where does australia 's main iron ore production take place
Pilbara region Western Australia
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the Pilbara region of the state. A number of mines however are also located in the Mid West and Kimberley regions as well as in the Wheatbelt. The big two producers, Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton accounted for 90 percent of all iron ore production in the state in 2008-09, with the third-biggest producer being the Fortescue Metals Group. Rio Tinto operates twelve iron ore mines in Western Australia, BHP Billiton seven, Fortescue two, all of those are located in the Pilbara region. The three largest iron ore producers operate private rail networks to transport ore from their mines to
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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Paraburdoo mine The Paraburdoo mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, near Paraburdoo. The mine is owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore, and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15% increase over 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13% of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80% of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and
Paraburdoo mine
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mines in the region. Paraburdoo mine The Paraburdoo mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, near Paraburdoo. The mine is owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore, and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15% increase over 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13% of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80% of all identified iron ore
Paraburdoo mine
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Iron ore mining in Western Australia Iron ore mining in Western Australia, in the financial year 2008-09, accounted for 47 percent of the total value of the state's resources, with a value of A$33.56 billion. The overall value of the mineral and petroleum industry in Western Australia was A$71.3 billion in 2008-09, a 19 percent increase compared to the previous financial year. Western Australia's iron ore output for 2011 was 474 million tonnes, 97% of Australian production. The bulk of Western Australian ore went to China, which imported 70 percent of 2010 production, followed by Japan with 19% and South
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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calculates that the country's "economic demonstrated resources" of iron currently amount to 24 gigatonnes, or 24 billion tonnes. The current production rate from the Pilbara region of Western Australia is approximately 430 million tonnes a year and rising. Gavin Mudd (Monash University) and Jonathon Law (CSIRO) expect it to be gone within 30 to 50 years (Mudd) and 56 years (Law). These estimates require on-going review to take into account shifting demand for lower grade iron ore and improving mining and recovery techniques (allowing deeper mining below the groundwater table). In 2011, leading Pilbara-based iron ore miners – Rio Tinto,
Iron ore
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Hope Downs mine The Hope Downs 4 mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 100 kilometres northwest of Newman. The mine is partly owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is
Hope Downs mine
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Channar mine The Channar mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 17 kilometres south-east of Paraburdoo. The mine is partly owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of fifteen iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80
Channar mine
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Nammuldi mine The Nammuldi mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 60 kilometres north-west of Tom Price. The mine is fully owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains
Nammuldi mine
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Eastern Range mine The Eastern Range mine is an iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 10 kilometres south-east of Paraburdoo. The mine is partly owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains
Eastern Range mine
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Mount Tom Price mine The Mount Tom Price mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, near the town of Tom Price. The mine is fully owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the
Mount Tom Price mine
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on 1 April 1969 on board of the "Osumi Maru". Newman remained a "closed" company town until 1981. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966, with the Mount Tom Price mine opened that year, becoming the company's first mine to open in the Pilbara. In 2008-09, expenditure for exploration in iron ore in Western Australia increased by 33 percent compared to the previous financial year, 2007-08. The A$560million spend on iron ore exploration accounted for 45 percent of all mineral exploration expenditure in the state. The bulk of iron ore production in Western Australia comes from
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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Mudd". At Orebody 25, BHP operates a processing plant consisting of a primary and secondary crusher, and a screening plant. BHP Billiton does not report the annual production of the mine separately, but rather together with its other Newman operations which, in 2009-10, produced a combined 37 million tonnes of ore. Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine The Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 8 kilometres east of Newman. The mine is majority-owned (85 percent) and operated by BHP Billiton, and is one of seven iron ore
Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine
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other countries, was 849m tonnes in 2004. Australia and Brazil dominate the seaborne trade, with 72% of the market. BHP, Rio and Vale control 66% of this market between them. In Australia iron ore is won from three main sources: pisolite "channel iron deposit" ore derived by mechanical erosion of primary banded-iron formations and accumulated in alluvial channels such as at Pannawonica, Western Australia; and the dominant metasomatically-altered banded iron formation related ores such as at Newman, the Chichester Range, the Hamersley Range and Koolyanobbing, Western Australia. Other types of ore are coming to the fore recently, such as oxidised
Iron ore
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Pardoo mine The Pardoo mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 75 kilometres east of Port Hedland. The mine is fully owned and operated by Atlas Iron Limited and was, at the time of commencement of production, the company's only operational mine. Atlas Iron is an iron ore explorer, developer and producer, predominantly active in the Pilbara region. Atlas Iron is a minor iron ore mining company, especially compare to the three big Pilbara iron ore miners, BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and the Fortescue Metals Group. The mine commenced production in October 2008
Pardoo mine
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the Pilbara region of the state. A number of mines however are also located in the Mid West and Kimberley regions as well as in the Wheatbelt. The big two producers, Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton accounted for 90 percent of all iron ore production in the state in 2008-09, with the third-biggest producer being the Fortescue Metals Group. Rio Tinto operates twelve iron ore mines in Western Australia, BHP Billiton seven, Fortescue two, all of those are located in the Pilbara region. The three largest iron ore producers operate private rail networks to transport ore from their mines to
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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West Angelas mine The West Angelas mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 110 kilometres North West of Newman. The mine is owned by Robe River Iron Associates (53% Rio Tinto) and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes.
