insects undergo a period of dormancy in winter or summer called
Diapause
1777472
almost exclusively seen in mammals, some birds, such as the common poorwill, may hibernate. Diapause is a predictive strategy that is predetermined by an animal's genotype. Diapause is common in insects, allowing them to suspend development between autumn and spring, and in mammals such as the roe deer ("Capreolus capreolus", the only ungulate with embryonic diapause), in which a delay in attachment of the embryo to the uterine lining ensures that offspring are born in spring, when conditions are most favorable. Aestivation, also spelled "estivation", is an example of consequential dormancy in response to very hot or dry conditions. It
Dormancy
536422
Biostasis Biostasis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them. Biostasis is found in organisms that live in habitats that likely encounter unfavorable living conditions, such as drought, freezing temperatures, change in pH levels, pressure, or temperature. Insects undergo a type of dormancy to survive these conditions, called diapause. Diapause may be obligatory for these insects to survive. The insect may also be able to undergo change prior to the arrival of the initiating event. Biostasis is also used as a synonym for the terms cryostasis or cryonics. Cryonics is a
Biostasis
536433
that of tardigrades under extreme biological stress. Biostasis Biostasis is the ability of an organism to tolerate environmental changes without having to actively adapt to them. Biostasis is found in organisms that live in habitats that likely encounter unfavorable living conditions, such as drought, freezing temperatures, change in pH levels, pressure, or temperature. Insects undergo a type of dormancy to survive these conditions, called diapause. Diapause may be obligatory for these insects to survive. The insect may also be able to undergo change prior to the arrival of the initiating event. Biostasis is also used as a synonym for the
Biostasis
13306793
end of the seasonal cycle, the gynes mate with multiple males. Then, around November to December, the colony begins to senesce. At this point, the queens undergo diapause, which is a dormancy period to avoid the adverse environmental conditions of winter. During these months, only a few queens survive. Those that do typically exhibit larger overall body size, as well as a thin shape. However, specific genotypes and previous mating does not affect queen survival during this period. Queen survival is very important because those that survive diapause are able initiate a new colony in the spring. "V. maculifrons" is
Eastern yellowjacket
13505129
are produced by fertilization. The males are haploid and the females are diploid. More rarely, some insects display hermaphroditism, in which a given individual has both male and female reproductive organs. Insect life-histories show adaptations to withstand cold and dry conditions. Some temperate region insects are capable of activity during winter, while some others migrate to a warmer climate or go into a state of torpor. Still other insects have evolved mechanisms of diapause that allow eggs or pupae to survive these conditions. Metamorphosis in insects is the biological process of development all insects must undergo. There are two forms
Insect
7424373
food, temperatures fall below 2 °C, or if predator abundance is high. These resting eggs have a diapause, or dormancy period that should allow the zooplankton to encounter conditions that are more favorable to survival when they finally hatch. The invertebrates that inhabit the benthic zone are numerically dominated by small species and are species rich compared to the zooplankton of the open water. They include Crustaceans (e.g. crabs, crayfish, and shrimp), molluscs (e.g. clams and snails), and numerous types of insects. These organisms are mostly found in the areas of macrophyte growth, where the richest resources, highly oxygenated water,
Lake ecosystem
4762774
directly developing (summer) or diapausing (spring/winter). The diapausing morph is triggered when resources are allocated to survival, resulting in a less conspicuous, darker appearance of adults to avoid predation. Under cold winter conditions, adults can undergo diapause, a period of delayed sexual maturation to maximize survival. The diapause morph is based upon the length of the day that the larvae experienced during the development stage of the life cycle. The diapausing morph is more commonly observed in "P. c-album" butterflies inhabiting south Europe, North Africa, and Asia. The threshold for the photoperiod triggering diapause is primarily due to autosomal genes
Polygonia c-album
4175797
Diapause Diapause, when referencing animal dormancy, is the delay in development in response to regularly and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions. It is considered to be a physiological state of dormancy with very specific initiating and inhibiting conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavorable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought, or reduced food availability. Diapause is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes. Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur
Diapause
4175812
within the aggregations and beetles experience less water loss, probably due to decreased surface area to volume ratios reducing evaporative water loss. Diapause Diapause, when referencing animal dormancy, is the delay in development in response to regularly and recurring periods of adverse environmental conditions. It is considered to be a physiological state of dormancy with very specific initiating and inhibiting conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavorable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought, or reduced food availability. Diapause is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of
Diapause
1777472
almost exclusively seen in mammals, some birds, such as the common poorwill, may hibernate. Diapause is a predictive strategy that is predetermined by an animal's genotype. Diapause is common in insects, allowing them to suspend development between autumn and spring, and in mammals such as the roe deer ("Capreolus capreolus", the only ungulate with embryonic diapause), in which a delay in attachment of the embryo to the uterine lining ensures that offspring are born in spring, when conditions are most favorable. Aestivation, also spelled "estivation", is an example of consequential dormancy in response to very hot or dry conditions. It
Dormancy
9714552
In 1959 J. R. Brazzel and L. D. Newsom published a paper outlining the winter dormancy (diapause) behavior of the boll weevil. Brazzel published the results of his first diapause control insecticide treatment trial in 1959, finding that methyl parathion treatments in the fall significantly reduced the overwintering population, especially when combined with plowing of the stalks into the ground. More sophisticated trapping and monitoring devices were developed over the next decade. Further progress was made when the male boll weevil pheromone was identified in the 1960s; the insects could be lured into traps baited with this pheromone, further reducing
Boll Weevil Eradication Program
7347845
plant forms a ground hugging rosette composed of 6–8 generally obovate leaves, each up to 95 millimeters (3¾ in) long. These leaves are carnivorous, having a large surface area densely covered with stalked mucilaginous glands with which they attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey, most commonly flies. These so-called "summer leaves" are replaced by "winter rosettes" of small, glandless succulent leaves with the onset of the dry season in October. This protective winter rosette allows the plant to undergo winter dormancy until the first rains begin in May. Flowers born singly on upright 10–25 centimeters (4–10 in.) peduncles emerge twice
Pinguicula moranensis
14240405
most plentiful, the plant forms a ground hugging rosette up to 12 centimeters (5 in) in diameter and composed of obovate–spatulate to suborbicular–spatulate leaves. These leaves are carnivorous, having a large surface area densely covered with stalked mucilagenous glands with which they attract, trap, and digest arthropod prey, most commonly flies. These so-called "summer leaves" are replaced by "winter rosettes" of small, glandless succulent leaves with the onset of the dry season in late fall. This protective winter rosette allows the plant to undergo winter dormancy until the first rains begin in spring. Flowers born singly on upright 35–75 millimeter
Pinguicula elizabethiae
4232279
growth. The appearance of a mature embryo is seen in Stage VI, in the illustration above. The end of embryogenesis is defined by an arrested development phase, or stop in growth. This phase usually coincides with a necessary component of growth called dormancy. Dormancy is a period in which a seed cannot germinate, even under optimal environmental conditions, until a specific requirement is met. Breaking dormancy, or finding the specific requirement of the seed, can be rather difficult. For example, a seed coat can be extremely thick. According to Evert and Eichhorn, very thick seed coats must undergo a process
Plant embryogenesis
11667457
