the biggest reservoir of carbon on earth is in the
The ocean
582364
slow. Carbon enters the ocean mainly through the dissolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, a small fraction of which is converted into carbonate. It can also enter the ocean through rivers as dissolved organic carbon. It is converted by organisms into organic carbon through photosynthesis and can either be exchanged throughout the food chain or precipitated into the ocean's deeper, more carbon-rich layers as dead soft tissue or in shells as calcium carbonate. It circulates in this layer for long periods of time before either being deposited as sediment or, eventually, returned to the surface waters through thermohaline circulation. Oceans are
Carbon cycle
16610365
all reservoir carbon burial. After 2000, the Paraná (home to 70 dams) and the Zambezi (home to the largest reservoir) River basins exceeded the burial by the Mississippi. Other large contributors to carbon burial caused by damming occur on the Danube, the Amazon, the Yangtze, the Mekong, the Yenisei, and the Tocantins Rivers. Oceanic carbon cycle The oceanic carbon cycle (or marine carbon cycle) is composed of processes that exchange carbon between various pools within the ocean as well as between the atmosphere, Earth interior, and the seafloor. Carbon is an element that is essential to all living things; the
Oceanic carbon cycle
354674
not at the atmospheric baseline. The ocean surface is an example: it contains 2.4% of the carbon in the exchange reservoir, but there is only about 95% as much as would be expected if the ratio were the same as in the atmosphere. The time it takes for carbon from the atmosphere to mix with the surface ocean is only a few years, but the surface waters also receive water from the deep ocean, which has more than 90% of the carbon in the reservoir. Water in the deep ocean takes about 1,000 years to circulate back through surface waters,
Radiocarbon dating
397344
only form in open water (for example: wave-formed ripples, far-traveled ice-rafted debris and indicators of photosynthetic activity) can be found throughout sediments dating from the snowball-Earth periods. While these may represent "oases" of meltwater on a completely frozen Earth, computer modelling suggests that large areas of the ocean must have remained ice-free; arguing that a "hard" snowball is not plausible in terms of energy balance and general circulation models. There are two stable isotopes of carbon in sea water: carbon-12 (C) and the rare carbon-13 (C), which makes up about 1.109 percent of carbon atoms. Biochemical processes, of which photosynthesis
Snowball Earth
582372
by vegetation and the ocean. Carbon cycle The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration
Carbon cycle
20571256
Marine reservoir effect The marine reservoir effect is a phenomenon affecting radiocarbon dating. Because much of the carbon consumed by organisms in the ocean is older than that consumed by organisms on land, samples from marine life and from organisms that consumed a lot of sea-based foods while alive may appear older than they truly are when tested. It is necessary to account for changes in the Earth's oceans to correct for the marine reservoir effect. Typically, affected radiocarbon dates appear c. 400 C years older than they would if unaffected. But the effect is highly variable in space and
Marine reservoir effect
20571254
Marine reservoir effect The marine reservoir effect is a phenomenon affecting radiocarbon dating. Because much of the carbon consumed by organisms in the ocean is older than that consumed by organisms on land, samples from marine life and from organisms that consumed a lot of sea-based foods while alive may appear older than they truly are when tested. It is necessary to account for changes in the Earth's oceans to correct for the marine reservoir effect. Typically, affected radiocarbon dates appear c. 400 C years older than they would if unaffected. But the effect is highly variable in space and
Marine reservoir effect
7221394
Gravitational sinking of organisms (or the remains of organisms) transfers carbon from the surface waters of the ocean to its deep interior. This process is known as the biological pump, and quantifying it is of interest to scientists because it is an important aspect of the Earth's carbon cycle. Essentially, this is because carbon transported to the deep ocean is isolated from the atmosphere, allowing the ocean to act as a reservoir of carbon. This biological mechanism is accompanied by a physico-chemical mechanism known as the solubility pump which also acts to transfer carbon to the ocean's deep interior. Measuring
F-ratio
397386
the first time in Earth's history. There is also a rival hypothesis which has been gaining currency in recent years: that early snowball Earths did not so much "affect" the evolution of life on Earth as result from it. In fact the two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The idea is that Earth's life forms affect the global carbon cycle and so major evolutionary events alter the carbon cycle, redistributing carbon within various reservoirs within the biosphere system and in the process temporarily lowering the atmospheric (greenhouse) carbon reservoir until the revised biosphere system settled into a new state. The
Snowball Earth
10329954
Zhelin Reservoir Zhelin Reservoir (, Gan: Chā-līm fîkhú) is a reservoir located between Yongxiu (永修), Wuning (武宁) and Xiushui (修水) county. All three counties belong to Jiujiang, a metropolis of Jiangxi province, China. It's 40 kilometers to the north of Nanchang, and 90 kilometers to the south of Mount Lushan. This reservoir is the largest in Jiangxi province with a storage capacity of 7,920,000,000 cubic metres. Although the dam is located in an area of low seismic activity, after the impounding of the Zhelin Reservoir the seismic activity increased markedly. The dam of this reservoir is the biggest earth-filled embankment
Zhelin Reservoir
11248456
Tiber Dam Tiber Dam, located in southern Liberty County in northern Montana, USA, is a dam on the Marias River which forms Lake Elwell, also known as Tiber Reservoir. Construction on the dam began in 1952 and it was complete in 1956. Between 1967 and 1969, a dyke was added to the southern rim of the reservoir near the dam due to difficulties with the spillway settling. From 1976 to 1989, the spillway was rehabilitated. The dam is also considered one of the biggest earth-fill dams in the world, along with Fort Peck Dam. The dam is an earth-fill type
Tiber Dam
20054631
the 𝛿C value of amino acids on Earth, confirming that they were not contamination from Earth (+31.6‰ to +50.5‰ in the meteorites relative to -70‰ to 11.25‰ present on Earth). The team of researchers also found that two of the meteorites had the highest ever detected amino acid abundances, which may be because carbonaceous chondrites are the most primitive and least altered meteorites. Two of the meteorites also had a similar carbon isotope value to a meteorite measured previously, which may indicate a reservoir of the amino acids in the interstellar medium. In 2012, Steele et al. announced that ten
Marilyn Fogel
6088569
HO in oceans, greatly decreasing the atmospheric density. With liquid water running over the surface of Earth, CO can be drawn down from the atmosphere and sequestered in sedimentary rocks. Some estimates indicate that nearly all carbon on Earth is contained in sedimentary rocks, with the atmospheric portion being approximately 1/250,000 of Earth's CO reservoir. If both of the reservoirs were released to the atmosphere, Earth's atmosphere would be even denser than Venus's atmosphere. Therefore, the dominant “loss” mechanism of Earth's atmosphere is not escape to space, but sequestration. However, in 1 billion years' time, the Sun will be 10%
Atmospheric escape
11071669
were transferred to Severn Trent Water. Most of Birmingham's water is supplied by the Elan aqueduct, opened in 1904; water is fed by gravity to Frankley Reservoir, Frankley, and Bartley Reservoir, Bartley Green, from reservoirs in the Elan Valley, Wales. Within Birmingham the Tyseley Energy from Waste Plant, a large incineration plant built in 1996 for Veolia, burns some 366,414 tonnes of household waste annually and produces 166,230 MWh of electricity for the National Grid along with 282,013 tonnes of carbon dioxide. Birmingham Friends of the Earth have strongly opposed the facility for contributing to climate change, causing air pollution
