when did sound become a regular part of the motion picture viewing experience
1929
143976
a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, gained the position it has held, more or less, ever since: film factory for the world and exporting its product to most countries. By the 1920s, the United States reached what is still its era of greatest-ever output, producing an average of 800 "feature" films annually, or 82% of the global total (Eyman, 1997). During late 1927, Warner's released "The Jazz Singer", with the first synchronized dialogue (and singing) in a feature film. By the end of 1929, Hollywood was almost all-talkie, with several competing sound systems (soon to be standardized). Sound saved the
History of film
9366600
at a motion picture with synchronized sound. In 1918, the Chautauqua Auditorium acquired its own motion picture projection equipment for silent film. The film industry had matured to the point that the investment in standardized projection equipment was deemed justified. The year 1918 also saw an abrupt increase in the number of movies shown at the Auditorium. Since the Chautauqua lacked the financial resources to compete for first run films with the commercial movie theaters, second-run movies suitable for family viewing were selected. Talkies began in 1926, and all-talking pictures in 1929. In this regard the Colorado Chautauqua was a
Chautauqua Auditorium (Boulder, Colorado)
6191765
Pre-Code Hollywood Pre-Code Hollywood refers to the brief era in the American film industry between the widespread adoption of sound in pictures in 1929 and the enforcement of the Motion Picture Production Code censorship guidelines, popularly known as the "Hays Code", in mid-1934. Although the Code was adopted in 1930, oversight was poor, and it did not become rigorously enforced until July 1, 1934, with the establishment of the Production Code Administration (PCA). Before that date, movie content was restricted more by local laws, negotiations between the Studio Relations Committee (SRC) and the major studios, and popular opinion, than by
Pre-Code Hollywood
12960902
patterns: Proximity, Similarity, Closure, Symmetry, Common Fate (i.e. common motion), Continuity as well as Good Gestalt (pattern that is regular, simple, and orderly) and Past Experience. During the 1960s, technical development permitted the continuous registration of eye movement during reading in picture viewing and later in visual problem solving and when headset-cameras became available, also during driving. The picture to the right shows what may happen during the first two seconds of visual inspection. While the background is out of focus, representing the peripheral vision, the first eye movement goes to the boots of the man (just because they are
Visual perception
9546989
garden in which a jet of water would flow out of the structure's mouth. By doing this, motion and a "roaring sound" of water is added to the sensory experience that one would receive upon viewing the garden. Many of the existing gardens that still remain do not contain the same vegetation as they did when they were first created due to the lack of botanical accuracy in written texts. Historical texts tended to focus primarily on the sensory experience, rather than details of the agriculture. There is, however, record of various fruit bearing trees and flowers that contributed to
Islamic garden
6020817
recording itself. In professional motion picture and television production, the segregations between recordings of dialogue, music, and sound effects can be quite distinct, and it is important to understand that in such contexts, dialogue, and music recordings are never referred to as sound effects, though the processes applied to them, such as reverberation or flanging, often are. New techniques currently being developed in interactive movies, introduce an extra dimension into the experience of viewing movies, by allowing the viewer to change the course of the movie. In traditional linear movies, the author can carefully construct the plot, roles, and characters
Cinematic techniques
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up to three picture heads and up to three sound tracks. Flatbed editor A flatbed editor is a type of machine used to edit film for a motion picture. Picture and sound rolls load onto separate motorized disks, called "plates." Each set of plates moves forward or backward separately, or locked together to maintain synchronization between picture and sound. A prism reflects the film image onto a viewing screen, while a magnetic playback head reads the magnetic audio tracks. The two most common configurations are the "six-plate" (one picture transport and two sound transports) and the "eight-plate" (two picture and
Flatbed editor
19065181
Hollywood Motion Picture and Television Museum The Hollywood Motion Picture and Television Museum is a film museum planned for 2017. It is due to be built on a 4-acre site directly across from the Hollywood Bowl on Highland Ave. The building will include two sound stages and an observation gallery, where visitors will view the actual production of motion picture and television shows, and a theater with a seating capacity of 500 people, where great films of the past and present will be shown. There will be projection rooms for private viewing or lectures, a library, restaurant and research facilities.
Hollywood Motion Picture and Television Museum
5637924
Flatbed editor A flatbed editor is a type of machine used to edit film for a motion picture. Picture and sound rolls load onto separate motorized disks, called "plates." Each set of plates moves forward or backward separately, or locked together to maintain synchronization between picture and sound. A prism reflects the film image onto a viewing screen, while a magnetic playback head reads the magnetic audio tracks. The two most common configurations are the "six-plate" (one picture transport and two sound transports) and the "eight-plate" (two picture and two sound transport) models. (The edges of two of the plates
Flatbed editor
1976025
task. Sound editor (filmmaking) A sound editor is a creative professional responsible for selecting and assembling sound recordings in preparation for the final sound mixing or mastering of a television program, motion picture, video game, or any production involving recorded or synthetic sound. Sound editing developed out of the need to fix the incomplete, undramatic, or technically inferior sound recordings of early talkies, and over the decades has become a respected filmmaking craft, with sound editors implementing the aesthetic goals of motion picture sound design. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes the artistic contribution of exceptional sound
Sound editor (filmmaking)
1976010
Sound editor (filmmaking) A sound editor is a creative professional responsible for selecting and assembling sound recordings in preparation for the final sound mixing or mastering of a television program, motion picture, video game, or any production involving recorded or synthetic sound. Sound editing developed out of the need to fix the incomplete, undramatic, or technically inferior sound recordings of early talkies, and over the decades has become a respected filmmaking craft, with sound editors implementing the aesthetic goals of motion picture sound design. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes the artistic contribution of exceptional sound editing
Sound editor (filmmaking)
13504829
spot that will allow them to view the illusion. 1.3D film. A 3D or 3-D (three-dimensional) film or S3D (stereoscopic 3D) film is a motion picture that enhances the illusion of depth perception. The most common approach to the production of 3D films is derived from stereoscopic photography. In it, a regular motion picture camera system is used to record the images as seen from two perspectives (or computer-generated imagery generates the two perspectives in post-production), and special projection hardware and/or eyewear are used to provide the illusion of depth when viewing the film. Some methods of producing 3D films
3D stereo view
4658600
disappeared as Americans rejected the solitary viewing experience and boring entertainment. Around 1900, motion pictures became a small part of vaudeville theatres. The competitive vaudeville theatre market caused owners to constantly look for new entertainment, and the motion picture helped create demand, although the new form of entertainment was not the main draw for patrons. It was often used as a "chaser"—shown as the end of the performance to chase the audience from the theatre. These theatres were designed much like legitimate theatres. The Beaux-Arts architecture of these theatres was formal and ornate. They were not designed for motion pictures,
Movie palace
20826023
Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action The Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action is an annual award given by the Cinema Audio Society to live action motion picture sound mixer for their outstanding achievements in sound mixing. The award came to its current title in 2013, when feature motion pictures were separated into to two categories; achievement in live action sound mixing, and achievement in animated sound mixing (later, documentary features would get their own category as well).
Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action
11605522
Welles, in silent-movie style with title cards. The film is lost. "These sequences are virtually forgotten in discussions of Welles' cinema," wrote Welles scholar Bret Wood. "The motion picture segments of "Around the World", probably long since destroyed, would provide cineastes with an important piece of Wellesian history." As was the "Too Much Johnson" footage, the "Around the World" film was black and white without sound in homage to the breathless chases and adventures of the silent era. Viewing the latter footage would be of great interest because by this time Welles had considerable experience in filmmaking and had acquired
Around the World (musical)
1033536
where motion pictures could be produced. Street names bore the Greek theme with names such as Zeus, Saturn, Mercury, Mars, Olympus, Venus, Pluto and Athena. For a brief time Hobe Sound was renamed "Picture City" and plans were presented for a movie picture production center. The boom collapsed after the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane and the original name was restored. Street names remained, however, as did the cement streetlights along Dixie Highway. In 1924, the building which soon would become the new schoolhouse in Hobe Sound was constructed. The Martin County Board of Public Instruction secured the use of the new
Hobe Sound, Florida
2749205
win the Genie (now known as a Canadian Screen Award) for Best Motion Picture. Villeneuve's fourth film "Incendies" (2010) garnered critical acclaim when it premiered at the Venice and Toronto International Film Festivals in 2010. "Incendies" was subsequently chosen to represent Canada at the 83rd Academy Awards in the category of Best Foreign Language Film and was eventually nominated for the award, though it did not win. The film went on to win eight awards at the 31st Genie Awards, including Best Motion Picture, Best Direction, Best Actress (Lubna Azabal), Best Adapted Screenplay, Cinematography, Editing, Overall Sound, and Sound Editing.
Denis Villeneuve
15569872
Forbes, and his partner Sgt. Stewart W. Johnson, when they tried to arrest him. Walker shot Lt. Forbes and Sgt. Johnson with a .45-caliber pistol when they confronted him on a charge of selling $40,000 in stolen motion-picture equipment. Calling himself Paul C. Norris, Walker had contacted Starr, a sound engineer who bought and sold motion picture and sound recording equipment out of his home, to sell him a collection of commercial motion-picture equipment. Starr immediately suspected the motion-picture equipment was stolen and alerted the police, who staked out Starr's home to wait for the suspect's arrival. As Walker approached
Erwin Walker
17048692
the way he did. The most important thing for me is that those who see it get a kind of 'feeling for Thor.' For very many people, the way he spoke is something they remember well. He had a special 'sound'!" He said he had considered it a challenge to “find” the real Heyerdahl, as the explorer had been a “master” at projecting a public image. “It's important to remember that when the film is taking place, Thor Heyerdahl hadn't become a legend yet. He hadn't become Heyerdahl yet.” "Kon-Tiki" was chosen by the Motion Picture Academy of Arts and
Pål Sverre Hagen
16604075
performers. Frank Penn of the "Ottawa Citizen" noted that Shatner was "well-suited to his host-instructor role" in the series. "The Windsor Star" deemed the show as "must-viewing for movie buffs". Blaik Kirby of "The Globe and Mail" took a positive view of "Flick Flack", noting that it "seems set to become one of Global's top Canadian-made shows, one with definite international sales potential." Flick Flack Flick Flack is a Canadian television series broadcast by Global Television Network in 1974. The series featured interviews with motion picture industry personalities combined with excerpts from films. William Shatner was the regular series host.
Flick Flack
14467464
Baraka: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack "Baraka" was composed by Michael Stearns and was released on August 24, 1993, one year after the film opened for public viewing. "Milan Records presents this digitally remastered special edition soundtrack to the 1992 cult classic docudrama, BARAKA. Scored by renowned new age composer Michael Stearns, BARAKA takes the listener on a world tour of cultural (and natural) experience. Displaying the cyclical nature of life, BARAKA moves through the mystery and fascination of natural phenomena to the serenity of Third World culture and, ultimately, the ferocity of industrialization. Stearns accents the film's
Baraka: Music from the Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
10757859
is five stories tall, and the theater is filled with an impressive surround sound system. Because the screen fills a viewer's field of vision (including periphery vision) the screen and surround sound system give viewers the feeling of immersion and motion giving visitors a unique life like experience when viewing films. Viewers must turn their heads left to right up and down to capture all that is going on. The theater only shows films of educational and scientific interest such as: "Bears", "Beavers", Amazing Caves", Shackleton's Antarctic Adventure" and more. The average 70mm Omnimax film reel is around 3 miles
Mugar Omni Theater
9057462
Perspecta Perspecta was a directional motion picture sound system, invented by the laboratories at Fine Sound Inc. in 1954. As opposed to magnetic stereophonic soundtracks available at the time, its benefits were that it did not require a new sound head for the projector and thus was a cheaper alternative. Introduced as a "directional sound system" rather than a true stereophonic sound system, Perspecta did not use discretely recorded sound signals. Instead, three sub-audible tones at 30 Hz, 35 Hz, and 40 Hz are mixed appropriately and embedded in a monaural optical soundtrack, in addition to the audible sound. When
Perspecta
9057459
Perspecta Perspecta was a directional motion picture sound system, invented by the laboratories at Fine Sound Inc. in 1954. As opposed to magnetic stereophonic soundtracks available at the time, its benefits were that it did not require a new sound head for the projector and thus was a cheaper alternative. Introduced as a "directional sound system" rather than a true stereophonic sound system, Perspecta did not use discretely recorded sound signals. Instead, three sub-audible tones at 30 Hz, 35 Hz, and 40 Hz are mixed appropriately and embedded in a monaural optical soundtrack, in addition to the audible sound. When
Perspecta
7131390
possible to enhance the listening experience. Media content owners have come to recognize the importance of having clean sound on their products to enhance the commercial value of their media assets. The byproduct of these restoration efforts is that many audio sources are brought into the digital world and preserved for future use. An unfortunate fact is that most of the sound recordings and motion picture soundtracks created over the past century have been lost due to improper storage and neglect. Enhancements are often done to motion picture soundtracks. For example taking a mono or stereo soundtrack and re-mixing it
Audio restoration
1445030
Film Corporation v. Industrial Commission of Ohio" that free speech did not extend to motion pictures, and while there had been token attempts to clean up the movies before—such as when the studios formed the National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI) in 1916—little had come of the efforts. New York became the first state to take advantage of the Supreme Court's decision by instituting a censorship board in 1921. Virginia followed suit the following year, with eight individual states having a board by the advent of sound film, but many of these were ineffectual. By the 1920s, the
Motion Picture Production Code
9753725
Wonder What's Become of Sally". Long's first film experience came when Jesse Lasky secured fourteen of the prettiest women for parts in his "The Dressmaker from Paris" (1925). Produced by Famous Players, Long's character was noticed on the screen by filmmaker D.W. Griffith. Soon she appeared in a motion picture with Leatrice Joy. Rudolph Valentino picked Long to play the leading feminine role in "The Hooded Falcon". However her contract with Valentino expired before the film was made. Valentino changed his mind about the movie he wished to make. He decided to do a motion picture which called for a