27 degrees Celsius (80 degrees Fahrenheit) for prolonged periods of time. It thrives in an average potting soil with good drainage. Mature plants are cut back to the soil every 3–5 years in early summer or during the dormancy period. Young plants are cut back to the soil every year in early summer or during the dormancy period, until they reach maturity. Fearing frost, they are usually grown indoors. They are planted in soil rich in humus and well drained. In winter, they should not be watered. The leaves are eaten raw or cooked and have an acidic taste due
Oxalis triangularis
4116920
Nevada and Texas. The culprit is a bacterium called "Xylella fastidiosa", which is spread via insects (the glassy-winged sharpshooter primarily) who feed on the tissue of oleanders and spread the bacteria. This inhibits the circulation of water in the tissue of the plant, causing individual branches to die until the entire plant is consumed. Symptoms of leaf scorch infection may be slow to manifest themselves, but it becomes evident when parts of otherwise healthy oleanders begin to yellow and wither, as if scorched by heat or fire. Die-back may cease during winter dormancy, but the disease flares up in summer
Nerium
14217427
of small, glandless succulent leaves with the onset of the dry season in November or December. This protective winter rosette allows the plant to undergo winter dormancy until the first rains begin in May. Flowers born singly on upright 7–22 centimeters (3–9 in.) peduncles emerge from July–September as the summer growth begins. The leaf blades of the summer rosettes of "P. orchidioides" are smooth, rigid, and succulent, and generally green in color. The laminae are generally ovate to lanceolate, between 20 and 46 millimeters (2–5 in.) long and 6–18 millimeters wide, and have deeply involute margins. These are supported by
Pinguicula orchidioides
6470091
from the caudex, it can receive regular watering, up until the growth withers and dies back. This is when the plant goes into its summer dormancy. Then watering should become more rare - until the next new growth appears. The cycle can be extremely unpredictable or erratic, but in most cases this results in a watering regime of wetter winter and spring, and a dry summer dormancy period. In nature, the caudex is usually in shade beneath thicket vegetation, and only the leafy tendrils reach up to the sunlight. Therefore the caudex is sensitive to prolonged exposure to heat and
Dioscorea elephantipes
15360919
form tight buds (called hibernacula) composed of scale-like leaves during a winter dormancy period. During this time the roots (with the exception of "P. alpina") and carnivorous leaves wither. Temperate species flower when they form their summer rosettes while tropical species flower at each rosette change. Many butterworts cycle between rosettes composed of carnivorous and non-carnivorous leaves as the seasons change, so these two ecological groupings can be further divided according to their ability to produce different leaves during their growing season. If the growth in the summer is different in size or shape to that in the early spring
Pinguicula
789578
their pre-hibernation weight by using their stored fats for energy. True hibernation is restricted to endotherms; ectotherms by definition cannot hibernate because they cannot actively down-regulate their body temperature or their metabolic rate. Still, many ectothermic animals undergo periods of dormancy which are sometimes confused with hibernation. Some reptile species are said to brumate, but possible similarities between brumation and hibernation are not firmly established. Many insects, such as the wasp "Polistes exclamans", exhibit periods of dormancy which have often been referred to as hibernation, despite their ectothermy. Obligate hibernators are animals that spontaneously, and annually, enter hibernation regardless of
Hibernation
12366470
to excessive soil-borne nutrients. Since most of these plants are found in bogs, almost all are very intolerant of drying. There are exceptions: tuberous sundews require a dry (summer) dormancy period, and "Drosophyllum" requires much drier conditions than most. Outdoor-grown carnivorous plants generally catch more than enough insects to keep themselves properly fed. Insects may be fed to the plants by hand to supplement their diet; however, carnivorous plants are generally unable to digest large non-insect food items; bits of hamburger, for example, will simply rot, and this may cause the trap, or even the whole plant, to die. A
Carnivorous plant
1539550
all its flight feathers at once and becoming flightless for a period of three to four weeks. Unlike other loons—which undergo this moult in late winter—the red-throated loon loses its ability to fly sometime between late summer and late autumn. Like all members of its family, the red-throated loon is primarily a fish-eater, though it sometimes feeds on molluscs, crustaceans, frogs, aquatic invertebrates, insects, fish spawn or even plant material. It seizes rather than spears its prey, which is generally captured underwater. Though it normally dives and swims using only its feet for propulsion, it may use its wings as
Red-throated loon
3832950
cold-hardy. In the growing season from April to September (northern hemisphere), the average daytime temperature needed is . In regions with low light levels in winter, the sacred lotus has a period of dormancy. The tubers are not cold resistant, but can resist temperatures below if they are covered with an insulating cover of water or soil. During winter time, the roots have to be stored at a frost free place. The sacred lotus requires a nutrient-rich loamy soil. In the beginning of the summer period (from March until May in the northern hemisphere), a small part of rhizome with
Nelumbo nucifera
3527567
operculum, prevents rainwater entering the pitcher and thus diluting the digestive enzymes inside. Insects trapped in this digestive fluid are consumed by the plant. The operculum has translucent cells which confuse its insect prey as they appear to be patches of sky. The inflorescence is groupings of small, hermaphroditic, six-parted, regular flowers, which are creamy, or whitish. In the cooler months of winter (down to about 5 degrees Celsius), they have a natural dormancy period of about 3–4 months, triggered by the temperature drop and reduced light levels. Botanical specimens were first collected during the visit of to King George
Cephalotus
7044851
some seeds, where dormancy is caused by both exogenous (physical) and endogenous (physiological) conditions. some "Iris" species have both hard impermeable seeds coats and physiological dormancy. Secondary dormancy occurs in some non-dormant and post dormant seeds that are exposed to conditions that are not favorable for germination, like high temperatures. It is caused by conditions that occur after the seed has been dispersed. The mechanisms of secondary dormancy are not yet fully understood but might involve the loss of sensitivity in receptors in the plasma membrane. Not all seeds undergo a period of dormancy, many species of plants release their
Seed dormancy
8883299
Drosera intermedia Drosera intermedia, commonly known as the oblong-leaved sundew, spoonleaf sundew, or spatulate leaved sundew, is an insectivorous plant species belonging to the sundew genus. It is a temperate or tropical species native to Europe, southeastern Canada, the eastern half of the United States, Cuba and northern South America. "Drosera intermedia" is a perennial herb which forms a semi-erect stemless rosette of spatulate leaves up to 10 cm tall. Plants in temperate regions undergo dormancy during which they form a winter resting bud called a hibernaculum. As is typical for sundews, the leaf blades are densely covered with stalked
Drosera intermedia
14933802
thrive, but doing so takes careful watering, shielding of selected bonsai from excessive sunlight or wind, and possibly protection from winter conditions (e.g., through the use of cold frames or winter greenhouses). Common bonsai species (particularly those from the Japanese tradition) are temperate climate trees from hardiness zones 7 to 9, and require moderate temperatures, moderate humidity, and full sun in summer with a dormancy period in winter that may need be near freezing. They do not thrive indoors, where the light is generally too dim, and humidity often too low, for them to grow properly. Only during their dormant
Bonsai cultivation and care
1777469
Dormancy Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means. Predictive dormancy occurs when an organism enters a dormant phase "before" the onset of adverse conditions. For example, photoperiod and decreasing temperature are used by many plants to predict the onset of winter. Consequential dormancy occurs when organisms enter a dormant phase
Dormancy
19181616
stem tips. Plants damaged in this way respond by producing small rosettes of leaves – either at ground level or upon the lower third of the flowering stem – which tend to sustain no further browsing damage before winter dormancy, possibly because of alkaloid levels raised as a defense mechanism activated by the check to growth. Needless to say, the effect of such browsing upon the sexual reproduction of "A. baetica" is profound: fewer ripe berries – and therefore fewer viable seeds – survive such wholesale destruction and the plants themselves are weakened and effectively undergo a prematurely enforced dormancy.
