or EL (English: General Directorate of the Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine) were the first railways owned by the German Empire. They emerged in 1871, after France had ceded the region of Alsace-Lorraine to the German Empire under the terms of the Peace Treaty of Frankfurt following the Franco-Prussian War. The railways of the private "Compagnie des chemins de fer de l'Est (CF de l'Est"; English: [French] Eastern Railway Company), with a total of trackage, were formally purchased from the French and then sold again to the German Empire. The
Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine
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Some of the distant origins of World War I can be seen in the results and consequences of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870-1871 and the concurrent unification of Germany. Germany had won decisively and established a powerful Empire, while France fell into chaos and military decline for years. A legacy of animosity grew between France and Germany following the German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine. The annexation caused widespread resentment in France, giving rise to the desire for revenge, known as revanchism. French sentiments were based on a desire to avenge military and territorial losses and the displacement of France as the
Causes of World War I
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Jean Arp Jean Arp or Hans Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966) was a German-French sculptor, painter, poet, and abstract artist in other media such as torn and pasted paper. Arp was born in Strasbourg, the son of a French mother and a German father, during the period following the Franco-Prussian War when the area was known as Alsace-Lorraine ("Elsass-Lothringen" in German) after France had ceded it to Germany in 1871. Following the return of Alsace to France at the end of World War I, French law determined that his name become "Jean". Arp would continue referring to
Jean Arp
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border provinces of Alsace and Lorraine, thereby turning France into a permanent, deeply-committed enemy. see French–German enmity Theodore Zeldin says, "Revenge and the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years. That Germany was France's enemy became the basic fact of international relations." Bismarck's solution was to make France a pariah nation, encouraging royalty to ridicule its new republican status, and building complex alliances with the other major powers – Austria, Russia, and Britain – to keep France isolated diplomatically. The issue of Alsace-Lorraine faded in importance after 1880, but the rapid growth
France–Germany relations
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Reichsstatthalter The Reichsstatthalter (, "Reich lieutenant") was a title used in the German Empire and later in Nazi Germany. The office of "Statthalter des Reiches" (otherwise known as "Reichsstatthalter") was instituted in 1879 by the German Empire for the areas of Alsace ("Elsaß") and Lorraine ("Lothringen") that France had ceded to Germany following the Franco-Prussian War. It was a form of governorship intended to exist while Alsace-Lorraine became a federal state of the Empire. It was abolished when Alsace-Lorraine was, in turn, ceded back to France after Germany lost World War I. During the Third Reich, the Nazis created the
Reichsstatthalter
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Germany ceded Alsace-Lorraine to France became effective, the autonomy continued before the French law was implemented in the reannexed territory. After much of debate and complaints over the uniformity by which existing law and practice in Alsace-Lorraine would be levelled to French standards, a compromise was found. All French law, never abolished in Alsace-Lorraine, but in France, such as the 1801 concordat and the Organic Articles done away with by the French Law on separating Religion and state in 1905, would continue in Alsace and the Moselle department. Other laws, also newer regulations enacted by the Alsace-Lorrain legislation or the
Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
17222043
Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine The Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (; EPRAL) is a Reformed denomination in Alsace and Northeastern Lorraine (Département Moselle), France. As a church body it enjoys the status as an "établissement public du culte" (public establishment of cult). The EPRAL adheres to the Apostles Creed, Nicene Creed, Heidelberg Catechism and the Second Helvetic Confession. The EPRAL has approximately 33,000 members in 52 congregations served by 50 pastors. Congregations holding services in German language use the current German Protestant hymnal "" issued by the Protestant church bodies in Austria, France (Alsace-Moselle), Germany
Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine
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the Franco-Prussian War of 1870, France lost her provinces of Alsace and portions of Lorraine to Germany (see Alsace-Lorraine); these lost provinces would only be regained at the end of World War I. Between 1795 and 1866, metropolitan France (that is, without overseas or colonial possessions) was the second most populous country of Europe, behind Russia, and the fourth most populous country in the world (behind China, India, and Russia); between 1866 and 1911, metropolitan France was the third most populous country of Europe, behind Russia and Germany. Unlike other European countries, France did not experience a strong population growth
France in the long nineteenth century
