what type of party system is there in china
single party
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Politics of China The politics of the People's Republic of China takes place in a framework of a socialist republic run by a single party, the Communist Party of China, headed by General Secretary. State power within the People's Republic of China (PRC) is exercised through the Communist Party, the Central People's Government (State Council) and their provincial and local representation. The Communist Party of China uses to manage and monitor internal disagreements among the citizens of People's Republic of China. Document Number Nine was circulated among the Chinese Communist Party in 2013 by Xi–Li Administration to tighten control of
Politics of China
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Politics of Liaoning The politics of Liaoning Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a single party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning (辽宁省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in the province's single party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Liaoning Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (辽宁省委书记), colloquially termed the "Liaoning CPC Party Chief". Previous to 1949 and the takeover of the Communist forces, Liaoning was governed by the Fengtian Clique of warlords and interchangeably officials of the Chiang
Politics of Liaoning
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the world, and is a successor to the Type 88 tank manufactured for the People's Liberation Army (P).Three main versions of the Type 99 have been deployed, the Type 99 prototype, Type 99, and Type 99A, incorporating improved weapon system, new active protection system, and advanced electronics such. Tanks in China This article on military tanks deals with the history of tanks employed by various military forces belonging to the Kuomintang and Communist Party of China within China. From the early half of the 20th century, tanks were initially obtained from other countries; eventually indigenously designed Chinese tanks started manufacture
Tanks in China
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also dissolved the main opposition party and effectively implemented a one-man dictatorship. There are also large parts of the world such as China, Russia, Central and South East Asia, the Middle East and much of Africa which have consolidated authoritarian rule rather seeing it weaken. Under the influence of the theory of deliberative democracy, there have been several experiments since the start of the new millennium with what are called deliberative fora, places (in real life or in cyber space) where citizens and their representatives assemble to exchange reasons. One type of deliberative forum is called a minpublic: a body
History of democracy
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of the presence of the military in the university. A life-changing event for Dreyfus came in 1975 when he travelled to China as a representative of American colleges and universities, and became convinced of the danger of a one-party system. "That trip convinced me that the one-party system, whether it's a Marxist or a capitalist system or a military system ... is not in the best interests of the people," he once said. Since Dreyfus was not a member of either major party until December 1977, he joined the Republican Party as a first step in what would become his
Lee S. Dreyfus
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created a need for the invention of an alternative, which was moveable type. Korea was in the unique position among Asian countries of having an alphabet that facilitated the use of moveable type. This is not to say that woodblocks were not used. Once moveable type came into use, Korea was no longer quite as dependent on China for texts. Sometime in the 4th century the Chinese educational system was introduced to what was then the Koguryo state. A civil service examination system was established in Silla after the Korean states consolidated in the 7th century. As the power of
Buddhist influences on print technology
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two sides were deadlocked. There is another curiosity of the ROC system; because the ROC was previously dominated by strongman one-party politics, real power in the system shifted from one position to another, depending on what position was currently occupied by the leader of the state (Chiang Kai-shek and later his son, Chiang Ching-kuo). This legacy has resulted in executive powers currently being concentrated in the office of the President rather than the Premier. The main legislative body is the unicameral Legislative Yuan with one hundred and thirteen seats. Seventy-three are elected in single member districts; thirty-four are elected based
Government of the Republic of China
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at least one case where the NPC has outright rejected an initiative of the State Council and a few cases where the State Council has withdrawn or greatly modified a proposal in response to NPC opposition. The State Council and the Communist Party of China are also tightly interlocked. With rare exceptions, State Councilors are high-ranking members of the CPC. Although, as Party members, they are supposed to follow Party instructions, because they tend to be senior members of the Party they also have substantial influence over what those instructions are. This results in a system which is unlike the
State Council of the People's Republic of China
4502134
Law of the People's Republic of China Law of the People's Republic of China, officially referred to as the Socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics, is the legal regime of China, with the separate legal traditions and systems of Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Macau. Between 1954 and 1978, there was not very much effort within China to create a legal system. The Communist leadership led by Mao Zedong believed that creating a legal system would restrict the power of the Communist Party of China and create elites which would ultimately harm the socialist revolution. This policy was changed in
Law of the People's Republic of China
430597
the political landscape. There has been speculation that a two-party system arose in the United States from early political battling between the federalists and anti-federalists in the first few decades after the ratification of the Constitution, according to several views. In addition, there has been more speculation that the winner-takes-all electoral system as well as particular state and federal laws regarding voting procedures helped to cause a two-party system. Political scientists such as Maurice Duverger and William H. Riker claim that there are strong correlations between voting rules and type of party system. Jeffrey D. Sachs agreed that there was
Two-party system
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Yat-sen. The KMT is a member of the International Democrat Union. Together with the People First Party and New Party, the KMT forms what is known as the Taiwanese Pan-Blue Coalition, which supports eventual unification with the mainland. However, the KMT has been forced to moderate its stance by advocating the political and legal "status quo" of modern Taiwan, as political realities make the reunification of China unlikely. The KMT holds to a "One China Principle": it officially considers that there is only one China, but that the Republic of China rather than the People's Republic of China is its
Kuomintang
