first indian language to be declared as a classical language
Tamil
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Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. It
Languages of India
1951671
and the Dakshina Kannada and the Kodagu district of Karnataka. Malayalam originated from Middle Tamil (Sen-Tamil) in the 7th century. As Malayalam began to freely borrow words as well as the rules of grammar from Sanskrit, the Grantha alphabet was adopted for writing and came to be known as "Arya Eluttu". This developed into the modern Malayalam script. Odia (formerly spelled "Oriya") is the only Indian classical language from Indo-Aryan group. Odia is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Odisha and has over 40 million speakers. It was declared as a classical language of India in 2014. Native speakers
Languages of India
1951665
Puduchery and many parts of Sri Lanka. It is also spoken by large minorities in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Kerala, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Malaysia, Singapore, Mauritius and throughout the world. Tamil ranks fifth by the number of native speakers in India (61 million in the 2001 Census) and ranks 20th in the list of most spoken languages. It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was the first Indian language to be declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2004. Tamil is one of the longest surviving classical languages in the world. It
Languages of India
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the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) government under C N Annadurai. The Tamil purism movement successfully lobbied for Tamil to be declared a "classical language" (uyarthanichemai) of India in 2006, a status also accorded to Sanskrit in the Indian constitution. This gave rise to the Centre for the Study of Tamil as a Classical Language in Chennai, but it took another year to obtain official Tamil translations in Tamil Nadu courts. Tanittamil Iyakkam Thani Tamil Iyakkam () (Pure or Independent Tamil Movement) is a linguistic-purity movement in Tamil literature which attempts to avoid loanwords from Sanskrit. The movement began in the
Tanittamil Iyakkam
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Singapore, Malaysia, Mauritius and Fiji Islands. It is one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of India and the first Indian language to be declared as a classical language by the government of India in 2004. Tamil is also spoken by significant minorities in Malaysia, Myanmar, Mauritius, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago and Réunion as well as emigrant communities around the world. In Karnataka however, Tamils form 5.46% of the total population of the state. There has been a recorded presence of Tamil-speaking people in Southern Karnataka since the 10th century. During the eleventh century AD, the areas in and around
Karnataka ethnic groups
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listed amongst the 22 official languages of India as per the Official Languages Act (1963). Tamil was the first language to be granted classical language status by the Government of India in 2004. Other major languages declared classical were Kannada (in 2008), Telugu (in 2008) and Malayalam (in 2013) Hinduism is the major religion with about 80% of the population adhering to it. About 11% of the population follow Islam and 8% follow Christianity. Evidence of prehistoric religion in South India comes from scattered Mesolithic rock paintings depicting dances and rituals in Stone Age sites such as the Kupgal petroglyphs
South India
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Tamil was the first to be classified so. Sanskrit was added to the category a year later. The four criteria to declare Kannada as a Classical language, stated below, which are stated to be fulfilled has prompted action to seek recognition from the Central Institute of Indian Languages The classical tag equates a language to all ancient languages of the world. This is a qualification that helps in the establishment of its research and teaching chairs in any university in the world. It also provides a larger spectrum for its study and research, creates a large number of young researchers
Old Kannada
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of Arabic and Tamil, the "classical" stage corresponds to the earliest attested literary variant. Classical language A classical language is a language with a literature that is "classical". According to UC Berkeley linguist George L. Hart, "it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature." Classical languages are typically dead languages, or show a high degree of diglossia, as the spoken varieties of the language diverge further away from the classical written language
Classical language
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of scholars have approved a classical language tag for Telugu based on its antiquity. The Indian government has also officially designated it as a classical language. Though Carnatic music, one of two main subgenres of Indian classical music that evolved from ancient Hindu traditions, has a profound cultural influence on all of the South Indian states and their respective languages, most songs (Kirtanas) are in Kannada and Telugu. Purandara Dasa, said to have composed at least a quarter million songs and known as the "father" of Carnatic music composed in Kannada. The region to the east of Tamil Nadu stretching
Linguistic history of India
9321375
The provincial government agreed to allow these languages to be taught in KwaZulu-Natal. These languages can be chosen as third language up to final year of school. English is the first language of most Indian South Africans. A minority, especially older people, still speak some Indian languages such as Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Odia, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and others as a first language or second language. Most younger people do not speak any other languages, besides English and the compulsory second language taught at school, such as Afrikaans or Zulu. Many South African Indians still understand a variety of Indian languages
Indian South Africans
1880510
of India. Due to protests from Tamil Nadu and other non-Hindi-speaking states, it was decided to temporarily retain English for official purposes until at least 1965. By the end of this period, however, opposition from non-Hindi states was still too strong to have Hindi declared the sole language. With this in mind, the English Language Amendment Bill declared English to be an associate language "until such time as all non-Hindi States had agreed to its being dropped." This has not yet occurred, and it is still widely used. For instance, it is the only reliable means of day-to-day communication between
Indian English
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done for other Indian classical dance styles such as Kathak, Kuchipudi, Manipuri, Kathakali, Bharatanatyam, Mohiniattam and vocal and instruments like Mridangam, ghatam, and violin. Arangetram Arangetram is the debut (Arangettam - അരങ്ങേറ്റം in Malayalam) on-stage performance of a former student of Indian classical dance and music. This first performance follows years of training. Many Indian classical dance forms perform an arangettam once the time has come for a disciple. In Malayalam Arangu means stage and Ettam means rising or climbing. The word arangetram is from the Tamil language and means ascending the stage by a dancer on the completion of
Arangetram
2047613
the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The language has been far less influenced by Sanskrit than the other Dravidian languages, and preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English. Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents
Tamils
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the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The Tamil language preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English and vice versa. Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South-east Asia.
