new states may be admitted to the united states only if they are approved by
Congress
15285421
Admission to the Union The Admission to the Union Clause of the United States Constitution, often called the New States Clause, found at Article IV, Section 3, , authorizes the Congress to admit new states into the United States beyond the thirteen already in existence at the time the Constitution went into effect. The Constitution went into effect on June 21, 1788, after ratification by 9 of the 13 states, and the federal government began operations under it on March 4, 1789. Since then, 37 additional states have been admitted into the Union. Each new state has been admitted on
Admission to the Union
12062313
the Mexican Constitution to do so). Mexico refused to recognize its revolted province as an independent country, but the major nations of the world did recognize it. In 1845, Congress admitted Texas as a state. The documents governing Texas' accession to the United States of America do not mention any right of secession—although they did raise the possibility of dividing Texas into multiple states inside the Union. Mexico warned that annexation meant war and the Mexican–American War followed in 1846. of the United States Constitutions provides: New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new
Secession in the United States
17581260
debt limit until February 7, 2014. According to a "Washington Post"/ABC News poll conducted several months following the shutdown, 81% of Americans disapproved of the shutdown, 86% felt it had damaged the United States' image in the world, and 53% held Republicans in Congress accountable for the shutdown. The United States Constitution requires government spending be approved in bills passed by the United States Congress. Some government functions such as the Federal Reserve System are completely self-funded. Others, like Social Security and Medicare, are partially self-funded but may be subject to administrative shutdowns and failures if the government fails to
United States federal government shutdown of 2013
2734029
hate, then separation. Follow the same rule, get the same results. Congress has never been able to discover a better rule than majority rule. If they grow, let them rule. As they grow, they must get all their supplies from eastern businesses. Character is not determined by points of a compass. States admitted are equals, they will be made up of our brethren. Commit to right principles, even if the right way, one day, benefits other states. They will be free like ourselves, their pride will not allow anything but equality. It was at this time in the Convention that
History of the United States Constitution
440025
prior to that date are heard by the Appellate Division of the District Court. Appeals from the federal District Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. District Court judges are appointed by the US president, while Superior Court and Supreme Court judges are appointed by the governor. On October 21, 1976, President Gerald Ford signed authorizing the people of the United States Virgin Islands to organize a government pursuant to a constitution, which would be automatically approved if Congress did not act within 60 days. On May 26, 2009
United States Virgin Islands
5787924
crime, especially if they qualify as Americans or have physically and continuously resided in the United States for at least 10 years without committing any offense that triggers removability. Before the 1996 enactment of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act (IIRIRA), U.S. President Bill Clinton had issued an important directive in which he expressly stated the following: An alien may be inadmissible to the United States for a variety of reasons, which are all described under paragraphs (1) to (10) of 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a). In 1980, Congress and the Carter administration enacted the Refugee Act, which approved
Waiver of inadmissibility (United States)
295182
of intimidation. It was openly admitted by the President Reagan in a press conference that the manual had been prepared by a CIA contract employee. After the United States Congress approved an additional $24 million aid to the contras in December 1983, a new offensive was launched, named Plan Sierra. This offensive involved approximately 7000 members of the contra forces. As in earlier attacks, the initial objective of this offensive was to capture the border town of Jalapa to install a provisional government, which the CIA informed the contras would be immediately recognized by the United States Government. But this
Nicaragua v. United States
8299945
it only allows one. Separate income taxes enforced by individual states would be unaffected by the federal repeal. Since passing the FairTax would only require a simple majority in each house of the United States Congress and the signature of the President, and enactment of a constitutional amendment must be approved by two thirds of each house of Congress, and three quarters of the individual U.S. states, it is possible that passage of the FairTax bill would simply add another taxation system. If a new income tax bill was passed after the FairTax passage, a combined system could develop. However,
Predicted effects of the FairTax
8153981
an area it tends to stick there like flypaper. This means that the state would essentially raise the budget for a good or service if they continued to get more money for it. Categorical grant Categorical grants, also called conditional grants, are grants issued by the United States Congress which may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes. They are the main source of federal aid to state and local governments and can be used only for specified categories of state and local spending like education or road developments. Categorical grants are intended to help states improve the overall well-being
Categorical grant
20547036
United States federal government shutdown of 1980 The United States federal government shutdown of 1980 was the first federal government shutdown in the United States. It occurred on May 1, 1980, and affected only the Federal Trade Commission for one day. Congress had allowed its funding to lapse as part of an effort to pass an authorization bill that would limit its powers, but the Carter Administration for the first time enforced a shutdown of a federal agency based on a new interpretation of the 1884 Antideficiency Act, causing new funding to be approved that evening. The shutdown caused the
United States federal government shutdown of 1980
9592028
have been a federal Constitution without Madison but certainly no Bill of Rights." The twelve articles of amendment approved by congress were officially submitted to the Legislatures of the several States for consideration on September 28, 1789. The following states ratified some or all of the amendments: Having been approved by the requisite three-fourths of the several states, there being 14 States in the Union at the time (as Vermont had been admitted into the Union on March 4, 1791), the ratification of Articles Three through Twelve was completed and they became Amendments 1 through 10 of the Constitution. President
United States Bill of Rights
3517936
civil cases, the other for criminal cases). They also provide general governmental framework for what each branch is supposed to do and how it should go about doing it. Additionally, many other provisions may be included. Many state constitutions, unlike the federal constitution, also begin with an invocation of God. Some states allow amendments to the constitution by initiative. Many states have had several constitutions over the course of their history. The territories of the United States are "organized" and, thus, self-governing if the United States Congress has passed an Organic Act. Only two of the 14 territories – Guam
State constitution (United States)
5745955
be admitted to the United States as refugees. It is important to note that the Cambodian refugees were fleeing from genocide that was orchestrated by the communist Khmer Rouge government. In 1980, the U.S. Congress and the Carter administration enacted the Refugee Act, which approved 50,000 international refugees to be firmly-resettled in the United States each year. s. Each year, from 1975 onward, groups of Cambodian refugee families lawfully entered the United States. These families were issued by the U.S. Department of State special travel documents. After residing for at least one year, the then Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS)
