when did the first convicts go to australia
1788
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and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850. South Australia and Victoria, established in 1836 and 1850 respectively, remained free colonies. Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia
Convicts in Australia
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Convict ships to Norfolk Island Norfolk Island twice served as a penal colony, from March 1788 to February 1814, and from 1825 to 1853. During both periods the Government in New South Wales transferred convicts that had been brought to Australia on to the island. At first the intent was to settle and develop the island. There appear to be no compilations of which vessels brought how many convicts from New South Wales to Norfolk Island, and when, during the 1788 to 1814 period. One vessel that did was , which brought 21 males and 11 females in October 1788.
Convict ships to Norfolk Island
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Convicts in Australia Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia. The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 18th century. When transportation ended with the start of the American Revolution, an alternative site was needed to relieve further overcrowding of British prisons and hulks. Earlier in 1770, James Cook charted and claimed possession of the east coast of Australia for Britain. Seeking to pre-empt the French colonial empire from expanding into the region, Britain chose Australia as the site of a penal colony,
Convicts in Australia
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of nostalgic period pieces set in the bush around the time of Federation. One exception is "Journey Among Women" (1977), a feminist imagining of what life was like for convict women. Alexander Pearce, the infamous Tasmanian convict and cannibal, is the inspiration for "The Last Confession of Alexander Pearce" (2008), "Dying Breed" (2008) and "Van Diemen's Land" (2009). Convicts in Australia Between 1788 and 1868, about 162,000 convicts were transported by the British government to various penal colonies in Australia. The British government began transporting convicts overseas to American colonies in the early 18th century. When transportation ended with the
Convicts in Australia
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children working below the legal age limit. With children playing an important role in the African economy, child labour still plays an important role for many in the 20th century. From European settlement in 1788, child convicts were occasionally sent to Australia where they were made to work. Child labour was not as excessive in Australia as in Britain. With a low population, agricultural productivity was higher and families did not face starvation as in established industrialised countries. Australia also did not have significant industry until the later part of the 20th century when child labour laws, and compulsory schooling
Child labour
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misleading terms for Americans visiting or emigrating to New Zealand. A second edition was published in 1990. From the 1790s, New Zealand was visited by British, French and American whaling, sealing and trading ships. Their crews traded European goods with the indigenous Māori. The first settlers to New Zealand were mainly from Australia, many of them ex-convicts or escaped convicts. Sailors, explorers and traders from Australia and other parts of Europe also settled. When in 1788 the , most of New Zealand was nominally included, but no real legal authority or control was exercised. However, when the New Zealand Company
New Zealand English
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from the British Isles for the British Government. The last convicts were removed to Tasmania in May 1853. Citations References Convict ships to Norfolk Island Norfolk Island twice served as a penal colony, from March 1788 to February 1814, and from 1825 to 1853. During both periods the Government in New South Wales transferred convicts that had been brought to Australia on to the island. At first the intent was to settle and develop the island. There appear to be no compilations of which vessels brought how many convicts from New South Wales to Norfolk Island, and when, during the
Convict ships to Norfolk Island
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Scarborough (1782 ship) Scarborough was a double-decked, three-masted, ship-rigged, copper-sheathed, barque that participated in the First Fleet, assigned to transport convicts for the European colonisation of Australia in 1788. Also, the British East India company (EIC) chartered "Scarborough" to take a cargo of tea back to Britain after her two voyages transporting convicts. She spent much of her career as a West Indiaman, trading between London and the West Indies, but did perform a third voyage in 1801-02 to Bengal for the EIC. In January 1805 she repelled a French privateer of superior force in a single-ship action, before foundering
Scarborough (1782 ship)
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1718 onwards transportation was entirely to North America. The arrangements ceased when the American Revolutionary War meant it was no longer possible for the United Kingdom to send convicts to what had become the United States. The British Government then looked to the newly discovered east coast of Australia to use as a penal colony. Convicts were transported to Australia in 1787, arriving in Botany Bay, then Sydney Cove, in January 1788. From the very start of European settlement convicts were used as indentured labourers in five out of the six colonies. Many were used on public works, but a
Convict
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one of the richest in Australia in terms of Aboriginal archaeological sites, with thousands of engravings located throughout the region. In 1770, during his first Pacific voyage in the Endeavour, Lieutenant James Cook, after leaving Botany Bay, saw the entrance to Port Jackson, but sailed past and did not enter the inlet. In 1788, the "First Fleet" of convicts, led by Arthur Phillip, were the first recorded Europeans to sail into Port Jackson. Here they founded Sydney as a British penal colony, the first European settlement in Australia. Phillip named the city "Sydney" in recognition of Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount
Sydney
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and in 1787, the First Fleet of eleven convict ships set sail for Botany Bay, arriving on 20 January 1788 to found Sydney, New South Wales, the first European settlement on the continent. Other penal colonies were later established in Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) in 1803 and Queensland in 1824, while Western Australia, founded in 1829 as a free colony, received convicts from 1850. South Australia and Victoria, established in 1836 and 1850 respectively, remained free colonies. Penal transportation to Australia peaked in the 1830s and dropped off significantly the following decade. The last convict ship arrived in Western Australia
Convicts in Australia
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died of scurvy on the return voyage. John Mason (master) John Mason was master of the "Prince of Wales" a transport ship in the First Fleet, assigned to transport convicts for the European colonisation of Australia. "Prince of Wales" left Portsmouth on 13 May 1787, carrying 47 female convicts. Six days later two male convicts were also transferred aboard; the ringleaders of a failed mutiny aboard fellow First Fleet transport "Scarborough." The Fleet arrived at Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, on 26 January 1788. Mason's ship left Port Jackson on 14 August 1788, and arrived back in London, via Rio de
John Mason (master)
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John Mason (master) John Mason was master of the "Prince of Wales" a transport ship in the First Fleet, assigned to transport convicts for the European colonisation of Australia. "Prince of Wales" left Portsmouth on 13 May 1787, carrying 47 female convicts. Six days later two male convicts were also transferred aboard; the ringleaders of a failed mutiny aboard fellow First Fleet transport "Scarborough." The Fleet arrived at Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, on 26 January 1788. Mason's ship left Port Jackson on 14 August 1788, and arrived back in London, via Rio de Janeiro, on 30 April 1789. John Mason
John Mason (master)
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immemorial in Australia, indigenous people had performed the rites and rituals of the animist religion of the Dreamtime. The permanent presence of Christianity in Australia however, came with the arrival of the First Fleet of British convict ships at Sydney in 1788. As a British colony, the predominant Christian denomination was the Church of England, but one-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic, and at least half of them were born in Ireland. A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic. Some of the Irish convicts had been Transported to Australia
History of Australia (1788–1850)
