most exotic species are introduced into a new environment accidentally as a result of
human travel
2399274
translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of genetic conservation, which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species. The above examples highlight the intent of humans to introduce species as a means of incurring some benefit. While these benefits have in some cases been realized, introductions have also resulted in unforeseen costs, particularly when introduced species take on characteristics of invasive species. Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas
Introduced species
2399274
translocations of species have also been proposed in the interest of genetic conservation, which advocates the introduction of new individuals into genetically depauperate populations of endangered or threatened species. The above examples highlight the intent of humans to introduce species as a means of incurring some benefit. While these benefits have in some cases been realized, introductions have also resulted in unforeseen costs, particularly when introduced species take on characteristics of invasive species. Unintentional introductions occur when species are transported by human vectors. Increasing rates of human travel are providing accelerating opportunities for species to be accidentally transported into areas
Introduced species
785740
trade. Accidentally or deliberately introduced populations of common carp ("Cyprinus carpio") and grass carp ("Ctenopharyngodon idella") are found on all continents except Antarctica. In some cases, these exotic species have a negative impact on the environment. Carp in particular stir up the riverbed reducing the clarity of the water, making it difficult for plants to grow. In science, one of the most famous members of the Cypriniformes is the zebrafish ("Danio rerio"). The zebrafish is one of the most important vertebrate model organisms in biological and biochemical sciences, being used in many kinds of experiment. As, during early development, the
Cypriniformes
5110017
species can be transported intentionally or accidentally. Many invasive species originate in shipping areas from where they are unintentionally transported to their new location. Sometimes human populations intentionally introduce species into new landscapes to serve various purposes, ranging from decoration to erosion control. These species can later become invasive and dramatically modify the landscape. It is important to note that not all exotic species are invasive; in fact, the majority of newly introduced species never become invasive. Humans have on their migrations through the ages taken along plants of agricultural and medicinal value, so that the modern distribution of such
Historical ecology
5446673
of park wildlife. As with everywhere else, the park struggles with the management of exotic invasive species. Exotic plants first appeared when Native Americans and Euro-Americans cleared the forests. Many exotic plants are introduced accidentally but a few were planted deliberately. Exotic plant species include leafy spurge, Canada thistle and sweet clover. The park is currently conducting an inventory and monitoring program to gather information on the plant and animal species present within the park. From this information, the managers will be able to best decide how to manage and control the exotic invasive plants. During the summer months, the
Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site
16516058
Earthworms as invasive species Earthworms are invasive species throughout the world. Of a total of about 6,000 species of earthworm, about 120 species are widely distributed around the globe. These are the peregrine or cosmopolitan earthworms. Some of these are invasive species in many regions. Australia has 650 known species of native earthworm that survive in both rich and in nutrient-poor conditions where they may be sensitive to changes in the environment. Introduced species are commonly found in agricultural environments along with persistent natives. Most of the seventy-five or so exotics have been introduced accidentally. The total species numbers are
Earthworms as invasive species
12415826
new species are discovered every year. The marine environment has been heavily effected by fishing and the introduction of exotic species. Currently there are 72 recognised rear terrestrial ecosystems in New Zealand. They are environments that were always relatively uncommon like caves, serpentine soils or hot springs and those which have become endangered. Farmland and urban environments are marked by the high number of introduced species, that have no evolved to interact with each other in the same ecosystem. As with many other countries there are a number of environmental organisations that are working towards addressing various environmental issues in
Environment of New Zealand
10771195
a population, this is called genetic pollution and can negatively affect the fitness of a population (primarily through outbreeding depression), introduce other unwanted phenotypes, or theoretically lead to extinction. An introduced species is one that is not native to a given population that is either intentionally or accidentally brought into a given ecosystem. Effects of introduction are highly variable, but if an introduced species has a major negative impact on its new environment, it can be considered an invasive species. One such example is the introduction of the Asian Longhorned beetle in North America, which was first detected in 1996
Genetic pollution
17894013
time the government instituted a control program, the coypu was destroying Louisiana marshes and wetlands, causing widespread erosion. In the 21st century, the coypu is one of the most common and despised pests in the Bayou State. The story of the nutria is not unique. Many species of birds, mammals, fish, and plants have been introduced into the Louisiana environment in the past two centuries. Exotic species, or species that have been introduced to areas outside their native range, take heavy tolls on the ecosystems they colonize. Some invaders, such as the leafy vine kudzu ("Pueria lobelia"), destroy the habitat
Fauna of Louisiana
3435723
is not an exact term. Terms like "native species" (naturally occurring in the area, see flora), "exotic" or, better, "introduced species" (not naturally occurring in the area), of which some are labelled "invasive species" (that out-compete other plants – whether native or not), "imported" (introduced to an area whether deliberately or accidentally) and "naturalized" (introduced to an area, but now considered by the public as native) are much more accurate. In the United Kingdom, the organisation Plantlife International instituted the "County Flowers scheme" in 2002, for which members of the public nominated and voted for a wild flower emblem for
Wildflower
10124579
certain species, humans have introduced species that are largely responsible for decline of native species. Exotic species, such as the European starling which were introduced by Eugene Schieffelin in 1890 in New York City and then expanded to California by 1955, often do very well in new habitats. The lack of predators and new niche offer perfect conditions for the introduced species to flourish. These "exotic" species often displace other native species. For example, the European starling pursues aggressive breeding strategies that help it colonize new breeding areas. The European starling is an early breeder and out competes other native
Avian range expansion
9602708
other organisms have experienced a reduction in stream access and cover as a result of tilapia activities. Tilapia are listed as a noxious pest in Queensland, Australia, and are spreading rapidly into previously untouched and relatively pristine river systems such as the Endeavour River near Cooktown and the Eureka Creek. As tilapia can thrive in fresh, brackish and salt water habitats, it is thought that tilapia can quickly infest neighbouring rivers. Tilapia, like eels or bull sharks, can enter new river systems via the sea. Tilapia have been introduced into Laguna Junco, a volcanic caldera in the Galapagos Islands. Within
Tilapia as exotic species
644310
lines set out by long-line fisheries. Before 1991 and the ban on drift-net fisheries, it was estimated that 500,000 seabirds a year died as a result. This has caused steep declines in some species, as Procellariiformes are extremely slow breeders and cannot replace their numbers fast enough. Losses of albatrosses and petrels in the Southern Ocean were estimated at between 1 percent and 16 percent per year, which these species cannot sustain for long. Exotic species introduced to the remote breeding colonies threaten all types of Procellariiformes. These principally take the form of predators; most albatross and petrel species are