Sally Long
20826024
Before this, the category was labeled Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures, and was given annually starting in 1994 (for films released the previous year). Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for Motion Pictures Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action The Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action is an annual award given by the Cinema Audio Society to live action motion picture sound mixer for their outstanding achievements in sound mixing. The award came to its current
Cinema Audio Society Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Motion Picture – Live Action
11517187
without having to use the motion picture camera as a viewing device. Lens finders are camera format specific and require the lenses that will be used in production. These devices are considerably more expensive than the traditional viewfinder, selling for between $2,000US -$6,000US. Variations exist for different lens mounting systems, most typically Arri PL, Panavision PV mount and Mitchell BNCR mounts. Other additions such as the addition of video assist have been made available on models such as the Kish Optics Ultimate Director's Viewfinder. In recent years a third type of viewfinder has become popular in the motion picture industry:
Director's viewfinder
9478116
Hong Kong motion picture rating system The Hong Kong motion picture rating system () is a legal system of movie screening and rating. An official government agency issues ratings for any movie that will be shown in Hong Kong cinemas. At the beginning of the film industry in Hong Kong, when the viewing of movies had no age restrictions, films were made under strict guidelines. For instance, movie characters were not allowed to get away with crimes, and sex scenes were not permitted. In 1986, with the release of John Woo's violent gangster movie "A Better Tomorrow" (later rated "IIB"),
Hong Kong motion picture rating system
5728695
same width. It is referred to by the recording and motion picture industries as "magfilm". It is used for recording analog sound for a motion picture, and for interlocked playback of sound with a picture reel when editing motion picture film on a flatbed editor. It has also seen use for studio audio recording and mastering, a few albums released by the Command label in the 1960s were mastered using 35 mm magfilm. It has the same sprocket holes and the thicker acetate (or polyester) base of 35 mm negative or reversal cinema stock, but instead has a magnetic oxide
Audio tape specifications
18754878
part of the patented invention, or to place downstream restrictions on the articles making them subject to conditions as to use. The decision overruled "The Button-Fastener Case", and "Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.", which had held such restrictive notices effective and enforceable. The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPP) was the assignee of a number of patents covering motion picture projectors, including US Pat. No. 707,934, on a part of the mechanism used in motion picture Projectors to feed a film through the machine with a regular, uniform, and accurate movement. MPP granted to the Precision Machine Company (PMC) a license
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
5097568
film is telecined, keycode numbers are logged which assign a number to each frame of film and are later used to assemble the original film to conform to the edit. When using a video camera or digital motion picture camera, the image and sound are often recorded simultaneously to video tape or hard disk in a format that can be immediately viewed on a monitor, eliminating the need to undergo a conversion process to create dailies for viewing. The footage recorded each day will still usually go through a daily process to create a second copy for protection and create
Dailies
5097556
Dailies Dailies, in filmmaking, are the raw, unedited footage shot during the making of a motion picture. They are so called because usually at the end of each day, that day's footage is developed, synced to sound, and printed on film in a batch (or telecined onto video tape or disk) for viewing the next day by the director, some members of the film crew, and some actors. Dailies serve as an indication of how the filming and the actors' performances are progressing. However, the term can be used to refer to any raw footage, regardless of when it is
Dailies
1961886
as "predubs" to speed integration into the final sound mix. When "The Motion Picture" was announced, many synthesizer artists submitted demo tapes to Paramount. Ramsay and Wise consulted and decided that the film should have a unique audio style; they were particularly concerned to avoid sounds that had become pervasive and cliché from repetitive use in other science-fiction movies. Events such as Enterprise bridge viewscreen activation were kept silent to provide a more comfortable atmosphere. In contrast, almost every action on the Klingon bridge made noise to reflect the aliens' harsh aesthetic. While much of the effects were created using
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
1007063
several shuttle companies, connect Nogales with Tucson and points north. Nogales, Arizona, was the filming location for the motion picture musical, "Oklahoma!". Nogales was chosen because it looked more like turn-of-the-century Oklahoma (when the musical is set) than anywhere in Oklahoma did in 1955, when the film was made. It was made an "honorary" part of the state of Oklahoma for the duration of the film shoot by order of the governor of Arizona. Many dozens of motion pictures have been filmed around the Nogales area. The 1951 biblical motion picture "David and Bathsheba" was filmed there. A small part
Nogales, Arizona
8398913
first film is "one of the more laugh-out-loud installments" of the "Slayers" anime series and "a great introduction" to it, that "definitely earns the 'Essential' label. It's very tongue-in-cheek and goofy, and if you are okay with that, you'll probably have a good time." DVD Talk's Chris Tribbey "definitely recommended" this "great title from a well-loved franchise," adding: "When ADV gives one of its titles 'Essential Anime' status, they do it for a reason." Adam Arnold from Animefringe rated it a B+, opining that "great characters and fun situations make for an unforgettable viewing experience;" Megan Lavey of Mania.com too
Slayers The Motion Picture
14689181
Movie gimmick A movie gimmick is an unusual idea intended to enhance the viewing experience of a film, and thus increase box office sales. Many of these have been used for just a few films, proving unpopular with either audiences or cinema owners. Smell-o-vision, which involved releasing relevant odors during the film, only appeared in the film "Scent of Mystery" as audiences did not enjoy the experience. Sensurround, a method for enhancing sound pioneered for the 1974 film "Earthquake", was abandoned as it sometimes resulted in damage to movie theatres. Other 'gimmicks' have gradually become more common in cinema, as
Movie gimmick
10708921
expenses and low sales halted future films to be made and distributed. Noble left his position as president to become an actor at Universal Pictures, with Dr. James T. Smith taking over the position. The Lincoln Motion Picture Company lasted until 1921. Although the Lincoln Motion Picture Company did not last long, it was influential in the African American community. This company inspired the movement of more ethnic movie companies. Lincoln Motion Picture Company The Lincoln Motion Picture Company was an American film production company founded in 1916 by Noble and George Johnson. Noble Johnson was president of the company,
Lincoln Motion Picture Company
6032205
Motion Picture Sound Editors Founded in 1953, Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members. The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E. The current president is Frank Morrone. The names of active members of the MPSE will generally appear in film credits with the post-nominal letters "MPSE". The following are required for the membership application:
Motion Picture Sound Editors
6032207
Beverly Wilshire Hotel Grand Ballroom, Beverly Hills, California. The trophy was designed by Pat and Ken Anderson of the Anderson Trophy Company. Motion Picture Sound Editors Founded in 1953, Motion Picture Sound Editors (M.P.S.E.) is an honorary society of motion picture sound editors. The society's goals are to educate others about and increase the recognition of the sound editors, show the artistic merit of the soundtracks, and improve the professional relationship of its members. The society is not to be confused with an industry union, such as the I.A.T.S.E. The current president is Frank Morrone. The names of active members
Motion Picture Sound Editors
3900069
from 1918 to develop a system of recording and reproducing synchronized sound on motion picture film. He became the University of Illinois's first research professor of engineering in 1921. On June 9, 1922, Tykociner publicly demonstrated for the first time a motion picture with a soundtrack optically recorded directly onto the film. When Tykociner demonstrated the first sound-on-film motion picture recordings the projector had a photoelectric cell made by his Illinois colleague Jakob Kunz at its heart. In the first sounds ever publicly heard from a composite image-and-audio film, Helena Tykociner, the inventor's wife, spoke the words, "I will ring,"
Joseph Tykociński-Tykociner
9492650
greater negotiating clout. The editors, assistant editors, and sound and music editors voted to join IATSE. In 1944, the Society of Motion Picture Film Editors underwent a name change and became the Motion Picture Editors Guild, Local 776 of the IATSE. In 1998, at the direction of the IATSE, the Sound Technicians Union, Local 695 ceded jurisdiction of post-production sound mixers, recordists and engineers, to the Motion Picture Editors Guild. A year later Local 771 representing editors working in New York merged with, and Locals 780 and 52 ceded their respective jurisdictions of editors and sound technicians to Local 776.
Motion Picture Editors Guild
18084963
was revealed that in addition to the sound picture, RKO would also release a silent version of the film. In an article in "Close Up" magazine, "Girl of the Port", along with several other American films, was lauded as an example of the "new humanitarianism". "Motion Picture Magazine" did not give the film a favorable review, calling it "just another melo[drama]". They did give Sally O'Neil high marks, calling her acting effort "heroic", although they were less than complimentary to the rest of the cast. "Motion Picture News" gave the film a favorable review, although they felt it was inappropriate
Girl of the Port
742085
the Motion Picture Editors Guild listed "Goodfellas" as the fifteenth best-edited film of all time based on a survey of its membership. "Goodfellas" is 39th on James Berardinelli's 2014 list of the top 100 Films. "Goodfellas" was released on DVD in March 1997, in a single-disc double-sided single-layer format that requires the disc to be flipped during viewing; in 2004, Warner Home Video released a two-disc, dual-layer version, with remastered picture and sound, and bonus materials such as commentary tracks. In early 2007 the film became available on single Blu-ray with all the features from the 2004 release; an expanded
Goodfellas
10828940
prints are struck. Answer print Answer print refers to the first version of a given motion picture that is printed to film after color correction on an interpositive. It is also the first version of the movie printed to film with the sound properly synced to the picture. Answer prints are created during the post-production process after editing, dubbing and other related audio work and special effects sequences have been finished or completed to a degree satisfactory for pre-release viewing. They are used by the filmmaker and studio to ensure that the work going into the film during the post-production
Answer print
10828938
Answer print Answer print refers to the first version of a given motion picture that is printed to film after color correction on an interpositive. It is also the first version of the movie printed to film with the sound properly synced to the picture. Answer prints are created during the post-production process after editing, dubbing and other related audio work and special effects sequences have been finished or completed to a degree satisfactory for pre-release viewing. They are used by the filmmaker and studio to ensure that the work going into the film during the post-production process is cohesive
Answer print
20239861
Motion Picture Sound Editors nominated it for a Golden Reel Award for Outstanding Achievement in Sound Editing. For the 70th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, the episode is nominated in the Limited Series categories for Outstanding Cinematography, Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing, Outstanding Sound Editing, and Outstanding Sound Mixing. Part 8 (Twin Peaks) "Part 8", also known as "The Return, Part 8", is the eighth episode of "Twin Peaks"' revival series. It was written by Mark Frost and David Lynch and directed by Lynch. "Part 8" was broadcast on June 25, 2017, on Showtime and was watched by an audience of
Part 8 (Twin Peaks)
19971977
the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences annually for excellence of cinematic achievements. The British Academy Film Award is an annual award show presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The Association of Motion Picture Sound (AMPS) is a craft guild made up of over 450 of the most imaginative and highly experienced people working in film and television sound. The Awards Circuit Community Awards is an accolade recognizing the people and the work that did not receive Academy Award nominations. The award is voted on by the general public. The Canadian Screen Awards (French: Les
Bernard Gariépy Strobl
11008420
The Undiscovered Country". He has also worked on five other films that received Academy Award nominations, of which "The Hunt for Red October" and "Pearl Harbor" each won the Oscar. Hudson's other professional activities include eight years on the Board of Directors of the Motion Picture Editor's Guild nine years as Vice President of the Motion Picture Sound Editors (the professional organization of sound and music editors). In 2005 he joined the Motion Picture Advisory Board of the Interlochen Center for the Arts. In 2007, Miller partnered with Suhail F. Kafity to form Rhapsody Post, a motion picture sound editorial
F. Hudson Miller
1851343
(later commonly known as mag stock). The result of this development was the CinemaScope/Todd-AO motion picture sound system, which was first used in movies such as "The Robe" (1953) in 35mm and "Oklahoma" (1955) in 70mm (and also in 35mm). In 1960, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences awarded Ampex an Oscar for technical achievement as a result of this development. Les Paul, a friend of Crosby and a regular guest on his shows, had already been experimenting with overdubbed recordings on disc. He received an early portable Ampex Model 200A from Crosby. Using this machine, Les Paul
Ampex
469012
arrayed on a disc, the sequence of pictures depicting phases of motion is on a paper strip. For viewing, this is placed against the inner surface of the lower part of an open-topped metal drum, the upper part of which is provided with a vertical viewing slit across from each picture. The drum, on a spindle base, is spun. The faster the drum is spun, the smoother the animation appears. An earthenware bowl from Iran, over 5000 years old, could be considered a predecessor of the zoetrope. This bowl is decorated in a series of images portraying a goat jumping
Zoetrope
18141940
who showed a lot of enthusiasm. One test was of a Qigong master who claimed he could move people from a distance without seeing the subject. To control for the possibility that the subject was moving when viewing the "incantations", the master was placed in a sound-proof room. The committee had the Qigong master exercise his powers at "regular intervals depending on the flip of a coin." They discovered that the subject moved when the master did the incantations, and also when he did not. Karr said, "I don't think it's a deliberate deception... it's a very strong belief system."