Birmingham
8920194
Carbon dioxide flooding Carbon dioxide (CO) flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil. When a reservoir’s pressure is depleted through primary and secondary production, carbon dioxide flooding can be an ideal tertiary recovery method. It is particularly effective in reservoirs deeper than 2,500 ft., where will be in a supercritical state, with API oil gravity greater than 22–25° and remaining oil saturation greater than 20%. Carbon dioxide flooding is not affected by the lithology of the reservoir area, but simply by the reservoir porosity and permeability,
Carbon dioxide flooding
354672
of the actual calendar date, both because it uses the wrong value for the half-life of , and because no correction (calibration) has been applied for the historical variation of in the atmosphere over time. Carbon is distributed throughout the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the oceans; these are referred to collectively as the carbon exchange reservoir, and each component is also referred to individually as a carbon exchange reservoir. The different elements of the carbon exchange reservoir vary in how much carbon they store, and in how long it takes for the generated by cosmic rays to fully mix with
Radiocarbon dating
1974412
six City Councilors, six representatives/congressmen, one from each district are elected as members of the National Legislature. The number of barangays per district is: District I, 37; District II, 5; District III, 37; District IV, 38; District V, 14; and District VI, 11; Although District II has the fewest barangays, it is the biggest in land area, including the Novaliches Reservoir. The La Mesa Watershed Reservation in Novaliches is the last forest of its size in the metropolis; the La Mesa Dam is an earth dam whose reservoir can hold up to 50.5 million cubic meters and occupying an area
Quezon City
3915094
which lower-mass planets like Earth or Venus can remain habitable, complemented by a larger "extended habitable zone" in which super-Earth planets, with stronger greenhouse effects, can have the right temperature for liquid water to exist at the surface. The inner edge of the HZ is the distance where a runaway greenhouse effect vaporizes the whole water reservoir and, as a second effect, induces the photodissociation of water vapor and the loss of hydrogen to space. The outer edge of the HZ is the distance from the star where adding more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere fails to keep the surface
Circumstellar habitable zone
20137871
The reservoir CO will become trapped in the reservoir through a combination of residual saturation trapping and by dissolution into the waters in the formation. The carbon dioxide injection plant is located on Barrow Island, a Class A nature reserve. Therefore, the development of the processing plant had to undergo very strict environmental regulations. The Joint Venture established expert panels to protect the biodiversity of the island and surrounding marine environment. To ensure that the Dupuy Formation was suitable for underground injection of reservoir carbon dioxide, the Gorgon Joint Venture undertook additional drilling, well tests, and seismic surveys prior to
Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project
354673
them. This affects the ratio of to in the different reservoirs, and hence the radiocarbon ages of samples that originated in each reservoir. The atmosphere, which is where is generated, contains about 1.9% of the total carbon in the reservoirs, and the it contains mixes in less than seven years. The ratio of to in the atmosphere is taken as the baseline for the other reservoirs: if another reservoir has a lower ratio of to , it indicates that the carbon is older and hence that either some of the has decayed, or the reservoir is receiving carbon that is
Radiocarbon dating
20356241
high pressure forms have not been studied. There have been attempts to make silicon carbonate. Six coordinated silicates mixed with carbonate should not exist on Earth, may exist on more massive planets. Geochemistry of carbon The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study is organic geochemistry, but it also includes the very important carbon dioxide. Carbon is transformed by life, and moves between the major phases of the Earth, including the water bodies, atmosphere, and the rocky parts. Carbon is important in
Geochemistry of carbon
2946707
minerals of the crust and mantle (99.5% by weight). The Earth's atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere together weigh less than 0.05% of the Earth's total mass. Oxygen is one of the most abundant elements on Earth and represents a large portion of each main reservoir: Movement of oxygen between the reservoirs is facilitated in large part by the presence of atmospheric free oxygen. The main source of atmospheric free oxygen is photosynthesis, which produces sugars and free oxygen from carbon dioxide and water: Photosynthesizing organisms include the plant life of the land areas as well as the phytoplankton of the oceans.
Oxygen cycle
4012325
the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project. The eruption of 1930 was found to have been preceded by a large earthquake swarm. The network of 8 seismographs currently around the volcano allow volcanologists to accurately pinpoint the hypocentres of tremors and quakes. A zone in which no quakes originate is found about 1.5 km below the summit, and is thought to be the location of the magma reservoir which feeds the eruptions. Other measurements taken on the volcano include magnetic measurements and tilt measurements. Small changes in the local magnetic field have been found to coincide with eruptions, and tilt measurements
Mount Merapi
19355963
The construction was finished in 1904. The reservoir's dam was completed in 1904. It is an earth fill embankment dam, high, which required some of earth to build. There is a vertical puddle clay core supported by zoned earth fill shoulders. The higher part of the upstream shoulder is faced in dry rubble pitching about 60 centimetres (2 ft) thick. The crest and downstream shoulder are grassed. The reservoir supplies Douglas, Onchan and the south of the island. Water can also be pumped from the Sulby Reservoir. West Baldwin Reservoir West Baldwin Reservoir (or "Injebreck Reservoir", locally) is a reservoir
West Baldwin Reservoir
549607
source of dietary calcium, but are also a practical industrial source. Dark green vegetables such as broccoli and kale contain dietarily significant amounts of calcium carbonate, however, they are not practical as an industrial source. Beyond Earth, strong evidence suggests the presence of calcium carbonate on Mars. Signs of calcium carbonate have been detected at more than one location (notably at Gusev and Huygens craters). This provides some evidence for the past presence of liquid water. Carbonate is found frequently in geologic settings and constitutes an enormous carbon reservoir. Calcium carbonate occurs as aragonite, calcite and dolomite. The carbonate minerals
Calcium carbonate
3154113
was not recognized internationally, and the event was viewed by many as an annexation of the Crimean land by the Russian Federation. On 14 September 2014, municipal elections was held as part of the Russian Federation, the first elections since the Crimean status referendum of 16 March 2014. Simferopol is located in the south-central portion of the Crimean Peninsula. The city lies on the Salhir River and near the artificial Simferopol Reservoir, which provides the city with clean drinking water. The Simferopol Reservoir's earth dam is the biggest in Europe. The city experiences a humid subtropical or oceanic climate (depending
Simferopol
6884979
by CO2CRC Limited. CO2CRC is a non profit research collaboration supported by government and industry. The project has stored and monitored over 80,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide-rich gas which was extracted from a natural gas reservoir via a well, compressed and piped 2.25 km to a new well. There the gas has been injected into a depleted natural gas reservoir approximately two kilometers below the surface. The project has moved to a second stage and is investigating carbon dioxide trapping in a saline aquifer 1500 meters below the surface. The Otway Project is a research and demonstration project, focused on