Procellariiformes
2399277
been introduced to the U.S. and Canada; about 27 of these non-native species have become established, and only a handful can be considered invasive, including the intentionally introduced "Harmonia axyridis", multicolored Asian lady beetle. However the small percentage of introduced species that become invasive can produce profound ecological changes. In North America "Harmonia axyridis" has become the most abundant lady beetle and probably accounts for more observations than all the native lady beetles put together. Many non-native plants have been introduced into new territories, initially as either ornamental plants or for erosion control, stock feed, or forestry. Whether an exotic
Introduced species
9602704
Tilapia as exotic species Throughout much of the tropics, tilapiine cichlids native to Africa and the Levant have been widely introduced into a variety of aquatic systems. In the U.S. states of Florida and Texas, tilapia were originally introduced to curtail invasive plants. In an effort to meet the growing demand for tilapia, humans have farmed these fish in countries around the world. Capable of establishing themselves into new ponds and waterways, many tilapia have escaped aquaculture facilities across much of Asia, Africa, and South America. In other cases, tilapia have been established into new aquatic habitats via aquarists or
Tilapia as exotic species
15261548
of their campsites and isolated artefacts within the park. The environment along Jackson Creek environment facilitated shelter, water and plentiful food for their original settlement. In early 19th century, Europeans from Tasmania started settling in the area. They were chiefly responsible for introducing several species of exotic plants and animals into the area as they found the terrain to be drab and filled with strange animals like kangaroo. They introduced new variety of plants such as boxthorn hedges for fences and trees such as oaks, willows and pine, creating an ambiance of their homeland. Kangaroos were hunted, rabbits and furred
Organ Pipes National Park
3259890
only travel about 30 inches away from a parent plant. If pollen does not land on a receptive female flower within that distance, no seeds are produced. Manchurian wild rice has almost disappeared from the wild in its native range, but has been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there. The species most commonly harvested as grain are the annual species: "Zizania palustris" and "Zizania aquatica." The former, though now domesticated and grown commercially, is still often gathered from lakes in the traditional manner, especially by indigenous peoples in North America; the
Wild rice
6260175
concentration and extreme temperatures. Solutions that the plants can take to adapt to high salinity are large tap roots to reach the perched water table, thick cuticle to prevent water loss, and succulence. Weeds have been introduced into the Dunes environment both purposefully and accidentally and threaten the native plant life. Various native plants are being choked out by invasive species like European beach grass. European beach grass achieves higher cover than native dune grass and is stimulated to grow by sand burial, causing a positive feedback. Many species of animals can be found among the dunes. Over 200 species
Guadalupe-Nipomo Dunes
9036521
introduced to many different land masses (e.g. Australia, New Zealand, South Africa) with no thought as to impacts on native fish such as galaxiids, and no attempt to preserve some exotic trout-free habitats for native fish. In most situations, wholly freshwater galaxiids are unable to persist in the presence of exotic trout species, and many are now restricted to the few remaining trout-free habitats. Where these species are found in the presence of trout, the galaxiids usually consist entirely of individuals which dispersed there from an upstream trout-free population, and are not self-sustaining. Numerous localised extinctions of wholly freshwater galaxiid
Galaxias
630227
species within the United States, although no indications of ill effects have been reported for this plant where it has been introduced outside of California. The golden poppy has been displaced in large areas of its original habitat, such as Southern California, by more invasive exotic species, such as mustard or annual grasses. In Chile, it was introduced from multiple sources between the mid-19th century and the early 20th century. It appears to have been both intentionally imported as an ornamental garden plant, and accidentally introduced along with alfalfa seed grown in California. Since Chile and California have similar climatic
Eschscholzia californica
18510638
have triangular mandibles. Queens are similar to workers, but larger and winged. Brachyponera Brachyponera is genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. The genus is natively distributed from Africa to southern Asia and Australia, with most species occurring in Southeast Asia. At least two species are invasive in other parts of the world. "B. chinensis", the most studied "Brachyponera" species, has been introduced as an exotic ant in southeastern United States and New Zealand. The other invasive species, "B. sennaarensis", is spreading through the Middle East. The genus was first established as a subgenus of "Euponera", when Emery (1900) described
Brachyponera
18510637
Brachyponera Brachyponera is genus of ants in the subfamily Ponerinae. The genus is natively distributed from Africa to southern Asia and Australia, with most species occurring in Southeast Asia. At least two species are invasive in other parts of the world. "B. chinensis", the most studied "Brachyponera" species, has been introduced as an exotic ant in southeastern United States and New Zealand. The other invasive species, "B. sennaarensis", is spreading through the Middle East. The genus was first established as a subgenus of "Euponera", when Emery (1900) described "B. croceicornis". Workers are small to medium in size (3–7 mm) and
Brachyponera
2399276
accidental release of the Africanized honey bees (AHB), known colloquially as "killer bees" or Africanized bee to Brazil in 1957 and the Asian carps to the United States. The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug ("Halyomorpha halys") was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example the oleander aphid, accidentally introduced with the ornamental plant, oleander. Most accidentally or intentionally introduced species do not become invasive as the ones mentioned above. For instance Some 179 coccinellid species have
Introduced species
2399257
They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, farmers and others. The formal definition of an introduced species, from the United States Environmental Protection Agency, is "A species that has been intentionally or inadvertently brought into a region or area. Also called an exotic or non-native species." There are many terms associated with introduced species that represent subsets
Introduced species
20705561
This island state is the most heavily invaded region in the country. Over the years, over 38 land birds, 18 exotic mammals, 17 exotic reptiles, 38 exotic land mollusks, and 19 exotic freshwater fish have all been successfully introduced to Hawaii, increasing the number; 4,598 exotic species established in the wild. For a small island area, these are huge numbers, which have very significantly affected the overall ecosystem on the island. Levels of species invasion are low in harsh climates and habitats with poor nutrients. These habitats include mountains, cliffs, bogs, dry grasslands and coniferous woodlands, deserts, and savannas. Non-native
Invasibility
7527378
fungus. An invasive species is an alien organism that is not native to a habitat and introduced to a new area that wreaks havoc on the ecosystem, infrastructure and economy. These species can be introduced via natural events or more commonly, through human interactions like colonization, tourism, and the releasing of exotic pets. There are approximately over 1,300 total invasive species within the Galapagos Islands consisting of over 500 insects, over 750 plants and over 30 vertebrates. Most of the plants were brought for agricultural and aesthetic reasons. The Galapagos Islands are highly susceptible to the introduction of foreign species.
