adding a cpu to a single node is which type of scalability
vertical up
1553041
of computers means increased management complexity, as well as a more complex programming model and issues such as throughput and latency between nodes; also, some applications do not lend themselves to a distributed computing model. In the past, the price difference between the two models has favored "scale up" computing for those applications that fit its paradigm, but recent advances in virtualization technology have blurred that advantage, since deploying a new virtual system over a hypervisor (where possible) is often less expensive than actually buying and installing a real one. Configuring an existing idle system has always been less expensive
Scalability
14977903
attachment of up to 20 Storwize V7000 expansion enclosures. IBM Storwize V7000 Gen 2+ is an updated Storwize V7000 Gen 2 with a newer CPU, doubled cache memory and faster FC options, integrated compression acceleration, and additional scalability with the following features: Software Details: The IBM Storwize V7000 SFF Control Enclosure Model 524, announced 6 May 2014, features two node canisters and up to 128 GB cache (system total) in a 2U, 19-inch rack mount enclosure. 1 Gb iSCSI connectivity is standard, with options for 8 Gb FC and 10 Gb iSCSI/FCoE connectivity. It holds up to twenty-four 2.5-inch SAS
IBM Storwize family
11083181
of memory may be used in a single node. Each node is packaged in an air-cooled cabinet, similar in size to a standard 42U computer rack. The SX-9 series ranges from the single-node SX-9/B system with 4 CPUs to the maximum expansion stage with 512 nodes, 8,192 CPUs, and 970 TFLOPS peak performance. There is up to 4 TB/s shared memory bandwidth per node and 2×128 GB/s node interconnect bandwidth. The operating system is NEC's SUPER-UX, a Unix-like OS. The SX-9 has the world's fastest vector CPU core. A fully equipped system with 512 nodes would be the world's fastest
NEC SX-9
6794280
entered it is replaced by a persona, the character's reflection in the cyberworld, which navigates the network. Networks are made up of a series of nodes: geometric shapes representing different facets of the system, such as the CPU or data stores. Each node has a different function: the CPU, for example, can cancel system alerts and crash the entire system. The difficulty of defeating a particular node is determined by its color. Each node is (usually) protected by intrusion countermeasures called IC (pronounced "Ice"). These are designed to forcibly dump the persona from the system by various means, sometimes resulting
Shadowrun (1994 video game)
7430986
NEC SX-8 The SX-8 is a supercomputer built by NEC Corporation. The SX-8 Series implements an eight-way SMP system in a compact node module and uses an enhanced version of the single chip vector processor that was introduced with the SX-6. The NEC SX-8 processors run at 2 GHz for vectors and 1 GHz for scalar operations. The SX-8 CPU operates at 16 GFLOPS and can address up to 128 GB of memory. Up to 8 CPUs may be used in a single node, and a complete system may have up to 512 nodes. The SX-8 series ranges from the
NEC SX-8
7430988
CPU has a peak vector performance 35.2 GFLOPS (10% frequency increase and double the number of vector operations) and can address up to 256 GB of memory in a single node (up from 128 GB). The French national meteorological service, Météo-France, rents a SX-8R for 3.7 million euros a year. NEC SX-8 The SX-8 is a supercomputer built by NEC Corporation. The SX-8 Series implements an eight-way SMP system in a compact node module and uses an enhanced version of the single chip vector processor that was introduced with the SX-6. The NEC SX-8 processors run at 2 GHz for
NEC SX-8
11559047
its CPU supplier changing direction as Motorola dropped development of the 88000 series in order to concentrate on the PowerPC. Trying again, this time in the high-performance real-time market, Encore turned to the Alpha 21064 to create the Infinity R/T Model 300, which first shipped in late 1994. By this point the massively-parallel market was being encroached on by machines made up of large numbers of commodity machines, and Encore released a single-CPU workstation running OSF/1, the Series 90 RT 3000. It was intended to be used either standalone, or as a node in a massively-parallel machine. Encore also worked
Encore Computer
12360946
be an inexpensive solution for a higher performing cluster compared to scaling up a single node in the cluster. This property of computer clusters can allow for larger computational loads to be executed by a larger number of lower performing computers. When adding a new node to a cluster, reliability increases because the entire cluster does not need to be taken down. A single node can be taken down for maintenance, while the rest of the cluster takes on the load of that individual node. If you have a large number of computers clustered together, this lends itself to the
Computer cluster
17036279
Centre which has a 272 node machine and Blue Waters has a machine that has Cray XE6 and XK7 nodes that performs at approximately 1 petaFLOPS (10 floating-point operations per second). XK7 is scalable up to 500 cabinets, each contains 24 blades and each blade contains 4 nodes (1 CPU and 1 GPU per node). The CPUs available are of the 16-core AMD Opteron 6200 "Interlagos" series and the GPUs are of the Nvidia Tesla K20 "Kepler" series. Each CPU can be paired with either 16 or 32 GB of error-correcting code memory (ECC) while the GPUs have either 5
Cray XK7
14789470
size and increase throughput. DASH7 has multi-kilometer range, multi-year battery life, sensor and security support, direct device-to-device communications. The bitrate ranges from 9.6kbit/s up to 167kbit/s, with a latency under 15 ms to deliver a packet (including LBT). DASH7 devices operate on a single global frequency and are interoperable regardless of application and by design do not require cumbersome application profiles. Unlike most wireless networks, DASH7 doesn't require a gateway/node controller to operate. DASH7 V1.0 targets scalability : begin with two low cost devices and grow a network linearly. The DASH7 protocol is not built around IP layers. It is
DASH7 Alliance
969238
the different components, also called "blocks" of the System-on-Chip. A very common bus for system-on-chip communications is ARM's royalty-free Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) standard. Direct memory access controllers route data directly between external interfaces and SoC memory, bypassing the CPU or control unit, thereby increasing the data throughput of the system-on-chip. This is similar to some device drivers of peripherals on component-based multi-chip module PC architectures. Computer buses are limited in scalability, supporting only up to tens of cores (multicore) on a single chip. Wire delay is not scalable due to continued miniaturization, system performance does not scale with
System on a chip
11011
is provided by another type of glial cell, the oligodendrocyte. Schwann cells myelinate a single axon. An oligodendrocyte can myelinate up to 50 axons. Nodes of Ranvier (also known as "myelin sheath gaps") are short unmyelinated segments of a myelinated axon, which are found periodically interspersed between segments of the myelin sheath. Therefore, at the point of the node of Ranvier, the axon is reduced in diameter. These nodes are areas where action potentials can be generated. In saltatory conduction, electrical currents produced at each node of Ranvier are conducted with little attenuation to the next node in line, where
Axon
1553048
new node to a system in order to achieve improved performance than to partake in performance tuning to improve the capacity that each node can handle. But this approach can have diminishing returns (as discussed in performance engineering). For example: suppose 70% of a program can be sped up if parallelized and run on multiple CPUs instead of one. If formula_1 is the fraction of a calculation that is sequential, and formula_2 is the fraction that can be parallelized, the maximum speedup that can be achieved by using P processors is given according to Amdahl's Law: Substituting the value for