Carbon capture and storage
2436610
in Wayanad. Banasura dam is made up of massive stacks of stones and boulders. Karapuzha Dam is considered to be one of the biggest earth dams in India, which has been constructed on the Karapuzha River, a tributary of the Kabini River. Vazhavatta in Vythiri taluk of Wynad district for providing irrigation to an area of 5580 ha (CCA) say 5600 hectare in Vythiri and Sultan Bathery taluks of Wynad district of Kerala. The reservoir has a gross storage capacity of 76.50 M Cum and live storage capacity of 72.00 M Cum<ref> Wayanad district Wayanad is a district in the
Wayanad district
1298999
Earth; carbon-13, which makes up 1%; and carbon-14, which occurs in trace amounts, making up about 1 or 1.5 atoms per 10 atoms of carbon in the atmosphere. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are both stable, while carbon-14 is unstable and has a half-life of 5,730±40 years. Carbon-14 decays into nitrogen-14 through beta decay. A gram of carbon containing 1 atom of carbon-14 per 10 atoms will emit ~0.2 beta particles per second. The primary natural source of carbon-14 on Earth is cosmic ray action on nitrogen in the atmosphere, and it is therefore a cosmogenic nuclide. However, open-air nuclear testing between
Carbon-14
6694588
Carbon-based life Carbon is a key component of all known life on Earth, representing approximately 45-50% of all dry biomass. Complex molecules are made up of carbon bonded with other elements, especially oxygen and hydrogen and frequently also with nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. Carbon is abundant on Earth. It is also lightweight and relatively small in size, making it easier for enzymes to manipulate carbon molecules. It is frequently assumed in astrobiology that if life exists elsewhere in the universe, it will also be carbon-based. Critics refer to this assumption as carbon chauvinism. Carbon forms a vast number of compounds,
Carbon-based life
12234584
northwest, lies the Provo–Orem metropolitan area. Scofield Reservoir Scofield Reservoir is a reservoir impounded by Scofield Dam, in Carbon County, Utah. Located on the Price River, a tributary of the Green River, Scofield Reservoir is adjacent to northernmost boundary of the Manti-La Sal National Forest. The reservoir sits at an elevation of , on the northern edge of the Wasatch Plateau. Utah State Route 96 runs along the western shoreline. After initial attempts to complete a permanent dam on the Price River, the Scofield project was initiated by the US Bureau of Reclamation. The Scofield project eventually irrigated area lands
Scofield Reservoir
12234573
Scofield Reservoir Scofield Reservoir is a reservoir impounded by Scofield Dam, in Carbon County, Utah. Located on the Price River, a tributary of the Green River, Scofield Reservoir is adjacent to northernmost boundary of the Manti-La Sal National Forest. The reservoir sits at an elevation of , on the northern edge of the Wasatch Plateau. Utah State Route 96 runs along the western shoreline. After initial attempts to complete a permanent dam on the Price River, the Scofield project was initiated by the US Bureau of Reclamation. The Scofield project eventually irrigated area lands originally to be served by Mammoth
Scofield Reservoir
17352458
carbon-bearing materials in Earth and planetary interiors, to characterize the properties of these materials and to identify reactions at conditions relevant to Earth and planetary interiors. As the DCO nears its completion in 2020, it is integrating the discoveries made by its research communities into an overarching model of carbon in Earth, as well as other models and products aimed at both the scientific community and wider public. Research highlights to date include: "Carbon in Earth", Volume 75 of "Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry" ("RiMG") was released as an open access publication on March 11, 2013. Each chapter of "Carbon
Deep Carbon Observatory
3419249
Hasdeo rivers here before entering into Odisha after covering about half of its total length. Near the city of Sambalpur, it is dammed by the largest earthen dam in the world, the Hirakud Dam. A composite structure of the earth, concrete and masonry, the dam measures including the Dykes. It spans two hills; the Lamdungri on the left and the Chandili Dunguri on the right. It also forms the biggest artificial lake in Asia, with a reservoir holding at full capacity, with a shoreline of over . After the formation of Chhattisgarh State, the major portion of Mahanadi basin now
Mahanadi
5221739
of the Pathfinder Reservoir is included in the Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge. Pathfinder Reservoir Pathfinder Reservoir is located in the U.S. state of Wyoming on the North Platte River between Casper and Rawlins. It sits 47 miles (76 km) southwest of Casper, in Carbon County and Natrona County. The reservoir was created by Pathfinder Dam and has a storage capacity of . The shoreline consists of 117 miles (188 km). Much of the water used to serve the 335,000 acre (1360 km²) North Platte Project is stored here. Some of the water in the reservoir is released to satisfy other
Pathfinder Reservoir
17352452
carbon fluxes to and from deep Earth, but the processes and rates of these fluxes, as well as their variation throughout Earth's history, remain poorly understood. In addition DCO research on primitive chondritic meteorites indicates that Earth is relatively depleted in highly volatile elements compared to chondrites, though DCO's research is further examining whether large reservoirs of carbon may be hidden in the mantle and core. Members of the Reservoirs and Fluxes Community are conducting research as a part of the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project to make tangible advances towards quantifying the amount of carbon outgassed from the Earth’s
Deep Carbon Observatory
19738302
in biology. Hazen and his group predicted that 145 carbon minerals remain undiscovered on Earth. A paper supporting the research, "Carbon Mineral Ecology," was published by American Mineralogist in 2015, and the Carbon Mineral Challenge was announced in 2015 at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting meeting in San Francisco. Geochemist Daniel Hummer (Southern Illinois University) is the project lead. Carbon is the focus of the project due to the element's importance to life on Earth and how little is known about it. The research behind the Carbon Mineral Challenge is based on a type of analysis called Large Number
Carbon Mineral Challenge
5221738
Pathfinder Reservoir Pathfinder Reservoir is located in the U.S. state of Wyoming on the North Platte River between Casper and Rawlins. It sits 47 miles (76 km) southwest of Casper, in Carbon County and Natrona County. The reservoir was created by Pathfinder Dam and has a storage capacity of . The shoreline consists of 117 miles (188 km). Much of the water used to serve the 335,000 acre (1360 km²) North Platte Project is stored here. Some of the water in the reservoir is released to satisfy other water rights and to operate power plants downstream of the reservoir. Much
Pathfinder Reservoir
7358139
and two-thirds of the injected CO returns with the produced oil and is usually re-injected into the reservoir to minimize operating costs. The remainder is trapped in the oil reservoir by various means. Carbon dioxide as a solvent has the benefit of being more economical than other similarly miscible fluids such as propane and butane. Water-alternating-gas (WAG) injection is another technique employed in EOR. Water is used in addition to carbon dioxide. A saline solution is used here so that carbonate formations in oil wells are not disturbed. Water and carbon dioxide are injected into the oil well for larger
Enhanced oil recovery
11047816
of carbon such as the oceans and soils. Carbon has three naturally occurring isotopes. About 99% of carbon on Earth is carbon-12 (C), about 1% is carbon-13 (C), and a trace amount is carbon-14 (C). The C and C isotopes are stable, while C decays radioactively to nitrogen-14 (N) with a half life of 5730 years. C on Earth is produced nearly exclusively by the interaction of cosmic radiation with the upper atmosphere. A C atom is created when a thermal neutron displaces a proton in N. Minuscule amounts of C are produced by other radioactive processes, and a significant
Suess effect
18190866