Atropa baetica
9279334
is a period of inactive growth, and when that period is over the plants resume new growth from the underground stems. Being underground protects the stems from the elements during the dormancy period, such as freezing and thawing in winter or extreme heat and drought in summer or fire. They can also protect plants from heavy grazing pressure from animals, the plant might be eaten to the ground but new growth can occur from below ground stem that can not be reached by the herbivores. A number of plants, including "weed"y species, use underground stems to spread and colonize large
Underground stem
1777475
part of the year is unsuitable for growth, such as winter or dry seasons. Many plant species that exhibit dormancy have a biological clock that tells them when to slow activity and to prepare soft tissues for a period of freezing temperatures or water shortage. On the other hand, dormancy can be triggered after a normal growing season by decreasing temperatures, shortened day length, and/or a reduction in rainfall. Chemical treatment on dormant plants has been proven to be an effective method to break dormancy, particularly in woody plants such as grapes, berries, apples, peaches and kiwis. Specifically, hydrogen cyanamide
Dormancy
6941890
mostly sedentary over most of its range, but some mainland populations undergo small local movements in the autumn and winter, either to more open habitats or lower elevations. The scarlet robin is most commonly found in eucalyptus woodland and forest from sea level to 1000 m, particularly the more open habitats with grassy and shrubby understories. During the winter more open environments, including urban habitats, are frequented. The scarlet robin feeds on arthropods such as insects and spiders. It adjusts its foraging behaviour seasonally, feeding mostly on the ground during the winter, but during the summer and spring prey is
Scarlet robin
3963333
Normal treatment in mild temperate climates is to keep them completely dry during winter, watering only when the old leaves have dried up and been replaced by a new leaf pair. Watering continues through autumn when the plants flower and then stopped for winter. The best results are obtained with additional heat such as a greenhouse. In hotter climates "Lithops" will have a summer dormancy when they should be kept mostly dry, and they may require some water in winter. In tropical climates, "Lithops" can be grown primarily in winter with a long summer dormancy. In all conditions, "Lithops" will
Lithops
7872468
infect suitable host epidermal cells. In infected cells, the summer sporangia develop, which quickly release new populations of zoospores. The infection cycle may be repeated as long as infection conditions are suitable. The infected plant cells swell, divide and surround the dividing zoospores resulting in the wart. Under certain stress conditions some zoospore pairs fuse, resulting in a zygote. The zygote bearing host cells divide, forming eventually the walls of a new winter sporangium. In autumn, the warts rot and disintegrate, releasing new thick-walled resting spores of the fungus into the soil. The diploid resting spores (pro-soruses) undergo a dormancy
Synchytrium endobioticum
13505128
as the moth "Orgyia recens" as an exemplar of sexual dimorphism in insects. Some insects use parthenogenesis, a process in which the female can reproduce and give birth without having the eggs fertilized by a male. Many aphids undergo a form of parthenogenesis, called cyclical parthenogenesis, in which they alternate between one or many generations of asexual and sexual reproduction. In summer, aphids are generally female and parthenogenetic; in the autumn, males may be produced for sexual reproduction. Other insects produced by parthenogenesis are bees, wasps and ants, in which they spawn males. However, overall, most individuals are female, which
Insect
17987888
Honduras (Mesoamerica) and Colombia. Kohleria amabilis Kohleria amabilis, the tree gloxinia, is a species of the flowering plant belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. "Kohleria amabilis" can reach a height of . Leaves have a silvery pattern and are egg-shaped, velvety, long. The brightly colored flowers are about long, tubular, slightly nodding, usually pink on the outside with red or purple dots inside. "Kohleria amabilis" var. "bogotensis" has dark green leaves and yellow and red-orange flowers. Flowering period extends from late winter through the spring and summer. These tropical plants are rhizomatous and have a period of seasonal leafless dormancy. This
Kohleria amabilis
17987887
Kohleria amabilis Kohleria amabilis, the tree gloxinia, is a species of the flowering plant belonging to the family Gesneriaceae. "Kohleria amabilis" can reach a height of . Leaves have a silvery pattern and are egg-shaped, velvety, long. The brightly colored flowers are about long, tubular, slightly nodding, usually pink on the outside with red or purple dots inside. "Kohleria amabilis" var. "bogotensis" has dark green leaves and yellow and red-orange flowers. Flowering period extends from late winter through the spring and summer. These tropical plants are rhizomatous and have a period of seasonal leafless dormancy. This species is native to
Kohleria amabilis
9744797
Pinguicula alpina Pinguicula alpina, also known as the alpine butterwort, is a species of carnivorous plant native to high latitudes and altitudes throughout Eurasia. It is one of the most widespread "Pinguicula" species, being found in mountainous regions from Iceland to the Himalayas. Native to cold climates, it is a temperate species, forming prostrate rosettes of green to red leaves and white flowers in the summer and a tight hibernaculum during a period of winter dormancy in the winter. Like all members of the genus, "P. alpina" uses mucilagenous glands covering the surface of its summer leaves to attract, trap,
Pinguicula alpina
4989825
By the time autumn comes, yin has started to regain its influence. Autumn is a time of harvest when things come to fruition, and during autumn, as yin becomes more and more dominant, things return to the winter state of rest. Year after year this cycle repeats. According to Jeung San Do's teachings, the universe follows the cycle of birth-growth-harvest-rest (生長殮藏) or spring-summer-autumn-winter. This cycle, called the Cosmic Year, repeats every 129,600 calendar years, a number calculated by Chinese scholar Shao Yung. At the beginning and end of each cycle, the universe is in a yin state of dormancy called
Cosmic year (Chinese astrology)
10665315
squirrels ranged from 3 to 32 individuals per hectare. Densities of 296 to 331 individuals per hectare have been reported for Piute ground squirrels. Townsend's ground squirrels become dormant in late spring or early summer, after grasses cure. They emerge from dormancy in late winter. Dormancy lasts 7.5 to 9 continuous months. It is shorter in wet years, when green forage is available later in summer, than in dry years. Females breed as yearlings. Most males also breed as yearlings, although male Snake Valley ground squirrels breed at 2 years of age. Most breeding occurs in late January or early
Townsend's ground squirrel
10669500
more females). The bats roost in protected shelters such as caves, or houses to shelter themselves from predators and weather. Their diet consists of fruit, insects, and some pollen. The bats are also thought to undergo periods of dormancy similar to the closely related A. hirsutus. Little is known about the lifestyle and mating habits and patterns of the Honduran fruit-eating bat. The Honduran fruit-eating bats display poikilothermic characteristics, which is to say that their body temperature is able to rise and drop significantly. When measured at different ambient temperatures, body temperatures as low as 29 °C and as high
