the blueprint of any database system is the
schema
2219911
Database schema A Schema is a pictorial representation of the relationship between the database tables in the database that is created. The database schema of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases). The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called integrity constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the
Database schema
2219911
Database schema A Schema is a pictorial representation of the relationship between the database tables in the database that is created. The database schema of a database system is its structure described in a formal language supported by the database management system (DBMS). The term "schema" refers to the organization of data as a blueprint of how the database is constructed (divided into database tables in the case of relational databases). The formal definition of a database schema is a set of formulas (sentences) called integrity constraints imposed on a database. These integrity constraints ensure compatibility between parts of the
Database schema
16304490
backed by a database, developers typically develop the application source code in tandem with an evolving database schema. The code typically has rigid expectations of what columns, tables and constraints are present in the database schema whenever it needs to interact with one, so only the version of database schema against which the code was developed is considered fully compatible with that version of source code. In software testing, while developers may mock the presence of a compatible database system for unit testing, any level of testing higher than this (e.g. integration testing or system testing) it is common for
Schema migration
1449916
for this purpose. Some of these were mainframe related, designed to allow programs running on those machines to translate between the variety of SQL's and provide a single common interface which could then be called by other mainframe or microcomputer programs. These solutions included IBM's Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA) and Apple Computer's Data Access Language. Much more common, however, were systems that ran entirely on microcomputers, including a complete protocol stack that included any required networking or file translation support. One of the early examples of such a system was Lotus Development's DataLens, initially known as Blueprint. Blueprint, developed
Open Database Connectivity
16695659
Lotus DataLens Lotus Development's DataLens, originally known as Blueprint, was a standardized system for database queries used in a number of Lotus products, notably 1-2-3. It provided drivers for a number of common data sources, including a variety of mainframe SQL servers, microcomputer database files of various sorts, and even flat-file systems. Drivers from 3rd parties were also available. Unlike the better-known ODBC, DataLens did not use SQL in the query interface. The API was based on a variety of data structures that were interpreted by the database drivers into their own internal query format - including SQL in some
Lotus DataLens
1779688
Database transaction A transaction symbolizes a unit of work performed within a database management system (or similar system) against a database, and treated in a coherent and reliable way independent of other transactions. A transaction generally represents any change in a database. Transactions in a database environment have two main purposes: In a Database Management System, a transaction is a single unit of logic or work, sometimes made up of multiple operations. Any logical calculation done in a consistent mode in a database is known as a transaction. One example is a transfer from one bank account to another: the
Database transaction
6377504
the 2003 President of the Society for Neuroscience (SfN) established the Brain Information Group (BIG) to evaluate the importance of neuroinformatics to neuroscience and specifically to the SfN. Following the report from BIG, SfN also established a neuroinformatics committee. In 2004, SfN announced the Neuroscience Database Gateway (NDG) as a universal resource for neuroscientists through which almost any neuroscience databases and tools may be reached. The NDG was established with funding from NIDA, NINDS and NIMH. The Neuroscience Database Gateway has transitioned to a new enhanced platform, the Neuroscience Information Framework. Funded by the NIH Neuroscience BLueprint, the NIF is
Neuroinformatics
10014900
Teleporter blueprint" and Colony Supervisors respectively. There were mixed feelings regarding the replacing of research with the Sci-Tek blueprint system, which meant that any blueprint could be bought in any order provided the player had the money to do so. The game was also criticised for only having one playable race (TetraCorp). Despite these criticisms "PC Gamer UK" gave it the Game of Distinction award for Christmas of 1996 stating, "Takes ages to work out what's going on, and immense concentration. But this is completely engrossing." and awarded it a score of 91%. Users of internet gaming site GameSpot rated
Fragile Allegiance
9800957
molecule interaction database SMID, as well as the data warehouse SeqHound. Unleashed Informatics is a data management service provider and is overseeing the management and curation of The Blueprint Initiative under the guidance of Dr. Hogue. BOND integrates the original Blueprint Initiative databases as well as other databases, such as Genbank, combined with many tools required to analyze these data. Annotation links for sequences, including taxon identifiers, redundant sequences, Gene Ontology descriptions, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man identifiers, conserved domains, data base cross-references, LocusLink Identifiers and complete genomes are also available. BOND facilitates cross-database queries and is an open access
Biomolecular Object Network Databank
19719191
the system. Regression testing is the process of executing all the test cases whenever a new feature is added to the system. test-first development (TFD) is a form of regression testing followed in evolutionary database design. The steps involved in TFD approach are, Configuration management is a detailed recording of versions and updates that have been applied to any system. Configuration management is useful in rolling back updates and changes which have impacted the system in a negative manner. To ensure that any updates made in database refactoring can be rolled back, it is important to maintain database artifacts like
Evolutionary database design
103239
world of professional information technology, the term "database" is often used to refer to any collection of related data (such as a spreadsheet or a card index) as size and usage requirements typically necessitate use of a database management system. Existing DBMSs provide various functions that allow management of a database and its data which can be classified into four main functional groups: Both a database and its DBMS conform to the principles of a particular database model. "Database system" refers collectively to the database model, database management system, and database. Physically, database servers are dedicated computers that hold the
Database
1707166
Concurrency control in Database management systems (DBMS; e.g., Bernstein et al. 1987, Weikum and Vossen 2001), other transactional objects, and related distributed applications (e.g., Grid computing and Cloud computing) ensures that "database transactions" are performed concurrently without violating the data integrity of the respective databases. Thus concurrency control is an essential element for correctness in any system where two database transactions or more, executed with time overlap, can access the same data, e.g., virtually in any general-purpose database system. Consequently, a vast body of related research has been accumulated since database systems emerged in the early 1970s. A well established
Concurrency control
19910388