first reported it in 1955) would only amount to a reduction of 0.2% in activity if the additional carbon from fossil fuels were distributed throughout the carbon exchange reservoir, but because of the long delay in mixing with the deep ocean, the actual effect is a 3% reduction. A much larger effect comes from above-ground nuclear testing, which released large numbers of neutrons and created . From about 1950 until 1963, when atmospheric nuclear testing was banned, it is estimated that several tonnes of were created. If all this extra had immediately been spread across the entire carbon exchange reservoir,
Radiocarbon dating considerations
2901222
methane clathrates, which account for a significant fraction of organic carbon in continental margin sediments and represent a key reservoir of a potent greenhouse gas. Methanogens have been found in several extreme environments on Earth – buried under kilometres of ice in Greenland and living in hot, dry desert soil. They are known to be the most common archaebacteria in deep subterranean habitats. Live microbes making methane were found in a glacial ice core sample retrieved from about three kilometres under Greenland by researchers from the University of California, Berkeley. They also found a constant metabolism able to repair macromolecular
Methanogen
5406117
more carbon emissions than using natural gas. Fossil fuel may be phased-out with carbon-neutral and carbon-negative pipeline and transportation fuels created with power to gas and gas to liquids technologies. Carbon dioxide from fossil fuel flue gas can be used to produce plastic lumber allowing carbon negative reforestation. A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period, such as a growing forest. A negative carbon dioxide emission on the other hand is a permanent removal of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. Examples are direct air capture, enhanced
Climate change mitigation
20356215
formation. Carbonaceous chondrites are meteorites with around 5% carbon compounds. Their composition resembles the Sun's minus the very volatile elements like hydrogen and noble gases. The Earth is believed to have formed by the gravitational collapse of material like meteorites. Important effects on Earth in the first Hadian Era include strong solar winds during the T-Tauri stage of the Sun. The Moon forming impact caused major changes to the surface. Juvenile volatiles outgased from the early molten surface of the Earth. These included carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The emissions probably did not include methane, but the Earth was probably
Geochemistry of carbon
17904433
sustainable approaches: Climate-friendly gardening includes actions which protect carbon stores beyond gardens. The biggest carbon stores in land are in soil; the two habitat types with the biggest carbon stores per hectare are woods and wetlands; and woods absorb more carbon dioxide per hectare per year than most other habitats. Climate-friendly gardeners therefore aim to ensure that nothing they do will harm these habitats. According to Morison and Morecroft (eds.)'s "Plant Growth and Climate Change", the net primary productivity (the net amount of carbon absorbed each year) of various habitats is: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report "Land
Climate-friendly gardening
91871
the cosmos, providing less of a foundation on which to build silicon-based biologies, at least under the conditions prevalent on the surface of planets. Also, even though Earth and other terrestrial planets are exceptionally silicon-rich and carbon-poor (the relative abundance of silicon to carbon in Earth's crust is roughly 925:1), terrestrial life is carbon-based. The fact that carbon is used instead of silicon may be evidence that silicon is poorly suited for biochemistry on Earth-like planets. Reasons for which may be that silicon is less versatile than carbon in forming compounds, that the compounds formed by silicon are unstable, and
Hypothetical types of biochemistry
8239110
species of water birds in Lithuania. Old pine forests at Rumšiškės and Dabinta are rich in plant animal diversity. Here lives one of the biggest population of edible dormouses. Besides the reservoir itself, there are other features made by man. They include Arlaviškis botanical reserve famous for its juniper valley, Girionys Park, a landscape park established on the bank of Kaunas Reservoir, in the eastern edge of Kaunas. It is the biggest park by area and the richest by its number of tree species in Lithuania. The total area of the park together with the village Girionys is 130 ha.
Kaunas Reservoir Regional Park
397363
weathering rates continued on land even as Earth cooled. This let ice advance beyond the polar regions. Once ice advanced to within 30° of the equator, a positive feedback could ensue such that the increased reflectiveness (albedo) of the ice led to further cooling and the formation of more ice, until the whole Earth is ice-covered. Polar continents, due to low rates of evaporation, are too dry to allow substantial carbon deposition—restricting the amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide that can be removed from the carbon cycle. A gradual rise of the proportion of the isotope carbon-13 relative to carbon-12 in
Snowball Earth
13173142
Submersed vegetation (hydrilla, coontail and eel grass) is common in the pool section of the reservoir. Drawdowns are conducted every three to four years on the reservoir for aquatic plant control and fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. Rodman Dam was later named the George Kirkpatrick Dam to honor the Florida state senator who was one of the dam's biggest proponents. As of 2014, FDE's campaign for a free-flowing Ocklawaha River is in its fifth decade. Rodman Reservoir Rodman Reservoir, or Lake Ocklawaha, is an artificial reservoir located on the Ocklawaha River in Putnam County and Marion County in north central
Rodman Reservoir
8667465
lake is the Bangopalpur Reserve Forest, a home of many species of flora and fauna. Mukutmanipur and Jhilimili nearby are major tourist attractions visited by more than a lakh (100 000) visitors. The second biggest earth dam of India is located in Mukutmanipur 55 km away from Bankura. According to one description, “green forests surround the vast bluish tract of water, and the hillocks are picturesque. The place is very famous for its superb natural beauty. The undulating terrain along the southern edge of the Kangsabati water reservoir spreads as a three-dimensional necklace in green and terracotta.” The SDO, Khatra,
Mukutmanipur
74497
Carbon sink A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration. Public awareness of the significance of CO sinks has grown since passage of the Kyoto Protocol, which promotes their use as a form of carbon offset. There are also different strategies used to enhance this process. Increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide means increase in global temperature. The amount of carbon dioxide varies naturally. The natural sinks are: Whilst the
Carbon sink
19744920
by the DECADE initiative: Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) project is an initiative to unite scientists around the world to make tangible advances towards quantifying the amount of carbon outgassed from the Earth’s deep interior (core, mantle, crust) into the surface environment (e.g. biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere) through naturally occurring processes. DECADE is an initiative within the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO). Volcanoes are the main pathway in which deeply sourced volatiles, including carbon, are transferred from the Earth’s interior to the surface environment. An additional, though less well understood pathway includes along faults and fractures
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project
19744914
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project Deep Earth Carbon Degassing (DECADE) project is an initiative to unite scientists around the world to make tangible advances towards quantifying the amount of carbon outgassed from the Earth’s deep interior (core, mantle, crust) into the surface environment (e.g. biosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, atmosphere) through naturally occurring processes. DECADE is an initiative within the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO). Volcanoes are the main pathway in which deeply sourced volatiles, including carbon, are transferred from the Earth’s interior to the surface environment. An additional, though less well understood pathway includes along faults and fractures within the Earth’s crust,
