name the branch of zoology that deals with the scientific study of animal behaviour
Ethology
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proper to capitalize the first letter in the genus and put all of the specific epithet in lowercase. Additionally, the entire term may be italicized or underlined. The dominant classification system is called the Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The classification, taxonomy, and nomenclature of zoological organisms is administered by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. A merging draft, BioCode, was published in 1997 in an attempt to standardize nomenclature, but has yet to be formally adopted. Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behavior under natural conditions, as opposed to behaviourism, which focuses on
Zoology
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the Institute for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Julian Huxley was the first president and Solly Zuckerman the first editor of its earlier publication, "Bulletin of Animal Behaviour", which began publishing in October 1938. Other past presidents include Geoffrey Matthews (1971–1974) and Christopher J. Barnard (2004–2007). Pat Monaghan, Regius Professor of Zoology at the University of Glasgow, is President of the ASAB Council as of October 2017. Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) is a British organization founded in 1936 to promote ethology, and the study of animal behaviour. ASAB
Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
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Ethology Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to measured responses to stimuli or trained behavioural responses in a laboratory context, without a particular emphasis on evolutionary adaptivity. Many naturalists have studied aspects of animal behaviour throughout history. Ethology has its scientific roots in the work of Charles Darwin and of American and German ornithologists of the late 19th and early 20th century,
Ethology
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In addition, because of critical anthropomorphism, ethology, and comparative psychology are relatively unknown concepts to the layman, there are critics that question the validity in the claim that animals have a personality schema. There are those that fear that, while assessing behaviors, researchers will project anthropomorphic ratings onto the animals. Personality in animals Personality in animals has been investigated across a variety of different scientific fields including; agricultural science, animal behaviour, anthropology, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. Thus, the definition for animal personality may vary according to the context and scope of study. However, there is recent consensus in the
Personality in animals
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evolutionarily ancient and are found in many species (evolutionary history), and develop early within an organism's lifespan (development). It is easy to confuse such questions—for example, to argue that people eat because they're hungry and not to acquire nutrients—without realizing that the reason people experience hunger is because it causes them to acquire nutrients. Ethology Ethology is the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait. Behaviourism is a term that also describes the scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually referring to
Ethology
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in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals. The history of emotions has become an increasingly popular topic recently, with some scholars arguing that it is an essential category of analysis, not unlike class, race, or gender. Historians, like other social scientists, assume that emotions, feelings and
Emotion
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Animal Behaviour (journal) Animal Behaviour is a double-blind peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1953 as "The British Journal of Animal Behaviour", before obtaining its current title in 1958. It is published monthly by Elsevier for the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour in collaboration with the Animal Behavior Society. It covers all aspects of ethology, including behavioural ecology, evolution of behaviour, sociobiology, ethology, behavioural physiology, population biology, and navigation and migration. The journal is abstracted and indexed in EMBiology, Scopus, and the Science Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2013 impact factor of
Animal Behaviour (journal)
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3.068. Animal Behaviour (journal) Animal Behaviour is a double-blind peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1953 as "The British Journal of Animal Behaviour", before obtaining its current title in 1958. It is published monthly by Elsevier for the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour in collaboration with the Animal Behavior Society. It covers all aspects of ethology, including behavioural ecology, evolution of behaviour, sociobiology, ethology, behavioural physiology, population biology, and navigation and migration. The journal is abstracted and indexed in EMBiology, Scopus, and the Science Citation Index. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2013 impact factor
Animal Behaviour (journal)
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and then compared human behaviour to it as a similar phenomenon. E. O. Wilson's book "" appeared in 1975, and since that time, the study of behaviour has been much more concerned with social aspects. It has also been driven by the stronger, but more sophisticated, Darwinism associated with Wilson, Robert Trivers, and W. D. Hamilton. The related development of behavioural ecology has also helped transform ethology. Furthermore, a substantial rapprochement with comparative psychology has occurred, so the modern scientific study of behaviour offers a more or less seamless spectrum of approaches: from animal cognition to more traditional comparative psychology,
Ethology
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be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city. Anthrozoology (also known as "human–animal studies") is the study of interaction between living things. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with a number of other disciplines, including anthropology, ethology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from a diverse range of fields, including anthropology, sociology, biology, and philosophy. Biocultural anthropology is the scientific exploration of the relationships between human biology and culture.
Anthropology
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published with Charles Darwin. Although the study of animal life is ancient, its scientific incarnation is relatively modern. This mirrors the transition from natural history to biology at the start of the 19th century. Since Hunter and Cuvier, comparative anatomical study has been associated with morphography, shaping the modern areas of zoological investigation: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, teratology and ethology. Modern zoology first arose in German and British universities. In Britain, Thomas Henry Huxley was a prominent figure. His ideas were centered on the morphology of animals. Many consider him the greatest comparative anatomist of the latter half of the
Zoology
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take formal training. While any person who works to modify a dog's behaviour might be considered a dog behaviourist in the broadest sense of the term, an animal behaviourist, is a title given only to individuals who have obtained graduate degrees in a related field and obtained post-graduate certification. The professional fields and course of study for dog behaviorists include, but are not limited to animal science, zoology, sociology, biology, psychology, ethology, and veterinary science. People with these credentials usually refer to themselves as Applied Animal Behaviourists (PhD) or Veterinary Behaviorists (veterinary degree). If they limit their practice to a
Dog behaviourist