Galápagos wildlife
1210644
34 exotic plant species have been recorded in the park, representing about 6.4% of the total park flora. Some, such as perennial buffel grass ("Cenchrus ciliaris"), were introduced to rehabilitate areas damaged by erosion. It is the most threatening weed in the park and has spread to invade water- and nutrient-rich drainage lines. A few others, such as burrgrass, were brought in accidentally, carried on cars and people. The park has a hot desert climate and receives an average rainfall of per year. The average high temperature in summer (December–January) is , and the average low temperature in winter (June–July)
Uluru
252096
more like the Red Sea and worsening the impact of the invasive species. Invasive species have become a major component of the Mediterranean ecosystem and have serious impacts on the Mediterranean ecology, endangering many local and endemic Mediterranean species. A first look at some groups of exotic species show that more than 70% of the non-indigenous decapods and about 63% of the exotic fishes occurring in the Mediterranean are of Indo Pacific origin, introduced into the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal. This makes the Canal as the first pathway of arrival of "alien" species into the Mediterranean. The impacts of
Mediterranean Sea
2970809
"P. ramorum", the most likely sources are the southern Himalayas, Tibet, or Yunnan province. Species of "Phytophthora" have been shown to have evolved by the interspecific hybridization of two different species from the genus. When a species is introduced into a new environment, it causes episodic selection. The invading species is exposed to other resident taxa, and hybridization may occur to produce a new species. If these hybrids are successful, they may outcompete their parent species. Thus, "P, ramorum" is possibly a hybrid between two species. Its unique morphology does support this. Also, three sequences studied to establish the phylogeny
Phytophthora ramorum
10512915
surrounding this issue. Because evolution of a plant species can be correlated with natural migration of the species to new areas, it is unclear whether or not this would classify individuals in this new area as native or exotic. With current technology and scientific understanding, the fossil record does not allow for accurate tracking of plant evolution. There is no standard length of time a species must inhabit an area before it becomes a native species to that area. Species may be considered exotic or invasive if they have been introduced by humans and are detrimental to other species in
Sustainable planting
607169
classes Remipedia, Cephalocarida, Branchiopoda, Maxillopoda (which includes the barnacles, copepods and fish lice), and the Ostracoda. Notable species include the Tasmanian giant crab, the second largest crab species in the world, found in deep water, and weighing up to 13 kg, and the Australian spiny lobsters, such as the western rock lobster, which are distinct from other lobster species as they do not have claws. Introduction of exotic fauna in Australia by design, accident and natural processes has led to a considerable number of invasive, feral and pest species which have flourished and now impact the environment adversely. Introduced organisms
Fauna of Australia
151994
within five years of its detection in 1986. Its range, which has expanded to Lake Huron, poses a significant threat to the lower lake fishery. Five years after first being observed in the St. Clair River, the round goby can now be found in all of the Great Lakes. The goby is considered undesirable for several reasons: it preys upon bottom-feeding fish, overruns optimal habitat, spawns multiple times a season, and can survive poor water quality conditions. Several species of exotic water fleas have accidentally been introduced into the Great Lakes, such as the spiny waterflea, "Bythotrephes longimanus", and the
Great Lakes
11419130
very diverse. The country has more than 17,000 identified native species of flora, including 5,000 in California (home to the tallest, the most massive, and the oldest trees in the world). Three quarters of the United States species consist of flowering plants. The country's ecosystems include thousands of nonnative exotic species that often harm indigenous communities of living things. Many indigenous species became extinct soon after first human settlement, including the North American megafauna; others have become nearly extinct since European settlement, among them the American bison and California condor. Many plants and animals have declined dramatically as a result
Environment of the United States
11634512
These are any species that are deliberately or accidentally introduced into New Zealand. Migrant species are those that visit New Zealand as part of their life cycle. Vagrants are taxa that are rare in New Zealand that have made their own way and do not breed successfully. These taxa have arrived in new Zealand without human help and reproduce successfully. This category lists taxa for which insufficient information is available to make as assessment on conservation status. Taxa for which there is no reasonable doubt that no individuals exist are ranked as extinct. For these lists only species that have
New Zealand Threat Classification System
9748393
Urosalpinx cinerea Urosalpinx cinerea, common name the eastern or Atlantic oyster drill, is a species of small predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Muricidae, the murexes or rock snails. They use chemoreception in their environment and are found to be sessile and encrusting organisms. Microscopic particles released by prey are carried through the sea water and captured by the Atlantic Oyster Drill. This animal is not physically able to close itself from its surrounding environment because of its siphonal canal. This species is a serious problem in commercial oyster beds, and it has been accidentally introduced
Urosalpinx cinerea
5307280
lives, but many have a partially marine lifecycle. In these cases, larvae are hatched in a river, but are washed downstream to the ocean, later returning to rivers as juveniles to complete their development to full adulthood. This pattern differs from that of salmon, which only return to fresh water to breed, and is described as amphidromous. Freshwater galaxiid species are gravely threatened by exotic salmonid species, particularly trout species, which prey upon galaxiids and compete with them for food. Exotic salmonids have been recklessly introduced to many different land masses (e.g. Australia, New Zealand), with no thought as to
Galaxiidae
9602712
which tilapia can be found. The Salton Sea is California’s largest body of inland water. During the early twentieth century, the Colorado River overflowed into a series of irrigation canals. From 1905-1907, river water collected into the Salton Sea basin, later forming the Salton Sea. For the past century, river runoff and evaporation have greatly increased the salinity of the Salton Sea. Presently, the introduced Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and only a handful of other fish species are capable of tolerating the Salton Sea's high concentrations of salinity. Although the Mozambique tilapia is most commonly an invasive species throughout much
Tilapia as exotic species
2399275
in which they are not considered native. For example, three species of rat (the black, Norway and Polynesian) have spread to most of the world as hitchhikers on ships, and arachnids such as scorpions and exotic spiders are sometimes transported to areas far beyond their native range by riding in shipments of tropical fruit. There are also numerous examples of marine organisms being transported in ballast water, one being the zebra mussel. Over 200 species have been introduced to the San Francisco Bay in this manner making it the most heavily invaded estuary in the world. There is also the
Introduced species
18490833
is between September and November. This is also typhoon season in parts of Asia, a time when many other vegetables are unavailable. This makes the product more attractive to consumers. It been accidentally introduced into the wild in New Zealand and is considered an invasive species there. It has been introduced into Hawaii. Importation of the stems to the United States is prohibited in order to protect the North American wild rice species from the fungus. Zizania latifolia Zizania latifolia, known as Manchurian wild rice (), is the only member of the wild rice genus "Zizania" native to Asia. It