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the national day of China?" The sentence is then transformed into a query through its logical form. Having the input in the form of a natural language question makes the system more user-friendly, but harder to implement, as there are various question types and the system will have to identify the correct one in order to give a sensible answer. Assigning a question type to the question is a crucial task, the entire answer extraction process relies on finding the correct question type and hence the correct answer type. Keyword extraction is the first step for identifying the input question
Question answering
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press that he had pointed out to her that the Chinese legal system was "faster" than the French one. She was immediately reminded by her opponents at home that the Chinese system orders 10,000 executions each year, and that defence lawyers there must be authorised by the Communist Party. In reality, she was defending commercial justice speed. She however brought up with her hosts the fate of three Chinese journalists recently imprisoned, and criticised the meekness of French entrepreneurs in tackling new markets such as China. Royal was criticised by French and international media by what was called 'mangling the
Ségolène Royal
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PLL-05 The PLL-05 is a Chinese self-propelled gun-mortar in use by Chinese mechanised infantry formations. Conceptually it is similar to the Russian 2S23 "Nona-SVK" (the turret and weapon system of the 2S9 Nona mounted on a BTR-80 chassis) three of which China purchased for evaluation; at one time it was reported that China would purchase 100 of the Russian vehicles however this failed to occur, nor does it appear that there was a formal transfer of technology to China. The Chinese system features a longer barreled weapon mounted on the Type 92 variant of the WZ551 armored personnel carrier. The
PLL-05
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time." The whole points of these elected assemblies are that the people elected to the assemblies are responsible for implementing and supervising laws. Wang contends that the fixed class nature of constitutionalism is bourgeoisie. While there are some who try to separate constitutionalism from the Western capitalist system, Wang argues, by doing so they are only safeguarding the rights of the bourgeoisie and their "universal values". Constitutionalism is used as a tool by the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) to oppress the labouring masses (the proletariat). Wang reiterates Mao's position of "constitutionalism, or what is called democratic politics, in fact is
Ideology of the Communist Party of China
10959008
Organization Department of the Communist Party of China The Organization Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China () is a department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that controls staffing positions within the CPC. The Organization Department is one of the most important organs of the CPC. It is a secretive and highly trusted agency, and forms the institutional heart of the Leninist party system. It controls the more than 70 million party personnel assignments throughout the national system, and compiles detailed and confidential reports on future potential leaders of the Party.
Organization Department of the Communist Party of China
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and Guangzhou) will be built. China's high-speed rail system is already increasing competition for the domestic passenger traffic. Civil aviation in China As of December 2017, there are 229 commercial airports in China. Around 500 airports of all types and sizes were in operation in 2007, about 400 of which had paved runways and about 100 of which had runways of 3,047 m or shorter. There also were 35 heliports in 2007, an increasingly used type of facility. With the additional airports came a proliferation of airlines. China has the fastest growing passenger air market of any country in the
Civil aviation in China
1623870
or an "effect system", which enables even more program specifications to be verified by a type checker. Beyond simple value-type pairs, a virtual "region" of code is associated with an "effect" component describing "what" is being done "with what", and enabling for example to "throw" an error report. Thus the symbolic system may be a "type and effect system", which endows it with more safety checking than type checking alone. Whether automated by the compiler or specified by a programmer, a type system makes program behavior illegal if outside the type-system rules. Advantages provided by programmer-specified type systems include: Advantages
Type system
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Type 904I is a slight variation of earlier Type 904 design with design change to incorporate machinery to handle foreign diver support system. The crane at the stern is capable of lifting 13-ton weight. Equipped with French SM358-Z dive support system, Type 904I can support divers up to a depth of two hundred meters. Designed by the 708th Institute of China State Shipbuilding Corporation, which is also more commonly known as China Shipbuilding and Oceanic Engineering Design Academy (中国船舶及海洋工程设计研究) nowadays, Type 904I is capable of normal operations in sea state 3 and wind scale 5. Type 904I is named as
Type 904 dive tender
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become law. As of 2016, there were 373 Members of Ningxiang People's Congress, who were all elected. Politics of Ningxiang The Politics of Ningxiang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. Ningxiang's political system reflects the two major influences on the historical development of China: on the one hand, its legacy as an over 2,000 years feudal system region, and on the other, the powerful influence exerted by China's neighbor to the north, the Soviet Union. The Mayor of Ningxiang is the highest-ranking
Politics of Ningxiang
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phylogenetic lineages of type 2 PRRSV. They did this by looking specifically at changes that have occurred within the ORF5 sequence. The lineages created were done so to have less than 11.3% intra lineage diversities. Of these nine lineages there are 4 main groups and 5 with small sample sizes. Despite type 2 PRRSV being named the North American-like PRRSV, there are two smaller lineages that are geographically Asian specific. The other lineages had what is assumed introductions into other geographic locations such as Thailand, Canada, China and Italy. It is presumed that Type 2 PRRSV was first seen in
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2
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Politics of Shaanxi The politics of Shaanxi Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Shaanxi (陕西省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the Shaanxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (中共陕西省委书记), colloquially termed the "Shaanxi CPC Party Chief"; since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee. Shaanxi was established
Politics of Shaanxi
1623889
be used e.g. to generate new types and behaviors on the fly, based on run-time data. Such advanced constructs are often provided by dynamic programming languages; many of these are dynamically typed, although "dynamic typing" need not be related to "dynamic programming languages". Languages are often colloquially referred to as "strongly typed" or "weakly typed". In fact, there is no universally accepted definition of what these terms mean. In general, there are more precise terms to represent the differences between type systems that lead people to call them "strong" or "weak". A third way of categorizing the type system of
Type system