Barry Karr
17185369
soundtrack fall within the meaning of the undefined term "soundtrack" used in the definition of "sound recording" in s. 2 of the Act? The court unanimously agreed with the lower courts and the Motion Picture Theatre Associations of Canada that "soundtrack" includes pre-existing sound recordings and that such recordings are excluded from the definition of "sound recording" when they accompany a cinematographic work. The court stated that there was no legislative intent to exclude pre-existing sound recordings from the definition of "soundtrack" and thus Re:Sound was not entitled to equitable remuneration under s. 19(1) of the Act. The relevant sections
Re:Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Assns of Canada
17185367
telecommunication of published sound recordings of musical works. The case arose due to two proposed tariffs (Tariffs 7 & 9) filed by Re:Sound under s. 67.1(1) of the Copyright Act (the "Act"). Tariff 7 proposed an entitlement for royalties to Re:Sound for the use of sound recordings embodied in a movie by motion picture theatres and other establishments exhibiting movie. Tariff 9 targeted the use of sound recordings in programs broadcast by commercial over the air, pay, specialty and other television services. Re:Sound is entitled to collect tariffs on behalf of performers and makers of sound recordings when their recordings
Re:Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Assns of Canada
17909808
he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Sound Editing for the 1990 film "Flatliners". In 2001, Campbell received the Career Achievement Award from the Motion Picture Sound Editors On February 16, 2014, Steven Spielberg honored Campbell at the 61st Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards ceremony. Campbell served as sound editor on the following films: Charles L. Campbell Charles L. Campbell (August 17, 1930 – June 21, 2013) was an American sound engineer who won three Academy Awards for Best Sound Editing. He also served as Governor of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS)
Charles L. Campbell
18440732
New York Motion Picture Company The New York Motion Picture Company is a film production company which lasted from 1909 to 1914, though its name changed to the New York Picture Corporation in 1912. It released films through several different brand names, including 101 Bison, Kay-Bee, Broncho, Domino, Reliance, and Keystone Studios. Keystone would later be a part of Triangle Pictures, which would merge with Feature Play and become Paramount Studios. The New York Motion Picture Company was founded in 1909 by Adam Kessel, Jr. (1866–1946), Charles Baumann, and camera operator Frank Balshofer. Originally interested purely in film distribution, the
New York Motion Picture Company
18284165
the film a lukewarm review, opining that the picture would appeal to fans of the radio program on which it was based, while others would find it contrived and unbelievable. They were not kind to Peary in the title role, but did compliment the acting of the rest of the cast. "Motion Picture Daily" was even less kind, calling the story "poorly-crafted". They went on to say that the only portion of the viewing public which would enjoy the picture would be that segment which enjoyed his radio show. They felt that the weak plot offset Peary's effectiveness as Gildersleeve.
Gildersleeve's Bad Day
18616699
"Handle With Care" He also received the New York Festivals Film and Television Festival World Medal for his Sound Design on the feature film "The 13th Day" in 2010. and was a Finalist in 2013 for his work on "The Craftsman". Hillman has contributed to many other award winning films and programmes. Neil Hillman is a member of the prestigious Motion Picture Sound Editors (MPSE) society. He was proposed for membership by Rick Hinson, the President of the American academy of Motion Picture Sound Editors, a friendship from when they worked together on "Butt Ugly Martians". He is also a
Neil Hillman
9435848
Double-system recording Double-system recording is a form of sound recording used in motion picture production whereby the sound for a scene is recorded on a machine that is separate from the camera or picture-recording apparatus. Double-system recording is the standard procedure on motion pictures that are originally photographed on film. Recording sound-on-film directly at the time of photography has several technical limitations, and no professional motion picture camera supports this option, so all production sound is recorded on a separate recorder. This procedure requires that both camera and sound recorder share a very accurate time reference, and that the speed
Double-system recording
9899887
300 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 300 is the soundtrack to the 2007 film "300". It was composed by Tyler Bates and was released on March 6, 2007, three days before the film opened for public viewing. The lyrics sung are in Bulgarian, Greek and Latin. The opening lines of the track "Come and Get Them" are ""Ferto! – Parte to!"" () translating as "bring it! – take it!". It is said that Leonidas exclaimed Molōn Labe! () when asked by Xerxes to surrender their weapons, which is translated into English as "Come and Get Them". There exist a normal edition
300 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
6374222
Reinach. He also taught at the University of Southern California film school. In collaboration with Jay Robert Nash, Ross authored The Motion Picture Guide, a comprehensive multi-volume set of encyclopedias written from the 1970s to the early 1980s, containing detailed descriptions of possibly every motion picture made up to that time, with a two-volume index, and a separate volume entirely dedicated to silent films, and yet another listing every actor (and other major creative credit) with that person's complete list of films. The regular encyclopedia editions alphabetized every sound feature from 1927 until 1983, the last volume having a separate
Stanley Ralph Ross
5471566
Atmos for powerful and immersive sound-listening experiences. Dolby Atmos® adds overhead speakers for the most realistic sound effects you’ve ever heard. 4K projection gives you the most vivid colors with the sharpest details, brightest images and highest resolution picture available. D-BOX D-BOX motion seats offer an experience beyond just visual and audio components. D-BOX seats use the motion editing is a new artform, a new sophisticated discipline where art meets technology meets cinema. It leads to the rise of MFX, a multi-sensorial revolution in movie-watching and gaming. Goodrich "staffers" — who perform duties such as operating cash registers and cleaning
Goodrich Quality Theaters
11526662
was mechanically interlocked with the picture. Fox did continue to make Movietone Newsreels with single-system cameras due to their easy transport. For half a century cinema sound systems were licensed to either RCA or Western Electric, and motion picture producers elected to license one or the other, or even both. This continued until 1976, by which time optical sound recording had been converted to the Western Electric (dubbed "Westrex") stereo variable-area system. As digital sound became the standard of sound reproduction in the 21st century, 35 and 70mm films have increasingly included a digital version of the soundtrack on the
Optical sound
9899889
known as Zajdi, zajdi, jasno sonce. 300 was orchestrated and conducted by Nick Glennie-Smith. 300 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack 300 is the soundtrack to the 2007 film "300". It was composed by Tyler Bates and was released on March 6, 2007, three days before the film opened for public viewing. The lyrics sung are in Bulgarian, Greek and Latin. The opening lines of the track "Come and Get Them" are ""Ferto! – Parte to!"" () translating as "bring it! – take it!". It is said that Leonidas exclaimed Molōn Labe! () when asked by Xerxes to surrender their weapons, which