for integrity using deterministic rules and then subject to confirmation by a moderator. The use of versioning means that any prior state of the database can be accessed (as recommended in this 2012 paper). Hence, the repository is specifically designed to interoperate with energy system models. The backend is a PostgreSQL object-relational database under subversion version control. Open source licenses are specific to each dataset. Unlike other database projects, users can download the current version (the public tables) of the entire PostgreSQL database or any previous version. Initial development is being lead by the Reiner Lemoine Institute, Berlin, Germany. The
Open energy system databases
716546
is treated as a single "unit", which either succeeds completely, or fails completely: if any of the statements constituting a transaction fails to complete, the entire transaction fails and the database is left unchanged. An atomic system must guarantee atomicity in each and every situation, including power failures, errors and crashes. Consistency ensures that a transaction can only bring the database from one valid state to another, maintaining database invariants: any data written to the database must be valid according to all defined rules, including constraints, cascades, triggers, and any combination thereof. This prevents database corruption by an illegal transaction,
ACID (computer science)
12503302
However, the SHARD system appears to have used its redundant hardware only for "replication" and not for horizontal partitioning. Present-day use of the term "shard" may or may not derive from the CCA system, but in any case it refers to a different use of redundant hardware in database systems. Shard (database architecture) A database shard is a horizontal partition of data in a database or search engine. Each of multiple shards is held on a separate database server instance, to spread load. Some data within a database remains present in all shards, but some appears only in a single
Shard (database architecture)
1688805
systems ensure database integrity by recording intermediate states of the database as it is modified, then using these records to restore the database to a known state if a transaction cannot be committed. For example, copies of information on the database "prior" to its modification by a transaction are set aside by the system before the transaction can make any modifications (this is sometimes called a "before image"). If any part of the transaction fails before it is committed, these copies are used to restore the database to the state it was in before the transaction began. It is also
Transaction processing
707802
Newton View System, which are created on run-time to render views. Template: It is a blueprint from which views are created. Protos: They can be blueprint for a template or a view, and are elements of NewtonScript code libraries. Frame and Slot: Frame is a dynamic collection of slots, and one element of fram is called as a slot. A slot is made up of name and value. The value can be of any type. It is worthwhile to note that all objects in NewtonScript are frames. Soup and Entry: It is a related collection of frames/ data. Entry is
NewtonScript
11917041
to be built under the Blueprint Negev plan after Be'er Milka. Ynet reported that the community was "designated for wealthy, young American immigrants who want to make aliyah and live in style." Former JNF President Ronald Lauder said that Blueprint Negev answers the need for Jews looking to make aliyah the pioneering way. The plan aims to bring 250,000 new residents to the Negev over ten years. Toward that goal, the project has sought to direct Anglo (English-speaking) immigration to the Negev and has compiled a database (currently containing some 10,000 names) of current Israeli citizens interested in relocating to
Blueprint Negev
9329868
not met. For example, an air-traffic control system constantly monitors hundreds of aircraft and makes decisions about incoming flight paths and determines the order in which aircraft should land based on data such as fuel, altitude, and speed. If any of this information is late, the result could be devastating. To address issues of obsolete data, the timestamp can support transactions by providing clear time references. Although the real-time database system may seem like a simple system, problems arise during overload when two or more database transactions require access to the same portion of the database. A transaction is usually
Real-time database
15442836
variation from standards that would be tolerated at each step of the process without affecting customers' perceptions of quality and timeliness. Zeithaml, Bitner and Gremler (2006) also recommended adding "bottlenecks" and "fail points" to the map. A bottleneck is a point in the system at which consumers waiting time is likely to exceed average or minimum tolerable expectations. A fail point is any point within the encounter that has potential to affect customer satisfaction or quality. These additions increase the diagnostic value of the service blueprint. Service blueprinting has three main applications: simple representation; diagnosing operational deficiencies and service design
Service blueprint
15350191
samples collected from crime scenes. Each state, and the federal system, has different laws for collection, upload, and analysis of information contained within their database. However, for privacy reasons, the CODIS database does not contain any personal identifying information, such as the name associated with the DNA profile. The uploading agency is notified of any hits to their samples and are tasked with the dissemination of personal information pursuant to their laws. The creation of a national DNA database within the U.S. was first mentioned by the Technical Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (TWGDAM) in 1989. In 1990, the
Combined DNA Index System
15907759
Database Task Force which published the blueprint for Database Access and Integration Services to foster a wider activity on the formulation of standards for databases and the Grid. From 2003–2008 he served on the steering group of the Open Grid Forum as Data Area Chair. He is co-author of the Web Services Data Access and Integration (WS-DAI) Specification. He has had a long association with the Very Large Database (VLDB) conference series, and was Programme Committee Chair of VLDB 99. He has been instrumental in setting up the XLDB-Europe series of satellite workshops which identify trends, commonalities and major roadblocks
Malcolm Atkinson
17013283
Tag Database. Tags can be derived from the following sources: OPC, expression, or constant and support various configuration options such as: alerting, scaling, and historical storage. SQLTags are stored in "Tag Providers", which are automatically configured tables in an SQL database. SQLTags Historian is a proprietary data logging technology that manages historical data in any supported SQL Database. It is configured by defining an Ignition "SQL database connection", then enabling the feature on a per tag basis. The system automatically creates and manages the tables without any user SQL input. "Historical Scan Classes" support different logging intervals by sets of
Ignition SCADA
4120954
numerous other means to detect unusual events. Once a system administrator has constructed a suitable object-database – ideally with help and advice from the HIDS installation tools – and initialized the checksum-database, the HIDS has all it requires to scan the monitored objects regularly and to report on anything that may appear to have gone wrong. Reports can take the form of logs, e-mails or similar. A HIDS will usually go to great lengths to prevent the object-database, checksum-database and its reports from any form of tampering. After all, if intruders succeed in modifying any of the objects the HIDS
Host-based intrusion detection system
11482273
as a Tag Database. Tags can be derived from the following sources: OPC, expression, or constant and support various configuration options such as: alerting, scaling, and historical storage. SQLTags are stored in "Tag Providers", which are automatically configured tables in an SQL database. SQLTags Historian is a proprietary data logging technology that manages historical data in any supported SQL Database. It is configured by defining an Ignition "SQL database connection", then enabling the feature on a per tag basis. The system automatically creates and manages the tables without any user SQL input. "Historical Scan Classes" support different logging intervals by