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and continued to rapidly increase. The eventual unification of Germany was triggered by the Franco-German War in 1870 and subsequent French defeat. German forces crushed the French armies at the Battle of Sedan. Finally, in the Treaty of Frankfurt, reached after a lengthy siege of Paris, France was forced to cede the mostly Germanic-speaking Alsace-Lorraine territory (consisting of most of Alsace and a quarter of Lorraine), and pay an indemnity of five billion francs. Thereafter, Germany was the leading land power. Bismarck's main mistake was giving into the Army and to intense public demand in Germany for acquisition of the
France–Germany relations
1995054
of the Third Republic. In the Treaty of Frankfurt, Prussia forced France to cede Alsace-Lorraine to the new German Empire. Ever since, relations had been poor. France, worried about the escalating military development of Germany, began building up its own war industries and army to deter to German aggression. Also, France developed a strong bond with Russia by ratifying the Franco-Russian Alliance, which was designed to create a strong counter to the Triple Alliance. France's main concerns were to protect against an attack from Germany and to regain Alsace-Lorraine. Russia had by far the largest manpower reserves of all the
Triple Entente
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and German Lorraine under German rule. He wrote a publication entitled "Alsace-Lorraine – a study of the relations of the two provinces to France and to Germany, and a presentation of the just claims of their people," which was published in 1917, by G.P. Putnam's Sons in 1917. Blumenthal presented this publication to the United States Congress as means to gain American support for the freeing of Alsace and Lorraine from German rule and its reannexation to France without a plesbiscite of the inhabitants. After their immigration Blumenthal's father converted from Judaism to Calvinism and travelled over land as a
Daniel Blumenthal (politician)
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in particular). France in the twentieth century The History of France from 1914 to the present includes: In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways: most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870 (following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871), and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France (department) in 1848. Alsace-Lorraine would be restored at the end of World War I (only to be lost again, temporarily, to the Germans a second time during World War II). Unlike
France in the twentieth century
4255794
France in the twentieth century The History of France from 1914 to the present includes: In 1914, the territory of France was different from today's France in two important ways: most of Alsace and the northeastern part of Lorraine had been annexed by Germany in 1870 (following the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871), and the North-African country of Algeria had been established as an integral part of France (department) in 1848. Alsace-Lorraine would be restored at the end of World War I (only to be lost again, temporarily, to the Germans a second time during World War II). Unlike other European
France in the twentieth century
7072465
germanium. This latter method is nicknamed the "Alsace-Lorraine" technique because of the reaction sequence (gallium-germanium-gallium) involved. Gallium and germanium are named after France and Germany, respectively, and ownership of the Alsace-Lorraine territory has historically been a point of contention between France and Germany, thus the nickname of the technique. These radiochemical detection methods are useful only for counting neutrinos; no neutrino direction or energy information is available. The SAGE experiment in Russia used about 50 tons, and the GALLEX/GNO experiments in Italy about 30 tons, of gallium as reaction mass. This experiment is difficult to scale up due to the
Neutrino detector
3264744
turned into a French speaking university during the French Revolution. The university was refounded as the German "Kaiser-Wilhelm-Universität" in 1872, after the Franco-Prussian war and the annexation of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany provoked a westwards exodus of Francophone teachers. During the German Empire the university was greatly expanded and numerous new buildings were erected because the university was intended to be a showcase of German against French culture in Alsace. In 1918, Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France, so a reverse exodus of Germanophone teachers took place. During the Second World War, when France was occupied, personnel and equipment of the University
University of Strasbourg
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and contributed to the prosperity of Grandfontaine (now in Germany). After 1919 and again in 1944, when Alsace and Lorraine were transferred back to France, there was no appetite for returning to the pre-1871 frontier between Alsace and Lorraine: the lucrative forests remain in Alsace and the Grandfontaine commune has retained them, notwithstanding the protests from Raon across the mountains in Lorraine. British author Nicolas Freeling died at his home in Grandfontaine on July 20, 2003. Les Minières is a nineteenth-century iron ore mine restored to operational status by the local commune, complemented by a small museum retracing the operation
Grandfontaine, Bas-Rhin
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7th Army there were in August, with killed. Battle of Lorraine The Battle of Lorraine (14 August – 7 September 1914) was a battle on the Western Front during the First World War. The armies of France and Germany had completed their mobilisation, the French with Plan XVII, to conduct an offensive through Lorraine and Alsace into Germany and the Germans with "Aufmarsch II West", for an offensive in the north through Luxembourg and Belgium into France, supplemented with attacks in the south to prevent the French from transferring troops to the greater threat in the north. Belgian military planning
Battle of Lorraine
6681748