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project
9711790
Wyoming Highway 220 Wyoming Highway 220 (WYO 220) is the principal highway connecting the city of Casper to US 287/WYO 789. WYO 220 lies in northwestern Carbon and southern Natrona counties and along the famous Oregon Trail. Wyoming Highway 220 begins its western end in Carbon County at US 287/WYO 789 at Muddy Gap Junction and from there heads northeast toward Casper. Nearing 20 miles, Highway 220 leaves Carbon County and enters Natrona County as it nears the north side of the Pathfinder Reservoir and the Pathfinder National Wildlife Refuge. WYO 220 passes north of the reservoir, now traveling more
Wyoming Highway 220
3640740
Derwent Reservoir (North East England) Derwent Reservoir is a reservoir on the River Derwent, on the border between County Durham and Northumberland, in England. It is west of Consett. It is one of the biggest inland waters in England. It is 3.5 miles (5.6 km) long) and covers an area of 4 km² and has a maximum depth of 100 ft (30m) and when full, holds 11,000 million gallons (50,000,000m³). The reservoir is a key part of the water supply network in north east England (which is owned and managed by Northumbrian Water) as it is the principal water source
Derwent Reservoir (North East England)
14516484
Permafrost carbon cycle The Permafrost Carbon Cycle is a sub-cycle of the larger global carbon cycle. Permafrost is defined as subsurface material that remains below 0 C (32 F) for at least two consecutive years. Because permafrost soils remain frozen for long periods of time, they store large amounts of carbon and other nutrients within their frozen framework during that time. Permafrost represents a large carbon reservoir that is seldom considered when determining global terrestrial carbon reservoirs. Recent and ongoing scientific research however, is changing this view. The permafrost carbon cycle (Arctic Carbon Cycle) deals with the transfer of carbon
Permafrost carbon cycle
20356208
Geochemistry of carbon The geochemistry of carbon is the study of the transformations involving the element carbon within the systems of the Earth. To a large extent this study is organic geochemistry, but it also includes the very important carbon dioxide. Carbon is transformed by life, and moves between the major phases of the Earth, including the water bodies, atmosphere, and the rocky parts. Carbon is important in the formation of organic mineral deposits, such as coal, petroleum or natural gas. Most carbon is cycled through the atmosphere into living organisms and then respirated back into the atmosphere. However an
Geochemistry of carbon
582355
Carbon cycle The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Carbon is the main component of biological compounds as well as a major component of many minerals such as limestone. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of events that are key to make Earth capable of sustaining life. It describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere, as well as long-term processes of carbon sequestration to and release from carbon
Carbon cycle
10368891
Pa Sak Jolasid Dam The Pa Sak Jolasid Dam or Pa Sak Cholasit Dam (, ) impounds the Pa Sak River at Ban Kaeng Suea Ten, Tambon Nong Bua, Phatthana Nikhom District, Lopburi Province, Thailand. It is the biggest reservoir in central Thailand. The wide and high dam is earth-filled with an impervious core. The storage capacity is 785 million m of water at normal water level, with a maximum capacity of 960 million m. The dam also supplies about 6.7 MW of hydro-electric power. The Pa Sak Cholasit Dam Project is one of the major irrigation projects of Thailand,
Pa Sak Jolasid Dam
8233497
Other job responsibilities include numerical reservoir modeling, production forecasting, well testing, well drilling and workover planning, economic modeling, and PVT analysis of reservoir fluids. Reservoir engineers also play a central role in field development planning, recommending appropriate and cost effective reservoir depletion schemes such as waterflooding or gas injection to maximize hydrocarbon recovery. Due to legislative changes in many hydrocarbon producing countries, they are also involved in the design and implementation of carbon sequestration projects in order to minimise the emission of greenhouse gases. Reservoir engineers often specialize in two areas: Reservoir engineering Reservoir engineering is a branch of petroleum
Reservoir engineering
74545
industrial emissions of carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere. One study in 2009 found that the fraction of fossil-fuel emissions absorbed by the oceans may have declined by up to 10% since 2000, indicating oceanic sequestration may be sublinear. However, another study by Wolfgang Knorr indicated that the fraction of absorbed by carbon sinks has not changed since 1850. Carbon sink A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinks remove carbon dioxide () from the atmosphere is known as carbon sequestration.
Carbon sink
8349553
The reservoir, the biggest on the Bogotá savanna, is seven times larger than the Neusa and Sisga Reservoirs. At lowstand lake levels, the top of the tower of the old church of Guatavita is visible above the water level. Tominé Reservoir The Tominé Reservoir (Spanish: "Embalse del Tominé") is a reservoir in northern Cundinamarca, Colombia about north of Bogotá. It is long and wide, and when completely filled reaches a maximum depth of . Its objectives are to control water levels for hydroelectric plants in the region and supply drinking water to Bogotá. It is adjacent to the municipalities of
Tominé Reservoir
16922627
Shri Gudimella Raghupathi. Kandaleru Dam Kandeleru Dam is an irrigation project built on the Kandaleru River in Rapur Mandal, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. The project is part of the Telugu Ganga project which supplies drinking water to Chennai city from the Srisailam reservoir on Krishna River. Kandaleru reservoir is mainly fed by a link canal from the Somasila Dam. The Telugu Ganga project also provides irrigation with its canals in Andhra Pradesh. it has an earth dam of about 12 km long. Gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 72 tmcft.Major part of this Earth Dam,Head regulator,Spillway and a Sundial
Kandaleru Dam
16922626
Kandaleru Dam Kandeleru Dam is an irrigation project built on the Kandaleru River in Rapur Mandal, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh. The project is part of the Telugu Ganga project which supplies drinking water to Chennai city from the Srisailam reservoir on Krishna River. Kandaleru reservoir is mainly fed by a link canal from the Somasila Dam. The Telugu Ganga project also provides irrigation with its canals in Andhra Pradesh. it has an earth dam of about 12 km long. Gross storage capacity of the reservoir is 72 tmcft.Major part of this Earth Dam,Head regulator,Spillway and a Sundial were Engineered by
Kandaleru Dam
8031112
reservoir is south of the village of Delhi and is northwest of New York City. The reservoir is a narrow, winding reservoir that is long and about across at its widest point. The reservoir contains of water at full capacity, and is over deep at maximum. This makes it NYC's biggest reservoir by volume. The Pepacton Reservoir supplies New York City with nearly 25% of its drinking water. The water flows through the reservoir, and then empties into the East Delaware Tunnel near the former site of Pepacton. The water travels through the aqueduct into the Rondout Reservoir, and empties
Pepacton Reservoir
14842897
in the watershed above Carbon Canyon Dam, joins Carbon Canyon Creek within Carbon Canyon Reservoir. Numerous flood retarding basins exist along Carbon Canyon Creek below Carbon Canyon Dam. These basins are Miller, Placentia, Raymond, and Gilbert, in downstream order. These basins are occasionally used to infiltrate water; however, their main purpose is to reduce floodflows in the area downstream from Carbon Canyon Dam. Miller Basin Complex is approximately Channel (diverting flows to the Santa Ana River) and the Miller Retarding Basin. The capacity of the stilling basin is 44 ac-ft, while the capacity of the retarding basin is 340 ac-ft.