Inductive Automation
9800956
Biomolecular Object Network Databank The Biomolecular Object Network Databank is a bioinformatics databank containing information on small molecule and , structures and interactions. The databank integrates a number of existing databases to provide a comprehensive overview of the information currently available for a given molecule. The Blueprint Initiative started as a research program in the lab of Dr. Christopher Hogue at the Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto. On December 14, 2005 Unleashed Informatics Limited acquired the commercial rights to The Blueprint Initiative intellectual property. This included rights to the protein interaction database BIND, the small
Biomolecular Object Network Databank
6940381
Redo Log Buffer. It is possible to retrieve information about the current granule size at any time by querying the dynamic view V$SGAINFO. System Global Area In the database management systems developed by the Oracle Corporation, the System Global Area (SGA) forms the part of the system memory (RAM) shared by all the processes belonging to a single Oracle database instance. The SGA contains all information necessary for the instance operation. In general, the SGA consists of the following: From Oracle Database version 10g, Automatic Memory Management (AMM) allows simplified and dynamic configuration of the SGA. In the Oracle DBMS,
System Global Area
14081409
Database activity monitoring Database activity monitoring (DAM) is a database security technology for monitoring and analyzing database activity that operates independently of the database management system (DBMS) and does not rely on any form of native (DBMS-resident) auditing or native logs such as trace or transaction logs. DAM is typically performed continuously and in real-time. Database activity monitoring and prevention (DAMP) is an extension to DAM that goes beyond monitoring and alerting to also block unauthorized activities. DAM helps businesses address regulatory compliance mandates like the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI DSS), the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Database activity monitoring
4110280
processes accessing the database operate with normal user and group ids - a process has access to a database file if and only if the ownership and permissions of that database file (plus any layered access control such as SELinux) permits access. Each process has within its address space all the logic needed to manage the database, and processes cooperate with one another to manage database files. When a database file is journaled, updates are written to journal files before being written to database files, and in the event of a system crash, database files can be recovered from journal
GT.M
19719190
is performed in an iterative manner, that is multiple data models are developed, each model representing a different aspect of the database. This kind of data modeling technique is practiced in an agile environment and it is one of the main principles of agile development. Whenever a new functionality is added to a system, it is essential to verify that the update does not corrupt or render the system unusable. In a database, the business logic is implemented in stored procedures, data validation rules and referential integrity and they have to be tested thoroughly when any change is implemented in
Evolutionary database design
7355973
has ended) according to the local commitment order, to vote to abort on transactions for which the database system has initiated an abort (the database system can initiate abort for any transaction, for many reasons), and to pass the atomic commitment decision to the database system. For local transactions (when can be identified) no voting is needed. For determining the commitment order the COCO maintains an updated representation of the local conflict graph (or local augmented conflict graph for capturing also locking deadlocks) of the undecided (neither committed nor aborted) transactions as a data structure (e.g., utilizing mechanisms similar to
Commitment ordering
4474666
data inside their respective applications. Data store can refer to a broad class of storage systems including: Data store A data store is a repository for persistently storing and managing collections of data which include not just repositories like databases, but also simpler store types such as simple files, emails etc. A database is a series of bytes that is managed by a database management system (DBMS). A file is a series of bytes that is managed by a file system. Thus, any database or file is a series of bytes that, once stored, is called a data store. MATLAB
Data store
4474665
Data store A data store is a repository for persistently storing and managing collections of data which include not just repositories like databases, but also simpler store types such as simple files, emails etc. A database is a series of bytes that is managed by a database management system (DBMS). A file is a series of bytes that is managed by a file system. Thus, any database or file is a series of bytes that, once stored, is called a data store. MATLAB and Cloud Storage systems like VMware, Firefox OS use datastore as a term for abstracting collections of
Data store
10260233
page that is rendered on front end, every component on that page like input text box, Lov’s, submit buttons and all other components are part of a bean that is defined in the system, each of these page is stored in the file system tables in the database, whenever any page is called the components are called from the database and rendered. Application Module (AM) It is a very important component for the package, it is the one which governs the entire session pool, access to database and the business logic components, every page should be attached to some AM.
Oracle Application Framework
13123675
a repository called the TYPO3 Extension Repository, or TER. TYPO3 can run on most HTTP servers such as Apache or IIS on top of Linux, Microsoft Windows or macOS. It uses PHP 5.3 or newer and any relational database supported by the TYPO3 DBAL including MySQL, Oracle, PostgreSQL, and others. Some 3rd-party extensions - not using the database API - support MySQL as the only database engine. The system can be run on any web server with a modern CPU and at least 256 MB RAM. The backend can be displayed in any modern browser with JavaScript. There is no
TYPO3
1449924
of driver dynamic-link libraries (DLL) that allowed the same C interface to redirect input and output to other ISAM-based databases, like Paradox and xBase. Jet allowed using one set of calls to access common microcomputer databases in a fashion similar to Blueprint, by then renamed DataLens. However, Jet did not use SQL; like DataLens, the interface was in C and consisted of data structures and function calls. The SAG standardization efforts presented an opportunity for Microsoft to adapt their Jet system to the new CLI standard. This would not only make Windows a premier platform for CLI development, but also
Open Database Connectivity
1449917
for 1-2-3, supported a variety of data sources, including SQL/DS, DB2, FOCUS and a variety of similar mainframe systems, as well as microcomputer systems like dBase and the early Microsoft/Ashton-Tate efforts that would eventually develop into Microsoft SQL Server. Unlike the later ODBC, Blueprint was a purely code-based system, lacking anything approximating a command language like SQL. Instead, programmers used data structures to store the query information, constructing a query by linking many of these structures together. Lotus referred to these compound structures as "query trees". Around the same time, an industry team including members from Sybase (Tom Haggin), Tandem
Open Database Connectivity
16695660