Battle of Lorraine The Battle of Lorraine (14 August – 7 September 1914) was a battle on the Western Front during the First World War. The armies of France and Germany had completed their mobilisation, the French with Plan XVII, to conduct an offensive through Lorraine and Alsace into Germany and the Germans with "Aufmarsch II West", for an offensive in the north through Luxembourg and Belgium into France, supplemented with attacks in the south to prevent the French from transferring troops to the greater threat in the north. Belgian military planning was based on the assumption that other powers
Battle of Lorraine
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are associated with France, the best known are the following; The 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State removed the privileged status of the state religion (Catholic Church) and of the three other state-recognised religions (Lutheranism, Calvinism, Judaism), but left to them the use without fee of the churches that they used prior to 1905. A notable exception is Alsace-Lorraine, which was at the time of the separation part of Germany, and where the pre-1905 status, including the Concordat, is still in force. This was negotiated in 1918 when Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France at the end
Catholic Church in France
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government's policies on Alsace-Lorraine, Catholics and other ethnic minorities, and was frequently allied with the Danish Party, the German-Hanoverian Party and the Polish Party. Alsace-Lorraine Party The Alsace-Lorraine Party (; also known as Elsässer) was a political party in the German Empire. The party first contested national elections in 1874, winning 15 seats. It went on to win 15 seats in every election until 1890, when it was reduced to 10 seats. As more Alsatians emigrated to France, the party's support declined, and it never won more than 10 seats following the 1890 elections. When Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France
Alsace-Lorraine Party
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Alsace-Lorraine Party The Alsace-Lorraine Party (; also known as Elsässer) was a political party in the German Empire. The party first contested national elections in 1874, winning 15 seats. It went on to win 15 seats in every election until 1890, when it was reduced to 10 seats. As more Alsatians emigrated to France, the party's support declined, and it never won more than 10 seats following the 1890 elections. When Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France after World War I, the party disappeared. The party represented the autonomist views of the French-speaking population of Alsace-Lorraine. It protested against the German
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Alsace Alsace (; ; Alsatian: "’s Elsass" ; German: "Elsass" ; ) is a cultural and historical region in eastern France, on the west bank of the upper Rhine next to Germany and Switzerland. From 1982 to 2016, Alsace was the smallest administrative "région" in metropolitan France, consisting of the Bas-Rhin and Haut-Rhin departments. Territorial reform passed by the French legislature in 2014 resulted in the merger of the Alsace administrative region with Champagne-Ardenne and Lorraine to form Grand Est. Alsatian is an Alemannic dialect closely related to Swabian and Swiss German, although since World War II most Alsatians primarily
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Palatinate Railway The Palatinate Railway or "Pfalzbahn" was an early German railway company in the period of the German Empire prior to the First World War. It was formed on 1 January 1870, as the United Palatinate Railway based in Ludwigshafen, by the amalgamation of the following railway companies: By Spring 1889, the railway network had grown to ; of which was in Alsace-Lorraine and in Prussian Rhineland. It handled through traffic from north and south Germany into the southern Rhineland, to Lorraine and France, as well as from north Germany into Alsace, Switzerland and to Italy. The three united
Palatinate Railway
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permanent French enmity toward Germany. Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries, such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse. Karl Marx also warned his fellow Germans: "If Alsace and Lorraine are taken, then France will later make war on Germany in conjunction with Russia. It is unnecessary to go into the unholy consequences." However, the German Emperor, Wilhelm I, eventually sided with army commander Helmuth von Moltke, other Prussian generals and other officials who argued that a westward shift in the French border was necessary for
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in France but also to avoid any desertion from the Alsatian soldiers to the French army, German Army draftees from Alsace-Lorraine were sent mainly to the Eastern front, or the Navy (). About 15,000 Alsatians and Lorrainers served in the German Navy. In the general revolutionary atmosphere of the expiring German Empire, Marxist councils of workers and soldiers () formed in Mulhouse, in Colmar and Strasbourg in November 1918, in parallel to other such bodies set up in Germany, in imitation of the Russian equivalent "soviets". In this chaotic situation, Alsace-Lorraine's Landtag proclaimed itself the supreme authority of the land
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the French Senate serving as the high court, he was sentenced, on 25 January 1900, to ten years' banishment from France, and retired to San Sebastián in Spain. As a member of the chamber Paul Déroulède was an opponent of colonialism, believing that it distracted from more pressing foreign policy issues in Europe, especially German control of Alsace and Lorraine. As he stated; 'I have lost two sisters and you offer me twenty servants." Déroulède was also an Anglophile, believing that an alliance or agreement with Britain was essential for defending France against Germany and enabling the recapture of Alsace-Lorraine.