300 Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
16299972
Sound follower A sound follower, also referred to as "separate magnetic", "sepmag", "magnetic film recorder", or "mag dubber", is a device for the recording and playback of film sound that is recorded on magnetic film. This device is locked or synchronized with the motion picture film containing the picture. A sound follower operates like an analog reel-to-reel audio tape recording, but using film, not magnetic tape. The unit can be switched from manual control to sync control, where it will follow the film with picture. Many motion picture cameras do not record audio sound on the film, so in professional
Sound follower
17185366
Re:Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Assns of Canada Re:Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Assns of Canada, 2012 SCC 38, is a Supreme Court of Canada case that confirmed that pre-existing sound recordings accompanying a cinematographic work are part of a soundtrack and are therefore excluded from equitable remuneration under the Copyright Act of Canada. The decision was unanimous decided by the court on July 12, 2012. Re:Sound is a collective society authorized by the Copyright Board of Canada ("Board") to collect equitable remuneration pursuant to s. 19(1) of the Act for the performance in or communication to the public by
Re:Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Assns of Canada
7048562
camera. The ACL model used a focal plane shutter for exposure and a side-to-side oscillating mirror for reflex viewing to keep the camera body size to a minimum Jean-Luc Godard used an Eclair Cameflex when filming Breathless in 1959. Godard wished to film using ambient light, and the Cameflex was the only motion picture camera capable of using ASA 400 35 mm Ilford HPS still camera film. Cinematographer Raoul Coutard spliced the 18-meter still camera rolls into 120-meter rolls for use as motion picture film, and pushed it to ASA 800 during development. A handheld Eclair camera was used in
Eclair (company)
4060240
Best Original Score for "Titanic". The supervising sound editor, also responsible for special sound effects, such as Robert Vaughn's "laser shot" – based on Clint Eastwood's .44 Magnum from "Dirty Harry" – was David Yewdall, a regular contract-worker for Corman films. Yewdall later remarked on the "film's frugal sound editorial budget" in his "Practical Art of Motion Picture Sound", and explained some of the movie's sounds: each of the seven spaceships had its own sound. The Nestor ship's sound was made from human voices generated by the community choir from his hometown college in Coalinga, California; Robert Vaughn's ship was
Battle Beyond the Stars
9435851
that are photographed on high-definition video, audio is often recorded on the video recorder and also on secondary recorder. Double-system recording Double-system recording is a form of sound recording used in motion picture production whereby the sound for a scene is recorded on a machine that is separate from the camera or picture-recording apparatus. Double-system recording is the standard procedure on motion pictures that are originally photographed on film. Recording sound-on-film directly at the time of photography has several technical limitations, and no professional motion picture camera supports this option, so all production sound is recorded on a separate recorder.
Double-system recording
20397186
Advisory Committee for Aeronautics as an aircraft mechanic. In this capacity Schmitt was involved in Chuck Yeager's 1947 flight that broke the sound barrier. When NASA started its manned space flight program Schmitt became an equipment specialist, working with the astronauts' flight suits after NASA realized that Schmitt's experience was invaluable. Shortly after the end of the Mercury flights Schmitt appeared on the television game show "What's My Line" in May 1963. The panel was not able to determine his exact role, but did establish that he was part of the space program. In 1965 Norman Rockwell painted a picture
Joseph W. Schmitt
8521702
David Francis (film archivist) David John Francis (born 1935) is a British film archivist. He was the second curator of the UK's National Film and Television Archive from 1974 until 1989, when he was succeeded by Clyde Jeavons. Francis went on to become the Chief of the Motion Picture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division at the Library of Congress (November 1991 - February 2001). During the 1980s he was the leading academic member of the team that created London's internationally acclaimed Museum of the Moving Image (MOMI). In 1990, Francis was made both a Fellow of the British Kinematograph, Sound
David Francis (film archivist)
18984126
Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria generally refers to an era in Nigerian cinema, usually spanning the 1900s through to the 1950s, when film production and exhibition or distribution were controlled by the British colonial Government. The history of cinema in Nigeria dates back to as early as the history of film itself; notably in the late 19th century, with the use of peephole viewing of motion picture devices. These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices, with the first set of films screened at the Glover Memorial Hall in Lagos
Filmmaking in Colonial Nigeria
12714843
on the film. Composite print A composite print is a print of a motion picture in which both sound and picture have been printed alongside each other on the film. Before a motion picture is actually released, it consists of several components, one containing the visual image, one containing the sound as recorded on-set, another containing the musical score, another containing sound effects, etc. All of these are eventually blended and printed together into a composite print. During the 1950s and 1960s, some movie spectacles, especially those in Cinerama, would have the sound and picture perfectly synchronized, but running on
Composite print
12714841
Composite print A composite print is a print of a motion picture in which both sound and picture have been printed alongside each other on the film. Before a motion picture is actually released, it consists of several components, one containing the visual image, one containing the sound as recorded on-set, another containing the musical score, another containing sound effects, etc. All of these are eventually blended and printed together into a composite print. During the 1950s and 1960s, some movie spectacles, especially those in Cinerama, would have the sound and picture perfectly synchronized, but running on separate machines. This
Composite print
14475029
Austin, Texas as part of the SXSW festival. They played the 92nd St. Y Tribeca in Manhattan at an afterparty for the U.S. opening of "No One Knows About Persian Cats". Another band, also from Tehran, was also on the bill for this concert, Hypernova. Koory and Looloosh were part of the original line-up of Hypernova. But they did not leave Iran when other Hypernova members departed for the United States. On April 13, 2010 Milan Records released the "No One Knows About Persian Cats" motion picture soundtrack. The Yellow Dogs track "New Century" is included in the motion picture
The Yellow Dogs
3115798
dates back to as early as the late 19th century and into the colonial era in the early 20th century. The history and development of the Nigerian motion picture industry is sometimes generally classified in four main eras: the Colonial era, Golden Age, Video film era and the emerging New Nigerian cinema. Film as a medium first arrived Nigeria in the late 19th century, in the form of peephole viewing of motion picture devices. These were soon replaced in the early 20th century with improved motion picture exhibition devices, with the first set of films screened at the Glover Memorial
Film industry
17185371