cases. In contrast, ODBC used SQL as its basic interface, and interpreted and translated it in the driver for those data sources that did not use SQL. Lotus also released two user-oriented query builders, the DOS-based Query Builder which could interact with DataLens sources but was not built on it, and the Windows-based Data Query Assistant (DQA) which was built directly on DataLens. Lotus DataLens Lotus Development's DataLens, originally known as Blueprint, was a standardized system for database queries used in a number of Lotus products, notably 1-2-3. It provided drivers for a number of common data sources, including a
Lotus DataLens
103293
organized, and manipulated. The most popular example of a database model is the relational model (or the SQL approximation of relational), which uses a table-based format. Common logical data models for databases include: An object-relational database combines the two related structures. Physical data models include: Other models include: Specialized models are optimized for particular types of data: A database management system provides three views of the database data: While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database
Database
103237
to any of the DBMS, the database system or an application associated with the database. Computer scientists may classify database-management systems according to the database models that they support. Relational databases became dominant in the 1980s. These model data as rows and columns in a series of tables, and the vast majority use SQL for writing and querying data. In the 2000s, non-relational databases became popular, referred to as NoSQL because they use different query languages. Formally, a "database" refers to a set of related data and the way it is organized. Access to this data is usually provided by
Database
1707169
in distributed environments (e.g., Federated databases in the early 1990, and Cloud computing currently), the effective distribution of concurrency control mechanisms has received special attention. The concept of a "database transaction" (or "atomic transaction") has evolved in order to enable both a well understood database system behavior in a faulty environment where crashes can happen any time, and "recovery" from a crash to a well understood database state. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and
Concurrency control
14595138
ensure the patches update the defective system vulnerability. Database operators concentrate their efforts into major system deficiencies which offers hackers unmitigated system access through neglected patches. All databases require audit tracks to record when data is amended or accessed. When systems are created without the necessary auditing system, the exploitation of system vulnerabilities are challenging to identify and resolve. Vulnerability databases promulgate the significance of audit tracking as a deterrent of cyber attacks. Data protection is essential to any business as personal and financial information is a key asset and the purloining of sensitive material can discredit the reputation of
Vulnerability database
1449919
draft of the "Microsoft Data Access API" was published in April 1989, about the same time as Lotus' announcement of Blueprint. In spite of Blueprint's great lead – it was running when MSDA was still a paper project – Lotus eventually joined the MSDA efforts as it became clear that SQL would become the de facto database standard. After considerable industry input, in the summer of 1989 the standard became "SQL Connectivity" ("SQLC"). In 1988 several vendors, mostly from the Unix and database communities, formed the SQL Access Group (SAG) in an effort to produce a single basic standard for
Open Database Connectivity
7886734
Gadfly (database) Gadfly is a relational database management system written in Python. Gadfly is a collection of Python modules that provides relational database functionality entirely implemented in Python. It supports a subset of the standard RDBMS Structured Query Language (SQL). Gadfly runs wherever Python runs and supports client/server on any platform that supports the standard Python socket interface. The file formats used by Gadfly for storage are cross-platform—a gadfly database directory can be moved from Windows 95 to Linux using a binary copying mechanism and gadfly will read and run the database. It supports persistent databases consisting of a collection
Gadfly (database)
13303040
to be expected as the database is an intelligence database, not a crime recording system. Information is stored for at least seven years. Holding information on people who have never committed any offence may be against people's human rights. A police officer, Amerdeep Johal, allegedly used the database to contact sex offenders and threatened to disclose information about them from the database unless they paid him thousands of pounds. Crimint Crimint is a database run by the Metropolitan Police Service of Greater London which stores information on criminals, suspected criminals and protesters. It was created in 1994 and supplied by
Crimint
8253213
a physical sample), but the modeling and preservation of such information is not addressed in detail. As strictly a conceptual framework, the OAIS model does not require the use of any particular computing platform, system environment, system design paradigm, system development methodology, database management system, database design paradigm, data definition language, command language, system interface, user interface, technology, or media for an archive to be compliant. Its aim is to set the standard for the activities that are involved in preserving a digital archive rather than the method for carrying out those activities. The acronym OAIS should not be confused
Open Archival Information System
2809823
what is needed may help reduce the effectiveness of any SQL injection attacks that exploit any bugs in the web application. For example, on Microsoft SQL Server, a database logon could be restricted from selecting on some of the system tables which would limit exploits that try to insert JavaScript into all the text columns in the database. SQL injection SQL injection is a code injection technique, used to attack data-driven applications, in which nefarious SQL statements are inserted into an entry field for execution (e.g. to dump the database contents to the attacker). SQL injection must exploit a security
SQL injection
11204338
Shared Check Authorization Network Shared Check Authorization Network (SCAN) is a comprehensive database of bad check writers in the United States. The database is used by retailers in order to reduce the number of bad checks received. The database keeps track of those who have written outstanding bad checks to any retailer using the system, and retailers can determine, based on these records, whether or not to accept a check from a particular accountholder. Retailers using the SCAN system have at least one scanner in the store, and often one at every register, that is used to scan checks that
Shared Check Authorization Network
7355940
the previously known (since the 1980s) three major methods: "Locking", "Time-stamp ordering", and "Serialization graph testing", and as an enabler for the interoperability of systems using different concurrency control mechanisms. In a federated database system or any other more loosely defined multidatabase system, which are typically distributed in a communication network, transactions span multiple and possibly Distributed databases. Enforcing global serializability in such system is problematic. Even if every local schedule of a single database is serializable, still, the global schedule of a whole system is not necessarily serializable. The massive communication exchanges of conflict information needed between databases to
Commitment ordering
13256463
may use any memcached API as a means of accessing a MemcacheDB database. MemcacheQ is a MemcacheDB variant that provides a simple message queue service. Active development of MemcacheDB seems to have currently stopped; the web page hasn't been updated since 2009. MemcacheDB MemcacheDB (pronunciation: mem-cash-dee-bee) is a persistence enabled variant of memcached, a general-purpose distributed memory caching system often used to speed up dynamic database-driven websites by caching data and objects in memory, developed by Steve Chu and Howard Chu . The main difference between MemcacheDB and memcached is that MemcacheDB has its own key-value database system based on
