what was the result of the gallipoli campaign
Ottoman victory
1693167
eight months' fighting, with many casualties on both sides, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a costly and humiliating defeat for the Allies and for the sponsors, especially Winston Churchill. The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation's history, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. Arabs formed a substantial force in the Gallipoli Peninsula being part of the Seventy Second and Seventy Seventh regiments. According to several sources Arabs made
Gallipoli Campaign
1693167
eight months' fighting, with many casualties on both sides, the land campaign was abandoned and the invasion force was withdrawn. It was a costly and humiliating defeat for the Allies and for the sponsors, especially Winston Churchill. The campaign was the only major Ottoman victory of the war. In Turkey, it is regarded as a defining moment in the nation's history, a final surge in the defence of the motherland as the Ottoman Empire crumbled. Arabs formed a substantial force in the Gallipoli Peninsula being part of the Seventy Second and Seventy Seventh regiments. According to several sources Arabs made
Gallipoli Campaign
10487843
Kabatepe Kabatepe, or Gaba Tepe, is a headland overlooking the northern Aegean Sea in what is now the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park (), on the Gallipoli peninsula in northwestern Turkey. During the First World War, the headland was the site of an Ottoman artillery battery which constantly harassed the ANZAC troops around ANZAC Cove to the north throughout the Gallipoli Campaign. The Kabatepe Museum (in Turkish "Kabatepe Müzesi") is located within the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park. It commemorates the Gallipoli Campaign, now considered a defining moment in the modern history of not only Turkey, but of Australia and
Kabatepe
1693278
Canakkale"." Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign, also known as the Dardanelles Campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli, or the Battle of Çanakkale (), was a long unsuccessful campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey). The Allied powers Britain and France, sought to greatly weaken the Ottoman Empire by capturing control of the straits that provided a supply route to their ally Russia. The invaders launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula. They hoped to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. The naval attack was repelled and
Gallipoli Campaign
1693166
Gallipoli Campaign The Gallipoli Campaign, also known as the Dardanelles Campaign, the Battle of Gallipoli, or the Battle of Çanakkale (), was a long unsuccessful campaign of the First World War that took place on the Gallipoli peninsula (Gelibolu in modern Turkey). The Allied powers Britain and France, sought to greatly weaken the Ottoman Empire by capturing control of the straits that provided a supply route to their ally Russia. The invaders launched a naval attack followed by an amphibious landing on the peninsula. They hoped to capture the Ottoman capital of Constantinople. The naval attack was repelled and after
Gallipoli Campaign
18170481
the journey there, the soldiers were paid with Turkish currency, which Barwick said in his diary showed the confidence of success of the Allied commanders. He landed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915, the first day of the Gallipoli Campaign. He fought in the Battle of Lone Pine and was part of the second-last group to leave Gallipoli when Allied troops were evacuated in December 1915 after what Barwick described as "one of the most glorious and [at] the same time disastrous campaigns as Great Britain ever had anything to do with". Barwick was then posted to France, arriving in
Archie Barwick
1693247
couple of days after the evacuation of Helles, when three Fokker "Eindeckers" shot down two RNAS aircraft. Historians are divided about how they summarise the campaign's result. Broadbent describes the campaign as "a close-fought affair" that was a defeat for the Allies, while Carlyon views the overall result as a stalemate. Peter Hart disagrees, arguing that the Ottoman forces "held the Allies back from their real objectives with relative ease", while Haythornthwaite calls it a "disaster for the Allies". The campaign did cause "enormous damage to ... [Ottoman] national resources", and at that stage of the war the Allies were
Gallipoli Campaign
2478341
Zealand memorial at Gallipoli and commemorates all the Australian and some of the New Zealanders who died during the campaign, including those who have no known grave and those buried at sea. As a result of the battle's significance to the Australians, Lone Pine is the site of the annual Australian Anzac Day dawn service at Gallipoli. After the service Australian visitors congregate at the memorial to remember all their countrymen who fought and died at Gallipoli. At the New Zealand National World War I Museum, there is an exhibit for the Battle of Lone Pine, and there is also
Battle of Lone Pine
16259911
a result of the publicity of his showings in England, there was considerable interest in his Gallipoli work and in November 1916, he gave the first of what proved to be several exhibitions, accompanied by a lecture, of his paintings. From late 1916 to 1917, his Gallipoli paintings were exhibited around New Zealand and it was during this time that he painted his most notable work, 'The Man with the Donkey'. He went on tour with the paintings, giving talks about his experiences at Gallipoli. From February 1917, the proceeds from his lecturing went to the newly formed New Zealand
Horace Millichamp Moore-Jones
17271656
Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign This is an order of battle listing the Allied and Ottoman forces involved in the Gallipoli Campaign during 1915. Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 29th Division Royal Naval Division Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 1st Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division ANZAC Corps Troops Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient 1er Division Note: When the campaign commenced, the Fifth Army comprised two army Corps; the III Corps was defending the Gallipoli peninsula and the XV Corps was defending the Asian shore. In addition, the 5th Division was positioned north of the peninsula under the command of
Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign
17271657
First Army. Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign This is an order of battle listing the Allied and Ottoman forces involved in the Gallipoli Campaign during 1915. Mediterranean Expeditionary Force 29th Division Royal Naval Division Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 1st Australian Division New Zealand and Australian Division ANZAC Corps Troops Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient 1er Division Note: When the campaign commenced, the Fifth Army comprised two army Corps; the III Corps was defending the Gallipoli peninsula and the XV Corps was defending the Asian shore. In addition, the 5th Division was positioned north of the peninsula under the
Order of battle for the Gallipoli Campaign
19338863
including "Gallipoli the Turkish Defence" (Miegunyah Press/Melbourne University Publishing, 2015), "Defending Gallipoli" (Melbourne University Publishing, 2015). These books mark the centenary of the Gallipoli Campaign in 2015 and are based on several years of research in Turkish archives. Broadbent's earlier books include "Gallipoli, The Fatal Shore", which marked the 90th anniversary of the Gallipoli campaign, and "The Boys Who Came Home, Recollections of Gallipoli". He was also consultant and writer for "Voices of the First World War" (Readers Digest Australia, 2014). From 2006 to 2015 he was an Associate Professor and Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Modern History
Harvey Broadbent
13889456
position was very close to the Turkish trenches and was hotly contested. The position was so tenuous, that the troops holding it had to be rotated regularly, and as a result the 24th spent the remainder of the campaign rotating with the 23rd Battalion to hold the position against determined Turkish mining operations. The battalion remained at Gallipoli for three months until the evacuation of Allied troops took place in December 1915. During the period that the 24th was deployed to Gallipoli, a 52-man detachment was sent to Salonika to act as packhorse handlers for the British contingent. Following this