West Angelas mine
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Mesa A mine The Mesa A mine, sometimes also referred to as Waramboo mine, is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, west of Pannawonica. The mine is owned by Robe River Iron Associates (53% Rio Tinto) and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of . The
Mesa A mine
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ferruginous hardcaps, for instance laterite iron ore deposits near Lake Argyle in Western Australia. The total recoverable reserves of iron ore in India are about 9,602 million tonnes of hematite and 3,408 million tonnes of magnetite. Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Jharkhand, Odisha, Goa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu are the principal Indian producers of iron ore. World consumption of iron ore grows 10% per annum on average with the main consumers being China, Japan, Korea, the United States and the European Union. China is currently the largest consumer of iron ore, which translates to be the world's
Iron ore
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Mesa J mine The Mesa J mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 16 kilometres south-west of Pannawonica. The mine is owned by Robe River Iron Associates (53% Rio Tinto) and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The
Mesa J mine
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Marandoo mine The Marandoo mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 45 kilometres east of Tom Price. The mine is fully owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The mine, alongside the rail, is within a narrow
Marandoo mine
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a major steel producer and oversees investor to develop the mine. Eastern Range mine The Eastern Range mine is an iron ore mine in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 10 kilometres south-east of Paraburdoo. The mine is partly owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009, the combined Pilbara operations produced 202 million tonnes of iron ore, a 15 percent increase from 2008. The Pilbara operations accounted for almost 13 percent of the world's 2009 iron ore production of 1.59
Eastern Range mine
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Brockman 4 mine The Brockman 4 mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 60 kilometres north-west of Tom Price. The mine, located near the existing Brockman mine, was opened in 2010. The mine is fully owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and will be one of thirteen iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, is, with 80% of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia, one of the major iron ore provinces in the world. The mine is serviced by the
Brockman 4 mine
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mineral was in short supply, that mining began in earnest. Up until the mid-1960s, iron ore production in Western Australia, and Australia as a whole, was negligible, in the range of less than 10 million tons a year. By the mid-1970s, this figure had reached 100 million tonnes, with the majority coming from Western Australia. Production slightly declined in the 1980s but it improved in the 1990s, reaching 150 million tonnes for the country by 1997 and 200 million tonnes by 2003. The first mine in the Pilbara, the Goldsworthy mine, was developed by Utah Development Co. in 1965. A
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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steelmakers in North America, or the international seaborne market. During 2014, 2013, and 2012, Cleveland-Cliffs sold 7.2 million, 8.6 million and 8.9 million tonnes of iron ore pellets and concentrate, respectively, from its Eastern Canadian iron ore mines. Cleveland-Cliffs' Asia Pacific iron ore (APIO) operations are located in Western Australia and consist solely of the wholly owned Koolyanobbing complex, a collective term for the operating deposits at Koolyanobbing, Windarling and Mount Jackson. Approximately separate the three mining areas. The Koolyanobbing operations serve the Asian iron ore markets with direct-shipped fines and lump ore, and have a production capacity of 11.0
Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.
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a list of currently active iron ore mines in Western Australia: This is a list of former iron ore mines in Western Australia: Annual statistics for the Western Australian iron ore mining industry: Iron ore mining in Western Australia Iron ore mining in Western Australia, in the financial year 2008-09, accounted for 47 percent of the total value of the state's resources, with a value of A$33.56 billion. The overall value of the mineral and petroleum industry in Western Australia was A$71.3 billion in 2008-09, a 19 percent increase compared to the previous financial year. Western Australia's iron ore output
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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Atlas Iron Atlas Iron is an Australian mining company and an iron ore explorer, developer and producer, predominantly active in the Pilbara region. The company operates three iron ore mines in Western Australia. In 2018 Atlas will expand its operation to start processing Lithium in a deal with Pilbara Minerals. Atlas was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange on the 17 December 2004, under the name of Atlas Gold Limited. On 30 March 2006, the company changed its name to Atlas Iron Limited. Atlas became Australia's newest iron ore producer when it commenced production at Pardoo in late 2008. The
Atlas Iron
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Atlas Iron Atlas Iron is an Australian mining company and an iron ore explorer, developer and producer, predominantly active in the Pilbara region. The company operates three iron ore mines in Western Australia. In 2018 Atlas will expand its operation to start processing Lithium in a deal with Pilbara Minerals. Atlas was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange on the 17 December 2004, under the name of Atlas Gold Limited. On 30 March 2006, the company changed its name to Atlas Iron Limited. Atlas became Australia's newest iron ore producer when it commenced production at Pardoo in late 2008. The
Atlas Iron
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annually, with a later doubling of capacity to achieve Rio Tinto's plan of raising iron ore production from the Pilbara from 220 million tonnes annually to 330 million. Brockman 2 mine The Brockman 2 mine is an iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 60 kilometres north-west of Tom Price. It should not be confused with Rio Tinto's Brockman 4 mine, also in the area. The mine is fully owned and operated by Rio Tinto Iron Ore and is one of twelve iron ore mines the company operates in the Pilbara. In the calendar year 2009,
Brockman 2 mine
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small market for ore from the state, having taken only one percent of the overall production in 2008-09. The iron ore mining boom in Western Australia experienced since the early 2000s has not exclusively been seen as positive. Communities in the Pilbara region have seen a large influx of residential and Fly-in fly-out workers which has seen land prices skyrocket and has negatively affected tourism as accommodation has become sparse. Aboriginal culture in the region is deeply connected to the land and water and the mining activities threaten the fragile desert environment of the Pilbara. Locals in the Pilbara argue
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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duty railways for the cartage of iron ore in the Pilbara region of Western Australia have always been private concerns operated as part of the production line between mine and port. These lines have pushed the limit of the wheel to rail interface which has led to much useful research of value to railways worldwide. In 2008, a fifth open access line built by Fortescue Metals Group opened. A sixth dual gauge open access iron ore network is proposed to the port of Oakajee. Rail transport in Australia Rail transport in Australia is a crucial aspect of the Australian transport
Rail transport in Australia
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IMX Resources IMX Resources Limited (IMX) is a dual-listed iron ore mining and base and precious metals exploration company based in Perth, Western Australia (ASX/TSX ticker code: IXR). The company was listed on the Australian Stock Exchange on August 17, 1994. When IMX's now-closed Cairn Hill mine commenced production in 2010 it became the first new South Australian iron ore mine in over a century. IMX was also the first Australian iron ore company to operate the rotainer bulk export system, which is now in use at a number of other sites around the country. IMX operated the Cairn Hill
IMX Resources
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into an upper-end Category 3 severe tropical cyclone with maximum sustained 10-minute winds of 155 km/h (100 mph), Lua made landfall near the remote community of Pardoo, about 150 km (95 mi) east of Port Hedland. It steadily weakened as it progressed south over interior Western Australia, diminishing below tropical cyclone status on 18 March. The threat of the impending cyclone halted local industries such as oil production and iron ore mining and exporting. The Port of Port Hedland, a highly important iron ore shipping terminal, was forced to close for about 52 hours, contributing to inflated iron ore prices
Cyclone Lua
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now push modified wheelbarrows containing 11 kg of iron ore over the distance. Port Hedland, Western Australia Port Hedland (Kariyarra: "Marapikurrinya") is the second largest town in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, with an urban population of almost 14,000 as at the 2016 Census including the satellite town of South Hedland, 18 km away. It is also the site of the highest tonnage port in Australia. Port Hedland has a natural deep anchorage harbour which, as well as being the main fuel and container receival point for the region, was seen as perfect for shipment of the iron ore
Port Hedland, Western Australia
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Metals Group. As of 2010, BHP employs 8,000 people in its Pilbara operations. On 25 February 2014 Macmahon Holdings announced that the operations at Orebody 18 would be run by BHP Billiton, completing the transition to owner-operator for all BHP iron ore mine sites in Western Australia. The first iron ore mine to be developed in the Pilbara was the Goldsworthy mine in 1965. It was supported by a railway line, the Goldsworthy railway, as well as port facilities at Finucane Island. On 1 June 1966, the first shipment of iron ore left the Pilbara on board the "Harvey S.