Honduran fruit-eating bat
484436
do not involve seed dormancy, strictly speaking, as lack of germination is prevented by the environment, not by characteristics of the seed itself (see Germination): Not all seeds undergo a period of dormancy. Seeds of some mangroves are viviparous; they begin to germinate while still attached to the parent. The large, heavy root allows the seed to penetrate into the ground when it falls. Many garden plant seeds will germinate readily as soon as they have water and are warm enough; though their wild ancestors may have had dormancy, these cultivated plants lack it. After many generations of selective pressure
Seed
19011929
"Conophytum burgeri" can be treated as a winter-rainfall species, like most other "Conophytum" species. All "Conophytums" have an annual growing period when they receive some water, and a dry dormancy period. In their growing period the soil must always dry out completely between waterings. In their dormancy they can be left dry and only given water if they visibly start to shrivel. Alternatively, "Conophytum burgeri" can be given water occasionally throughout the year, at intervals of a week or two. It shrivels when it needs more water; and it splits open when it receives too much. Seeds can be sown
Conophytum burgeri
7181593
spring and summer. Some of these offspring are the sexually reproducing medusae. Fertilized eggs develop into small ciliated larvae called planula. The planula then settle to the bottom, and develop into polyps. However, the majority of "C. sowerbii" populations existing in the United States are either all male or all female, so there is no sexual reproduction in those populations. During the cold winter months, polyps contract and enter dormancy as resting bodies called podocysts. It is believed that podocysts are transported by aquatic plants or animals to other bodies of water. Once conditions become favorable, they develop into polyps
Craspedacusta sowerbii
1962734
century to produce large colourful showy flowers. In temperate climes these can be placed outside in the summer, and after a dormancy period, be induced to rebloom inside in the winter. Most "Hippeastrum" bulbs are tunicate (a protective dry outer layer and fleshy concentric inner scales or leaf bases). The bulbs are generally between 5–12 cm (2"–5") in diameter and produce two to seven long-lasting evergreen or deciduous leaves that are 30–90 cm (12"–36") long and 2.5–5 cm (1"–2") wide. The leaves are hysteranthous (develop after flowering), sessile, rarely persistent and subpetiolate. The flowers are arranged in umbelliform inflorescences which
Hippeastrum
12752229
used as cut flowers. "E. autumnalis" survives frosts down to about , particularly if planted in a sheltered position in well drained soil, kept as dry as possible during the winter dormancy. It grows and flowers best planted in full sun or partial shade in a fertile soil, and kept well watered during the summer period of growth and flowering. The species has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. A cultivar is available under the name ""E. autumnalis"" 'White Dwarf'. However, , the "RHS Plant Finder" regards this as a variety of "E. zambesiaca" rather than "E.
Eucomis autumnalis
4331950
alternate explanations. No matter the explanation for dormancy, the "winter" dormant period may commence in late summer or fall, but in almost every instance after a return to aquatic habitats. Spotted turtles home ranges tend to occupy limited areas of about 0.5 to 3.5 hectares (1.2 to 8.6 acres). Note that due to their size, these small turtles are highly vulnerable to predation, particularly during their frequent terrestrial wanderings. Many specimens will show mutilation injuries and scars from past predation attempts. Raccoons ("Procyon lotor") are particularly adept at consuming and killing this species. Spotted turtles have been observed to dive
Spotted turtle
1777479
is dormancy imposed by the external environment. "Correlated inhibition" is a kind of physiological dormancy maintained by agents or conditions originating within the plant, but not within the dormant tissue itself. "Rest" (winter dormancy) is a kind of physiological dormancy maintained by agents or conditions within the organ itself. However, physiological subdivisions of dormancy do not coincide with the morphological dormancy found in white spruce ("Picea glauca") and other conifers (Owens et al. 1977). Physiological dormancy often includes early stages of bud-scale initiation before measurable shoot elongation or before flushing. It may also include late leaf initiation after shoot elongation
Dormancy
1343834
the flowering process. This ensures that reproductive development and seed production occurs in spring and winters, rather than in autumn. The needed cold is often expressed in chill hours. Typical vernalization temperatures are between 5 and 10 degrees Celsius (40 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit). For many perennial plants, such as fruit tree species, a period of cold is needed first to induce dormancy and then later, after the requisite period of time, re-emerge from that dormancy prior to flowering. Many monocarpic winter annuals and biennials, including some ecotypes of "Arabidopsis thaliana" and winter cereals such as wheat, must go through
Vernalization
1065785
Aestivation Aestivation or æstivation (from , summer, but also spelled estivation in American English) is a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation, characterized by inactivity and a lowered metabolic rate, that is entered in response to high temperatures and arid conditions. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry season, which are often the summer months. Invertebrate and vertebrate animals are known to enter this state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of desiccation. Both terrestrial and aquatic animals undergo aestivation. The fossil record suggests that aestivation may have evolved several hundred
Aestivation
7648085
the end of the dormancy period. The root system is weak and penetrates only a few centimeters, serving mainly as an anchor and for water absorption. Nitrogen is in short supply in bogs and trapping and digesting insects provides an alternate source. "Drosera anglica" flowers in the summer, sending up peduncles . long bearing several white flowers which open individually. Like other sundews, the flowers have five sepals, petals, and stamens. The petals for this species are 8–12 mm long, and the flowers have branched 2-lobed styles. The odorless, nectar-less flowers do not rely on insect pollinators for pollination, rather
Drosera anglica
16491420
the tumor cells with that microenvironment determines whether the cells will proliferate and form metastases or undergo growth arrest and enter cancer dormancy. It is suggested that the disseminated cells choose dormancy when the new environment is not permissive in situations such as cellular stress or a lack of available growth factors. These dormant cells can stay in this state for long periods of time and can be clinically undetectable. However, these cells can be dangerous because they can strike back years after the doctor and patient believe the patient is cured. They can exist in a quiescent state for
Cancer dormancy
1777470
"after" adverse conditions have arisen. This is commonly found in areas with an unpredictable climate. While very sudden changes in conditions may lead to a high mortality rate among animals relying on consequential dormancy, its use can be advantageous, as organisms remain active longer and are therefore able to make greater use of available resources. Hibernation is a mechanism used by many mammals to reduce energy expenditure and survive food shortage over the winter. Hibernation may be predictive or consequential. An animal prepares for hibernation by building up a thick layer of body fat during late summer and autumn that
