on which space shuttle was the canadarm first tested in space
Columbia
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Canadarm The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), also known as Canadarm (Canadarm 1), is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, maneuver and capture payloads. After the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, the Canadarm was always paired with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which was used to inspect the exterior of the Shuttle for damage to the thermal protection system. In 1969, the Canadarm was invited by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to participate in the Space Shuttle program. At the time what that participation would entail had not yet
Canadarm
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Canadarm The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), also known as Canadarm (Canadarm 1), is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, maneuver and capture payloads. After the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, the Canadarm was always paired with the Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS), which was used to inspect the exterior of the Shuttle for damage to the thermal protection system. In 1969, the Canadarm was invited by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to participate in the Space Shuttle program. At the time what that participation would entail had not yet
Canadarm
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STS-2 STS-2 was the second Space Shuttle mission conducted by NASA, and the second flight of the orbiter "Columbia". The mission launched on 12 November 1981 and landed two days later on 14 November. STS-2 marked the first time in history that a manned, reusable orbital vehicle returned to space for a second time. This mission tested the Shuttle Imaging Radar as part of the OSTA-1 payload, along with a wide range of other experiments including the Shuttle robotic arm, commonly known as Canadarm. Other experiments or tests included Shuttle Multispectral Infrared Radiometer, Feature Identification and Location Experiment, Measurement of
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it would likely have sent "Columbia" into the Pacific Ocean; NASA later developed the Remote Control Orbiter system to permit mission control to land a shuttle. NASA investigators determined that on-orbit repair by the shuttle astronauts was possible but overall considered "high risk", primarily due to the uncertain resiliency of the repair using available materials and the anticipated high risk of doing additional damage to the Orbiter. "Columbia" did not carry the Canadarm, or Remote Manipulator System, which would normally be used for camera inspection or transporting a spacewalking astronaut to the wing. Therefore, an unusual emergency extra-vehicular activity (EVA)
Space Shuttle Columbia disaster
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Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange as MAXR. Maxar's most visible products include the Canadarm used on NASA's Space Shuttle, as well as the Canadarm2 and Dextre remote manipulator systems used on the International Space Station. Maxar provides operational solutions to commercial and government organizations worldwide, including: Maxar is a member of the British Columbia Technology Industry Association. Maxar Technologies Maxar Technologies Ltd., formerly MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates, is a U.S. space technology company headquartered in Westminster, Colorado, United States, specializing in manufacturing communication, earth observation, radar, and on-orbit servicing satellites, satellite products, and related services. DigitalGlobe and
Maxar Technologies
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federal politics and was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1972 general election as the Progressive Conservative Member of Parliament for Prince George—Peace River, British Columbia. He subsequently won re-election five times. In 1985, Oberle became the first German-born federal Canadian cabinet minister when he became Minister of State for Science and Technology in Prime Minister Brian Mulroney's government. He was science minister when the Canadarm went into space as part of the space shuttle program. He later became Minister of State for Forestry, and then Minister of Forestry in 1990. Oberle retired from Cabinet when
Frank Oberle Sr.
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as Lunar Module Pilot on Apollo 17, but was bumped when later flights were cancelled, so that geologist-astronaut Harrison H. Schmitt could fly. He subsequently became one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle "Enterprise" in 1977. He was Commander of the second orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle "Columbia" in 1981. Engle was born on August 26, 1932, in Chapman, Kansas. He attended primary and secondary schools in Chapman, Kansas, and he graduated from Dickinson County High School in 1950. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Aeronautical Engineering
Joe Engle
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in freight trains. He ended up settling in Chapman, where he died in 1983 at the age of 67. Joseph Henry Engle is a retired U.S. Air Force Major General and a former NASA astronaut. Engle helped to flight test the joint NASA-Air Force X-15 rocket airplane and was one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle Enterprise in 1977. He was commander of the second orbital test flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia in 1981. Harvey T. "Pop" Hollinger was one of the first comic book collectors. He set up his
Chapman, Kansas
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since then. A prototype, "AMS-01", was flown and tested on Space Shuttle mission STS-91 in 1998. The main mission, "AMS-02", was then planned for launch by the Shuttle and mounting on the International Space Station. This project is a massive $1.5 billion undertaking involving 500 scientists from 56 institutions and 16 countries. After the 2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, NASA announced that the Shuttle was to be retired by 2010 and that "AMS-02" was not on the manifest of any of the remaining Shuttle flights. Dr. Ting was forced to (successfully) lobby the United States Congress and the public to
Samuel C. C. Ting
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Center, Florida, the mission exposed the orbiter "Columbia" to extremes in thermal stress and tested the Canadarm used to grapple and maneuver payloads to orbit. STS-3 landed at Northrup Strip, White Sands, New Mexico, because Rogers Dry Lake at Edwards AFB was wet due to heavy seasonal rains. Fullerton was Commander of the STS-51-F "Spacelab 2" mission, launched from Kennedy Space Center on July 29, 1985. This mission, with the orbiter "Challenger", was the first pallet-only Spacelab mission and the first to operate the Spacelab Instrument Pointing System (IPS). It carried 13 major experiments in the fields of astronomy, solar
C. Gordon Fullerton
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of the battery packs are tested, spot-welded in series and tested again as a pack. The battery packs are discarded after use. Spent CO2 containers are returned to the Flight Assembly Laboratory for re-filling and safety testing before being flown back to the International Space Station. The delivery of SPHERES satellites to the International Space Station were originally planned for 2003. However, due to the loss of Space Shuttle Columbia in February 2003, the delivery did not take place until 2006. The first SPHERES unit was delivered to ISS by the unmanned resupply mission Progress M-56 (ISS-21P) during April 2006.
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a promising alternative to end-body electron collectors for certain electrodynamic tether applications. The bare tether concept was to be tested first during NASA’s Propulsive Small Expendable Deployer System (ProSEDS) mission. While the mission was canceled after NASA's space shuttle Columbia accident, the concept could potentially be undertaken in the future. A follow-on to the earlier STARS and STARS-II satellites, STARS-C (Space Tethered Autonomous Robotic Satellite-Cube) is to be launched from the International Space Station. The satellite was designed by a team from Shizuoka University. The satellite weighs 2.66 kilograms, consisting of two 1-U (10-centimeter) CubeSat modules connected with a 100-m
Space tether missions
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from the back of a specially modified Boeing 747, only for initial atmospheric landing tests (ALT). "Enterprise"'s first test flight was on February 18, 1977, only five years after the Shuttle program was formally initiated; leading to the launch of the first space-worthy shuttle "Columbia" on April 12, 1981 on STS-1. The Space Shuttle program finished with its last mission, STS-135 flown by "Atlantis", in July 2011, retiring the final Shuttle in the fleet. The Space Shuttle program formally ended on August 31, 2011. Before the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969, NASA began early studies of space shuttle designs.