Paul Déroulède
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the former German Empire suffered severe territorial losses, including the portion of Lorraine territory that had been part of its state of Alsace-Lorraine. With the exception of its de facto annexation by Nazi Germany during World War II, that area has since remained a part of France. During that war, the cross of Lorraine was a symbol of Free France. The administrative region of Lorraine is larger than the 18th century duchy of Lorraine, which gradually came under French sovereignty between 1737 and 1766. The modern region includes provinces and areas that were historically separate from the duchy of Lorraine
Lorraine
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, with its directory, supreme consistory and the bulk of its parishioners residing in Alsace, was reorganised as the Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine (EPCAAL) in 1872, but territorially reconfined to Alsace-Lorraine only. The five local Calvinist consistories, originally part of the Reformed Church of France, formed a statewide synod in 1895, the Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine (EPRAL). The three Israelite consistories in , and were disentangled from supervision by the Israelite Central Consistory of France and continued as separate statutory corporations which never formed a joint body, but cooperated. All the mentioned
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Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party The Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party () was a Catholic political party in the Imperial Province of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany in the early 1900s. The party was founded in March 1903. It was the first Catholic political organization in Alsace-Lorraine. Léon Vonderscheer, a lawyer by profession, was the president of the party, while Hauss was the party secretary. The party was founded in reaction to the advances of the SPD in Alsace-Lorraine. However, following the formation of the "Landespartei", different liberal factions regrouped to form a political party of their own to confront the "Landespartei". The party won seven out
Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party
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that war was a capitalist plot and could never be beneficial to the working man. They worked hard to defeat the conscription proposal, often in cooperation with middle-class pacifists and women's groups, but were outvoted. The critical issue for France was its relationship with Germany. Paris had relatively little involvement in the Balkan crisis that launched the war, paying little attention to Serbia, Austria, or the Ottoman Empire. However a series of unpleasant diplomatic confrontations with Germany soured relationships. The defeat in 1870-71 rankled, especially the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Although the issue of Alsace-Lorraine faded in importance after
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did however retain a degree of independence towards the all-German Centre Party. For example, their Reichtag deputies did not join the Centre Party faction "en bloc". Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party The Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party () was a Catholic political party in the Imperial Province of Alsace-Lorraine, Germany in the early 1900s. The party was founded in March 1903. It was the first Catholic political organization in Alsace-Lorraine. Léon Vonderscheer, a lawyer by profession, was the president of the party, while Hauss was the party secretary. The party was founded in reaction to the advances of the SPD in Alsace-Lorraine. However, following
Alsace-Lorraine Regional Party
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between French and German dialects, except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the Vosges mountains, the city of Metz and its region and in the area of Château-Salins (formerly in the Meurthe "département"), which were annexed by Germany although most people there spoke French. In 1900, 11.6% of the population of Alsace-Lorraine spoke French as their first language (11.0% in 1905, 10.9% in 1910). That small francophone areas were affected, was used in France to denounce the new border as hypocrisy, since Germany had justified the annexation on linguistic grounds. However, the German administration was tolerant of
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Protestantism, was not applied in Alsace. France did endeavour to promote Catholicism. Strasbourg Cathedral, for example, which had been Lutheran from 1524 to 1681, was returned to the Catholic Church. However, compared to the rest of France, Alsace enjoyed a climate of religious tolerance. The warfare that had partially depopulated the region created opportunities for a stream of immigrants from Switzerland, Germany, Austria, Lorraine, Savoy and other lands that continued until the mid-18th century. France consolidated its hold with the 1679 Treaties of Nijmegen, which brought most remaining towns under its control. France seized Strasbourg in 1681 in an unprovoked
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the Metz Battalion was not disbanded until 28 May 1947. Commander : Pleis "Bataillon « Mulhouse »" formed from resistance fighters from Savoie and from Haute-Savoie. Commander : Dopff "Bataillon « Strasbourg »" formed from resistance fighters from Dordogne. Commander : Antoine Diener-Ancel Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade (France) The Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade (, or BIAL), usually known as the Alsace-Lorraine Brigade or sometimes as the Brigade Malraux, was a French Forces of the Interior (FFI) unit that fought alongside regular French Army forces in World War II during the closing months of 1944 and early 1945. Formed in September 1944 by
Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade (France)