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is even possible. Slayers deny any possibility of success in cognitive ethology, proponents keep an open mind about animal cognition and the utility of cognitive ethological investigation, and skeptics stand somewhere in between. Cognitive ethology Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats. The fusion of cognitive science and classical ethology into cognitive ethology "emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with
Cognitive ethology
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Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) is a British organization founded in 1936 to promote ethology, and the study of animal behaviour. ASAB holds conferences, offers grants, and owns a peer-reviewed journal, "Animal Behaviour", first published in 1953. ASAB also recognise excellence in teaching and research with awards including the ASAB medal and Christopher Barnard Award. The annual Tinbergen Lecturer is invited by ASAB Council, and gives an invited presentation at the ASAB Winter Meeting held in London each year. ASAB was founded in London on 13 March 1936 as
Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour
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is more frequently used in the case of diseases, viruses, and microbes, while the term population ecology is more commonly applied to the study of plants and animals. Ecology draws on many subdisciplines. Ethology is the study of animal behavior (particularly that of social animals such as primates and canids), and is sometimes considered a branch of zoology. Ethologists have been particularly concerned with the evolution of behavior and the understanding of behavior in terms of the theory of natural selection. In one sense, the first modern ethologist was Charles Darwin, whose book, "The Expression of the Emotions in Man
Biology
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Cognitive ethology Cognitive ethology is a branch of ethology concerned with the influence of conscious awareness and intention on the behaviour of an animal. Donald Griffin, a zoology professor in the United States, set up the foundations for researches in the cognitive awareness of animals within their habitats. The fusion of cognitive science and classical ethology into cognitive ethology "emphasizes observing animals under more-or-less natural conditions, with the objective of understanding the evolution, adaptation (function), causation, and development of the species-specific behavioral repertoire" (Niko Tinbergen 1963). According to Jamieson & Bekoff (1993), "Tinbergen's four questions about the evolution, adaptation, causation
Cognitive ethology
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much a product of evolution as the human body." While Ardrey's theses on aggression were controversial, he was also challenged on his conviction that the study of animal behavior is necessarily relevant to the study of human behavior. This precept has gained widespread acceptance and, due in large part to Ardrey's work, passed into the scientific commonsense. Following the 1961 publication of "African Genesis" the science of ethology, which is based on the methodological assumption of the cross-relevance of anthropology and zoology, underwent a massive flourishing. 1966 saw Lorenz's "On Aggression" published, followed by Desmond Morris's "The Naked Ape" in
African Genesis
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currently understood in his 1910 "Beitrage zur Biologie, namentlich Ethologie und Psychologie der Anatiden." Lorenz regarded Heinroth as the true founder of the study of animal behavior seen as a branch of zoology. Lorenz also credited Heinroth with created an important method for understanding instincts in birds. Oskar Heinroth Oskar Heinroth (1 March 1871 – 31 May 1945) was a German biologist who was one of the first to apply the methods of comparative morphology to animal behavior, and was thus one of the founders of ethology. He worked, largely isolated from most other scientists of the period, at the
Oskar Heinroth
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Behaviour (2002–2009). He was president of the Dutch Society for Behavioural Biology (1996–2001). From 2001 to 2004 he was vice-dean for research at the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences of the University of Groningen, and together with dean D.A. Wiersma was responsible for incisive changes such as the tenure track system and the Rosalind Franklin fellowships for women. From 2007 till 2009 he was dean of this Faculty. Serge Daan taught a wide array of courses on all levels of the curriculum of Biology (animal ecology, zoology, human ethology, chronobiology, animal behaviour, evolution), including the recent tutorial Honours College
Serge Daan
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Ethology and is a supporter of Compassion in World Farming. He has served on the UK Farm Animal Welfare Committee and has been appointed to the council of the Universities Federation for Animal Welfare. With Aubrey Manning he oversees the David Wood-Gush Trust Fund that set up and supports the annual Wood-Gush lecture. Alistair Lawrence Professor Alistair B. Lawrence (born 1954) is an ethologist. He currently holds a joint chair in animal behaviour and welfare at Scotland's Rural College and the University of Edinburgh. Lawrence graduated from the University of St Andrews with a degree in zoology. He then studied
Alistair Lawrence
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work of developing ethology. Ethology is now a well-recognized scientific discipline, and has a number of journals covering developments in the subject, such as "Animal Behaviour", "Animal Welfare", "Applied Animal Behaviour Science", "Animal Cognition", "Behaviour", "Behavioral Ecology" and "Journal of Ethology". In 1972, the International Society for Human Ethology was founded to promote exchange of knowledge and opinions concerning human behaviour gained by applying ethological principles and methods and published their journal, "The Human Ethology Bulletin". In 2008, in a paper published in the journal "Behaviour", ethologist Peter Verbeek introduced the term "Peace Ethology" as a sub-discipline of Human Ethology
Ethology
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a 2016 impact factor of 1.582. Ethology Ecology & Evolution Ethology Ecology & Evolution is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of the ecology, evolution or genetics of behaviour. It was established in 1890 as Monitore Zoologico Italiano, obtaining its current name in 1989, with volume numbering restarted at 1. It is published by Taylor & Francis and the editor-in-chief is Alberto Ugolini (University of Florence). From the beginning a specific interest is declared for Zoology, Anatomy, Embryology. In 1900 was founded the Unione Zoologica Itaiana and in the same year the Monitore Zoologico Italano became its Official
Ethology Ecology & Evolution
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Ethology Ecology & Evolution Ethology Ecology & Evolution is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of the ecology, evolution or genetics of behaviour. It was established in 1890 as Monitore Zoologico Italiano, obtaining its current name in 1989, with volume numbering restarted at 1. It is published by Taylor & Francis and the editor-in-chief is Alberto Ugolini (University of Florence). From the beginning a specific interest is declared for Zoology, Anatomy, Embryology. In 1900 was founded the Unione Zoologica Itaiana and in the same year the Monitore Zoologico Italano became its Official Organ. As already said this journal
Ethology Ecology & Evolution
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Marian Dawkins Marian Stamp Dawkins (born Marian Ellina Stamp, 13 February 1945) is a British biologist and professor of ethology at the University of Oxford. Her research interests include vision in birds, animal signalling, behavioural synchrony, animal consciousness and animal welfare. Dawkins was educated at Queen's College, London and Somerville College, Oxford where she completed her Bachelor of Arts and Doctor of Philosophy degree in 1970. Her doctoral research was supervised by Niko Tinbergen. Dawkins was appointed a lecturer in zoology in 1977 and in 1998 was made Professor of Animal Behaviour. She is currently (2014) Head of the Animal