Carbon Canyon Dam
19485551
instance, will stop very soon to enter a phase of recession and social crisis. On the other hand, burning these high-carbon fuels will cause the start of high climate change, non-reversible for a thousand years. He reminds us that the average earth temperature difference between the latest ice-age (c.10, 000 BC) and 1950 is around +5 °C. According to the IPCC, the temperature will rise by +3 °C or +4 °C between 1950 and 2100 if the biggest polluting countries do not respect their commitments to the COP 21. The consequences, such as water stress, starvation, mass migrations, and wars,
Jean-Marc Jancovici
484831
rainforest destruction and water pollution. With respect to Earth's carbon cycle, soil is an important carbon reservoir, and it is potentially one of the most reactive to human disturbance and climate change. As the planet warms, it has been predicted that soils will add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere due to increased biological activity at higher temperatures, a positive feedback (amplification). This prediction has, however, been questioned on consideration of more recent knowledge on soil carbon turnover. Soil acts as an engineering medium, a habitat for soil organisms, a recycling system for nutrients and organic wastes, a regulator of water
Soil
13750943
as do many species in the herbaceous family Amaranthaceae. When the levels of carbon dioxide fall to the limit where photosynthesis is barely sustainable, the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is expected to oscillate up and down. This will allow land vegetation to flourish each time the level of carbon dioxide rises due to tectonic activity and respiration from animal life. However, the long term trend is for the plant life on land to die off altogether as most of the remaining carbon in the atmosphere becomes sequestered in the Earth. Some microbes are capable of photosynthesis at
Future of Earth
8747293
An Act of Parliament to authorise its construction was obtained in 1847, and Hawksley designed an earth dam which was tall at its highest point and long. It impounded of water when full. The reservoir was completed in 1857. Lower Roddlesworth Reservoir Lower Roddlesworth Reservoir is a reservoir on the River Roddlesworth close to Abbey Village in Lancashire, England. The reservoir is close to Upper Roddlesworth Reservoir and Rake Brook Reservoir, situated within thick forest. It was constructed in the 1850s by Thomas Hawksley for Liverpool Corporation Waterworks, and together with Rake Brook, was designed to hold compensation water to
Lower Roddlesworth Reservoir
63223
PAHs seem to have been formed "a couple of billion years" after the Big Bang, are widespread throughout the universe, and are associated with new stars and exoplanets. It has been estimated that the solid earth as a whole contains 730 ppm of carbon, with 2000 ppm in the core and 120 ppm in the combined mantle and crust. Since the mass of the earth is , this would imply 4360 million gigatonnes of carbon. This is much more than the amount of carbon in the oceans or atmosphere (below). In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found
Carbon
19744917
of the way carbon cycles through deep Earth, and patterns in volcanic emissions data could potentially alert scientists to an impending eruption. The main goal of the DECADE project is to refine estimates of global carbon outgassing using a multipronged approach. Specifically, the DECADE initiative unites scientists with expertise in geochemistry, petrology and volcanology to provide constraints on the global volcanic carbon flux by 1) establishing a database of volcanic and hydrothermal gas compositions and fluxes linked to EarthChem/PetDB and the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program, 2) building a global monitoring network to continuously measure the volcanic carbon flux of 20
Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project
8920196
maximize well-productivity is determined. To increase the rate of oil production, the pressure within the reservoir must be increased. In CO flooding, the first step is injection of water into the reservoir, which will cause the reservoir pressure to increase. Once the reservoir has sufficient pressure, the next step is to pump the CO down through the same injection wells. The CO gas is forced into the reservoir to come into contact with the oil. This creates a miscible zone that can be moved more easily to the production well. Normally the CO injection is alternated with water injection and
Carbon dioxide flooding
17352448
Deep Carbon Observatory The Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO) is a global research program designed to transform understanding of carbon's role in Earth. DCO is a community of scientists, including biologists, physicists, geoscientists and chemists, whose work crosses several traditional disciplinary lines to develop the new, integrative field of deep carbon science. To complement this research, the DCO’s infrastructure includes public engagement and education, online and offline community support, innovative data management, and novel instrumentation development. In December 2018, researchers announced that considerable amounts of life forms, including 70% of bacteria and archea on Earth, comprising up to 23 billion tonnes
Deep Carbon Observatory
7508762
and its crest is long. In 1983, Lothian Regional Council commissioned a short film - ""A Different Valley"" - on the construction of the dam and associated works. A copy of this is held by the National Library of Scotland and can be viewed online. Megget Reservoir Megget Reservoir is an impounding reservoir in the Megget valley in Ettrick Forest, in the Scottish Borders. The reservoir is held back by the largest earth dam in Scotland. The reservoir collects water from the Tweedsmuir Hills, which is then conveyed via underground pipelines and tunnels to Edinburgh. The pipelines are routed through
Megget Reservoir
20342608
melt and residue solid, thus resulting in Lu/Hf and Hf/Hf values deviating from chondritic uniform reservoir values. The time or age at which the Lu/Hf and Hf/Hf values from the sample and chondritic uniform reservoir matches is the chondritic uniform reservoir model age. where: The chondritic uniform reservoir model are tightly constrained in order to use Lu–Hf system for age determination. Chondrites represent primitive materials from solar nebula which later accrete to form planetesimals, and to further extent meaning the primitive undifferentiated Earth. Chondritic uniform reservoir are used to model the chemistry of the silicate layers of Earth as these