24th Battalion (Australia)
2773650
planning on forcing the approaches to Constantinople in the hope of knocking the Ottomans out of the war. A large Allied fleet assembled and staged an attack on the Dardanelles on 18 March 1915. The attack (the forerunner to the failed Gallipoli campaign) was a disaster, resulting in the loss of several ships. As a result, Enver turned over command to Liman von Sanders, who led the successful defence of Gallipoli, along with Mustafa Kemal. Enver then left to attend to pressing concerns on the Caucasus Front. Later, after many towns on the peninsula had been destroyed and women and
Enver Pasha
16886163
the Australian Imperial Force (AIF) following the Gallipoli Campaign. At this time, the AIF was expanded from two divisions to five, with two fresh divisions being raised in Egypt and another in Australia. After a period of training it was planned to send the AIF to Europe to fight on the Western Front, and as a result, it was necessary to expand the AIF's artillery to include 4.5-inch howitzers as well as the 18-pounder field guns that had fought at Gallipoli. The previous organisation had seen Australia raise three field brigades as part of the 1st Division, but under the
103rd Medium Battery, Royal Australian Artillery
12682463
March but several ships were lost. As a result, Irish, British, French, Australian and New Zealand troops were formed into the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and transported from Britain to Gallipoli for a land invasion. In the Gallipoli Campaign an invasion was attempted at six locations in April but Turkish defences kept the advance close to the beach. Irish battalions suffered extremely heavy losses during the V beach Landing at Cape Helles which was the most important of the landings and defended by four entrenched Turkish machine gun posts. The main force was deployed from the SS "River Clyde", a 4,000
Ireland and World War I
1693272
Armistice of Mudros ended hostilities in the Middle Eastern theatre on 31 October. The Allies subsequently occupied Gallipoli and Istanbul and partitioned the Ottoman Empire. The occupation ended in 1923. The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign is felt strongly in both Australia and New Zealand, despite their being only a portion of the Allied forces; the campaign is regarded in both nations as a "baptism of fire" and had been linked to their emergence as independent states. Approximately 50,000 Australians served at Gallipoli and from 14,000 to 17,000 New Zealanders. It has been argued that the campaign proved significant in
Gallipoli Campaign
1693263
evacuated for sickness during the campaign. A total of troops fell sick during the campaign, not counting troops from the Dominions or India; of these, exclusive of those evacuated. The sick were transported from Gallipoli to hospitals in Egypt and Malta as quickly as possible as bases in the area of operations were insufficient. Approximately of men removed as non-battle casualties died, against in France and Flanders. The proportion of disease casualties to battle casualties was considerably higher in the Gallipoli Campaign than it was on the campaigns of the Western Front. The number of Ottoman troops evacuated sick is
Gallipoli Campaign
1693261
and obtain leaks from the deliberations of the Commission; Hamilton was never given another army appointment. Casualty figures for the campaign vary between sources but in 2001, Edward J. Erickson wrote that in the Gallipoli Campaign over were killed, including and around and French soldiers. Using the Ottoman Archives, Erickson estimated that Ottoman casualties in the Gallipoli Campaign were died from all causes, were wounded or injured and went missing or were captured. In 2000, McGibbon wrote that had been killed, about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula. In 2001, Carlyon gave figures of killed
Gallipoli Campaign
5287205
World War I campaign at Gallipoli, received almost unprecedented critical acclaim (though it was later criticised by the British Gallipoli historian Robert Rhodes James as "deeply flawed and grievously over-praised"). In England, the book won the "Sunday Times" thousand-pound award and gold medal was the first recipient of the Duff Cooper Memorial Award. The presentation of the latter was made by Sir Winston Churchill on 28 November 1956. In 1966, Moorehead and his wife, younger son and daughter (Caroline Moorehead) made what became for him the first of an annual series of visits to Australia. There he had completed a
Alan Moorehead
17145736
Australian and 2,721 New Zealand dead. The exact number of Turkish casualties is not known, but has been estimated at 87,000 dead from a total of around 250,000 casualties. Third attack on Anzac Cove The third attack on Anzac Cove (19 May 1915) was an engagement during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War. The attack was conducted by the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, against the forces of the British Empire defending the cove. On 25 April 1915, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) landed on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula, at what
Third attack on Anzac Cove
17145705
Third attack on Anzac Cove The third attack on Anzac Cove (19 May 1915) was an engagement during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War. The attack was conducted by the forces of the Ottoman Turkish Empire, against the forces of the British Empire defending the cove. On 25 April 1915, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) landed on the western side of the Gallipoli Peninsula, at what thereafter became known as Anzac Cove. The first Turkish attempts to recapture the ANZAC beachhead were two unsuccessful attacks in April. Just over two weeks later, the Turks had
Third attack on Anzac Cove
17770060
at the start of the Gallipoli Campaign, the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) landed at what later became known as Anzac Cove. Included in the landings was the New Zealand and Australian Division, but the division had been forced to leave part of its strength, including the New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade, behind in Egypt. The commanders believed there would be no requirement or opportunities for mounted troops on the peninsula. However, heavy casualties, and the lack of any other reinforcements, forced them to reconsider the decision, and the mounted troops were later dispatched to Gallipoli to serve
Battle for No.3 Post
2478342
one in the Australian War Memorial. Memorial "Lone Pine" trees have also been planted in Australia, New Zealand and Gallipoli to commemorate the battle and the Gallipoli campaign in general, seeded from specimens taken from Gallipoli. There are also many places in Australia named after the battle. Battle of Lone Pine The Battle of Lone Pine (also known as the Battle of Kanlı Sırt) was fought between Australian and Ottoman Empire forces during the Gallipoli Campaign of the First World War, between 6 and 10 August 1915. The battle was part of a diversionary attack to draw Ottoman attention away
Battle of Lone Pine
10487844
New Zealand as well. The museum hosts numerous relics from the campaign, including weapons, ammunition, uniforms, photographs, letters written by the soldiers to their families, and private belongings such as shaving tools, cocoa cases, leather flasks etc. There are also more shocking artifacts such as the skull of a Turkish soldier killed by a bullet to the forehead, and a soldier's shoe still containing a bone from the owner's foot. Kabatepe Kabatepe, or Gaba Tepe, is a headland overlooking the northern Aegean Sea in what is now the Gallipoli Peninsula National Historical Park (), on the Gallipoli peninsula in northwestern
Kabatepe
6156905
1914. The Ottoman Empire was active in the Balkans theatre and Middle Eastern theatre – the latter had five main campaigns: the Sinai and Palestine Campaign, the Mesopotamian Campaign, the Caucasus Campaign, the Persian Campaign, and the Gallipoli Campaign. There were also several minor campaigns: the North African Campaign, the Arab Campaign and the South Arabia Campaign. There were several important Ottoman victories in the early years of the war, such as the Battle of Gallipoli and the Siege of Kut. The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 31 October 1918, ending the Ottoman participation in World War I. Just
Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
17901844
people and was expected to generate an estimated $14.6 million in production expenditure, with Film Victoria providing significant financing for the project through its Production Incentive Attraction Fund (PIAF). "Gallipoli" is distributed internationally by Endemol Worldwide Distribution. All seven episodes of "Gallipoli" were also made available on the streaming service Stan during the television premiere as part of a promotion deal. Gallipoli (miniseries) Gallipoli is a seven-part Australian television drama miniseries that was telecast on the Nine Network in 2015, the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign. The series premiered on 9 February 2015, and concluded four weeks later. It
Gallipoli (miniseries)
15414387
result, Qurd was captured by Yakhshi's men in an ambush. Junayd retreated, with Yakhshi capturing Ayasoluk and Tire. Yakhshi was appointed governor of the province of Aydın. Qurd was sent to Edirne, and then, with his uncle, Hamza, was incarcerated at Gallipoli. Junayd remained defiant, continuing his raids. During one of them, he captured a sister of Yakhshi, whom he later had executed. As a result, Murad sent the "beylerbey" of Anatolia, Oruj, to campaign against Junayd. Smyrna fell and Junayd retreated to the fortress of İpsili, on the Aegean coast, across from the island of Samos. From İpsili, Junayd
Junayd of Aydın
17901841
Gallipoli (miniseries) Gallipoli is a seven-part Australian television drama miniseries that was telecast on the Nine Network in 2015, the 100th anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign. The series premiered on 9 February 2015, and concluded four weeks later. It is adapted from the best-selling book "Gallipoli" by Les Carlyon. "Gallipoli" was produced by Endemol Australia and was shot over a three-month period commencing on 17 March 2014. Rehearsals began in early March 2014 and cast-members also undertook some military training in Melbourne before filming began. Filming took place in Melbourne and surrounding areas, including Bacchus Marsh and Werribee. The 25
Gallipoli (miniseries)
9078650
of Gallipoli, where some lines of trenches – such as at Quinn's Post – were within of one another. According to a Gallipoli campaign participant, Sir D.G. Ferguson, the use of conventional rifles during daytime was abandoned in favour of periscope rifles. It was generally regarded as significantly less accurate than a conventional Lee–Enfield, although the "Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918" states it was accurate to . A test conducted on the TV documentary series "The Boffin, the Builder and the Bombardier" suggested that the effective range was approximately . However, during the Gallipoli campaign, a
Periscope rifle
1693236
Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay with the 29th Division. On 25 September, Kitchener detached two British and one French division for service in Salonika in Greece, which was the beginning of the end of the Allied campaign at Gallipoli. Alan Moorehead wrote that during the stalemate, an old Ottoman batman was regularly permitted to hang his platoon's washing on the barbed wire undisturbed and that there was a "constant traffic" of gifts being thrown across no-man's land, dates and sweets from the Ottoman side and cans of beef and packs of cigarettes from the Allied side. Conditions at Gallipoli
Gallipoli Campaign
16223376
still with the Royal Naval Division, Richardson helped prepare it for the Gallipoli Campaign and landed at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915. His work as a staff officer throughout the campaign was so highly regarded that he was promoted to brigadier general and appointed deputy adjutant and quartermaster general of the British XII Corps. In October 1915, he was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George. He served in Salonika with XII Corps as part of the British Salonika Army from December 1915 to February 1916. In recognition of his service at Gallipoli and Salonika,
George Spafford Richardson
1693256
arguably this perception continued until Normandy in June 1944. Hart wrote that despite the pessimistic analyses after 1918, the situation after 1940 meant that landings from the sea were unavoidable, and it was only after Normandy that the belief that opposed landings were futile was overcome. The memory of Gallipoli weighed heavily upon the Australians during the planning of the Huon Peninsula campaign in late 1943. In September, the Australians made their first opposed amphibious landing since Gallipoli at the Battle of Finschhafen in New Guinea. The landing was hampered by navigational errors and troops came ashore on the wrong
Gallipoli Campaign
20420801
Serpil Senelmis Serpil Senelmis is an Australian broadcaster and public speaker with Turkish heritage. Senelmis is Director of "Written & Recorded". Prior to this she was Senior Radio Producer with Radio National and a Presenter on Local Radio at the "Australian Broadcasting Corporation." She was part of the broadcast team at the Dawn Service in Gallipoli in 2014 and for the centenary of the Gallipoli Campaign ANZAC landings in 2015. Senelmis has often reported on the Turkish perspective of the Gallipoli Campaign in Australia and spoken about it on Australian television, radio and public forums. She also hosts panel discussions
Serpil Senelmis
1693276
the Band Played Waltzing Matilda" which consisted of an account from a young Australian soldier who was maimed during the Gallipoli Campaign. The song has been praised for its imagery, evoking the devastation at the Gallipoli landings. It remains widely popular and is considered by some to be the iconic anti-war song. In Turkey, the battle is thought of as a significant event in the state's emergence, although it is primarily remembered for the fighting that took place around the port of Çanakkale, where the Royal Navy was repulsed in March 1915. For the Turks, 18 March has a similar
Gallipoli Campaign
17500664
The Desert Column The Desert Column; leaves from the diary of an Australian trooper in Gallipoli, Sinai and Palestine is a book by Ion Idriess based on a diary he kept of his service during World War I. Idriess kept a diary from the time he arrived in Gallipoli on 18 May 1915 until March 1918. He participated in the Gallipoli Campaign where he was wounded, then later fought in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign including the Battle of Beersheeba. When Idriess returned from the war he put his diaries with his sister in Grafton. In 1929, when he was
The Desert Column
1693275
the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand, surpassing Remembrance Day (Armistice Day). Along with memorials and monuments established in towns and cities, many streets, public places and buildings were named after aspects of the campaign, especially in Australia and New Zealand. Some examples include Gallipoli Barracks at Enoggera in Queensland, and the Armed Forces Armoury in Corner Brook, Newfoundland which is named the Gallipoli Armouries. Gallipoli also had a significant impact on popular culture, including in film, television and song. In 1971, Scottish-born Australian folk singer-songwriter Eric Bogle wrote a song called "And
Gallipoli Campaign
3831663
been part of the Ottoman Empire for 400 years, remaining under nominal Ottoman suzerainty despite being occupied by the British in 1882, following the Anglo-Egyptian War, and eventually becoming a British protectorate. The Suez Canal was of vital strategic importance to the British, reducing the sailing time from India, New Zealand and Australia to Europe. As a result Egypt became a major base during the war, particularly during the Gallipoli campaign. To Germany and the Ottoman Empire the canal was the closest and weakest link in British communications. Defence of the canal posed a number of problems, with its sheer
Sinai and Palestine Campaign
17951364
There is an example of the weapon in the Australian War Memorial, Canberra, that was recovered from Lone Pine, Gallipoli, in January 1919. Garland trench mortar The Garland trench mortar was an improvised mortar used by Australian and British forces at Gallipoli during the Dardanelles Campaign of 1915–16. Developed early in the war by Herbert Garland, a pre-war metallurgist and superintendent of laboratories at the Cairo Citadel, it was the most numerous mortar of the Gallipoli Campaign. A simple, improvised design, the Garland mortar consisted of a smoothbore steel barrel fixed at 45 degrees to a solid wooden base. By