Deportation of Cambodian refugees from the United States
8256951
where each state elects two Senators, and by extension in the Electoral College, in which each state gets two electoral votes for their Senators in addition to an electoral vote for each Representative. However, division may be wastefully duplicative, requiring a new state government for each new state. Article IV, Section 3, of The United States Constitution expressly prohibits any other state from dividing up and forming smaller states without Congressional approval. The relevant clause says "New states may be admitted by the Congress into this union; but no new states shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of
Texas divisionism
16893834
Federal Interpleader Act of 1936 The Federal Interpleader Act of 1936 was United States federal legislation enacted by the 74th United States Congress approved January 20, 1936. The Act repealed and replaced the existing federal interpleader act approved May 8, 1926 and codified it as United States Judicial Code §41(26), and established the modern statutory interpleader. The act was drafted by Zechariah Chafee, who considered this his foremost professional accomplishment. The Federal Interpleader Act was enacted to overcome the ruling of the United States Supreme Court in New York Life v. Dunlevy , that for a party to be bound
Federal Interpleader Act of 1936
8153970
Categorical grant Categorical grants, also called conditional grants, are grants issued by the United States Congress which may be spent only for narrowly defined purposes. They are the main source of federal aid to state and local governments and can be used only for specified categories of state and local spending like education or road developments. Categorical grants are intended to help states improve the overall well-being of their residents, though they do give leverage to the Federal Government. The United States federal government gives financial assistance to states, local governments, and other entities. They are defined and governed by
Categorical grant
12703367
United States Code as positive law in 1948, approved June 25, 1948, it was reconstituted as , , and . United States District Courts have jurisdiction to hear suites in equity began by a bill of interpleader where: The court may issue process to any claimant to the United States marshal of any district the claimant may reside or be found. Federal Interpleader Act of 1917 The Federal Interpleader Act of 1917 was United States federal legislation enacted by the 64th United States Congress approved February 22, 1917. In 1925 it was codified in the United States Code as 28
Federal Interpleader Act of 1917
146467
in November 2016, a statehood referendum was held in the District of Columbia where 86% of voters approved the proposal. If a new U.S. state were to be admitted, it would require a new design on the flag to accommodate the additional star. The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely recognized symbols. Within the United States, flags are frequently displayed not only on public buildings but on private residences. The flag is a common motif on decals for car windows, and on clothing ornamentation such as badges and lapel pins. Throughout the world the
Flag of the United States
11702606
financial stability of the United States. An important artifact of the state-based insurance regulation system in the United States is the dichotomy between admitted and surplus insurers. Insurers in the U.S. may be "admitted", meaning that they have been formally admitted to a state's insurance market by the state insurance commissioner, and are subject to various state laws governing organization, capitalization, policy forms, rate approvals, and claims handling. Or they may be "surplus", meaning that they are nonadmitted in a particular state but are willing to write coverage there. Surplus line insurers are supposed to underwrite only very unusual or
Insurance in the United States
435603
approved in the General Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote. In principle, only sovereign states can become UN members, and currently all UN members are sovereign states. Although five members were not sovereign when they joined the UN, all subsequently became fully independent between 1946 and 1991. Because a state can only be admitted to membership in the UN by the approval of the Security Council and the General Assembly, a number of states that are considered sovereign according to the Montevideo Convention are not members of the UN. This is because the UN does not consider them to possess
Member states of the United Nations
428493
the Confrontation Clause. Hearsay is admissible under certain circumstances. For example, in "Bruton v. United States", 391 U.S. 123 (1968), the Supreme Court ruled that while a defendant's out of court statements were admissible in proving the defendant's guilt, they were inadmissible hearsay against another defendant. Hearsay may, in some circumstances, be admitted though it is not covered by one of the long-recognized exceptions. For example, prior testimony may sometimes be admitted if the witness is unavailable. However, in "Crawford v. Washington", , the Supreme Court increased the scope of the Confrontation Clause by ruling that "testimonial" out-of-court statements are
Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
4948564
of principal due to market movements, are similar to risks involved with options. The serious risks in options trading are well-established and customers must be explicitly approved for options trading. The U.S. Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) suggests that firms "consider" whether purchasers of some or all structured products should be required to go through a similar approval process, so that only accounts approved for options trading would also be approved for some or all structured products. "Principal-protected" products are not always insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the United States; they may only be insured by the
Structured product
9258701
to authenticate their official acts. Such commissioners are appointed to act in a particular city or county (within the United States), or in a particular foreign country, and they may only act within the region to which they are appointed. They are authorized to take acknowledgments to be used or read into evidence within the State of New York; to administer oaths (the law does not specify that the administration of such oaths is restricted to documents to be used in New York); and, if appointed to act in a foreign country outside the United States, to certify copies of
Commissioner of deeds
7946930
Cabinet may undertake the PPC. Lawyers who are already qualified to practice in the United Kingdom, Jamaica or another approved Commonwealth jurisdiction may be admitted under the Legal Practitioners Law (2015 Revision) provided that they are in good standing in their jurisdiction of admission and can demonstrate residence in the Cayman Islands for at least a year (usually by holding a valid work permit for that period of time). Lastly, lawyers who are admitted in another jurisdiction and who only wish to be temporarily admitted in the Cayman Islands for the purposes of appearing in a single case (usually Queen's
Admission to practice law
440427
12.75% of applicants were admitted (total of 1292) to the Class of 2012. Candidates may have previous college experience, but they may not transfer, meaning that regardless of previous college credit, they enter the academy as a fourth class cadet and undergo the entire four-year program. If a candidate is considered academically disqualified and not selected, he or she may receive an offer to attend to the United States Military Academy Preparatory School. Upon graduation from USMAPS, these candidates are appointed to the academy if they receive the recommendation of the USMAPS Commandant and meet medical admission requirements. The West