Dormancy
10623969
observed to dig shallow burrows in moist soil, then dig deeper (2 to 3 feet [0.7–1.2 m]) as soil dries at the surface. Spadefoots have been found 15 feet (4.6 m) underground in natural conditions. An individual spadefoot digs and occupies only one burrow, which it usually returns to after foraging or mating. Spadefoots do not use shrubs or other vegetation for cover while foraging. Spadefoots accumulate fat rapidly in summer. They are dormant in fall and winter, with dormancy and apparently triggered by photoperiod. Spring emergence may be triggered by increased moisture in the burrow. Spadefoots extend their dormancy
Great Basin spadefoot
2566362
from the centre of each tuft of leaves. Some of the growing tips have changed from making leaves to producing inflorescences for the coming spring, and around these, two or three buds begin to produce leaves. The inflorescence and the leaf buds pass the winter protected by the enveloping spike of unopened leaves. Months later in spring or early summer, it bears its flowers on the outside of the tree, exposed to insects and birds. Flowering takes place over a period of four to six weeks, giving maximum exposure to pollinating insects. The flowers produce a sweet perfume which attracts
Cordyline australis
15605201
Western Australia, no seeds from the plant have been found in the region. It will be able to establish itself best in environments that are already disturbed. The growing period can be effected by location, however the plant generally begins to produce flowers in May and can last through to October with an active growth period between April and November. the plant remains dormant throughout the winter months, and can also slip into dormancy during the summer if conditions are too hot. The oxalis has a perennial herb with an annually occurring top. It is one of the fewer species
Oxalis glabra
16446586
Botanists will often remove the old stalks that are no longer flowering so that they have a more appealing look and act as an ornamental feature in a garden or in their natural habitats. To break the dormancy of "Austroderia richardii" species it is suggested that they undergo stratification of the seed by chilling it. The seed it placed in water overnight to soak, once this has occurred it is drained and then kept moist in a refrigerator for around a 4-week period. After this period the seed will able to be germinated and be propagated into seedlings. Toetoe can
Austroderia richardii
288509
development (ametabolism), and the evolution of metamorphosis in insects is thought to have fuelled their dramatic radiation (1,2). Some early ametabolous "true insects" are still present today, such as bristletails and silverfish. Hemimetabolous insects include cockroaches, grasshoppers, dragonflies, and true bugs. Phylogenetically, all insects in the Pterygota undergo a marked change in form, texture and physical appearance from immature stage to adult. These insects either have hemimetabolous development, and undergo an incomplete or partial metamorphosis, or holometabolous development, which undergo a complete metamorphosis, including a pupal or resting stage between the larval and adult forms. A number of hypotheses have
Metamorphosis
1068814
plants grow in nutrient-poor, often acidic soil and use the insects as a nutritional supplement. As such, growth of carnivorous pitchers is plastic: as soil nitrogen increases, "Sarracenia" produces fewer pitchers. The pitchers originate from a rhizome and die back during the winter dormancy. Plants of the genus "Sarracenia" occur mostly in "Sphagnum" bogs. Most Sarraceniaceae have tall, narrow pitchers that are vertical or nearly so. "Sarracenia purpurea", however, has short, squat, bulbous pitchers close to the ground, and "Sarracenia psittacina" has pitchers that grow horizontally. The purple pitcher plant ("Sarracenia purpurea") is the official flower of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Sarraceniaceae
1777481
degree, but not completely. For instance, if a Japanese Maple ("Acer palmatum") is given an "eternal summer" through exposure to additional daylight, it grows continuously for as long as two years. Eventually, however, a temperate-climate plant automatically goes dormant, no matter what environmental conditions it experiences. Deciduous plants lose their leaves; evergreens curtail all new growth. Going through an "eternal summer" and the resultant automatic dormancy is stressful to the plant and usually fatal. The fatality rate increases to 100% if the plant does not receive the necessary period of cold temperatures required to break the dormancy. Most plants require
Dormancy
5381017
of the beetle is about two weeks. During this period, mating occurs and the eggs are laid, either close to the human environs or in bird nests, tree hollows and similar, dry places where larvae can find their food. Then the cycle begins anew. This species is present in most of Europe, in the eastern Palearctic ecozone, in the Near East, in the Nearctic ecozone, in North Africa and in North Asia, also in the Neotropics. Larvae feed on keratin and chitin of natural fibers (dead insects, animal hair and feathers) throughout their development, eventually experiencing a dormancy period (also
Varied carpet beetle
14633577
made up of a physical dormancy component and a physiological dormancy component. The physical dormancy mechanism is believed to be inforced at least in part by cuticular alkanes that prevent water penetration. The mechanism of the physiological dormancy component is not yet fully understood. This dormancy mechanism allows for the establishment of a substantial soil seed bank that is capable of surviving and producing new seedlings in excess of 4 years after all vegetation has been removed. Dormancy mechanisms also allow the plant to undergo long-distance dispersal. There is substantial supportive evidence of a water-based dispersal mechanism for beach vitex
Vitex rotundifolia
20838897
short panicles; pedicels 2.5-3 cm long; outer sepals long-ovate, about 3.5 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, and inner sepals 6 cm long , 3 cm wide; petals are elliptic, 5-6 cm long, 3-3.5 cm wide; ovules approximately 4-9. Red round spherical berries, approximately 1 cm long. Every year from the end of April to May in late spring and early summer is the budding period. Fl. Jun-Jul, Fr. Sep-Oct, leaves falling from November to December, and entering dormancy during the winter. Berberis morrisonensis Berberis morrisonensis,commonly known as Yushan Barberry (Chinese:玉山小檗) or Red Fruit Baeberry (Chinese:红果小蘖、赤果小蘖) is perennial deciduous shrubs belonging
Berberis morrisonensis
11717599
having moved into North America, and fewer North American species having moved into Eurasia (many zoologists consider the Palearctic and Nearctic to be a single Holarctic ecozone). See also List of extinct animals of Asia. The boreal and temperate European-Siberian region is the Palearctic's largest region, which transitions from tundra in the northern reaches of Russia and Scandinavia to the vast taiga, the boreal coniferous forests which run across the continent. Liquid water is unavailable for much of the winter, and plants and many of the animals undergo a winter dormancy in which metabolism is very slow. South of the
Fauna of Asia
3530488