Garland trench mortar
16110429
arriving in Egypt in December, they took part in the North African campaign defending the Suez Canal. They remained there until May 1915, when they left for the Gallipoli campaign with the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC). The regiment left their horses in Egypt, and arrived at the Gallipoli peninsula on 12 May 1915. Here regiment fought in the Landing at Anzac Cove, and the Battle of Sari Bair, but spent most of the campaign in a defensive posture. The regiment left Gallipoli for Egypt in December 1915, by which time they had earned four battle honours. After
3rd Light Horse Regiment (Australia)
9894538
The estimated casualties on both sides were 392,000 of whom 131,000 were killed, with New Zealand casualties of 2,721 dead and 4,852 wounded. The Allied forces eventually evacuated in December 1915 and early January 1916. The significance of the Gallipoli Campaign was strongly felt in New Zealand (and Australia) where it was the first great conflict experienced by the fledgling nation. Before Gallipoli the citizens of New Zealand were confident of the superiority of the British Empire and were proud and eager to offer their service. The campaign in Gallipoli shook that confidence. The New Zealand Rifle Brigade (less two
Military history of New Zealand during World War I
71074
the penultimate man to be evacuated from Suvla Bay, the last being General Stanley Maude. The Gallipoli Campaign had been engineered by the First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill. Although it was unsuccessful, Attlee believed that it was a bold strategy, which could have been a success if it had been better implemented on the ground. This gave him an admiration for Churchill as a military strategist, which would make their working relationship in later years productive. He later served in the Mesopotamian Campaign in what is now Iraq, where in April 1916 he was badly wounded, being hit
Clement Attlee
8564710
27,000 French. After the war, the bad conditions and high casualties amongst the Anzac troops resulted in a reasonably prevalent view in Australia that these had been due to the incompetence of British officers commanding the Australian troops and their disregard for the casualties that resulted from poorly planned or ill-conceived attacks. Whether these claims are valid or not, there can be little doubt that the entire campaign was poorly conducted, and as a result there were many military lessons learnt that were to be applied in later campaigns. Despite this, for Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign has
Military history of Australia during World War I
12531912
to lieutenant on 15 September 1914, and subsequently served during World War I aboard the torpedo-boat destroyer , the battleship , and the former collier , which had been requisitioned and refitted for use as a landing ship during the Gallipoli Campaign from April 1915, and from which Mack was eventually invalided home. From January to April 1917 he commanded the Q-ship "Result" (Q 23), a 122-ton three-masted steel-hulled topsail schooner, in which he engaged and damaged the U-boat on 15 February, and on 4 April engaged another U-boat near the Noord Hinder lightvessel off Vlissingen. "Result" was seriously damaged
Philip Mack
5411640
Dominion of the British Empire with a population of 240,000, and not yet part of Canada. The 1st Newfoundland Regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli peninsula with the 29th British Division in support of the Gallipoli Campaign. With the close of the Gallipoli Campaign the regiment spent a short period recuperating before being transferred to the Western Front in March 1916. In France, the regiment regained battalion strength in preparation for the Battle of the Somme. The infantry assault began on 1 July 1916, and at 8:45 a.m. the Newfoundland Regiment and 1st Battalion of the Essex
Memorial Day (Newfoundland and Labrador)
11631309
which began on 6 August, placed Mustafa Kemal only three hundred meters (approximately 330 yards) away from the firing line. He was also the Turkish commander assigned to many of the major battles throughout the Gallipoli campaign, such as the Battle of Chunuk Bair, Battle of Scimitar Hill and the Battle of Sari Bair. The Gallipoli campaign became a disastrous defeat for the Allies as they were pinned down by the Turks for ten months of incessant fighting and were unable to advance past the low lying beaches of Gallipoli. The Allies finally decided to call off the offensive and
Military career of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
12181167
an initial contingent of 500 men to full battalion strength of 1,000 men, before being deployed. After a period of acclimatization in Egypt, the regiment was deployed at Suvla Bay on the Gallipoli peninsula with the 29th British Division in support of the Gallipoli Campaign. With the close of the Gallipoli Campaign the regiment spent a short period recuperating before being transferred to the Western Front in March 1916. In France, the regiment regained battalion strength in preparation for the Battle of the Somme. The regiment, still with the 29th British Division, went into the line in April 1916 at
Beaumont-Hamel Newfoundland Memorial
4334173
New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC)—commanded by British general William Birdwood—subsequently landed at Anzac Cove on the Gallipoli peninsula on 25 April 1915. Although promising to transform the war if successful, the Gallipoli Campaign was ill-conceived and ultimately lasted eight months of bloody stalemate, without achieving its objectives. Australian casualties totalled 26,111, including 8,141 killed. For Australians and New Zealanders the Gallipoli campaign came to symbolise an important milestone in the emergence of both nations as independent actors on the world stage and the development of a sense of national identity. Today, the date of the initial landings, 25 April, is
Military history of Australia
17901842
April 1915 landing was recreated on the Mornington Peninsula. The series centres on 17-year-old Thomas "Tolly" Johnson (Kodi Smit-McPhee) who lies about his age so he may enlist with his brother Bevan (Harry Greenwood) and ends up fighting at Gallipoli in the campaign that helped create the Anzac legend. The story depicts the ten-month campaign in Turkey, highlighting the landing on 25 April 1915 by ANZAC troops who go into battle on the Gallipoli Peninsula. Landing in the dark, Tolly, Bevan, and their fellow soldiers of the 4th Battalion endeavor to establish a defensible foothold beneath the treacherous slopes of
Gallipoli (miniseries)
12254766
AIF to continue its training in Egypt. Most of its members were from the areas covered by both the 4th and 6th ALH. In July 1915 the regiment trained as infantry in preparation for deployment to Gallipoli. In late August 1915 the regiment departed Egypt to support the ANZAC forces at Gallipoli. Upon landing at Anzac Cove the regiment were split up to reinforce the three other Light Horse regiments from New South Wales (1st, 6th & 7th) already in place. Following the Gallipoli campaign, the regiment was redeployed to Egypt, where it took part in the Sinai campaign of
12th/16th Hunter River Lancers
7518572
subordinate described as "the gift of personal magnetism". On 27 December 1914 he became General Officer Commanding I Corps, with the temporary rank of lieutenant-general. He was made General Officer Commanding Third Army on 15 July 1915 with the temporary rank of general. He was promoted to the permanent rank of lieutenant-general on 28 October. In October 1915, the seventh month of the Gallipoli Campaign, General Ian Hamilton was dismissed as Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force. Charles Monro was sent to evaluate what had been achieved and to recommend next steps for the campaign. The Allied position had been
Sir Charles Monro, 1st Baronet
5071377
Ultimately Chunuk Bair was lost, and Hamilton's August offensive failed. The Gallipoli campaign decimated the original NZMR Brigade. When the peninsula finally came to be evacuated in December, almost half of the 4000 mounted riflemen who had served there since May had been killed or wounded. Once reunited with their horses in Egypt, the Brigade formed part of what later became known as the Desert Mounted Corps, eventually consisting of 20,000 horsemen drawn from Australian, Indian, British Yeomanry and New Zealand units, and the largest tactical force of cavalry ever to operate under one command. The campaign under General Allenby