United States Military Academy
5388150
Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military are those military decorations which have been approved for wear by members of the United States armed forces but whose awarding authority is the government of a country other than the United States. The wear of foreign decorations may either be approved on a case-by-case basis or a general order may be declared allowing for blanket approval to all U.S. service members to wear a particular non-U.S. decoration. The following is a list of foreign decorations which have been approved at one time for
Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military
6015448
are admitted into the United States in TN-1 status at the border. Canadian citizens are not required to obtain a visa, but instead receive TN status with U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) at their port of entry (most commonly it is done upon entry to the United States from Canada, but entry in TN status is permitted at any port of entry, such as an airport with United States border preclearance). It must be noted that the TN status will only be granted if the period of stay is "temporary". There is no appeal recourse if one is refused
TN status
17539308
as to off-campus employment undertaken under Optional Practical Training or Curricular Practical Training: students in such employment need to pay Social Security and Medicare taxes if and only if they have become residents for tax purposes. It is possible to be a resident for tax purposes in the United States but not a permanent resident of the United States. A non-citizen can be a permanent resident of the United States only by holding a Green Card. On the other hand, people on non-immigrant visas may well be treated as residents for tax purposes. Some aliens (i.e., people who are not
Substantial Presence Test
15121982
statements that do not fulfill the premotive requirement of "Tome" may still be admitted for rehabilitative purposes. Tome v. United States Tome v. United States, 513 U.S. 150 (1995), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States that held that under Federal Rules of Evidence Rule 801(d)(1)(B), a prior consistent statement is not hearsay only if the statement was made before the motive to fabricate arose. The defendant, Matthew Tome, was found guilty of sexually abusing his four-year-old daughter A.T. After her parents' divorce, A.T. was in Tome's primary physical custody, and she stayed with Tome
Tome v. United States
11702609
well as particular types of insurance like Employment Practices Liability and kidnap and ransom. Although surplus line insurers are still regulated by the states (or countries) in which they are actually admitted, the disadvantages of obtaining insurance from a surplus line insurer are that the policy will usually be written on a nonstandard form (that is, not from the Insurance Services Office), and if the insurer collapses, its insureds in states in which it is nonadmitted will not enjoy certain types of protection available to insureds in the states (or countries) in which the insurer is admitted. However, for persons
Insurance in the United States
17524502
intent on breaking any law and should have the opportunity to be productive people in this country. Individuals may request DACA if they meet the following requirements: Applicants who meet the guidelines are granted a two-year reprieve and are granted work authorization. An estimated 1.8 million undocumented youth are eligible for deferred action. As of August 2013, 557,000 immigrants applied for deferred action and 400,562 have been approved. In reaction to the executive order, some states such as Arizona and Nebraska announced that they would not prescribe state benefits such as granting driver's licenses to recipients. The majority of states
Undocumented youth in the United States
1784780
concerning admission to its bar. Generally, admission to a bar requires that the candidate do the following: Alabama, California, Connecticut, Georgia, Massachusetts, West Virginia and Tennessee allow individuals to take the bar exam upon graduation from law schools approved by state bodies but not accredited by the American Bar Association. The state of New York makes special provision for persons educated to degree-level in common law from overseas, with most LLB degree holders being qualified to take the bar exam and, upon passing, be admitted to the bar. But in certain states ("e.g.," Arizona), one may not be allowed to
Admission to the bar in the United States
4076300
emergency physician is a "Jack of all trades". In the United States, emergency physicians are mostly hospital-based, but they often work on air ambulances and mobile intensive-care units. When a patient is brought into the emergency department, he or she is usually sent to triage first. The patient may be triaged by an emergency physician, a paramedic, or a nurse; in the United States, triage is usually performed by a registered nurse. If the patient is admitted to the hospital, another physician such as a cardiologist or neurologist takes over from the emergency physician. https://web.archive.org/web/20140413154824/http://www.ibtphem.org.uk/IBTPHEM/Training.html Emergency physician An emergency physician
Emergency physician
16315752
family Psittacidae, a sub-taxa of the Psittaciformes order. However, the statistics greatly underestimate the quantity of birds channeled into the pet trade. Mortalities that occur prior to export are excluded. An estimated 60% of the birds taken from the wild for trade may perish before reaching the market and many die in transport. The Wild Bird Conservation Act (WBCA) was enacted on October 23, 1992, to protect exotic bird species from international trade. The Act maintains that wild-caught birds may only be imported into the United States if they are produced in accordance with service-approved management plans for sustainable use
International parrot trade
732823
briefing” from a nonprofit budget and credit counseling agency approved by the United States trustee or bankruptcy administrator The new legislation also requires that all individual debtors in either Chapter 7 or Chapter 13 complete an “instructional course concerning personal financial management.” If a Chapter 7 debtor does not complete the course, this constitutes grounds for denial of discharge pursuant to new §727(a)(11). The financial management program is experimental and the effectiveness of the program is to be studied for 18 months. Theoretically, if the educational courses prove to be ineffective, the requirement may disappear. BAPCPA attempted to eliminate the
Chapter 7, Title 11, United States Code
3981014
Bob Jones University v. United States Bob Jones University v. United States, 461 U.S. 574 (1983), was a decision by the United States Supreme Court holding that the religion clauses of the First Amendment did not prohibit the Internal Revenue Service from revoking the tax exempt status of a religious university whose practices are contrary to a compelling government public policy, such as eradicating racial discrimination. Because of its interpretation of Biblical principles regarding interracial dating, Bob Jones University completely excluded black applicants until 1971, and from 1971 until 1975, admitted black students only if they were married. After 1975,
Bob Jones University v. United States
5299774
United States v. Booker United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005), is a United States Supreme Court decision on criminals' sentences. The Court ruled that the Sixth Amendment right to jury trial requires that other than a prior conviction, only facts admitted by a defendant or proved beyond a reasonable doubt to a jury may be used to calculate a sentence exceeding the prescribed statutory maximum sentence, whether the defendant has pleaded guilty or been convicted at trial. The maximum sentence that a judge may impose is based upon the facts admitted by the defendant or proved to a
United States v. Booker
4860236