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Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade (France) The Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade (, or BIAL), usually known as the Alsace-Lorraine Brigade or sometimes as the Brigade Malraux, was a French Forces of the Interior (FFI) unit that fought alongside regular French Army forces in World War II during the closing months of 1944 and early 1945. Formed in September 1944 by André Malraux, the brigade comprised approximately 1,000 men organized into three battalions named for the cities of Metz, Mulhouse, and Strasbourg. Malraux's achievement in organizing this brigade was noteworthy in that few brigade-sized units of FFI men were organized at all, and his
Alsace-Lorraine Independent Brigade (France)
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the German Empire as part of the territory of Alsace-Lorraine (1871–1918). The city was briefly occupied by French troops on 8 August 1914 at the start of World War I, but they were forced to withdraw two days later in the Battle of Mulhouse. The citizens of Alsace who unwisely celebrated the appearance of the French army were left to face German reprisals, with several citizens sentenced to death. After World War I ended in 1918, French troops entered Alsace. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles. After the Battle of France in 1940, it was
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the footballers play in "Promotion A", Group D, of the "Ligue d' Alsace - Bas Rhin" (IX). With three games to play, the club sits on last place. The club's handball team has become prominent nationally. "as SC Sélestat" FC Sélestat FC Sélestat is a French football from the city of Sélestat in Alsace, France. It was established in 1906 as the German club Fussball Klub 1906 Schlettstadt in what was at the time Schlettstadt, Elsass, in Germany. Following the Franco-Prussian War, the territories of Alsace and parts of Lorraine were ceded to Germany as Elsass and Lothringen. "SV" was
FC Sélestat
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asleep by a campfire, dreaming of simpler times before the war. Specifically, he recalls times he spent in Lorraine and memories of the "quaint old-fashioned people" who lived in the villages of Alsace-Lorraine. This territory was under German control during the war, but France gained it back after the war. This moment of nostalgia overwhelms him, and he cries out what is the chorus: Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine) "Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine)" is a World War I era song released in 1917. Al Bryan wrote the lyrics. Fred Fisher composed the music. It was published by McCarthy and
Lorraine (My Beautiful Alsace Lorraine)
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umbrella) maintaining separate confessions in the local congregations (Evangelical State Church of Prussia's older Provinces; united umbrella since 1817). So Protestant officials from interior Germany delegated to posts in Alsace-Lorraine often had no routine with a Reformed and a Lutheran church existing side by side. This caused their expectation for the Reformed and the Lutheran churches in Alsace-Lorraine to unite, promoted by the administration of Alsace-Lorraine, especially since the head of state of Alsace-Lorraine, the German Emperor himself, in personal union king of Prussia was as such the supreme governor of the united old-Prussian church body. However, the Lutheran Supreme
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Alsace and Lorraine. By the new Constitution of Alsace-Lorraine, enacted in 1911, the president of the Synodal Council as a representative of one of the two Protestant regional churches in Alsace-Lorraine, like one representative of each public-law religious body in Alsace-Lorraine, became an ex officio member of the first chamber of the (the Landtag). , president of the Synodal Council from 1898 to 1913, represented the church in the Landtag, then followed by Albert Kuntz. Whereas in interior France the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State did away with the concordat of 1801 and
Protestant Reformed Church of Alsace and Lorraine
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German nationalism. France long sought to attain and preserve its "natural boundaries", which were the Pyrenees to the southwest, the Alps to the southeast, and the Rhine River to the northeast. These strategic claims led to the annexation of territories located west of the Rhine river in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation. What is now known as Alsace was progressively conquered by Louis XIV in the 17th century, while Lorraine was incorporated in the 18th century under Louis XV. German nationalism, which resurfaced following the French occupation of Germany under Napoleon, sought to unify all the German-speaking
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FC Sélestat FC Sélestat is a French football from the city of Sélestat in Alsace, France. It was established in 1906 as the German club Fussball Klub 1906 Schlettstadt in what was at the time Schlettstadt, Elsass, in Germany. Following the Franco-Prussian War, the territories of Alsace and parts of Lorraine were ceded to Germany as Elsass and Lothringen. "SV" was formed out of the merger of predecessor sides "Schlettstadter Fussball-Klub 1906" and "Fussball-Klub Sport Schlettstadt" and played as an undistinguished local side. The disputed territories once again became part of France after World War I and "Schlettstadt" joined that
FC Sélestat
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of Church and State. Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgau. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. During the war, 130,000 young men from Alsace and Lorraine were conscripted into the German army, allegedly against their will (malgré-nous), and in some cases volunteered for the Waffen SS. Some of the latter were involved in war crimes, such as the Oradour-sur-Glane massacre. Most perished on
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dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a "local law". In relation to its special legal status, since its reversion to France following World War I, the territory has been referred to administratively as Alsace-Moselle. Since 2016, the historical territory is now part of the French administrative region of Grand Est. Alsace-Lorraine had a land area of . Its capital was Straßburg. It was divided in three districts ("Bezirke" in German): The largest urban areas in Alsace-Lorraine at the 1910 census were: The modern history of Alsace-Lorraine was largely influenced by the rivalry between French and