Waikato Mounted Rifles
8564708
them from discovering the Allies that were departing. At Anzac, the troops would maintain utter silence for an hour or more until the curious Turks would venture out to inspect the trenches, whereupon the Anzacs would open fire. As the numbers in the trenches were thinned, rifles were rigged to fire by water dripped into a pan attached to the trigger. In what was ironically the best planned operation of the campaign, the evacuation was completed by dawn on 20 December 1915, without a single casualty. Ultimately the Gallipoli campaign was a disastrous failure. It did not achieve any of
Military history of Australia during World War I
2252864
visited Gallipoli briefly in September 1915 and became an influential agitator against the conduct of the campaign by the British. "Gallipoli" was filmed primarily in South Australia. The cattle station scenes were shot in Beltana, the salt lake at Lake Torrens, the station at Adelaide railway station, and the coastline near Port Lincoln was transformed into the Gallipoli Peninsula. The pyramid and bazaar scenes were filmed on location in Egypt. The farewell ball scene was not in the original script but was an idea of Weir's during shooting. It cost an extra $60,000 to make. Peter Weir cast Mel Gibson
Gallipoli (1981 film)
7576703
and when the Central Powers offered to give them what they claimed, the Bulgarians entered the war on their side. With the Allied loss in the Gallipoli Campaign and the Russian defeat at Gorlice, King Ferdinand of Bulgaria signed a treaty with Germany and on 23 September 1915, Bulgaria began mobilizing for war. During the preceding nine months, the Serbs had tried and failed to rebuild their battered armies and improve their supply situation. Despite their efforts, the Serbian Army was only about 30,000 men stronger than at the start of the war (around 225,000) and was still badly equipped.
Serbian Campaign of World War I
2252850
Gallipoli (1981 film) Gallipoli is a 1981 Australian war drama film directed by Peter Weir and produced by Patricia Lovell and Robert Stigwood, starring Mel Gibson and Mark Lee, about several rural Western Australian young men who enlist in the Australian Army during the First World War. They are sent to the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire (in modern-day Turkey), where they take part in the Gallipoli Campaign. During the course of the movie, the young men slowly lose their innocence about the purpose of war. The climax of the movie occurs on the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli
Gallipoli (1981 film)
16287894
of wounded soldiers that had accumulated at the beach. Shortly after completing this task, he became ill with gastro enteritis. Initially evacuated to Malta, he was sent to England for further treatment. He returned to Gallipoli on 12 November and was made the acting director of medical services. Promoted to temporary colonel, he helped with the organisation of the evacuation of Allied forces from Gallipoli the following month. His services at Gallipoli were recognised with a mention in despatches and he was made a Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George. After the campaign in Gallipoli had
Charles Mackie Begg
1693169
formerly German warships, now the Ottoman and , still under German officers, conducted the Black Sea Raid, in which they bombarded the Russian port of Odessa and sank several ships. In early November the various powers declared war. Turkey opened the Caucasus Campaign against Russia. The British briefly bombarded forts in Gallipoli, began the Mesopotamian Campaign, and studied the possibility of forcing the Dardanelles. Before the Dardanelles operation was conceived, the British had planned to conduct an amphibious invasion near Alexandretta on the Mediterranean, an idea originally presented by Boghos Nubar in 1914. This plan was developed by the Secretary
Gallipoli Campaign
1693238
and other reporters. Stopford and other dissident officers also contributed to the air of gloom and the possibility of evacuation was raised on 11 October 1915. Hamilton resisted the suggestion, fearing the damage to British prestige but was sacked shortly afterwards and replaced by Lieutenant General Sir Charles Monro. Autumn and winter brought relief from the heat but also led to gales, blizzards and flooding, resulting in men drowning and freezing to death, while thousands suffered frostbite. The Serbian defeat in the Serbian Campaign in autumn 1915 prompted France and Britain to transfer troops from the Gallipoli Campaign to Greek
Gallipoli Campaign
567401
killed in the Gallipoli Campaign, and in the same month Siegfried was sent to the 1st Battalion in France. There he met Robert Graves, and they became close friends. United by their poetic vocation, they often read and discussed each other's work. Though this did not have much perceptible influence on Graves's poetry, his views on what may be called 'gritty realism' profoundly affected Sassoon's concept of what constituted poetry. He soon became horrified by the realities of war, and the tone of his writing changed completely: where his early poems exhibit a Romantic, dilettantish sweetness, his war poetry moves
Siegfried Sassoon
1693254
the Battle of Romani, however, and lack of the materials to complete the military railway necessary for such an operation, marked the end of that ambition. The optimism gained from the victory at Gallipoli was replaced by a gathering sense of despair, and the British remained on the offensive in the Middle East for the rest of the war. The lessons of the campaign were studied by military planners prior to amphibious operations such as the Normandy Landings in 1944 and during the Falklands War in 1982. The lessons of the campaign influenced US Marine Corps amphibious operations during the
Gallipoli Campaign
1693250
"soft underbelly", its allies in the east. British and French submarine operations in the Sea of Marmara were the one significant area of success of the Gallipoli Campaign, forcing the Ottomans to abandon the sea as a transport route. Between April and December 1915, nine British and four French submarines carried out 15 patrols, sinking one battleship, one destroyer, five gunboats, 11 troop transports, 44 supply ships and 148 sailing vessels at a cost of eight Allied submarines sunk in the strait or in the Sea of Marmara. During the campaign there was always one British submarine in the Sea
Gallipoli Campaign
3459344
Gallipoli Campaign, an attempt to occupy the Gallipoli peninsula with land forces supported by the navies, to open the sea route to Constantinople. The Allies also tried to pass submarines through the Dardanelles to attack Ottoman shipping in the Sea of Marmara. The mouth of the strait is wide with a rapid current emptying from the Black Sea into the Aegean. The distance from Cape Helles to the Sea of Marmora is about , overlooked by the heights on the Gallipoli peninsula and lower hills on the Asiatic shore. The passage widens for to Eren Keui Bay, the widest point
Naval operations in the Dardanelles Campaign
7459362
Auburn Gallipoli Mosque The Auburn Gallipoli Mosque is an Ottoman-style mosque in Auburn, a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. More than 500 worshippers attend every day and around 2000 worshippers attend the weekly special Friday prayer at the Auburn Gallipoli Mosque, which is primarily used by Turkish Australians. The mosque's name invokes the legacy of the Gallipoli Campaign during World War I, which played a pivotal role in the history of both Australia and the Republic of Turkey. According to mosque officials, the name is meant to signify "the shared legacy of the Australian society and the main
Auburn Gallipoli Mosque
2509414
the Anzac front were evacuated from Gallipoli. After the war, the peace treaty with Turkey included a provision for "full and exclusive rights of ownership over the land in which are situated the graves of those who fell in action, for the purpose of laying out cemeteries or erecting memorials". In 1920, the Central Graves unit handed over the cemetery to the Imperial War Graves Commission. Today, the hill is the location of the Hill 60 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery. Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli) The Battle of Hill 60 was the last major assault of the Gallipoli Campaign.