Marian Dawkins
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ethology, sociobiology, and behavioural ecology. Comparative psychology also studies animal behaviour, but, as opposed to ethology, is construed as a sub-topic of psychology rather than as one of biology. Historically, where comparative psychology has included research on animal behaviour in the context of what is known about human psychology, ethology involves research on animal behaviour in the context of what is known about animal anatomy, physiology, neurobiology, and phylogenetic history. Furthermore, early comparative psychologists concentrated on the study of learning and tended to research behaviour in artificial situations, whereas early ethologists concentrated on behaviour in natural situations, tending to describe
Ethology
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Personality in animals Personality in animals has been investigated across a variety of different scientific fields including; agricultural science, animal behaviour, anthropology, psychology, veterinary medicine, and zoology. Thus, the definition for animal personality may vary according to the context and scope of study. However, there is recent consensus in the literature for a broad definition that describes animal personality as individual differences in behaviour that are consistent across time and ecological context. Here, consistency refers to the repeatability of behavioural differences between individuals and not a trait that presents itself the same way in varying environments. Animal personality traits are
Personality in animals
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music in a concert hall or recording studio, or suppressing noise to make offices and homes more productive and pleasant places to work and live. Architectural acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Bioacoustics usually concerns the scientific study of sound production and hearing in animals. It can include: acoustic communication and associated animal behaviour and evolution of species; how sound is produced by animals; the auditory mechanisms and neurophysiology of animals; the use of sound to monitor animal populations, and the effect of man-made noise on animals. This branch of acoustic engineering deals with the design of headphones,
Acoustical engineering
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Zoology Zoology () or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, "zōion", i.e. "animal" and λόγος, "logos", i.e. "knowledge, study". The history of zoology traces the study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of "zoology" as a single coherent field arose much later, the zoological sciences emerged from natural history reaching back to the biological works of Aristotle
Zoology
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Those who study malacology are known as malacologists. Those who study primarily or exclusively the shells of mollusks are known as conchologists. More than 150 journals within the field of malacology are being published from more than 30 countries, producing an overwhelming amount of scientific articles. They include: Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of mollusks: Malacology Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails
Malacology
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19th century. Similar to Hunter, his courses were composed of lectures and laboratory practical classes in contrast to the previous format of lectures only. Gradually zoology expanded beyond Huxley's comparative anatomy to include the following sub-disciplines: Related fields: Zoology Zoology () or animal biology is the branch of biology that studies the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is derived from Ancient Greek ζῷον, "zōion", i.e. "animal" and λόγος, "logos", i.e. "knowledge, study". The history of zoology traces the
Zoology
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Primatology Primatology is the scientific study of primates. It is a diverse discipline at the boundary between mammalogy and anthropology, and researchers can be found in academic departments of anatomy, anthropology, biology, medicine, psychology, veterinary sciences and zoology, as well as in animal sanctuaries, biomedical research facilities, museums and zoos. Primatologists study both living and extinct primates in their natural habitats and in laboratories by conducting field studies and experiments in order to understand aspects of their evolution and behaviour. As a science, primatology has many different sub-disciplines which vary in terms of theoretical and methodological approaches to the subject
Primatology
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thermal insulation, respectively. The mechanisms of hydrolysis and condensation, and the rheological factors that bias the structure toward linear or branched structures are the most critical issues of sol-gel science and technology. The scientific discipline of geophysics includes study of the flow of molten lava and study of debris flows (fluid mudslides). This disciplinary branch also deals with solid Earth materials which only exhibit flow over extended time-scales. Those that display viscous behaviour are known as rheids. For example, granite can flow plastically with a negligible yield stress at room temperatures (i.e. a viscous flow). Long-term creep experiments (~10 years)
Rheology
1271496
Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν "herpetón", meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the scientific study of birds is the subject of ornithology. Thus, the definition of herpetology can be more precisely stated as the study of ectothermic (cold-blooded) tetrapods. Under this definition "herps" (or sometimes "herptiles" or "herpetofauna") exclude fish, but it is not uncommon for herpetological and
Herpetology
696807
Entomology Entomology () is the scientific study of insects, a branch of zoology. In the past the term "insect" was more vague, and historically the definition of entomology included the study of terrestrial animals in other arthropod groups or other phyla, such as arachnids, myriapods, earthworms, land snails, and slugs. This wider meaning may still be encountered in informal use. Like several of the other fields that are categorized within zoology, entomology is a taxon-based category; any form of scientific study in which there is a focus on insect-related inquiries is, by definition, entomology. Entomology therefore overlaps with a cross-section
Entomology
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Zoology Department at Queen Mary College, London in 1950, where he remained until his death in 1972. In 1967 he became the first Scientific Director of the Field Studies Council, where he led the establishment of the Oil Pollution Research Unit at Orielton Field Studies Centre, Pembrokeshire and the setting up of the Epping Forest Conservation Centre. He was a fellow of the Institute of Biology and a Secretary of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour (ASAB) and the Society for Experimental Biology and a council member of the Royal Entomological Society (vice presidency in 1962). John Carthy
John Dennis Carthy
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arrays cultured on CMOS sensors, etc.). Neurobioengineering deals with the study and application of bio-compatible neuro-prosthetic implants, neural sensors and interfaces with the nervous system. The goal of that branch is to develop a bio-artificial brain of cultured neurons capable of replicating human behaviour in an artificial robotic system. The European Union F.E.T. funded the neurobioengineering department to pursue this ambitious project. The neurobioengineering program spawned numerous journal publications by the departmental scientific pioneers (Dr. Marco Bove, Dr. Sergio Martinoia, Dr. Renato Zaccaria, and many others) and a university course textbook Bioelectronics, MOSFETS, Biosensors and Neurons published by Massimo Grattarola.