Space Shuttle program
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on the band's last studio album, "The Story", ends with a recording of her voice introducing the song. Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle "Columbia" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Over 22 years of service, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. Construction began on "Columbia" in 1975 at
Space Shuttle Columbia
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Space Shuttle Columbia Space Shuttle "Columbia" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-102) was the first space-rated orbiter in NASA's Space Shuttle fleet. It launched for the first time on mission STS-1 on April 12, 1981, the first flight of the Space Shuttle program. Over 22 years of service, it completed 27 missions before disintegrating during re-entry near the end of its 28th mission, STS-107 on February 1, 2003, resulting in the deaths of all seven crew members. Construction began on "Columbia" in 1975 at Rockwell International's (formerly North American Aviation/North American Rockwell) principal assembly facility in Palmdale, California, a suburb of Los
Space Shuttle Columbia
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STS-61-C STS-61-C was the twenty-fourth mission of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the seventh mission of Space Shuttle "Columbia". It was the first time that "Columbia", the first space-rated Space Shuttle orbiter to be constructed, had flown since STS-9. The mission launched from Florida's Kennedy Space Center on 12 January 1986, and landed six days later on 18 January. STS-61-C's seven-person crew included the second African-American shuttle pilot, future NASA Administrator Charles Bolden, the first Costa Rican-born astronaut, Franklin Chang-Diaz, and the second sitting politician to fly in space, Representative Bill Nelson (D-FL). It was the last shuttle mission before
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space flights, such as the Shuttle–Mir Program and the International Space Station. The Space Shuttle became the major focus of NASA in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Planned as a frequently launchable and mostly reusable vehicle, four space shuttle orbiters were built by 1985. The first to launch, "Columbia", did so on April 12, 1981, the 20th anniversary of the first known human space flight. Its major components were a spaceplane orbiter with an external fuel tank and two solid-fuel launch rockets at its side. The external tank, which was bigger than the spacecraft itself, was the only major
NASA
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and pitch joints, an elbow pitch joint, and wrist pitch, yaw, and roll joints. The end effector is the unit at the end of the wrist that grapples the payload's grapple fixture. The two lightweight boom segments are called the upper and lower arms. The upper boom connects the shoulder and elbow joints, and the lower boom connects the elbow and wrist joints. A simulated Canadarm installed on the Space Shuttle "Enterprise" was seen when the prototype orbiter's payload bay doors were open to test hangar facilities early in the shuttle program. The Canadarm was first tested in orbit in
Canadarm
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Raffaello MPLM to the ISS and back. "Discovery's" Canadarm is displayed next to her in the National Air and Space Museum. "Endeavour" left its OBSS at the International Space Station as part of its final mission, while its Canadarm was originally going to be displayed in the headquarters of the Canadian Space Agency. However, "Endeavour"s Canadarm is now on permanent display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa. The last of the Canadarms to fly in space, the SRMS flown aboard "Atlantis" on the final space shuttle mission, STS-135 in July 2011, was shipped to NASA's Johnson Space
Canadarm
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1981, on Space Shuttle "Columbia"s STS-2 mission. Its first operational use was on STS-3 to deploy and maneuver the Plasma Diagnostics Package. Canadarm has since flown on more than 90 missions with all five orbiters. Since the installation of the Canadarm2 on the International Space Station (ISS), the two arms have been used to hand over segments of the station for assembly from the Canadarm to the Canadarm2; the use of both elements in tandem has earned the nickname of "Canadian Handshake" in the media. The Canadarm's 90th and final shuttle mission was in July 2011 on STS-135, delivering the
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Ltd. in Toronto was contracted to produce the engineering model end effector then SPAR evolved the design and produced the qualification and flight units.The shuttle flight software that monitors and controls the Canadarm was developed in Houston, Texas, by the Federal Systems Division of IBM. Rockwell International's Space Transportation Systems Division designed, developed, tested and built the systems used to attach the Canadarm to the payload bay of the orbiter. An acceptance ceremony for NASA was held at Spar's RMS Division in Toronto on the 11th of February 1981. Here Larkin Kerwin, then the head of the NRC, gave the
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Center in Houston for engineering study and possible reuse on a future mission. Based on the Canadarm1, the larger Canadarm2 is used for berthing the trusses, the commercial vehicles and inspecting the whole ISS, and the smaller Canadarm3 will be used for berthing the commercial vehicles and inspecting the whole Deep Space Gateway. This Canadarm3 will be used for berthing the modules and inspecting the whole Exploration Gateway Platform. Canadarm The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), also known as Canadarm (Canadarm 1), is a series of robotic arms that were used on the Space Shuttle orbiters to deploy, maneuver and
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and NASA. In addition to its astronauts and satellites, some of the most notable Canadian technological contributions to space exploration include the Canadarm on the Space Shuttle and Canadarm2 on the International Space Station. Canada's contribution to the International Space Station is the 1.3 billion dollar Mobile Servicing System. This consists of Canadarm2 (SSRMS), Dextre (SPDM), mobile base system (MBS) and multiple robotics workstations that together make up the Mobile Servicing System on the ISS. The Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre all employ the Advanced Space Vision System which allows more efficient use of the robotic arms. Another Canadian technology of
Canadian Space Agency
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it was to be placed on display. In a Canadian poll on which science or aerospace museum should be selected to display the Canadarm, originally built by SPAR Aerospace, the Canadian Space Agency's headquarters placed third to last with only 35 out of 638 votes. "Endeavour's" Canadarm has since gone on permanent display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum in Ottawa. In August 2015 NASA engineers went to work on removing a few of the tanks from "Endeavour" so that they may be used as storage containers for potable water on the International Space Station. The Flow Director was
Space Shuttle Endeavour
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exhibit is the surviving components of the Avro Arrow interceptor from the late 1950s. Also at the museum is Space Shuttle "Endeavour"s Canadarm, the space shuttles' Canadian-built robotic arm. It was unveiled on 2 May 2013 with Chris Hadfield on hand from the International Space Station via video screen to aid with the unveiling. While "Endeavour"s Canadarm, officially known as Canadarm 201, was moved back to Canada, "Atlantis's" and "Discovery's" Canadarms went to the museums of their respective shuttles. Also on site are interactive activities on the science of flight, films, demonstrations, a boutique, and guided tours. A few of
Canada Aviation and Space Museum