Battle of Hill 60 (Gallipoli)
590354
out of the war, the actions of the Australian and New Zealand troops during the campaign bequeathed an intangible but powerful legacy. The creation of what became known as an "Anzac legend" became an important part of the national identity in both countries. This has shaped the way their citizens have viewed both their past and their understanding of the present. The heroism of the soldiers in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and is often credited with securing the psychological independence of the nation. On 30 April 1915, when the first news of
Anzac Day
1693179
battleships and sailed through a new line of mines placed secretly by the Ottoman minelayer "Nusret" ten days before and were also damaged. The losses forced de Robeck to sound the "general recall" to protect what remained of his force. During the planning of the campaign, naval losses had been anticipated and mainly obsolete battleships, unfit to face the German fleet, had been sent. Some of the senior naval officers like the commander of "Queen Elizabeth", Commodore Roger Keyes, felt that they had come close to victory, believing that the Ottoman guns had almost run out of ammunition but the
Gallipoli Campaign
4186602
as a result of Gastritis and Haematemesis (the vomiting of blood due to prolonged erosion of the stomach lining) and was subsequently buried in Anderson's Bay Cemetery, Dunedin among other returned servicemen. As the illness was a continuation of the sickness he first contracted while on Gallipoli, Martineau was categorised as having died after discharge from the NZEF from disease contracted while on active service, and was included in the roll of honour listing New Zealand's war dead. Horace Martineau's VC and other campaign medals were sold at auction by Spink of London for £90,000 on 9 May 2002. The
Horace Martineau
12093711
of Queenslanders – embarked for overseas in May. They were followed by the two Tasmanian companies in late June. Further training was undertaken in Egypt, after which the battalion was sent to Gallipoli when the 2nd Division was despatched to the peninsula to reinforce the troops that had been fighting there since April. The 26th Battalion landed on 12 September. By that time, the campaign had become a costly stalemate and shortly after their arrival, as winter came and conditions worsened, the decision was made to evacuate the peninsula. As a result, the battalion did not take part in any
26th Battalion (Australia)
9503626
Gallipoli campaign. When the New Zealand Division was being formed in Egypt following the conclusion of the Gallipoli Campaign, Plugge was made commander of the 1st Auckland Infantry Battalion, which was part of the 1st New Zealand Infantry Brigade. He went on to lead his battalion during the Battle of the Somme. In December 1916, following a reorganisation of the division, he was removed from his command by the divisional commander, Major General Andrew Russell. This was partly due to dissatisfaction with Plugge's performance, and was also an attempt to address a high desertion rate amongst his battalion. In light
Arthur Plugge
12121627
Naval Division suffered heavy casualties in the Siege of Antwerp, and was withdrawn shortly before the city fell, but in 1915 it was redeployed to the Mediterranean for use in the Gallipoli Campaign. Shortly after arrival, Asquith's friend and colleague Rupert Brooke died from an infected mosquito bite. During the Gallipoli Campaign, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) for his actions but was also wounded, resulting in his withdrawal to staff work. In 1916, The Royal Naval Division, now designated the 63rd Division, was sent to the Western Front. Asquith remained as a staff officer until April 1917,
Arthur Asquith
4173826
which was then engaged in the Gallipoli Campaign. It is not clear how much active service Prowse saw at this time as he spent significant periods hospitalised with first jaundice and then gastroenteritis, finally rejoining his battalion in Egypt on 9 January 1916. The division remained engaged in the Gallipoli Campaign until May 1916 when it was transferred to France. Prowse arrived at Marseilles on 7 June 1916, on 20 June he was promoted Petty Officer. In November 1916 the Division was employed in the Battle of the Ancre, the final attempt to resolve the Battle of the Somme. Prowse
George Prowse
16079380
a private in the 21st Battalion and was commissioned as a lieutenant on 24 March 1915. After training, the battalion was en route to Gallipoli on 2 September 1915 when the ship on which it was travelling, the "Southland", was torpedoed. Langley helped with the evacuation of the ship until he collapsed. He and his battalion eventually landed at Gallipoli and remained there until evacuation in December. After service in the Gallipoli Campaign, Langley was seconded to the Imperial Camel Corps to raise and train the 1st Australian Company, which by December 1916 was one of a number of companies
George Furner Langley
4124032
Guinea, he was appointed Assistant Director of Medical Services 1st Australian Division. During the Gallipoli Campaign he took charge of evacuating wounded men from the beach in the campaign’s opening days. In 1917 at the Dardanelles commission, he described the arrangements for dealing with wounded men at Gallipoli as inadequate to the point of 'criminal negligence'. He was Mentioned in Despatches for his service in this campaign. In September 1915 he was given command of ANZAC medical services and in November became director of the AIF’s medical services, with the rank of surgeon-general. When the Australian Imperial Force moved to
Neville Howse
872062
facilities, which was recognized early on. Troops intended for Gallipoli had to train in Egypt; and the port found it difficult to cope with casualties of the ill-starred Gallipoli campaign. The campaign was called off in evident failure at the close of 1915. Moudros' importance receded, although it remained the Allied base for the blockade of the Dardanelles during the war. The town of Lemnos, Victoria, Australia, established in 1927 as a soldier settlement zone for returning First World War soldiers, was named after the island. There are three Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) cemeteries on the island, the first
Lemnos
2574908
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force The Mediterranean Expeditionary Force (MEF) was part of the British Army during World War I, that commanded all Allied forces at Gallipoli and Salonika. This included the initial naval operation to force the straits of the Dardanelles. Its headquarters was formed in March 1915. The MEF was originally commanded by General Sir Ian Hamilton until he was dismissed due to the failure of the 29th Division at Gallipoli. Command briefly passed to General William Birdwood, commander of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, but for the duration of the Gallipoli campaign it was General Sir Charles
Mediterranean Expeditionary Force
4224381
it has been seen as a key event in forging a sense of national identity. According to history professor Dr Frank Bongiorno: The Gallipoli campaign was the beginning of true Australian nationhood. When Australia went to war in 1914, many white Australians believed that their Commonwealth had no history, that it was not yet a true nation, that its most glorious days still lay ahead of it. In this sense the Gallipoli campaign was a defining moment for Australia as a new nation. Ernest Scott's influential "A Short History of Australia", which remained a standard school text for nearly four