Zizania latifolia
2399284
to the genetic diversity of the population which can increase the adaptation ability of the population and increase the number of healthy individuals within a population. This was seen in the introduction of guppies in Trinidad to encourage population growth and introduce new alleles into the population. The results of this introduction included increased levels of heterozygosity and a larger population size. It has been hypothesized that invasive species of microbial life could contaminate a planetary body after the former is introduced by a space probe or spacecraft, either deliberately or unintentionally. Introduced species An introduced species (alien species, exotic
Introduced species
2399266
region may escape from captive or cultivated populations and subsequently establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated. Economic: Perhaps the most common motivation for introducing a species into a new place is that of economic gain. Non-native species can become such a common part of an environment, culture, and even diet that little thought is given to their geographic origin. For example, soybeans, kiwi fruit, wheat, honey bees, and all livestock except the American bison and the turkey are non-native species to North America. Collectively,
Introduced species
17235984
water flow controls onsite. The correct maintenance and operation of these processes is critical to maintaining the Ramsar sites. Pumping water into the wetlands when there are high freshwater flows can result in sediment and nutrient pollution from storm water. Further threats have been identified in the area, with disturbance of migratory shorebirds and their habitats by human activities. Examples are allowing pets in the area and the area being used as a recreational reserve. There is also a significant threat posed by introduced or exotic fauna and flora species, including feral cats, foxes and rabbits. Cheetham Wetlands has been
Cheetham Wetlands
14871844
of its importance as a bird sanctuary, penguin rookery and fur seal colony. Its importance as a seabird breeding site imposes management priorities different to the other NPWS lighthouses. The vegetation has been modified by occupation, with the native vegetation now restricted to one metre in height whereas early photographs show shrubs and trees. The thirty-seven native species reflect its previous connection with the mainland. Exotic and grass species introduced by lightkeepers remain, with a mixture of introduced grasses introduced in 1916 for lawn now dominant. Rabbits and weed control remain as issues.Montague Island's marine environment is enriched by its
Montague Island Light
11080168
The natural range of "Euglandina" encompasses much of the tropical and subtropical Western Hemisphere, including the SE United States to Texas, Mexico, and various locations in Central and South America. The species "Euglandina rosea" has been intentionally introduced into many other warm areas — from Hawaii to New Guinea, Bermuda, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, and numerous other locations — in a vain attempt to control accidentally introduced species of snails, usually the giant African "Achatina fulica". Those species of "Euglandina" that are non-indigenous to the USA have not yet become established in the USA, but they are considered to represent a
Euglandina
3739494
the water level to drop two meters within one month. In 1955, the area around Lake Atitlán became a national park. The lake was mostly unknown to the rest of the world, and Guatemala was seeking ways to increase tourism and boost the local economy. It was suggested by Pan American World Airways that stocking the lake with a fish prized by anglers would be a way to do just that. As a result, an exotic non-native species, the black bass, was introduced into the lake in 1958. The bass quickly took to its new home and caused a radical
Lake Atitlán
593322
competitors, and few predators. Since the cave environment is dark, no plant life is performing photosynthesis, and food is mainly introduced from the outside world by other organisms. Limited food leads to low population density, which has been estimated for Amblyopsidae to be only about 0.005 to 0.150 animals per square meter. Cave habitats are vulnerable to changes in the environment such as water pollution and exotic species. The Alabama cavefish ("Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni"), which live only in the Key Cave in Alabama, is listed as Critically Endangered by the IUCN, the highest risk class. Cavefish breed only once a year,
Amblyopsidae
9602714
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife introduced several species of oceanic fishes into the Salton Sea. These species originated from the Gulf of California and included some of the following, orangemouth corvina (Cynoscion xanthulus), bairdiella (Bairdiella icistia), sargo (Anisotremus davidsoni), and threadfin shad (Dorosoma petenense). The tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) was most likely introduced to the Salton Sea sometime during the 1960s. The exact time and location of tilapia introduction remains largely unknown, although speculation points to farmed tilapia escaping into the Salton Sea. Adult members of the tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus prey upon a variety of organisms within the Salton
Tilapia as exotic species
13569646
and discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems, along with serious human health issues including death. There are hundreds of organisms carried in ballast water that cause problematic ecological effects outside of their natural range. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) lists the ten most unwanted species as: Other problematic species include: The ballast tanks in New Zealand carry animals and
Ballast water discharge and the environment
16210589
"Tremibalia" parasitizes hardwood-living Tremicinae larvae. Few details are known about the genera "Heteribalia" and "Eileenella", but both also parasitize wood-boring Siricidae. Several species in the genus "Ibalia" have been introduced to South America, Australia, and New Zealand, sometimes to control previous accidentally introduced Siricidae species parasitizing economically important pine forests. Species used are, for example, "Ibalia leucospoides" and "I. ensiger" Norton. Results from introductions vary, and studies of long-term effects are lacking, but in some areas, the effects on pests have been successful; Siricidae populations have been strongly limited. They are most effective in combination with other parasitoid organisms, such
Ibaliidae
10706758
were identified and these dominate the fish population in the lake to the detriment of the endemic species. Fishing is normally carried out using gillnets. The nets are spread over the lake’s entire length and width at different depths with mesh size varying to suit needs; they are usually spread from late afternoon to the morning hours of the following day. The eight exotic species, introduced to the lake in 1958 as part of commercial fishing activity, dominate the fishing resources of the lake, and three of the native species have been declared endangered. As a result of commercial fishing
Lugu Lake
767740
has led to the disproportionate number of extinctions in that family. The field of island restoration has developed as a field of conservation biology and ecological restoration, a large part of which deals with the eradication of invasive species. In New Zealand the largest commercial crop is "Pinus radiata", the native Californian Monterey pine tree, which grows as well in New Zealand as in California. However, the pine forests are also occupied by deer from North America and Europe. They are exotic species and have thrived in the New Zealand environment. The pines are seen as beneficial while the deer
Invasive species
19212017