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Spar Aerospace SPAR Aerospace was a Canadian aerospace company. It produced equipment for the Canadian Space Agency to be used in cooperation with NASA's Space Shuttle program, most notably the Canadarm remote manipulator system. The robotics division was sold in 1999 and is now part of MacDonald, Dettwiler and Associates as MD Robotics, a subsidiary of its MDA Space Missions division. As part of MDA, it developed the Mobile Servicing System for the International Space Station, which includes the Space Station Remote Manipulator System, also known as Canadarm 2. The company was originally formed in 1967 in Brampton, Ontario through
Spar Aerospace
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on 21 April 2001. They spent eight days docked to the station. The primary objective of this mission was to deliver and install the Canadarm2 on the ISS, which is a robotic arm similar to the Canadarm which is used on some Space Shuttle flights. A later mission in 2002, STS-111, would deliver a movable base platform which would allow the Canadarm2 to have a larger range. On the day after the Space Shuttle undocked, the Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-32 docked to the station, carrying two cosmonauts with previous spaceflight experience, as well as Dennis Tito, the first ever space
Expedition 2
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STS-100 STS-100 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle " Endeavour". STS-100 installed the ISS Canadarm2 robotic arm. The highest priority objectives of the flight were the installation, activation and checkout of the Canadarm2 robotic arm on the station. The arm, which went into operation on April 28, 2001, was critical to the capability to continue assembly of the International Space Station. The arm was also necessary to attach a new airlock to the station on the subsequent shuttle flight, mission STS-104. A final component of the Canadarm is the Mobile Base
STS-100
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Advanced Space Vision System The Advanced Space Vision System (also known as the Space Vision System or by its acronym SVS) is a computer vision system designed primarily for International Space Station (ISS) assembly. The system uses regular 2D cameras in the Space Shuttle bay, on the Canadarm, or on the ISS along with cooperative targets to calculate the 3D position of an object. Because of the small number of viewing ports on the station and on the shuttle, most of the assembly and maintenance is done using cameras, which do not give stereoscopic vision, and thus do not allow
Advanced Space Vision System
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a one-way journey to Mars to be the first to visit, he said "I would be honoured to be given the opportunity." Hadfield served as Mission Specialist 1 on STS-74 in November 1995. It was NASA's second space shuttle mission to rendezvous and dock with the Russian Space Station Mir. During the flight, the crew of Space Shuttle "Atlantis" attached a five-tonne docking module to Mir and transferred over 1,000 kg of food, water, and scientific supplies to the cosmonauts. Hadfield flew as the first Canadian to operate the Canadarm in orbit, and the only Canadian ever to board Mir.
Chris Hadfield
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minutes before sunrise, and as such was the 21st night landing for the Space Shuttle Program. It was the 63rd landing at Kennedy Space Center, as well as the 27th mission for "Atlantis". While working on the "Atlantis" orbiter, NASA technicians discovered that one of the spacecraft's radiator panels showed evidence of micrometeorite damage. A hole was observed which was reported to be about 2.7 mm (0.108 in) in diameter. NASA's Mission Management Team conducted a detailed analysis of data from many sources including ground imagery, radar, shuttle inspections using the Canadarm and from the space station. By Day 2
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codifying his status as a scientist-astronaut. For the Space Shuttle program, Lind was reassigned as a Mission Specialist along with McCandless (who, unlike Lind, continued to train as a potential Space Shuttle orbiter pilot until 1983) and the remaining Apollo-era scientist-astronauts. During this period, he was a member of the Astronaut Office's Operations Missions development group, responsible for developing payloads for the early Space Shuttle Orbital Flight Test (OFT) missions and the Canadarm. Lind finally flew as the lead Mission Specialist and "de facto" Payload Commander on STS-51-B (April 29 to May 6, 1985), logging over 168 hours in space.
Don L. Lind
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Pavilion of the museum. A new addition to the Science Center, called the Samuel Oschin Air and Space Center, is under construction as "Endeavour's" permanent home. Planned for a 2017 opening, "Endeavour" will be mounted vertically with an external tank and a pair of solid rocket boosters in the shuttle stack configuration. One payload door will be open to reveal a demonstration payload inside. After its decommissioning, "Endeavour's" Canadarm (formally the 'Shuttle Remote Manipulator System') was removed in order to be sent to the Canadian Space Agency's John H. Chapman Space Centre in Longueuil, Quebec, a suburb of Montreal, where
Space Shuttle Endeavour
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by Canada in the NASA space shuttle programme. Canada would design, build and donate four Remote Manipulator System devices, (popularly known as the Canadarm), used to handle cargo and equipment in the bay of the shuttle when it was in orbit, in exchange for the training of a Canadian astronaut corps by NASA and the assignment of Canadian astronauts as crew members aboard space shuttle flights. Shuttle flights have included those by Marc Garneau, Canada's first astronaut (1984/1996/2000,) Roberta Bondar (1992), Steve MacLean (1992/2006), Chris Hadfield (1995/2001), Robert Thirsk (1996), Bjarni Tryggvason (1997), Dave Williams (1998) and Julie Payette (1999/2009).
Natural scientific research in Canada
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the mission, the crew performed the first manual docking of the shuttle to the International Space Station, and delivered four tons of logistics and supplies to the station. On "Discovery", Payette served as a mission specialist. Her main responsibility was to operate the Canadarm robotic arm from the space station. The STS-96 mission was accomplished in 153 orbits of the Earth, traveling over in 9 days, 19 hours and 13 minutes. Payette became the first Canadian to participate in an ISS assembly mission and to board the Space Station. Payette visited the space station again in 2009 as a mission
Julie Payette
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deorbit the trash-filled container while Jupiter would shuttle the new container to the space station. Jupiter is to be derived in part from designs of two earlier Lockheed Martin spacecraft: "Jupiter" is to include a robotic arm—which Lockheed intends to procure from MDA—based on MDA's earlier development of Canadarm, the robotic arm technology previously used on the Space Shuttle. In addition to the "Jupiter" space tug itself, the Lockheed concept includes the use of a new -diameter cargo transport module called "Exoliner" for carrying cargo to the ISS. "Exoliner" is based on the earlier ESA-developed Automated Transfer Vehicle, and is
Jupiter (spacecraft)
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1975 and a PhD in physics in 1978 while doing research on the interaction of X-rays with the interstellar medium. Astrophysics and free electron lasers were her specific areas of study. Ride was one of 8,000 people who answered an advertisement in the Stanford student newspaper seeking applicants for the space program. She was chosen to join NASA in 1978. During her career, Ride served as the ground-based capsule communicator (CapCom) for the second and third space shuttle flights (STS-2 and STS-3) and helped develop the space shuttle's "Canadarm" robot arm. Prior to her first space flight, she was subject
Sally Ride