Scalability
1553042
than buying, installing, and configuring a new one, regardless of the model. Note that NFV defines these terms differently: scaling out/in is the ability to scale by add/remove resource instances (e.g. virtual machine), whereas scaling up/down is the ability to scale by changing allocated resources (e.g. memory/CPU/storage capacity) A number of different approaches enable databases to grow to very large size while supporting an ever-increasing rate of transactions per second. The rapid pace of hardware advances in both the speed and capacity of mass storage devices, as well as similar advances in CPU and networking speed is also important. One
Scalability
9716628
Due to Intel lacking logic engineers to understand the logic schematics or circuit engineers to convert them, Intel asked Shima to simplify the logic. Intel wanted a single-chip CPU design, influenced by Sharp's Tadashi Sasaki who presented the concept to Busicom and Intel in 1968. The single-chip microprocessor design was then formulated by Intel's Marcian "Ted" Hoff in 1969, simplifying Shima's initial design down to four chips, including a single-chip CPU. Due to Hoff's formulation lacking key details, Shima came up with his own ideas to find solutions for its implementation. Shima was responsible for adding a 10-bit static shift
History of general-purpose CPUs
3513363
If the leaf node is full, it must be split before the insertion is made. Again, since an exhaustive search is too expensive, a heuristic is employed to split the node into two. Adding the newly created node to the previous level, this level can again overflow, and these overflows can propagate up to the root node; when this node also overflows, a new root node is created and the tree has increased in height. At each level, the algorithm needs to decide in which subtree to insert the new data object. When a data object is fully contained in
R-tree
17941401
eight P100 modules in a single rack system connected to up to two host CPUs. "The carrier board (...) allows for a dedicated board for routing the NVLink connections – each P100 requires 800 pins, 400 for PCIe + power, and another 400 for the NVLinks, adding up to nearly 1600 board traces for NVLinks alone (...)." Each CPU has direct connection to 4 units of P100 via PCIe and each P100 has one NVLink each to the 3 other P100s in the same CPU group plus one more NVLink to one P100 in the other CPU group. "Each NVLink
NVLink
18747337
data migration and with no application downtime. In standard configuration, HYDRAstor provides resiliency to up to 3 concurrent disk or node failures. Failures are automatically detected and data reconstruction is automatically performed, which means that if time between failures is enough to reconstruct data, system can withstand any number of them. NEC HYDRAstor NEC HYDRAstor is a disk-based grid storage system with data deduplication for backups and archiving, developed by NEC Corporation. A HYDRAstor storage system can be composed of multiple nodes, starting from one up to 100+ nodes. Each node contains standard hardware including disk drives, CPU, memory and
NEC HYDRAstor
1284720
A microkernel was developed for the nCUBE-3 machine, but never completed, and abandoned in favor of Transit, an operating system based on Plan9. The nCUBE-4 marked the transition to commodity processors with each node containing an Intel IA32 server class CPU. The n4 also brought exclusive focus on video streaming rather than scientific applications. Each hub contained one hypercube node, one CPU, a pair of PCI buses, and up to 12 SCSI drives. The n4 was followed by the n4x, the n4x r2, and the n4x r3. These last two were based on the Serverworks chipset rather than the Intel
NCUBE
241513
for end-of-list inside the loop. Another example is the merging two sorted lists: if their sentinels have data fields set to +∞, the choice of the next output node does not need special handling for empty lists. However, sentinel nodes use up extra space (especially in applications that use many short lists), and they may complicate other operations (such as the creation of a new empty list). However, if the circular list is used merely to simulate a linear list, one may avoid some of this complexity by adding a single sentinel node to every list, between the last and
Linked list
15073370
concern has always been about scalability and efficiency of such frameworks, especially that the frameworks accompanying various modeling tools have traditionally been built on top of a conventional RTOS, which adds memory footprint and CPU overhead to the final solution. The QP frameworks have been designed for efficiency and minimal footprint from the ground up and do not need an RTOS in the stand-alone configuration. In fact, when compared to conventional RTOSes, QP frameworks provide smaller footprint especially in RAM (data space), but also in ROM (code space). This is possible, because active objects don't need to block, so most
QP (framework)
15418984
clusters connected using high-speed communications switches and networks which allows the data to be partitioned among the available computing resources and processed independently to achieve performance and scalability based on the amount of data. A cluster can be defined as a type of parallel and distributed system, which consists of a collection of inter-connected stand-alone computers working together as a single integrated computing resource. This approach to parallel processing is often referred to as a “shared nothing” approach since each node consisting of processor, local memory, and disk resources shares nothing with other nodes in the cluster. In parallel computing
Data-intensive computing
9107399
efficiency of the chipsets. The need for energy-efficient chipsets have risen since chipsets starts including more features and more PCI Express lanes, to provide better system scalability by using PCI-E add-on cards. But one issue is that chipset circuitries were usually made on a larger fabrication process nodes compared with the latest CPU process node, making recent chipsets consume more and more power than their predecessors. Recent examples including the Intel X38 chipset Northbridge (MCH), labelling 26.5 W TDP with a maximum idle power of 12.3 W, which results in the world's first integrated heat spreader (IHS) design over the
AMD 700 chipset series
1832816
that need high availability and scalability for their database system. Typical users of the product are stock exchanges, telecommunications, POS, and bank ATM networks. NonStop SQL is designed to run effectively on parallel computers, adding functionality for distributed data, distributed execution, and distributed transactions. First released in 1987, a second version in 1989 added the ability to run queries in parallel, and the product became fairly famous for being one of the few systems that scales almost linearly with the number of processors in the machine: adding a second CPU to an existing NonStop SQL server will almost exactly double
NonStop SQL
976966
bridging, the technique used in modern Ethernet switches. However, using switches to connect multiple Ethernet networks in a fault-tolerant fashion requires redundant paths through that network, which in turn requires a spanning tree configuration. This ensures that there is only one "active" path from any source node to any destination on the network. This causes centrally located switches to become bottlenecks, limiting scalability as more networks are interconnected. To help alleviate this problem, Sincoskie invented VLANs by adding a tag to each Ethernet frame. These tags could be thought of as colors, say red, green, or blue. In this scheme,
Virtual LAN
14372960