Anzac spirit
17007843
the Arlington Cemetery in Drexel Hill, Pennsylvania. According to author Ayhan Aktar, who edited and published Torossian's memoirs into Turkish, the Turkish official history erased Torossian's name from records and ignored his successes in the Gallipoli Campaign due to his Armenian origin. Sarkis Torossian Sarkis Torossian (, 1891 – August 17, 1954) was a decorated Ottoman Armenian captain who fought in the Gallipoli Campaign and according to his memoirs, was the first person to sink a British battleship. After the Armenian Genocide however, when most of his family was massacred, he switched sides and joined the fight against the Ottoman
Sarkis Torossian
18663710
Gallipoli Games The inaugural Gallipoli Games is being held in 2015 under the patronage of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey. It is being held to celebrate the 100th year anniversary of the Gallipoli Campaign and is intended to be held every two years. The Games have the motto: "On the land their ancestors sacrificed their lives 100 years ago, they are now competing for peace." University students from seven countries - Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, India, Germany, France and the Great Britain are eligible to compete. Torch relay commenced in March 2015 and it visited the seven participating
Gallipoli Games
13510225
Bay in the Gallipoli campaign. In the United States it was released under the alternative title The Battle of Gallipoli. The film had originally been intended to be made as a silent film, but was delayed. It was made at Welwyn Studios using the German Klangfilm process. Much of the film was shot on location in Malta, standing in for Gallipoli. Tell England (film) Tell England is a 1931 British drama film directed by Anthony Asquith and Geoffrey Barkas and starring Fay Compton, Tony Bruce and Carl Harbord. It is based on the novel "Tell England" by Ernest Raymond which
Tell England (film)
105782
Australian, New Zealand, French and Newfoundland troops to attempt to open up the straits. In the Gallipoli campaign, Turkish troops trapped the Allies on the beaches of the Gallipoli peninsula. The campaign did damage to the career of Winston Churchill, then the First Lord of the Admiralty, who had eagerly promoted the unsuccessful use of Royal Navy sea power to force open the straits. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, later founder of the Republic of Turkey, served as a commander for the Ottomans during the land campaign. The Turks mined the straits to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them, but in minor
Dardanelles
1693255
Pacific War and continue to influence US amphibious doctrine. In 1996, Theodore Gatchel wrote that between the wars, the campaign "became a focal point for the study of amphibious warfare" in Britain and United States. In 2008, Glenn Wahlert wrote that Gallipoli involved "all four types of amphibious operations: the raid, demonstration, assault and withdrawal". Russell Weigley wrote that analysis of the campaign before the Second World War led to "a belief among most of the armed forces of the world" that amphibious assaults could not succeed against modern defences and that despite landings in Italy, Tarawa and the Gilberts,
Gallipoli Campaign
20703537
in the Gallipoli Campaign, called Gallipoli Campaign', called "Çanakkale Savaşı" in Turkish, and along the eastern front of the Turkish War of Independence. Prior to the Occupation of Izmir, Aksoy served as commander of the Izmir Gendermarie Regiment until 1920. During Greece's occupation of Turkey, he was part of the Turkish intelligence organization that formed in the Izmir region. While Mümin was director of the intelligence services, his uncle Hacı Hasan Paşa worked with the Greek administration. Mümin continued his duties in Izmir with the aid of his uncle and presented himself as a Turkish officer working on behalf of
Mustafa Mümin Aksoy
2426935
he was made Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath, second highest of the seven British orders of chivalry. The battle is depicted in the climax of Peter Weir's 1981 movie, "Gallipoli", though it inaccurately portrays the offensive as a diversion to reduce Ottoman opposition to the landing at Suvla Bay. Battle of the Nek The Battle of the Nek () was a small World War I battle fought as part of the Gallipoli campaign. "The Nek" was a narrow stretch of ridge on the Gallipoli Peninsula. The name derives from the Afrikaans word for a "mountain pass" but
Battle of the Nek
16266796
commanded the Canterbury Battalion during the Gallipoli Campaign. He was eventually evacuated from Gallipoli late in the campaign for medical reasons. He retired from the military in 1917 due to poor health and died in 1954 at the age of 88. John Gethin Hughes, the son of a seaman and his wife, was born in Campbelltown, which later became known as Bluff, in the south of New Zealand. After completing his schooling, he gained employment as a law clerk in the town of Timaru. He also served in the local artillery unit of the militia from 1884 to 1887. In
John Gethin Hughes
16276272
their left, covered , of trenches further inland. In Eighth Army reserve, the 46th Division (XXII Corps) was located behind the front line. These divisions facing the EEF's XXI Corps, were highly regarded veteran Ottoman Army formations. The 7th and 19th Infantry Divisions, had fought with distinction during the Gallipoli Campaign as part of Esat Pasa's III Corps. The 20th Infantry Division was also a highly regarded regular army division raised and stationed in Palestine. Sometimes referred to as an 'Arab' division, it had fought in the latter phases of the Gallipoli Campaign and had served for a year in
Battle of Sharon
1693240
aground beneath a fort and was captured intact. The crew of 25 were taken prisoner and documents detailing planned Allied operations were discovered, including a scheduled rendezvous with on 6 November. The rendezvous was kept by the German U-boat instead, which torpedoed and sank "E20", killing all but nine of the crew. The situation at Gallipoli was complicated by Bulgaria joining the Central Powers. In early October 1915, the British and French opened a second Mediterranean front at Salonika, by moving three divisions from Gallipoli and reducing the flow of reinforcements. A land route between Germany and the Ottoman Empire
Gallipoli Campaign
4186010
of the First World War, Forsyth enlisted in the New Zealand Expeditionary Force and embarked for the Middle East in October 1914 as a sapper with the New Zealand Engineers. He landed at Gallipoli in May 1915 during the Gallipoli Campaign, but was medically evacuated two months later. He returned to duty at Gallipoli and was lightly wounded during the August offensive later that year, but remained in the front-line. He was medically evacuated in November 1915 to the island of Lemnos and then onto England, where he spent several months in various hospitals around the country. On recovering his
Samuel Forsyth
13690681
of the Royal Naval Division first at Antwerp, then at Gallipoli. Together with Bernard Freyberg and two other officers, Dodge decided where Rupert Brooke was to be buried, and dug the grave on Skyros, immediately before the Gallipoli assault. While serving as a lieutenant he was wounded at Gallipoli, and awarded the Distinguished Service Cross during this campaign. His award was published in the "London Gazette" on 8 November 1915. Transferring to the British Army in April 1916 with the rank of captain, to the 10th Battalion Queen's Royal West Surrey Regiment (the recently raised 'Battersea Battalion), with whom he