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used on Canadarm, the robotic arm technology previously used on the Space Shuttle. In addition to the "Jupiter" space tug itself, the Lockheed concept included the use of a new -diameter cargo transport module called "Exoliner" for carrying cargo to the ISS. "Exoliner" is based on the earlier (2000s) ESA-developed Automated Transfer Vehicle, and was to be jointly developed with Thales Alenia Space. In the event, NASA did not agree to fund the Jupiter development, and Lockheed Martin is not developing the tug with private capital. Space tug A space tug is a type of spacecraft used to transfer spaceborne
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Canadian-built robotic arm (the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS) or Canadarm) with the Payload Flight Test Article (PFTA); operated the Continuous Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) with live cell samples; conducted medical measurements to understand biophysiological effects of space flight; and activated four "Getaway Special" canisters. STS-8 completed 98 orbits of the Earth in 145 hours before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on September 5, 1983. Bluford then served on the crew of STS-61-A, the German D-1 Spacelab mission, which launched from Kennedy Space Center on October 30, 1985. This mission was the first to carry eight crew members,
Guion Bluford
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of the arms latch on to. They use three "ramps" that help guide the robotic arm correctly onto the grapple fixture. The North American grapple fixture was developed at Spar Aerospace in the 1970s. Its invention is credited to Frank Mee, who also invented the Canadarm end effector for the Space Shuttle. The Grapple Fixture design was further refined by Barrie Teb. The Flight-Releasable Grapple Fixture (FRGF) is the simplest variation of the North American grapple fixture, it allows only for grappling and does not have any electrical connectors. Its use began early in the Space Shuttle program and was
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begin their first full day in space on Flight Day 2. Due to the lack of K-band communication, changes to the crews daily plan were read up for them to write out. After their post sleep activities, commander Alan Poindexter and pilot Jim Dutton fired "Discovery"'s Orbital Maneuvering System (OMS) engines to correct and further refine the shuttle's path to the ISS. Astronauts Naoko Yamazaki and Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger began activating and checking out the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS) also known as the Canadarm. While Metcalf-Lindenburger and Yamazaki were working with Canadarm, Stephanie Wilson was getting equipment together and set
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the shuttle and crew were on-orbit, they set about preparing the shuttle for the mission ahead. The first tasks they completed were opening the payload bay doors, activating the K-band antenna, and activating the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (SRMS), also known as the Canadarm. Prior to this, commander Mark Kelly and pilot Greg Johnson completed an engine firing, known as the OMS-2 burn, to circularize the orbit of the shuttle. They also completed another engine firing, the NC-1 burn, to help the shuttle catch up to the International Space Station (ISS). After completing these initial tasks, the crew activated the
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Grapple fixture Grapple fixtures are used on spacecraft or other objects to provide a secure connection for a robotic arm. The fixtures allowed the Space Shuttle's Canadarm (also known as the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System, or SRMS) to safely grapple large objects (eg. ISS components, or satellites eg HST). They currently do the same for the International Space Station's Space Station Remote Manipulator System (SSRMS) (also known as Canadarm2) and the Japanese Experiment Module Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS). The grapple fixtures are flat in appearance, with a central grapple pin topped with a sphere which the snares in the end
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that Shuttle delivers a rougher ride than Apollo or Soyuz. The additional vibration is caused by the solid rocket boosters, as solid fuel does not burn as evenly as liquid fuel. The vibration dampens down after the solid rocket boosters have been jettisoned. The orbiter could be used in conjunction with a variety of add-ons depending on the mission. This included orbital laboratories (Spacelab, Spacehab), boosters for launching payloads farther into space (Inertial Upper Stage, Payload Assist Module), and other functions, such as provided by Extended Duration Orbiter, Multi-Purpose Logistics Modules, or Canadarm (RMS). An upper stage called Transfer Orbit
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Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory The Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) was a facility at Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas. It was the only facility in the Space Shuttle Program where actual orbiter hardware and flight software can be integrated and tested in a simulated flight environment. It supported the entire Space Shuttle program to perform integrated verification tests. It also contained Firing Room Launch Equipment identical to that used at KSC. Thus complete ground verifications as well as countdown and abort operations could be tested and simulated. The testing process is extensive and rigorous; the software on
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gyroscopic devices, called Control Moment Gyroscope (CMGs), which are used to maneuver the space station into the proper orientation on orbit once they were activated following the installation of the U.S. laboratory. During the fourth spacewalk, astronauts Wisoff and López-Alegría tested the SAFER jet backpack, flying up to 50 feet while remaining tethered to the spacecraft. STS-92 STS-92 was a Space Shuttle mission to the International Space Station (ISS) flown by Space Shuttle " Discovery". STS-92 marked the 100th mission of the Space Shuttle. It was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 11 October 2000. STS-92 was an ISS assembly
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and deployment of the space vision system. Training for the system takes place in the simulators located at the agency's headquarters at the John H. Chapman Space Centre near Montreal. The system was first tested in its early form on STS-52 in October 1992, and used in subsequent missions. The advanced version was first tested on STS-74 in November 1995. The system has been used with success on shuttle flights since then, and with equal success for the assembly and maintenance of the station since 1997. Advanced Space Vision System The Advanced Space Vision System (also known as the Space
Advanced Space Vision System
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included working with Space Station operations, the Remote Manipulator System (RMS), Spacelab systems and experiments, Space Shuttle systems, payload safety issues and verifying flight software in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL) and in the Flight Systems Laboratory (FSL). Bluford was a mission specialist on STS-8, STS-61-A, STS-39, and STS-53. Bluford's first mission was STS-8, which launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on August 30, 1983. This was the third flight for the Orbiter "Challenger" and the first mission with a night launch and night landing. During the mission, the STS-8 crew deployed the Indian National Satellite (INSAT-1B); tested the
Guion Bluford
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System (SSRMS). Launched on STS-100 in April 2001, this second generation arm is a larger, more advanced version of the Space Shuttle's original Canadarm. Canadarm2 is when fully extended and has seven motorized joints (an 'elbow' hinge in the middle, and three rotary joints at each of the 'wrist/shoulder' ends). It has a mass of and a diameter of . The arm is capable of handling large payloads of up to and was able to assist with docking the space shuttle. It is self-relocatable and can move end-over-end to reach many parts of the Space Station in an inchworm-like movement.