and functionality required of an OS but adds attributes and particular configurations to allow it to support additional requirements such as increased scale and availability. To a user, a distributed OS works in a manner similar to a single-node, monolithic operating system. That is, although it consists of multiple nodes, it appears to users and applications as a single-node. Separating minimal system-level functionality from additional user-level modular services provides a “separation of mechanism and policy.” Mechanism and policy can be simply interpreted as "what something is done" versus "how something is done," respectively. This separation increases flexibility and scalability. At
Distributed operating system
14106041
data parallel skeletons automatically scale both on single- as well as on multi-core, multi-node cluster architectures. Here, scalability across nodes and cores is ensured by simultaneously using MPI and OpenMP, respectively. However, this feature is optional in the sense that a program written with Muesli still compiles and runs on a single-core, multi-node cluster computer without changes to the source code, i.e. backward compatibility is guaranteed. This is ensured by providing a very thin OpenMP abstraction layer such that the support of multi-core architectures can be switched on/off by simply providing/omitting the OpenMP compiler flag when compiling the program. By
Algorithmic skeleton
6056216
the network, because complete, though out-of-date routing information is present in every node. However, this is not the same as knowing whether a node is in the network. This guess may be adequate for most tariff network use, like telephony, but it may not be adequate for safety-related military or avionics. HSLS has good scalability properties. The asymptotic scalability of its total overhead is formula_1 compared to standard link state which scales as formula_2, where N is the number of nodes in the network. Because HSLS sends distant updates infrequently, nodes do not have recent information about whether a distant
Hazy Sighted Link State Routing Protocol
17816638
by design and is an example of a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. The downside is that performance issues arise in that every node is calculating all the smart contracts in real time, resulting in lower speeds. As of January 2016, the Ethereum protocol could process 25 transactions per second. In comparison, the Visa payment platform processes 45,000 payments per second leading some to question the scalability of Ethereum. On 19 December 2016, Ethereum exceeded one million transactions in a single day for the first time. Ethereum's blockchain uses Merkle trees, for security reasons, to improve scalability,
Ethereum
3779996
the constant properties for a node, this property specifies the type of the node. So if a node type property is the constant node ELEMENT_NODE, one can know that this node object is an object Element. This object uses the Element interface to define all the methods and properties of that particular node. Node Types Different W3C World Wide Web Consortium node types and descriptions: A node object is represented by a single node in a tree. It can be an element node, attribute node, text node, or any type that is described in section "node type". All objects can
Node (computer science)
6358542
the maximum of four Opteron sockets per node, the Horus system allows a total of 32 CPU sockets in a single machine. Dual and future quad-core chips will also be supported, allowing a single system to scale to over a hundred processing cores. AMD Horus The Horus system, designed by Newisys for AMD, was created to enable AMD Opteron machines to extend beyond the current limit of 8-way (CPU sockets) architectures. The Opteron CPUs feature a cache-coherent HyperTransport (ccHT) bus to permit glueless, multiprocessor interconnect between physical CPU packages but as there is a maximum of three ccHT interfaces per
AMD Horus
15509100
RAID replacement technology based on erasure coding that spreads data and parity out across multiple nodes in the storage grid. It aims to greatly minimize the impact of a node or disk failure. Customers can configure availability based on their needs and can have multiple availability policies within a single storage system. Recovery of a drive or node is comparatively very fast, unlike RAID. BitDynamics provides the storage cluster with scalability and self healing. It performs proactive self verification of disk bit errors and then automatically heals that disk block or entire disk as needed. This aims to reduce the
Amplidata
8267459
of the internal units, but if it failed to find a safe pair it simply fed in a single integer instruction. PRISM was one of the first designs to include a multiply with add/subtract/truncate in a single (five operand) instruction, so it was often described as a three-issue CPU. The original PRISM design was introduced in 1988 in the one-to-four-CPU Apollo DN10000 workstations. The "DN" in the name refers to "Domain Node", Domain/OS being the Unix-like operating system used on all of Apollo's machines. Note that PRISM was a multi-chip CPU board, not a single microprocessor; this was fairly common
Apollo PRISM
12168027
seen as a utility that clients can pay for only as needed. The usual goal of virtualization is to centralize administrative tasks while improving scalability and overall hardware-resource utilization. With virtualization, several operating systems can be run in parallel on a single central processing unit (CPU). This parallelism tends to reduce overhead costs and differs from multitasking, which involves running several programs on the same OS. Using virtualization, an enterprise can better manage updates and rapid changes to the operating system and applications without disrupting the user. "Ultimately, virtualization dramatically improves the efficiency and availability of resources and applications in
Virtualization
2615462
market when Siemens bought them. The RM1000 was a massive parallel processing (MPP) computer. Each node ran its own instance of Reliant UNIX DC/OSx. This system had a two-axis mesh architecture. The RM1000 used software called ICF to manage the cluster interconnects. ICF went on to provide the cluster foundation in the PrimeCluster HA software which is still developed and available from Fujitsu Siemens. Each compute node in the mesh used a single MIPS R10000 CPU, however enhancements to the RM1000 allowed for the NILE SMP machines to be included into the mesh as "fat" nodes. The compute nodes were
Pyramid Technology
7587639
AutoBench 1.1 - single-threaded code for automotive, industrial, and general-purpose applications Networking - single-threaded code associated with moving packets in networking applications. MultiBench - multi-threaded code for testing scalability of multicore processors. CoreMark - measures the performance of central processing units (CPU) used in embedded systems BXBench - system benchmark measuring the web browsing user-experience, from the click/touch on a URL to final page rendered on the screen, and is not limited to measuring only JavaScript execution. AndEBench-Pro - system benchmark providing a standardized, industry-accepted method of evaluating Android platform performance. It's available for free download in Google Play. FPMark
EEMBC
6636045
a single test (for the value), and is guaranteed to terminate, due to the sentinel value. On termination, there is a single check if the sentinel value has been hit, which replaces a test for each iteration. In this case the loop can more simply be written as a while loop: For searching in a linked list, the following is the straightforward algorithm, starting at a given head node; note the use of NULL to solve the semipredicate problem: However, if the last node is known, the inner loop can be optimized by firstly adding (and lastly removing) a sentinel
Sentinel value
18952936
cores (host CPU: 4, Xeon Phi: 61 each). Host processor and accelerators support multithreading. The number of logical cores per node is 984. The design of the node is not limited to the components used in QPACE 2. In principle, any cards supporting PCIe, e.g., accelerators such as GPUs and other network technologies than InfiniBand, can be used as long as form factor and power specifications are met. The intra-node communication proceeds via the PCIe switch without host CPU involvement. The inter-node communication is based on FDR InfiniBand. The topology of the InfiniBand network is a two-dimensional hyper-crossbar. This means