MemcacheDB
1832070
recreate the system state right before any later failure. A transaction is deemed committed only after it is entered in the log. Durability (database systems) In database systems, durability is the ACID property which guarantees that transactions that have committed will survive permanently. For example, if a flight booking reports that a seat has successfully been booked, then the seat will remain booked even if the system crashes. Durability can be achieved by flushing the transaction's log records to non-volatile storage before acknowledging commitment. In distributed transactions, all participating servers must coordinate before commit can be acknowledged. This is usually
Durability (database systems)
8546986
Mnesia Mnesia is a distributed, soft real-time database management system written in the Erlang programming language. It is distributed as part of the Open Telecom Platform. As with Erlang, Mnesia was developed by Ericsson for soft real-time distributed and high-availability computing work related to telecoms. It was not intended as a general office-based data processing database management system, nor to replace SQL-based systems. Instead Mnesia exists to support Erlang, where DBMS-like persistence is required. It has more in common with embeddable DBMS such as Berkeley DB than with any SQL database server. "Rows" in tables are represented as records that
Mnesia
7355934
transactions. CO is a broad special case of "conflict serializability", and effective means (reliable, high-performance, distributed, and scalable) to achieve global serializability (modular serializability) across any collection of database systems that possibly use different concurrency control mechanisms (CO also makes each system serializability compliant, if not already). Each not-CO-compliant database system is augmented with a CO component (the commitment order coordinator—COCO) which orders the commitment events for CO compliance, with neither data-access nor any other transaction operation interference. As such CO provides a low overhead, general solution for global serializability (and distributed serializability), instrumental for global concurrency control (and distributed
Commitment ordering
4263338
Federated database system A federated database system is a type of meta-database management system (DBMS), which transparently maps multiple autonomous database systems into a single federated database. The constituent databases are interconnected via a computer network and may be geographically decentralized. Since the constituent database systems remain autonomous, a federated database system is a contrastable alternative to the (sometimes daunting) task of merging several disparate databases. A federated database, or virtual database, is a composite of all constituent databases in a federated database system. There is no actual data integration in the constituent disparate databases as a result of data
Federated database system
9384542
by that blueprint, and a 'copy machine' that can make copies of any blueprint. After the mechanism has been used to construct the machine specified by the blueprint, the copy machine is used to create a copy of that blueprint, and this copy is placed into the new machine, resulting in a working replication of the original machine. Some machines will do this backwards, copying the blueprint and then building a machine. To define his machine in more detail, von Neumann invented the concept of a cellular automaton. The one he used consists of a two-dimensional grid of cells, each
Von Neumann universal constructor
1688807
the database management system up to date. Any transactions in progress at the time of the failure can then be rolled back. The result is a database in a consistent, known state that includes the results of all transactions committed up to the moment of failure. In some cases, two transactions may, in the course of their processing, attempt to access the same portion of a database at the same time, in a way that prevents them from proceeding. For example, transaction A may access portion X of the database, and transaction B may access portion Y of the database.
Transaction processing
2648302
to a set of values. Today a Pick system can also natively access host files in Windows or Unix in any format. A Pick database is divided into one or more accounts, master dictionaries, dictionaries, files and sub-files, each of which is a hash-table oriented file. These files contain records made up of fields, sub-fields and sub-sub-fields. In Pick, records are called items, fields are called attributes, and sub-fields are called values or sub-values (hence the present-day label "multivalued database"). All elements are variable-length, with field and values marked off by special delimiters, so that any file, record, or field
Pick operating system
6988522
several public contacts. The bulk of the work is performed by an ever-changing group of editors and contributors through the online indexing system on the web site, or through offline submissions. Casual users of the website also make contributions through an error reporting system. And, because several comic book creators are members, these creators often provide details on their own work or colleagues' work. Several e-mail lists are maintained for communication of a variety of comic book-related information. The database does not include any information on comic book pricing, nor does it conduct any sales or trade services. The Grand
Grand Comics Database
2658469
surrogate as a primary key; another attribute is required, in addition to the surrogate, to uniquely identify each object. Although Hall "et al." (1976) say nothing about this, others have argued that a surrogate should have the following characteristics: In a current database, the surrogate key can be the primary key, generated by the database management system and "not" derived from any application data in the database. The only significance of the surrogate key is to act as the primary key. It is also possible that the surrogate key exists in addition to the database-generated UUID (for example, an HR
Surrogate key
1962858
Stored procedures are similar to user-defined functions (UDFs). The major difference is that UDFs can be used like any other expression within SQL statements, whereas stored procedures must be invoked using the codice_7 statement. or The exact and correct implementation of stored procedures varies from one database system to the other. Most major database vendors support them in some form. Depending on the database system, stored procedures can be implemented in a variety of programming languages, for example SQL, Java, C, or C++. Stored procedures written in non-SQL languages may or may not execute SQL statements themselves. The increasing adoption
Stored procedure
9040011
a file that defines the basic organization of a database. A database dictionary contains a list of all files in the database, the number of records in each file, and the names and types of each data field. Most database management systems keep the data dictionary hidden from users to prevent them from accidentally destroying its contents. Data dictionaries do not contain any actual data from the database, only bookkeeping information for managing it. Without a data dictionary, however, a database management system cannot access data from the database. Database users and application developers can benefit from an authoritative data
Structured analysis
19884348
of using a database to compile and report on network usage information." Proceeding, therefore, to step two of the "Alice" methodology, the court said that the claim describes a generic computer that "collects, filters, aggregates, and completes network communications information" and then "stores the information in a database, and queries the database to retrieve reports." All of these things were "basic functions" of a computer and a database system. The court held, accordingly: [C]laim 16 is directed to a computer functioning in a conventional way, and a database functioning in a conventional way. The claim does not add any specific
Amdocs (Israel) Ltd. v. Openet Telecom, Inc.