Tamil culture
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status for Tamil Language and His efforts ensured to declared a classical status to Tamil language by then Union Government in the year 2004. Similarly, the party president G. K Vasan believes the Tamil literature 'Thirukkural (Tamil: )' authored by Thiruvalluvar on Wisdom, Values and Ethics is certain to be recognized as the 'National Book' and the party shall put forth its constant effort in realizing the dream of millions of Tamil lovers and scholars. "We shall strive to achieve 'National Book Status' for the Tamil literature, Thirukkural (Tamil: )." - G. K. Vasan Tamil Maanila Congress (M) is existing
Tamil Maanila Congress
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Devaneya Pavanar Devaneya Pavanar (Tamil: ; '; also known as G. Devaneyan, Ñanamuttan Tevaneyan; 7 February 1902 – 15 January 1981) was a prominent Indian Tamil author who wrote over 35 books. Additionally, he was a staunch proponent of the "Pure Tamil movement" and initiated the Etymological Dictionary Project primarily to bring out the roots of Tamil words and their connections and ramifications. In his 1966 "Primary Classical language of the World", he argues that the Tamil language is the "most natural" (') and also a proto-world language, being the oldest (') language of the world, from which all other
Devaneya Pavanar
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It was also declared as the National language of the former defunct Hyderabad State. Most speakers of Dakhini live in the Indian region known as the Deccan. They inhabit the regions comprising the erstwhile Muslim kingdoms in Deccan Plateau viz. portions of the states of Telangana, southern Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu. They can be collectively be known as Dakhini Muslims, and include subgroups like the Hyderabadi Muslims. Other than the Northern, including Hyderabadi, and Southern, dialects of Dakhini include Savji bhasha i.e. the language of the Savji community in the Hubli, Dharwad, Gadag, Bijapur, Belgaum region. The
Dakhini
408273
official language for communication purposes. When India adopted national standards, Tamil was the first language to be recognised as a classical language of India. As of 2001 census, Tamil is spoken as the first language by 89.41 percent of the state's population followed by Telugu (5.65%), Kannada (1.67%), Urdu (1.51%) and Malayalam (0.89%). Other Languages spoken are Hindi, Gujarati, Marathi, Bengali etc which are mostly spoken by migrant people. Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India. Tamil Nadu has performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during the decade 2001–2011. A survey conducted by the
Tamil Nadu
1951675
granted the Classical status, and demands have been made for other languages, including Marathi. Languages thus far declared to be Classical: In a 2006 press release, Minister of Tourism and Culture Ambika Soni told the Rajya Sabha the following criteria were laid down to determine the eligibility of languages to be considered for classification as a "Classical Language", As per Government of India's Resolution No. 2-16/2004-US(Akademies) dated 1 November 2004, the benefits that will accrue to a language declared as a "Classical Language" are: The 2001 census identified the following native languages having more than one million speakers. Most of
Languages of India
1951674
second most prevalent language of Nepal. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi. Today it is written in the Devanagari script. In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts. In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language in India".. Over the next few years, several languages were
Languages of India
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World Sanskrit Day World Sanskrit Day, also known as Sanskrit Diwas, is a holiday focused around the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit that incorporates lectures about the language and is aimed to promote its revival and maintenance. It is celebrated on Shraavanapoornima, that is the Poornima day of Shraavana month in the Hindu calendar. World Sanskrit Day was celebrated on August 7, 2017. Sanskrit organisation Samskrita Bharati is involved in promoting the day.World Sanskrit Day: 9 lesser known facts about Sanskrit Declared as a classical language now, Sanskrit is known to be highly scientific in its structure and is a
World Sanskrit Day
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and Bhojpuri are the dominant language of Bihar. Hindi, Santali, Khortha and Nagpuri are the dominant language of Jharkhand; however, some tribals speak their own tribal languages. Jharkhand has accorded second language status to Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Ho, Kharia, Kurukh, Khortha, Kurmali, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali and Urdu. Odia is the dominant language of Odisha. Odia is the only major classical language in east India and sixth Indian language to be considered as a classical language in the basis of being old and not borrowed from other languages. According to Indian National Mission for Manuscripts, after Sanskrit, Odia
East India
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language of government administration, educational instruction, and the media; therefore Classical Arabic was only used for traditional activities and religious services. The French government had intended for the French culture and the French language to be viewed as "civilization and advancement". In 1956 Morocco declared independence, and in the government declared Classical Arabic as the official language. In the early 1960s the Moroccan government began the Arabization process. After independence, to facilitate economic growth and to increase its ties to Europe, the Moroccan government decided to strengthen its ties with France, resulting in the promotion of French. By 2005 Morocco
French language in Morocco
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language that is in high demand all over the world. World Sanskrit Day World Sanskrit Day, also known as Sanskrit Diwas, is a holiday focused around the ancient Indian language of Sanskrit that incorporates lectures about the language and is aimed to promote its revival and maintenance. It is celebrated on Shraavanapoornima, that is the Poornima day of Shraavana month in the Hindu calendar. World Sanskrit Day was celebrated on August 7, 2017. Sanskrit organisation Samskrita Bharati is involved in promoting the day.World Sanskrit Day: 9 lesser known facts about Sanskrit Declared as a classical language now, Sanskrit is known
World Sanskrit Day
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oil and gas leases are important revenue streams for the reservation. The tribe is a member of the Council of Energy Resource Tribes. The Ute language is a Proto-Numic language within the Uto-Aztecan language family. The language is still widely spoken. In 1984, the tribe declared the Ute language to be the official language of their reservation, and the Ute Language, Culture and Traditions Committee provides language education materials. Ute Indian Tribe Website Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation The Ute Indian Tribe of the Uinta and Ouray Reservation is a Federally Recognized Tribe of Indians in
Ute Indian Tribe of the Uintah and Ouray Reservation
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script resulting in a large number of letters capable of representing both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian sounds. Today, it is considered one of the 22 scheduled languages of India and was declared a classical language by the Government of India in 2013. Sino-Tibetan languages are spoken in the western Himalayas (Himachal Pradesh) and in the highlands of Northeast India. The Sino-Tibetan family includes such languages as Meithei, Bodo, Naga and Garo. Some of the languages traditionally included in Sino-Tibetan may actually be language isolates or part of small independent language families. The Austroasiatic family is thought to be the first to
Linguistic history of India
6788620
(Patois). Spanish is estimated to be spoken by around 5% of the population and has been promoted by recent governments as a "first foreign language" due to its proximity to Venezuela since March 2005. A majority of the early Indian immigrants spoke Trinidadian Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), which is a form of the Bhojpuri and Awadhi dialect of Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu), which later became the "lingua franca" of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonians. Attempts are being made to preserve the Trinidadian Hindustani language in the country, including the promotion of Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian musical forms such as, Bhajan, Indian classical music, Indian folk music, Pichakaree,
Trinidad and Tobago
6900004
in importance as Classical Persian literature was introduced to the continent. During this century, Europeans discovered the rich store of Classical Persian literature, and study of the Persian language meant study of the language as it was used in these works. The first edition of the Gulistan of Sa'di was published in 1654 CE. As British trade with the Indian subcontinent increased, the focus of learning Persian shifted to the "colonial" Persian of India. During this period of intense interest in the Orient, Persian proved to be one of the most important languages for the incipient field of Comparative Linguistics.