QPACE2
18952932
to the higher number of PCIe lanes. However, it also comes with several disadvantages: The QPACE 2 architecture addresses these disadvantages by a node design in which a single low-power Intel Haswell E3 host CPU accommodates four Xeon Phi 7120X accelerator cards for computational power and one dual-port FDR InfiniBand network interface card for external communication. To achieve this, the components within a node are interconnected by a PCIe switch with 96 lanes. The QPACE 2 rack contains 64 compute nodes (and thus 256 Xeon Phi accelerators in total). 32 nodes each are on the front- and backside of the
QPACE2
5884551
all necessary machines in the cluster. Clustered hosting is similar to cloud hosting, in that the resources of many machines are available for a website to utilize on demand, making scalability a large advantage to a clustered hosting solution. Clustered web hosting Clustered hosting is a type of web hosting that spreads the load of hosting across multiple physical machines, or node, increasing availability and decreasing the chances of one service (e.g., FTP or email) affecting another (e.g., MySQL). Many large websites run on clustered hosting solutions, for example, large discussion forums will tend to run using multiple front-end webservers
Clustered web hosting
3787277
is noteworthy for the fact that it mixes strong typing and weak typing within a single language. Operations such as arithmetic and boolean comparison require atomic values as their operands. If an operand returns a node (for example, codice_1), then the node is automatically "atomized" to extract the atomic value. If the input document has been validated against a schema, then the node will typically have a type annotation, and this determines the type of the resulting atomic value (in this example, the codice_2 attribute might have the type codice_3). If no schema is in use, the node will be
XPath 2.0
3490582
and expands with adding nodes to the cluster. Each node has pre-installed SSD drives. Each node can have only one type of SSD drives with the same capacity. Each SolidFire cluster can have a mix of different node models & generations. Element X uses the replication factor of 2, where blocks of data spread across the cluster which has no performance impact but require more space in contrary to Erasure Coding technology. Such architecture allows users to expand performance and capacity separately as needed. Also, SolidFire has the ability to set three types of QoS for its LUNs: minimum, maximum
NetApp
868681
and pipelines of different types can operate concurrently. The processor node is composed of 8 CPU and 10 memory modules. The RCU is directly connected to the crossbar switches and controls inter-node data communications at 64 GB/s bidirectional transfer rate for both sending and receiving data. Thus the total bandwidth of inter-node network is about 10 TB/s. The processor node is composed two nodes of one cabinet, and consists of power supply part 8 memory modules and PCI box with 8 CPU modules. Below is the description of software technologies used in the operating system, Job Scheduling and the programming
Earth Simulator
431322
to any given node (a node has at most a single parent), and no node in the tree point to the root. In fact, every node (other than the root) must have exactly one parent, and the root must have no parents. Indeed, given a list of nodes, and for each node a list of references to its children, one cannot tell if this structure is a tree or not without analyzing its global structure and that it is in fact topologically a tree, as defined below. As an ADT, the abstract tree type "T" with values of some type
Tree (data structure)
13063868
Pursue mobility model The pursue mobility model is a type of mobility model which is used in ad hoc wireless networks. It is also based on RPGM (reference point group model). The Pursue Mobility Model simulates scenarios where several nodes attempt to capture single mobile node ahead. This mobility model could be used in target tracking and law enforcement. The node being pursued (i.e., target node) moves freely according to the Random waypoint model. By directing the velocity towards the position of the targeted node, the pursuer nodes (i.e., seeker nodes) try to intercept the target node. The Pursue Mobility
Pursue mobility model
17820887
and space into the 64 byte cache line size of the modern CPU. A new HAT-Trie starts out as a NULL pointer representing an empty node. The first added key allocates the smallest array node and copies into it the key/value pair, which becomes the first root of the trie. Each subsequent key/value pair is added to the initial array node until a maximum size is reached after which the node is burst by re-distributing its keys into a hash bucket with new underlying array nodes, one for each occupied hash slot in the bucket. The hash bucket becomes the
HAT-trie
6576693
of choosing the node that one wants and adding a new child to it, with the new material comprising the content of the child. An addventure generally begins with a single room or chapter (the root node of the tree), and is extended by writers from that point. The contents of nodes of the addventure are typically stored in a database, and each new node is assigned a unique identification number. In addition to identifying the node and serving as a primary key field for searching and indexing, the number is used to specify URLs that lead directly to that
Addventure
3928479
node may be a shared memory computer and execute in parallel on multiple CPUs using OpenMP. Within each CPU, SIMD vector instructions (usually generated automatically by the compiler) and superscalar instruction execution (usually handled transparently by the CPU itself), such as pipelining and the use of multiple parallel functional units, are used for maximum single CPU speed. SPMD was proposed first in 1983 by Michel Auguin (University of Nice Sophia-Antipolis) and François Larbey (Thomson/Sintra) in the OPSILA parallel computer and next in 1984 by Frederica Darema at IBM for highly parallel machines like the RP3 (the IBM Research Parallel Processor
SPMD
15337962
offerings by computer manufacturers were the Burroughs B5000, the DECsystem-1055, and the IBM System/360 model 65MP. There were also dual-CPU machines built at universities. The problem with adding a second CPU to a computer system was that the operating system had been developed for single-CPU systems, and extending it to handle multiple CPUs efficiently and reliably took a long time. To fill this gap, operating systems intended for single CPUs were initially extended to provide minimal support for a second CPU. In this minimal support, the operating system ran on the “boot” processor, with the other only allowed to run
Asymmetric multiprocessing
2144247
history. Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs (offline redo logs), which provide the basis for data recovery and for the physical-standby forms of data replication using Oracle Data Guard. The Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters) option uses multiple instances attached to a central storage array. In version 10"g", grid computing introduced shared resources where an instance can use CPU resources from another node in the grid. The advantage of Oracle RAC is that the resources on both nodes are used by the database, and each node uses its own memory and CPU. Information is
Oracle Database
4933540
Controllers. This type of server side accelerator has the added benefit of off-loading transactions and connection managements from the web or applications servers and hence, reducing its CPU utilization and increasing web server or application scalability to handle more users with less bandwidth. There may be two sections to the proxy as well - a server portion sits in front of the web server and captures the input and output from the server and a client portion sits in front of the end-user's web browser to capture the input and output from the browser. An example would be Opera Turbo.