5744229
this attack infeasible. Rainbow tables were invented by Philippe Oechslin as an application of an earlier, simpler algorithm by Martin Hellman. Any computer system that requires password authentication must contain a database of passwords, either hashed or in plaintext, and various methods of password storage exist. Because the tables are vulnerable to theft, storing the plaintext password is dangerous. Most databases, therefore, store a cryptographic hash of a users password in the database. In such a system, no one – including the authentication system – can determine what a users password is by merely looking at the value stored in
Rainbow table
13749990
and Canada’s Research-Based Pharmaceutical Companies (R&d), to provide a coherent industry blueprint for improving clinical trial transparency. The IFPMA Clinical Trial Portal is a single entry point allowing healthcare professionals to search for comprehensive information on clinical trials. Patients and physicians can search quickly and easily on-going clinical trials (registry) or results of completed trials (database) conducted by the international research-based pharmaceutical industry. IFPMA Clinical Trial Portal provides links to the following sources: ClinicalStudyResults.org, ClinicalTrials.gov, Current Controlled Trials, Japan Pharmaceutical Information Center, Pharmaceutical Industry Clinical Trials database. It provides the following basic search features: Search by Medical Condition and Drug
IFPMA Clinical Trials Portal
6230598
storage medium. At runtime, it is possible to pass parameters to invoke (or disable) database-specific extensions. Provided the database connector is licensed, it is possible to convert between different data sources. Uniface also provides an API, the Database Connector Interface, which can be used to create proprietary connectors for any SQL-based database. Licensing is managed through the Compuware Distributed License Manager (DLM), a server based system of distributing licenses to clients on request, precluding the need for them to be held locally. Originally called UNIS, the product was created in The Netherlands in 1984 by Inside Automation, a company that
Uniface (programming language)
2791976
forced to drag icons from a palette. Helix has suffered from the lack of developer support and third-party applications. Originally, the 4th Dimension database software on the Macintosh also supported visual programming, but as its programming language acquired more features, the visual programming capability was eventually dropped. Helix (database) Helix is a database management system for the Apple Macintosh platform, created in 1983. Helix uses a graphical "programming language" to add logic to its applications, allowing non-programmers to construct sophisticated applications. Despite being the first multiuser database on any PC platform, the first object-based, visual programming tool, and, perhaps, the
Helix (database)
6063502
at greater physical distances. Problems raised by horizontal scale-up can be alleviated by a multi-layer multi-view access protocol. The early problems of vertical scale-up have largely been addressed by improving Internet reliability and performance. When data is replicated between database servers, so that the information remains consistent throughout the database system and users cannot tell or even know which server in the DBMS they are using, the system is said to exhibit replication transparency. Active (real-time) storage replication is usually implemented by distributing updates of a block device to several physical hard disks. This way, any file system supported by
Replication (computing)
2791958
Helix (database) Helix is a database management system for the Apple Macintosh platform, created in 1983. Helix uses a graphical "programming language" to add logic to its applications, allowing non-programmers to construct sophisticated applications. Despite being the first multiuser database on any PC platform, the first object-based, visual programming tool, and, perhaps, the first relational database on a PC platform, Helix's marketing and ownership problems led it to a life as a niche product on an OS with a small market share. Originally created by Odesta Corporation in 1983 on the original Macintosh, Helix received rave reviews when it was
Helix (database)
19525682
National Violent Death Reporting System The National Violent Death Reporting System (abbreviated NVDRS) is an active surveillance system initiated by the Centers for Disease Control for collecting data regarding violent deaths in the United States. It does not collect any of its own data, but rather relies on data collected by other systems. It provides a unique advantage over other violent death reporting systems, as it creates a centralized database of relevant information. The initiative involves collaboration between state agencies and local police, coroners, and medical examiners, with the goal of creating a more complete and up-to-date database of violent
National Violent Death Reporting System
2719301
manufacturers developed terrain awareness and warning systems (TAWS). The first generation of those systems was known as a ground proximity warning system (GPWS), which used a radar altimeter to assist in calculating terrain closure rates. That system was further improved with the addition of a GPS terrain database and is now known as an enhanced ground proximity warning system (EGPWS). When combined with mandatory pilot simulator training, which emphasizes proper responses to any caution or warning event, the system has proved very effective in preventing further CFIT accidents. Smaller aircraft often use a GPS database of terrain to provide terrain
Controlled flight into terrain
4499884
system, devising a standard menu layout, and building menus “on the fly” using the add-on TDBS module. She would upload any changes or additions to the menus as entries in the database, and remotely recompile the menus. After a daily reboot, the changes would automatically take effect without the necessity for a trip to the computer room. A side benefit was that, upon registration or login, the user could enter or change any information, such as personal information, preferences, or sub-boards of interest, this information was entered into the database, and this would then dynamically customize the menu system presented
The Bread Board System
5339920
functionality) require corresponding changes in the database definition; in most organizations, the database definition is the responsibility of the DBA. Due to the need to maintain a production database system 24 hours a day many DBAs are reluctant to make changes to database schemata that they deem gratuitous or superfluous and in some cases outright refuse to do so. Use of developmental databases (apart from production systems) can help somewhat; but when the newly developed application "goes live" the DBA will need to approve any changes. Some programmers view this as intransigence; however the DBA is frequently held responsible if
Object-relational impedance mismatch
7837985
This architecture allows data from dissimilar connected data sources to be mapped to the same MVEntry object. All back-end data is stored in Microsoft SQL Server. For example, through the metaverse an organization's e-mail system can be linked to its human resources database to the organization's PBX system to any other data repository containing relevant user information. Each employee's attributes from the e-mail system and the human resources database are imported into the connector space through respective management agents. The e-mail system can then link to individual attributes from the employee entry, such as the employee telephone number. If an
Microsoft Identity Integration Server
5655652
existing data to reflect the collected and processed information. As of today, most organizations use a database management system to support OLTP. OLTP is carried in a client-server system. Online transaction process concerns about concurrency and atomicity. Concurrency controls guarantee that two users accessing the same data in the database system will not be able to change that data or the user has to wait until the other user has finished processing, before changing that piece of data. Atomicity controls guarantee that all the steps in a transaction are completed successfully as a group. That is, if any steps between
Online transaction processing
2112103
development technologies that can automatically create a Web application without the need to write any Java code. Given a model file for a database, WebObjects will create an interface supporting nine common database tasks, including querying, editing and listing. Such applications are useful for prototyping or administering a database, perhaps to check relationships or to seed the database with data. The user interface is generated dynamically, on-the-fly at runtime using a rules-based system—no code is generated. Consequently, one can modify an application's configuration at runtime (using an assistant program) without recompiling or relaunching the application. Developers can utilize one of
WebObjects
2149130
DBMSs offer a number of "transaction isolation levels", which control the degree of locking that occurs when selecting data. For many database applications, the majority of database transactions can be constructed to avoid requiring high isolation levels (e.g. SERIALIZABLE level), thus reducing the locking overhead for the system. The programmer must carefully analyze database access code to ensure that any relaxation of isolation does not cause software bugs that are difficult to find. Conversely, if higher isolation levels are used, the possibility of deadlock is increased, which also requires careful analysis and programming techniques to avoid. The isolation levels defined
Isolation (database systems)
7550657
and preservation of evidence. A good database security program includes the regular review of privileges granted to user accounts and accounts used by immediate processes. For individual accounts a two-factor authentication system improves security but adds complexity and cost. Accounts used by automated processes require appropriate controls around password storage such as sufficient encryption and access controls to reduce the risk of compromise. In conjunction with a sound database security program, an appropriate disaster recovery program can ensure that service is not interrupted during a security incident, or any incident that results in an outage of the primary database environment.