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prior, "Discovery" had flown NASA's previous Return to Flight mission, STS-26. The STS-114 mission delivered supplies to the International Space Station. However, the major focus of the mission was testing and evaluating new Space Shuttle flight safety techniques, which included new inspection and repair techniques. The crewmembers used the new Orbiter Boom Sensor System (OBSS) – a set of instruments on a 50-foot (15 m) extension attached to the Canadarm. The OBSS instrument package consists of visual imaging equipment and a Laser Dynamic Range Imager (LDRI) to detect problems with the shuttle's Thermal Protection System (TPS). The crew scanned the
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landing. Ultimately, tests performed after ISS undocking increased confidence in the integrity of the APU to the point where mission controllers decided to use the unit as normal for the re-entry. Space Shuttle Discovery's STS 121 crew undocked from International Space Station after a 9-day stay. Undocking occurred over the Pacific Ocean just north of New Zealand. Mark Kelly flew Discovery to a point above the station before performing the final separation burn. Crew members also used the Canadarm and the orbital boom sensor system to perform final inspections of the starboard wing and shuttle nosecap for any damage that
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and satellites. Canada was the third country to design and construct a satellite after the Soviet Union and the United States, with the 1962 Alouette 1 launch. Canada is a participant in the International Space Station (ISS), and is a pioneer in space robotics, having constructed the Canadarm, Canadarm2 and Dextre robotic manipulators for the ISS and NASA's Space Shuttle. Since the 1960s, Canada's aerospace industry has designed and built numerous marques of satellite, including Radarsat-1 and 2, ISIS and MOST. Canada has also produced one of the world's most successful and widely used sounding rockets, the Black Brant; over
Canada
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world's largest hydroelectric operations. A world leader in space exploration, Canada's technological innovations include a robotic Canadarm used aboard US shuttle missions and the Mobile Servicing System foe the International Space Station. Standing 553.33 metres tall, the CN Tower, which was built in 1976, was the world's tallest building and free standing structure until 2009. Canada's largest communication company, Bell Canada Enterprises is a global industry player that offers telephone, satellite television and other communication services to clients in 150 countries around the world. Over the more than three centuries since it began as a fur trading business in the
Canada Post millennium stamps
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to the four-engine configuration and its position in-plane with the SLS booster exhaust nozzles. New ablative insulation and heaters were to be tested during the series. Following these series of tests, four more engines are planned to enter a new test cycle. A new series of tests designed to evaluate performance in SLS use cases was initiated in 2017. Space Shuttle main engine The Aerojet Rocketdyne RS-25, otherwise known as the Space Shuttle main engine (SSME), is a liquid-fuel cryogenic rocket engine that was used on NASA's Space Shuttle and is planned to be used on its successor, the Space
Space Shuttle main engine
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that launched on the Space Shuttle were integrated and tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct issues prior to launch. The first module of the ISS, "Zarya", was launched on 20 November 1998 on an autonomous Russian Proton rocket. It provided propulsion, attitude control, communications, electrical power, but lacked long-term life support functions. Two weeks later, a passive NASA module "Unity" was launched aboard Space Shuttle flight STS-88 and attached to "Zarya" by astronauts during EVAs. This module has two Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs), one connects permanently to "Zarya", the other allows the
International Space Station
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was developed and tested using a simulator. It included over 100 KAs and over 25 meta level KAs. RCS specific KAs were written by space shuttle mission controllers. It was implemented on the Symbolics 3600 Series LISP machine and used multiple communicating instances of PRS. The system maintained over 1000 facts about the RCS, over 650 facts for the forward RCS alone and half of which are updated continuously during the mission. A version of the PRS was used to monitor the reaction control system on the NASA Space Shuttle Discovery. PRS was tested on Shakey the robot including navigational
Procedural reasoning system
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Shuttle Remote Manipulator System’s reach of the "Zarya FGB". At launch, "Zarya" was 240 statute miles above the Kennedy Space Center (KSC), and the module was on its 222nd orbit of the Earth since its launch. On Flight Day 2, the crew of shuttle "Endeavour" performed several tasks to get ready for the docking on Sunday and the extra-vehicular activities (EVA) to be completed on the mission. Nancy Currie conducted a photo survey of "Unity" and "Endeavour"’s payload bay, using the shuttle’s robotic arm, Canadarm. Jerry Ross and Jim Newman checked out the spacesuits they would use on the three
STS-88
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STS-61-B STS-61-B was NASA's 23rd Space Shuttle mission, and its second using Space Shuttle "Atlantis". The shuttle was launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 26 November 1985. During STS-61-B, the shuttle crew deployed three communications satellites, and tested techniques of constructing structures in orbit. "Atlantis" landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, at 16:33 EST on 3 December 1985, after 6 days and 21 hours in orbit. STS-61-B marked the quickest turnaround of a Shuttle orbiter from launch to launch in history – just 54 days elapsed between "Atlantis"<nowiki>'</nowiki> launch on STS-51-J and launch on STS-61-B. The mission was
STS-61-B
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effector, or robotic hand, can be designed to perform any desired task such as welding, gripping, spinning etc., depending on the application. For example, robot arms in automotive assembly lines perform a variety of tasks such as welding and parts rotation and placement during assembly. In some circumstances, close emulation of the human hand is desired, as in robots designed to conduct bomb disarmament and disposal. In space, the Space Shuttle Remote Manipulator System also known as Canadarm or SRMS and its successor Canadarm2 are examples of multi degree of freedom robotic arms. These robotic arms have been used to
Robotic arm
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days, with a few hours a day spent testing the Canadarm, the flight was cut short when one of the three fuel cells that produced electricity and drinking water failed. The mission was shortened to two days, and the Canadarm tests were canceled. The crew stayed awake during a scheduled sleep period and tested the arm anyway, working during the Loss-Of-Signal (LOS) periods when they were not in contact with Mission Control. The deorbit and reentry phase of this mission differed from STS-1, in that while the first shuttle entry was flown as a "middle of the road" test of
STS-2
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the effort. SPAR was selected to build the system, which became known as the Canadarm. This also led to their successful 1992 bid on the Canadarm 2 for the International Space Station. The company was also the prime contractor on a number of satellites, including Anik-E, Olympus 1s (L-SAT), and Radarsat-1. However, through the 1990s the space industry underwent a period of intense consolidation and SPAR was largely locked out of the market. Further sales were not forthcoming, and the company sold the space division to Orbital Sciences in 1999, who sold it in turn to MacDonald Dettwiler in 2001
Spar Aerospace
3301739
SRMS the informal name, Canadarm. The first remote manipulator system was delivered to NASA in April 1981. Astronaut Judith Resnik developed the NASA software and onboard operating procedures for the system. In all, five arms—Nos. 201, 202, 301, 302, and 303—were built and delivered to NASA. Arm 302 was lost in the "Challenger" accident. The original Canadarm was capable of deploying and retrieving payloads weighing up to in space. In the mid-1990s the arm control system was redesigned to increase the payload capability to in order to support space station assembly operations. While able to maneuver payloads with the mass
Canadarm
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the activities were largely devoted to the Apollo Program – man's first visit to the Moon. In this, the Saturn Family of launch vehicles were designed and tested at MSFC. Following the highly successful Moon landing, including initial scientific exploration, MSFC had a major role in Post-Apollo activities; this included Skylab, the United States' first space station. With a permanent space station as an objective, the Space Shuttle was developed as a reusable transportation vehicle, and with it came Spacelab and other experimental activities making use of the Shuttle’ cargo bay. These and other projects are described in a later
Marshall Space Flight Center
851329
Sydney Steel Corporation and DEVCO). Other subsidiaries included mining, engineering, shipping, rail car manufacturing and shipbuilding: In 1957, A.V. Roe Canada Ltd. acquired PSC Applied Research Ltd., a manufacturer of flight navigation computers, and renamed it Canadian Applied Research, Ltd. It was later divested by Hawker Siddeley Canada and merged with de Havilland Canada's Special Products division to form SPAR Aerospace Ltd. (Special Products and Applied Research), developer of the Canadarm remote manipulator system for the Space Shuttle. It is today a part of MacDonald Dettwiler as MD Robotics, a subsidiary of its MDA Space Missions division. In 1962, the
Avro Canada
3301740
of a loaded bus in space, the arm motors cannot lift the arm's own weight when on the ground. NASA therefore developed a model of the arm for use at its training facility within the Johnson Space Center located in Houston, Texas. The Canadarm can also retrieve, repair and deploy satellites, provide a mobile extension ladder for extravehicular activity crew members for work stations or foot restraints, and be used as an inspection aid to allow the flight crew members to view the orbiter's or payload's surfaces through a television camera on the Canadarm. The basic Canadarm configuration consists of
Canadarm
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sensors were discussed in the post mission management meeting briefing at the conclusion of flight day 4. The sensors were revealed to have picked up six impacts. The maximum g observed was 1.6 g, compared to ground testing where impacts producing on the order of 10 g were required to cause damage. Michael Fossum and Piers Sellers performed a -hour space walk. They evaluated the use of the Orbital Boom Sensor System extension to Shuttle's Canadarm as a work platform in case repairs are needed to the shuttle. The first step was to attach the foot restraints to the arm.