Orebodies 18, 23 and 25 mine
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before the line was opened in 1914 the name changed to Koolanooka and the next station south on the railway line was named Bowgada instead. The townsite was gazetted in 1916. The town takes its name from the nearby "Koolanooka Spring". The word is Aboriginal in origin and means "place of plenty Wild Turkeys". An Iron Ore mine was opened in the area in 1965 along with the associated railway spur line, powerhouse, port facilities at Geraldton and housing for workers in Morawa. The original 1966 Koolanooka Iron mine was the first iron ore exporting mine in Western Australia In
Koolanooka, Western Australia
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Overall railway freight in Australia is dominated by bulk freight, primarily iron ore and coal. In 2015–16 Australian railways carried over 1.34 billion tonnes of freight, 97 per cent of which were bulk movements. Intrastate bulk freight in Western Australia—principally iron-ore movements—accounted for 61 per cent of national rail freight tonnes. Bulk movements in Queensland and NSW—principally coal—were 17 per cent and 14 per cent, respectively. Long-distance rail and regional rail mostly operates on a state-by-state basis. The main companies that provide service are Great Southern Rail, NSW TrainLink, Queensland Rail and V/Line. The Great Southern Rail operates three passenger
Rail transport in Australia
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Volta Mining Volta Mining Limited is an emerging iron ore company based in Perth, Australia with current interests in the acquisition, exploration and development of iron ore assets. Volta Mining Ltd is an ASX listed (ASX: VTM) emerging junior iron ore company headquartered in Perth, Australia, which is focused on the exploration and development of its project assets and value accretive acquisition opportunities. The Company’s current portfolio consists of projects in recognised iron ore precincts; the Pilbara region of Western Australia and the West African country of Gabon. In January 2014, Volta completed the acquisition of private company Pilbara Commodities
Volta Mining
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achieved and the change in direction they're taking is really historic." Fortescue Metals Group Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (Often referred to as FMG) is an Australian iron ore company. Fortescue is the fourth largest iron ore producer in the world among BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Vale. The company has holdings of more than 87,000 km² in the Pilbara region of Western Australia making it the largest tenement holder in the state, larger than both BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The group has two main areas of operation located within the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the Chichester Hub and
Fortescue Metals Group
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Fortescue Metals Group Fortescue Metals Group Ltd (Often referred to as FMG) is an Australian iron ore company. Fortescue is the fourth largest iron ore producer in the world among BHP Billiton, Rio Tinto and Vale. The company has holdings of more than 87,000 km² in the Pilbara region of Western Australia making it the largest tenement holder in the state, larger than both BHP Billiton and Rio Tinto. The group has two main areas of operation located within the Pilbara region of Western Australia, the Chichester Hub and Solomon Hub. Plans to develop a third, Western Hub are currently
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is moved first by road to Perenjori, Western Australia where it is hauled by rail to the port of Geraldton. Mount Gibson, Western Australia Mount Gibson, Western Australia is located on the Wubin - Mount Magnet section of the Great Northern Highway in the mid-west region of Western Australia. Mount Gibson is also the name of a pastoral lease (sheep station) and a nature conservancy project. In the early twentieth century it was a gold exploration area, and continued to be of interest for some time. Currently it is the site of an iron ore mine. The iron ore mine
Mount Gibson, Western Australia
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Wodgina mine The Wodgina mine is an exhausted iron ore mine located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, 90 kilometres south of Port Hedland. The mine was operated by Atlas Iron Limited. The facilities and tenements are shared, by contract, with Global Advanced Metals. Atlas purchased the iron ore rights for the Wodgina Project from Talison Minerals Pty Ltd, now known as Global Advanced Metals, in February 2008. The project was fast tracked by Atlas, going from the first drilling program to production in just over one and a half years. The company was aided by the ability to
Wodgina mine
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It reached an all-time record in 2001 with close to 250 tonnes of gold produced that year. Production in 2009 has declined to 142 tonnes per annum. World gold mine production was at a record in 2001 with 2,640 tonnes produced. Production has fallen since, to 2,415 tonnes in 2008. World gold production is expected to rise in 2009-10, with Australia scheduled to increase production by 15 percent. Annual statistics for the Western Australian gold mining industry: Gold mining in Western Australia Gold mining in Western Australia is the fourth largest commodity sector in Western Australia, behind iron ore, crude
Gold mining in Western Australia
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second phase increasing production to 22 MT pa, and creating c. 30,000 jobs. A groundbreaking ceremony for the plant took place in 2 December 2012 in the presence of Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung. Associated developments included the Thạch Khê iron mine (reserves 544 MT), 60km north; GW scale thermal electric powerstations; and the Vuang Ang-Son Duong deep sea port, capable of berthing ship of up to 300 to 500 thousand tons. In 2014 Formosa Plastics reached an agreement to invest $1.15 billion to acquire approximately one third of Fortescue Metals Group's Iron Ore Bridge project in western Australia, together