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to send convicts. (Transportation did not end until 1868.) New Zealand was part of New South Wales until 1840 when it became a separate colony. The first governments established after 1788 were autocratic and each colony was governed by a British Governor, appointed by the British monarch. There was considerable unhappiness with the way some of the colonies were run. In most cases the administration of the early colonies was carried out by the British military. The New South Wales Corps, which was in charge of New South Wales, became known as the "Rum Corps", due to its stranglehold on
History of Australia (1788–1850)
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surname in the nation's indigenous language of Gilbertese. Thomas Gilbert (sea captain) Thomas Gilbert was an 18th-century British mariner. Thomas Gilbert and John Marshall were the captains of two East India Company vessels, the "Charlotte" and the "Scarborough", returning from carrying convicts to Botany Bay in 1788, when they sailed through the Gilbert Islands and described Aranuka, Kuria, Abaiang and Tarawa. The vessels had been part of the First Fleet carrying convicts to Australia. They had sailed in a convoy under the command of post-captain Arthur Phillip, New South Wales' first Governor. The two vessels encountered their first island in
Thomas Gilbert (sea captain)
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Thomas Gilbert (sea captain) Thomas Gilbert was an 18th-century British mariner. Thomas Gilbert and John Marshall were the captains of two East India Company vessels, the "Charlotte" and the "Scarborough", returning from carrying convicts to Botany Bay in 1788, when they sailed through the Gilbert Islands and described Aranuka, Kuria, Abaiang and Tarawa. The vessels had been part of the First Fleet carrying convicts to Australia. They had sailed in a convoy under the command of post-captain Arthur Phillip, New South Wales' first Governor. The two vessels encountered their first island in the Gilberts on 17 June 1788. In a
Thomas Gilbert (sea captain)
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China. "Destiny in Sydney" was inspired by the author’s desire to understand the history of Australia, especially its European birthplace Sydney, and its gradual contentious movement toward multiculturalism. His curiosity led to years of researching the history of Australia, including reading nine of the twelve personal journals of the First Fleet, which placed the first convicts in Australia in 1788. In 1787, Scottish marine Lieutenant Nathaniel Armstrong is in charge of convicts on one of the eleven ships sent in the First Fleet to voyage from England to the other side of the world to establish a British penal colony.
Destiny in Sydney
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Network (CEnet). The first permanent Catholics in Australia came on the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788. One-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic and at least half of them were born in Ireland. A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic. Just as the British were setting up the new colony, French captain Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse arrived off Botany Bay with two ships. La Pérouse was 6 weeks in Port Jackson, where the French, besides other things, held Catholic masses. Some of the Irish convicts had been
Catholic education in Australia
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Jewish citizens make up about 0.4% of the Australian population. The Jewish community of Australia is composed mostly of Ashkenazi Jews, though there are Jews in Australia from many other traditions and levels of religious observance and participation in the Jewish community. The first Jews to come to Australia were eight English convicts transported to Botany Bay in 1788 aboard the First Fleet. About 15,100 convicts were transported by the time transportation ceased in 1840 in New South Wales and 1853 in Tasmania. It is estimated that of those who arrived by 1845 about 800 were Jewish. Most of them
Australian Jews
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Economic history of Australia The economic history of Australia traces the economic history of Australia since European settlement in 1788. The first European settlement of Australia took place on 26 January 1788 at Port Jackson (modern Sydney, New South Wales), when the First Fleet brought more than 1,000 convicts, marines and seamen, and a vast quantity of stores to found the penal colony of New South Wales. The United Kingdom claimed all of eastern portion of the Australian landmass as its territory on the basis of terra nullius, though the actual landing and consequent settlement was confined to the Port
Economic history of Australia
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decade of the 21st century. Since the 1980s, tariffs have steadily been reduced; in early 2010, the tariffs were reduced from 17.5 percent to 10 percent on clothing, and 7.5–10% to 5% for footwear and other textiles. As of 2010, most textile manufacturing, even by Australian companies, is performed in Asia. Economic history of Australia The economic history of Australia traces the economic history of Australia since European settlement in 1788. The first European settlement of Australia took place on 26 January 1788 at Port Jackson (modern Sydney, New South Wales), when the First Fleet brought more than 1,000 convicts,
Economic history of Australia
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into the Australian Army. Australia was first formally claimed by Great Britain on 22 August 1770 by James Cook RN, however it was not settled until 26 January 1788 with the arrival of the First Fleet. Frustrated in 1783 by the loss of their American colonies on the signing of the Treaty of Paris which formally ended the American Revolutionary War, the British sought a new destination for the transportation of convicts. The fleet, consisting of 11 ships, had arrived in Australia with just over 1100, of which around 750 convicts under the guard of marines, to establish a colony
Colonial forces of Australia
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suspicious of Catholicism for the first three decades of settlement and Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services. One-tenth of all the convicts who came to Australia on the First Fleet were Catholic and at least half of them were born in Ireland. A small proportion of British marines were also Catholic. Other groups were also represented, for example, among the Tolpuddle martyrs were a number of Methodists. It was the crew of the French explorer La Pérouse who conducted the first Catholic ceremony on Australian soil in 1788 – the burial of Father Louis Receveur, a
Christianity in Australia
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ships to reach Botany Bay on 18 & 19 January 1788. After the decision was made to move the site of the colony, "Alexander" arrived at Port Jackson, Sydney, Australia, on 26 January 1788 to unload her convicts. At Port Jackson Henry Kable, a convict, successfully sued Duncan Sinclair for Sinclair's theft of the convicts' possessions. The British East India Company had hired "Alexander" in 1786 to carry tea from Canton after she had disembarked her convicts. She left Port Jackson on 14 July 1788 in company with the "Friendship", whose crew she picked up when that ship was scuttled
Alexander (1783 ship)
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Comptroller General of Convicts (Western Australia) The Comptroller General of Convicts was the head of the convict establishment in Western Australia. The office existed from 1850, when Western Australia first became a penal colony, until 1872, four years after penal transportation to Western Australia had ceased. Western Australia's first Comptroller General of Convicts, Edmund Henderson, arrived in the colony with the first convicts on board the "Scindian" in June 1850. He was described as "a kindly and just man, moderate and understanding, opposed to the harsher forms of discipline." Respected by both colonists and convicts, Henderson administered Western Australia's convict
Comptroller General of Convicts (Western Australia)
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There were probably more, but exact numbers are not possible as the transportation records did not indicate a convict's religion. Over a thousand more people of Jewish descent are estimated to have been sent to Australia as convicts during the next 60 years. Most of them came from London, were of working-class background and were male. Only 7% of Jewish convicts were female, compared to 15% for non-Jewish convicts. The average age of the Jewish convicts was 25, but ranged as young as 8 to some elderly people. Esther Abrahams (who arrived with the First Fleet, with her baby daughter
History of the Jews in Australia
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convicted for what would now be considered minor offences (such as petty theft), most did not receive sentences of more than seven years. Many women were driven to prostitution upon their arrival in Australia as means of survival because they were often required to house themselves or buy clothing and bedding on their own. The First Fleet was the first set of ships to transport convicts to Australia, it sailed in 1787. Ships continued to transport convicts to Western Australia until 1868. The beginning of the transportation years brought ships at inconsistent times and the death rate on these ships
Convict women in Australia