Persian studies
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less rigorous than Classical Sanskrit. The roots of all Prakrit languages may be in the Vedic Sanskrit and ultimately the Indo-Aryan language, their structural details vary from the Classical Sanskrit. It is generally accepted by scholars and widely believed in India that the modern Indic languages, such as Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi and Punjabi are descendants of the Sanskrit language. Sanskrit, states Burjor Avari, can be described as "the mother language of almost all the languages of north India". The Sanskrit language's historic presence is attested across a wide geography beyond the Indian subcontinent. Inscriptions and literary evidence suggests that Sanskrit
Sanskrit
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Routray, Sitakant Mahapatra and Pratibha Ray - have been awarded the Jnanpith, a prestigious Indian literary award. The first article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Odia: Odia language Odia ( ) (formerly romanized as Oriya) is a Classical Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by the Odia people in the Indian state of Odisha. It is the official language in Odisha (Orissa) where native speakers make up 75% of the population, and West Bengal. It is also spoken in parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. Odia is one of the many official languages of India; it
Odia language
5471222
Shauraseni language A Dramatic Prakrit, Shauraseni was the chief language used in drama in northern medieval India. Most of the material in this language originates from the 3rd to 10th centuries, though it was probably a spoken vernacular around the 2nd century BCE in the ancient state of Surasena. Among the Prakrits, Shauraseni is said to be the one most closely related to Classical Sanskrit in that it "is derived from the Old Indian dialect of the Madhyadeśa on which Classical Sanskrit was mainly based." Its descendants include the languages of the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone of modern Indic
Shauraseni language
2206315
Chhattisgarh. Odia is the sixth Indian language to be designated a Classical Language in India on the basis of having a long literary history and not having borrowed extensively from other languages. The earliest known inscription in Odia dates back to the 10th century AD. Odia is mainly spoken in the state of Odisha, but there are significant Odia-speaking populations in the neighbouring states, such as Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Chhattisgarh; as well as in the neighbouring country of Bangladesh. Due to the increasing migration of labour, the west Indian state of Gujarat also has a
Odia language
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Classical language A classical language is a language with a literature that is "classical". According to UC Berkeley linguist George L. Hart, "it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich body of ancient literature." Classical languages are typically dead languages, or show a high degree of diglossia, as the spoken varieties of the language diverge further away from the classical written language over time. In the context of traditional European classical studies, the "classical languages" refer
Classical language
16531995
of India: Indian Population Milieu’ published in Int J Hum Genet, 2006, clearly identified the Ranglong as separate community alongside Lushai/Mizo, Rangkhol, Halam etc. It could be viewed in page 268, Volume 6(3). Ranglong language Ranglong language is a Kuki-Chin language of India and Burma. It is also recorded as Langrong by UNESCO and declared as critically endangered language. The Ranglong language is also known as "Riam chong". Ranglong language is spoken in Seisimdung, Noagang, Zoitang, Lungkam, Zoinogor, Muolhui, Enhui, Vomthat, Kheuri-laikhuo, Rothabil, Laikhuo, Sorospur, Thumsip, Balidung, Ru-at, Saitha, Zarolian, villages in Tripura, Nurka, Langkhanphong, Pipla, Zairal, Sobiri, Khulicherra, Jugicherra,
Ranglong language
17188599
board and the first player to reach the end of the board is declared the winner. Aksharit Aksharit is the first word game for Indian languages developed and marketed by MadRat Games Pvt. Ltd. It is a board game based on the Hindi language. The game is loosely inspired on crosswords, but is purported to be designed to have specific pedagogical utility in Hindi language learning. Aksharit is used in 3000 schools throughout India and has been used by over 300,000 children. It’s also available in 10 other major Indian languages. It’s available in the digital form on Nokia’s Symbian^3
Aksharit
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concepts, language, knowledge, investigation and validation procedures. Language - Three language formula system to be followed. medium of communication should be the home language. The First language to be studied must be the mother tongue or the regional language. The Second language – In Hindi speaking States, the second language will be some other modern Indian language or English, and – In non-Hindi speaking States, the second language will be Hindi or English. The Third language – In Hindi speaking States, the third language will be English or a modern Indian language not studied as the second language, and –
National Curriculum Framework (NCF 2005)
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of 2010. The Tibetic languages () are a cluster of mutually unintelligible Sino-Tibetan languages spoken by approximately 8 million people, primarily Tibetan, living across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering the Indian subcontinent, including the Tibetan Plateau and Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan the northern Indian subcontinent. Classical Tibetan is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in Buddhist literature. The Central Tibetan language (the dialects of Ü-Tsang, including Lhasa), Khams Tibetan, and Amdo Tibetan are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while
Tibetan people
1355889
This entertainment fiction would later be labeled "Mandarin Ducks and Butterflies" fiction by New Culturalists, who despised its lack of social engagement. Throughout much of the Republican era, Butterfly fiction would reach many more readers than its "progressive" counterpart. In the course of the New Culture Movement (1917–23), the vernacular language largely displaced the classical in all areas of literature and writing. Literary reformers Hu Shih (1891–1962) and Chen Duxiu (1880–1942) declared the classical language "dead" and promoted the vibrant vernacular in its stead. Hu Shi once said, "A dead language can never produce a living literature." In terms of
Chinese literature
14078714
zero zero ... headline language poetry ... On the other side of the planet ... flesh soft as a Kansas girl's / ripped open by metal explosion ... shrapnelled / throbbing meat / While this American nation argues war / conflicting language, language / proliferating in airwaves." Potts writes: Despairing at the idea that the power of poetry was being lost in a sea of proliferating and contradictory language, Ginsberg invokes icons of transcendence—Christ, Allah, Jaweh, William Blake, various Indian holy men—to help him reclaim language for its higher purposes ... to make his startling assertion—that war can be declared
Wichita Vortex Sutra
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High Court under Article 348 (2) of the Constitution of India. Dr. Prasanna PAtasani is termed as the principal leader leading Odia language to be declared as the Classical Language status in India since he argued that the History of Odia Language and Odia script in Pali too and is very much available in the caves of Khandagiri and Udaya Giri in Bhubaneswar which goes back to three thousand years. Prasanna Kumar Patasani Prasanna Kumar Patasani ()(born 27 April 1946) is a Lawyer, Philosopher, Poet, and Member of the 16th Lok Sabha of India. He represents the Bhubaneswar constituency of
Prasanna Kumar Patasani
375639
Elsewhere, such as Dehradun (Uttarakhand), inscriptions in more or less correct classical Sanskrit inscriptions are dated to the 3rd-century. According to Salomon, the 4th-century reign of Samudragupta was the turning point when the classical Sanskrit language became established as the "epigraphic language par excellence" of the Indian world. These Sanskrit language inscriptions are either "donative" or "panegyric" records. Generally in accurate classical Sanskrit, they deploy a wide range of regional Indic writing systems extant at the time. They record the donation of a temple or stupa, images, land, monasteries, pilgrim's travel record, public infrastructure such as water reservoir and irrigation