Web accelerator
17684910
share data files based on shared disks. Nodes act as if they use a single shared cache by sending and receiving the data blocks necessary to organize TAC through a high speed private network that connects the nodes. Even if a node stops while operating, other nodes will continue their services. This transition happens quickly and transparently. TAC is a cluster system at the application level. It provides high availability and scalability for all types of applications. So, It is recommended to apply a replication architecture to not only servers but also to hardware and storage devices. This helps improve
Tibero
17737021
This API can be used in data intensive web applications where scalability is an issue. A stream could be several things, not just a file stream, such as a parser, HTTP request, or a child process, etc. Node stream A node stream is a method of transferring large amounts of data on mobile devices or websites (such as uploading detailed photographs) by breaking the file or data down into manageable chunks. The chunks of data do not use as much computer memory, so they are less likely to slow down the device, allowing the user to do other things on
Node stream
18952935
node. It is merely running the operating system and system-relevant drivers. Technically, the CPU serves as a root complex for the PCIe fabric. The PCIe switch extends the host CPU's limited number of PCIe lanes to a total of 80 lanes, therefore enabling a multitude of components (4x Xeon Phi and 1x InfiniBand, each x16 PCIe) to be connected to the CPU as PCIe endpoints. This architecture also allows the Xeon Phis to do peer-to-peer communication via PCIe and to directly access the external network without having to go through the host CPU. Each QPACE 2 node comprises 248 physical
QPACE2
1344691
coherent HyperTransport. The standard defined two interface levels: This structure allowed new developments in physical interface technology to be easily adapted without any redesign on the logical level. Scalability for large systems is achieved through a distributed directory-based cache coherence model. (The other popular models for cache coherency are based on system-wide eavesdropping (snooping) of memory transactions – a scheme which is not very scalable.) In SCI each node contains a directory with a pointer to the next node in a linked list that shares a particular cache line. SCI defines a 64-bit flat address space (16 exabytes) where 16
Scalable Coherent Interface
2150188
these vertices and edges within a drawing affects its understandability, usability, fabrication cost, and aesthetics. The problem gets worse if the graph changes over time by adding and deleting edges (dynamic graph drawing) and the goal is to preserve the user's mental map. Graphs are frequently drawn as node–link diagrams in which the vertices are represented as disks, boxes, or textual labels and the edges are represented as line segments, polylines, or curves in the Euclidean plane. Node–link diagrams can be traced back to the 13th century work of Ramon Llull, who drew diagrams of this type for complete graphs
Graph drawing
14487693
Node graph architecture Node graph architecture is a type of software design which builds around modular node components which can be connected to form a graph. Often the software's underlying node graph architecture is also exposed to the end user as a two-dimensional visualization of the node graph. The node graph architecture is popular in the film and computer games industry. There are often many different node types participating in the node graph. For example, in the Nuke Manual they list hundreds of nodes. Each node type performs one specific task. For example, Nuke's Merge node produces an output image
Node graph architecture
10726469
information at intermediate nodes, which limits its scalability. This is one of the reasons why almost all communication today is controlled by end-to-end transport protocols such as TCP. Current research in the area of sparse mobile networks is considering hop-by-hop transport for application scenarios where end-to-end connectivity is only available intermittently, as under such conditions, hop-by-hop transport can achieve substantial performance gains. Hop-by-hop transport Hop-by-hop transport is a principle of controlling the flow of data in a network. With hop-by-hop transport, chunks of data are forwarded from node to node in a store-and-forward manner. As hop-by-hop transport involves not only
Hop-by-hop transport
3779995
development of modern web markup languages like XHTML. Though similar in how it is approached by a programmer, HTML and CSS is typically the language used to develop website text and design. While XML, HTML and XHTML provide the language and expression, DOM serves as a translator. Different types of nodes in a tree are represented by specific interfaces. In other words, the node type is defined by how it communicates with other nodes. Each node has a node type property, which specifies the type of node, such as sibling or leaf. For example, if the node type property is
Node (computer science)
13152631
IS-IS, OSPF, and RIP. Control plane performance is usually characterized by measurements of scalability and performance. Scalability typically means how many protocol sessions can be handled by the router at one time, and ultimately is a stress of memory. Performance usually refers to a time-varying parameter, such as sessions per second, and ultimately is a stress of CPU power. IP load tester IP load testers are a class of protocol analyzers focused on the practical evaluation of router performance. Router performance is usually broken down into two categories: forwarding performance (or data plane), and routing performance (or control plane). In
IP load tester
15703867
test proposed by Jack Dongarra, with 0.6027 HPCG PFLOPS in November 2018. The K computer comprises 88,128 2.0 GHz eight-core SPARC64 VIIIfx processors contained in 864 cabinets, for a total of 705,024 cores, manufactured by Fujitsu with 45 nm CMOS technology. Each cabinet contains 96 computing nodes, in addition to six I/O nodes. Each computing node contains a single processor and 16 GB of memory. The computer's water cooling system is designed to minimize failure rate and power consumption. The nodes are interconnected by Fujitsu's proprietary "Torus fusion" ("Tofu") interconnect. Tofu has a six-dimensional mesh/torus topology, a scalability of over
K computer
20165363
burst buffer. In the node-local burst buffer architecture, burst buffer storage is located on the individual compute node, so the aggregate burst buffer bandwidth grows linearly with the compute node count. This scalability benefit has been well-documented in recent literature.It also comes with the demand for a scalable metadata management strategy to maintain a global namespace for data distributed across all the burst buffers. In the remote shared burst buffer architecture, burst buffer storage resides on a fewer number of I/O nodes positioned between the compute nodes and the back-end storage systems. Data movement between the compute nodes and burst
Burst buffer
7025948
system. Adding more memory allows the CPU to address more data for it to quickly access instead of reading off a comparatively slow disk drive or solid-state storage device. DDR RAM also has much lower latency than its GDDR counterpart and much lower bandwidth as the CPU relies on being able to change small amounts of data quickly. The latest standard of DDR memory is DDR4L. GDDR (Graphical Double Data Rate) memory is a type of memory required for the operation of any PCIe graphics card and is built directly onto the card itself. The amount of RAM built onto
Gaming computer
7281304
are a consequence of threading. If the distinction is necessary, adding a single bit to for each is enough to record it. In 1968, Donald Knuth asked whether a non-recursive algorithm for in-order traversal exists, that uses no stack and leaves the tree unmodified. One of the solutions to this problem is tree threading, presented by J. H. Morris in 1979. Another way to achieve similar goals is to include a pointer in every node, to that node's parent node. Given that, the "next" node can always be reached. "right" pointers are still null whenever there are no right children.