nearby bromeliads to colonise. The plants are as highly adapted in their methods of surviving seasonally inclement conditions as they are in their structure and feeding habits. Temperate perennials can require a winter period in which they die back each year, and they will weaken in cultivation if they are not given it; tropical and warm-temperate species, on the other hand, require no dormancy. Floating bladderworts in cold temperate zones such as the UK and Siberia can produce winter buds called turions at the extremities of their stems: as the autumnal light fails and growth slows down, the main plant
Utricularia
8217056
They sleep in the water, hidden under vegetation. While those that live in areas that are quite warm remain active all winter, river cooters in cooler climes can become dormant during the winter for up to two months, in the mud, underwater. They do not breathe during this time of low metabolism, but can utilize oxygen from the water, which they take in through the cloaca. River cooters prefer to be well hidden under aquatic plants during the winter dormancy period or while sleeping each night. While the species is highly omnivorous, river cooters will eat anything, plant or animal,
River cooter
12525600
point the chlorophyll in the leaves begin to break down and the leaves change color from green to yellow. Following the first frost the leaves begin to fall as the vine starts to enter its winter dormancy period. The following spring, the cycle begins again. Annual growth cycle of grapevines The annual growth cycle of grapevines is the process that takes place in the vineyard each year, beginning with bud break in the spring and culminating in leaf fall in autumn followed by winter dormancy. From a winemaking perspective, each step in the process plays a vital role in the
Annual growth cycle of grapevines
8058620
reproductive behaviors are interesting because these animals have been domesticated but their breeding behaviors have not changed. Meaning, they show the same signs of being in heat and the same signalings to stallions that they would in the wild or at a breeding facility. Mares are animals that undergo polyestrous which means that they cycle when daylight hours are long (spring & summer) and they go into anesturs period when the days are short (fall & winter). Estrus cycles can be manipulated so that mares can be bred in the winter and early spring if necessary. This can be done
Horse behavior
7044849
or warm (=15 °C) stratification increases germination: or when dry after-ripening shortens the cold stratification period required. In some seeds physiological dormancy is indicated when scarification increases germination. Physiological dormancy is broken when inhibiting chemicals are broken down or are no longer produced by the seed; often by a period of cool moist conditions, normally below (+4C) 39F, or in the case of many species in "Ranunculaceae" and a few others,(−5C) 24F. Abscisic acid is usually the growth inhibitor in seeds and its production can be affected by light. Some plants like Peony species have multiple types of physiological dormancy,
Seed dormancy
5645350
rotundifolia" is one of the temperate species of "Drosera" cultivated by growers interested in carnivorous plants. To be grown successfully, plants of the wild species must be given a substantial period of winter dormancy during which they form hibernacula. The cultivar "D. rotundifolia" 'Charles Darwin' can be grown more successfully without a period of dormancy. According to D.H. Paper, "et al.", "Drosera rotundifolia" plant extracts show great efficacy as an anti-inflammatory and antispasmodic, more so than "D. madagascariensis", as a result of the flavonoids such as hyperoside, quercetin and isoquercetin, but not the naphthoquinones present in the extracts. The flavonoids
Drosera rotundifolia
1777474
they do need to drink water. The brumation period is anywhere from one to eight months depending on the air temperature and the size, age, and health of the reptile. During the first year of life, many small reptiles do not fully brumate, but rather slow down and eat less often. Brumation is triggered by lack of heat and the decrease in the hours of daylight in winter, similar to hibernation. In plant physiology, dormancy is a period of arrested plant growth. It is a survival strategy exhibited by many plant species, which enables them to survive in climates where
Dormancy
11067150
the Meadow Voles occurred at 80% of the diet during the summer, then dropping to 47.5% of the diet during the winter, where as Snowshoe Hare increased to 28% during the winter. The introduced Snowshoe Hare is a critical food source during winter, which is the energetically stressful period during the year. Other food types that are included in the marten's diet includes Masked Shrews, Red Squirrels, Moose and Caribou carrion, insects, birds, and berries, however, these food items only occur less than 10% of the overall diet. During the summer with the primary food source being Meadow Voles, the
Newfoundland pine marten
14023204
previous one in form, size, and relative unity of the leaves. Those most united wither in the resting period and form a papery sheath covering the succeeding pair of leaves during dormancy in dry, hot summer. The genus occurs in the far west of South Africa and Namibia. Here it occurs from the Western Cape Province northwards through the Namaqualand, into Namibia. The species are mostly adapted to a very arid, winter-rainfall climate. The tender species "C. peculiaris" requires cultivation under glass in temperate regions. Cheiridopsis Cheiridopsis is a genus that consists of 100 flowering succulent perennial plants, native to
Cheiridopsis
7906842
anorexia without undergoing muscle atrophy and protein loss. There are a few known factors that contribute to the sustaining of muscle tissue. During the summer period, bears take advantage of the nutrition availability and accumulate muscle protein. The protein balance at time of dormancy is also maintained by lower levels of protein breakdown during the winter time. At times of immobility, muscle wasting in bears is also suppressed by a proteolytic inhibitor that is released in circulation. Another factor that contributes to the sustaining of muscle strength in hibernating bears is the occurrence of periodic voluntary contractions and involuntary contractions
Muscle atrophy
1343833
Vernalization Vernalization (from Latin "vernus", "of the spring") is the induction of a plant's flowering process by exposure to the prolonged cold of winter, or by an artificial equivalent. After vernalization, plants have acquired the ability to flower, but they may require additional seasonal cues or weeks of growth before they will actually flower. Vernalization is sometimes used to refer to herbal (non-woody) plants requiring a cold dormancy to produce new shoots and leaves but this usage is discouraged. Many plants grown in temperate climates require vernalization and must experience a period of low winter temperature to initiate or accelerate
Vernalization
2696897
known to spread into nearby open areas. Depending on geographical factors, it flowers from late April to early June, just after "T. erectum". Like many forest perennials, "T. grandiflorum" is a slow growing plant. Its seeds have double dormancy, meaning they normally take at least two years to fully germinate. The seeds are dispersed in late summer. The seeds germinate after a cold and then a warm period, producing a root and after another winter the seedlings cotyledon emerges from the soil. Like most species of "Trillium", flowering age is determined largely by the surface of the leaf and volume
Trillium grandiflorum
1777478