STS-121
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(SRMS), or Canadarm 2. The Canadarm 1 was developed by a team led by Spar Aerospace Special Products and Advance Research Division of De Havilland Canada, in which SED Systems also played a key role. The University of Saskatchewan's Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies came together with university scientists and researchers such as Dr. Alex Kavadas to form the Space Engineering Division or SED Systems. The first project was Black Brant (rocket) instrumentation design and construction for studying the upper atmosphere. SED Systems SED Systems is a communications company supplying both systems and services to the satellite industry. Originating
SED Systems
2809308
of CRISTA-SPAS, a different approach method to the spacecraft was successfully tested as prelude to upcoming U.S. Shuttle/Russian Space Station Mir docking flights. Called R-Bar approach, it is expected to save propellant while reducing risk of contamination to Mir systems from orbiter thruster jet firings. STS-66 was the last solo shuttle flight for Atlantis for over 14 years, as her upcoming missions were dedicated to Mir, and ISS flights. Atlantis would not fly solo again until STS-125 (The final Hubble Space Telescope Mission). STS-66 STS-66 was a Space Shuttle program mission that was flown by the Space Shuttle "Atlantis". STS-66
STS-66
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to accommodate for the microgravity (hotter air doesn't rise) and lower density of the cabin air, and an adapter to the station's 28 volt DC power. The ThinkPad 750 flew aboard the Space Shuttle Endeavour during a mission to repair the Hubble Space Telescope on December 2, 1993. The ThinkPad 750C's task was to run a NASA test program which determined if radiation inherent in the space environment causes memory anomalies in the 750C or generates other unexpected problems. The 755C was also used and the 760ED was tested as well as part of a Shuttle-Mir test. ThinkPads were used
ThinkPad
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first DOD shuttle mission. She tested her AFTE training method also on the Space J-Lab Mission (the first Japanese shuttle mission), with her work focusing on ridding of the astronaut's motion sickness. Later she trained four cosmonauts to control both motion sickness and low blood pressure after six-months in space aboard the MIR space station. She found success, and continued to teach people how to control motion sickness, improve performance of search & rescue pilots, and reduce symptoms of several patient populations suffering from nausea, dizziness and fainting. She has helped author several publications with her husband, William B. Toscano.
Patricia S. Cowings
15119911
Space Shuttle retirement The retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle fleet took place from March to July 2011. "Discovery" was the first of the three active space shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; "Endeavour" did so on June 1. The final shuttle mission was completed with the landing of "Atlantis" on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-year Space Shuttle program. The Shuttle was presented to the public in 1972 as a "space truck" which would, among other things, be used to build a United States space station in low earth orbit in the early 1990s
Space Shuttle retirement
2171997
was used for the next Russian-American docking mission, STS-71, twenty years later as part of the Shuttle–Mir Program (though not before the docking port was tested by the last APAS-equipped Soyuz, TM-16, in 1993). The American Space Shuttle continued to use the same APAS-89 docking hardware through the end of the Space Shuttle program to dock to Mir and then the International Space Station, the latter through the Pressurized Mating Adapters (PMAs). The PMAs are equipped with the later APAS-95 adapters, which differ from the APAS-89 adapters in that they are no longer androgynous; while compatible with the APAS-89 docking
Apollo–Soyuz Test Project
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STS-6 STS-6 was the sixth NASA Space Shuttle mission and the maiden flight of the Space Shuttle "Challenger". Launched from Kennedy Space Center on 4 April 1983, the mission deployed the first Tracking and Data Relay Satellite, TDRS-1, into orbit, before landing at Edwards Air Force Base on 9 April. STS-6 was the first Space Shuttle mission during which a spacewalk was conducted, and hence was the first in which the Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) was used. STS-6 was the last shuttle mission with a four-person crew until STS-135, the final shuttle mission, which launched on 8 July 2011. Commander
STS-6
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machine "Space Shuttle" was produced by Zaccaria and a 1984 pinball machine "Space Shuttle: Pinball Adventure" was produced by Williams and features a plastic Space Shuttle model among other artwork of astronauts on the play field. The Space Shuttle also appears in a number of flight simulator and space flight simulator games such as "Microsoft Space Simulator", "Orbiter", "FlightGear", "X-Plane" and Space Shuttle Mission 2007. Several Transformers toys were modeled after the Space Shuttle. The U.S. Postal Service has released several postage issues that depict the Space Shuttle. The first such stamps were issued in 1981, and are on display
Space Shuttle
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STS-51-G STS-51-G was the eighteenth flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the fifth flight of Space Shuttle "Discovery". The seven-day mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 17, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24. Sultan Salman Al Saud of Saudi Arabia was on board as a payload specialist; Al Saud became the first Arab, the first Muslim, and the first member of a royal family to fly into space. It was also the first Space Shuttle mission which flew without at least one astronaut from the pre-Shuttle era among its crew.