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restored the original French boundary. During the 19th century, the region underwent major industrialisation and became one of the leading industrial regions of France, second only to Alsace-Lorraine. Nord-Pas-de-Calais was barely touched by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870; indeed, the war actually helped it to cement its leading role in French industry due to the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. However, it suffered catastrophic damage in the two World Wars of the 20th century. When the First World War started, the region became a strategic target for the Allies and the Central Powers, mostly because of the coal and mining
Nord-Pas-de-Calais
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opposed by the South German states which already felt diminished by Prussia. Hence, an annexation to Bavaria and Baden was also discussed, yet met with opposition by the military which opined that the crucial border territory had to be governed from Berlin. As a compromise, Otto von Bismarck successfully proposed to incorporate Alsace-Lorraine as a territory directly governed by the Imperial (federal) government, leading to the creation of the Imperial Territory of Alsace-Lorraine ("Reichsland Elsaß-Lothringen"). The territorial status, common in the US, was unique within mainland Germany, as all constituent states were self-governing. France annexed the complete area after World
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that Empire - Maximilian and Carlota - are generally regarded by historians as having been an infertile couple. The historical Maximilian indicated that he planned to adopt Agustín de Iturbide y Green and Salvador de Iturbide y Marzán, the grandsons of Agustín I, as his heirs. King Charles XI was put in power by the "Action Française" movement in post-Great War France. After the overthrow of the French Third Republic around 1930, Charles XI took the movement's position to reclaim Alsace-Lorraine from Germany. When Kaiser Wilhelm II died on 4 June 1941, Charles XI formally demanded the return of Alsace-Lorraine.
Fictional characters in the Southern Victory Series
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Robert Muller Robert Muller (March 11, 1923 – September 20, 2010) was an international civil servant with the United Nations. Serving with the UN for 40 years and rising to the rank of Assistant Secretary-General, his ideas about world government, world peace and spirituality led to the increased representation of religions in the UN, especially of New Age Movement. He was known by some as "the philosopher of the United Nations". Born in Belgium, Robert Muller grew up in the Alsace-Lorraine region in France as a French citizen. Alsace-Lorraine borders Germany. His childhood home was on the border. The border
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1806. This area corresponded to the French "départements" of Bas-Rhin (in its entirety), Haut-Rhin (except the area of Belfort and Montbéliard), and a small area in the northeast of the Vosges département, all of which made up Alsace, and the "départements" of Moselle (four-fifths of it) and the northeast of Meurthe (one-third of Meurthe), which were the eastern part of Lorraine. The rest of the département of Meurthe was joined with the westernmost part of Moselle which had escaped German annexation to form the new département of Meurthe-et-Moselle. The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geolinguistic divide
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church and its parishes remained intact, while the 45,000 Lutherans in interior France were cut off from their central bodies. With the Reformed Church in Alsace-Lorraine the situation was reversed, the 35,000 Calvinists were disconnected from their mainland and central institutions in interior France. Also the three Israelite consistories in the area had been cut off from the Paris-based Central Consistory. Catholics formed the majority in Alsace-Lorraine but Lutherans, a religious minority, came second before the Calvinists, whereas in interior France this ranking among the Protestants was reversed. In centralist France Calvinists had a certain influence with their vivid and
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in the population and economy of Germany left France increasingly far behind. In the 1890s relationships remained good as Germany supported France during its difficulties with Britain over African colonies. Any lingering harmony collapsed in 1905, when Germany took an aggressively hostile position to French claims to Morocco. There was talk of war and France strengthened its ties with Britain and Russia. The long-term French reaction to defeat in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71 was Revanchism: a deep sense of bitterness, hatred and demand for revenge against Germany, especially because of the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Paintings that emphasized
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about from the city center. Following the Franco-Prussian War, both Germany and France had extensively fortified their new frontiers in Alsace and Lorraine. Belgium's comparatively undefended Meuse valley provided an attractive alternative route for forces seeking invade either France or Germany. The plains of Flanders could provide transportation, food and fuel for an invading force. Brialmont recognized that France and Germany would once again go to war. Fortifications at Liège and Namur might dissuade France and Germany from fighting their next war in Belgium. The Liège fortifications were intended to deter Germany, while the Namur forts were to dissuade the
Fortified position of Namur