be approved before the applicant leaves the United States, or any residency application be denied unless exceptional circumstances are demonstrated by the alien. Aliens in the United States need an advance parole if they have: Note: Aliens holding valid K-3 or K-4 visas, as well as H-1 (temporary worker in a specialty occupation) or L-1 (intra-company transferee) visas and their dependents in H-4 or L-2 status who have filed for adjustment of status do not have to file for advance parole as long as they maintain their non-immigrant status. Aliens in the United States are not eligible for an advance
Advance parole
19420119
Luis v. United States Luis v. United States, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits the pre-trial restraint of assets needed to retain a defendant's counsel of choice when those assets have not been used in conjunction with criminal activity. United States federal law allows courts to freeze a criminal defendant's assets when that individual is accused of violating federal banking or healthcare laws. However, assets may only be seized if they are "traceable to the crime" or if the
Luis v. United States
4555413
the same multinational credit bureau, information is not shared between different countries. For example, Equifax Canada does not share credit information with Equifax in the United States. If a person has been living in Canada for many years and then moves to USA, when they apply for credit in the U.S., they may not be approved because of a lack of U.S. credit history, even if they had an excellent credit rating in their home country. An immigrant may end up establishing a credit history from scratch in the new country. Therefore, it is usually difficult for immigrants to obtain
Credit history
440942
years published a series of volumes known as United States Code Service (USCS), which used the actual text of the "United States Statutes at Large". Only "general and permanent" laws are codified in the United States Code; the Code does not usually include provisions that apply only to a limited number of people (a private law) or for a limited time, such as most appropriation acts or budget laws, which apply only for a single fiscal year. If these limited provisions are significant, however, they may be printed as "notes" underneath related sections of the Code. The codification is based
United States Code
7797184
been approved by AASHTO, there is only a prioritized corridor. The 14 existing subsidiary and alternate routes are grouped with their one- or two-digit parents. Approved or signposted routes are currently located in the District of Columbia and 26 states: Alaska, Arizona, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nevada, New Hampshire, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, and Washington. Alaska has the most of any state, with six active routes total. Below is an incomplete list of "prioritized corridors", "50-mile-wide areas where a route may be developed": U.S. state bicycle
United States Bicycle Route System
5396189
will occasionally offer new deals outside of the regular schedule if an item sells out. Due to wine shipping laws in the United States, Wine.woot items may only be delivered to a limited number of states. As the wineries are the seller of record (not Wine.woot), the list of states to which any given offer may be shipped is dependent on where the current winery has a license to ship, and will change from offer to offer. Due to the acquisition of Whole Foods, Wine.woot announced they will cease operations after Dec 31, 2017. Shirt.woot sold its first shirt in
Woot
5388185
of the Sovereign Pontiff and may be accepted and retained by U.S. Military personnel as honorary merit awards and not for wear of the U.S. Military Uniform. The Order of the White Eagle was only rarely awarded to very senior U.S. officers, during World War II. Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces Awards and decorations of the United States government Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military are those military decorations which have been approved for wear by members of the United States armed forces but whose awarding
Authorized foreign decorations of the United States military
66044
terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until 1934. It replaced the earlier Teller Amendment. The amendment provided for a number of rules heavily infringing on Cuba's sovereignty: As a precondition to Cuba's independence, the United States demanded that this amendment be approved fully and without changes by the Constituent Assembly as an appendix to the new constitution. Faced with this alternative, the appendix was approved, after heated debate, by a margin of four votes. Governor Wood admitted: "Little or no independence had been left to Cuba with the Platt Amendment and the only thing appropriate was to seek annexation". In the presidential
History of Cuba
7936326
for that matter. However, AP credits are rarely accepted outside of Canada and the United States. A foreign student may still take an AP exam if they are looking into applying to a college or university in the USA. As of 2017, AP students are allowed to use any of the approved calculators, including some Casio, Texas Instruments, and Hewlett-Packard calculators. Also, they may bring up to 2 calculators. Not all exams allow a calculator, but those that do allow all the allowed calculators to be used. Advanced Placement exams Advanced Placement examinations are exams offered by the CollegeBoard and
Advanced Placement exams
15591490
agency to grant EUPs in accordance with the EPA-approved state plan. States are authorized by FIFRA section 24(c) to permit additional uses of federally registered pesticides through special local needs (SLN) registrations. SLN registrations are only valid in the state that issues them and must be reviewed by the EPA after the state grants the registration. The state agency must consult with EPA personnel before issuing SLN for a pesticide use that was voluntarily canceled. FIFRA section 24(c) allows states to issue SLNs under these conditions: A state may register a new end-use product under one of two conditions: There
Pesticide regulation in the United States
414150
taxable income, as defined, times a specified tax rate. This tax may be reduced by credits, some of which may be refunded if they exceed the tax calculated. Taxable income may differ from income for other purposes (such as for financial reporting). The definition of taxable income for federal purposes is used by many, but far from all states. Income and deductions are recognized under tax rules, and there are variations within the rules among the states. Book and tax income may differ. Income is divided into "capital gains", which are taxed at a lower rate and only when the
Taxation in the United States
17416120
sulfoxaflor binds much more strongly to insect neuron receptors than to mammal neuron receptors, this insecticide is selectively more toxic to insects than mammals. Application is only recommended when pollinators are not likely to be present in an area as sulfoxaflor is highly toxic to bees if they come into contact with spray droplets shortly after application; toxicity is reduced after the spray has dried. On May 6, 2013, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved the first two commercial pesticide products that contain sulfoxaflor, marketed under the brand names "Transform" and "Closer", to the Dow Chemical Corporation. On
Sulfoxaflor
10064874
Mental Health Letter" states, "Although vitamin or mineral supplements [micronutrients] may help children diagnosed with particular deficiencies, there is no evidence that they are helpful for all children with ADHD. Furthermore, megadoses of vitamins, which can be toxic, must be avoided." In the United States, no dietary supplement has been approved for the treatment for ADHD by the FDA. Some popular supplements used to manage ADHD symptoms: Perhaps the best known of the dietary alternatives is the Feingold diet which involves removing salicylates, artificial colors and flavors, and certain synthetic preservatives from children's diets. However, studies have shown little if
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management
19026863