Neurobioengineering
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Wallace sent him an essay which described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories. Darwin's "On the Origin of Species", published on 24 November 1859, a seminal work of scientific literature, was to be the foundation of evolutionary biology. History of zoology through 1859 The history of zoology before Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution traces the organized study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of "zoology" as a single coherent field arose much later, systematic study of zoology is seen in the works of Aristotle and Galen in
History of zoology through 1859
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collected by Johann Baptist von Spix and Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius during their Brazil Expedition (1817–1820) are housed in the Munich Zoology Museum. Museums make extensive use of models. When these are accurate they are considered to be specimens in their own right. Examples are the glass coelenterates of Leopold and Rudolf Blaschka. Zoological specimen A zoological specimen is an animal or part of an animal preserved for scientific use. Various uses are: to verify the identity of a (species), to allow study, increase public knowledge of zoology. Zoological specimens are extremely diverse. Examples are bird and mammal study
Zoological specimen
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Anthrozoology Anthrozoology (also known as human–non-human-animal studies, or HAS) is the subset of ethnobiology that deals with interactions between humans and other animals. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with other disciplines including anthropology, ethnology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from fields such as anthropology, sociology, biology, history and philosophy. Anthrozoology scholars, such as Pauleen Bennett recognize the lack of scholarly attention given to non-human animals in the past, and
Anthrozoology
6506750
Anthrozoology Anthrozoology (also known as human–non-human-animal studies, or HAS) is the subset of ethnobiology that deals with interactions between humans and other animals. It is an interdisciplinary field that overlaps with other disciplines including anthropology, ethnology, medicine, psychology, veterinary medicine and zoology. A major focus of anthrozoologic research is the quantifying of the positive effects of human-animal relationships on either party and the study of their interactions. It includes scholars from fields such as anthropology, sociology, biology, history and philosophy. Anthrozoology scholars, such as Pauleen Bennett recognize the lack of scholarly attention given to non-human animals in the past, and
Anthrozoology
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Zoological specimen A zoological specimen is an animal or part of an animal preserved for scientific use. Various uses are: to verify the identity of a (species), to allow study, increase public knowledge of zoology. Zoological specimens are extremely diverse. Examples are bird and mammal study skins, mounted specimens, skeletal material, casts, pinned insects, dried material, animals preserved in liquid preservatives, and microscope slides. Natural history museums are repositories of zoological specimens Bird and mammal specimens are conserved as dry study skins, a form of taxidermy. The skin is removed from the animal's carcass, treated with absorbents, and filled with
Zoological specimen
8029545
Animal Behavior Society The Animal Behavior Society is an international non-profit scientific society that encourages and promotes the professional study of animal behavior. It has open membership and also provides a certification and directory for animal behaviorists. The Society was founded in 1964. Unlike the titles veterinarian, psychologist, and psychiatrist, which in the United States are state licensed, the title "animal behaviorist" or similar titles can be used by anyone, regardless of their background. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorists have supervised graduate training in animal behavior, biology, zoology, and psychology (including learning theory) at accredited universities. They publish data based papers
Animal Behavior Society
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Course aimed at practitioners who desire more knowledge about hair but do not want to become fully qualified trichologists. This is offered by home-study but also taught in America and Singapore. A Chinese version of this course is available. Registered members of the IAT can use the letters "IAT" after their name. Members are controlled by a code of ethics. Trichology Trichology is the branch of dermatology that deals with the scientific study of the health of hair and scalp. Trichologists are hair and scalp specialists (one type of skin specialist) who diagnose the causes of hair fall, hair breakage,
Trichology
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Malacology Malacology is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, octopus and squid, and numerous other kinds, many of which have shells. One division of malacology, conchology, is devoted to the study of mollusk shells. Malacology derives from Greek , "malakos", "soft"; and , "-logia". Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications, for example mollusks as vectors of disease, as in schistosomiasis.
Malacology
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of evolution, and partly on the developments in areas such as population genetics and evolutionary theory. Following the development of DNA fingerprinting techniques in the late 20th century, the application of these techniques in zoology has increased the understanding of animal populations. In the 1980s, developmental biology re-entered evolutionary biology from its initial exclusion from the modern synthesis through the study of evolutionary developmental biology. Related fields often considered part of evolutionary biology are phylogenetics, systematics, and taxonomy. Scientific classification in zoology, is a method by which zoologists group and categorize organisms by biological type, such as genus or species.
Zoology
9580803
Zoo A zoo (short for zoological garden or zoological park and also called an animal park or menagerie) is a facility in which all animals are housed within enclosures, displayed to the public, and in which they may also breed. The term "zoological garden" refers to zoology, the study of animals, a term deriving from the Greek "zōon" (ζῷον, 'animal') and "lógos" (λóγος, 'study'). The abbreviation "zoo" was first used of the London Zoological Gardens, which was opened for scientific study in 1828 and to the public in 1857. In the United States alone, zoos are visited by over 180
Zoo
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and "Scopus." Animal Biology (journal) Animal Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of zoology. It is the official journal of the "Koninklijke Nederlandse Dierkundige Vereniging" (Royal Dutch Zoological Society) and published on behalf of the society by Brill Publishers. The journal was established in 1872 as the "Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie" and renamed "Netherlands Journal of Zoology" in 1967. Since 2004 it is known under its current name. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal's 2010 impact factor is 0.879 and it is indexed in BIOSIS, CABS, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences, FISHLIT, GeoAbstracts," "Science
Animal Biology (journal)
13805655
Animal Biology (journal) Animal Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of zoology. It is the official journal of the "Koninklijke Nederlandse Dierkundige Vereniging" (Royal Dutch Zoological Society) and published on behalf of the society by Brill Publishers. The journal was established in 1872 as the "Archives Néerlandaises de Zoologie" and renamed "Netherlands Journal of Zoology" in 1967. Since 2004 it is known under its current name. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal's 2010 impact factor is 0.879 and it is indexed in BIOSIS, CABS, Current Contents/Agriculture, Biology and Environmental Sciences, FISHLIT, GeoAbstracts," "Science Citation Index,"
Animal Biology (journal)
14148787
use the phenomenon of missing fundamentals to give the effect of bass notes at lower frequencies than the loudspeakers are physically able to produce (see references). Psychoacoustics Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception and audiology – how humans perceive various sounds. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including noise, speech and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics. Psychoacoustics received its name from a field within psychology—i.e., recognition science—which deals with all kinds of human perceptions. It is an interdisciplinary field of many
Psychoacoustics
14148770
Psychoacoustics Psychoacoustics is the scientific study of sound perception and audiology – how humans perceive various sounds. More specifically, it is the branch of science studying the psychological and physiological responses associated with sound (including noise, speech and music). It can be further categorized as a branch of psychophysics. Psychoacoustics received its name from a field within psychology—i.e., recognition science—which deals with all kinds of human perceptions. It is an interdisciplinary field of many areas, including psychology, acoustics, electronic engineering, physics, biology, physiology, and computer science. Hearing is not a purely mechanical phenomenon of wave propagation, but is also a
Psychoacoustics
2847058
Psephology Psephology (from Greek "psephos" ψῆφος, 'pebble', as the Greeks used pebbles as ballots) is a branch of political science which deals with the study and scientific analysis of elections. Psephology uses historical precinct voting data, public opinion polls, campaign finance information and similar statistical data. The term was coined in 1948 in the United Kingdom by W. F. R. Hardie (1902–1990) after he was asked by his friend R. B. McCallum for a word to describe the study of elections; first written use in 1952. Psephology is a division of political science that deals with the examination as well
Psephology
10482245