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major regions chosen by this community are Alsace, Lorraine, Aquitaine, Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrénées, Brittany, Poitou-Charentes and Corsica. European immigrants in France. Portuguese 8%, British 5%, Spanish 5%, Italians 4%, Germans 4%, Romanians 3%, Belgians 3%. Germans in France Germans in France include French people of German ancestry and people born in Germany who live in France. German emigration to France It has resulted in being the home of one of the largest communities of German population born outside Germany. Migration from Germany to France has increased rapidly from the 1990s onwards, and by 2012 there were an estimated 130,000 German citizens
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of 22 June 1940, Alsace became part of the German occupation zone. In 1939, there were about 20,000 Jews living in Alsace and Lorraine. Evacuation of Alsace and Lorraine was started by the French government already on 3 September 1939, which was immediately following the start of World War II. About 14,000 Jews were evacuated to Périgueux and Limoges in southwest France, and far from the German border. About 5,000 more Jews fled to southern France after the German invasion of France in May, 1940. On 15 July 1940, most of the remaining Alsatian Jews (about 3,000) were evicted from
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regain Alsace-Lorraine and briefly resume its old position as the leading land power on the European continent. France was the leading proponent of harsh peace terms against Germany at the Paris Peace Conference. Since the war had been fought on French soil, it had destroyed much of French infrastructure and industry, and France had suffered the highest number of casualties proportionate to population. Much French opinion wanted the Rhineland, the section of Germany adjoining France and the old focus of French ambition, to be detached from Germany as an independent country; in the end they settled for a promise that
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powers, led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to Alsace-Lorraine during World War I. As soon as war was declared, both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine as propaganda pawns. Germans living in France were arrested and placed into camps by the French authorities. Upon occupying certain villages, veterans of the 1870 conflict were sought out and arrested by the French army. The Germans responded to the outbreak of war with harsh measures against the Alsace-Lorraine populace: the Saverne Affair had convinced the high command that the population was hostile to
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notoriety in the Salon des artistes français, where he frequently showed paintings depicting the loss of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany. He was a fierce proponent of French revanchism. The loss of Alsace-Lorraine was a recurring theme in his work. Albert Bettannier Nicolas Albert Bettannier (12 August 1851 – 17 November 1932), usually known as Albert Bettannier, was a French painter in the era of the French Third Republic. Bettannier was born in Metz in 1851 the son of Jean Bettannier and Marie Bellatte. He studied in Moselle. After the ceding of Alsace-Lorraine to Germany following the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian
Albert Bettannier
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regional beers, which started to be replaced by larger urban ones. Among the things that caused most impact are:- In the last decades the interest in beer was renewed and many new breweries, particularly microbreweries, have appeared. The Alsace-Lorraine region has had a turbulent history, changing hands several times between Germany and France. Currently, the French part is the main beer-producing "région" of France, thanks primarily to breweries in and near Strasbourg. These include those of (Karlsbräu), Kronenbourg, (Heineken International), , and (near Nancy). Hops are grown in Kochersberg and in northern Alsace. There are also a number of microbreweries
Beer in France
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France–Germany border The border between the states of France and Germany has a length of about . The border can be traced back from the 17th century, and the various treaties following the Thirty Years' War starting with the treaty of Westphalia and Nijmegen, marking the Rhine as the frontier between France, and the different German states. The actual border as we know was determined after the revision acted at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. The border then changed after the French defeat during the Franco-Prussian war, where France was forced to yield Alsace-Lorraine to the new German empire
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since 1817). So Protestant officials from interior Germany delegated to posts in Alsace-Lorraine often had no routine with a Reformed and a Lutheran church existing side by side. This caused their expectation for the Reformed and the Lutheran churches in Alsace-Lorraine to unite, especially since the head of state of Alsace-Lorraine, the German Emperor himself, in personal union king of Prussia was as such the supreme governor of the united old-Prussian church body. Also among the Lorrain Calvinists was a strong preference for a united church. However, the Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession perpetuated its existence with the ambit of
Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
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Prussian class 3 T 16.5 tenders. Alsace-Lorraine G 8.1 The Alsace-Lorraine Class G 8.1 was a superheated, goods train, steam locomotive with four driving axles, and was based on the Prussian G 8.1. There were no design differences between the two. The Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine ("Reichseisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen") received a total of 137 G 8.1 engines between 1913 and 1919, of which eleven were built by Henschel and the rest by the Grafenstaden. After the First World War ten locomotives were left in Germany and were later given the numbers 55 2946, 3338-3340, 4275-4279 and 4285 by the Deutsche
Alsace-Lorraine G 8.1