LNG exports. Any proposals to export natural gas must be approved by the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which gives its approval only if the project receives a satisfactory environmental review, and if FERC finds that the export terminal would be in the public interest. As of August 2015, 24 new LNG export terminals have been proposed, of which FERC has so far approved 6. Cheniere Energy expects to begin exporting LNG through its Sabine Pass terminal in January 2016. As of 2014, the only active LNG export terminal in the US was in Kenai, Alaska. The plant, with
Natural gas in the United States
14263408
by Section 25 which states the request may be rejected if the 'responsible clinician' believes the patient 'would be likely to act in a manner dangerous to other persons or to himself'. Section 29 of the Act defines five circumstances in which the nearest relative may be displaced by a County Court, with a 'nearest relative' appointed, and who may apply for a displacement order. Application for displacement and appointment of a new 'nearest relative' can be made by the patient, their relative, anyone with whom they are residing or an Approved Mental Health Professional. Grounds for making an application
Nearest relative
17157560
students and nurses may use it in certain circumstances. The employer must demonstrate that the trainee will not be engaged in productive employment unless necessary as part of the training. The petitioner must file form I-129 "Petition for a Nonimmigrant Worker", and if approved, the trainee may remain in the United States for up to two years. Special Education Exchange Visitors are to participate in a special education exchange visitor training program for children with physical, mental, or emotional disabilities. There is a cap of 50 visas per year, and only one was approved in 2012. The validity period is
H-3 visa
12793674
order to be sure, or at least avoid litigation, the Delaware General Corporation Law §144 provides that directors cannot be liable, and a transaction cannot be voidable if it was (1) approved by disinterested directors after full disclosure (2) approved by shareholders after disclosure, or (3) approved by a court as fair. Corporate officers and directors may pursue business transactions that benefit themselves as long as they can prove the transaction, although self-interested, was nevertheless intrinsically "fair" to the corporation. The duty of care that is owed by all people performing services for others is, in principle, also applicable to
United States corporate law
1717116
accreditation and 5 with provisional accreditation. The Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School in Charlottesville, Virginia, a school operated by the United States Army that conducts a post-J.D. program for military attorneys, is also ABA-accredited. Non-ABA approved law schools have much lower bar passage rates than ABA-approved law schools, and do not submit or disclose employment outcome data to the ABA. In addition, individual state legislatures or bar examiners may maintain a separate accreditation system, which is open to non-ABA accredited schools. If that is the case, graduates of these schools may generally sit for the bar exam only
Law school in the United States
2494614
have been admitted to the VWP. The remaining nine countries are: Eligibility for the visa waiver may be withdrawn at any time. This may happen if the United States believes that citizens of a certain country are more likely than before to violate their VWP restrictions, such as working without a permit or overstaying their allowed period of stay in the United States. Accordingly, Argentina's participation in the VWP was terminated in 2002 in light of the financial crisis taking place in that country and its potential effect on mass emigration and unlawful overstay of its citizens in the United
Visa Waiver Program
705779
to injuries received in action, or are currently prisoners of war or missing in action. Typically five to ten candidates are nominated for each appointment, which are normally awarded competitively; candidates who do not receive the appointment they are competing for may still be admitted to the Academy as a qualified alternate. If a candidate is considered qualified but not picked up, they may receive an indirect admission to either a Naval Academy Foundation prep school or the Naval Academy Preparatory School in Newport; the following year, these candidates enlist in the Navy Reserve (or, in the case of prior
United States Naval Academy
2047251
growth hormone) biologically inert. HCG can likely only enter the bloodstream through injection. The United States Food and Drug Administration has stated that over-the-counter products containing HCG are fraudulent and ineffective for weight loss. They are also not protected as homeopathic drugs and have been deemed illegal substances. HCG is classified as a prescription drug in the United States and it has not been approved for over-the-counter sales by the FDA as a weight loss product or for any other purposes, and therefore neither HCG in its pure form nor any preparations containing HCG may be sold legally in the
Human chorionic gonadotropin
11741862
the act entitled "An act in addition to an act to punish crimes against the United States, and for other purposes" approved March third, eighteen hundred and fifty-seven, shall extend to all oaths, affirmations, and affidavits required or authorized by this act. APPROVED, March 3, 1873. of additional free land could be obtained if they set aside to grow trees to solve the problem of lack of wood on the Great Plains. After planting the trees the land could only be completely obtained if it was occupied by the same family for at least 5 years. The act was passed
Timber Culture Act
6831236
and approved adding the controversial question of citizenship on the 2020 United States Senate. Despite the lawsuits from dozens of states and large cities, Wilbur Ross and The Commerce Department still want to move forward with the controversial citizenship question. These states and cities say adding the citizenship question will only discourage immigrants from participating in the 2020 census because of the fear they face of the consequence of admitting they are not legal citizens. Additionally, they believe if immigrant do not participate in the census it will decrease political representation and money for states that tend to lean Democratic.
Wilbur Ross
1723460
United States where Mexicans were classified as white, they were permitted by law to intermarry with what today are termed "non-Hispanic whites." Social customs typically approved of such marriages only if the Mexican partner was not of visible indigenous ancestry. Legally, Mexican Americans could vote and hold elected office; however, in many states electoral practices discriminated against them, especially as a language minority. After they created political organizations such as the League of United Latin America Citizens and the G.I. Forum, Mexican Americans began to exert more political influence and gain elective office. Edward Roybal's election to the Los Angeles
Mexican Americans
455701
of Malta. In 2010, Taiwan was invited under the name of "Republic of China". WHO Member States appoint delegations to the World Health Assembly, WHO's supreme decision-making body. All UN Member States are eligible for WHO membership, and, according to the WHO website, "other countries may be admitted as members when their application has been approved by a simple majority vote of the World Health Assembly". Liechtenstein is currently the only UN member not in the WHO membership. In addition, the UN observer organizations International Committee of the Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies
World Health Organization
11419710
persons "afflicted with... sexual deviation." Until 1990, "sexual deviation" was grounds for exclusion from the United States, and anyone who admitted being a homosexual was refused entry. Lesbian and gay individuals are now admitted and US citizens may petition for immigrant visas for their same-sex spouses under the same terms as opposite-sex spouses. In 1967, the Supreme Court confirmed that, when describing a homosexual person, they were to be referred to as a "psychopathic personality." Twenty-one-year-old Clive Boutilier, a Canadian, had moved to the United States in 1955 to join his mother, stepfather, and 3 siblings who already lived there.