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Liu Mingzu Liu Mingzu (; born September 1936) is a retired regional Chinese politician. He served as the Communist Party of China Secretary for the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, therefore the top leader of the region, from 1994 to 2001, and before that, the deputy party chief of Guangxi, also an autonomous region. Liu was born in the rural outskirts of Weihai, Shandong province, in what is present-day Huancui District; he went to Dalian with his mother to reunite with his father there. Liu joined the Communist Party of China in 1959, and spent his early career in various incarnations
Liu Mingzu
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1940s and instituted a command economy. In 1958, Mao Zedong, the Chairman of the Communist Party of China, created a residency permit system defining where people could work, and classified workers as rural or urban. In this system, a worker seeking to move from the country to an urban area to take up non-agricultural work would have to apply through the relevant bureaucratic institutions. There is uncertainty, however, over how strictly the system has been enforced. People who worked outside the region in which they were registered would not qualify for grain rations, employer-provided housing, or health care. There were
Human rights in China
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of China and a full member of the 15th Central Committee. Liu Mingzu Liu Mingzu (; born September 1936) is a retired regional Chinese politician. He served as the Communist Party of China Secretary for the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, therefore the top leader of the region, from 1994 to 2001, and before that, the deputy party chief of Guangxi, also an autonomous region. Liu was born in the rural outskirts of Weihai, Shandong province, in what is present-day Huancui District; he went to Dalian with his mother to reunite with his father there. Liu joined the Communist Party of
Liu Mingzu
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to compute changes in internal energy, is expressed as: For a simple system, with only one type of particle (atom or molecule), a closed system amounts to a constant number of particles. However, for systems undergoing a chemical reaction, there may be all sorts of molecules being generated and destroyed by the reaction process. In this case, the fact that the system is closed is expressed by stating that the total number of each elemental atom is conserved, no matter what kind of molecule it may be a part of. Mathematically: where "N" is the number of j-type molecules, "a"
Thermodynamic system
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computer system for Type 7103 DSRV, because the computer system China had back then was simply too bulky to be fit into Type 7103 DSRV and a brand new system was needed. This was a considerable challenge for Chinese considering that the first miniature computer IBM PC had just appeared several years before and China had nothing similar at the time. Under the leadership of Professor Bian Xinqian, the team succeeded in successfully developing a mini/micro computer system during a short span of time, and adopted the system for use on Type 7103 DSRV. This computer system won national award
Type 7103 DSRV
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has influenced Type 704 radar. One problem revealed in the tests was that the reliability of TPQ-37 is much lower than what was claimed. The reason was that when TPQ-37 was deployed in environments with high humidity and high level of rainfall (southern China), high salinity (coastal regions), high altitude (southwestern China), and subjected to daily high temperature differences (northwestern China), malfunctions occurs more frequently. Type 704 radar was designed specifically to improve the reliability against these harsh environmental factors. Type 704 is followed by its successor, Type 704A, which is fully solid state, fully digitized version, which further improved
Type 704 Radar
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Effect system In computing, an effect system is a formal system which describes the computational effects of computer programs, such as side effects. An effect system can be used to provide a compile-time check of the possible effects of the program. The effect system extends the notion of type to have an "effect" component, which comprises an effect kind and a region. The effect kind describes "what" is being done, and the region describes "with what" it is being done. An effect system is typically an extension of a type system. The term "type and effect system" is sometimes used
Effect system
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system was successfully mounted on a Chinese Navy ship in December 2017, with sea trials happening later. In early February 2018, pictures of what is claimed to be a Chinese railgun were published online. In the pictures the gun is mounted on the bow of a Type 072III-class landing ship "Haiyangshan". Media suggests that the system is or soon will be ready for testing. In March 2018, it was reported that China confirmed it had begun testing its electromagnetic rail gun at sea. Major technological and operational hurdles must be overcome before railguns can be deployed: On June 22, 2015,
Railgun
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Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China "Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China" () is a popular Communist propaganda song in the People's Republic of China, which originated in 1943 in response to the phrase "Without the Kuomintang there would be no China". During World War II when China was fighting the Japanese invasion, Chiang Kai-shek published a book titled "China's Destiny" () on March 10, 1943, with a slogan that "Without the Kuomintang there would be no China." The Communist Party of China published an editorial entitled "Without the Communist Party there
Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China
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the Soviet Union and of China under Mao. Despite admitting that globalization developed through the capitalist system, the party's leaders and theorists argue that globalization is not intrinsically capitalist, the reason being that, if globalization were purely capitalist, it would exclude an alternate socialist form of modernity. Globalization, as with the market economy, therefore does not have one specific class character (either socialist or capitalist) according to the party. The instance that globalization is not fixed in nature, comes from Deng's insistence that China can pursue socialist modernization by incorporating elements of capitalism. Because of this there is considerable optimism
Ideology of the Communist Party of China
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that ensures the joint leadership of the Communist Party and the state over the armed forces. No substantial legal political opposition groups exist, and the country is mainly run by the Communist Party of China (CPC), but there are other political parties in the PRC, called "democratic parties", which participate in the People's Political Consultative Conference but mostly serve to endorse CPC policies. Even as there have been some moves in the direction of democratisation as far as the electoral system at least, in that openly contested People's Congress elections are now held at the village and town levels, and
Politics of China
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environment, politics and foreign policy. Politics of Jiangxi The politics of Jiangxi Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jiangxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangxi CPC Party Chief". The Governor is the second highest-ranking official in Jiangxi after the CPC Party Secretary. The governor is responsible for all provincial matters