much as it involves a clearly biological aspect. While biology remains the centerpiece of life science, technological advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have led to a burgeoning of specializations and new, often interdisciplinary, fields. "Biology" is the branch of natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biology is a vast subject containing many subdivisions, topics, and disciplines. Zoology, occasionally spelled zoölogy, is the branch of science that relates to the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both
Branches of science
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house. While at Oundle, Dawkins read Bertrand Russell's "Why I Am Not a Christian" for the first time. He studied zoology at Balliol College, Oxford, graduating in 1962; while there, he was tutored by Nobel Prize-winning ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen. He continued as a research student under Tinbergen's supervision, receiving his MA and Doctor of Philosophy degrees by 1966, and remained a research assistant for another year. Tinbergen was a pioneer in the study of animal behaviour, particularly in the areas of instinct, learning, and choice; Dawkins's research in this period concerned models of animal decision-making. From 1967 to 1969, he
Richard Dawkins
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Mechanics Mechanics (Greek ) is that area of science concerned with the behaviour of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment. The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes (see History of classical mechanics and Timeline of classical mechanics). During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and Newton laid the foundation for what is now known as classical mechanics. It is a branch of classical physics that deals with particles that are either at rest or are moving
Mechanics
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Display (zoology) Display behaviour is a set of ritualized behaviours that enable an animal to communicate to other animals (typically of the same species) about specific stimuli . These ritualized behaviours can be visual however many animals depend on a mixture of visual, audio, tactical and/or chemical signals as well . Evolution has tailored these stereotyped behaviours to allow animals to communicate both conspecifically and interspecifically which allows for a broader connection in different niches in an ecosystem. It is connected to sexual selection and survival of the species in various ways. Typically, display behaviour is used for courtship between
Display (zoology)
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Ornithology Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeography, and conservation. While early ornithology was principally concerned with descriptions and distributions of species, ornithologists today seek answers to very specific questions, often using birds as
Ornithology
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Carcinology Carcinology is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans, a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles and crabs. Other names for carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology, and crustalogy, and a person who studies crustaceans is a "carcinologist" or occasionally a "malacostracologist", a "crustaceologist", or a "crustalogist". The word "carcinology" derives from Greek , "karkínos", "crab"; and , "-logia". Carcinology is a subdivision of arthropodology, the study of arthropods which includes arachnids, insects, and myriapods. Carcinology branches off into taxonomically oriented disciplines such as: Scientific journals devoted to the study of crustaceans include:
Carcinology
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Carcinology Carcinology is a branch of zoology that consists of the study of crustaceans, a group of arthropods that includes lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill, barnacles and crabs. Other names for carcinology are malacostracology, crustaceology, and crustalogy, and a person who studies crustaceans is a "carcinologist" or occasionally a "malacostracologist", a "crustaceologist", or a "crustalogist". The word "carcinology" derives from Greek , "karkínos", "crab"; and , "-logia". Carcinology is a subdivision of arthropodology, the study of arthropods which includes arachnids, insects, and myriapods. Carcinology branches off into taxonomically oriented disciplines such as: Scientific journals devoted to the study of crustaceans include:
Carcinology
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Zoo participates in national and international research projects in the fields of zoology, biology, and environmental science, and publishes papers in journals and at scientific meetings. Through its Aharon Shulov Fund for the Study of Animals in Captivity, it also provides grants for research on animal welfare and husbandry, animal reintroduction, reproduction of endangered species, conservation genetics, and exotic animal nutrition and medical care. The Fund is sponsored by Shulov's family, the Friends of the Zoo Association, and the Jerusalem Zoo. The zoo hosts academic seminars and student research at the Gabi Center, located in a facility inside the main
Jerusalem Biblical Zoo
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Neuroscientist A neuroscientist (or neurobiologist) is a scientist who has specialised knowledge in the field of neuroscience, the branch of biology that deals with the physiology, biochemistry, anatomy and molecular biology of neurons and neural circuits and especially their association with behaviour and learning. Neuroscientists generally work as researchers within a college, university, government agency, or private industry setting. In research-oriented careers, neuroscientists typically spend their time designing and carrying out scientific experiments that contribute to the understanding of the nervous system and its function. They can engage in basic or applied research. Basic research seeks to add information to
Neuroscientist
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Michael C. Appleby Michael Calvert Appleby OBE is a British ethologist and animal welfare scientist, especially for farm animals. He obtained a BSc in Zoology at the University of Bristol and a PhD in Animal Behaviour at King's College, Cambridge. He then spent 20 years at the Poultry Research Centre in Scotland and the University of Edinburgh researching behaviour, husbandry, and welfare of farm animals. He worked for World Animal Protection (previously WSPA) from 2005-2016, and is now retired. His early work on stocking densities in poultry and the tethering of pregnant sows contributed to the body of evidence that
Michael C. Appleby
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1600 times, and on guidelines for reporting the use of animals in research, cited over 2000 times. Cuthill won the Scientific Medal of the Zoological Society of London in 1998, and the Nature and NESTA award for mentoring in science in 2005. From 2007 to 2010 he was president of the Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. He gave the Tinbergen Lecture of 2014 and won the 2018 ASAB medal for contributions to the science of animal behaviour. Innes Cuthill Innes C. Cuthill (born 1960) is a professor of behavioural ecology at the University of Bristol. His main research
Innes Cuthill
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partnership with external organisations, and in 2016 was one of just two colleges to be awarded the Queen’s Anniversary Prize for Further and Higher Education. There are eight campuses within the Cornwall College group, at Camborne, Newquay, Saltash, St Austell, Duchy College, Rosewarne and Stoke Climsland, Bicton College and Falmouth Marine School. 35,000 young people from the age 16 study at the college each year, 2,000 of whom are undertaking university-level courses. Besides A-levels and apprenticeships, courses are offered in Arts, Media & Performing Arts; Business, Administration & Law; Catering & Hospitality; Construction Trades; Conservation, Zoology and Animal Behaviour; Early
Cornwall College
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Nanomechanics Nanomechanics is a branch of "nanoscience" studying fundamental "mechanical" (elastic, thermal and kinetic) properties of physical systems at the nanometer scale. Nanomechanics has emerged on the crossroads of classical mechanics, solid-state physics, statistical mechanics, materials science, and quantum chemistry. As an area of nanoscience, nanomechanics provides a scientific foundation of nanotechnology. Nanomechanics is that branch of nanoscience which deals with the study and application of fundamental mechanical properties of physical systems at the nanoscale, such as elastic, thermal and kinetic material properties. Often, nanomechanics is viewed as a "branch" of nanotechnology, i.e., an applied area with a focus on
Nanomechanics
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bred in captivity. Such "ex situ" conservation measures may be followed by reintroduction of the species into the wild. Ornithology Ornithology is a branch of zoology that concerns the study of birds. Several aspects of ornithology differ from related disciplines, due partly to the high visibility and the aesthetic appeal of birds. The science of ornithology has a long history and studies on birds have helped develop several key concepts in evolution, behaviour and ecology such as the definition of species, the process of speciation, instinct, learning, ecological niches, guilds, island biogeography, phylogeography, and conservation. While early ornithology was principally
Ornithology
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the "Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology" of the ICZN becomes the available name, which is the "scientific name applied to an animal taxon". The ICZN has entered into its official list: Genus "Canis" in 1926, "Canis familiaris" as the type species for genus "Canis" in 1955, and "Canis dingo" in 1957. Taxonomy classifies organisms together which possess common characteristics. Nomenclature does not determine the rank to be accorded to any assemblage of animals but only its official name. Therefore, zoologists are free to propose which group of animals with similar characteristics that a taxon might belong to.