person who performs a published sound recording in public or communicates it to the public by telecommunication is liable to pay royalties (a)in the case of a sound recording of a musical work, to the collective society authorized under Part VII to collect them; . . ." [emphasis added] LeBel J, writing for the court, stated that the exclusion in the definition of sound recording for "any soundtrack of a cinematographic work" would be superfluous if a "soundtrack" was considered a "sound recording" when it accompanies a cinematographic work. It follows that such a soundtrack does not trigger the application
Re:Sound v Motion Picture Theatre Assns of Canada
10095651
reactions of narcotic withdrawal and its psychological (phenomenological) experience, and (2) described the relationship between these two phenomena and addiction. Addressing the question of why regular users of opiates do not necessarily become dependent or addicted, he found that, while continuous opiate use does cause many to experience physical withdrawal, the impact of withdrawal on the likelihood of dependence and addiction is not certain. Lindesmith's "addicts" revealed this, in part, as did general reports from individuals who, despite regular use of opiates, failed to become habitual users, stressing "the advantage of attributing the origin of addiction, not to a single
Alfred R. Lindesmith
3659014
by Raff & Gammon, agents for the films and viewing equipment made by Thomas Edison, and then left to become a touring projectionist with a competing machine, Kuhn & Webster's Projectorscope. He traveled through the West Indies and South America, showing films at fairgrounds and in open fields. He later made a second tour through Canada and the United States. Returning to New York City in early 1898, Porter found work at the Eden Musée, a Manhattan wax museum and amusement hall which had become a center for motion picture exhibition and production and licensee of the Edison Manufacturing Company.
Edwin S. Porter
7169498
exclusive right to perform their work publicly. Before 1996, the owners of copyright in sound recordings in the United States did not enjoy any rights of public performance but after the amendment a limited right of public performance by means of a digital audio transmission was granted to sound recordings. §101 of the Act explains that a work is performed when the work is recited, rendered, played, danced, or acted, either directly or by means of any device or process. The definition gets broader in the case of a motion picture or other audiovisual work where a work is performed
Performing rights
16914576
4DX 4DX is a motion picture technology owned and developed by South Korean company CJ 4DPLEX, a part of the CJ Group. 4DX allows a motion picture presentation to be augmented with environmental effects such as seat motion, wind, rain, lights, and scents along with the standard video and audio. As such, theaters must be specially designed for and equipped with 4DX technology. The experience was introduced commercially in 2009 with the release of "Journey to the Center of the Earth" in Seoul, South Korea. 4DX was launched by South Korean theater chain CJ CGV, with the release of New
4DX
16973993
Frank Morrone Frank Morrone is an independent re-recording mixer who has worked extensively in both film and television. His award winning work includes Emmy Awards for the ABC hit "LOST" and the mini-series "The Kennedys" as well as a best sound Satellite Award for Tim Burton's "Sleepy Hollow". He has served as a Governor for the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences and as President of the Motion Picture Sound Editors. He has also been elected to the Motion Picture Editors Guild Board of Directors to represent re-recording mixers and served as Vice President of the Motion Picture Sound Editors
Frank Morrone
11746924
of motion picture technology at a certain period in time. However today, the availability of film stock and labs for processing is very limited. Film students will do well with the Auricon as a silent camera. While many Auricons function as doorstops, they don't necessarily have to. Collectors have Auricon cameras and amplifiers in working condition. Check the following when considering an acquisition: Auricon Auricon cameras were 16 mm film Single System sound-on-film motion picture cameras manufactured in the 1940s through the early 1980s. Auricon cameras are notable because they record sound directly onto an optical or magnetic track on
Auricon
5720441
2017 and 2018. Martin has served as Head of Sound Experience since 2014 at Sonos Inc., a company that creates music and audio systems. In late 2018, Martin was appointed as Head of Audio & Sound of the Universal Music Group. The role was specifically created for Martin where he is based at UMG's Abbey Road Studios. Giles Martin received two Grammy awards, both in 2007 for the "Love" soundtrack album, as a producer of the Best Compilation Soundtrack Album For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media and as a surround producer of the Best Surround Sound Album. He
Giles Martin
4429439
active when experiencing illusory motion. Tootel and his colleagues had participants view a set of concentric rings that appeared to move inward and outward. Participants would experience a motion aftereffect after viewing the moving stimuli for 40 seconds. Participants showed an increased activity in the MT area of the brain. Theoretical example with the Illusion of motion: "It appears that the sky is falling, while the reality is that the ocean is rising." Illusory motion can occur in different circumstances. Rotating objects can appear stationary under strobe light; also, they can appear to be counter-rotating. This second effect can occur
Illusory motion
8297458
major priority. The first high-quality loudspeaker developed expressly as a studio monitor was the Altec Lansing Duplex 604 in 1944. This innovative driver has historically been regarded as growing out of the work of James Bullough Lansing who had previously supplied the drivers for the Shearer Horn in 1936, a speaker that had rapidly become the industry standard in motion-picture sound. He had also designed the smaller Iconic and this was widely employed at the time as a motion-picture studio monitor. The 604 was a relatively compact coaxial design and within a few years it became the industry standard in
Studio monitor
12166087
film of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake aftermath. Views of destruction taken from a vehicle moving east down Market Street. Thomas Kimmwood Peters Thomas Kimmwood Peters (June 27, 1879 – 1973) was a pioneer American motion picture producer, newsreel cameraman, photographer, educator, and inventor. Peters began his photography work in the motion picture industry around 1899, with the Pathe Freres film company of France. Later, when he left them, he continued to work throughout Europe at various companies in the motion picture industry to develop his skills. He also did photography and motion picture work at Karnak and Luxor in
Thomas Kimmwood Peters
1777189
Pilottone Pilottone (or Pilotone) and the related neo-pilottone are special synchronization signals recorded by analog audio recorders designed for use in motion picture production, to keep sound and vision recorded on separate media in step. Before the adoption of timecode by the motion picture industry in the late 1980s, pilottone-sync was the basis of all professional magnetic motion picture sound recording systems, whereas most amateur film formats used pre-striped magnetic coating on the film itself for live-sound recording. According to Carsten Diercks, camera operator and filmmaker at West-German "Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk" (NWDR) during the 1950s, pilottone was invented at the NWDR
Pilottone
1777199