Politics of Jiangxi
11270815
Politics of Jiangxi The politics of Jiangxi Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jiangxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangxi CPC Party Chief". The Governor is the second highest-ranking official in Jiangxi after the CPC Party Secretary. The governor is responsible for all provincial matters related to economics, personnel, the
Politics of Jiangxi
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would be no China" in the "Jiefang Daily" () on August 25, 1943 to criticize the book, concluding that "If today's China had no Communist Party of China, there would be no China." In October 1943, Cao Huoxing (), a 19-year-old member of the Communist Party of China, created the lyrics for "Without the Communist Party There Would Be No China", based on this. In 1950, shortly after the foundation of the People's Republic of China, Mao Zedong changed the title to "Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China," by adding the word "new." The song is
Without the Communist Party, There Would Be No New China
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Politics of the Republic of China The politics of the Republic of China take place in a framework of a representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Premier (President of the Executive Yuan) is head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in primarily with the parliament and limited by government. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. The party system is dominated by the Kuomintang (KMT, "Chinese Nationalist Party"), which favours closer links to mainland China, and the Democratic Progressive
Politics of the Republic of China
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divisions (30 districts, 4 county-level cities, and 73 counties). The politics of Shaanxi is structured in a triple party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Shaanxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the Shaanxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (中共陕西省委书记), colloquially termed the "Shaanxi CPC Party Chief"; since the Governor is always ranked as the First-Deputy Secretary in the Shaanxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee. Shaanxi was established as a
Shaanxi
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result of the February 28 Incident in 1947, Taiwanese people had to endure what is called the "White Terror", a KMT-led political repression. The ROC in Taiwan was once referred to synonymously with the KMT and known simply as "Nationalist China" after its ruling party. In the 1970s, the KMT began to allow for "supplemental elections" in Taiwan to fill the seats of the aging representatives in parliament. Although opposition parties were not permitted, Tangwai (or, "outside the party") representatives were tolerated. In the 1980s, the KMT focused on transforming the government from a one-party system to a multi-party democracy
History of the Kuomintang
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Kamenev, Trotsky, Stalin, Sokolnikov, and Bubnov. During the 20th century, nations that had a politburo included the USSR, East Germany, Afghanistan, Czechoslovakia and China, amongst others. Today, there are five countries that have a politburo system (which are also the only communist countries left), (China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, and Cuba). In Marxist-Leninist states, the party is seen as the vanguard of the people and from that legitimizes itself to lead the state. In that way, the party officials in the Politburo informally lead the state. Officially, the Party Congress elects a Central Committee which, in turn, elects the Politburo
Politburo
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"People's Forum", Hu wrote that: "The CPC has always adhered to the mass line, rooting itself among the people in order to make democratic decisions. This is manifested in the superiority of the socialist policy-making system with Chinese characteristics. This policy-making system is based on the mass line of the Party, that is from the masses, to the masses and putting into practice what has been learned from practice." Hu is also a proponent of China's SOE system, claiming that they are the "backbone" of national growth in China. In an op-ed for the "People's Daily" Hu wrote: "The Western
Hu Angang
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Missile Treaty between the Soviet Union and the United States and the closure of the US Safeguard ABM system. In March 2006, China tested an interceptor system comparable to the U.S. Patriot missiles. China has acquired and is license-producing the S-300PMU-2/S-300PMU-1 series of terminal ABM-capable SAMs. China-produced HQ-9 SAM system may possess terminal ABM capabilities. PRC Navy's operating modern air-defense destroyers known as the Type 052C Destroyer and Type 051C Destroyer are armed with naval HHQ-9 missiles. The HQ-19, similar to the THAAD, was first tested in 2003, and subsequently a few more times, including in November 2015. The HQ-29,
Anti-ballistic missile
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is probably fitted with a datalink similar to the Ka-28 enabling it to operate as a third-party targeting director for anti-ship missiles. The Z-18J AEW variant has a radar antenna fitted in place of the loading ramp that is lowered for operation when airborne. Because of its size there are few People's Liberation Army Navy vessels capable of operating the Z-18; some that are include "Liaoning", Type 071 amphibious transport dock, Type 075 landing helicopter dock, and Type 055 destroyer. In January 2018, China released video footage indicating that the Z-8G "Gaoyuan" (Plateau) had entered service with the People's Liberation
Changhe Z-18
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and do what he thinks is best for the society without taking into account the opinions of others. Others dissent by historical evidence that points in the opposing direction claiming the impermanence of the systems brought on by dictators and regimes like Joseph Stalin and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party, Mao Zedong and the Communist Party of China, which are remembered in having fared more by despotism than government system and thereby typifying the exertion of "rule of man" within their reigns. The results of which comprised violations to internationally recognized basic
Rule of man
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What makes weiquan movement more difficult is that in China there exists a system called "Re-education through labor" (Pinyin: láodòng jiàoyăng or láojiào in short) (Chinese characters: 劳动教养 or 劳教 in short). It is a system in which a person can be detained for up to 4 years without being convicted by a court. This system is also used to deal with some weiquan movement activists. In spite of the difficulties, the weiquan movement still made some progress, such as the abolition of "custody and repatriation" in 2003. However, the pace of the progress is still very slow. Hong Kong's
History of the People's Republic of China (2002–present)
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Blood type diet The blood type diets are fad diets advocated by several authors, the most prominent of whom is Peter J. D'Adamo. These diets are based on the notion that blood type, according to the ABO blood group system, is the most important factor in determining a healthy diet, and each author recommends a distinct diet for each blood type. The consensus among dietitians, physicians, and scientists is that these diets are unsupported by scientific evidence. In what was apparently the first study testing whether there was any benefit to eating the "right" diet according to one's blood type,