Marriage in the United States
16133141
minister Petr Nečas said his country may join in the future. The treaty only becomes binding on the non-eurozone signatory states after they adopt the euro as their currency, unless they declare their intention to be bound by part, or all, of the treaty at an earlier date. The new treaty was signed on 2 March and will come into force on 1 January 2013, if it has been ratified (which requires the approval of national parliaments) by at least 12 countries that use the euro. Ireland held a referendum on the treaty on 31 May 2012, which was approved
European Fiscal Compact
8238464
Todd Shipyards in 1981. In broad terms, a selective buyback is one in which identical offers are not made to every shareholder, for example, if offers are made to only some of the shareholders in the company. In the United States, no special shareholder approval of a selective buyback is required. In the UK, however, the scheme must first be approved by all shareholders, or by a special resolution (requiring a 75% majority) of the members in which no vote is cast by selling shareholders or their associates. Selling shareholders may not vote in favor of a special resolution to
Share repurchase
3769329
and consulates), and to live in the United States and certain territories without any immigration requirements. Felons can vote in over 40 states, and in at least 2 while incarcerated. Felons can also serve jury duty if approved. Some U.S. citizens have the obligation to serve in a jury, if selected and legally qualified. Citizens are also required (under the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code) to pay taxes on their total income from all sources worldwide, including income earned abroad while living abroad. Under certain circumstances, however, U.S. citizens living and working abroad may be able to reduce or
United States nationality law
5034348
system. For example, they are generally enforceable under English law, but not under French law. Similarly, one party may be afforded alternative dispute resolution options. For example, a loan agreement may provide that if the borrower wishes to bring proceedings against the lender, that can only be done by way of arbitration. But if the lender wishes to make a claim against the borrower they may do so by way of arbitration or by proceedings in a certain court. These are various called "option clauses", "asymmetric clauses" or "hybrid clauses". The United States Supreme Court has upheld forum selection clauses
Forum selection clause
440428
Point Association of Graduates (WPAOG) also offers scholarship support to people who are qualified but not selected. The scholarships usually cover around $7,000 to civilian universities; the students who receive these scholarships do so under the stipulation that they will be admitted to and attend West Point a year later. Those who do not must repay the AOG. Marion Military Institute, New Mexico Military Institute, Georgia Military College, Hargrave Military Academy, Greystone Preparatory School at Schreiner University, and Northwestern Preparatory School are approved programs that students attend on the AOG scholarship prior to admission to West Point. West Point is
United States Military Academy
5438601
Civiletti opinions, not all funding gaps led to shutdowns. Of the nine funding gaps between 1980 and 1990, only four led to furloughs. Shutdowns of the type experienced by the United States are possible in other countries that have presidential systems; however, they are nearly impossible in other forms of government. Under the parliamentary system used in most European nations, the executive and legislative branch are not separate, with the parliament designating all executive officials, typically called "ministers", and typically an election is triggered if a budget fails to pass. Even without an approved budget, the one from the previous
Government shutdowns in the United States
9784
New York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, eventually became the states of: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, and the part of Minnesota east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states. No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the Province of Quebec (referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and
Articles of Confederation
3312652
and international decorations are authorized for wear on United States military uniforms by the Department of Defense in accordance with established regulations for the receipt of such awards as outlined by the State Department. In the case of foreign decorations, the awards may be divided into senior service decorations (awarded only to high ranking U.S. officers), heroic decorations for valor, and foreign service decorations. There are hundreds of foreign and international awards which have been approved for issuance to United States military personnel since World War I, the following being among the more common. During the First and Second World
Awards and decorations of the United States Armed Forces
4032095
restrictions on places where the permit is valid (New York, Rhode Island, Illinois), restricting concealed carry to purposes or activities specified on the approved permit application (California, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York), limitations on magazine size (Connecticut, Massachusetts, New York), or limitations on the number of firearms that may be carried concealed by a permit-holder at any given time (some states). Permits issued by all but two states (New York and Hawaii) are valid statewide. New York State pistol licenses, which are generally issued by counties, are valid statewide with one exception. A permit not issued by New York City
Concealed carry in the United States
7359849
Process state In a multitasking computer system, processes may occupy a variety of states. These distinct states may not be recognized as such by the operating system kernel. However, they are a useful abstraction for the understanding of processes. The following typical process states are possible on computer systems of all kinds. In most of these states, processes are "stored" on main memory. When a process is first created, it occupies the "created" or "new" state. In this state, the process awaits admission to the "ready" state. Admission will be approved or delayed by a long-term, or admission, scheduler. Typically
Process state
6488384
Students can apply to some colleges using the Common Application. With a few exceptions, most undergraduate colleges and universities maintain the policy that students are to be admitted to (or rejected from) the entire college, not to a particular department or major. (This is unlike college admissions in many European countries, as well as graduate admissions.) Some students, rather than being rejected, are "wait-listed" for a particular college and may be admitted if another student who was admitted decides not to attend the college or university. The five major parts of admission are ACT/SAT scores, grade point average, college application,
Higher education in the United States
4088220
need of the students that are admitted. Meeting the full-need will probably increase the funds for financial aid. For example, Wesleyan University is only need-blind if it has enough money to satisfy the full need of admitted students. Most national governments provide student financial aid to students attending a university, even and especially in countries where education is free. Several of these countries even provide financial aid to students in secondary schools, especially but not only if they don't live with their parents. See student financial aid for a list of articles on such countries. Proposed changes to government-financed student
Student financial aid (United States)
11484243
purpose with the federal government, meaning they will not be accepted for entering federal buildings or boarding airplanes. For a state to meet Real ID compliance, licenses and ID cards issued from that state must be approved by DHS in meeting Real ID requirements. States can choose to issue both regular licenses and ID cards as well as Real IDs, but any non-Real ID must be marked "Not for Federal Identification". Real IDs are valid for 8 years. Real IDs are allowed to be issued only to legal immigrants and citizens of the United States. When a person applies for