television worlds. Pilottone Pilottone (or Pilotone) and the related neo-pilottone are special synchronization signals recorded by analog audio recorders designed for use in motion picture production, to keep sound and vision recorded on separate media in step. Before the adoption of timecode by the motion picture industry in the late 1980s, pilottone-sync was the basis of all professional magnetic motion picture sound recording systems, whereas most amateur film formats used pre-striped magnetic coating on the film itself for live-sound recording. According to Carsten Diercks, camera operator and filmmaker at West-German "Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk" (NWDR) during the 1950s, pilottone was invented at
Pilottone
12166082
Thomas Kimmwood Peters Thomas Kimmwood Peters (June 27, 1879 – 1973) was a pioneer American motion picture producer, newsreel cameraman, photographer, educator, and inventor. Peters began his photography work in the motion picture industry around 1899, with the Pathe Freres film company of France. Later, when he left them, he continued to work throughout Europe at various companies in the motion picture industry to develop his skills. He also did photography and motion picture work at Karnak and Luxor in Egypt. Peters was associated with the Cosmos Film Company in San Francisco, California, which later became Exactus Photo Film Corporation
Thomas Kimmwood Peters
1776836
stages, editorial services, and scoring stages are all located in a central 'Tech Building', with dining areas and living quarters in the vicinity but separate from the main work area. Skywalker Sound has won 15 Academy Awards and received 62 nominations. Any film with an asterisk means that though Skywalker Sound did not provide the sound, a creative worked on it. Skywalker Sound Skywalker Sound is the sound effects, sound editing, sound design, sound mixing and music recording division of the Lucasfilm motion picture group. Its main facilities are located at George Lucas's Skywalker Ranch in Lucas Valley, near Nicasio,
Skywalker Sound
2705306
designer often collaborates with an engineer (e.g. a sound programmer) who's concerned with designing the playback systems and their efficiency. Sound designers have been recognized by awards organizations for some time, and new awards have emerged more recently in response to advances in sound design technology and quality. The Motion Picture Sound Editors and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences recognizes the finest or most aesthetic sound design for a film with the Golden Reel Award for Sound and Music editing, and the Academy Award for Best Sound Editing respectively. In 2007, the Tony Award for Best Sound
Sound design
14942020
chaser period” in 1901-03. Revival came with the industry’s dramatic shift from featuring news films and other forms of nonfiction to longer story films in the course of 1903, coinciding with the introduction of the three-blade shutter that reduced flicker and created a much more pleasurable viewing experience. Musser demonstrated that the rise of the story film preceded and made possible the rapid proliferation of specialized motion picture theaters popularly known as nickelodeons, in contrast to those such as Robert C. Allen who relied on cherry picked data and argued that the rise of fiction films was a calculated response
Charles Musser
18500704
just flinched". Willis told Trask that, due to his experience with firearms, he knew the sound of a high-powered rifle and that a bullet had struck something. Croft had taken three pictures of the motorcade and was certain he had taken another at the instant Kennedy was shot in the head. When he got his film back from the FBI, the first three exposures were developed but the fourth was blank. Croft said he was told by the FBI that his camera must have malfunctioned. Navy officer Thomas Atkins was the first-ever motion picture cameraman assigned to the White House;
Pictures of the Pain
829789
an age when we don't need a mommy-like organization to dictate what our delicate sensibilities can and can't be exposed to. I deeply hope that the MPAA's irrelevance is imminent." "Chicago Tribune" film critic Michael Phillips wrote that the MPAA ratings board "has become foolish and irrelevant, and its members do not have my interests at heart, or yours. They're too easy on violence yet bizarrely reactionary when it comes to nudity and language." Motion Picture Association of America film rating system The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) film rating system is used in the United States and its
Motion Picture Association of America film rating system
6191861
were released however, they quickly caused controversy. Sound provided "atmospheric music and sound effects, creepy-voiced macabre dialogue and a liberal dose of blood-curdling screams" which intensified its effects on audiences, and consequently on moral crusaders. The Hays Code did not mention gruesomeness, and filmmakers took advantage of this oversight. However, state boards usually had no set guidelines and could object to any material they found indecent. Although films such as "Frankenstein" and "Freaks" caused controversy when they were released, they had already been re-cut to comply with censors. Comprising the nascent motion picture genres of horror and science fiction, the
Pre-Code Hollywood
1961884
greatest scores, and was also one of the American Film Institute's 250 nominated scores for their top 25 American film scores. Sound designer Frank Serafine, a longtime "Star Trek" fan, was invited to create the sound effects for the picture. Given access to state-of-the-art audio equipment, Serafine saw the picture as the chance to modernize outdated motion picture sound techniques with digital technology. Owing to background noise such as camera operation, much of the ambient noise or dialogue captured on set was unusable; it was Serafine's job to create or recreate sounds to mix back into the scenes. As all
Star Trek: The Motion Picture
5612213
Movietone sound system The Movietone sound system is an optical sound-on-film method of recording sound for motion pictures that guarantees synchronization between sound and picture. It achieves this by recording the sound as a variable-density optical track on the same strip of film that records the pictures. The initial version was capable of a frequency response of 8500 Hz. Although sound films today use variable-area tracks, any modern motion picture theater (excluding those that have transitioned to digital cinema) can play a Movietone film without modification to the projector (though if the projector's sound unit has been fitted with red
Movietone sound system
546067
Sound effect A sound effect (or audio effect) is an artificially created or enhanced sound, or sound process used to emphasize artistic or other content of films, television shows, live performance, animation, video games, music, or other media. These are normally created with foley. In motion picture and television production, a sound effect is a sound recorded and presented to make a specific storytelling or creative point "without" the use of dialogue or music. The term often refers to a process applied to a recording, without necessarily referring to the recording itself. In professional motion picture and television production, dialogue,
Sound effect
4084047
Kodak Panchromatic Cine Film as a regular stock in 1922. The first black-and-white feature film photographed entirely on panchromatic stock was "The Headless Horseman" (1922). But panchromatic stock was more expensive, and not until the prices were equalized by competition in 1926 did it become used more widely than orthochromatic stock. Kodak discontinued manufacturing general-purpose orthochromatic motion picture film in 1930. Digital panchromatic imagery of the Earth's surface is also produced by some modern satellites, such as QuickBird, Cartosat and IKONOS. This imagery is extremely useful, as it is generally of a much higher (spatial) resolution than the multispectral imagery
Panchromatic film