Database security
18675433
(HCP), consumers or any regional centre. Most of participating member have a well established system for collection of ICSRs. These submissions are in ICH E2B format and are reported more than once a month or at least every quarter. For some member states that lack an E2B compatible database for ICSR management, UMC in collaboration with ‘’Swissmedic’’ has developed ‘’VigiFlow’’, a web-based ICSR management system. VigiFlow functions as a national ICSR database management system and analysis tool, through which cases are sent to UMC. With primary objective of identify the earliest possible pharmacovigilance signals, the usage of VigiBase is permitted
VigiBase
103240
actual databases and run only the DBMS and related software. Database servers are usually multiprocessor computers, with generous memory and RAID disk arrays used for stable storage. RAID is used for recovery of data if any of the disks fail. Hardware database accelerators, connected to one or more servers via a high-speed channel, are also used in large volume transaction processing environments. DBMSs are found at the heart of most database applications. DBMSs may be built around a custom multitasking kernel with built-in networking support, but modern DBMSs typically rely on a standard operating system to provide these functions. Since
Database
1722621
getting away from the central database "file server" type system and going to what is called a "cluster database". This eliminates any crashing or system downtime that can be associated with the back office file server. This technology allows 100% of the information to not only be stored, but also pulled from the local terminal, thus eliminating the need to rely on a separate server for the system to operate. Tablet POS systems popular for retail solutions are now available for the restaurant industry. Initially these systems were not sophisticated and many of the early systems did not support a
Point of sale
14474381
and are scheduled at a convenient time. These involve such activities as: - Hardware installation or maintenance - Software maintenance or upgrades of the operating system, the middleware, the database server or the business application - Database administration such as offline backup, or offline reorganization Unplanned outages are unexpected outages that are caused by the failure of any system component. They include hardware failures, software issues, or people and process issues. Various commercially viable examples exist for hardware/software implementations. These include: Continuous availability Continuous Availability is an approach to computer system and application design that protects users against downtime, whatever
Continuous availability
13351607
active community participation. As it is unlikely for any two areas to have identical socio-economic and environmental conditions, there is no blueprint management plan that would provide a blanket solution to all the problems. Based on research over several years in Nepal, it was noted that to have and effective management system, we need to identify variables which would affect the success of the system and group them into the following five sets: In some cases, it is unrealistic to expect progress in a community level management of forest activities, as often conflict arise with respect to land use and
Community forestry
3327355
system design uses these models during the requirements analysis to describe information needs or the type of information that is to be stored in a database. The data modeling technique can be used to describe any ontology (i.e. an overview and classifications of used terms and their relationships) for a certain area of interest. In the case of the design of an information system that is based on a database, the conceptual data model is, at a later stage (usually called logical design), mapped to a logical data model, such as the relational model; this in turn is mapped to
Entity–relationship model
3196578
the same page, then only one may be serviced at a time. This is analogous to a "page level lock" in a database. A higher degree of granularity is achieved if each individual account may be taken by a clerk. This would allow any customer to be serviced without waiting for another customer who is accessing a different account. This is analogous to a "record level lock" and is normally the highest degree of locking granularity in a database management system. In a SQL database, a record is typically called a "row." The introduction of granular (subset) locks creates the
Record locking
3105552
configuration, documentation, application and users as well as other information relevant to system administration. If a data dictionary system is used only by the designers, users, and administrators and not by the DBMS Software, it is called a "passive data dictionary." Otherwise, it is called an "active data dictionary" or "data dictionary." When a passive data dictionary is updated, it is done so manually and independently from any changes to a DBMS (database) structure. With an active data dictionary, the dictionary is updated first and changes occur in the DBMS automatically as a result. Database users and application developers can
Data dictionary
17945957
They may or may not be implemented physically in the system. ERIL is supposed to model any kind of data regardless of the storage. The same ERIL diagram can represent data stored in a relational database, in a NoSQL database, XML file or in the memory. ERIL diagrams serve two purposes. The primary purpose is to explain the data structure of an existing or future system or component. The secondary purpose is to automatically generate source code from the model. Code that can be generated includes specialized collection classes, hash and comparison functions, data retrieval and modification procedures, SQL data-definition
ERIL
17057452
SciDB SciDB is a database management system (DBMS) designed for multidimensional data management and analytics common to scientific, geospatial, financial, and industrial applications. It is developed by Paradigm4 and co-created by Turing Award winner Michael Stonebraker. Stonebraker claims that arrays are 100 times faster in SciDB than in a relational DBMS on a class of problems. It is swapping rows and columns for mathematical arrays that put fewer restrictions on the data and can work in any number of dimensions unlike the conventionally widely used relational database management system model, in which each relation supports only one dimension of records.