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he returned to England with his new wife, Mary Murphy. He spent the next two years based at Gravesend. When Western Australia became a penal colony in 1850, Henderson was appointed the colony's first Comptroller-General of Convicts. He travelled to Western Australia with the first convicts on board the "Scindian", arriving on 1 June 1850. He found the colony completely unprepared for the convicts, lacking even a jail large enough to house them. Henderson secured lodging for the convicts at a ware house owned by Captain Scott, the harbour master. Henderson then began construction of a place for the warders
Edmund Henderson
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Cornish people first arrived in Australia with Captain Cook, most notably Zachary Hickes, and there were some Cornish convicts on the First Fleet, James Ruse, Mary Bryant, along with several of the early governors. The creation of South Australia, with its emphasis on being free of convicts and religious discrimination, was championed by many Cornish religious dissenting groups and Cornish people comprised a sizeable proportion of settlers to that colony. Large scale Cornish emigration to Australia did not begin until the 1840s, coinciding with the Cornish potato famine and slumps in the Cornish mining industry. The gold rushes and copper
Cornish Australians
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he returned with soldiers and established a temporary settlement at Redcliffe. On 2 December 1824, the settlement was transferred to where the Central Business District (CBD) of Brisbane now stands. The settlement was at first called Edenglassie. In 1839 transportation of convicts to Moreton Bay ceased and the Brisbane penal settlement was closed. In 1842 free settlement was permitted and people began to colonize the area voluntarily. On 6 June 1859 Queensland became a colony separate from New South Wales. Although a convict-supported settlement was established in Western Australia from 1826 to 1831, direct transportation of convicts did not begin
Convicts in Australia
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were transported to Western Australia on 43 convict ship voyages. At the request of the colony, convicts were initially selected for transportation in accordance with three conditions: The first of these was honoured throughout the convict era; and the second until 1868, when the last convict ship to Western Australia, the "Hougoumont", was sent out with 62 Fenian prisoners on board. The third condition, that convicts not be convicted of serious crimes, was observed only for the first couple of years, and then only because the absence of a suitable jail would have made management of such convicts difficult. Later,
Convict era of Western Australia
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Ex-convict school teachers in Western Australia Following Western Australia's convict era, 37 ex-convicts were appointed school teachers in the colony. The appointment of such a large number of ex-convicts to what was considered a respectable government position was highly unusual for a penal colony, as the social stigma of conviction usually excluded ex-convicts from such positions. The appointment of a large number of ex-convicts as school teachers was largely due to the poor levels of education in the generation of Western Australians who had been children when the Swan River Colony was first settled. Many of them were illiterate or
Ex-convict school teachers in Western Australia
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John Joseph Therry John Therry (1790 - 25 May 1864) was an Irish Roman Catholic priest in Sydney, Australia. John Therry was born in Cork and was privately educated at St Patrick's College in Carlow. In 1815 he was ordained as a priest. He did parish work in Dublin and later on was secretary to the Bishop of Cork. He had heard that Catholic convicts in Australia were without a priest to minister to them, and let it be known that he would be willing to go there as a missionary. On 5 December 1819 he sailed on the "Janus"
John Joseph Therry
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for the 300 male convicts on board. In addition, four free women accompanied their convict husbands, together with two children. Ninety-seven persons were sick on board the ship when she arrived. Thirty-six convicts died during the voyage, i.e., she delivered 264 alive. She was the last of the eleven ships to arrive in Sydney. "Admiral Barrington" left Port Jackson on 6 January 1792, to whale off the coast of Australia. At some point she visited Norfolk Island. Originally, before she left for Botany Bay, her captain's intent was to go to China to pick up a back-haul cargo for the
Admiral Barrington (1781 ship)
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Convict era of Western Australia The convict era of Western Australia was the period during which Western Australia was a penal colony of the British Empire. Although it received small numbers of juvenile offenders from 1842, it was not formally constituted as a penal colony until 1849. Between 1850 and 1868, 9,721 convicts were transported to Western Australia on 43 convict ship voyages. Transportation ceased in 1868, and it was many years until the colony ceased to have any convicts in its care. The first convicts to arrive in what is now Western Australia were convicts of the New South
Convict era of Western Australia
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Superintendent of Convicts Thomas Hill Dixon. Also on board was 10-year-old George Throssell, a son of a pensioner guard, who later became the second Premier of Western Australia. The arrival of the convicts was a surprise to many of the Swan River Colony settlers, as Western Australia had petitioned for convicts but had not yet received a reply when "Scindian" arrived. As no preparations had been made for their arrival, the colony had no jail capable of housing so many convicts. This had been anticipated, and only convicts with a record of good behaviour had been sent. The convicts were
Scindian
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on Christmas Day, 1826. A convict presence was maintained at the settlement for over four years. On 7 March 1831 control of the settlement was transferred to the Swan River Colony, and the troops and convicts were withdrawn. In April 1848, Charles Fitzgerald, Governor of Western Australia, petitioned Britain to send convicts to his state because of labor shortages. Britain rejected sending fixed term convicts, but offered to send first offenders in the final years of their terms. Most convicts in Western Australia spent very little time in prison. Those who were stationed at Fremantle were housed in the Convict
Convicts in Australia
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ago", and it appears to have been adapted from the folk song "Mush, Mush", with its refrain "Mush, mush, mush, turaliaddy! Sing, mush, mush, mush, turalia!". Botany Bay was the designated settlement for the first fleet when it arrived in Australia in the eighteenth century. It was a settlement intended for the transport of convicts to Australia. The song describes the period in the late 18th and 19th centuries, when British convicts were deported to the various Australian penal colonies by the British government for seven-year terms as an alternative to incarceration in Britain. The second verse is about life
Botany Bay (song)
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school teacher at Jarrahdale, with his salary being paid by the local road board. In 1879 he was officially appointed government schoolmaster. He shared with William Chopin the distinction of being the last ex-convicts to be appointed school teachers. In 1882 Berwick bought a block of land, upon which he built a large house in the hope that his family would join him in the colony. When this did not eventuate, he rented the property to an innkeeper. He continued to teach until his death in 1891. Berwick was one of a very small number of convicts in Western Australia
Thomas Berwick
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convict history and genealogy throughout Australia. Convict era of Western Australia The convict era of Western Australia was the period during which Western Australia was a penal colony of the British Empire. Although it received small numbers of juvenile offenders from 1842, it was not formally constituted as a penal colony until 1849. Between 1850 and 1868, 9,721 convicts were transported to Western Australia on 43 convict ship voyages. Transportation ceased in 1868, and it was many years until the colony ceased to have any convicts in its care. The first convicts to arrive in what is now Western Australia
Convict era of Western Australia
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Canada (1800 ship) Canada was a merchant ship launched at Shields in 1800. She made five trips transporting convicts to Australia. On two of those trips she was also under charter to the British East India Company (EIC). When she was not transporting convicts "Canada" traded with the West Indies, and with Canada until c.1832. "Canada"s first voyage took place during the French Revolutionary Wars. Captain William Wilkinson, or her owner, chose to acquire a letter of marque, which was issued to him on 22 April 1801. On "Canada"s first voyage transporting convicts she was under charter to the EIC.