is found in Great Britain and other parts of Western Europe. It was introduced into Eastern Canada accidentally, and then in 1963 was introduced purposefully into British Columbia in an attempt to control pear psylla. Later it spread southwards to California where it feeds on various exotic psylla pests of ornamental plants. Both the nymphs and the adults of "A. nemoralis" are predaceous, feeding by plunging their proboscises into their insect prey and sucking out the body fluids. Adults overwinter under bark, among leaf litter or in other sheltered locations. They emerge in spring to lay their eggs in plant
Anthocoris nemoralis
9036522
species (i.e. mountain galaxias) have been caused by the introduction of exotic trout species (including ongoing illegal stockings) and a number of wholly freshwater galaxiid species are threatened with extinction by exotic trout species and other exotic salmonids. Introduced salmoniids also have a negative impact on diadromous galaxiids, competing with them for food and habitat, as well as preying on them. However, the impact is not as great and they appear to be able to persist in the presence of trout. Galaxias Galaxias is a genus of small, highly successful freshwater fish in the Galaxiidae family. They are typically found
Galaxias
14439755
in its use for turf to replace exotic species, and it is being researched as a perennial grain crop. The grains are high in protein and small-scale commercial production for human consumption has commenced. Microlaena stipoides Microlaena stipoides or "Ehrharta stipoides" is a species of grass that occurs naturally in all states of Australia as well as in New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and the Philippines. It has also been introduced into Hawaii and Reunion Island and has been reported as invasive in both. Common names used include weeping grass, weeping rice grass and weeping meadow grass. P. Martin,
Microlaena stipoides
11907089
build close to a species habitat it likely that visitation to the cave will increase. Some species are scared off by this new visitation. If one species leaves it often affects the whole chain of that ecosystem. Some caves are vandalized so much so that it changes the environment in which the beetle lives. The introduction of invasive species, mainly the red fire ant, has been known to disrupt the beetle’s environment. Shallow caves in which the beetle live are relatively easy to enter and make them vulnerable to invasion of fire ants and other exotic species. Fire ant colonies
Kretschmarr Cave mold beetle
15595428
Introduced mammals on seabird breeding islands Seabirds include some of the most threatened taxa anywhere in the world. For example, of extant albatross species, 82% are listed as threatened, endangered, or critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The two leading threats to seabirds are accidental bycatch by commercial fishing operations and introduced mammals on their breeding islands. Mammals are typically brought to remote islands by humans either accidentally as stowaways on ships, or deliberately for hunting, ranching, or biological control of previously introduced species. Introduced mammals have a multitude of negative effects on seabirds including direct
Introduced mammals on seabird breeding islands
5160834
Kokopu depend on the natural environment, principally in forested environments, and so have become less common as New Zealand has been cleared of much of its native forest and swampland as a result of colonisation and farming development since the late 19th century. Nevertheless, recognition of the value of biodiversity and the preservation of natural areas in National Parks and reserved conservation areas promises to maintain the species. Kokopu suffer from the introduction of trout species that were introduced into New Zealand for sport fishing purposes during the first half of the 20th century by various acclimatisation societies. Research has
Kokopu
14743632
invaders like the brown tree snake. The Idaho Department of Agriculture (U.S.) has around 300 introduced or exotic species listed with 36 classified as noxious weeds (invasive species). The legal designation of noxious weed for a plant species can use these four criteria: Some of the plants on Idaho's noxious weed list that are harmful or poisonous are: Louisiana The city of New Orleans, the "gateway to the Mississippi", is a porous port city with rich soils. In turn, many aquatic plants are introduced to the region, making Louisiana the state with the second largest list of invasive aquatic species,
Invasive species in the United States
12867189
especially when their nest is disturbed, a behavior that has been developed as a nest defense mechanism. While wasps are often viewed negatively, they play an important pollination role for many plants. "Polistes humilis" is in the genus "Polistes", which consists of 150 species that can be found in all regions except the world's coldest climates. Additionally, "Polistes humilis" is the only species of the tribe Polistini found in New Zealand after it was accidentally introduced from Australia. There are 11 different "Polistes" species found in Australia, and the "Polistes humilis" is the most prevalent one. Historically, "Polistes variabilis" has
Polistes humilis
12383011
species intentionally but unintentional introduction is probably more common. A study focusing on the shoes worn by people arriving at Svalbard revealed a great number of different species of plants. Seeds and bryophytes were analyzed and categorized as belonging to 18 different families and 41 different species. Introduced alien species pose a threat of becoming invasive if they are fortunate enough in adapting to the new environment. The warming temperature and the resulting effects on the ice cover in the Arctic could affect the organisms involved in primary productivity - the phytoplankton and zooplankton. As a result of reduced sea-ice
Climate of Svalbard
9551501
"Pulex irritans" in Europe. The islands of Colonsay and Oronsay are home to about 50 colonies of the only native species of honeybee in Britain–"Apis mellifera mellifera". The Scottish Government introduced the Bee Keeping (Colonsay and Oronsay) Order 2013 to protect the species from cross-breeding and disease as the species has suffered serious declines on the mainland. A variety of exotic cats are rumoured to exist, including the 'Beast of Buchan'. The 'Kellas Cat' of Moray is a jet black, long-legged animal, and is probably the result of a modern wild cat/domestic cat hybrid, or a melanistic wild cat. In
Fauna of Scotland
11631358
("Cricetomys gambianus"), Nile monitor ("Varanus niloticus"), and Burmese Python ("Python molurus bivittatus"), have created significant impact on the delicate ecosystems of the state, especially in the tropical southern third of the state. Florida's fresh waters are host to 34 confirmed breeding species of exotic (introduced) fish, a higher number than any other place on earth. Since their accidental importation from South America into North America in the 1930s, the red imported fire ant population has increased its territorial range to include most of the Southern United States, including Florida. They are more aggressive than most native ant species and have
Environmental issues in Florida
6425294
strong competitor in its environment, and its dispersal has endangered the survival of several other species. One attribute that contributes to the success of this species is having attractively colored fruit. As a result, it is eaten by mammals and birds, which excrete the seeds to different locations. The introduction of Oriental bittersweet into new areas threatens the local flora because the native plants then have a strong competitor in the vicinity. The species is native to Eastern Asia, but was introduced to the US for aesthetic purposes. It has been used in floral arrangements, and because of improper disposal
Celastrus orbiculatus
9260077
also published a study of the genus "Galerina", describing 29 species, 21 of them new, primarily in New South Wales. A more usual state of affairs is that reported by Roy Watling with regard to boletes, that in Australia, it appears to be rich in species yet only a minority are described. With the notable exception of the gigantic "Phlebopus marginatus", possibly Australia's largest mushroom, many of the most conspicuous fungi have been introduced in association with exotic soil and trees; "Lactarius deliciosus", "Chalciporus piperatus", "Suillus luteus" and "Suillus granulatus" are European fungi found in pine plantations in Eastern Australia.