Blood type diet
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county-level cities, 16 counties, and three autonomous counties). (See List of administrative divisions of Jilin.) These administrative divisions are explained in greater detail at Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China. The politics of Jilin is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jilin is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jilin. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jilin Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jilin CPC Party Chief". In 2011, the nominal GDP
Jilin
11317819
Politics of Jiangsu The politics of Jiangsu Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jiangsu is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangsu CPC Party Chief". Under the Qing dynasty, the governor (巡撫, "xunfu") of Jiangsu was the highest-ranking official within Jiangsu but reported to the Viceroy of Liangjiang, who was often involved
Politics of Jiangsu
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Electric Traction R & D Center, Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works developed SS7E Electric Locomotive. There were 146 SS7Es manufactured. SS7E use lightweight design, however its axle arrangement is Co'Co '. Each axis axle load 21 tons, and support head-end power. Its maximum speed is 170 km/h. SS7s have been manufactured by several companies: China Railways SS7 The Shaoshan 7 (Chinese: 韶山7) is a type of electric locomotive used on the People's Republic of China's national railway system. They are widely used on electrified lines in the southwest part of China. The design of SS7 was influenced by the
China Railways SS7
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for search, and a 2nd fire control radar for guns, designated as Type 347G with G as gun. Design was completed by the 723rd Institute in May 1976 and finalized in October 1977. In the 1980s, China imported the OTOBreda (now OTO-Melara) Twin Fast Forty AAA and Selenia (now AMS) SPG-74 (RTN-20X) fire control system from Italy for evaluation. Although the Chinese navy didn't deploy the twin-40mm AAA, there are some similarities between the Type 347 and the SPG-74 radar, leading some commentators to claim that the Type 347 is based on SPG-74 technology. Subsystems tests on land were completed
Type 347 Radar
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Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China The Publicity Department of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, or CCPPD, is an internal division of the Communist Party of China in charge of ideology-related work, as well as its information dissemination system. It is not formally considered to be part of the Government of the People's Republic of China, but enforces media censorship and control in the People's Republic of China. It was founded in May 1924, and was suspended during the Cultural Revolution, until it was restored in October 1977. It is an important organ in
Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China
19952150
Sobada Sobada is a therapeutic massage that was developed in the Yucatan. Sobada is divided into two general categories. One type of sobada, which is done by midwives, helps with the reproductive cycle when a woman is pregnant. The second type of sobada, which is performed by los sobadores, or people who specialize in sobada, helps to reposition organs or parts of the body that are considered out of place. Sobada is part of the system of values and is part of the local language. There is a known difference between what sobada is and what a light massage is.
Sobada
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Ideology of the Communist Party of China The ideology of the Communist Party of China (CCP) has undergone dramatic changes throughout the years, especially during Deng Xiaoping's leadership. While foreign commentators have accused the CCP of lacking a coherent ideology, the CCP still identify as communists. It has been argued in recent years, mainly by foreign commentators, that the Communist Party of China (CCP) does not have an ideology, and that the party organization is pragmatic and interested only in what works. The party itself, however, argues otherwise. For instance, Hu Jintao stated in 2012 that the Western world is
Ideology of the Communist Party of China
4910343
ASW torpedoes, 40 of which were subsequently delivered to China. Trials revealed that the performance of DE-1164 sonar was disappointing, with a huge gap between the actual performance and what was specified in documents. However, this was not due to sonar, but the ship itself. Due to the inherent flaws of an old design, the ship is not an ideal ASW platform for advanced ASW system. The steam propulsion system proved to be the major hindrance preventing DE-1164 reaching its full potential. The noise and vibration generated by the steam boilers simply created too much interference with the sensitive sonar
Type 051 destroyer
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system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters". Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of paper money issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the Goryeo dynasty. Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The Jikji, published in 1377, is the
Printing
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sources have used the Soviet-style designation "BM-12" to describe this weapon system, and further even ascribe Soviet origin and initial manufacture of both launcher and rockets. However, there is no evidence in non-western sources of Soviet development or production, or of the BM-12 moniker being applied. Very similar Type 50-5 or Type 488 102mm rockets were manufactured in China and used in the Korean War prior to development of the Type 63. It appears the systems designated BM-12 (for example in Afghanistan and Libya) were or are all of Chinese origin, being merely used or cross-traded by Soviet interests. A
Type 63 multiple rocket launcher
13066105
old Communist Party of China (CCP) authorities - the Harbin revolutionary committee (established on 1 February) was to be the first to be endorsed by Beijing. In both cases, the victors had established 'triple alliances' of the rebel people's organisations, the army and CCP cadres. These alliances were soon to be known as revolutionary committees. The central leadership including Mao Zedong, who had originally advocated the commune system of government, was attracted to this new type of government, and by the end of February it had publicly stated that revolutionary committees were the only acceptable way of reorganising government. With
Revolutionary committee (China)
5141338
1.2.0. This plug-in system allows extension of MantisBT through both officially maintained and third party plug-ins. As of November 2013, there are over 50 plug-ins available on the MantisBT-plugins organization on GitHub. Prior to version 1.2.0, a third party plug-in system created by Vincent Debout was available to users along with a variety of different plug-ins. This system was not officially supported by the MantisBT project and is incompatible with MantisBT 1.2.0 and later. MantisBT supports the sending of e-mail notifications upon changes being made to issues in the system. Users have the ability to specify the type of e-mails
Mantis Bug Tracker
514523