Formosa Ha Tinh Steel
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HIsarna ironmaking process The HIsarna ironmaking process is a direct reduced iron process for iron making in which iron ore is processed almost directly into liquid iron or hot metal. The process combines two process units, the Cyclone Converter Furnace (CCF) for ore melting and pre-reduction and a Smelting Reduction Vessel (SRV) where the final reduction stage to liquid iron takes place. The process does not require the manufacturing of iron ore agglomerates such as pellets and sinter, nor the production of coke, which are necessary for the blast furnace process. Without these steps, the HIsarna process is more energy-efficient
HIsarna ironmaking process
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2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 1998. The mine has an annual production capacity of 52 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley & Robe River
Yandicoogina mine
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Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 1994. The mine has an annual production capacity of 7 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. At the height of production, the mine produced 35 million tonnes of iron ore annually. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast
Mesa J mine
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2009 iron ore production of 1.59 billion tonnes. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. The mine is serviced by the Brockman Airport. Rio Tinto iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 1992. The mine has an annual production capacity of 8.7 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from the mine is then transported to
Brockman 2 mine
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The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 2002. The mine has an annual production capacity of 29.5 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley & Robe River railway, where it is loaded onto ships. Ore
West Angelas mine
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Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 2010. The mine has an annual production capacity of of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley & Robe River railway, where it is loaded onto ships. The mine's workforce is on
Mesa A mine
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Fortescue plans to reach an annual production of 95 million tonnes of iron ore by 2012, downgraded from an earlier target of 120 million. At Cape Preston, CITIC Pacific Mining is currently, as of 2010, in the process of constructing a 27.6 million tonnes per annum magnetite iron ore mine, named the Sino Iron Project. China, in 2008-09, was the main importer of Western Australian ore, having taken 64 percent, or A$21 billion in value. Japan was the second-most important market with 21 percent, followed by South Korea with 10 percent and Taiwan with 3. In comparison, Europe is a
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
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percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began open-pit operations in January 1990. The combined production capacity of the Paraburdoo, Eastern Range and Channar mines is 20 million tonnes of iron ore. The ore is processed both at Channar and at Paraburdoo before being loaded onto rail, being transported from Channar to Paraburdoo by conveyor belt. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley & Robe River railway, where
Channar mine
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corridor that splits Karijini National Park into a northern and a southern half. The Hamersley Range, where the mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 1994. The mine has an annual production capacity of 15 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through
Marandoo mine
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departures take place at Fortescue Dave Forrest Airport, which is approximately 5 kilometers away. The hubs' (Cloudbreak and Chichester combined) annual production rate, as of January 2013, is 90 million tonnes of iron ore. Instead, Fortescue decided to develop its Christmas Creek deposit, at a cost of US$360 million, by building a mine and process plant there and linking it to its existing rail network. Christmas Creek is scheduled to produce 16 million tonnes of iron ore in its first year of operation. Fortescue plans to reach an annual production of 95 million tonnes of iron ore by 2012, downgraded
Cloudbreak mine
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mine, the works consist of three plants (crushing, concentrate and pellets), and one auxiliary plant, serving the main production. The company employs nearly 8,500 people. Northern GOK is included in the Iron Ore Division of Metinvest Holding LLC, which is a component of the System Capital Management group of companies. As of 2011 annual production stood at 14.2 Mtons of raw ore, more than 5.9 Mtons of iron ore concentrate, and over 2.2 Mtonnes of pellets. Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works (CGOK) specializes in processing and production of raw materials for the steel industry, merchant
Central Iron Ore Enrichment Works
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quarry was built, and successful ore production commenced in 1911. The Tallewang Iron Mines was reported to have closed in 1926. In the 1980s an iron ore mine operated at Tallawang, which was apparently the only iron ore mine in New South Wales in recent times. Today nothing remains of Tallawang. From 1906, Tallawang was part of the Wyaldra Shire, then the Gulgong Shire, and now is part of the Mid-Western Regional Council area, based at Mudgee. Tallawang, New South Wales Tallawang is an historical locality north of Gulgong in central western New South Wales, Australia. The place name is
Tallawang, New South Wales
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80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 2006, during a time when Rio Tinto increased the production output of its mines in the Pilbara due to increased demands. The mine has an annual production capacity of 6.6 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley
Nammuldi mine
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though, they have found no evidence for iron ore smelting in any (pre-modern) period. There may have been iron smelting and working in West Africa by 1200 BC. In addition, very early instances of carbon steel were in production around 2000 years before the present in northwest Tanzania, based on complex preheating principles. These discoveries are significant for the history of metallurgy. Most early processes in Europe and Africa involved smelting iron ore in a bloomery, where the temperature is kept low enough so that the iron does not melt. This produces a spongy mass of iron called a bloom,
Smelting
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of iron ore. In comparison, the port of Dampier can handle 140 million tonnes annually. The former is approximately 40% of Rio Tinto's annual iron ore production from the Pilbara, as of 2009. Individual ships at the port take between 24 and 36 hours to load. The wharf at Cape Lambert is 3 kilometres long, 30 metres high and one of the highest, longest and deepest wharves in Australia. Rio Tinto expanded the port from a capacity of 55 million tonnes annually to 80 million tonnes at a cost of A$952 million. The port is scheduled to undergo a further
Cape Lambert
14941084
"neck" at the top. The geometry of this furnace causes a cyclone to form in the neck when the crushed iron ore is injected into this cyclone together with oxygen (so oxygen is injected at the top rather than at the bottom). The heat of the cyclone causes the initial (partial) reduction reaction to take place that reduces iron ore to iron. The molten iron droplets then drip down the furnace wall to the place where the "neck" widens into the "bottle". Here the droplets fall from the wall into the molten slag, which sits on top of the liquid
HIsarna ironmaking process
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80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966. The mine itself began operations in 2004. The combined production capacity of the Paraburdoo, Eastern Range and Channar mines is 20 million tonnes of iron ore. The ore is processed both at Eastern Range and at Paraburdoo before being loaded onto rail, being transported from Eastern Range to Paraburdoo by conveyor belt. Ore from the mine is then transported to the coast through the Hamersley & Robe River railway,
Eastern Range mine
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mine is located, contains 80 percent of all identified iron ore reserves in Australia and is one of the world's major iron ore provinces. Rio Tinto's iron ore operations in the Pilbara began in 1966, with the Mount Tom Price mine opening that year. Mount Tom Price was the company's first mine to open in the Pilbara. The mine has an annual production capacity of 28 million tonnes of iron ore, sourced from open-pit operations. The ore is processed on site before being loaded onto rail. Ore from Mount Tom Price, like Brockman, Paraburdoo, Channar, Eastern Range, Marandoo and Yandicoogina
Mount Tom Price mine
3956794
earnings in 2008, accounting for 27% and 52%, respectively, of company-wide operating results. Rio Tinto is the world's second-largest supplier of iron ore, producing over 153 million tonnes in calendar year 2008. The company's major iron ore mines and development projects are located in Australia, South America, Canada, India, and Guinea. Major subsidiaries held within RTIT include Hamersley Iron, majority interest in the Pilbara Iron mines, and the Iron Ore Company of Canada. The company also runs smelting facilities for the production of iron and steel—limited in size in comparison to the massive amount of iron ore produced—at QIT-Fer et
Rio Tinto Group
15059455
Korea with 10%. The state has the world's largest Economic Demonstrated Resources of iron ore with 22% of the world's iron ore followed by Brazil with 17%, Russia with 15% and China with 14%. In the financial year 2015-2016, the Western Australian Government received over A$3.4 billion in royalties from the iron ore mining industry in the state. While iron ore deposits were known, like the Mount Whaleback deposit discovered in 1957 by Stan Hilditch, it was not until 1960, when the Australian Government lifted the embargo on iron ore exports it had put in place because of concerns the
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
252899
Gabon, 21%; Australia, 13%; Mexico, 8%; and other, 27%. For the production of ferromanganese, the manganese ore is mixed with iron ore and carbon, and then reduced either in a blast furnace or in an electric arc furnace. The resulting ferromanganese has a manganese content of 30 to 80%. Pure manganese used for the production of iron-free alloys is produced by leaching manganese ore with sulfuric acid and a subsequent electrowinning process. A more progressive extraction process involves directly reducing manganese ore in a heap leach. This is done by percolating natural gas through the bottom of the heap; the
Manganese
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Malmberget mine The Malmberget mine (Swedish: "Malmbergsgruvan") is one of the largest iron ore mines in Sweden. The mine is located in Malmberget in Norrbotten County, Lapland. The mine which is owned by Luossavaara-Kiirunavaara AB (LKAB) has an annual production capacity of over 5 million tonnes of iron ore. The mine has reserves amounting to 350 million tonnes of ore grading 43.8% iron thus resulting 153.3 million tonnes of iron. In 2009 the mine produced 4.3 million tonnes of iron. It is one of the largest underground mines for iron ore in the world. The new main level is located
Malmberget mine
14076960
at the mine. Employees now commute from Whyalla or elsewhere. The Iron Baron mine is one of several large orebodies in the Middleback Range, with a production capacity of about two million tonnes of haematite a year. Built by BHP in 1933, it went out of operation between 1947 and 1958; it was re-opened in 2011. On-site facilities now include a fully functional ore beneficiation plant. Iron Baron, South Australia Iron Baron was a settlement associated with the Iron Baron iron ore mine () on Eyre Peninsula at the southern edge of South Australia's Far North region, north-west of Adelaide.