Fungi of Australia
10653856
the pet trade. Another threat comes from introduced species, such as domestic dogs and pigs. Among the "Homopus" species, "H. areolatus" adapts well to captivity, as their diets are not highly specialized. The others do not generally survive well in captivity unless some effort is made to supply them with their natural food, that is, endemic plants from the Cape/Karoo regions. Many are taken from their natural habitat each year, and subsequently die as a result, as they do not readily adapt to typical captive diets and environment change. However, they can be very hardy in captivity, and most problems
Homopus
15718771
As a result of the parasitoid's ability to attack many other species, it is not always an effective parasitoid of gypsy moths compared to other parasites. Compsilura concinnata Compsilura concinnata (tachinid fly; order Diptera) is a parasitoid native to Europe that was introduced to North America in 1906 to control the population of an exotic forest, univoltine, gypsy moth named "Lymantria dispar". It is an endoparasitoid of larvae and lives with its host for most of its life. Eventually the parasitoid ends up killing the host and occasionally eating it. It attacks over 200 host species, mainly insects from the
Compsilura concinnata
6825184
Invader potential In conservation biology, invader potential is the qualitative and quantitative measure of a given invasive species probability to invade a given ecosystem. Exotic species with high invader potential are ones with high tolerance of different climates, dissolved oxygen content (for aquatic organisms), high propagule pressure and species with a large number of individuals introduced. The last factor is called a transport vector, for instance, sea lampreys and zebra mussels were transported into the Great Lakes through the vector of ballast water in ships. Transport vector is one of the most important factors, because if a large enough number
Invader potential
2154836
different binomial. Bearded dragons are kept as pets. Most commonly, the inland or central bearded dragon (sometimes Rankin's bearded dragon) are in captivity. Introduced into the U.S. as pets during the 1990s, bearded dragons are a species that have gained much popularity as an exotic pet. This popularity has been sustained, even after Australia banned the sale of its wildlife as pets in the 1960s. Generally speaking, the bearded dragon is a solitary animal. Male bearded dragons are usually housed alone, as they will fight with other males and breed with females. Captive adults reach about from head to tail,
Pogona
1983002
worldwide. A few species are native to colder climates, like the green huntsman spider ("Micrommata virescens") which is native to Northern and Central Europe. Some tropical species like "Heteropoda venatoria" and "Delena cancerides" have been accidentally introduced to many subtropical parts of the world, including New Zealand (which has no native sparassid species). As adults, huntsman spiders do not build webs, but hunt and forage for food: their diet consists primarily of insects and other invertebrates, and occasionally small skinks and geckos. They live in the crevices of tree bark, but will frequently wander into homes and vehicles. They are
Huntsman spider
5433674
Jamaican anole ("Anolis grahami") was deliberately introduced in 1905 from Jamaica and is now by far the most common lizard in Bermuda. The Leach's anole ("Anolis leachii") was accidentally introduced from Antigua about 1940 and is now common. The Barbados anole ("Anolis extremus") was accidentally introduced about 1940 and is rarely seen. The diamondback terrapin ("Malaclemys terrapin") is native to Bermuda. The red-eared slider ("Trachemys scripta elegans") was introduced as a pet, but has subsequently become invasive. All mammals in Bermuda are human introductions, except for four species of migratory North American bats of the genus "Lasiurus": the hoary bat,
Wildlife of Bermuda
13560217
of invasive exotics throughout the Florida Keys shows that approximately of susceptible upland habitat have been invaded by exotic plants, especially Australian pine, Brazilian pepper and latherleaf. Areas of disturbed substrate within and adjoining Keys hardwood hammocks are often heavily infested with exotic plants that are rapidly spreading into and displacing the natural plant community. Exotic animals have also impacted tropical hardwood hammocks. Introduced species that occur in South Florida rocklands include 7 mammals, about 30 birds, 4 amphibians, and 25 reptiles. Armadillo ("Dasypus novemcinctus"), black rat ("Rattus rattus"), fire ant ("Solenopsis invicta"), and hog ("Sus scrofa") as well as
Tropical hardwood hammock
18030042
Platydemus manokwari as an invasive species "Platydemus manokwari", also known as the New Guinea flatworm, is a large predatory land flatworm that has become an invasive species in many countries. Native to New Guinea, it was accidentally introduced to the soil of many countries. It was also deliberately introduced into two Pacific islands in an attempt to control an invasion of the Giant East African Snail. It eats a variety of invertebrates including land snails, and has had a significant negative impact on the rare endemic land snail fauna of some Pacific islands. It has become established in a wide
Platydemus manokwari as an invasive species
9260078
The deadly "Amanita phalloides" is found under Oak in urban Canberra and Melbourne and has caused deaths. There are concerns at least one of them, "Amanita muscaria" is spreading into (and forming new mycorrhizal associations with) native "Nothofagus" woodland and possibly displacing local species. Lawns, farms and parklands see exotic fungi such as the shaggy ink cap ("Coprinus comatus"), the poisonous "Chlorophyllum molybdites" and several species of "Agaricus", including the edible "A. bisporus" and "A. campestris" as well as mildly poisonous "A. xanthodermus". Mycorrhiza of "Rhizopogon luteolus" was deliberately introduced to improve the performance of pines in pine plantations in
Fungi of Australia
13858788
by autumn 2007. In Iceland, populations of "O. cuniculus" are found in urban Reykjavik as well as in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. In Finland, the introduced European rabbit vies with the native lagomorphs: the European hare and the mountain hare. The European rabbit has been introduced as an exotic species into several environments, often with harmful results to vegetation and local wildlife, making it an invasive species. The first known mention of the rabbit as an invasive species (and possibly the first documented instance of an invasive species ever) was made in regard to the introduction of the rabbit to the
European rabbit
11377997
rooted and floating plants. Many pelagic species have been introduced most recently through ballast water releases from large ships directly into the estuary. As a result, many of these introduced species originate from estuaries around the Pacific Rim, particularly copepods such as P. forbesi and L. tetraspina. The Amur River clam originates from Asia, and has created significant and drastic changes to the ecology of the LSZ, primarily by diverting pelagic food to the benthos and into an accelerated microbial loop. Species have also been introduced via attachment to sporting boats which are trailered between regions. This is the probable
Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary
19119044
1861, he was a founding member of the Acclimatisation Society of New South Wales. The Society's aim was the introduction, acclimatisation and domestication of 'useful or ornamental' birds, fish, insects, vegetables and other exotic species. Among other species discussed and introduced by the Society during the 1860s were alpacas, sunflowers, watercress and pheasants. The society was also active in importing Australian species into New South Wales and Sydney, including Murray cod in 1864. During this period, the Acclimatisation Society also erected a number of cages in the Sydney Botanic Gardens in which they kept a collection of introduced birds such
George Holden (politician)
4145538
sub-optimal feeding locations, feeding times and diets by aggressive competition from exotic trout species (McDowall, 2006). A chronic lack of exotic-trout-free habitat reserved for galaxias species and other native fish species in south-eastern Australia generally is a major concern. Australian grayling are listed as a vulnerable species under Australia’s Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 and as Near Threatened under the IUCN Red List. There are now a number of conservation measures focused on conserving the fish. Australian grayling The Australian grayling ("Prototroctes maraena") is a primarily freshwater fish found in coastal rivers in south-eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania.