Lutetium–hafnium dating
7509017
construction and are buried at Tweedsmuir churchyard. Construction work was virtually complete by late 1904 and Talla Water was diverted into the bed of the reservoir on 20 May 1905. The official opening ceremony on 28 September was carried out by Lady Cranston, wife of the Lord Provost. Talla Reservoir Talla Reservoir, located a mile from Tweedsmuir, Scottish Borders, Scotland, is an earth-work dam fed by Talla Water. The reservoir is supplemented by water from the nearby Fruid Reservoir. It was opened in 1899. To assist in bringing the materials for its construction, the Talla Railway was built. In the
Talla Reservoir
7663058
Mammoth Pool Reservoir Mammoth Pool Reservoir is a reservoir on the San Joaquin River in the Sierra Nevada, within the Sierra National Forest in California. It creates the border between Fresno County and Madera County. It is about north-northeast of Fresno. The reservoir is formed by Mammoth Pool Dam, an earth-fill dam completed in 1960. It was built by Southern California Edison for hydroelectricity production. The dam's power plant can produce up to 190 megawatts. The dam, reservoir and power plant are part of the Big Creek Hydroelectric Project, perhaps the most extensive hydroelectric system in the world. The reservoir
Mammoth Pool Reservoir
16236208
dam creates the biggest reservoir on the Tungabhadra River with 101 tmcft of gross storage capacity at full reservoir level (FRL) 498 m MSL, and a water spread area of 378 square kilometres. The dam is 49.39 meters high above its deepest foundation. The left canals emanating from the reservoir supplies water for irrigation entirely in Karnataka state. Two right bank canals are constructed — one at low level and the other at high level serving irrigation in Karnataka and Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh. Hydropower units are installed on canal drops. The reservoir water is used to supply water
Tungabhadra Dam
11812321
Nechako Reservoir The Nechako Reservoir, sometimes called the Ootsa Lake Reservoir, is a hydroelectric reservoir in British Columbia, Canada that was formed by the Kenney Dam making a diversion of the Nechako River through the Kitimat Ranges of the Coast Mountains to sea level at Kemano to service the then-new Alcan aluminum smelter at Kitimat. When it was constructed on the Nechako River in 1952, it resulted in the relocation of over 75 families. It was one of the biggest reservoirs built in Canada until the completion of the Columbia Treaty Dams and the W.A.C. Bennett Dam that created Lake
Nechako Reservoir
8722693
that the balance is tipped toward emissions. Using this data, atmospheric concentrations appear to have increased rapidly over the past 100 years and are currently higher than ever in human history, suggesting that more carbon is being released than can be absorbed on earth. Carbon respiration Carbon respiration (also called carbon emissions and carbon releases) is used in combination with carbon fixation to gauge carbon flux (as CO) between atmospheric carbon and the global carbon cycle Carbon is released to the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels, organic respiration, wood burning, and volcanic eruptions. The uptake of carbon from
Carbon respiration
20567349
involved. The complicated web of water rights to the existing reservoir and Price River watershed created numerous challenges to addressing the issues as the Scofield Dam. The situation ultimately prompted then-President Franklin Roosevelt to authorize construction of a new Scofield Dam project on June 24, 1943 under the provisions of the Water Conservation and Utilization Act of 1939. Construction of the new dam began September 13, 1943 and was sufficiently advanced by November 1945 for water to be impounded in the reservoir. Final construction was completed in October 1947. On April 1, 1949, the Carbon Water Conservancy District, which was
Carbon Canal
17240914
Reservoir of Ullíbarri-Gamboa The Reservoir of Ullíbarri-Gamboa is located next to the villages Ullíbarri-Gamboa, Nanclares de Gamboa and Arroyabe in Álava, Basque Country, Spain. It has a volume of 146 m³ and this makes it the biggest reservoir in the Basque Country. The area of land all around the reservoir is called Arrazua-Ubarrundia and it is famous for its routes for tracking. The reservoir was built in the 1950s, when Spain was under the term of office of Francisco Franco. All started in 1926 when Manuel Uribe-Echevarría asked for a new reservoir between Bilbao and Vitoria-Gasteiz, because of the demand
Reservoir of Ullíbarri-Gamboa
8920197
the water acts to sweep the oil towards the production zone. CO flooding is the second most common tertiary recovery technique and is used in facilities around the world. In connection with greenhouse gas emissions and global warming, CO flooding sequesters underground and therefore offsets CO emissions elsewhere. Carbon dioxide flooding Carbon dioxide (CO) flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil. When a reservoir’s pressure is depleted through primary and secondary production, carbon dioxide flooding can be an ideal tertiary recovery method. It is particularly effective
Carbon dioxide flooding
2618823
Rybinsk Reservoir Rybinsk Reservoir (), informally called the Rybinsk Sea, is a water reservoir on the Volga River and its tributaries Sheksna and Mologa, formed by Rybinsk Hydroelectric Station dam, located in the Tver, Vologda, and Yaroslavl Oblasts. At the time of its construction, it was the largest man-made body of water on Earth. It is the northernmost point of the Volga. The Volga-Baltic Waterway starts from there. The principal ports are Cherepovets in Vologda Oblast and Vesyegonsk in Tver Oblast. The construction of the dam in Rybinsk started in 1935. The filling of the reservoir started on April 14,
Rybinsk Reservoir
20137870
a basic absorber and stripper system and an amine-based solvent. The Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project will compress and pipe separated CO to nine injection wells where it will be subsequently injected into the Dupuy Formation. Once the is injected, it will migrate through the Dupuy Formation until it remains trapped. The top of the Dupuy Formation reservoir is located approximately 2300 m below Barrow Island and is overlain by a thick shale cap-rock seal. The pressure in the reservoir will cause the injected CO to behave as a supercritical fluid with behavior of both a liquid and a gas.