Canis lupus dingo
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offer a major in herpetology at the undergraduate or even the graduate level. Instead, persons interested in herpetology select a major in the biological sciences. The knowledge learned about all aspects of the biology of animals is then applied to an individual study of herpetology. Herpetology Herpetology (from Greek ἑρπετόν "herpetón", meaning "reptile" or "creeping animal") is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians (including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians (gymnophiona)) and reptiles (including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras). Birds, which are cladistically included within Reptilia, are traditionally excluded here; the
Herpetology
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series of fluttering wing movements that make the insect appear to "dance" and make the openings on their abdomens to swell in order to attract a male . It is also interesting to note that there is experimental evidence that implies the female may also release pheromones that attract the male; this is an instance of chemical display behaviour that plays a large role in animal communication . Along with mantids, jumping spiders also show display behaviour. The family Salticidae consists of jumping spiders with keen vision which results in very clear display behaviours for courting in particular . Salticids
Display (zoology)
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Agonistic behaviour Agonistic behaviour is any social behaviour related to fighting. The term has broader meaning than aggressive behaviour because it includes threats, displays, retreats, placation, and conciliation. The term "agonistic behaviour" was first implemented by J.P Scott and Emil Fredericson in 1951 in their paper "The Causes of Fighting in Mice and Rats" in "Physiological Zoology." Agonistic behaviour is seen in many animal species because resources including food, shelter, and mates are often limited. Some forms of agonistic behaviour are between contestants who are competing for access to the same resources, such as food or mates. Other times, it
Agonistic behaviour
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1815 by Crr. Anotheus Seydler in work titled "Analecta Pharmacognostica". Originally—during the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century—"pharmacognosy" was used to define the branch of medicine or commodity sciences ("Warenkunde" in German) which deals with drugs in their crude, or unprepared, form. Crude drugs are the dried, unprepared material of plant, animal or mineral origin, used for medicine. The study of these materials under the name "pharmakognosie" was first developed in German-speaking areas of Europe, while other language areas often used the older term "materia medica" taken from the works of Galen and Dioscorides. In German the
Pharmacognosy
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and Zoological Record. According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2015 impact factor of 0.591. Australian Journal of Zoology The Australian Journal of Zoology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. It publishes original research and review articles on zoology, with a special focus on Australian fauna. It is broad in scope, covering a range of disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, reproductive biology, developmental biology, parasitology, morphology, behaviour, ecology, zoogeography, systematics and evolution. The current Editor-in-Chief is Paul Cooper (Australian National University). The journal is abstracted and indexed in AGRICOLA, Elsevier BIOBASE,
Australian Journal of Zoology
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Australian Journal of Zoology The Australian Journal of Zoology is an international peer-reviewed scientific journal published by CSIRO Publishing. It publishes original research and review articles on zoology, with a special focus on Australian fauna. It is broad in scope, covering a range of disciplines, including anatomy, physiology, molecular biology, genetics, reproductive biology, developmental biology, parasitology, morphology, behaviour, ecology, zoogeography, systematics and evolution. The current Editor-in-Chief is Paul Cooper (Australian National University). The journal is abstracted and indexed in AGRICOLA, Elsevier BIOBASE, Biological Abstracts, BIOSIS, CAB Abstracts, Chemical Abstracts, Current Contents (Agriculture, Biology & Environmental Sciences), Science Citation Index, Scopus
Australian Journal of Zoology
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In 1954, he earned a Doctor of Philosophy for his work on the reproductive behaviour of the ten-spined stickleback. Morris stayed at Oxford, researching the reproductive behaviour of birds. In 1956 he moved to London as Head of the Granada TV and Film Unit for the Zoological Society of London, and studied the picture-making abilities of apes. The work included creating programmes for film and television on animal behaviour and other zoology topics. He hosted Granada TV's weekly "Zoo Time" programme until 1959, scripting and hosting 500 programmes, and 100 episodes of the show "Life in the Animal World" for
Desmond Morris
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over half a century, and a sequel, "Island Life", in 1880 that focused on island biogeography. He extended the six-zone system developed by Philip Sclater for describing the geographical distribution of birds to animals of all kinds. His method of tabulating data on animal groups in geographic zones highlighted the discontinuities; and his appreciation of evolution allowed him to propose rational explanations, which had not been done before. The scientific study of heredity grew rapidly in the wake of Darwin's "Origin of Species" with the work of Francis Galton and the biometricians. The origin of genetics is usually traced to
History of zoology since 1859
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took over the management of the household with the help of her aunt. That same year, her cousin, 18-year-old Ludwig became Ludwig II of Bavaria. Therese made a substantial contribution to plant and animal geography. She engaged in scientific practice for more 30 years, foreshadowing the vigor of science in the 20th century. Her interests in geology, botany, anthropology and zoology required her to attain tutors, since women at the time were not allowed to study at universities. Women were finally allowed into universities in 1903, when Theresa`s father, Prince Regent Luitpold, legalized their admission. In 1871, at the age
Princess Therese of Bavaria
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Invertebrate zoology Invertebrate zoology is the subsystem of zoology that consists of the study of invertebrates, animals without a backbone (a structure which is found only in fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.) Invertebrates are a vast and very diverse group of animals that includes sponges, echinoderms, tunicates, numerous different phyla of worms, molluscs, arthropods and many additional phyla. Single-celled organisms or protists are usually not included within the same group as invertebrates. Invertebrates represent 97% of all named animal species, and because of that fact, this subdivision of zoology has many further subdivisions, including but not limited to: These
Invertebrate zoology
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animal societies were considered "informing and attractive". The section summarizes the concepts of population genetics, a branch of evolutionary theory combining Mendelian genetics and natural selection in mathematical form to explain the pressures on animal societies. In particular, altruism, self-sacrificing behaviour, would die out unless something such as kin or group selection maintains it. This section describes the types of social behaviour in animals, including the principles of animal communication, aggression, dominance systems, and insect castes. The section describes the distribution of social behaviour in different taxa. The theme is that evolution is progressive, with four pinnacles of social evolution,