Canada (1800 ship)
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to work transporting convicts to Australia. The principal partners were William Camden (173? - 1796), Anthony Calvert (1735-1809) and Thomas King (1735? – 1824). Citations References Camden, Calvert and King Camden, Calvert and King was an eighteenth-century partnership that traded in London from 1760 to 1824, transporting slaves and later convicts. The partners owned whalers, merchant vessels trading to the East and West Indies, slavers and vessels transporting convicts to Australia. The partners became involved in the transportation of English convicts first to America and later to Australia. They were the largest company in London involved in the slave trade.
Camden, Calvert and King
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Surry (1811 ship) Surry, also known as Surrey, had an especially long career transporting convicts to Australia. In 11 voyages, the most of any convict transport, she brought 2,177 convicts, male and female, and so became one of the best-known of the vessels that visited Australia. In all, she lost 51 men and one woman during her various passages, 46 of the men dying during her first and most notorious voyage in 1814 when she was under the command of James Patterson. The high death toll on her first voyage led to a Board of Enquiry, which blamed neglect by
Surry (1811 ship)
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mouth of the Swan River. She did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia's first prison hulk. "Lotus, which arrived on 10 October 1829, became the second vessel to land immigrants at Fremantle. On 1 June 1850, the first convicts arrived at Fremantle aboard the "Scindian". The thirty-seventh and last convict ship to dock at Fremantle was the "Hougoumont" on 10 January 1868, signalling the end of penal transportation to Australia. Among the 280 convicts on board were 62 Fenian military and political prisoners—members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood—six of whom managed to
Fremantle
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in early September the merchant vessel "Anglesea" grounded at Gage Roads, at the mouth of the Swan River. She did not break up, as had been expected, but instead survived to become Western Australia's first prison hulk. For the first fifteen years, the people of the colony were generally opposed to accepting convicts, although the idea was in constant circulation almost from the start. Early in 1831, the Colonel Peter Latour asked permission to transport 300 Swing Riots convicts, but was refused. Nonetheless, the idea was under discussion later that year, with the "Fremantle Observer" editorialising on the need for
Convict era of Western Australia
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black who lay in ambush did give our tyrant his mortal stroke.<br> Fellow prisoners, be exhilarated, that all such monsters such a death may find!<br> And when from bondage we are liberated, our former sufferings shall fade from mind." Moreton Bay (song) "Moreton Bay" is an Australian folk ballad which tells of the hardship a convict experienced at penal settlements around Australia, in particular, the penal colony at Moreton Bay, Queensland which was established to house convicts who had reoffended in settlements in New South Wales. The song references exceptionally brutal treatment of convicts while the colony was under the
Moreton Bay (song)
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until 1850. It continued until 1868. During that period, 9,668 convicts were transported on 43 convict ships. The first convicts to arrive were transported to New South Wales, and sent by that colony to King George Sound (Albany) in 1826 to help establish a settlement there. At that time the western third of Australia was unclaimed land known as New Holland. Fears that France would lay claim to the land prompted the Governor of New South Wales, Ralph Darling, to send Major Edmund Lockyer, with troops and 23 convicts, to establish a settlement at King George Sound. Lockyer's party arrived
Convicts in Australia
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Australian Convicts The Australian Convicts are a touring amateur team of Australian rules football players and officials from Australia. The Convicts were formed in 2003 to help promote Australian rules football internationally, by playing matches against international amateur sides. The Convicts are the official development team of Australian Football International. The Convicts have conducted development tours to Europe, South Africa, United States, Canada and South America. The first Convicts travelled to Europe in 2003. Three matches were played - against the Sussex Swans (London), Madrid Bears (Madrid) and Germany (Frankfurt). In South Africa the Convicts played matches against the national
Australian Convicts
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of the first six Governors of New South Wales John Hunter, Lachlan Macquarie (often referred to as the father of Australia) and Thomas Brisbane. The majority of Scots arriving in the early colonial period were convicts: 8,207 Scottish convicts, of the total 150,000 transported to Australia, made up about 5% of the convict population. The Scottish courts were unwilling to punish crimes deemed to be lesser offences in Scots Law by deportation to Australia. Scottish law was considered more humane for lesser offences than the English and Irish legal systems. Although Scottish convicts had a poor reputation, most were convicted
Scottish Australians
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but her pleas were ignored and she left England at age 17 in May 1787. She travelled to Australia aboard the "Lady Penrhyn". Bellamy had to share the ship with one hundred and one other women; no male convicts were on the ship. Aboard the ship she had a short-lived relationship with one of the sailors Joseph Downey; they had a baby aboard the ship but he died 9 days later. Their relationship did not continue when they reached their destination. It took 252 days to reach Botany Bay. She first worked as a housemaid to Lieutenant Faddy and later
Sarah Bellamy
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The first immigrants arrived at Holdfast Bay (near the present day Glenelg) in November 1836. The commencement of colonial government was proclaimed on 28 December 1836, now known as Proclamation Day. South Australia was the second Australian state to be settled by free colonists, the first being the free Swan River colony in Western Australia, however in 1849 Western Australia was formally constituted as a penal colony. Although South Australia was constituted such that convicts could never be transported to the Province, some emancipated or escaped convicts or expirees made their own way there, both prior to 1836, or later,
South Australia
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ensure the health of the convicts, the Second Fleet was contracted to private businesses who kept the convicts in horrific conditions. Upon arrival the sickly convicts were a drain on the already struggling colony. "Lady Juliana" sailed before the other convict ships and is not always counted as a member of the Second Fleet. It comprised women who were sent to provide sexual services to the male members of the established colony. The storeship "Justinian" did not sail with the convict ships and arrived before them. set out before the convict ships but struck ice after leaving the Cape of
Second Fleet (Australia)
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brought the first Irish Catholics to Australia, predominantly by the transport of convicts. Catholics consisted one-tenth of the convicts settling in Australia, mostly Irish whilst the rest were English and Scottish. By 1803, 2,086 convicts of Irish descent and majority being Catholics had been transported to Botany Bay. Catholic schools are the largest group of non-government schools in Australia accounting for some 18% of institutions (1,705 of 9,529 as of 2009), compared to 11% for independent schools (1022). Catholic schools are those run by the diocesan Catholic Department of Education; some independent schools are owned and run by Catholic religious