Gorgon Carbon Dioxide Injection Project
10284910
Boysen Reservoir Boysen Reservoir is a reservoir formed by Boysen Dam, an earth-fill dam on the Wind River in the central part of the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is near the town of Shoshoni in Fremont County. The dam was constructed between 1947 and 1952 at the mouth of Wind River Canyon, just upstream from a previous dam that had been built by Asmus Boysen in 1908 on land he had leased from the Shoshone and Arapaho tribes. The dam and much of the reservoir are physically located on the Wind River Indian Reservation. As a result of construction
Boysen Reservoir
20832313
Coastal reservoir Coastal reservoir is a type of reservoir to store fresh water on sea coast area near a river delta. Saemanguem in South Korea, Marina Barrage in Singapore, Qingcaosha in China and Plover Cove in Hongkong, Delta Works in Netherlands, Thanneermukkom Bund in India etc are few existing coastal reservoirs. Unlike land based water reservoirs there is no land submergence in case of coastal reservoirs. They store water without disturbing people and natural habitat by replacing standing salt water on the sea area by river flood water. The coastal reservoir area is separated from the sea by building earth
Coastal reservoir
10284912
near the shore on the northeast side of the reservoir and has a bait shop and cafe and offers boat and jet ski rentals. Boysen Reservoir Boysen Reservoir is a reservoir formed by Boysen Dam, an earth-fill dam on the Wind River in the central part of the U.S. state of Wyoming. It is near the town of Shoshoni in Fremont County. The dam was constructed between 1947 and 1952 at the mouth of Wind River Canyon, just upstream from a previous dam that had been built by Asmus Boysen in 1908 on land he had leased from the Shoshone
Boysen Reservoir
7821140
Seven Oaks Reservoir Seven Oaks Reservoir is a reservoir on the Santa Ana River in San Bernardino County, California, about northeast of the city of Redlands. The reservoir is formed by Seven Oaks Dam, which was completed in 1999. The United States Army Corps of Engineers built the zoned earth-and-rock-fill dam at the foot of the San Bernardino Mountains to protect against flooding in the eastern portion of the Greater Los Angeles Area. Its maximum height is 550 feet (168 m) above the pre-existing streambed and 650 feet (198 m) above the lowest portion of the foundation. The reservoir is
Seven Oaks Reservoir
3450028
the atmosphere is not stripped over time by solar winds. A terrestrial planet of the right size is needed to retain an atmosphere, like Earth and Venus. On Earth, once the giant impact of Theia thinned Earth's atmosphere, other events were needed to make the atmosphere capable of sustaining life. The Late Heavy Bombardment reseeded Earth with water lost after the impact of Theia. The development of an ozone layer formed protection from ultraviolet (UV) sunlight. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are needed in a correct ratio for life to form. Lightning is needed for nitrogen fixation. The carbon dioxide gas
Rare Earth hypothesis
3293192
Earth atmosphere. It is the most widespread oxidizer in the troposphere, the lowest part of the atmosphere. Understanding OH variability is important to evaluating human impacts on the atmosphere and climate. The OH species has a lifetime in the Earth atmosphere of less than one second. Understanding the role of OH in the oxidation process of methane (CH) present in the atmosphere to first carbon monoxide (CO) and then carbon dioxide (CO) is important for assessing the residence time of this greenhouse gas, the overall carbon budget of the troposphere, and its influence on the process of global warming. The
Hydroxyl radical
18894365
Somasila Dam The Somasila Dam is a dam constructed across the Penna River near Somasila, Nellore district, Andhra Pradesh, India. The reservoir impounded by the dam has a surface area of with live storage capacity of or 75 tmcft. The reservoir can get water by gravity from the Srisailam reservoir located in Krishna basin. It is the biggest storage reservoir in Penna River basin and can store all the inflows from its catchment area in a normal year. This reservoir can also feed by gravity nearby 72 tmcft gross storage capacity Kandaleru reservoir. Under Indian Rivers Inter-link projects, it is
Somasila Dam
11106353
chlorination, metering and the addition of lime to the water were added in 1952. In 1960, a study determined that the Tomhannock Reservoir could serve the city of Troy and the region immediately adjacent to the city (East Greenbush, North Greenbush, Brunswick, a portion of Schaghticoke, and West Sand Lake) in southern Rensselaer County. During the early 1960s a treatment plant was constructed, which provided filtration and additional supplementation with alum, carbon, potassium permanganate and fluoride. Tomhannock Reservoir The water source for the city of Troy, New York is the Tomhannock Reservoir, a man-made reservoir northeast of Troy in the
Tomhannock Reservoir
125212
of life whose solvent is a liquid hydrocarbon, such as methane, ethane or propane. About 29 chemical elements play an active positive role in living organisms on Earth. About 95% of living matter is built upon only six elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur. These six elements form the basic building blocks of virtually all life on Earth, whereas most of the remaining elements are found only in trace amounts. The unique characteristics of carbon make it unlikely that it could be replaced, even on another planet, to generate the biochemistry necessary for life. The carbon atom has
Extraterrestrial life
20882583
Scheme between 1886 and 1888. Woollahra Reservoir (WS 144) was originally supplied by pump from Crown Street Reservoir and serves the higher parts of the Eastern Suburbs. It also now receives water from Centennial Park No.1 Reservoir by its associated pumping station. Woollahra Reservoir (WS 144) is a rectangular covered reservoir. The roof is covered with fill and grassed over. An unusual feature is the puddled clay membrane on the exterior face of the brick walls, the clay being covered by earth embankment. The puddled clay has been a successful method of enhancing the watertight requirement of the walls. The
Woollahra Reservoir
11697432
of the Sierra Nevada Mountain Range. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed a safe eating advisory for French Meadows Reservoir based on levels of mercury found in fish caught here. The reservoir was built in December 1964 with the construction on the Middle Fork of the American River of the L.L. Anderson Dam. The dam is rock-fill with earth core. The capacity of the reservoir is of water. French Meadows Reservoir is part of the Middle Fork Project for hydroelectric power generation and most of its water is diverted to the French Meadows Powerhouse, located
French Meadows Reservoir
582359
manufacturing concrete. The terrestrial biosphere includes the organic carbon in all land-living organisms, both alive and dead, as well as carbon stored in soils. About 500 gigatons of carbon are stored above ground in plants and other living organisms, while soil holds approximately 1,500 gigatons of carbon. Most carbon in the terrestrial biosphere is organic carbon, while about a third of soil carbon is stored in inorganic forms, such as calcium carbonate. Organic carbon is a major component of all organisms living on earth. Autotrophs extract it from the air in the form of carbon dioxide, converting it into organic
Carbon cycle
14943542
the potential value of the area for carbon sequestration. Several gigatons of carbon dioxide could conceivably be pumped into the depleted reservoir, serving three purposes: 1) to offset atmospheric emissions; 2) to assist in natural gas recovery, by increasing reservoir pressure; and 3) to mitigate subsidence of the overlying land, which is slowly collapsing into the vacated space, as is common over depleted petroleum fields. Gas from the field enters a series of pipelines at six distribution points, with two primary downstream uses: 1) as the supply for Calpine's regional gas-fired power plants, and 2) for storage and distribution via
Rio Vista Gas Field
7829104
Union Valley Reservoir Union Valley Reservoir is a reservoir in eastern El Dorado County, California, about northeast of Placerville. The lake is in Eldorado National Forest in the Sierra Nevada at an elevation of . It was formed in 1963 by the high earth and rockfill Union Valley Dam on Silver Creek, which is a tributary of the American River. The reservoir is part of the Upper American River Project of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, a public electric utility, which operates the dam and many other dams in the area. Recreation such as boating, fishing and camping is available
Union Valley Reservoir
6970550
absorption optical depth of 0.021 (which is close to the average of an internal and external mixtures for the AGASP flights), under cloud-free conditions. These heating effects were viewed at the time as potentially one of the major causes of Arctic warming trends as described in Archives of Dept. of Energy, Basic Energy Sciences Accomplishments. Up to 30% of the total carbon stored in soils is contributed by black carbon. Especially for tropical soils black carbon serves as a reservoir for nutrients. Experiments showed that soils without high amounts of black carbon are significantly less fertile than soils that contain
Black carbon