STS-51-G
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and motion information about the shuttle and any debris during launch. Aside from their usual missions of retrieving the Space Shuttle SRBs, the "Liberty Star" and "Freedom Star" have occasionally been used for other purposes. Starting in 1998, the ships began making use of their downtime between Shuttle launches by towing the Space Shuttle external fuel tanks from their assembly plant at Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans, Louisiana to the Vehicle Assembly Building at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. The ships performed similar missions when the Ares 1-X rocket was tested. To withstand the towing burden, "Liberty Star"
NASA recovery ship
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(July 4–17, 2006), was a return-to-flight test mission and assembly flight to the International Space Station. During the 13-day flight the crew of Space Shuttle Discovery tested new equipment and procedures that increase the safety of space shuttles, repaired a rail car on the International Space Station and produced never-before-seen, high-resolution images of the Shuttle during and after its July 4 launch. Wilson supported robotic arm operations for vehicle inspection, Multi-Purpose Logistics Module installation and EVAs and was responsible for the transfer of more than 28,000 pounds of supplies and equipment to the ISS. The crew also performed maintenance on
Stephanie Wilson
377542
Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was "Space Transportation System (STS)", taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used on a total of 135
Space Shuttle
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STS-63 STS-63 was the first mission of the US/Russian Shuttle-Mir Program, which carried out the first rendezvous of the American Space Shuttle with Russia's space station "Mir". Known as the 'Near-Mir' mission, the flight used Space Shuttle "Discovery", which lifted off from launch pad 39B on 3 February 1995 from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. A night launch and the 20th mission for "Discovery", it marked the first time a Space Shuttle mission had a female pilot, Eileen Collins, the first EVAs for both a UK born astronaut Michael Foale and a US astronaut of African heritage Bernard A. Harris, Jr.
STS-63
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Space Shuttle Endeavour Space Shuttle "Endeavour" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-105) is a retired orbiter from NASA's Space Shuttle program and the fifth and final operational shuttle built. It embarked on its first mission, STS-49, in May 1992 and its 25th and final mission, STS-134, in May 2011. STS-134 was expected to be the final mission of the Space Shuttle program, but with the authorization of STS-135, "Atlantis" became the last shuttle to fly. The United States Congress approved the construction of "Endeavour" in 1987 to replace "Challenger", which was lost in 1986. Structural spares built during the construction of "Discovery"
Space Shuttle Endeavour
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flights, with an overall minimum of of cargo to be carried to the ISS. On 23 February 2009, SpaceX announced that its chosen phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator heat shield material, PICA-X, had passed heat stress tests in preparation for Dragon's maiden launch. The primary proximity-operations sensor for the Dragon spacecraft, the DragonEye, was tested in early 2009 during the STS-127 mission, when it was mounted near the docking port of the Space Shuttle "Endeavour" and used while the Shuttle approached the International Space Station. The DragonEye's Lidar and thermography (thermal imaging) abilities were both tested successfully. The COTS UHF Communication Unit
SpaceX Dragon
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Government's willingness to cancel the SR-71 Blackbird and Air Force satellite-launch programs. During the 1970s, when studies were underway which led to the specification of the Space Shuttle, most leading US aerospace contractors explored orbital spaceplane designs, some based on a two-stage design. The most serious of these was the Lockheed HGV under the X-24C program, which was a manned hypersonic vehicle dropped from underwing a B-52, even to the point of rumors that it had actually been flight tested, according to Encyclopedia Astronautica. With the adoption of the Space Shuttle design, these avenues appear to have been abandoned. The
Blackstar (spacecraft)
2747001
in the open cargo bay performing a series of space-walking tasks designed to increase NASA's knowledge of working in space. They tested their abilities to move about freely in the cargo bay, climb into foot restraints without using their hands and simulated carrying large objects in the microgravity environment. STS-54 STS-54 was a "Space Transportation System" (NASA Space Shuttle) mission using orbiter "Endeavour". This was the third flight for "Endeavour" and was launched on 13 January 1993. The primary payload was the fifth Tracking and Data Relay Satellite (TDRS-F) which was deployed on day one of the mission. It was
STS-54
7047108
been through a full maintenance overhaul at Palmdale and the ejection seats (along with the explosive hatches) had been fully removed. Ejection seats were not further developed for the shuttle for several reasons: The Soviet shuttle "Buran" was planned to be fitted with the crew emergency escape system, which would have included K-36RB (K-36M-11F35) seats and the Strizh full-pressure suit, qualified for altitudes up to 30,000 m and speeds up to Mach three. Buran flew only once in fully automated mode without a crew, thus the seats were never installed and were never tested in real human space flight. An
Space Shuttle abort modes
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member of the crew, or is applicable to their daily activities. STS-51-G STS-51-G was the eighteenth flight of NASA's Space Shuttle program, and the fifth flight of Space Shuttle "Discovery". The seven-day mission launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 17, 1985, and landed at Edwards Air Force Base, California, on June 24. Sultan Salman Al Saud of Saudi Arabia was on board as a payload specialist; Al Saud became the first Arab, the first Muslim, and the first member of a royal family to fly into space. It was also the first Space Shuttle mission which flew without
STS-51-G
944970
and Germany in 1944–45, from the Western Front. In 1951, he became the first supreme commander of NATO. The Eisenhower Library (see above) is located in Abilene. Joe Engle is a retired U.S. Air Force colonel and a former NASA astronaut. Engle helped to flight test the joint NASA-Air Force X-15 rocket airplane. During the course of testing, Engle earned his USAF astronaut wings, a Distinguished Flying Cross and other awards. Engle was one of the first astronauts in the Space Shuttle program, having flight tested the Space Shuttle Enterprise in 1977. He was commander of the second orbital test
Dickinson County, Kansas
5765852
Aerospace Corporation provided general systems engineering and technical direction for the Titan II missile, first tested in 1962, which became the launch vehicle for Project Gemini. Other notable projects of the 1960s include the advanced ballistic re-entry system (ABRES), the Air Force's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL), the Defense Satellite Communications System (DSCS), and the Defense Support Program (DSP). During the 1970s, Aerospace began performing advance space program analysis and program studies for NASA's development of the Space Transportation System (STS), more commonly known as the space shuttle. Aerospace also began tests on airborne UHF terminals for the Air Force Satellite
The Aerospace Corporation
377638
at the National Postal Museum. Space Shuttle The Space Shuttle was a partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was "Space Transportation System (STS)", taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft of which it was the only item funded for development. The first of four orbital test flights occurred in 1981, leading to operational flights beginning in 1982. In addition to the prototype whose completion was cancelled, five complete Shuttle systems were built and used
Space Shuttle
3736644