Threaded binary tree
17182012
impossible to achieve performance gains from the increased clock speed and transistor count allowed by Moore's law (there were diminishing returns to increasing the depth of a pipeline, increasing CPU cache sizes, or adding execution units). Single-core A single-core processor is a microprocessor with a single core on a chip, running a single thread at any one time. The term became common after the emergence of multi-core processors (which have several independent processors on a single chip) to distinguish non-multi-core designs. For example, Intel released a Core 2 Solo and Core 2 Duo, and one would refer to the former
Single-core
14116158
strive to provide applications with predictable and maximum access to the central processing unit (CPU) and other system resources. To achieve this, simplified algorithms for scheduling and memory management are usually included. System services (e.g., daemons), are limited to the absolute minimum. Available services, such as job launch are constructed in a hierarchical fashion to ensure scalability to thousands of nodes. Networking protocols for communication between nodes in the system are also carefully selected and implemented to ensure scalability. One such example is the Portals network programming application programming interface (API). Lightweight kernel operating systems assume access to a small
Lightweight Kernel Operating System
3977707
per second. The SGI Altix platform was selected due to a positive experience with Kalpana, a single-node Altix 512-CPU system built and operated by NAS and SGI and named after "Columbia" astronaut Kalpana Chawla, the first Indian-born woman to fly in space. Kalpana was later integrated into the Columbia supercomputer system as the first node of twenty. At its peak, Columbia had a total of 10,240 processors and 20 terabytes of memory, 440 terabytes of online storage, and 10 petabytes of archival tape storage. The Project Columbia team, composed mostly of computer scientists and engineers from NAS, SGI, and Intel,
Columbia (supercomputer)
62005
same type has to be processed—, modern processors can disable parts of the pipeline so that when a single instruction is executed many times, the CPU skips the fetch and decode phases and thus greatly increases performance on certain occasions, especially in highly monotonous program engines such as video creation software and photo processing. In the case where a portion of the CPU is superscalar and part is not, the part which is not suffers a performance penalty due to scheduling stalls. The Intel P5 Pentium had two superscalar ALUs which could accept one instruction per clock cycle each, but
Central processing unit
17351287
and is manufactured by TSMC on a 28 nm process node. Its APU is a single-chip that combines a central processing unit (CPU) and graphics processing unit (GPU), as well as other components such as a memory controller and video decoder/encoder. The console also includes secondary custom chips that handle tasks associated with downloading, uploading, and social gameplay. These tasks can be handled seamlessly in the background during gameplay or while the system is in sleep mode. Though not much is publicly known of the PS4's audio capabilities, the console also contains a dedicated hardware audio module, which can support
PlayStation 4 technical specifications
15527026
some architectural concepts with the POWER7 architecture, such as the use of eDRAM cache and being manufactured at a 45 nm node. The Latte graphics chip contains both a "GX2" GPGPU, which runs Wii U applications, and a "GX" GPU, which enables backward compatibility with Wii games. The GX2, designed by AMD, is based on the Radeon R600/R700 architecture and is clocked at approximately 550 MHz. It is manufactured at a 40 nm node and contains 32 MB of eDRAM cache memory, which can also act as L3 cache for the CPU. The GX, originally designed by ArtX, contains a
Wii U
14749301
systems, providing all the counters they need to establish customer billing, across all current and future OpenStack components. The delivery of counters is traceable and auditable, the counters must be easily extensible to support new projects, and agents doing data collections should be independent of the overall system. Trove is a database-as-a-service provisioning relational and a non-relational database engine. Sahara is a component to easily and rapidly provision Hadoop clusters. Users will specify several parameters like the Hadoop version number, the cluster topology type, node flavor details (defining disk space, CPU and RAM settings), and others. After a user provides
OpenStack
12360945
with performance in mind, but installations are based on many other factors. Fault tolerance ("the ability for a system to continue working with a malfunctioning node") allows for scalability, and in high performance situations, low frequency of maintenance routines, resource consolidation(e.g. RAID), and centralized management. Advantages include enabling data recovery in the event of a disaster and providing parallel data processing and high processing capacity. In terms of scalability, clusters provide this in their ability to add nodes horizontally. This means that more computers may be added to the cluster, to improve its performance, redundancy and fault tolerance. This can
Computer cluster
9118900
A key component common to all CPUs is the program counter, a special memory cell (a register) that keeps track of which location in memory the next instruction is to be read from. The control system's function is as follows—note that this is a simplified description, and some of these steps may be performed concurrently or in a different order depending on the type of CPU: Since the program counter is (conceptually) just another set of memory cells, it can be changed by calculations done in the ALU. Adding 100 to the program counter would cause the next instruction to
Computer
18676428
this naming scheme to RINA, with recursive layers, an interesting observation can be made: mapping application names to node addresses is analogous to mapping node addresses to PoAs. In other words, at any layer N, nodes at the layer N+1 are applications and nodes at the layer N-1 are points of attachment, making this relationship relative. The Locator/Identifier Separation Protocol (LISP or Loc/ID split) has been proposed by IETF as a solution to issues as the scalability of the routing system. LISP main argument is that the semantics of the IP address are overloaded being to be both locator and
Recursive InterNetwork Architecture (RINA)
6207037
may optionally have one or more types associated with them which dictate the kinds of properties, number and type of child nodes, and certain behavioral characteristics of the nodes. Nodes may point to other nodes via a special reference type property. In this way nodes in a JCR offer both referential integrity and object-oriented concept of inheritance. Additional node types include the referenceable node type which allows the user to reference said node through use of a universally unique identifier. Another popular type is the versionable type. This makes the repository track a document's history and store copies of each
Content repository API for Java
16175059
as well as CPU, memory, hard disk and network utilization. The process information found in the older versions are now moved to the new Details tab. The Performance tab shows "CPU", "Memory", "Disk", "Wi-Fi" and "Ethernet" graphs. Unlike the Windows 8 version of Task Manager (which looks similar), the "Disk" activity graph is not enabled by default. The CPU tab no longer displays individual graphs for every logical processor on the system by default, although that remains an option. Additionally, it can display data for each non-uniform memory access (NUMA) node. When displaying data for each logical processor for machines