Catholic school
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Australia–Ireland relations Australia–Ireland relations refers to the diplomatic relations between Australia and the Republic of Ireland. Australia and Ireland share a historical connection and remained part of the British Empire until their respective independence. Over 300,000 Irish settlers migrated to Australia to escape poverty in their homeland and over 2 million Australian citizens claim Irish ancestry. Both nations are mutual members of the Australia Group, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the United Nations. The first known Irish to arrive to Australia came with the First Fleet in 1791 when Britain shipped 155 Irish convicts to Australia after the
Australia–Ireland relations
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what we called our "concert party". When lights were out at night, we kept up a constant din, shouting and singing Irish songs. At periods the warders tried to undress us to give us a bath; we fought them on this and refused to go for a bath unless we went in a party with our own lads. We also threatened to go on strike against the fortnightly convicts' haircutting. Everything that was possible to do, we did, to upset prison discipline and force the authorities to treat us as a group apart from the other convicted prisoners. Eventually the
Pádraig Ó Caoimh
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barely literate, and so unsuitable for appointment as school teachers. Those settlers who did have a good education were in high demand, and were not attracted to the low wages offered for teachers. On the other hand, educated convicts had little prospect of obtaining better wages or conditions than those available to teachers, and the position offered a chance to overcome the social stigma of conviction and obtain a respectable position in society. Although some settlers considered ex-convicts unfit to become teachers, most parents preferred that their children be educated by ex-convicts than not at all. Consequently, a total of
Ex-convict school teachers in Western Australia
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he had originally called "Lord Mulgrove's range" were later named by Thomas Gilbert the Marshall Islands. John Marshall also captained the "Scarborough" on her second voyage transporting convicts to Australia in 1790, but the convicts coming aboard were in poor health and many did not survive the voyage; this, combined with an attempted seizure of the ship by the convicts, deterred him from any further voyages of transportation. He saw action during the American Revolutionary War of 1778 to 1783, and also during the Napoleonic Wars of 1803 to 1815. As captain of the ship "Diana" he was severely wounded
John Marshall (British captain)
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Establishment, the colony's convict prison, and misbehaviour was punished by stints there. The majority, however, were stationed in other parts of the colony. Although there was no convict assignment in Western Australia, there was a great demand for public infrastructure throughout the colony, so that many convicts were stationed in remote areas. Initially, most offenders were set to work creating infrastructure for the convict system, including the construction of the Convict Establishment itself. In 1852 a Convict Depot was built at Albany, but closed 3 years later. When shipping increased the Depot was re-opened. Most of the convicts had their
Convicts in Australia
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representative side the South African Buffaloes and ran coaching clinics for children in conjunction with AFL South Africa. In October 2007 the Convicts toured Canada and the USA, participating in the Canadian grand final day and at the USAFL championships in Louisville, Kentucky. These exhibition games were played against the Canadian Northwind and the USA Revolution. In October 2010 the Convicts became the first Australian Rules football team to tour South America, visiting Chile, Argentina and Brazil. Australian Convicts The Australian Convicts are a touring amateur team of Australian rules football players and officials from Australia. The Convicts were formed
Australian Convicts
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or cancel altogether their plans to send convicts. Eventually the British Government agreed to the colonists' demands for funding, but since the expenditure was not warranted for only 100 convicts, it was decided to greatly increase the number of convicts sent. The first 75 convicts arrived in Fremantle on 1 June 1850. Daniel Scott, the harbour-master was able to rent out his wool warehouse as the only secure place to keep them. The convicts that had arrived on the "Scindian" used Scott's warehouse as their only home they had constructed their own convict establishment. Between 1850 and 1868, 9721 convicts
Convict era of Western Australia
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embarked 400 male convicts and suffered three convict deaths "en route". After "Moffat" had delivered he convicts she sailed on to Sydney where she arrived on 26 April. There she disembarked some settlers and soldiers, and 30 prisoners, some of whom would go on to Norfolk Island. Immigrant voyage (1839): Captain Gilbert sailed from London on 26 August 1839 and arrived at Port Adelaide on 19 December. She brought 316 immigrants. Immigrant voyage (1841): Then on 27 January 1841 Gilbert again sailed for Australia and arrived in Sydney on 31 May. Convict voyage #4 (1842): Captain James Gilbert sailed from
Boyne (1807 ship)
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themselves without the need for convict labour. In 2010, UNESCO inscribed 11 Australian Convict Sites on its World Heritage List. The listing recognises the sites as "the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts." Convict George Barrington is (perhaps apocryphally) recorded as having written the prologue for the first theatrical play performed by convicts in Australia, one year after the First Fleet's arrival. It is known as "Our Country's Good", based on the now-famous closing stanza: The poems of Frank the Poet are among the few
Convicts in Australia
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or not, some convicts were able to leave the prison system in Australia; after 1801 they could gain "tickets of leave" for good behaviour and be assigned to work for free men for wages. A few went on to have successful lives as emancipists, having been pardoned at the end of their sentence. Female convicts had fewer opportunities. Some convicts, particularly Irish convicts, had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion, so authorities were consequently suspicious of the Irish and restricted the practice of Catholicism in Australia. The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 served to
History of Australia
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Third Fleet (Australia) The Third Fleet comprised 11 ships that set sail from the United Kingdom in February, March and April 1791, bound for the Sydney penal settlement, with more than 2,000 convicts aboard. The passengers comprised convicts, military personnel and notable people sent to fill high positions in the colony. More important for the fledgling colony was that the ships also carried provisions. The first ship to arrive in Sydney was the "Mary Ann" with its cargo of female convicts and provisions on 9 July 1791. "Mary Ann" had sailed on her own to Sydney Cove, and there is
Third Fleet (Australia)