Soyuz spacecraft. During the course of their 115-day expedition, the "Spektr" science module (which served as living and working space for American astronauts) was launched aboard a Proton rocket and docked to "Mir". Spektr carried more than of research equipment from America and other nations. The expedition's crew returned to Earth aboard Space Shuttle "Atlantis" following the first Shuttle–"Mir" docking during mission STS-71. The primary objectives of STS-71, launched on June 27, called for the Space Shuttle "Atlantis" to rendezvous and perform the first docking between an American Space Shuttle and the station. On June 29, "Atlantis" successfully docked with
Shuttle–Mir Program
8307686
preparations. At the end of the review, top NASA managers made the decision to officially set the launch for 14 May 2010 at 14:20 EDT. NASA held a post news conference to brief about the results of the FRR. The briefing was broadcast on NASA TV and was attended by NASA's Associate Administrator for Space Operations, William Gerstenmaier, Space Shuttle Program Manager John Shannon and Space Shuttle Launch Director, Michael Leinbach. Mr. Shannon mentioned that, firstly, ceramic inserts around "Atlantis"<nowiki>'</nowiki> windows and forward rocket pod were tested after an insert loosened during Discovery's re-entry on STS-131, posing a potential impact
STS-132
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STS-91 STS-91 was the final Space Shuttle mission to the "Mir" space station. It was flown by Space Shuttle "Discovery", and launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on 2 June 1998. STS-91 marked the final Shuttle/"Mir" Docking Mission. This Phase 1 Program was a precursor to the International Space Station maintaining a continuous American presence in space and developing the procedures and hardware required for an international partnership in space. The mission was the first to use the super lightweight external tank (SLWT) which was the same size, at long and in diameter, as the external tank used on previous
STS-91
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practical or even possible. For example, servicing existing satellites that do not have reflectors installed would require a targetless tracking capability. TriDAR was tested for the first time in Space on board Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-128 mission to the ISS. The objective of the test was to demonstrate the capability of the TriDAR system to track an object in space without using targets markers such as retro-reflectors. For this mission, TriDAR was located in the payload bay on the Orbiter Docking System (ODS) next to the Shuttle's Trajectory Control System (TCS). The system was activated during rendezvous when
TriDAR
4414724
Dynamic Devices to L3 communications. Hughes added the following to Boeing's portfolio: The purchase of Hughes Space and Communications Company in 2000 gave Boeing an impressive range of products for design, manufacture, launch and support of satellites. This was in addition to Boeing Integrated Defense Systems' other space assets, e.g. Delta launch vehicles, older-generation GPS satellites, and Rocketdyne and Rockwell's space operations (which include much of the hardware used in NASA's manned space program, such as the Space Shuttle, International Space Station, rocket engines, etc.) Currently projects at the Boeing Satellite Development Center (spacecraft being designed, built, tested, or prepared
Boeing Satellite Development Center
1797870
without an external pointing device. The first ThinkPads were very successful, collecting more than 300 awards for design and quality. ThinkPad 755C laptop computers were used as Payload and General Support Computers aboard the Space Shuttle in the 1990s. The ThinkPad 760ED was also tested as part of the Shuttle–Mir Program in that same period. The 760ED computer was used without modification. The model used by the space program contained an Intel 133 Mega Hertz Pentium Processor with 48 Megabytes of RAM, a four speed CD-ROM, a power supply unit, a 1.44 Megabyte floppy disk drive, two 1.2 Gigabyte hard
ThinkPad
2161327
note is the Orbiter Boom Sensor System, which was an extension for the original Canadarm used to inspect the Space Shuttle's thermal protection system for damage while in orbit. Before the Space Shuttle's retirement the boom was modified for use with Canadarm2 and STS-134 left it behind for use on the ISS. There have been four recruiting campaigns for astronauts for the CSA. The first, in 1983, led to the selection of Roberta Bondar, Marc Garneau, Robert Thirsk, Ken Money, Bjarni Tryggvason and Steve MacLean. The second, in 1992, selected Chris Hadfield, Julie Payette, Dafydd Williams and Michael McKay. On
Canadian Space Agency
2770480
Pallet Satellite, studied the origin and makeup of stars. In completing his second space flight, Rominger orbited the earth a record 278 times, traveled over 7 million miles and logged 17 days, 15 hours and 53 minutes in space. STS-85 in Space Shuttle "Discovery" (August 7–19, 1997) was a 12-day mission during which the crew deployed and retrieved the CRISTA-SPAS satellite, operated the Japanese Manipulator Flight Demonstration (MFD) robotic arm, studied changes in the Earth's atmosphere and tested technology destined for use on the future International Space Station. The mission was accomplished in 189 Earth orbits, traveling 4.7 million miles
Kent Rominger
13120923
Shuttle mission, STS-135, began on 8 July with the launch of , carrying supplies for the ISS aboard the "Raffaello" Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM). After resupplying the space station, "Atlantis" returned to Earth, landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility at 09:57 UTC on 21 July, and concluding thirty years of Space Shuttle operations. Two days before landing, "Atlantis" deployed PSSC-2, the last satellite to be launched from a Space Shuttle. On 29 September, China launched its first space station module, Tiangong-1, which was placed into orbit by a Long March 2F/G carrier rocket flying from the Jiuquan Satellite
2011 in spaceflight
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Apollo and Skylab programs, the idea had to wait for the advent of the Space Shuttle program, though several maneuvering device designs were tested inside Skylab. The MMU was used on three Shuttle missions in 1984. It was first tested on February 7 during mission STS-41-B by astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart. Two months later during mission STS-41-C, astronauts James van Hoften and George Nelson attempted to use the MMU to capture the Solar Maximum Mission satellite and to bring it into the orbiter's payload bay for repairs and servicing. The plan was to use an astronaut-piloted
Manned Maneuvering Unit
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March 13, 2013, reference number 13000071, in recognition of its role in the development of the Space Shuttle Program. The historic significance criteria are in space exploration, transportation, and engineering. Space Shuttle Enterprise Space Shuttle "Enterprise" (Orbiter Vehicle Designation: OV-101) was the first orbiter of the Space Shuttle system. Rolled out on September 17, 1976, it was built for NASA as part of the Space Shuttle program to perform atmospheric test flights after being launched from a modified Boeing 747. It was constructed without engines or a functional heat shield, and was therefore not capable of spaceflight. Originally, "Enterprise" had
Space Shuttle Enterprise
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1991), and STS-62 (March 4–18, 1994). On his first mission, Gemar served on the five-man crew of STS-38 which launched at night from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on November 15, 1990. During the five-day mission crew members conducted Department of Defense operations. After 80 orbits of the Earth in 117 hours, in the first Shuttle recovery in Florida since 1985, Space Shuttle "Atlantis" and her crew landed back at the Kennedy Space Center on November 20, 1990. Gemar then served on the five-man crew of STS-48 aboard the Space Shuttle "Discovery", which launched from the Kennedy Space Center, Florida,
Charles D. Gemar
2739666
mission of the Shuttle program. During the flight, the crew of STS-8 deployed the Indian National Satellite (INSAT-1B), operated and tested the Canadian-built Remote Manipulator System (RMS) robot arm, and performed numerous earth resources and space science experiments. STS-8 completed 98 Earth orbits in 145 hours before landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California on September 5, 1983. STS-51-A, the fourteenth flight of the Shuttle program, launched on November 8, 1984 (his birthday). The crew aboard Space Shuttle "Discovery" included Frederick Hauck (Spacecraft Commander), David Walker (Pilot), and fellow Mission Specialists Joseph Allen and Anna Fisher. This was the second
Dale Gardner