Driver's licenses in the United States
5995024
assemblies. Individuals and congregations must submit to these decisions if they are going to remain in the denomination, and if an individual congregation refuses to do so, the broader assembly has the authority to declare that congregation to be outside the federation of churches. Only male members who have made a public confession of faith and are in good standing may vote for church officers or be ordained. The PRC currently has 33 member churches scattered throughout the United States and in Canada. A majority of the churches in the United States are located in western Michigan but there are
Protestant Reformed Churches in America
17761161
imposes certain new requirements; while seals are still not required, if they are used they must be photographically reproducible. Also, the notary's registration number must appear on any document notarized. Changes to the law effective 1 July 2008 will permit notarization of electronic signatures. On July 1, 2012, Virginia became the first state to authorize a signer to be in a remote location and have a document notarized electronically by an approved Virginia electronic notary using audio-visual conference technology by passing the bills SB 827 and HB 2318. In Washington State, any resident or resident of an adjacent state employed
Notary public (United States)
16857182
a sufficient distance to stop the train if the driver does not control the speeds adequately. The project also incorporated Train Control and Monitoring System to allow real-time monitoring of the position of trains. In the United States, the first step to increase top speeds from is to install a new signal system that incorporates FRA-approved positive train control (PTC) system that is compatible with higher-speed rail operation. There are both transponder-based and GPS-based PTC systems currently in use in the United States. By a mandate, a significant portion of the railroads in the United States will be covered by
Higher-speed rail
14139532
persons of the opposite sex, at §8–2.01 states that licenses may only be issued if the persons are of the opposite sex, and at §8–2.04 provides that while no particular ceremony must be followed, the parties must state that they take each other as "husband and wife" and the officiant must declare that they are "husband and wife." The Marriage and Divorce Ordinance (Revised on February 26, 2011) of the Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma at §A.2 specifies marriage must be between parties of the opposite sex, §A.3 states that a person can only be married to one person of the
Same-sex marriage under United States tribal jurisdictions
8920110
returned to the United States and endeavored to block ratification of the treaty by the US. Although this was signed by the commissioners, it was not yet approved by the Senate of the United States. He filed a State memorandum to express that Filipinos must be recognized by the United States. He presented a formal protest which was called "Memorial to the Senate" to the president and delegates of the Spanish-American Commission saying: If the Spaniards have not been able to transfer to the Americans the rights which they did not possess; if the latter have not militarily conquered positions
Felipe Agoncillo
10402935
damages far greater than if they had been using a seatbelt. However, when in court, most states protect motorists from having their damages reduced in a lawsuit due to the nonuse of a seatbelt, even if they were acting in violation of the law by not wearing the seatbelt. Currently, damages may be reduced for the nonuse of a seatbelt in 16 states: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida (See F.S.A. 316.614(10)), Iowa, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Seat belt laws are effective in reducing car crash deaths. One study found
Seat belt laws in the United States
5842891
state's home rule laws, counties and other local municipalities may only levy a higher sales tax (or a lower one, but this option is not exercised) if it is approved by the New York State Legislature, and this approval must be repeated every two years. As of 2017, all but Warren, Washington and Westchester counties in New York charge a higher sales tax rate than the 3% default rate. The combined sales tax in Utica, for example, is 8.75%. In New York City, total sales tax is 8.875%, which includes 0.375% charged in the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation District (MCTD). On
Sales taxes in the United States
2481734
hockey tables since no air is involved, however, they are still generally understood to be as such due to the basic similarity of gameplay. There also exist pucks that use a battery and fan to generate their own air cushion, but as they are prone to breakage, they are commonly marketed only as toys. An air hockey table has very little friction. The only tables that are approved for play and sanctioned by the USAA (United States Air Hockey Association) and the AHPA (Air Hockey Players Association) for tournament play are 8-foot tables. Approved tables include all Gold Standard Games
Air hockey
18698851
United States. If the worker is not already in the United States, an approved Form I-129 may be used to submit a visa application associated with that status. The form is 36 pages long (8 pages for the main form, and the remaining pages for various supplements not all of which may be applicable to every petition) and the instructions for the form are 29 pages long. It is one of the many USCIS immigration forms. For the following statuses, a Form I-129 must always be filed for initial employment as well as for extension of status or change to
Form I-129
9935757
they are to be returned to an NSA-approved vendor (usually the original supplier), where they are destroyed. Rockwell Collins also manufactures a GPS receiver known as the "Polaris Guide", that looks like a DAGR, but uses only the civilian C/A code signals. These units are labelled as "SPS", for "Standard Positioning Service", and may be possessed by non-military users. Defense Advanced GPS Receiver The AN/PSN-13 Defense Advanced GPS Receiver (DAGR; colloquially, "dagger") is a handheld GPS receiver used by the United States Department of Defense and select foreign military services. It is a military-grade, dual-frequency receiver, and has the security
Defense Advanced GPS Receiver
5576323
unit insignia. The unit commanding officer requests approval of a distinctive unit insignia. A check is made by the Institute of Heraldry to determine the availability of a current copy of the lineage and honor statement and/or history for the unit. If such is not available, one is requested from the United States Army Center of Military History. The unit's history is reviewed to determine if the unit may inherit a previously approved distinctive unit insignia or if a new design should be made. If a new design is to be made, careful study is made of the history and
Distinctive unit insignia
5723074
including the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The President may also add admirals to the Navy if they are offset by removing an equivalent number of four-stars from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the President's discretion during time of war or national emergency. Four-star grades go hand-in-hand with the positions of office they are linked to, so these ranks are temporary. Officers may only achieve four-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which
Admiral (United States)
1432395
treated at the emergency ward, they are rarely admitted to the hospital. The number of deaths from norovirus in the United States is estimated to be around 570–800 each year, with most of these occurring in the very young, the elderly, and persons with weakened immune systems. Symptoms may become life-threatening in these groups if dehydration or electrolyte imbalance is ignored or not treated. Specific diagnosis of norovirus is routinely made by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays or quantitative PCR assays, which give results within a few hours. These assays are very sensitive and can detect as few as 10