Sanskrit
8945605
the Delhi Sultanate as well as Mughal Empire (1526–1858) in South Asia. Urdu was mainly developed in Delhi and its surrounding areas which was the seat of Royal court of the Indian Subcontinent. It also became a language of Muslim nobility. After Persian language, it was most widely used in the Mughal Royal Court. It was declared the official language, and all official records were written in this language. In 1876, some Hindus began to demand that Hindi should be made an official language in place of Urdu, and they started a movement in Banaras in which they demanded the
Urdu Defence Association
11615809
British colonialists of the period led by Thomas Macaulay who stated that there was a need to develop a breed of Indian "who would be Indian by blood and colour but Western by morals and intellect". Sanskrit, a classical language of the Aryan group, was considered to be a sacred language, whereas in the former British Indian state of Madras Presidency, it was a commonly held opinion in that the Dravidian tongues were inferior. The linguistic divide was even more pronounced given the political dominance of Brahmins in South India. The Brahmins, who occupied the highest strata in the Indian
Dravidian parties
19169102
an important role in documenting the classical nature of Odia language along with the culture department, hopes to rope in other departments in the future. After getting Classical Status of Odia Language, now his one-point Mission is Setting up an Odia language University to create a body of knowledge and research in Odia and to develop Odia language as a lingua franca like that of Palli or Sanskrit in ancient India and English in the modem times. Subrat Kumar Prusty Subrat Kumar Prusty (born 1976) is an Indian Odia-language scholar, activist, social entrepreneur and author. He is the Member Secretary
Subrat Kumar Prusty
1880509
universities modelled on the University of London and using English as the medium of instruction were established in Bombay, Calcutta and Madras. During subsequent Crown Rule in India, or the British Raj, lasting from 1858 to 1947, English language penetration increased throughout India. This was driven in part by the gradually increasing hiring of Indians in the civil services. At the time of India's independence in 1947, English was the only functional lingua franca in the country. After Indian Independence in 1947, Hindi was declared the first official language, and attempts were made to declare Hindi the sole national language
Indian English
153264
the Persian model: Ottoman Turkish, Chagatai and Urdu, which are regarded as "structural daughter languages" of Persian. "Classical Persian" loosely refers to the standardized language of medieval Persia used in literature and poetry. This is the language of the 10th to 12th centuries, which continued to be used as literary language and lingua franca under the "Persianized" Turko-Mongol dynasties during the 12th to 15th centuries, and under restored Persian rule during the 16th to 19th centuries. Persian during this time served as lingua franca of Greater Persia and of much of the Indian subcontinent. It was also the official and
Persian language
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large initiative, Pratishruti, was started to connect literary minded people in North America with their Indian peers. The goal is to expose Indian-Americans to the best writings of outstanding Odia writers as well as to cultivate new writers in America. Odia literature Odia is the only Indo-European language of India other than Sanskrit and the sixth Indian language that has been conferred classical language status and forms the basis of Odissi dance and Odissi music. Historians have divided the history of the Odia language literature into five main stages: Old Odia (8th century to 1300), Early Middle Odia (1300 to
Odia literature
2853558
directly from Classical Latin. People speak Classical Arabic as a second language if they speak colloquial Arabic dialects as their first language, but as a third language if others speak other languages native to a country as their first language and colloquial Arabic dialects as their second language. But Classical Arabic was spoken with different pronunciations influenced by informal dialects. The differentiation of the pronunciation of informal dialects is the influence from native languages previously spoken and some presently spoken in the regions, such as Coptic in Egypt, Berber, Punic or Phoenician in North Africa, Himyaritic, Modern South Arabian and
Classical Arabic
19169096
tries to prove that the Indian Script is not close to the Sumerians, Hurrians, or Elamite. The Indian scripts are mostly clearly related to the cave arts as existed in primitive to modern Indian architecture. Thus the Cave arts are the forerunners of Indian Scripts. A great work of research activities of Dr. Prusty is Document preparation for classical status to Odia language. When all the scholar and intellectuals of Odisha was accepted that Odia script, language and literature not more than 1000 years back. He proved with sufficient evidence that not only Odia language and script was more than
Subrat Kumar Prusty
6646809
0.98% in rural ones). 35,808 or 54.53% of ethnic Bulgarians declared Bulgarian language as first language in daily use (36.81% in urban areas, and 68.95% in rural ones), 5,698 or 8.68% of them declared Moldovan language/Romanian language as first (7.93% in urban areas, and 9.29% in rural ones), 23,259 or 35.42% of them declared Russian language as first (54.45% in urban areas, and 19.95% in rural ones), and 897 or 1.37% of them declared another first language (0.81% in urban areas, and 1.81% in rural ones). Bessarabian Bulgarians represent 28,293, or 65.56% of the population of the Taraclia district. There
Bessarabian Bulgarians
375555
taken to mark the start of Classical Sanskrit. His systematic treatise inspired and made Sanskrit the preeminent Indian language of learning and literature for two millennia. It is unclear whether Pāṇini wrote his treatise on Sanskrit language or he orally created the detailed and sophisticated treatise then transmitted it through his students. Modern scholarship generally accepts that he knew of a form of writing, based on references to words such as "lipi" ("script") and "lipikara" ("scribe") in section 3.2 of the " Aṣṭādhyāyī". The Classical Sanskrit language formalized by Panini, states Renou, is "not an impoverished language", rather it is
Sanskrit
508682
Telugu language Telugu (; ) is a Dravidian language spoken in the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and the union territories of Puducherry (Yanam) by the Telugu people and it is one of 22 scheduled languages of India. It stands alongside Hindi, English and Bengali as one of the few languages with official primary language status in more than one Indian state. There are also significant linguistic minorities in neighbouring states. It is one of six languages designated a classical language of India by the country's government. Telugu ranks fourth among the languages with the highest number of native
Telugu language
366052
census. In the 2001 census, standard Rajasthani had over 18 million speakers, as well as millions of other speakers of Rajasthani dialects, such as Marwari. The languages taught under the three-language formula are: First Language: Hindi<br> Second Language: English<br> Third Language: Gujarati, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Sindhi or Urdu Rajasthan is culturally rich and has artistic and cultural traditions which reflect the ancient Indian way of life. There is rich and varied folk culture from villages which are often depicted as a symbol of the state. Highly cultivated classical music and dance with its own distinct style is part of the cultural
Rajasthan
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and the elite classes, but it was also a language that must have been understood in a more wider circle of society because the widely popular folk epics and stories such as the "Ramayana", the "Mahabharata", the "Bhagavata Purana", the "Panchatantra" and many other texts are all in the Sanskrit language. The Classical Sanskrit with its exacting grammar was thus the language of the Indian scholars and the educated classes, while others communicated with approximate or ungrammatical variants of it as well as other natural Indian languages. Sanskrit, as the learned language of Ancient India, thus existed alongside the vernacular
Sanskrit
4526137