Australian grayling
7913531
posterior portion forming a long, thin sac that is highly vascularized. "Pterygoplichthys"' habitat is most common in sluggish streams, floodplain lakes, and marshes. They are known from the Orinoco, Amazon, Magdalena, Maracaibo, Paraná, Parnaíba and São Francisco systems. These fish have been introduced into many locations. Several species of "Pterygoplichthys" have been established in the United States in Florida, Hawaii, Nevada, and Texas. Established species include "P. multiradiatus" in Florida and Hawaii, "P. disjunctivus" in Florida, and "P. anisitsi" in Texas. Sailfin catfish are one of the more successful established exotic fish in Florida in terms of their range extension
Pterygoplichthys
7817827
has an annual rainfall averaging . As a result, combined with the merging streams and rivers, periodic serious flooding occurs in the Avon Valley at Gloucester, sometimes cutting all transport links. The Gloucester River eventually flows into the Manning River, a major waterway which flows into the Tasman Sea through a minor delta east of Taree. In 2004, assessments of water sampling done in 1997 by the NSW Environment Protection Authority, revealed poor water quality, with high levels of nutrients leading to excess algae. Along the river, downstream from Stratford, bank erosion and the invasion by exotic plant species have
Avon River (Mid-Coast Council)
558435
costly unintended consequences. Finally, an introduced species may unintentionally injure a species that depends on the species it replaces. In Belgium, Prunus spinosa from Eastern Europe leafs much sooner than its West European counterparts, disrupting the feeding habits of the "Thecla betulae" butterfly (which feeds on the leaves). Introducing new species often leaves endemic and other local species unable to compete with the exotic species and unable to survive. The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light. At present, several countries have already imported so many exotic species, particularly agricultural
Biodiversity
18057528
or kale and access to fresh water. Green iguanas will thrive only in temperatures of to and must have appropriate sources of UVB and UVA lighting, or else their bodies cannot produce vitamin D that promotes calcium absorption, which can result in a metabolic bone disease that can be fatal. In some locales (New York City and Hawaii), iguanas are considered exotic pets, and are prohibited from ownership. Due to the potential impact of an introduced species on Hawaii's ecosystem, the state has strict regulations regarding the import and possession of green iguanas; violators can spend three years in jail
Green iguana
5132111
and academic institutions, deliberate introductions, pet stores and public aquaria, and natural dispersal. The Japanese wire weed "Sargassum muticum" and the marine grass "Spartina" are currently two of the most damaging species. In response to such trends, ocean species have migrated to places they shouldn't. The Puget Sound has the most introduced invasive species. Nationwide, about 400 of the 958 (42 percent) species listed as threatened or endangered under the ESA are considered to be at risk, primarily due to competition with and predation by non-native species. The WDFW is now attempting to combat its exotic species problem with the
Environmental issues in Puget Sound
12552793
as well as a producer of the disturbed environments to which weed species are well adapted, resulting in many weeds having a close association with human activities. Some weed species have been classified as noxious weeds by government authorities because, if left unchecked, they often compete with native or crop plants or cause harm to livestock. They are often foreign species accidentally or imprudently imported into a region where there are few natural controls to limit their population and spread. An alternate definition often used by biologists is any species, not just plants, that can quickly adapt to any environment.
Weed
5560856
dry forest. They are found specifically within the under story of forests at all elevations up to the canopy. The species has been introduced to the Virgin Islands, the Dominican Republic, Florida, and Hawaii, where it has become a densely populated invasive species. It was accidentally introduced to the Hawaiian Islands in the late 1980s, most likely as a stowaway on potted plants, and quickly established itself on all four major islands. It is now considered a pest species by the State of Hawaii, and is on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive alien species. As an invasive
Common coquí
12415820
are listed as endangered. The kiwi, a national symbol, is also under threat. A curious bird, it cannot fly, has loose, hair-like feathers and long whiskers, and is largely nocturnal. Native New Zealand forests are broadly divided into temperate (broadleaf) and beech forests, introduced pine forests also cover a large part of the country. Native deciduous plants are extremely rare, with only 11 species loosing all their leaves in winter, none of which are common canopy forming trees. The beech forests are most common in high elevations and cold climates, while temperate forests dominate elsewhere. The temperate forests have a
Environment of New Zealand
5232205
fox, with the most recent known organism accidentally being introduced into Tasmania in 1998. Tasmanian devil young may now be more vulnerable to red fox predation, as pups are left alone for long periods of time. In response to the impact of DFTD on Tasmanian devil populations, 47 devils have been shipped to mainland Australian wildlife parks to attempt to preserve the genetic diversity of the species. The largest of these efforts is the Devil Ark project in Barrington Tops, New South Wales; an initiative of the Australian Reptile Park. This project aims to create a set of one thousand
Devil facial tumour disease
846156
geographic distribution extends along the Pacific and Atlantic Mexican coasts and in Central and South American forests and are found over an elevation range of 0 to 2,600 meters. "Cecropia" species are among the most abundant pioneers of other neotropical forests. It is native to the neotropics and occurs as an introduced exotic plant elsewhere. In most low-elevation, wet regions of the neotropics, "Cecropia" trees are ubiquitous and important invaders of man-made clearings. The species "Cecropia pachystachya" and "C. peltata" are invasive species in Old World localities including Singapore, Cameroon, Java, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, French Polynesia and Hawaii. "C. peltata"
Cecropia
5224811
aquatic ecosystem can be a result of physical, chemical or biological alterations of the environment. Physical alterations include changes in water temperature, water flow and light availability. Chemical alterations include changes in the loading rates of biostimulatory nutrients, oxygen consuming materials, and toxins. Biological alterations include over-harvesting of commercial species and the introduction of exotic species. Human populations can impose excessive stresses on aquatic ecosystems. There are many examples of excessive stresses with negative consequences. Consider three. The environmental history of the Great Lakes of North America illustrates this problem, particularly how multiple stresses, such as water pollution, over-harvesting and
Aquatic ecosystem
15034503
last century to the United States from Asia. It is believed that this broadhead planarian was introduced and spread to most Northern states passively by human dispersal and has become abundant in the region it occupies. It is more commonly found in suburban areas and nurseries where exotic plants are prevalent. It is found in gardens and woodlands under objects like leaf litter, where the soil is moist. The ecological consequences of this invasion have not yet been fully explored. Bipalium adventitium Bipalium adventitium is a land planarian in the subfamily Bipaliinae. It has been accidentally introduced in the United
Bipalium adventitium
16952498
in 1998 the CIESM created a task force that began to monitor exotic species that had recently been introduced to the Mediterranean sea, leading to publication of the "CIESM Atlases on Exotic Fishes, Crustaceans and Mollusks". The CIESM has gathered data on invasions by exotic species, often carried in ships' ballast water. The emphasis of this research has been on economically important species. Due to the nature of the research activity and the wide variations in study intensity in different parts of the sea the data are illustrative rather than the systematic. Some species are unwanted while others are valuable.