of a function is denoted with an arrow formula_16 from the parameter type to the function's resulting type. Thus, formula_17. Calling or "applying" a function to an argument may be written with or without parentheses, so formula_18 or formula_12. Not using parentheses is more common, because multiple argument functions can be defined using currying. There are many different set theories and many different systems of type theory, so what follows are generalizations. The term formula_20 reduces to formula_21. Since formula_21 cannot be reduced further, it is called a normal form. A system of type theory is said to be strongly
Type theory
949453
"China's Hollywood". The politics of Zhejiang is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in Mainland China. The Governor of Zhejiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhejiang. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is subordinate to the Zhejiang Communist Party of China (CPC) Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Zhejiang CPC Party Chief". Several political figures who served as Zhejiang's top political office of Communist Party Secretary have played key roles in various events in PRC history. Tan Zhenlin (term 1949-1952), the inaugural Party Secretary, was one of
Zhejiang
11766224
as a provincial government since Qing Dynasty. On 10 January 1950, the People's Government of Shaanxi was established in Xi'an. Ma Minfang was then appointed as the first Governor of Shaanxi. Politics of Shaanxi The politics of Shaanxi Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Shaanxi (陕西省省长) is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaanxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor is considered to have less power than the Shaanxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee
Politics of Shaanxi
295791
terms to the point where the other negotiating party must either agree or walk away. Brinkmanship is a type of "hard nut" approach to bargaining in which one party pushes the other party to the "brink" or edge of what that party is willing to accommodate. Successful brinksmanship convinces the other party they have no choice but to accept the offer and there is no acceptable alternative to the proposed agreement. Bogey: Negotiators use the bogey tactic to pretend that an issue of little or no importance is very important. Then, later in the negotiation, the issue can be traded
Negotiation
20767244
Politics of Huaihua The Politics of Huaihua in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Huaihua is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Huaihua or Huaihua Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Huaihua Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Huaihua" or "Communist Party Secretary of Huaihua". In March 2016, Li Yilong was investigated by the Communist Party of China's anti-graft agency.
Politics of Huaihua
20767243
Politics of Huaihua The Politics of Huaihua in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Huaihua is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Huaihua or Huaihua Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Huaihua Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Huaihua" or "Communist Party Secretary of Huaihua". In March 2016, Li Yilong was investigated by the Communist Party of China's anti-graft agency.
Politics of Huaihua
20764807
Politics of Hengyang The Politics of Hengyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Hengyang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hengyang or Hengyang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Hengyang Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Hengyang" or "Communist Party Secretary of Hengyang". Because of one party dictatorship and no political enemies, Hengyang has become a serious area
Politics of Hengyang
11558055
Type 85/YW 306 The Type 85/YW 306 (Type 85 twin 23 mm AAA, 85式23毫米双管高射炮) is a 23 mm artillery gun used by the People's Liberation Army of China. It is a copied version of the Soviet ZU-23-2. Self-propelled antiaircraft artillery (AAA) developed from Type 85 AAA. This is a Type 85 AAA installed in an enclosed turret mounted on a Type 90 APC. Only a limited number entered service. Shengong (Deity's Bow, 神弓) Air Defense System (SG ADS) is a modernized Type 85 twin 23 mm AAA system, first revealed to Chinese public in 2005. This is an integrated air
Type 85/YW 306
20764860
Discipline Inspection of the Communist Party of China for "serious violations of laws and regulations". On July 24, 2015, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI), the Communist Party's top anti-corruption body, placed Zhou Benshun under investigation. Politics of Shaoyang The Politics of Shaoyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Shaoyang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaoyang or Shaoyang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than
Politics of Shaoyang
11317820
in provincial affairs. Additionally, the taotais of the treaty ports were often quite autonomous and exercised a great deal of influence through their direct involvement with foreign officials and the income from international trade. Politics of Jiangsu The politics of Jiangsu Province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jiangsu is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangsu. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangsu Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary,
Politics of Jiangsu
20764732
1953 to 1955, 1956 to 1968, and 1980 to 1983. He is the longest term Mayor of Zhuzhou. Politics of Zhuzhou The Politics of Zhuzhou in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Zhuzhou is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhuzhou or Zhuzhou Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Zhuzhou Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Zhuzhou" or "Communist Party
Politics of Zhuzhou
325429
one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus often equated with dictatorships and tyranny. In dominant-party systems, opposition parties are allowed, and there may be even
Political party
20710878
Politics of Ningxiang The Politics of Ningxiang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. Ningxiang's political system reflects the two major influences on the historical development of China: on the one hand, its legacy as an over 2,000 years feudal system region, and on the other, the powerful influence exerted by China's neighbor to the north, the Soviet Union. The Mayor of Ningxiang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Ningxiang or Ningxiang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government
Politics of Ningxiang
11187578
supervision of the Bureau of Prison Administration which falls under the Ministry of Justice . All these divisions of government are controlled by the Chinese Communist Party. The head of the prison administration is Liu Zhenyu, his official title is Director-General. The prisons in the provinces are then further managed by local offices of justice. The Ministry of Justice states that it holds prisoners in over 700 establishments across the country. There are also thirty extra penitentiaries for juveniles. The corrections system in China has an official population of 1,649,804 inmates (mid-2015), including pre-trial detainees . The prison population rate
Penal system in China
6372587
"publicity", "information", and "political communication" When Ding Guan'gen traveled abroad on official visits, he was known as the Minister of Information. The Publicity Department has a "direct leadership ("lingdao" - "领导")" role in the media control system, working with other organizations like the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television and the General Administration of Press and Publication. Its scope is to control licensing of media outlets, and to give instructions to the media on what is and what is not to be said, especially about certain "delicate" issues, like Taiwan, Tibet, etc., that can affect state security, or the
Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China
9936227
and 15th PSC's were present, including former Premiers Li Peng and Zhu Rongji, but with the exception of Jiang rival Qiao Shi. There were work reports from key party leaders and institutions, providing the Party's analysis of the previous quinquennium and its agenda for the next five years. It is possible that the speech will also answer calls for "inner-party democracy", i.e. decentralization within the one-party system. After the plenary sessions, there was a rare press conference by the Politburo Standing Committee. Newcomer Li Keqiang looked a bit stiff while Xi Jinping looked shy. Hong Kong, Taiwan, and overseas media
17th National Congress of the Communist Party of China
20764764
Discipline Inspection (CCDI) in May 2018. Politics of Xiangtan The Politics of Xiangtan in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Xiangtan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Xiangtan or Xiangtan Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Xiangtan Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Xiangtan" or "Communist Party Secretary of Xiangtan". Chen Sanxin was probed on suspicion of serious disciplinary
Politics of Xiangtan
20765951
Politics of Yiyang The Politics of Yiyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Yiyang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Yiyang or Yiyang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Yiyang Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Yiyang" or "Communist Party Secretary of Yiyang". On May 26, 2014, Yang Baohua was put under investigation for alleged "serious violations of
Politics of Yiyang
20765052
Politics of Changde The Politics of Changde in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Changde is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Changde or Changde Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Changde Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Changde" or "Communist Party Secretary of Changde". On December 15, 2011, Cheng Haibo was sentenced to life imprisonment, deprived of political rights
Politics of Changde
20764900
Discipline Inspection (CCDI) for "serious violations of laws and regulations". Politics of Yueyang The Politics of Yueyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Yueyang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Yueyang or Yueyang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Yueyang Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Yueyang" or "Communist Party Secretary of Yueyang". On May 26, 2014, Yang
Politics of Yueyang
20764763
Politics of Xiangtan The Politics of Xiangtan in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Xiangtan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Xiangtan or Xiangtan Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Xiangtan Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Xiangtan" or "Communist Party Secretary of Xiangtan". Chen Sanxin was probed on suspicion of serious disciplinary violations by the Central Commission for
Politics of Xiangtan
20764731
Politics of Zhuzhou The Politics of Zhuzhou in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Zhuzhou is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Zhuzhou or Zhuzhou Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Zhuzhou Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Zhuzhou" or "Communist Party Secretary of Zhuzhou". Wu Zhankui served 16 years as the 3rd, 5th and 10th Mayor of Zhuzhou from
Politics of Zhuzhou
20766000
Politics of Chenzhou The Politics of Chenzhou in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Chenzhou is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Chenzhou or Chenzhou Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Chenzhou Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Chenzhou" or "Communist Party Secretary of Chenzhou". On August 14, 2009, Li Dalun was sentenced to life imprisonment for accepting bribes, holding
Politics of Chenzhou
20765053
for life, and confiscated personal property, for accepting bribes. Politics of Changde The Politics of Changde in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Changde is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Changde or Changde Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Changde Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Changde" or "Communist Party Secretary of Changde". On December 15, 2011, Cheng Haibo
Politics of Changde
20764899
Politics of Yueyang The Politics of Yueyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Yueyang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Yueyang or Yueyang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Yueyang Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Yueyang" or "Communist Party Secretary of Yueyang". On May 26, 2014, Yang Baohua was put under investigation by the Central Commission for
Politics of Yueyang
20764859
Politics of Shaoyang The Politics of Shaoyang in Hunan province in the People's Republic of China is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Mayor of Shaoyang is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Shaoyang or Shaoyang Municipal Government. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the Mayor has less power than the Communist Party of Shaoyang Municipal Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "CPC Party Chief of Shaoyang" or "Communist Party Secretary of Shaoyang". On December 18, 2013, Tong Mingqian was placed under investigation by the Central Commission for
Politics of Shaoyang
12715678
(1996-1997), Masaryk University (2003), Charles University (2003), University of the West Indies (2004, 2006) and Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (2006). He has written several books in Norwegian and English. He is also a regular contributor to Norwegian public debate. In his latest book "The Perfect Dictatorship: China in the 21st Century," Ringen provides insights that explain how China's authoritarian system works and where the party-state may be moving. By pointing out Chinese Communist Party's priorities, i.e, self-preservation, stability and economic growth, Ringen argues that what concerns Party the most is the lack of political legitimacy. Rignen creates a word "controlocracy"
Stein Ringen
6245525
Politics of Beijing The politics of Beijing is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in the mainland of the People's Republic of China. The Mayor of Beijing is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Beijing. Since Beijing is a centrally administered municipality, the mayor occupies the same level in the order of precedence as provincial governors. However, in the city's dual party-government governing system, the mayor is subordinate to the Beijing Municipal Committee Secretary of the Communist Party of China. The office of Beijing Party Secretary () has always historically been a high-profile
Politics of Beijing
1433322
district public offices). The politics of Hunan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Hunan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hunan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hunan Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Hunan CPC Party Chief". As of the mid 19th century, Hunan exported rhubarb, musk, honey, tobacco, hemp, and birds. The Lake Dongting area is an important center of ramie production, and Hunan is also an important center of
Hunan
18246642
own father was in the Nazi party. When he tells Marlene that her father too was in the Nazi Party, she breaks off their relationship. By the end of the film however, there is a chance she will have him back. He resigns his official post and goes to work for an industrialist. There he is again confronted with the question: do what is right; or do what the system needs and requires you to do. When he finds this means working with a colleague who had defended a former Nazi he was investigating, he walks out, his idealism suffering