government and education, 90–95% of the country speak Haitian Creole as the home language while French is learned in school. There is as such no national language of India as declared by the Constitution of India.. Additionally, 22 official languages are accorded official status as mentioned in article 343/1 of the Indian constitution; all these languages carry equal official status and government documents can be in any of them. States of India are free to adopt one or more local languages for official purposes of that state. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian. Indonesia has more than 700 living
National language
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language and vocabulary of the translations being made from Indian texts, which resulted in what is now called Classical Tibetan. Nominalizing suffixes — "pa" or "ba" and "ma" — are required by the noun or adjective that is to be singled out; The plural is denoted, when required, by adding the morpheme "-rnams", when the collective nature of the plurality is stressed the morpheme "-dag" is instead used. These two morphemes combine readily (e.g. "rnams-dag" 'a group with several members', and "dag-rnams" 'several groups'). The classical written language has ten cases. Case morphology is affixed to entire noun phrases, not
Classical Tibetan
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carved out a contemporary style of dancing, [Indian classical dance|classical] in form but popular in appeal, through which the fame of Kathakali spread far and wide in the beginning of the 1930s. He showed how Indian dancing could handle themes other than those from Hindu mythology. Indian classical dance is the language of humanity, the global language. He popularised it by choreographing dance and ballets having biblical social current and political themes. He was trained in both southern (Kaplingadan) and northern (Kalluvazhi) style of Kathakali. He was invited for higher studies when poet Vallathol Narayana Menon started Kerala Kalamandalam at
Guru Gopinath
6932720
Plains Indian Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), also known as Plains Sign Talk, Plains Sign Language and First Nation Sign Language, is a trade language (or international auxiliary language), formerly trade pidgin, that was once the lingua franca across central Canada, central and western United States and northern Mexico, used among the various Plains Nations. It was also used for story-telling, oratory, various ceremonies, and by deaf people for ordinary daily use. It is falsely believed to be a manually coded language or languages, however there is not substantive evidence establishing a connection between any spoken language and
Plains Indian Sign Language
273467
challenged by Bloch (1970), who states that Apabhraṃśa was formed after Marathi had already separated from the Middle Indian dialect. The earliest example of Maharashtri as a separate language dates to approximately 3rd century BCE: a stone inscription found in a cave at Naneghat, Junnar in Pune district had been written in Maharashtri using Brahmi script. A committee appointed by the Maharashtra State Government to get the Classical status for Marathi has claimed that Marathi existed at least 2300 years ago alongside Sanskrit as a sister language. Marathi, a derivative of Maharashtri, is probably first attested in a 739 CE
Marathi language
375567
Ghosundi-Hathibada (Chittorgarh). Though developed and nurtured by scholars of orthodox schools of Hinduism, Sanskrit has been the language for some of the key literary works and theology of heterodox schools of Indian philosophies such as Buddhism and Jainism. The structure and capabilities of the Classical Sanskrit language launched ancient Indian speculations about "the nature and function of language", what is the relationship between words and their meanings in the context of a community of speakers, whether this relationship is objective or subjective, discovered or is created, how individuals learn and relate to the world around them through language, and about
Sanskrit
2937852
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (BHS) is a modern linguistic category applied to the language used in a class of Indian Buddhist texts, such as the Perfection of Wisdom sutras. BHS is classified as a Middle Indo-Aryan language. It is sometimes called "Buddhist Sanskrit" or "Mixed Sanskrit". Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit writings emerged after the codification, supposedly in the 5-6th century BCE, of Classical Sanskrit by the scholar Pāṇini. His standardization of the language that had evolved from the ancient Vedic came to be known as "Sanskrit", meaning "refined", "completely formed", "put together", or "constructed". Prior to this, Buddhist teachings
Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
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time, even after it is no longer a colloquial mother tongue in its original form. If one language uses roots from another language to coin words (in the way that many European languages use Greek and Latin roots to devise new words such as "telephone", etc.), this is an indication that the second language is a classical language. In comparison, living languages with a large sphere of influence are known as world languages. The following languages are generally taken to have a "classical" stage. Such a stage is limited in time and is considered "classical" if it comes to be
Classical language
1825488
Tibetic languages The Tibetic languages () are a cluster of Tibeto-Burman languages descended from Old Tibetan, spoken across a wide area of eastern Central Asia bordering the Indian subcontinent, including the Tibetan Plateau and the Himalayas in Baltistan, Ladakh, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan and Arunachal Pradesh. Classical Tibetan is a major regional literary language, particularly for its use in Buddhist literature. The Central Tibetan language (the dialects of Ü-Tsang, including Lhasa), Khams Tibetan, and Amdo Tibetan are generally considered to be dialects of a single language, especially since they all share the same literary language, while Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Sherpa, Ladakhi, and
Tibetic languages
14435483
faiths- 4.957 million-strong Sarnaism, 1.026 million-strong Gond, 506,000-strong Sari, Donyi-Polo (302,000) in Arunachal Pradesh, Sanamahism (222,000) in Manipur, Khasi (138,000) in Meghalaya dominate. Maharashtra is having the highest number of atheists in the country with 9,652 such people, followed by Kerala. Hindi is the most widely spoken language in northern parts of India. The Indian census takes the widest possible definition of "Hindi" as a broad variety of "Hindi languages". According to 2011 Census, 57.1% of Indian population know Hindi, in which 43.63% of Indian people have declared Hindi as their native language or mother tongue. The language data was
2011 Census of India
7521335
that they do not consider it sufficiently distinct from the aforementioned standard languages to register as speakers of a separate language. However, those Bunjevci who declared Bunjevac to be their native language consider it a separate language. In the old Austro-Hungarian censuses (for example one from 1910), Bunjevac was declared as a native language of numerous citizens (for example in the city of Subotica 33,247 people declared Bunjevac as their native language in 1910). During the existence of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, members of the Bunjevac ethnic community mostly declared themselves as speaking
Bunjevac dialect
375552
language, ultimately into the Classical Sanskrit by about the mid-1st-millennium BCE. According to Richard Gombrich – an Indologist and a scholar of Sanskrit, Pāli and Buddhist Studies – the archaic Vedic Sanskrit found in the "Rigveda" had already evolved in the Vedic period, as evidenced in the later Vedic literature. The language in the early Upanishads of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit, while the archaic Vedic Sanskrit had by the Buddha's time become unintelligible to all except ancient Indian sages, states Gombrich. The formalization of the Sanskrit language is credited to , along with Patanjali's "Mahabhasya"
Sanskrit
16531990
Ranglong language Ranglong language is a Kuki-Chin language of India and Burma. It is also recorded as Langrong by UNESCO and declared as critically endangered language. The Ranglong language is also known as "Riam chong". Ranglong language is spoken in Seisimdung, Noagang, Zoitang, Lungkam, Zoinogor, Muolhui, Enhui, Vomthat, Kheuri-laikhuo, Rothabil, Laikhuo, Sorospur, Thumsip, Balidung, Ru-at, Saitha, Zarolian, villages in Tripura, Nurka, Langkhanphong, Pipla, Zairal, Sobiri, Khulicherra, Jugicherra, Salganga, Kaisanary, Jamira villages in Assam and Luimawi village in Mizoram. The Ranglong people lives in a close and compact yet divided by three Indian federal states. The Ranglong speakers as per G.A.