Windows Server 2012
16397311
usually have lymphovascular invasion. Lymph node metastases usually precede secondary tumours, i.e. distant metastases. The absence of LVI in the context of proven lymph node metastasis is usually thought to be due to sampling error. The predictive value and prevalence of lymphovascular invasion is strongly dependent on the type of cancer. In other words, LVI in one type of cancer may be much less important than LVI in another type of cancer. Generally speaking, it is associated with lymph node metastases which themselves are predictive of a poorer prognosis. In the context of (histologically) proven lymph node metastases, LVI may
Lymphovascular invasion
6214008
ten backyard teams. When the team is chosen, a player would take turns choosing players with the CPU. There are a total of seven players on a team, two of which will be on the bench while five get to see action. The statistics of a player in single game mode have no effect on a player's statistics in season play. The second type of gameplay is season mode. The player selects their coach name, settings, and team before the season and drafts all seven of their players before the CPU picks any for the rest of the computer controlled
Backyard Football
7362754
TreeDL Tree Description Language (TreeDL) is a computer language for description of strictly-typed tree data structures and operations on them. The main use of TreeDL is in the development of language-oriented tools (compilers, translators, etc.) for the description of a structure of abstract syntax trees. Tree description can be used as TreeDL can be used with any parser generator that allows custom actions during parsing (for example, ANTLR, JavaCC). Tree description lists the node types allowed in a tree. Node types support single inheritance. Node types have children and attributes. Children must be of defined node type. Attributes may be
TreeDL
9635892
i.e. Will the server crash if it is under a heavy load? Dependent on the application that is being tested, different parameters are tested. If a webpage is being tested, the highest possible number of simultaneous users would be tested. Also dependent on the application being tested is the attributes that are tested - these can include CPU usage, network usage or user experience. Successful testing will project most of the issues which could be related to the network, database or hardware/software. When creating a new application, it is difficult to accurately predict the number of users in 1, 2
Scalability testing
694661
more if it was a data transfer instruction. The basis for the 6600 CPU is what would today be called a RISC system, one in which the processor is tuned to do instructions which are comparatively simple and have limited and well-defined access to memory. The philosophy of many other machines was toward using instructions which were complicated — for example, a single instruction which would fetch an operand from memory and add it to a value in a register. In the 6600, loading the value from memory would require one instruction, and adding it would require a second one.
CDC 6600
868680
a whole thus consists of 1280 arithmetic processors with 20 TB of main memory and the theoretical performance of 131Tflops. Each CPU consists of a 4-way super-scalar unit (SU), a vector unit (VU), and main memory access control unit on a single LSI chip. The CPU operates at a clock frequency of 3.2 GHz. Each VU has 72 vector registers, each of which has 256 vector elements, along with 8 sets of six different types of vector pipelines: addition /shifting, multiplication, division, logical operations, masking, and load/store. The same type of vector pipelines works together by a single vector instruction
Earth Simulator
10124821
machine would run without any changes on the desktop version, albeit thousands of times faster. Power scaling is likewise dramatically improved and simplified; block engines can be turned on or off as required with a linear effect on power consumption. Perhaps the greatest advantage to the EDGE concept is that it is suitable for running any sort of data load. Unlike modern CPU designs where different portions of the CPU are dedicated to different sorts of data, an EDGE CPU would normally consist of a single type of ALU-like unit. A desktop user running several different programs at the same
Explicit data graph execution
1966797
of a tree by starting with a node and specifying some branches and nodes and leaving some unspecified with a variable or wildcard pattern. It may help to think of the abstract syntax tree of a programming language and algebraic data types. In Haskell, the following line defines an algebraic data type codice_4 that has a single data constructor codice_5 that wraps an integer and a string. The constructor is a node in a tree and the integer and string are leaves in branches. When we want to write functions to make codice_4 an abstract data type, we wish to
Pattern matching
20163314
a hard fork of bitcoin increasing the maximum block size. Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Classic and Bitcoin Unlimited all supported an increase to the maximum block size through a hard fork. Segregated Witness is an example of a soft fork. Technical optimizations may decrease the amount of computing resources required to receive, process and record bitcoin transactions, allowing increased throughput without placing extra demand on the bitcoin network. These modifications can be to either the network, in which case a fork is required, or to individual node software (such as Bitcoin Core). Protocols such as the Lightning Network and Tumblebit have
Bitcoin scalability problem
8161150
(configured as direct-attached storage, JBOD, or using a storage area network) is considered to be a node. Capacity is scaled by adding additional nodes or adding additional storage to each node. Performance is increased by deploying storage among more nodes. High availability is achieved by replicating data n-way between nodes. For public cloud deployments, GlusterFS offers an Amazon Web Services (AWS) Amazon Machine Image (AMI), which is deployed on Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instances rather than physical servers and the underlying storage is Amazon's Elastic Block Storage (EBS). In this environment, capacity is scaled by deploying more EBS storage units,
Gluster
35465
fitting the chip and adding additional memory. The Amiga 500 also sports an unusual feature for a budget machine, socketed chips, which allow easy replacement of defective chips. The CPU can be directly upgraded on the motherboard to a 68010; or to a 68020, 68030, or 68040 via the side expansion slot; or by removing the CPU and plugging a CPU expansion card into the CPU socket (though this will require opening the computer and voiding any remaining warranty). In fact, all the custom chips can be upgraded to the Amiga Enhanced Chip Set (ECS) versions. The case is made
Amiga 500
1714817
each thread separately as adding 1 to the load. The comparative study of different load indices carried out by Ferrari et al. reported that CPU load information based upon the CPU queue length does much better in load balancing compared to CPU utilization. The reason CPU queue length did better is probably because when a host is heavily loaded, its CPU utilization is likely to be close to 100% and it is unable to reflect the exact load level of the utilization. In contrast, CPU queue lengths can directly reflect the amount of load on a CPU. As an example,
Load (computing)
3147286
inherently "local" in usage, the IPv6 address scope of unique local addresses is global. The first block defined is , designed for /48 routing blocks, in which users can create multiple subnets, as needed. Examples: A former standard proposed the use of "site-local" addresses in the block, but because of scalability concerns and poor definition of what constitutes a "site", its use has been deprecated since September 2004. Another type of private networking uses the link-local address range. The validity of link-local addresses is limited to a single link; e.g. to all computers connected to a switch, or to one