perennial plants require chilling temperatures to overcome winter dormancy (rest). The effect of chilling temperatures depends on species and growth stage (Fuchigami et al. 1987). In some species, rest can be broken within hours at any stage of dormancy, with either chemicals, heat, or freezing temperatures, effective dosages of which would seem to be a function of sublethal stress, which results in stimulation of ethylene production and increased cell membrane permeability. "Dormancy" is a general term applicable to any instance in which a tissue predisposed to elongate or grow in some other manner does not do so (Nienstaedt 1966). "Quiescence"
Dormancy
3905056
the stolon (usually in mid to late spring), the whole stolon may be cut into sections a few inches long, each with a few roots attached. Lay these upon cool, moist, shredded long-fibered sphagnum moss and place in a humid location with bright light. In many weeks, cobra plants will protrude from each section of stolon. Like many other carnivorous plants of temperate regions, cobra lilies require a cold winter dormancy in order to live long-term. Plants die down to their rhizomes in frigid winters and will maintain their leaves in cool winters during their dormancy period. This period lasts
Darlingtonia californica
18761384
over a two to three week period. "Costelytra zealandica" larvae hatch between November and March (depending on the time they were laid). They start to feed on roots of clover and pasture plants from the time they hatch until September. They undergo three stages called instars before pupation. During the summer months the grubs moult and reach their second instar phase, by early autumn they are usually fully grown and have reached their third instar phase, this is when they are the most detrimental to pastures as it is the final feeding phase before winter. In late autumn and during
Costelytra zealandica
15895463
winter maintenance. The minimum temperature during the period of dormancy is 10 °C. The plant can be divided in Spring, with any shoots which are too long being trimmed. In the subtropical zone this is one of the most popular garden plants. In Europe it is sometimes cultivated in gardens and rock gardens, but in the winter it is brought into a cool greenhouse or protected from cold and moisture with a temporary shelter. Reproduction is easy by cuttings 5–8 cm long, rooted in sandy soil, or by dividing and transplanting the bush. Tradescantia sillamontana Tradescantia sillamontana is a perennial
Tradescantia sillamontana
475229
eggs is exhausted. Each year, the fish experiences a period of rapid growth, often in summer, and one of slower growth, normally in winter. This results in ring formation around an earbone called the otolith (annuli), analogous to the growth rings visible in a tree trunk. Freshwater growth shows as densely crowded rings, sea growth as widely spaced rings; spawning is marked by significant erosion as body mass is converted into eggs and milt. Freshwater streams and estuaries provide important habitat for many salmon species. They feed on terrestrial and aquatic insects, amphipods, and other crustaceans while young, and primarily
Salmon
459488
"hibernal" for this period of the year (the other ecological seasons being prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, and autumnal). The hibernal season coincides with the main period of biological dormancy each year whose dates vary according to local and regional climates in temperate zones of the Earth. The appearance of flowering plants like the crocus can mark the change from ecological winter to the prevernal season as early as late January in mild temperate climates. To survive the harshness of winter, many animals have developed different behavioral and morphological adaptations for overwintering: Some annual plants never survive the winter. Other annual
Winter
1777485
and after years activate again if the host is under stress or exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Dormancy Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means. Predictive dormancy occurs when an organism enters a dormant phase "before" the onset of adverse conditions. For example, photoperiod and decreasing temperature are used by many
Dormancy
18822828
pH level between 5 and 7.5. It prefers positions in full sun. But can tolerate part shade. It needs a period of dryness during summer, creating a summer dormancy period. When the leaves disappear until the next spring. If the plants are long exposed to moisture they are prone to viral diseases. The iris is intolerant of winds, which can dry out the plants. It can be grown in rockeries, or a raised bed. In his garden in Surrey, William Dykes had up to 100 specimens of "Iris hoogiana", in open-sided frames. The rhizome should be planted at a depth
Iris hoogiana
2611994
that in mammals. Females often remain with their young in nests for several weeks, and mothers have been observed cooperatively parenting their broods. Rattlesnakes generally take several years to mature, and females usually reproduce only once every three years. In the colder winter months, some rattlesnake species enter a period of brumation, which is dormancy similar to hibernation. They often gather together for brumation in large numbers (sometimes over 1,000 snakes), huddling together inside underground "rattlesnake dens" or hibernacula. Rattlesnakes regularly share their winter burrows with a wide variety of other species (such as turtles, small mammals, invertebrates, and other
Rattlesnake
11062142
produced, in the centre of the rosette, called the hibernacula, also known as the plant bud. The leaves halt production and the old leaves wither and decay; "P. l." subsp. "longifolia" is now ready for the winter dormancy. There must be optimal growth during the summer for "P. l." subsp. "longifolia", otherwise they produce weakened hibernacula which rot very easily. The endemicity of this subspecies in the Pyrenees is a problem as habitat destruction could lead to reduced space to propagate on. "P. l." subsp. "longifolia" are also threatened by carnivorous plant enthusiasts who collect rare specimens. The genus "Pinguicula"
Pinguicula longifolia
6642573
are tender and prone to damage from both spring freezing or snow and summer heat and desiccation. The flowers are sweet-scented, white to pale pink, borne on erect panicles long and broad. The fruit is a fig-shaped capsule long, containing a large (), round, orange-brown seed; the seeds are poisonous. This seed is the largest known of any temperate (non-tropical) plant species. "A. californica" has adapted to its native Mediterranean climate by growing during the wet late winter and spring months and entering dormancy in the dry summer months, though those growing in coastal regions tend to hold on to
Aesculus californica
7928119
society now counted 125 families among its flock. With Rev. Vail's departure, the society once again experienced a period of near dormancy. From 1895 to 1900, "The Universalist Register" showed either no minister or simply dropped the society from its inventory of churches. However, based on a review of newspaper announcements in the "St. Paul Globe" during this period, the Ladies Aid Society of the First Universalist Church continued to hold the small liberal community together. A prelude to another revival of the St. Paul society occurred in the summer of 1898. While on his summer break from his pastorate
Young People's Christian Union
9533224
typical gestation period of 21 days. The litter size may vary between two and nine individuals. While females are capable of producing two litters within a year, one is the norm. Another 21 days of altricial dependency occurs prior to weaning. Some individuals under 12 months in age breed in late summer. During winter, most shrews undergo a dramatic decrease in body mass, and second-year individuals typically die then. This wintertime body mass decrease is known as the Dehnel phenomenon, an adaptation to survive winter with lower food intake. In most species, winter body mass is 70% of first-year body