Norovirus
19322689
and dealing. After an explosion of hard drugs authorities began to tolerate soft drugs and legalized cannabis selling in registered coffeeshops. In certain territories in the United States and Canada, dispensaries distribute cannabis to the general public or in some cases only to approved patients. In Uruguay cannabis dispensaries are built by the government and can sell to the public. Originally appearing in the United States during Prohibition they sold cannabis as a legal intoxicant. Today they exist in New Zealand, Spain Belgium, France, the Netherlands, Slovenia, Austria. and Germany. In India, several Indian states allow licensed bhang shops to
Cannabis shop
8058949
the United States. Many United States insurance companies do not include Motofen as one of their formulary drugs, causing consumers to pay the highest copay, if it is covered by their health insurance at all. This is most likely due to the high cost of the medication itself, and the fact that similar lower-priced medicines can help ease symptoms of diarrhea. The United States is currently the only country where Motofen tablets are prescribed, approved by the government, and sold. Strangely, Motofen is only included in the Physicians' Desk Reference (PDR) for the years 2005 and 2006 as a literal
Motofen
6215930
Corporate credit union A corporate credit union, also known as a central credit union, provides services to natural person (consumer) credit unions. In the credit union industry, they are sometimes referred to as "the credit union’s credit union". In the United States, corporate credit unions may either be chartered by the National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), or under state authority if permitted under that state's financial services laws. Corporate credit unions are owned by the credit unions that choose to do business with them and provide short term (federal funds) and long term investments (in government approved instruments). Corporate credit
Corporate credit union
18422604
superintendent of general elections, administrator of absentee ballots, registrar, and the county government. The consent decree prohibited a wide range of discriminatory and illegal voting practices, and required these officials to report such incidents if they received information that they were continuing. This consent decree was approved by the district court and filed simultaneously with the filing of the complaint. Brown told "The New York Times" that he had not signed any such papers. United States v. Ike Brown In 2006, the United States Department of Justice alleged in United States v. Ike Brown that the Noxubee County Democratic Executive
United States v. Ike Brown
18420413
as antidotes to chemical, biological, or radiological weapons; stipulates that the U.S. government will administer products approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration only for their intended use; provides the circumstances and controls under which IND products may be used. It also stipulates that to administer an IND product, informed consent must be obtained from individual service members. However, the President of the United States may waive informed consent (at the request of the Secretary of Defense and only the Secretary of Defense) if: Executive Order 13139 Executive Order 13139— entitled Improving Health Protection of Military Personnel Participating in
Executive Order 13139
3359083
to qualify to join the Coast Guard Auxiliary the applicant must fill out an application, get fingerprinted, successfully complete the new member course, and pass the new member examination. After successfully passing the applicant will be issued a Member ID Number and will be placed into Approval Pending (AP) status until their PSI is favorably adjudicated. If the PSI is approved the Auxiliarist will be placed into Initially Qualified (IQ) Status until they have successfully completed Mandatory Training and an approved boater safety course. After that the Auxiliarist will become Basically Qualified (BQ). Beyond that if the BQ Auxilarist completes
United States Coast Guard Auxiliary
14964310
profitable, in the near term, in continued operations than they might be if they pursue repowering with new wind turbines. Therefore, it can be difficult to repower wind turbine facilities based on early numbers. In 2005, a large majority of United States wind turbines were of the size range between 51 kW to 100 kW. In 2002 there was first put in a Megawatt-class turbine (KEMA, Inc.). By 2007, California was only able to repower 20% of the potential power that being 365 MW of the 1,640MW maximum. With new environmental regulation in the United States, coal-fired power plants are
Repowering
18540919
applying for their first work authorization under the capped H-1B, where applications can generally be made only in the first few weeks of April because of caps for every fiscal year, they need to make sure the LCA application is approved in time for the H-1B petition cycle. For the H-1B1 and E-3 classifications, a Form I-129 Petition is not needed for people who are outside the United States. They can directly apply for the H-1B1 or E-3 visa at their local consulate based on the approved LCA and other supporting documents. Those already in the United States who are
Labor Condition Application
15129034
order and should resign, Assange added that "the order is so serious it may well have been put to the president for approval", and that "Obama must answer what he knew about this illegal order and when. If he refuses to answer or there is evidence he approved of these actions, he must resign." President of Venezuela Hugo Chávez also said that Clinton should resign. The practice of the US and the State Department gathering intelligence on the UN was not new. Former UN diplomats commented that UN officials already work under the assumption that they are spied on and
Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats
15160013
used in both the United States and Canada to apportion income of corporations between the sub-national jurisdictions in which they operate. In many U.S. states formulary apportionment is also used to apportion the combined income of a related group of companies. Tax in each US state is thus assessed based on the unitary combination of all related entities. The related entities included in the unitary combination may be worldwide entities or only entities within the United States, depending on the state. The latter is known as water's edge combined reporting. Worldwide unitary combined reporting was first approved by the US
Formulary apportionment
20283561
York State law. Their powers can be limited by each jurisdiction. Constables are considered peace officers, have arrest powers within their jurisdiction while on duty, and must complete peace officer training as approved by the NY Division of Criminal Justice Services. There are restrictions on whether appointed constables can have peace officer powers based on whether the municipality is a town or village and the number of residents. If a constable is not appointed as a constable with peace officer powers, they can only serve civil processes. Constables were abolished in North Carolina in the mid-1960s. They were peace officers
Constables in the United States
11269544
operation against the Japanese, their operation would not have been approved. They might have guessed the reason, but would not have known. On the other hand, if headquarters approval is necessary for every action, some fleeting opportunities may be missed. Further, if the communications used to contact headquarters are compromised, the enemy could learn about all upcoming operations. During World War II, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the United Kingdom, and the United States all formed "ad hoc" organizations for unconventional warfare (UW), psychological operations and direct action (DA) functions. Other countries, such as occupied France, formed related units
Clandestine HUMINT and covert action