SciDB
7355999
and since it implies CO, databases that use it and participate in global transactions generate together a serializable global schedule (when using any atomic commitment protocol, which is needed for atomicity in a multi-database environment). No database modification or addition is needed in this case to participate in a CO distributed solution: The set of undecided transactions to be aborted before committing in the local generic CO algorithm above is empty because of the locks, and hence such an algorithm is unnecessary in this case. A transaction can be voted on by a database system immediately after entering a "ready"
Commitment ordering
178669
storage of the state of all of the objects on the cards in the physical file representing the stack. The database did not exist as a separate system within the HyperCard stack; no database engine or similar construct exists. Instead, the state of any object in the system was considered to be live and editable at any time. From the HyperCard runtime's perspective, there was no difference between moving a text field on the card and typing into it, both operations simply changed the state of the target object within the stack. Such changes are immediately saved when complete, so
HyperCard
10327237
If any of the requirements are not feasible, the user is informed of the issue. A resolution is found and the user requirement document is edited accordingly. The software specification document which serves as a blueprint for the development phase is generated. This document contains the general system organization, menu structures, data structures etc. It may also hold example business scenarios, sample windows, reports for the better understanding. Other technical documentation like entity diagrams, data dictionary will also be produced in this phase. The documents for system testing are prepared. The phase of the design of computer architecture and software
V-Model (software development)
12355434
exists. Database right exists if a substantial amount of work was required by the maker of the database to obtain the data in the database, to verify the data, or to present the database's contents. Database right is independent of any copyright in the contents of the database. The maker of a database is the person who compiles the database. The maker of a database is the first owner of any database right arising. As with copyright, if an employee makes a database, then the employer is the first owner of any database right. The Crown owns a database right
Copyright law of the United Kingdom
4068111
system image and file system privileges from being tampered. Therefore, a completely secure system can be created using a combination of hardware-based security and secure system administration policies. Backups are used to ensure data which is lost can be recovered from another source. It is considered essential to keep a backup of any data in most industries and the process is recommended for any files of importance to a user. Data masking of structured data is the process of obscuring (masking) specific data within a database table or cell to ensure that data security is maintained and sensitive information is
Data security
14791829
no load at all to requiring its own dedicated web and database servers within seconds. Only one server is ever live for a particular website or database at any one time, enabling existing applications to run un-modified just as they would on commodity shared web hosting. The upper bound on the scalability of this system is that no single website can ever utilise more than two servers at once - under this condition all standard LAMP applications will run unmodified. However, it is possible to scale beyond this limit via the use of multi-master database replication - this requires that
Hybrid Web Cluster
7355988
access blocking and thus with no local deadlocks. The previous theorem has the following corollary: A distributed database system that utilizes SS2PL resides on two remote nodes, A and B. The database system has two "transactional data managers" ("resource managers"), one on each node, and the database data are partitioned between the two data managers in a way that each has an exclusive control of its own (local to the node) portion of data: Each handles its own data and locks without any knowledge on the other manager's. For each distributed transaction such data managers need to execute the available
Commitment ordering
7355977
autonomy" and "independence" as complying with this requirement without using any additional local knowledge: Using this definition the following is concluded: However, the definition of autonomy above implies, for example, that transactions are scheduled in a way that local transactions (confined to a single database) cannot be identified as such by an autonomous database system. This is realistic for some transactional objects, but too restrictive and less realistic for general purpose database systems. If autonomy is augmented with the ability to identify local transactions, then compliance with a more general property, "Extended commitment ordering" (ECO, see below), makes ECO the
Commitment ordering
18781862
opportunities for numerous applications of the multilingual database. The Bulgarian electronic semantic database offers linguistic solutions at the semantic level such as options for synonym selection, queries for semantic relations of a word in the language's lexical system (antonymy, holonymy, etc.), explanatory definition queries and translation equivalents for a lexical item. The Bulgarian wordnet is an electronic multilingual dictionary of synonym sets along with their explanatory definitions and sets of semantic relations with other words in the language. Hydra is an OS-independent system designed for wordnet development, validation and exploration. The program enables users to browse and edit any number
BulNet
14612985
was released in July 2014 along with two companion products: HP Data Protector Management Pack and HP Backup Navigator. The HP Data Protector architecture is based on the concept of a cell: a network environment that contains a Cell Manager, clients, and backup devices. The Cell Manager is the main system that centrally controls and manages the cell. It contains a database, runs the core software, and runs the backup and restore sessions, writing session information to the database. A client can be any system within the cell. Clients that are to be backed up require the installation of a
HP Data Protector
17722748
The database has been extended other TIA initiatives including the Tennis Welcome Center project, Cardio Tennis, Tennis Night in America, and Playtennis.com. Collectively these web services provided by the trade association are called the Growing Tennis System. There is no cost to any Tennis Provider to use the Growing Tennis System, although "points of entry" are offered by a number of third party suppliers that offer subscription and professional services fees. The newly developed SaaS partnership program creates opportunities for additional developers to connect to the common database, which in turn is expected to generate more content published by the
TennisConnect
12295286
System of Alaska" where AK stands for Alaska. The nickname is intended to liven-up the rather drab name "Alaska Immunization Information System" which STC had given the product. VacTrAK contains both a graphical user interface and a database which is accessible through encrypted connection via the internet. Vaccination records are stored and maintained at a central database, and physicians, nurses, and other medical personnel can view, edit, and update the records from any computer with an internet connection. As the State of Alaska issues immunization requirements for all children attending school or a licensed child care program, educational and day
VacTrAK
3571582
values returned by the modulo operation will be 0 and consequently the minimal value of the list. If x is prime then the minimal value will be 1, because x mod 2 is 1 for any prime greater than 2. The function below can be used to list all of the prime numbers between 1 and R with: The expression is evaluated from right to left K is the foundation for a family of financial products. Kdb+ is an in-memory, column-based database with much of the same functions of a relational database management system. The database supports SQL, (SQL-92) and
K (programming language)
20031402
This opened up access to almost 8 million book to the residents of the tri-county system. Northwest Georgia Regional Library System The Northwest Georgia Regional Library System (NGRL) is a public library system across the Northwest Georgia counties of Calhoun, Chatsworth, and Dalton. NRGL participates in PINES, a public library network of 281 libraries in 140 counties throughout Georgia. Any resident of Georgia may receive a PINES library card which allows them access to any of the 8 million books in its collection across the state. The system is also a member of GALILEO, an online database for Georgian residents
Northwest Georgia Regional Library System