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Alsace-Lorraine G 8.1 The Alsace-Lorraine Class G 8.1 was a superheated, goods train, steam locomotive with four driving axles, and was based on the Prussian G 8.1. There were no design differences between the two. The Imperial Railways in Alsace-Lorraine ("Reichseisenbahnen in Elsaß-Lothringen") received a total of 137 G 8.1 engines between 1913 and 1919, of which eleven were built by Henschel and the rest by the Grafenstaden. After the First World War ten locomotives were left in Germany and were later given the numbers 55 2946, 3338-3340, 4275-4279 and 4285 by the Deutsche Reichsbahn. A further one, 55 5665,
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subject to strict laïcity. After France – in the scope of French centralism – had abolished the parliament of Alsace-Lorraine and many other features of regional autonomous administration the religious communities and the droit local form elements establishing Alsatian and Lorrain identity. In 1927 - after substantial doctrinal quarrels – some congregations split from EPCAAL and form today's Evangelical Lutheran Church – Synod of France and Belgium. In the Second World War many representatives of French statehood and politics fled Alsace and Lorraine or were evacuated in 1939 and 1940, among them Robert Hœpffner, president of the directory of the
Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine
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a frontier with a part of France to a frontier with territory annexed to the German Empire as Alsace-Lorraine under the Treaty of Frankfurt. This allowed Germany the military advantage of controlling and expanding the railways there. In August 1914, Imperial Germany violated Luxembourg's neutrality in the war by invading it in the war against France. This allowed Germany to use the railway lines, while at the same time denying them to France. Nevertheless, despite the German occupation, Luxembourg was allowed to maintain much of its independence and political mechanisms. In 1940, after the outbreak of World War II, Luxembourg's
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until the signature of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. Alsace-Lorraine was divided into the "départements" of Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin and Moselle (the same political structure as before the annexation and as created by the French Revolution, with slightly different limits). Today, these territories enjoy laws that are significantly different from the rest of France – these specific provisions are known as the local law. The département Meurthe-et-Moselle was maintained even after France recovered Alsace-Lorraine in 1919. The area of Belfort became a special status area and was not reintegrated into Haut-Rhin in 1919 but instead was made a full-status département
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22 October 1911 he ran for a seat in the second chamber in the Alsace-Lorraine state election but failed, but since William II wanted him to be a member of the state parliament, he appointed him non-elected member of the upper house. After the outbreak of the First World War Blumenthal emigrated to France, where he promoted the reannexation of Alsace-Lorraine to France. He was condemned to death eight times and had sentences totaling five hundred years prison imposed upon him by the Imperial German government following his escape from Alsace to inform the world of the plight of Alsace
Daniel Blumenthal (politician)
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Chemistry School in Mülhausen, Alsace-Lorraine in Germany. The students introduced the sport to their fellow students and a club was, subsequently, formed. In 1901, they were joined by a group of footballers known as the "Young Boys" from the Oberrealschule Gymnasium. The team was a member of the VSFV (German: Verband Süddeutscher Fussball Vereine or Federation of South German Football Clubs) by 1904. The club suffered through a financial crisis in 1905–06 but survived to play on. After World War I France reclaimed the territory of Alsace from Germany and "FC Mülhausen" became part of the regional top flight Division
FC Mulhouse
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and agitators were arrested. The streets named "Rue du 22 novembre" in Strasbourg and Mulhouse commemorate the return of Alsace to France. The region lost its recently acquired autonomy and reverted to the centralised French system as the "départements" of Moselle and Haut and Bas-Rhin. November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine November 1918 was the period of transition when the region of Alsace-Lorraine passed from German to French sovereignty at the end of World War I. During this month, international events were linked to domestic troubles, particularly the German Revolution. In the wake of the German Revolution, Marxist councils of workers and
November 1918 in Alsace-Lorraine
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their homes by the German authorities and deported to Vichy France. The Germans declared Alsace and Lorraine to be "Judenrein" (lit: cleansed of Jews). During World War II, Germany established the Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp in Alsace. August Hirt became an institute director at the Nazi University of Strasbourg; he is notorious for his experiments with concentration camp prisoners and for his efforts to establish a Jewish skeleton collection. Many Alsatian Jews who had been relocated to western regions of the country were ultimately arrested and deported. It is estimated that 2,605 Jews from Bas-Rhin and 1,100 from Haut-Rhin were murdered
History of the Jews in Alsace
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fragmented. This made it difficult for a single ruler to reassemble Charlemagne's empire. Only Charles the Fat achieved this briefly. In 855, the northern section became fragile Lotharingia, which became disputed by the more powerful states that evolved out of West Francia (i.e., France) and East Francia (i.e., Germany). Generations of kings of France and Germany were unable to establish a firm rule over Lothair's kingdom. While the north of Lotharingia was then composed of independent countries, the southern third of Lotharingia, Alsace-Lorraine, was traded back and forth between France and Germany from the 18th to the 20th century. In
Treaty of Verdun