Ranglong language
6020907
Modern language A modern language is any human language that is currently in use. The term is used in language education to distinguish between languages which are used for day-to-day communication (such as French and German) and dead classical languages such as Latin and Classical Chinese, which are studied for their cultural or linguistic value. SIL Ethnologue defines a living language as "one that has at least one speaker for whom it is their first language" (see also Language § Linguistic diversity). Modern languages are taught extensively around the world; see second language acquisition. English is taught as a second
Modern language
2206314
Odia language Odia ( ) (formerly romanized as Oriya) is a Classical Indo-Aryan language spoken predominantly by the Odia people in the Indian state of Odisha. It is the official language in Odisha (Orissa) where native speakers make up 75% of the population, and West Bengal. It is also spoken in parts of West Bengal, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. Odia is one of the many official languages of India; it is the official language of Odisha and the second official language of Jharkhand. The language is also spoken by a sizeable population of at least 1 million people in
Odia language
3790566
are traditionally regional, all of them include music and recitation in local language or Sanskrit, and they represent a unity of core ideas in a diversity of styles, costumes and expression. Indian classical dance is made from India and classical dance is played by various actors. The "Natya Shastra" is the foundational treatise for classical dances of India, and this text is attributed to the ancient scholar Bharata Muni. Its first complete compilation is dated to between 200 BCE and 200 CE, but estimates vary between 500 BCE and 500 CE. The most studied version of the Natya Shastra text
Indian classical dance
4701562
Classical Armenian Classical Armenian (, "grabar", Western Armenian "krapar", meaning "literary [language]"; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in Classical Armenian. Many ancient manuscripts originally written in Ancient Greek, Persian, Hebrew, Syriac and Latin survive only in Armenian translation. Classical Armenian continues to be the liturgical language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and the Armenian Catholic Church and is often learned by Biblical, Intertestamental, and Patristic scholars dedicated
Classical Armenian
15572382
multinational corporations. Most of them have retained their Indian citizenship. Many Indo-Caribbeans from places like Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname have also migrated to Argentina. The Indian community in Argentina has established an Indian Association in the northern provinces to organize social and cultural events to celebrate Indian festivals such as Diwali. Some community members are involved in keeping traditional cultural practices alive, such as ayurveda, yoga, Indian classical music and the Hindustani language and Punjabi language. Indians in Argentina There is a small community of Indians in Argentina who are mainly immigrants from India and the neighboring countries
Indians in Argentina
4066791
of French, German and Spanish for one term, before choosing one language to continue immediately (first language) and one language to continue restart in the Upper Fourth and continue until the end of the Lower Remove (second language). The first language MUST be continued to GCSE, and the second language comes as an additional option. Latin (or Classical Civilisation for the bottom third of the pupils in the Lower Remove) is also compulsory during the first three years of senior school (the school follows the Cambridge Latin Course). The school maintains exchange links with Le Vésinet and Lille in France,
King's School, Worcester
20447850
Quantum Computation Language Quantum Computation Language (QCL) is one of the first implemented quantum programming languages. The most important feature of QCL is the support for user-defined operators and functions. Its syntax resembles the syntax of the C programming language and its classical data types are similar to primitive data types in C. One can combine classical code and quantum code in the same program. The QCL standard library provides standard quantum operators used in quantum algorithms such as: The basic built-in quantum data type in QCL is the qureg (quantum register). It can be interpreted as an array of
Quantum Computation Language
17765021
100 Crore Club 100 Crore Club is an unofficial designation by the Indian film trade and the media, related to Indian language films that have net 100 crore (1 billion Indian rupees) or more in India after deducting the entertainment tax. By 2012, the box office target had become "a new benchmark for a film to be declared a hit", and those affiliated with the 100 Crore Club were considered part of the "elite strata" within the Bollywood film community. It was succeeded by the 1000 Crore Club in 2017. The first Indian film to cross worldwide was the 1982
100 Crore Club
2448768
dance in the Hinduism used to be a part of a sacred temple ritual, especially in South and Eastern India, where the female priestesses devadasi's worshiped different aspects of the Divine through the elaborate language of mime and gestures. Natyashastra is the most ancient and the most elaborate scripture describing every element and aspect of this sacred art-worship. The temple dance gradually evolved into what is known today as the South Indian Classical Dance that still preserves many ritualistic elements of Hinduism. Some of the classical Indian dancers are believed to be incarnations of apsaras. See Seungmu In the Protoevangelium
Dance in mythology and religion
482973
India. Kannada is considered to be one of the oldest living languages . In July 2011, a center for the study of classical Kannada was established as part of the Central Institute of Indian Languages at Mysore to facilitate research related to the language. Kannada is a Southern Dravidian language, and according to Dravidian scholar Sanford B. Steever, its history can be conventionally divided into three periods: Old Kannada ("Halegannada") from 450–1200 CE, Middle Kannada ("Nadugannada") from 1200–1700, and Modern Kannada from 1700 to the present. Kannada is influenced to an appreciable extent by Sanskrit. Influences of other languages such
Kannada
698326
others only distinguishing three. Vowel length is generally not important: close vowels tend to be longer than open vowels. The open vowels form diphthongs with the approximants and . In almost all dialects, the full sets of possible diphthongs collapses into two or three actual pronunciations: Syriac language Syriac (; '), also known as Syriac/Syrian Aramaic or Classical Syriac,<ref name="ISO 639-2/RA"></ref><ref name="ISO 639-3/RA"></ref> is a dialect of Middle Aramaic. Having first appeared in the early first century CE in Edessa, classical Syriac became a major literary language throughout the Middle East from the 4th to the 8th centuries, preserved in
Syriac language
1163077
Transitional Period, the Malacca Period (Classical Malay), Late Modern Malay and modern Malay. It is not clear that Old Malay was actually the ancestor of Classical Malay, but this is thought to be quite possible. Old Malay was influenced by the Sanskrit literary language of Classical India and a scriptural language of Hinduism and Buddhism. Sanskrit loanwords can be found in Old Malay vocabulary. The earliest known stone inscription in the Old Malay language was found in Sumatra, written in the Pallava variety of the Grantha alphabet and dates back to 7th century. Known as the Kedukan Bukit inscription, it