Iron Baron, South Australia
14040679
iron content the Ukrainian reserves (9 billion tonnes of iron, 11.6% of the global total) are the world's third largest after Russia and Australia. Iron ore mining is concentrated in Kryvyi Rih Ore Basin and 80% of it is controlled by the Ukrrudprom. Open-pit mining companies are capable of extracting 90 million tonnes annually whilst underground mining contributes another 18.5 million. Actual ore extraction, according to the United States Geological Survey, peaked in 2007 at 77.9 million tonnes of ore (42.8 million tonnes of pure iron content). Ukrainian reserves of hard coals are concentrated in the Donets Basin. More than
Metal production in Ukraine
8854920
terms of value, the industry grew by 53 percent. The bulk of Western Australian ore went to China, which imported 64 percent of the 2008–09 production, followed by Japan with 21 percent. The boom of the last decade was however somewhat slowed in 2009, when the value of the industry fell by 12 percent compare to the previous calendar year, and this despite record production of 342 million tonnes of ore. In the calendar year 2009, the Western Australian Government received over A$1.7 billion in royalties from the iron ore mining industry in the state. Iron ore mining in Western
Mining in Western Australia
8899097
Mont Wright plant, the company operates an open pit mine and a crusher/concentrator facility capable of producing eighteen million metric tonnes of iron ore concentrates annually. The company also operates a pellet plant with an annual production capacity of some nine million metric tonnes of iron ore pellets at Port-Cartier. The falling market forced Québec Cartier to shut down its Fire Lake and Lac Jeanine plants in the mid 80's. The town of Gagnon was closed and its population moved to Fermont and Port-Cartier. Nearly insolvent in 2002 due to falling price of iron ore and increasing price of production,
Québec Cartier Mining Company
18939535
steel production. The specialty mills use iron and steel scrap, rather than iron ore, as feedstock, and melt the scrap in electric furnaces. Notable Specialty and Mini-Mills in the US The two main inputs into iron- and steel-making are a source of iron and a source of energy. Additional requirements are a fluxing material to remove the impurities, and alloy metals to give particular properties to the metal. Raw materials used in US iron and steel production, 2012 Two-thirds of the iron and steel produced in the US is made from recycled scrap, rather than from iron ore. In 2014,
Iron and steel industry in the United States
12827542
at Hammer Pond to process ore from near Colgate, up to a 1000 loads of ore per year. Another furnace was built at Crabtree in about 1580, the ore coming from Minepits Wood, and 49 miners were employed in 1587. There were also furnaces at Slaugham which obtained their ore from the forest - Furnace Pond is in both Slaugham and Lower Beeding. The main iron products were cannon and firebacks. Graveslabs are also found in some churches. Iron production in the area finished about 1650 when the iron works were destroyed by a parliamentary force. The iron industry was
St Leonard's Forest
15059457
private railway line, the Goldsworthy railway, as well as port facilities at Finucane Island, Port Hedland, were also constructed. On 1 June 1966, the first shipment of iron ore from the Pilbara left on board the "Harvey S. Mudd". BHP's operations in Newman date back to 1968, when the Mount Whaleback mine was opened, the biggest single-pit Open-pit iron ore mine in the world. A new town, Newman, was constructed, as well as a 426 kilometre railway line, the Mount Newman railway. The first train left Newman on 1 January 1969 and the first shipment of Newman ore left port
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
9053942
Iron ore in Africa Iron ore production in Africa is dominated by South Africa, Mauritania and Algeria; Zimbabwe and Morocco produce ore for use within the country. Many countries possess iron ore deposits that are as yet untapped/unmined. Countries and companies currently involved in production are listed here; measurements are in tpy, or tonnes per year. Deposits and production in Algeria include: Deposits and production in Angola include: Deposits and production in Cameroon include: Deposits and production in Central African Republic include: Deposits and production in Congo (Brazzaville) include: Deposits and production in Côte d'Ivoire include: Deposits and production in
Iron ore in Africa
2949912
large extent motivated by the wish to deny their respective enemies iron critical for wartime production of steel. Winston Churchill, then First Lord of the Admiralty, was particularly concerned about Swedish exports of iron ore to Germany, and pushed for the British government to take military action to end the trade. From the beginning of the war Churchill tried to persuade his cabinet colleagues to send a British fleet into the Baltic Sea to stop shipping reaching Germany from the two Swedish iron ore ports, Luleå and Oxelösund. The project was called Project Catherine and was planned by Admiral of
Swedish iron-ore mining during World War II
1290876
infrastructure such as rail in order to transport the ore from the mine to a freight ship. For these reasons, iron ore production is concentrated in the hands of a few major players. World production averages two billion metric tons of raw ore annually. The world's largest producer of iron ore is the Brazilian mining corporation Vale, followed by Anglo-Australian companies Rio Tinto Group and then BHP Billiton. A further Australian supplier, Fortescue Metals Group Ltd, has helped bring Australia's production to first in the world. The seaborne trade in iron ore, that is, iron ore to be shipped to
Iron ore
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the longest production trains in the world. The same 342-wagon trains are now powered by just five 15Es, crewed by one driver and one assistant. Sishen–Saldanha railway line The Sishen–Saldanha railway line, also known as the Ore Export Line (OREX), is an heavy-haul railway line in South Africa. It connects iron ore mines near Sishen in the Northern Cape with the port at Saldanha Bay in the Western Cape. It is used primarily to transport iron ore (60 million tonnes per year) and does not carry passenger traffic. The Sishen–Saldanha line was built by Iscor, the then iron and steel
Sishen–Saldanha railway line
10000205
the Murmansk-Nikel Railway Sydvaranger Sydvaranger Gruve AS, previously A/S Sydvaranger, is an iron ore mining company operating in Sør-Varanger, Norway. Owned by the Tschudi Group-controlled Northern Iron, Sydvaranger operates an open-pit mine at Bjørnevatn and then hauls the ore with the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line to Kirkenes for processing and shipping. The ore was discovered in 1866, but it was not until the 1900s that new technology made it commercially viable. Sydvaranger was established in 1906 by Christian Anker and Nils Persson and had Sweden's Metallurgiska as the majority owner. Production started in 1910 and capacity was increased in 1913. Production halted
Sydvaranger
10000153
Sydvaranger Sydvaranger Gruve AS, previously A/S Sydvaranger, is an iron ore mining company operating in Sør-Varanger, Norway. Owned by the Tschudi Group-controlled Northern Iron, Sydvaranger operates an open-pit mine at Bjørnevatn and then hauls the ore with the Kirkenes–Bjørnevatn Line to Kirkenes for processing and shipping. The ore was discovered in 1866, but it was not until the 1900s that new technology made it commercially viable. Sydvaranger was established in 1906 by Christian Anker and Nils Persson and had Sweden's Metallurgiska as the majority owner. Production started in 1910 and capacity was increased in 1913. Production halted during World War
Sydvaranger
2023882
furnaces in that in a blast furnace, flue gas is in direct contact with the ore and iron, allowing carbon monoxide to diffuse into the ore and reduce the iron oxide to elemental iron mixed with carbon. The blast furnaces operates as a countercurrent exchange process whereas a bloomery does not. Another difference is that bloomeries operate as a batch process while blast furnaces operate continuously for long periods because they are difficult to start up and shut down. (See: Continuous production) Also, the carbon in pig iron lowers the melting point below that of steel or pure iron; in
Blast furnace
4770315
specialist applications such as engineering steels where a high Cr to Fe ratio and minimum levels of other elements such as sulfur, phosphorus and titanium are important and production of finished metals takes place in small electric arc furnaces compared to large scale blast furnaces. Ferrochrome production is essentially a carbothermic reduction operation taking place at high temperatures. Cr Ore (an oxide of chromium and iron) is reduced by coal and coke to form the iron-chromium alloy. The heat for this reaction can come from several forms, but typically from the electric arc formed between the tips of the electrodes
Ferrochrome
2881678
The population of the town in 1968 was about 3,000 people. Goldsworthy Mining developed an iron ore mine approximately 100 kilometres east of Port Hedland in the early 1960s and built the towns of Goldsworthy and later Shay Gap as mine sites. A rail line was then built to Port Hedland where dredging was undertaken to deepen and widen the port's channel and a wharf was built opposite the township of Port Hedland on Finucane Island. Shipment of ore began on 27 May 1966 when the "Harvey S. Mudd" sailed from Port Hedland to Japan with 24,900 tonnes of ore.