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Scindian Scindian is widely considered the first convict ship to transport convicts to Western Australia. A barque of 650 tons, "Scindian" was constructed at Sunderland, England in 1844 and named after the Indian Scindia dynasty. She left Portsmouth on 4 March 1850 under the command of Captain James Cammell and surgeon-superintendent John Gibson, and docked at Fremantle on 1 June 1850 after a voyage of 89 days. The vessel carried 275 people to Western Australia including 75 male convicts and 163 pensioner guards. Among the passengers were a number of convict officials including Comptroller General of Convicts Edmund Henderson and
Scindian
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sick when they arrived of which 124 died soon after. The fleet was more of a drain on the struggling settlement than of any benefit. Conditions on the Third Fleet, which followed on the heels of the Second Fleet in 1791, were a bit better. The fleet comprised 11 ships. Of the more than 2000 convicts brought onto the ships, 173 male convicts and 9 female convicts died during the voyage. Other transport fleets bringing further convicts as well as freemen to the colony would follow. By the end of the penal transportation in 1868, approximately 165,000 people had entered
Immigration to Australia
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transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of the minority church for the first three decades of settlement. Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans. The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 – convicted for "complicity" in the Irish 1798 Rebellion. The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed the British authorities and the priests permission to celebrate Mass was revoked. Priests were not officially permitted to travel to the
Catholic education in Australia
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with 1,006 convicts (928 male and 78 female) on board. They made only one stop on the way, at the Cape of Good Hope. Here 20 male convicts, survivors from HMS "Guardian", were taken on board. The three vessels made a faster trip than the First Fleet, arriving at Port Jackson in the last week of June 1790, three weeks after "Lady Juliana", and one week after the storeship "Justinian". The passage was relatively fast, but the mortality rate was the highest in the history of transportation to Australia. Of the 1,038 convicts embarked, 273 died during the voyage (26%)
Second Fleet (Australia)
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June. She had left with 110 female convicts, plus passengers and cargo. Four female convicts died on the voyage. When Northampton sailed war had not ended. There are reports that an American privateer detained her on 18 February, but did not take her as a prize as the Americans did not want to deal with the prisoners. "Northampton" left Port Jackson on 8 November bound for China. "Northampton" was "at China" on 14 January 1816 and arrived at Whampoa on 17 January. She crossed the First Bar on the Pearl River on 2 March. She reached St Helena on 25
Northampton (1801 ship)
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Camden, Calvert and King Camden, Calvert and King was an eighteenth-century partnership that traded in London from 1760 to 1824, transporting slaves and later convicts. The partners owned whalers, merchant vessels trading to the East and West Indies, slavers and vessels transporting convicts to Australia. The partners became involved in the transportation of English convicts first to America and later to Australia. They were the largest company in London involved in the slave trade. After the British Parliament passed an Act for the abolition of the slave trade in 1807, the company continued to put its know-how in transporting people
Camden, Calvert and King
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Frederick (1807 ship) Frederick was a sailing ship built in 1807 at Batavia. She made four voyages to Australia and was wrecked at Cape Flinders on Stanley Island, Queensland, Australia in 1818. "Frederick" made four voyages to Australia transporting merchandise, passengers, and on each occasion some military convicts. In 1815 she carried eight escaped convicts that had stowed away on "Archduke Charles" when she had left from Port Jackson for Canton. Captain Joseph Savigny arrived at Port Jackson from Bengal on 6 December 1812. "Frederick" was carrying merchandise. She left on 10 February 1813 for the Derwent River. She left
Frederick (1807 ship)
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settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts. In 1838 "The Guardian: a tale" by Anna Maria Bunn was published in Sydney. It was the first Australian novel printed and published in mainland Australia and the first Australian novel written by a woman. It is a Gothic romance. European traditions of Australian theatre also came with the First Fleet, with the first production being performed in 1789 by convicts : "The Recruiting Officer" by George Farquhar. Two centuries later, the extraordinary circumstances of the foundations of Australian theatre were recounted in "Our Country's Good" by Timberlake Wertenbaker: the participants
History of Australia (1788–1850)
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convict ship bound for Western Australia. The "Hougoumont" departed Portland on 12 October 1867 and arrived at Fremantle, Western Australia on 9 January 1868. Fennell remained in the Western Australian penal system until March 1871, when he received a conditional pardon under a Royal Clemency announced by William Ewart Gladstone the previous December. Banned from returning to the United Kingdom, Fennell sailed for New Zealand in May 1871. On arrival, he was immediately arrested and deported to New South Wales, as New Zealand had laws restricting immigration of ex-convicts. New South Wales had similar laws, but did not arrest him,
Thomas McCarthy Fennell
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with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the "flogging parson" for the severity of his punishments. Some of the Irish convicts had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were suspicious of Roman Catholicism for the first three decades of settlement and Roman Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans. The Church of England lost its legal privileges in the Colony of New South Wales by the "Church Act of 1836". Drafted by the
Anglican Church of Australia
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convicts. She arrived in Sydney on 12 December 1835 and had one convict death en route. Royal Sovereign (1829 ship) Royal Sovereign was a 336-ton merchant ship built at Whitby, England in 1829. She made one voyage transporting convicts from England to Australia and one voyage from Ireland to Australia. On her first convict voyage, under the command of John Henderson and surgeon Peter Leonard, she departed Dublin, Ireland on 6 September 1833, with 170 male convicts. She arrived in Sydney on 19 January 1834. There were two convict deaths en route. The second convict voyage, under the command of
Royal Sovereign (1829 ship)
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she departed Ireland on 16 August 1830 with 200 male convicts. She arrived in Sydney on 15 December 1830 and had four convict deaths en route. Florentia (1821 ship) Florentia was a 453-ton merchant ship built at Newcastle upon Tyne, England in 1821. She made one voyage transporting convicts from England to Australia and one voyage from Ireland to Australia. She made three voyages for the British East India Company (EIC). On her first convict voyage, under the command of Horatio Billett and surgeon James Dickson, she departed England on 15 September 1827, with 165 male convicts. She arrived in
Florentia (1821 ship)