Malay language
1971923
he would return the National Award if Telugu is not given the status of Classical Language by the Government of India. In 2008, the Government of India declared Telugu as a classical language. He received filmfare award for the song, "Uppongele Godavari" () in the 2006 movie, Godavari. In 2008, he received the Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award. He received the Nandi award for best lyrics, from the Government of Andhra Pradesh, six times. They are listed here. Song: Maanasa Veenaa Madhu Geetam (Telugu: మానసవీణ మధుగీతం), Movie: Pantulamma, Year: 1977 Song: Shankara Nadasarerapara (Telugu: శంకరా నాదశరీరాపర), Movie: Shankarabharanam, Year: 1979 Song:
Veturi Sundararama Murthy
11452399
Africa, and it is also a liturgical language amongst Muslim communities outside the Arab World. Standard Chinese is the direct replacement of Classical Chinese, which was a historical lingua franca in Far East Asia until the early 20th century, and today serves as a common language between speakers of other varieties of Chinese not only within China proper (between the Han Chinese and other unrelated ethnic groups), but in overseas Chinese communities. It is also widely taught as a second language internationally. The major languages of the Indian subcontinent have numbers of speakers comparable to those of major world languages
World language
1951660
and Pali, also borrowings & reborrowings from Sanskrit and other major borrowings from Persian, Arabic, Austroasiatic languages and other languages in contact with. Like most Indian languages, Bengali has a number of dialects. It exhibits diglossia, with the literary and standard form differing greatly from the colloquial speech of the regions that identify with the language. Bengali language has developed a rich cultural base spanning art, music, literature and religion. There have been many movements in defence of this language and in 1999 UNESCO declared 21 Feb as the International Mother Language Day in commemoration of the Bengali Language Movement
Languages of India
5423942
Its syntax resembles the syntax of the C programming language and its classical data types are similar to primitive data types in C. One can combine classical code and quantum code in the same program. Quantum pseudocode proposed by E. Knill is the first formalized language for description of quantum algorithms. It was introduced and, moreover, was tightly connected with a model of quantum machine called Quantum Random Access Machine (QRAM). A language developed by Microsoft to be used with the Quantum Development Kit. Q|SI> is a platform embedded in .Net language supporting quantum programming in a quantum extension of
Quantum programming
1731440
century. Indian classical music has historically adopted and evolved with many regional styles, such as the Bengali classical tradition. This openness to ideas led to assimilation of regional folk innovations, as well as influences that arrived from outside the subcontinent. For example, Hindustani music assimilated Arabian and Persian influences. This assimilation of ideas was upon the ancient classical foundations such as "raga", "tala", "matras" as well as the musical instruments. For example, the Persian "Rāk" is probably a pronunciation of "Raga". According to Hormoz Farhat, "Rāk" has no meaning in modern Persian language, and the concept of "raga" is unknown
Indian classical music
2524362
conventions and word forms not generally found in works written under the Roman Empire. This article presents some of the major differences. The earliest known specimen of the Latin language appears on the Praeneste fibula. A new analysis performed in 2011 declared it to be genuine "beyond any reasonable doubt" and dating from the Orientalizing period, in the first half of the seventh century BC. The concept of Old Latin ("Prisca Latinitas") is as old as the concept of Classical Latin, both dating to at least as early as the late Roman Republic. In that period Cicero, along with others,
Old Latin
3030616
variations such as systems of bounded arithmetic. The traditional proof systems such as natural deduction or sequent calculus turn out to be insufficient for axiomatizing any more or less nontrivial fragments of CoL. This has necessitated developing alternative, more general and flexible methods of proof, such as cirquent calculus. The full language of CoL is an extension of the language of classical first-order logic. Its logical vocabulary has several sorts of conjunctions, disjunctions, quantifiers, implications, negations and so called recurrence operators. This collection includes all connectives and quantifiers of classical logic. The language also has two sorts of nonlogical atoms:
Computability logic
3283613
citizens, 510,320 or 82.97%, declared themselves speakers of the then official language: Serbo-Croatian. The 1981 population census also recorded a Serbo-Croatian-speaking majority. However, in the first Communist censuses, the vast majority of the population declared Serbian their native language. Such is also the case with the first recorded population census in Montenegro in 1909, when approximately 95% of the population of the Principality of Montenegro declared Serbian their native language. According to the Constitution of Montenegro, the official language of the republic since 1992 is Serbian of the Ijekavian standard. After World War II and until 1992, the official language
Montenegrin language
11419967
in the translation business, there are 100 jobs available for every 20 candidates. The Japanese government is working with organisations in India to address the shortfall, and aims to expand the number of Indian students learning Japanese to 30,000 by 2012. In 2006, the Central Board of Secondary Education announced plans to introduce a syllabus for Japanese language teaching, making Japanese the first East Asian language to be offered as part of the curriculum in Indian secondary schools. The emphasis will be on the spoken language, rather than the written; according to the syllabus, kanji would not be taught until
Japanese language education in India
483008
the native people of Nasik from ancient times which shows that North Maharashtra's Nasik area had Kannada population 1000 years ago. Kannada speakers formed 0.12% of Nasik district's population as per 1961 census. R. Narasimhacharya considers Tulu, Kodava, Toda, Kota, Badaga and Irula as Kannada dialects due to their closeness to Kannada. The Director of the Central Institute of Indian Languages, Udaya Narayana Singh, submitted a report in 2006 to the Indian government arguing for Kannada to be made a classical language of India. In 2008 the Indian government announced that Kannada was to be designated as one of the
Kannada
11185632
language, but only 74.167 or 2.6% speak it as a first language. Ukrainian has co-official status in the breakaway region of Transnistria. In the main part of the country, 186,394 people declared it native, and (of these) 107,252 or 3.8% speak it as a first language. While since the 1990s most Moldovans learn English as their first foreign language in schools, few speak it at a sufficiently advanced level to be able to communicate and understand it freely. Sometimes French, Italian, or Spanish are taught first. These languages are often used by Moldovan expats and working migrants in other countries,