Port Hedland, Western Australia
1378200
as pins, jewellery, and rivets have been found on the site, dating from the Middle Iron Age. As there was no local source of tin and copper ore, this demonstrates long distance trade, probably with the southwest. Although bronze was not produced at Maiden Castle, there is evidence of it being reworked. Good quality iron ore could be found in the surrounding area, but the hill fort does not appear to have been a centre for iron production in this period; this is not unusual as very few hill forts in Berkshire, Dorset, Hampshire, and Wiltshire exhibit traces of iron
Maiden Castle, Dorset
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to "white heat") and hammer it in a charcoal fire, causing the iron to absorb carbon from the charcoal. This technique had been developed empirically, as there is no evidence that ancient iron producers understood the chemistry involved. The rudimentary methods of carburisation used rendered the quality of the iron ore critical to the production of good steel. The ore needed to be rich in manganese (an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), but also to contain very little, or preferably zero, phosphorus, whose presence would compromise the steel's hardness. The ore mined in Carinthia (S. Noricum) fulfills
Roman army of the mid-Republic
11894974
C (i.e. to "white heat") and hammer it in a charcoal fire, causing the iron to absorb carbon from the charcoal. This technique had been developed empirically, as there is no evidence that ancient iron producers understood the chemistry involved. The rudimentary methods of carburisation used rendered the quality of the iron ore critical to the production of good steel. The ore needed to be rich in manganese (an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), but also to contain very little, or preferably zero phosphorus, whose presence would compromise the steel's hardness. The ore mined in Carinthia (S.
Alpine regiments of the Roman army
2709786
the 1940s. German industry was heavily dependent on Swedish iron ore. The Allies had intended to use the Soviet attack on Finland in November 1939 as cover for seizing the important Swedish iron ore deposits in the north, in addition to the Norwegian harbours through which this ore was shipped to Germany. The plan was to get Norwegian and Swedish permission to send an expeditionary force to Finland across northern Norway and Sweden, ostensibly to help the Finns. But once in place, they were to proceed to take control of the harbours and the iron ore mines, occupying cities such
Sweden during World War II
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was not a success and ceased production around 1807. Cinderford Ironworks re-opened in 1829, by which time the Bullo Pill Railway had been opened with a line running past the works to provide coke and ore and to take away the finished iron. Production continued intermittently until final closure in 1894. The canal started at the dam pool at Broadmoor (SO647146), where the Cinderford Brook had been dammed in the seventeenth century to provide water to an iron furnace in Soudley, and ran parallel to the brook south to the ironworks in the valley west of Cinderford (SO652135). The route
Cinderford Canal
69453
countries producing the rest of about 18% of the world production. The two main products of chromium ore refining are ferrochromium and metallic chromium. For those products the ore smelter process differs considerably. For the production of ferrochromium, the chromite ore (FeCrO) is reduced in large scale in electric arc furnace or in smaller smelters with either aluminium or silicon in an aluminothermic reaction. For the production of pure chromium, the iron must be separated from the chromium in a two step roasting and leaching process. The chromite ore is heated with a mixture of calcium carbonate and sodium carbonate
Chromium
16947519
currently developing seven mine sites in the Schefferville area. The ""James site"" was the first to ship ore. Like most ore bodies, and unlike the Baffinland Iron Mines, the ore requires various refining steps, prior to being made into iron or steel. Labrador Iron Mines was formed when iron ore prices were at a record high, making recovery of ore from known ore bodies economically viable. The firm was able to sell ore from its first two quarters of production at a price per ton that would have been viable, once production was at full volume. But in August, 2012,
Labrador Iron Mines
456316
more than 20% of total world production. It is the world's third-largest iron-ore producer (15% of the world's total) and extracts 75% of Australia's 240 tonnes of gold. Diamonds are extracted at Argyle diamond mine in far north of the Kimberley region. Coal mined at Collie is the main fuel for baseload electricity generation in the state's south-west. Agricultural production in WA is a major contributor to the state and national economy. Although tending to be highly seasonal, 2006–07 wheat production in WA was nearly 10 million tonnes, accounting for almost half the nation's total. and providing $1.7 billion in
Western Australia
8939974
America and England. Agriculture, predominantly cereal cropping and to a lesser extent, sheep grazing, is still the area's main economic input, with a minor input from tourism during school holidays. Mining potential in the area is showing promise, with iron ore having been discovered in banded iron formations only 20 km to the southeast at Wilgerup by Centrex Metals Ltd. Iron Road Ltd is also proposing to mine magnetite north of Lock. Lock, South Australia Lock is a town in the centre of Eyre Peninsula in South Australia. It is central Eyre Peninsula's main grain storage hub, as it is
Lock, South Australia
278323
large mines such as the Mount Morgan Mine, which ran for nearly a hundred years, Broken Hill ore deposit (one of the largest zinc-lead ore deposits), and the iron ore mines at Iron Knob. After declines in production, another boom in mining occurred in the 1960s. Now, in the early 21st century, Australia remains a major world mineral producer. As the 21st century begins, a globalized mining industry of large multinational corporations has arisen. Peak minerals and environmental impacts have also become a concern. Different elements, particularly rare earth minerals, have begun to increase in demand as a result of
Mining
4673678