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the convicts and settlers most were Catholics (largely Irish convicts) and Anglicans and a number of them Methodists. The First Fleet brought tensions to Australia fuelled by historical grievances between Catholics and other Christians, tensions that would continue into the 20th century. The first chaplain, Richard Johnson, a Church of England cleric, was charged by Governor Arthur Phillip with improving "public morality" in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education. Christian leaders have remained prominent in health and education in Australia ever since, with over a fifth of students attending church schools at the beginning
Religion in Australia
9251934
sent some of her sisters to France for training as nurses. In 1838 five Sisters of Charity arrived in Sydney from Ireland, the first religious sisters to arrive in Australia. Their arrival was the result of an invitation to Mary Aikenhead to send some sisters to work with the Catholic convicts. Their first Ministry was to female convicts in the Parramatta jails. They then extended their role to establishing schools in the Sydney district. The Sisters of Charity (now separately constituted as the Sisters of Charity of Australia) have remained in education on the East Coast of Australia since this
St. Columba's College, Essendon
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governor, Arthur Phillip, with improving "public morality" in the colony, but he was also heavily involved in health and education. The Reverend Samuel Marsden (1765–1838) had magisterial duties, and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the 'floging parson' for the severity of his punishments Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Protestant. The first Catholic priest colonists arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 – James Harold, James Dixon, and Peter O'Neill, who had been convicted for 'complicity' in
History of Australia (1788–1850)
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England (1813 ship) England was built at Chepstow, Wales in 1813. She made three voyages transporting convicts from England to Australia. On the first she was under charter to the British East India Company and after delivering her convicts sailed to Canton where she picked up a cargo for the EIC. She foundered in 1843 in the Channel while on a voyage to Sierra Leone. On 3 June 1820 "Englnad", Reay, master, was in The Downs when she and "Mary", Draper, master, ran into each other. "England" was returning from Bengal and "Mary" was sailing for Sierra Leone. Both vessels
England (1813 ship)
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of gentrification in the early 1990s was accelerated by the establishment of the University of Notre Dame Australia that occupies, and has restored, many of the buildings in the West End. When the first 75 convicts arrived from Britain in 1850 to support the colony's dwindling population, it became apparent that the Round House was inadequate to house them. The convicts built a new gaol, Fremantle Prison, which was completed in the 1850s and continued to be used as Fremantle's prison until 1991. Fremantle Prison was once one of the most notorious prisons in the British Empire. It housed British
Fremantle
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apprentices were then "apprenticed" to local employers. As Western Australia was not yet a penal colony, contemporary documents scrupulously avoided referring to the Parkhurst apprentices as "convicts". Most historians have since maintained this distinction. An opposing view, held for example by Andrew Gill, is that the Parkhurst apprentices were convicts, and that their apprenticeships constituted convict assignment. Serious lobbying for Western Australia to become a penal colony began in 1844, when members of the York Agricultural Society brought forward a motion stating: Nothing concrete came of the motion, but James Battye nonetheless identifies it as a turning point: In 1845,
Convict era of Western Australia
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originally granted in 1830, but the title lapsed as the owner made no improvements to the property. The Western Australian Company obtained it in the 1840s, and the first resident was Thomas Hayward who commenced farming at Bundidup south of Harvey in 1859. At this time, there were no made roads or bridges through the town, but during the 1860s the Harvey and Brunswick bridges were constructed and convicts built the road from Pinjarra to Brunswick. Hayward provided for the needs of both the convicts and the horse teams. When the railway came through in the 1890s a railway siding
Wokalup, Western Australia
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Esplanade Hotel (Fremantle) The Esplanade Hotel is a hotel located opposite Esplanade Park in Fremantle, Western Australia. The building stands on the site of the first building used for housing convicts transported from Great Britain in 1850. The first building here was a warehouse built by Daniel Scott the first harbour master and the first chair of the town council. This building was pressed into service as temporary home for the first 75 convicts who arrived in 1850 from Great Britain. The convicts lived here whilst they worked to build a convict establishment that would, in time, be called Fremantle
Esplanade Hotel (Fremantle)
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land and constructed 40 buildings with the labour of 80 convicts. From 1926 the colonial government began winding back the numbers of convicts sent to Wellington with a view to reducing the overall scale of the settlement. This changed when in 1827 the settlement became the destination for difficult convicts or "specials". The treatment of middle or upper class convicts had been of concern to the colonial administration for some time. There was unease that these convicts were given preferential treatment that did not reflect their criminal status. It was recommended by Commissioner Bigge that they be given light work
Wellington Convict and Mission Site
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Joseph Potaski Joseph Potaski or John Potaskie (c. 1764 – 31 August 1824) was the first Pole to settle in Australia, and one of the first convicts to arrive in Van Diemen's Land on "Ocean". Joseph Potaski worked hard to establish himself as a successful farmer in colonial Hobart. This was however undone by the exploits of his family. Joseph Potaski reflects the attitudes of those convicts who never progressed beyond their criminal past. Potaski is seen as representing the auspicious beginning of the Polish community in Australia. His daughter, Catherine, was the first European born and baptised in the
Joseph Potaski
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beer with him on his ship Endeavour as a means of preserving drinking water. On 1 August 1768, as Cook was fitting out the Endeavour for its voyage, Nathaniel Hulme wrote to Joseph Banks with a recommendation: Beer was still being consumed on-board two years later in 1770, when Cook was the first European to discover the east coast of Australia. The drink of choice for the first settlers and convicts was rum, as represented in a supposed traditional convict song: The first official brewer in Australia was John Boston who brewed a beverage from Indian corn bittered with cape
Beer in Australia
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Italian Australians have a low rate of return migration to Italy. In December 2001, the Department of Foreign Affairs estimated that there were 30,000 Australian citizens resident in Italy. These are likely to be largely returned Italian emigrants with Australian citizenship, and their Italian-Australian children. Italians have been arriving in Australia in a limited number since before the first fleet. Two individuals of Italian descent served on board the Endeavour when James Cook arrived in Australia in 1770. Giuseppe Tuzi was among the convicts transported to Australia by the British in the First Fleet. Another early notable arrival, for his
Italian Australians