Languages of Moldova
11902378
1960s and 1970s. Some of them still prefer using their native language. In 2002, 25,847 people declared themselves as ethnic Macedonians. Large concentrations of Macedonian speakers can be found in Pančevo, Jabuka, Novi Sad and Belgrade. 14,355 people declared Macedonian to be their mother language. Currently there is no specific program to educate students in Macedonian. Yet there are attempts to introduce Macedonian language classes into areas where there is a significant minority. There is debate as to whether the language of the Gorani people in Kosovo is closer to Macedonian, Bulgarian or Serbian. They identify it as Našinski. Recently
Geographical distribution of the Macedonian language
7907837
the cause of the State and Kannada language" as the reason for the quitting. In March 2014, he joined the Indian National Congress. In his tenure as the chairperson of the Kannada Development Authority (KDA), Chandru advocated very strongly for the protection and promotion of the Kannada-language. The beginning of his tenure saw a significant development in that, on 31 October 2008, Kannada was given the status of a classical language. Recommendations made by him in view of promoting the language in Karnataka were met with both praise and criticism. In December, he called for a compulsory display of vehicle
Mukhyamantri Chandru
19169101
be encouraged with related cottage industry as Odisha basically is an agricultural state. His work, for imparting all education in ODIA medium. For this purpose he started giving training to promising students to appear various competitive examinations in Odia medium., Odianess in him evoked a spirit of establishing Odia Biswabidyalaya is a dream he is on his toe for its success. For this purpose he opened an Institute of Odia Studies and Research and doing various researches works and he got first success that when Odia declared as a Classical Language by Govt. of India, The institute, which had played
Subrat Kumar Prusty
12641442
in Calcutta. The Armenian language journal "Azdarar", first published in Madras in 1794, was the first Armenian journal to be published anywhere in the world. In 1994, Armenia issued a special postage stamp to commemorate the 200th anniversary of "Azdarar". In 1773, Shahamir Shahamirian, an Armenian nationalist in Madras, published his vision of a future Armenian nation, which Armenians consider to be an attempt to draft the first ever Constitution of an independent Armenia. Indian classical singer Gohar Jaan, who in 1902 became the first person to be recorded on a gramophone, was of Armenian descent. Following India's independence on
Armenia–India relations
419051
Theravada Theravāda (; Pāli, lit. "School of the Elders") is the most ancient branch of Buddhism still extant today, and the one that preserved their version of the teachings of Gautama Buddha in the Pāli Canon. The Pāli Canon is the only complete Buddhist canon which survives in a classical Indian language, Pāli, which serves as both sacred language and lingua franca of Theravāda Buddhism. For more than a millennium, Theravāda has focused on preserving the "dhamma" as preserved in its texts, and it tends to be very conservative with regard to matters of doctrine and monastic discipline. Since the
Theravada
13632399
An example from Chukchi, a polysynthetic, incorporating, and agglutinating language of Russia which also has grammatical cases unlike the majority of incorporating polysynthetic languages: From Classical Ainu of Japan, another polysynthetic, incorporating, and agglutinating language: The Mexican language Nahuatl is also considered to be polysynthetic, incorporating and agglutinating. The following verb shows how the verb is marked for subject, patient, object, and indirect object: The Australian language Tiwi is also considered highly polysynthetic: And the Canadian First Nation language Mohawk: An example from Western Greenlandic, an exclusively suffixing polysynthetic language: The term "polysynthesis" was first used by Peter Stephen DuPonceau
Polysynthetic language
11227727
Odia literature Odia is the only Indo-European language of India other than Sanskrit and the sixth Indian language that has been conferred classical language status and forms the basis of Odissi dance and Odissi music. Historians have divided the history of the Odia language literature into five main stages: Old Odia (8th century to 1300), Early Middle Odia (1300 to 1500), Middle Odia (1500 to 1700), Late Middle Odia (1700 to 1850) and Modern Odia (1850 to present). Further subdivisions, as seen below, can more accurately chart the language's development. The ancientness of the Odia literature is being proved from
Odia literature
8544797
Vanaja (film) Vanaja is a 2006 Indian Telugu-language drama film written and directed by Rajnesh Domalpalli on a story that constituted his Master of Fine Arts thesis at Columbia University. The film was made on a shoestring budget using a cast of non-professional first-timers for two and a half months. The film stars Mamatha Bhukya as the title character: a 15-year-old daughter of a poor fisherman set in the backdrop of a rustic state of Andhra Pradesh in Southern India. She learns Kuchipudi, a classical Indian dance form, while being employed at a local landlady's house. All seems to be
Vanaja (film)
4228387
and vocabulary, using classical Syriac words and constructions while also preserving the original Aramaic form. Mlahsô language Mlaḥsô or Mlahsö (), sometimes referred to as Suryoyo or Surayt, is an extinct or dormant Central Neo-Aramaic language. It was traditionally spoken in eastern Turkey and later also in northeastern Syria by Jacobite Syriac-Assyrians. The Mlaḥsô language (Surayt of Mlaḥsô) is closely related to the Surayt of Turabdin but sufficiently different to be considered a separate language, with the syntax of the language having retained more features of Classical Syriac than Turoyo. It was spoken in the villages of Mlaḥsô (, ),
Mlahsô language
6932728
and off reservations during the period of American colonization, removal, and forced schooling in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The letter of a Kiowa student, Belo Cozad, in 1890 sent to Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania from his parents on a reservation in Oklahoma made use of such signs and becomes one of the only known indigenous written transcriptions of the Kiowa language. Plains Indian Sign Language Plains Indian Sign Language (PISL), also known as Plains Sign Talk, Plains Sign Language and First Nation Sign Language, is a trade language (or international auxiliary language), formerly trade pidgin, that
Plains Indian Sign Language
119635
a number of Southern Paiute songs that Tillohash knew. This fruitful collaboration laid the ground work for the classical description of the Southern Paiute language published in 1930, and enabled Sapir to produce conclusive evidence linking the Shoshonean languages to the Nahuan languages - establishing the Uto-Aztecan language family. Sapir's description of Southern Paiute is known by linguistics as "a model of analytical excellence". At Pennsylvania, Sapir was urged to work at a quicker pace than he felt comfortable. His "Grammar of Southern Paiute" was supposed to be published in Boas' "Handbook of American Indian Languages", and Boas urged him
Edward Sapir