Sociobiology: The New Synthesis
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Compressible flow Compressible flow (gas dynamics) is the branch of fluid mechanics that deals with flows having significant changes in fluid density. Gases, mostly, display such behaviour. While all flows are compressible, flows are usually treated as being incompressible when the Mach number (the ratio of the speed of the flow to the speed of sound) is less than 0.3 (since the density change due to velocity is about 5% in that case). The study of compressible flow is relevant to high-speed aircraft, jet engines, rocket motors, high-speed entry into a planetary atmosphere, gas pipelines, commercial applications such as abrasive
Compressible flow
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into other taxonomically-oriented disciplines such as primatology (study of primates), and cetology (study of cetaceans). Like other studies, mammalogy is also a part of zoology which is also a part of biology. This is a list of scientific journals broadly serving mammalogists. In addition, many other more general zoology, ecology and evolution, or conservation journals also deal with mammals, and several journals are specific to only certain taxonomic groups of mammals. Mammalogy In zoology, mammalogy is the study of mammals – a class of vertebrates with characteristics such as homeothermic metabolism, fur, four-chambered hearts, and complex nervous systems. Mammalogy has
Mammalogy
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Cytogenetics Cytogenetics is a branch of genetics that is concerned with how the chromosomes relate to cell behaviour, particularly to their behaviour during mitosis and meiosis. Techniques used include karyotyping, analysis of G-banded chromosomes, other cytogenetic banding techniques, as well as molecular cytogenetics such as fluorescent "in situ" hybridization (FISH) and comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Chromosomes were first observed in plant cells by Karl Wilhelm von Nägeli in 1842. Their behavior in animal (salamander) cells was described by Walther Flemming, the discoverer of mitosis, in 1882. The name was coined by another German anatomist, von Waldeyer in 1888. The next
Cytogenetics
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History of zoology through 1859 The history of zoology before Charles Darwin's 1859 theory of evolution traces the organized study of the animal kingdom from ancient to modern times. Although the concept of "zoology" as a single coherent field arose much later, systematic study of zoology is seen in the works of Aristotle and Galen in the ancient Greco-Roman world. This work was developed in the Middle Ages by Islamic medicine and scholarship, and in turn their work was extended by European scholars such as Albertus Magnus. During the European Renaissance and early modern period, zoological thought was revolutionized in
History of zoology through 1859
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the study of zoology, and left every future scientist and philosopher in his debt through his contributions to the scientific method. Taneli Kukkonen, writing in "The Classical Tradition", observes that his achievement in founding two sciences is unmatched, and his reach in influencing "every branch of intellectual enterprise" including Western ethical and political theory, theology, rhetoric and literary analysis is equally long. As a result, Kukkonen argues, any analysis of reality today "will almost certainly carry Aristotelian overtones ... evidence of an exceptionally forceful mind." Jonathan Barnes wrote that "an account of Aristotle's intellectual afterlife would be little less than
Aristotle
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case of a family-group name, the appropriate ending) is applied. For example, the taxa that the red admiral butterfly can be assigned to: The identity of the author had long been a matter of dispute and of secondary importance. In the first attempt to provide international rules for zoological nomenclature in 1895, the author was defined as the author of the scientific description, and not as the person who provided the name (published or unpublished), as had been usual practice in various animal groups before. This had the result that in some disciplines, for example in malacology, most taxonomic names
Author citation (zoology)
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Hans Lissmann Hans Lissmann FRS (30 April 1909 – 21 April 1995) was a British zoologist of Ukrainian provenance, specialising in animal behaviour. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1954, following breakthrough research identifying the electric field generated by the African Knife fish ("Gymnarchus"), and the uses which the fish makes of it. He was Reader, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, 1966–77, then Reader Emeritus, and Director, Sub-Department of Animal Behaviour, 1969–77. Hans Werner Lissmann was born in Mykolaiv, Ukraine which was then part of Russia. As members of the ethnic German minority the family
Hans Lissmann
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led, eventually, to major changes in animal welfare and the way these animals are kept. Appleby helped design the Edinburgh Modified Cage, which is a furnished cage for hens, replacing battery cages to improve animal welfare. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to animal welfare. Previous positions: Current positions: Michael C. Appleby Michael Calvert Appleby OBE is a British ethologist and animal welfare scientist, especially for farm animals. He obtained a BSc in Zoology at the University of Bristol and a PhD in Animal Behaviour at King's
Michael C. Appleby
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and cognitive science research. Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour or SSAISB or AISB is a nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their simulation and embodiment in machines. AISB also aims to facilitate co-operation and communication among those interested in the study of artificial intelligence, simulation of behaviour and the design of intelligent systems. Founded in 1964, SSAISB, is the oldest AI society in the world. It is the largest
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour
9826303
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour The Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and Simulation of Behaviour or SSAISB or AISB is a nonprofit, scientific society devoted to advancing the scientific understanding of the mechanisms underlying thought and intelligent behaviour and their simulation and embodiment in machines. AISB also aims to facilitate co-operation and communication among those interested in the study of artificial intelligence, simulation of behaviour and the design of intelligent systems. Founded in 1964, SSAISB, is the oldest AI society in the world. It is the largest Artificial Intelligence Society in
Society for the Study of Artificial Intelligence and the Simulation of Behaviour
100872
national service, becoming a lecturer in fine arts at the Chiseldon Army College. After being demobilised in 1948, he held his first one-man show of his own paintings at the Swindon Arts Centre, and studied zoology at the University of Birmingham. In 1950 he held a surrealist art exhibition with Joan Miró at the London Gallery. He held many other exhibitions in later years. Also in 1950, Desmond Morris wrote and directed two surrealist films, "Time Flower" and "The Butterfly and the Pin". In 1951 he began a doctorate at the Department of Zoology, University of Oxford in animal behaviour.