Labyrinth of Lies
4053292
Project Justice "Project Justice"'s fighting system is lifted from the original "Rival Schools", with some notable changes. The game continues to be a team fighter, but has teams of three characters instead of two. This allows another Team-Up attack to be used in a fight, but also adds a new type of attack, the Party-Up, initiated by pressing any three attack buttons. The Party-Up is a three-person attack that varies based on what school the character initiating the attack is from. The additional partner also allows players to cancel an opponent's Team-Up Special by inputting a Team-Up command of their
Project Justice
11037359
and Technological Information of Shanghai (ISTIS) in October 1995. It became the first ever library in China that combines public library services with SciTech and industry information research functions. It is operated with a high efficient book transportation system type "Telelift" to handle the huge volume of books per day. Today, it is the largest public library in China and one of the ten largest libraries in the world. It was opened to the public on December 20, 1996. It covers 3.1 hectares of land, with a floor space of 83,000 square meters. On the ground floor, there are three
Shanghai Library
430599
voting system that allows only a single winner for each possible legislative seat is sometimes termed a plurality voting system or single-winner voting system and is usually described under the heading of a "winner-takes-all" arrangement. Each voter can cast a single vote for any candidate within any given legislative district, but the candidate with the most votes wins the seat, although variants, such as requiring a majority, are sometimes used. What happens is that in a general election, a party that consistently comes in third in every district is unlikely to win any legislative seats even if there is a
Two-party system
16993095
Book censorship in China Book censorship in the People's Republic of China (PRC) is implemented or mandated by the PRC's ruling party, the Communist Party of China. Book censorship is widespread in China. Enforcement is strict and sometimes inconsistent. Punishment for violations can result in prison. The Chinese government is extremely sensitive to any opinions on the politics and history of China and its leaders that differ from currently sanctioned opinions or that discuss topics that are officially taboo. What is officially taboo can change over time. Nowadays, book censorship does exist not only in mainland China but also in
Book censorship in China
552852
view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the range of estimated dates being between about 1440 and 1460. Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from matrices struck by letterpunches. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing. Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by Bi Sheng out of porcelain. Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but Wang Zhen by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex
Printing
1485261
township-level divisions (770 towns, 651 townships, seven ethnic townships, and 120 subdistricts). See List of administrative divisions of Jiangxi for a complete list of county-level divisions. The Politics of Jiangxi is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Jiangxi is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Jiangxi. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Jiangxi Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary, colloquially termed the "Jiangxi CPC Party Chief". Rice is the dominant crop in Jiangxi. Cash crops commonly grown
Jiangxi
1433443
economic major districts. The politics of Hainan is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Hainan is the highest-ranking official in the People's Government of Hainan. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Hainan Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary or CPC Party Chief. Per the research conducted by Information Warfare Monitor, Hainan is the physical location of GhostNet. The Chinese government has officially denied the existence of a cyber war and intelligence apparatus. In the official PRC territorial claim, Hainan
Hainan
14666095
elected body to another. This article deals primarily with systems inherently designed to produce moderately proportional election results. The choice to use a semi-proportional electoral system may be a deliberate attempt to find a balance between single-party rule and proportional representation. Semi-proportional systems can allow for fairer representation of those parties that have difficulty gaining individual seats while retaining the possibility of one party gaining an overall majority when there is a landslide victory. Because there are many measures of proportionality, and because there is no objective threshold, opinions may differ on what constitutes a semi-proportional system as opposed to
Semi-proportional representation
17660784
unjust. The party was banned in December 2013. Zhi Xian Party The Zhi Xian Party or Zhixiandang of China (), also known as Chinese Constitutionalist Party in English, is a new unregistered political party in the People's Republic of China. It was founded in 2013 by people who support the Communist Party's right to rule, but who seek to return China to Maoist model while also trying to end what they consider are the Communist Party's violations of the national constitution. Bo Xilai was elected the party's "Chairperson for Life", because of his support for the New Left's policies, and
Zhi Xian Party
15702268
Qing dynasties. The "tribute system" as a term is strictly speaking, a Western invention. There was no equivalent term in the Chinese lexicon to describe what would be considered the "tribute system" today, nor was it envisioned as an institution or system. John King Fairbank created the "tribute system" theory in postwar United States to describe "a set of ideas and practices developed and perpetuated by the rulers of China over many centuries." The "tribute system" is often associated with a "Confucian world order", under which neighboring states complied and participated in the "tribute system" to secure guarantees of peace,
Imperial Chinese Tributary System
16815230
Richard McGregor said that the word "cadre" has Communist connotations, so the English name does not use that word, and that the English name makes the institution appear "more like an MBA factory than a pillar of the party system." McGregor argued that the Communist Party of China had "calibrated the way the school presents itself at home, to its Chinese students, and separately, to the outside world." He added that "The subtle name change underlines the central purpose of the party school system, which is as much about enforcing and benchmarking loyalty as imparting modern management skills." China Executive
China Executive Leadership Academy in Pudong
17660783
Zhi Xian Party The Zhi Xian Party or Zhixiandang of China (), also known as Chinese Constitutionalist Party in English, is a new unregistered political party in the People's Republic of China. It was founded in 2013 by people who support the Communist Party's right to rule, but who seek to return China to Maoist model while also trying to end what they consider are the Communist Party's violations of the national constitution. Bo Xilai was elected the party's "Chairperson for Life", because of his support for the New Left's policies, and because the party considered the trial against him
Zhi Xian Party