place for pesticide utilization in Ukraine is Shostka, Sumy region. The main industrial activities of the oblast are: chemical mechanical engineering, pumping and energy mechanical engineering, agricultural machine-construction, instrument-making industry and radio electronics, technical equipment production for processing fields of agro-industrial complexes, mining and iron ore production industry, polygraph industry and medicine production, oil and gas processing, chemical production, film and photo material production "(See: Svema)", and chemical fertilizer production. In general, there are 273 large industry enterprises and 327 small industry enterprises. In 1999, the gross grain yield was about 446,000 tons, sugar beets – 664,000 tons, sunflower seeds
Sumy Oblast
9993959
Milkwall. Mining for iron ore was taking place in the 1820s when Edward Protheroe opened up ore mines near Milkwall. In the mid-1860s, Easter, a deep mine at Milkwall, employed around 50 men and boys. An early tramroad to serve the mines, was built by the Severn & Wye tramroad company to connect to their junction at Parkend. In 1875, the Severn & Wye constructed a railway to Coleford. It left the main line at Parkend and in places shadowed the Milkwall branch tramroad. A station was provided at Milkwall for this branch line. The production of lime, which during
Milkwall
9247821
following the introduction of steel tariffs, a sharp increase in steel production in China and other developing countries led to a significant upswing in the price of global iron ore. This trend benefited Cleveland-Cliffs after the two lean decades that had preceded it. To remain competitive, Cleveland-Cliffs decided to expand globally and to diversify into other minerals, leading to the acquisition of iron-ore properties in Brazil and Australia and coal properties in Australia and the US. In June 2007, Cleveland-Cliffs purchased its first domestic coal property. The coal company, called PinnOak, mines coal in Alabama and West Virginia and once
Cleveland-Cliffs Inc.
3956780
of directors has both executive and non-executive members, while the executive committee is composed of the heads of major operational groups. Rio Tinto's main business is the production of raw materials including copper, iron ore, coal, bauxite, diamonds, uranium, and industrial minerals including titanium dioxide, salt, gypsum, and borates. Rio Tinto also performs processing on some of these materials, with plants dedicated to processing bauxite into alumina and aluminium, and smelting iron ore into iron. The company also produces other metals and minerals as byproducts from the processing of its main resources, including gold, silver, molybdenum, sulphuric acid, nickel, potash,
Rio Tinto Group
745724
quality of iron ore critical to the production of good steel. The ore needed to be rich in manganese (an element which remains essential in modern steelmaking processes), and contain little or no phosphorus, which weakens steel. The ore mined in Carinthia (S. Noricum) fulfilled both criteria particularly well. The Celts of Noricum discovered their ore made superior steel around 500 BC and built a major steel industry. At Magdalensberg, a major production and trading centre, specialised blacksmiths crafted metal products and weapons. The finished arms were exported to Aquileia, a Roman colony founded in 180 BC. From 200 BC
Noricum
15059464
"Rapid Growth Project 5", with a budget of A$4.8 billion, targets a further production increase of 50 million tonnes annually. Additionally to upgrades at the mines and ports, it will also include duplication of existing railway lines and is scheduled for completion in late 2011. The Jimblebar mine is part of another expansion project, launched in 2010 and aimed at increasing production from the Pilbara mines to 240 million tonnes of iron ore annually by 2013. The expansion of Jimlebar, together with an expansion of the inner harbour at Port Hedland and works on the duplication of rail tracks is
Iron ore mining in Western Australia
4116723
ware can resist heat up to 900–1000 °C. The clay made shaping of the vessel possible, but the high amount of asbestos does not classify it as pottery in a formal sense. It is believed that the asbestos ware was used in iron production such as spearheads, arrowheads and artefacts. The vessel is also drilled with many holes. The fact that the reduction of iron ore (FeO) with abundant carbon generates large amounts of carbon monoxide (CO) may suggest that the drilled holes were used to increase the influx of air (oxygen) required for proper glowing process. Iron ore is
Asbestos-ceramic
9417803
a vanishing habitat in the east, open in Massachusetts. The red maple swamp off the main field shows signs of use during the North River’s shipbuilding heyday (1690–1870), specifically multiple mature shoots sprouting from a single ancient tree trunk. Early shipbuilders found the combination of easy access to the sea, thick virgin forests and access to iron ore in bogs upriver as advantageous for their needs. A confined growth of small trees at the top of the open field stands where a barn once stood, representative of the successional growth that would take place throughout the field if it were
North River Wildlife Sanctuary
17315155
and Steel's new blast furnace was received from Whyalla, South Australia in 1928. The ore shipment of 5,500 tonnes had been mined by the Broken Hill Proprietary Company at Iron Knob in the Middleback Ranges. In 1952 the first Yampi-class bulk carriers delivered iron ore to Port Kembla, carrying maximum loads of 11,000 tonnes. The A.I.& S. wharf no longer exists, with all A.I.& S. cargoes now using the berths of the Inner Harbour. The Inner Harbour was created by dredging the former Tom Thumb Lagoon between 1955 and 1960. Port Kembla (seaport) Port Kembla is a man-made cargo port
Port Kembla (seaport)
17361387
Kaunisvaara mine The Kaunisvaara mine was a large iron mine located in northern Sweden in the village of Kaunisvaara in Norrbotten County. Kaunisvaara represents one of the largest iron ore reserves in Sweden and in the world having estimated reserves of 872 million tonnes of ore grading 32.7% iron metal. Ore production began late 2012, with annual iron ore production planned to reaching 12 million tonnes later, according to the owner, mining company Northland Resources. Reserves are estimated at 176 million tonnes. The mine and mining company went bankrupt in October 2014 because of low iron ore prices and high
Kaunisvaara mine