Desmond Morris
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Behaviour Research Group and is the Director of the John Krebs Field Laboratory. Dawkins has written extensively on animal behaviour and issues of animal welfare. Along with other academics in the field, such as Ian Duncan, Dawkins promoted the argument that animal welfare is about the feelings of animals. This approach indicates the belief that animals should be considered as sentient beings. Dawkins wrote, "Let us not mince words: Animal welfare involves the subjective feelings of animals. In 1989, Dawkins published a study in which she filmed hens from above while they performed common behaviours (e.g. turning, standing, wing-stretching). From
Marian Dawkins
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and the giant shark, "Megalodon", surpassed this bite in strength, having bite forces of 11.5 short tons and 20.5 short tons respectively. The study also revealed that a juvenile "Tyrannosaurus" had a bite force of no more than 880 pounds of force or 3,914.43 newtons, and that the bite became more powerful as the animal matured. This also supports the theory that juvenile "Tyrannosaurus" hunted different prey in a form of niche partitioning so as to avoid competition with the adults Additionally, research done by Greg Erikson and Paul Gignac et al and published in the journal "Scientific Reports" indicates
Feeding behaviour of Tyrannosaurus
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exposed to the antigen, the quicker it will build up its responsiveness. Immunopathology Immunopathology is a branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. In biology, it refers to damage caused to an organism by its own immune response, as a result of an infection. It could be due to mismatch between pathogen and host species, and often occurs when an animal pathogen infects a human (e.g. avian flu leads to a cytokine
Immunopathology
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Immunopathology Immunopathology is a branch of medicine that deals with immune responses associated with disease. It includes the study of the pathology of an organism, organ system, or disease with respect to the immune system, immunity, and immune responses. In biology, it refers to damage caused to an organism by its own immune response, as a result of an infection. It could be due to mismatch between pathogen and host species, and often occurs when an animal pathogen infects a human (e.g. avian flu leads to a cytokine storm which contributes to the increased mortality rate). When a foreign antigen
Immunopathology
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specialize not just with cats, but with dogs, horses, and even parrots. A certified behaviorist will have undergone graduate training in courses such as zoology, biology and animal behavior in certain universities. Certified Applied Animal Behaviorists (CAABS) are behaviorists with a doctoral degree and Associate Certified Applied Behaviorists (ACAABS) are those who studied with a master's degree. There are various different organizations and associations that provide certification. The American College of Veterinary Behaviorists (ACVB) has a list of requirements before an individual can become board-certified, including an internship, examinations, creating a scientific journal and more. The Animal Behavior Society (ABS)
Cat behaviorist
20072315
literature, beginning with the Bible, and even a section of the ravens of the Tower of London." Psychologists acknowledge that "Heinrich's helpful ravens [as discussed in "Ravens in Winter"] are now a classic example of animal altruism" It was a Evergreen Audubon & Nature Center Book of the Month. "Ravens in Winter" has also been reviewed by "AudioFile", "Scientific American", "The Condor", "The Sewanee Review", and "Library Journal". Ravens in Winter Ravens in Winter is a 1989 book by Bernd Heinrich. It is a study of the behaviour of ravens in the forests of Maine. A review of "Ravens in
Ravens in Winter
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Acoustics Acoustics is the branch of physics that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. A scientist who works in the field of acoustics is an acoustician while someone working in the field of acoustics technology may be called an acoustical engineer. The application of acoustics is present in almost all aspects of modern society with the most obvious being the audio and noise control industries. Hearing is one of the most crucial means of survival in the animal world, and speech is one of
Acoustics
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the senses and initiates actions. The human nervous system coordinates the functions of itself and all organ systems including but not limited to the cardiovascular system, respiratory system, skin, digestive system, immune system, hormonal, metabolic, musculoskeletal, endocrine system, blood and reproductive system. Optimal function of the organism as a whole depends upon the proper function of the nervous system. Biomechanics: (biology, physics) The branch of biophysics that deals with the mechanics of the human or animal body; especially concerned with muscles and the skeleton. The study of biomechanical influences upon nervous system function and load bearing joints. Research: Panjabi MM,
Neuro biomechanics
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Surface anatomy Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal. In birds this is termed "topography". Surface anatomy deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection. As such, it is a branch of gross anatomy, along with endoscopic and radiological anatomy. Surface anatomy is a descriptive science. In particular, in the case of human surface anatomy, these are the form and proportions of the human body and the surface landmarks which correspond to deeper structures hidden from view, both in static pose
Surface anatomy
698037
other animals. Sorted roughly from head to tail, cranial to caudal. Homologues share a bullet point and are separated by commas. Subcomponents are nested. Class in which component occurs in "italic". Surface anatomy Surface anatomy (also called superficial anatomy and visual anatomy) is the study of the external features of the body of an animal. In birds this is termed "topography". Surface anatomy deals with anatomical features that can be studied by sight, without dissection. As such, it is a branch of gross anatomy, along with endoscopic and radiological anatomy. Surface anatomy is a descriptive science. In particular, in the
Surface anatomy
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Herpetological society Herpetological society is a commonly used term for a club or organized group of enthusiasts. The term is derived from herpetology - the branch of zoology dealing with the study of those organisms. Herpetological societies are typically non-profit, private organizations in which members pay dues for the benefit of the group. In general they are geographically focused around a specific state, province, or region, but most groups accept members from anywhere in the world. A few groups devote their endeavors to the most technical and scientific aspects of herpetology as a science, and therefore require academic or professional
Herpetological society
19792805
Alistair Lawrence Professor Alistair B. Lawrence (born 1954) is an ethologist. He currently holds a joint chair in animal behaviour and welfare at Scotland's Rural College and the University of Edinburgh. Lawrence graduated from the University of St Andrews with a degree in zoology. He then studied for his PhD at the University of Edinburgh under the direction of David Wood-Gush. In 1995 he received the RSPCA/BSAS award for innovative developments in animal welfare for his 'outstanding contribution to animal welfare research'. He has published extensively throughout his career. Lawrence is a past secretary of the International Society for Applied
Alistair Lawrence
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book "Zoologia physica" which was published in 1661 after his death by . Sperling was among the first to use the term zoology and treat it as a natural science. His book deals first with general aspects common to animals, then with the different classes and species. He has been called an "early modern zoologist". Among Sperling's scientific publications are: Johann Sperling Johann Sperling (12 July 1603 – 12 August 1658) was a German physician, zoologist and physicist, deacon and "Rektor" of the University of Wittenberg. He was among the first to practise zoology as a natural science, writing a
Johann Sperling