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133 male and 22 female convicts, of whom seven male convicts died during the voyage. "Queen" transported the first contingent of Irish convicts to Australia. The New South Wales Corps provided the guard. After delivering her convicts, "Queen" sailed to Bengal, but her departure date from Port Jackson is currently unknown. In Bengal she picked up a cargo of cotton for the EIC. "Queen" finally returned to England on 6 February 1793, having been gone for two years and four months. "The Times ": The Queen was in a leaky state and her crew were reported to all dead (except
Queen (1773 ship)
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of Convicts and in 1866 he had him removed. Hampton then appointed his son George to act in the position. George Hampton had no particular qualifications for the position, and already held a number of other salaried positions. This "unusually blatant act of nepotism" was extremely unpopular within the colony, and was compounded when Hampton approved his son a living allowance, to which he was entitled but did not need since he lived in Government House. Thereafter, both Hamptons became figures of public hostility and ridicule within the colony. The Government of Western Australia was in acute debt when Hampton
John Hampton
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Blenheim (1834 ship) Blenheim was built in 1834 at Jarrow, England. She made three voyages transporting convicts to Australia. She also carried emigrants to New Zealand. First convict voyage (1834): Under the command of Jasper Brown, she sailed from Cork, Ireland on 27 July 1834 with 200 male convicts. She arrived at Port Jackson on 14 November 1834. Two male convicts died on the voyage. "Blenheim" left Port Jackson in December 1834 bound for Batavia. Second convict voyage (1837): Sailing from Woolwich on 15 March 1837, under the command of Josiah Spence, with 210 male convicts, she arrived at Hobart
Blenheim (1834 ship)
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Lt. John Bowen, established a settlement at Risdon Cove, on the eastern side of the Derwent River. Originally sent to Port Philip, but abandoned within weeks, another expedition led by Lieutenant-Colonel David Collins arrived soon after. Collins considered the Risdon Cove site inadequate, and in 1804 he established an alternative settlement on the western side of the river at Sullivan's Cove, Tasmania. This later became known as Hobart, and the original settlement at Risdon Cove was deserted. Collins became the first Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemen's Land. When the convict station on Norfolk Island was abandoned in 1807-1808, the remaining convicts
Convicts in Australia
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on 10 January 1868. The majority of convicts were transported for petty crimes. More serious crimes, such as rape and murder, became transportable offences in the 1830s, but since they were also punishable by death, comparatively few convicts were transported for such crimes. Political prisoners, another minority group, comprise many of the best-known convicts. Once emancipated, most ex-convicts stayed in Australia and joined the free settlers, with some rising to prominent positions in Australian society. However, convictism carried a social stigma, and for some later Australians, having convict origins would be a source of shame. Attitudes became more accepting in
Convicts in Australia
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into the office. Back at Company headquarters, the General believes that the convicts have no plan and are trapped when he gets a phone call. It's from Sara, who has Lisa Tabak—a cardholder and the General's daughter—at gunpoint in a hotel bathroom. To save his daughter, the General allows the convicts to go free. They drive to the airport in a Company truck for a rendezvous with Self, where Sucre and Mahone go their own way while Michael and Lincoln head into the airport. Company agents stop the brothers and take their backpack (which contains the Scylla unit), only to
Selfless (Prison Break)
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Fleet. Bram, however, is not a unit of measurement and the original log entry lists the amount of rice as 8 barrels. "Lady Penrhyn" also carried the first horses brought to Australia. These are believed to have consisted of one stallion, one colt, three mares, and two fillies from Cape Town, South Africa. Having discharged her convicts in New South Wales, "Lady Penrhyn" then was under contract to George Mackenzie McCaulay, an alderman of the City of London, to go to the "North West Coast of America to Trade for furrs & after that to proceed to China & barter
Lady Penrhyn (1786 ship)
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William Hammond (ship) William Hammond was a barque used to transport convicts to Western Australia. Built in Sunderland in 1853 for Thomas and Co, "William Hammond" was long, wide and deep, and had a burthen of 683 tons. On 30 September 1854, she sailed from Plymouth to Hobart with 261 emigrating passengers on board. She docked in Hobart on 25 December after a journey of 83 days during which three children died. When appointed to transport convicts to Western Australia in 1855, "William Hammond" was still considered a new ship, and had an A1 rating. With Horatio Edwards as captain
William Hammond (ship)
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the Christian virtues of marriage and an end to promiscuity. Probably on the first Sunday, Chaplain Johnson gathered all those willing under a great tree and offered thanks to God – a week later he celebrated the colony's first Lord's Supper in an officer's tent. Johnson's successor, the Reverend Samuel Marsden (1765–1838), had magisterial duties and so was equated with the authorities by the convicts. He became known as the "flogging parson" for the severity of his punishments. Some of the Irish convicts had been transported to Australia for political crimes or social rebellion in Ireland, so the authorities were
Christianity in Australia
7102368
is available on the Australian Joint Copying Project microfilm reel 3212, which is held in most major libraries and archives offices throughout Australia. William Hammond (ship) William Hammond was a barque used to transport convicts to Western Australia. Built in Sunderland in 1853 for Thomas and Co, "William Hammond" was long, wide and deep, and had a burthen of 683 tons. On 30 September 1854, she sailed from Plymouth to Hobart with 261 emigrating passengers on board. She docked in Hobart on 25 December after a journey of 83 days during which three children died. When appointed to transport convicts
William Hammond (ship)
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nine years, running Fremantle Prison and the convict system. Together with the Comptroller General Edmund Henderson, he created a reforming, humane convict system for Western Australia. He instituted a system of training convicts in a trade, and he adapted the marks system used by Alexander Maconochie in Norfolk Island's penal system to Western Australia's legal situation. He was opposed to flogging, and favoured the introduction of female convicts into Western Australia. Dixon earned high praise from his superiors for his innovations, but their opinion of him was to change rapidly in April 1859 when he was stood down on admission
Thomas Hill Dixon
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decades of settlement. Catholic convicts were compelled to attend Church of England services and their children and orphans were raised by the authorities as Anglicans. The first Catholic priests arrived in Australia as convicts in 1800 – James Harold, James Dixon and Peter O'Neill, who had been convicted for "complicity" in the Irish 1798 Rebellion. Fr Dixon was conditionally emancipated and permitted to celebrate Mass. On 15 May 1803, in vestments made from curtains and with a chalice made of tin, he conducted the first Catholic Mass in New South Wales. The Irish led Castle Hill Rebellion of 1804 alarmed
Catholic Church in Australia