Private network
868683
System (GFS) that offers a high-speed I/O performance. ES is basically a batch-job system. Network Queuing System II (NQSII) is introduced to manage the batch job. Queue configuration of the Earth Simulator. ES has two-type queues. S batch queue is designed for single-node batch jobs and L batch queue is for multi-node batch queue. There are two-type queues. One is L batch queue and the other is S batch queue. S batch queue is aimed at being used for a pre-run or a post-run for large-scale batch jobs (making initial data, processing results of a simulation and other processes), and
Earth Simulator
1553037
any particular case it is necessary to define the specific requirements for scalability on those dimensions that are deemed important. It is a highly significant issue in electronics systems, databases, routers, and networking. A system whose performance improves after adding hardware, proportionally to the capacity added, is said to be a scalable system. An algorithm, design, networking protocol, program, or other system is said to "scale" if it is suitably efficient and practical when applied to large situations (e.g. a large input data set, a large number of outputs or users, or a large number of participating nodes in the
Scalability
14487695
hierarchical fashion, and they use node graphs to analyze large software systems. In fact a large number of software analysis papers often use node graphs to analyze large software systems suggesting that node graphs are good models of the internal structure and operation of the software. Many commercial and non-commercial software systems allow users to visualize and interact with internal components via the node graph. Below are a number of node graph based software applications from the film and games industry. Node graph architecture Node graph architecture is a type of software design which builds around modular node components which
Node graph architecture
10663193
Cecilia R. Aragon Cecilia Rodriguez Aragon (born ca. 1960) is an American computer scientist, professor, and champion aerobatic pilot who is best known as the co-inventor (with Raimund Seidel) of the treap data structure, a type of binary search tree that orders nodes by adding a priority as well as a key to each node. She is also known for her work in data-intensive science and visual analytics of very large data sets, for which she received the prestigious Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE). Aragon received her B.S. in mathematics from the California Institute of Technology
Cecilia R. Aragon
9750830
nodes in the mesh, and because every link in the mesh uses additional capacity, this type of network offers much lower end to end transmission rates than a switched mesh and degrades in capacity as nodes are added to the mesh. Wireless mesh nodes typically include both mesh backhaul links and client access. A dual radio shared mesh node uses separate access and mesh backhaul radios. Only the mesh backhaul radio is shared. In a single radio mesh node, access and mesh backhaul are collapsed onto a single radio. Now the available bandwidth is shared between both the mesh links
Shared mesh
15325899
More accurate, but also far more CPU-intensive, results can be obtained by using a solid mesh. The process of creating a mesh is called tessellation. Once tessellated, the mesh can be subjected to simulated stresses, strains, temperature differences, etc., to see how those changes propagate from node point to node point throughout the mesh. In virtual reality and computer animation, an object may also be represented by a surface mesh of node points connected by triangles or quadrilaterals. If the goal is only to represent the visible portion of an object (and not show changes to the object) a solid
Computer representation of surfaces
3779993
single data structure. These nodes may contain a value or condition, or possibly serve as another independent data structure. Nodes are represented by a single parent node. The highest point on a tree structure is called a root node, which does not have a parent node, but serves as the parent or 'grandparent' of all of the nodes below it in the tree. The height of a node is determined by the total number of edges on the path from that node to the furthest leaf node, and the height of the tree is equal to the height of the
Node (computer science)
139366
node to ensure that the data is not tampered with. SSKs can be used to establish a verifiable pseudonymous identity on Freenet, and allow for multiple documents to be inserted securely by a single person. Files inserted with an SSK are effectively immutable, since inserting a second file with the same name can cause collisions. USKs resolve this by adding a version number to the keys which is also used for providing update notification for keys registered as bookmarks in the web interface. Another subtype of the SSK is the Keyword Signed Key, or KSK, in which the key pair
Freenet
16991533
a pay-as-you grow model for Oracle licenses. This allows you to only license the CPU count you need, and not the entire capacity of the appliance. When virtualized this is supported for both the database and the application tier. When the Oracle Database Appliance is connected to a ZS3 storage array, the DBA can leverage Hybrid Columnar Compression for data stored on the ZS3 array. This can enable not only tiered storage, but also compression ratios exceeding 20x. The first generation of the Oracle Database Appliance (ODA V1) is a two-node cluster in a single rack-mounted chassis. Inside the chassis
Oracle Database Appliance
18477410
set of outputs given produced by the actor. Associations are the basic units of Data Lineage. Individual associations are later clubbed together to construct the entire history of transformations that were applied to the data. Big data systems scale horizontally i.e. increase capacity by adding new hardware or software entities into the distributed system. The distributed system acts as a single entity in the logical level even though it comprises multiple hardware and software entities. The system should continue to maintain this property after horizontal scaling. An important advantage of horizontal scalability is that it can provide the ability to
Data lineage
5824689
"int**". Typedefs can also simplify definitions or declarations for structure pointer types. Consider this: Using typedef, the above code can be rewritten like this: In C, one can declare multiple variables of the same type in a single statement, even mixing structure with pointer or non-pointers. However, one would need to prefix an asterisk to each variable to designate it as a pointer. In the following, a programmer might assume that "errptr" was indeed a "Node *", but a typographical error means that "errptr" is a "Node". This can lead to subtle syntax errors. By defining the typedef "Node *",
Typedef
10023827
superscalar processor issues multiple instructions from a single thread every CPU cycle, in simultaneous multithreading (SMT) a superscalar processor can issue instructions from multiple threads every CPU cycle. Recognizing that any single thread has a limited amount of instruction-level parallelism, this type of multithreading tries to exploit parallelism available across multiple threads to decrease the waste associated with unused issue slots. For example: To distinguish the other types of multithreading from SMT, the term "temporal multithreading" is used to denote when instructions from only one thread can be issued at a time. In addition to the hardware costs discussed for
Multithreading (computer architecture)