Johnnie Dodge
12101308
NZEF as commander of the New Zealand Infantry Brigade. He led the brigade through most of the Gallipoli Campaign. Later, on the Western Front, he commanded the 1st Infantry Brigade and, for a brief period, the New Zealand Rifle Brigade. He died as a result of sniper fire on 7 August 1917, one of three New Zealand brigadier generals killed during the war. Johnston was born at Wellington in New Zealand on 1 October 1871, the eldest son of merchant Charles John Johnston, who later became the Speaker of the Legislative Council. Sent to England for his education, he attended
Francis Earl Johnston
13846767
into the Royal New South Wales Regiment in 1960. The battalion was formed in January 1916 during an expansion of the AIF that took place after the Gallipoli campaign. Assigned to the 9th Brigade of the Australian 3rd Division, the majority of the battalion’s personnel were volunteers that came from Maitland, New South Wales – many of whom had been coal miners – and as a result the unit became known as "Maitland's Own". Its initial recruits, though, came from north-west New South Wales, having marched from Walgett. After initial training, the 34th Battalion, with an authorised strength of 1,023
34th Battalion (Australia)
5949995
been raised independently in Australia (in February and April 1915), and sent to Egypt (in May and June 1915) for further training. Initially, it was intended that the division's commander would be James McCay, but he was wounded on 11 July, and repatriated back to Australia after the death of both his wife and father. As a result, the command of the division went to Lieutenant-General Gordon Legge. Due to the pressing need for more soldiers for the Gallipoli Campaign, parts of the 2nd Division was sent to Anzac Cove in mid-August 1915, despite the fact that the division was
2nd Division (Australia)
7292304
likely version is that the award was a result of several ideas proposed in early 1916 to commemorate the Anzacs. When Monash led his brigade in commemorating the first Anzac Day, men who had served at Gallipoli wore a blue ribbon on their right breast and those who had gone ashore as part of the first landing wore a red ribbon as well. Birdwood advised in August 1916 that he supported Australian veterans of the ANZAC campaign wearing an "A" badge on their colour patches. The 1st and 2nd Divisions supported the idea enthuastically. The 3rd and 4th, both of
ANZAC A badge
3258675
increased the number of hours per week of training and the duration of training to twelve weeks. This led to strikes at the camps at Casula and Liverpool. Rioting soldiers clashed with police at Circular Quay and at Central Station striking soldiers were shot and one killed by soldiers sent to return them to Liverpool. As a result, new liquor laws were introduced, including six o'clock closing. Meanwhile, the Gallipoli Campaign had ended and the AIF in Egypt was in the process of doubling in size from two divisions to four. Birdwood wished to appoint two British generals to command
James Whiteside McCay
167578
property. The Thracian Chersonese was part of the Eastern Roman Empire from its foundation in 330 AD. In 443 AD, Attila the Hun invaded the Gallipoli Peninsula during one of the last stages of his grand campaign that year. He captured both Callipolis and Sestus. Aside from a brief period from 1204 to 1235, when it was controlled by the Republic of Venice, the Byzantine Empire ruled the territory until 1356. During the night between 1 and 2 March 1354, a strong earthquake destroyed the city of Gallipoli and its city walls, weakening its defenses. After the devastating 1354 earthquake,
Gallipoli
167584
Turkey eight years later under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, who first rose to prominence as a commander at Gallipoli. The Gallipoli Star was a military decoration created by the Ottoman Empire in 1915 and awarded for the duration of World War I. The campaign was the first major military action of Australia and New Zealand as independent dominions, and is often considered to mark the birth of national consciousness in those nations. The date of the landing, 25 April, is known as "Anzac Day". It remains the most significant commemoration of military casualties and veterans in Australia and New Zealand. On
Gallipoli
1693252
faced catastrophe. As it was these operations were a source of significant anxiety, posing a constant threat to shipping and causing heavy losses, effectively dislocating Ottoman attempts to reinforce their forces at Gallipoli and shelling troop concentrations and railways. Gallipoli marked the end for Hamilton and Stopford, but Hunter-Weston went on to lead VIII Corps on the first day of the Battle of the Somme. The competence of Australian brigade commanders, John Monash (4th Infantry Brigade) and Harry Chauvel (1st Light Horse Brigade, New Zealand and Australian Division), was recognised by promotion to divisional and corps command. The influence of
Gallipoli Campaign
17648558
ANZAC (acronym) The ANZAC acronym came from the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps, formed in Egypt prior to the Gallipoli Campaign during the First World War. The corps was the higher formation for all Australian and New Zealand soldiers. It then gave its name to ANZAC Cove, on the Gallipoli peninsula, and at first was only used to identify the men who took part in the Gallipoli landings, although it later came to mean "any Australian or New Zealand soldier of the First World War." Both the 'ANZAC' and the 'Anzac' versions of the acronym have been protected by
ANZAC (acronym)
18681843
Arthur Edward Flynn Fawcus Lieutenant-Colonel Arthur Edward Flynn Fawcus DSO MC TD (19 October 1886 – 10 August 1936), was awarded the Military Cross for leading a night attack at Cape Helles in August 1915 at the beginning of the Gallipoli Campaign, awarded the Croix de Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur for his bombing work in the Gallipoli Campaign, awarded the DSO for his Command of a Battalion of the 1/5th North Staffordshire Regiment toward the end of World War I and was afterwards Commander of the 1/5th Sherwood Foresters. Fawcus was born on 19 October 1886 in Keswick, the
Arthur Edward Flynn Fawcus
19548624
Jack Hazlitt Cecil John "Jack" Hazlitt was an Australian soldier who fought in World War I. Hazlitt was born between 15 June and 31 December 1897 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Hazlitt enlisted to join Australian forces on 27 February 1915, and embarked from Fremantle on 9 June 1915. He arrived at Gallipoli in July of that year, and fought in the Gallipoli Campaign as a runner. The average runner at Gallipoli survived for 24 hours, but Hazlitt survived for five months. He later fought in the Battles of Pozières and the Somme, before leaving to return to Australia on 26
Jack Hazlitt
18575253
the Army in Mesopotamia. On March 24, 1915 5th Army and September 5, 1915 6th Army established. In February 1915 the defense of Straits was reorganized. The Second Army had responsibility for the south and east coasts. It later provided troops to the fighting on the Gallipoli Peninsula but did not otherwise had a role. In March 1916, the decision was made to deploy the Second Army to the Caucasus Campaign. The Second Army was made up of veterans of the Gallipoli campaign as well as two new divisions. Due to the poor state of the Ottoman rail network, it
Ottoman Army (1861–1922)