Mediterranean Science Commission
15202289
which will cut into the ecological reserve. Within the proposition is a re-planting program in which exotic species of trees will be introduced into the local ecosystem to compensate for the local species that will be cut down to clear the viaduct's path. Critics, including architects, university professors, environmental groups and various non-governmental organisations, cite the lack of transparency and due process in the conception of the project, and the damage which will be caused to the unique nature of the park. The viaduct, according to these groups, judging from similar projects, will make the city more unpleasant, result in
Cocó Park
2310069
the human settlement of the islands in the 17th century. Settlers cleared most of the forests for agriculture and grazing, and introduced many exotic species, including pigs, rats, cats, monkeys, and mongooses. Many of the Mascarene birds evolved into flightless forms; the most famous of which was the extinct flightless pigeon, the dodo of Mauritius. As well as the dodo thirteen additional species of birds became extinct including the Réunion flightless ibis, broad-billed parrot, red rail, Rodrigues rail, Rodrigues solitaire. Today sixteen endemic bird species survive on the islands. Contemporary sources state that the dodo used gizzard stones and could
Mascarene Islands
5358579
species have been introduced accidentally to other areas, attached to sheep's wool, and have become invasive species. "A. novae-zelandiae", one of the bidibids from New Zealand, is the most commonly encountered species in the United Kingdom, where it is often abundant on coastal sand dunes, crowding out native vegetation and creating an often painful nuisance with the barbed burrs. In California, "A. pallida", "A. novae-zelandiae" and "A. anserinifolia" are considered serious weeds. Acaena Acaena is a genus of about 100 species of mainly evergreen, creeping herbaceous perennial plants and subshrubs in the family Rosaceae, native mainly to the Southern Hemisphere,
Acaena
6469462
strains of the species, and have since successfully introduced resistance into the eastern white pine Cronartium ribicola Cronartium ribicola is a species of rust fungus in the family Cronartiaceae that causes the disease white pine blister rust. C. ribicola is native to China, and was subsequently introduced to North America. Some European and Asian white pines (e.g. Macedonian Pine, Swiss Pine, Blue Pine) are mostly resistant to the disease, having co-evolved with the pathogen. It was accidentally introduced into North America about 1900, where it is an invasive species causing serious damage to the American white pines, which have little
Cronartium ribicola
1742037
crickets. Exotic species, including chukar, grey partridge, and Himalayan snowcock, have been successfully introduced to the Great Basin, although the latter has only thrived in the Ruby Mountains. Cheatgrass, an invasive species which was unintentionally introduced, forms a critical portion of their diets. Feral horses (mustangs) and wild burros are highly reproductive, and ecosystem-controversial, alien species. Most of the Great Basin is open range and domestic cattle and sheep are widespread. The Great Basin includes valleys, basins, lakes and mountain ranges of the Basin and Range Province. Geographic features near the Great Basin include the Continental Divide of the Americas,
Great Basin
5717646
dimorphism is present in most species, with females being larger than males, but there are exceptions (e.g. "Boophis albilabris"), where males are larger than females, possibly as a result of males fighting for access to females. Some members of this family are popular in the exotic pet trade for their bright colours (e.g. "Mantella" and "Boophis"). Mantellidae The Mantellidae are a family of the order Anura. These frogs are endemic to the islands of Madagascar and Mayotte. The family Mantellidae is composed of three extremely ecologically diverse groups of frogs, divided into three subfamilies: the Mantellinae are typically terrestrial or
Mantellidae
10198232
this is inbreeding and the resulting loss of adaptability. This may result in sudden collapses in population when the environment changes or a new predator or parasite is introduced. "Flying ant day" is an informal term for the day on which queen ants emerge from the nest to begin their nuptial flight. In most species, the male ants fly alongside them, although they are smaller and less noticeable. The queens fly around – some covering very long distances, others only a few meters – then mate and drop to the ground, where they lose their wings and attempt to start
Nuptial flight
686007
used them for food, protection, fiber and ceremony, just as they are still used today. European interest began when Spanish conquistadors returned with pineapple, which became so popular as an exotic food that the image of the pineapple was adapted into European art and sculpture. In 1776, the species "Guzmania lingulata" was introduced to Europe, causing a sensation among gardeners unfamiliar with such a plant. In 1828, "Aechmea fasciata" was brought to Europe, followed by "Vriesea splendens" in 1840. These transplants were so successful, they are still among the most widely grown bromeliad varieties. In the 19th century, breeders in
Bromeliaceae
9760752
almost exterminated on the mainland islands by introduced mammalian pests. Most populations of giant weta have been in decline since humans began modifying the New Zealand environment. All but one giant weta species is protected by law because they are considered at risk of extinction. Three arboreal giant weta species are found in the north of New Zealand and now restricted to mammal-free habitats. "Deinacrida heteracantha", and "D. fallai" are found only on near-shore islands that have no introduced predators (Te Haututu-o-Toi and Poor Knights Island). The closely related species "D. mahoenui" is restricted to habitat fragments in North Island.
Giant weta
18649472
suitable food resources, are all factors that interact with fish introductions to influence impacts. Amphibian declines have become a worldwide issue that is most commonly attributed to chemical pollution, acid rain, ozone depletion, habitat destruction, as well as introductions of exotic species Recent studies have shown correlations of decline among amphibians to a chytrid fungus, which causes chytridiomycosis. The pathogen is one of many emerging infectious diseases that largely threaten amphibian populations, especially salamanders. Primarily spread through the import/export of live animals the threat lies when infected animals escape or are released into the wild. Copepods are diaptomids, or crustaceous
Introduced trout in lake ecosystems
7050329
1900s, and the species has reportedly disappeared from Auckland. This is linked to spraying and the decline of native nettle plants, although nettle numbers are also affected by drought; nettle species are now being cultivated by NZ Forest & Bird and some councils as a butterfly food. Another factor in red admiral decline has been exotic parasitic wasps. The Australian white-spotted ichneumon wasp "Echthromorpha intricatoria" is self introduced, and the pteromalid wasp "Pteromalus puparum" was introduced by government entomologists in 1932–33 to control the adventive cabbage white butterfly ("Pieris rapae"), a serious agricultural pest in New Zealand. One study at
New Zealand red admiral