Sorex ornatus sinuosus
10663724
long and up to deep, and the animal can excavate passages at the rate of in ten minutes or so. The species is nocturnal and emerges after dark to forage primarily for seeds, but also eats grasses, shoots, leaves, bulbs, roots and insects. It moves bipedally, normally making hops that are about long, but making great bounds of when agitated. Breeding takes place during the summer with two or three litters, each averaging three or four young, being produced after a gestation period of 25 to 30 days. In the north of its range, this jerboa hibernates during the winter
Northern three-toed jerboa
3068446
eight years. It is reported that "C. mirabilis" also takes about 6 years to flower. In cultivation, it is recommended that plants are watered regularly in summer, although not overwatered, with a resting period from autumn till late winter, when the plants are kept almost dry at 46-50 °F (8-10 °C). Plants can be repotted yearly or every other year in all-purpose potting medium or coconut husks. Propagation is by seed or by offsets removed when repotting. Seeds are sown on the top of moist material in high humidity. Pests and diseases include scale insects, mealy bug, and rot. Clivias
Clivia
19017565
or deep pot. It is prone to viral diseases, if left in water or overwatered. It prefers to be grown in well drained soils, (including gritty loam,) with plenty of aeration. Similar to a scree. It can tolerate a ph level of between 6.1 and 6.5 (mildly acidic) – 7.6 to 7.8 (mildly alkaline). It prefers a position in full sun, to partial shade. It has average water needs, during the growing months, but needs a period of summer dormancy (a period of dryness after the blooms have faded). It can be grown in a rock garden, in crevices or
Iris attica
4331949
and May in the northern part of the range. In the warmest part of the summer (when water temperatures exceed 30 °C), they may aestivate terrestrially or aquatically for long periods of time. During summer dormancy, the turtles may burrow into leaf litter in woodlands or marsh edges or open fields; others remain in muskrat burrows or other aquatic refuges. Litzgus and Brooks (2000) have questioned the common presumption that summer dormancy is an attempt by the turtles to avoid high temperatures; data from Ontario and elsewhere suggests that avoidance of predation and conservation of energy resources may be viable
Spotted turtle
16055436
stratification is the process of subjecting seeds to both cold and moist conditions. Seeds of many trees, shrubs and perennials require these conditions before germination will ensue. In the wild, seed dormancy is usually overcome by the seed spending time in the ground through a winter period and having its hard seed coat softened up by frost and weathering action. By doing so the seed is undergoing a natural form of "cold stratification" or pretreatment. This cold moist period triggers the seed's embryo; its growth and subsequent expansion eventually break through the softened seed coat in its search for sun
Stratification (seeds)
15503621
sexually mature at a length of about . Spawning takes place all year round in Florida with peaks of activity in mid winter and mid summer. As in other bivalve molluscs, gametes are liberated into the sea and fertilisation is external. The eggs hatch into planktonic trochophore larvae which later develop into veliger larvae. After a period of further development, these settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into juveniles. Anodontia alba Anodontia alba, or the buttercup lucine, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Lucinidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, its
Anodontia alba
19838629
seed capsule of the iris, later the larvae feeds on the seed and then pupates. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for aestivation (summer dormancy) and hibernation. A specimen of the iris can be found in the Herbarium Hookerianum within the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Irises can generally be propagated by division, or by seed growing. Irises generally require a period of cold, then a period of warmth and heat, also they need some moisture. Some seeds need stratification, (the cold treatment), which can be carried out indoors or outdoors. Seedlings are generally potted on (or transplanted)
Iris iberica
5276901
combination of the gas turbines or diesel. In port, she generates electrical power from the diesel. In 2007, Condé Nast Publications reported that "Constellation" had come top of their Traveler Cruise Poll six times in seven years. During the summer period the ship sails to the Mediterranean and the Caribbean (winter). "Celebrity Constellation" is scheduled to undergo a dry dock in May 2020. Celebrity Constellation GTS "Celebrity Constellation is a "Millennium"-class cruise ship of Celebrity Cruises. She was originally named Constellation", but renamed in May 2007. Her three sister ships are the "Celebrity Infinity", "Summit", and "Millennium". She was built
Celebrity Constellation
17629572
around the cells is usually uncovered and the cells are lined with a waxy substance from the Dulfor gland of the bee. which is used to protect developing bees. In north temperate regions, "H, ligatus" has an annual colony cycle similar to that which is found in almost all other halictines, or social sweat bees, during which the cold winter ensures several months of complete inactivity during which only young gynes survive. Following this period, these individuals undergo a burst of nest initiation in the spring and produce workers during the summer before switching to male and gyne production in
Halictus ligatus
288504
Metamorphosis Metamorphosis is a biological process by which an animal physically develops after birth or hatching, involving a conspicuous and relatively abrupt change in the animal's body structure through cell growth and differentiation. Metamorphosis is iodothyronine-induced and an ancestral feature of all chordates. Some insects, fishes, amphibians, mollusks, crustaceans, cnidarians, echinoderms, and tunicates undergo metamorphosis, which is often accompanied by a change of nutrition source or behavior. Animals that go through metamorphosis are called metamorphoses. Animals can be divided into species that undergo complete metamorphosis ("holometaboly"), incomplete metamorphosis ("hemimetaboly"), or no metamorphosis ("ametaboly"). Scientific usage of the term is technically
Metamorphosis
6454332
storage systems. Sprouting rapidly increases a tuber's respiration rates, and accelerates the rate at which its food value decreases. Certain cultivars of yams store better than others. The easier to store yams are those adapted to arid climate, where they tend to stay in a dormant low-respiration stage much longer than yam breeds adapted to humid tropical lands, where they do not need dormancy. Yellow yam and cush-cush yam, by nature, have much shorter dormancy periods than water yam, white yam, or lesser yam. Storage losses for yams are very high in Africa, with insects alone causing over 25% harvest
Yam (vegetable)
15969115
one tree to produce man-made seeds that will produce a clone of the original plant. If the costs are reduced significantly, this could result in nearly perfect Christmas trees. However, this will create a monoculture crop which may be susceptible to a single pest or disease. Once the seeds to be grown have been chosen, they will require a period of stratification before they will germinate. Stratification is simply the process that imitates the period of dormancy that occurs during the winter after viable seed is produced by a mature tree. Although this can be accomplished by refrigerating moist seeds
Propagation of Christmas trees