where is the patella located in the human body
surface of the knee joint
2080051
shallow dish. Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles. In humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Babies are born with a patella of soft cartilage which begins to ossify into bone at about three years of age. The patella is a sesamoid bone roughly triangular in shape, with the apex
Patella
2080042
Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles. In humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Babies are born with a patella of soft cartilage which begins to ossify into bone at about three years of age. The patella is a sesamoid bone roughly triangular in shape, with the apex of the
Patella
2080051
shallow dish. Patella The patella, also known as the kneecap, is a thick, circular-triangular bone which articulates with the femur (thigh bone) and covers and protects the anterior articular surface of the knee joint. The patella is found in many tetrapods, such as mice, cats and birds, but not in whales, or most reptiles. In humans, the patella is the largest sesamoid bone in the body. Babies are born with a patella of soft cartilage which begins to ossify into bone at about three years of age. The patella is a sesamoid bone roughly triangular in shape, with the apex
Patella
17926847
Type 2: Fragment is located on the lateral side of the kneecap (20% of cases) Type 3: Fragment is located on the upper lateral border of the kneecap (75% of cases) Bipartite patella Bipartite patella is a condition where the patella, or kneecap, is composed of two separate bones. Instead of fusing together as normally occurs in early childhood, the bones of the patella remain separated. The condition occurs in approximately 12% of the population and is nine times more likely to occur in males than females. It is often asymptomatic and most commonly diagnosed as an incidental finding, with
Bipartite patella
2080045
of age. Due to the great stress on the patellofemoral joint during resisted knee flexion, the articular cartilage of the patella is among the thickest in the human body. The lower part of the posterior surface has vascular canaliculi filled and is filled by fatty tissue, the infrapatellar fat pad. Emarginations (i.e. "patella emarginata", a "missing piece") are common laterally on the proximal edge. Bipartite patellas are the result of an ossification of a second cartilaginous layer at the location of an emargination. Previously, bipartite patellas were explained as the failure of several ossification centres to fuse, but this idea
Patella
17926846
Bipartite patella Bipartite patella is a condition where the patella, or kneecap, is composed of two separate bones. Instead of fusing together as normally occurs in early childhood, the bones of the patella remain separated. The condition occurs in approximately 12% of the population and is nine times more likely to occur in males than females. It is often asymptomatic and most commonly diagnosed as an incidental finding, with about 2% of cases becoming symptomatic. Saupe introduced a classification system for Bipartite Patella back in 1921. Type 1: Fragment is located at the bottom of the kneecap (5% of cases)
Bipartite patella
7379887
Stifle joint The stifle joint (often simply stifle) is a complex joint in the hind limbs of quadruped mammals such as the sheep, horse or dog. It is the equivalent of the human knee and is often the largest synovial joint in the animal's body. The stifle joint joins three bones: the femur, patella, and tibia. The joint consists of three smaller ones: the femoropatellar joint, medial femorotibial joint, and lateral femorotibial joint. The stifle joint consists of the femorotibial articulation (femoral and tibial condyles), femoropatellar articulation (femoral trochlea and the patella), and the proximal tibiofibular articulation. The joint is
Stifle joint
8042600
Nail–patella syndrome Nail–patella syndrome (NPS) is a genetic disorder that results in small, poorly developed nails and kneecaps, but can also affect many other areas of the body, such as the elbows, chest, and hips. The name "nail–patella" can be very misleading because the syndrome often affects many other areas of the body, including even the production of certain proteins. Those affected by NPS may have one or more affected areas of the body, and its severity varies depending on the individual. It is also referred to as iliac horn syndrome, hereditary onychoosteodysplasia (HOOD syndrome), Fong disease or Turner–Kieser syndrome.
Nail–patella syndrome
8042604
in the failure to normally develop dorsal specific structures such as nails and patellae. Other common abnormalities include elbow deformities, abnormally shaped pelvic (hip) bones, and kidney (renal) disease. Treatment for NPS varies depending on the symptoms observed. Nail–patella syndrome Nail–patella syndrome (NPS) is a genetic disorder that results in small, poorly developed nails and kneecaps, but can also affect many other areas of the body, such as the elbows, chest, and hips. The name "nail–patella" can be very misleading because the syndrome often affects many other areas of the body, including even the production of certain proteins. Those affected
Nail–patella syndrome
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is often tinged orange towards its apex. The foot is a cream-orange color, and the dozens of pallial tentacles are translucent and colorless, arranged in two series of different sizes. No other characteristics of body structure or shell morphology distinguish it from "P. vulgata", to which it is otherwise identical. In Madeira Island in Portugal, "Patella ulyssiponensis", known locally as "Lapa", is eaten after cooking in a pan with garlic and lemon juice. Patella ulyssiponensis Patella ulyssiponensis, common name the rough limpet, or China limpet is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the
Patella ulyssiponensis
9319605
Plica syndrome Plica syndrome (also known as synovial plica syndrome) is a condition that occurs when a "plica" (a vestigial extension of the protective synovial capsule of the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed. This inflammation is typically caused by the plica being caught on the femur, or pinched between the femur and the patella. The most common location of plica tissue is along the medial (inside) side of the knee. The plica can tether the patella to the femur, be located between the femur and patella, or be located along the femoral condyle. If the plica tethers the patella
Plica syndrome
3684877
Luxating patella Luxating patella (or trick knee, subluxation of patella, floating patella, or floating kneecap) is a condition in which the patella, or kneecap, dislocates or moves out of its normal location. Patella luxation is a common condition in dogs, particularly small and miniature breeds. The condition usually becomes evident between the ages of 4 and 6 months. It can occur in cats, as well, especially domestic short-haired cats. It also occurs in humans, where it can be associated with damage to the anterior cruciate ligament. Most cases of patellar luxation are medial, and this is frequently a congenital problem
Luxating patella
508829
the femur. All four muscles unite in a common tendon inserted into the patella from where the patellar ligament extends it down to the tibial tuberosity. Fibers from the medial and lateral vasti form two retinacula that stretch past the patella on either sides down to the condyles of the tibia. The quadriceps is "the" knee extensor, but the rectus femoris additionally flexes the hip joint, and articular muscle of the knee protects the articular capsule of the knee joint from being nipped during extension. The sartorius runs superficially and obliquely down on the anterior side of the thigh, from
Human leg
3684881
often involves a sulcoplasty, a deepening of the trochlear sulcus where the patella sits, a realignment of the attachment of the patella tendon on the tibia, and tightening/releasing of the capsule on either side of the patella, according to which side the patella is slipping. Some grade IV conditions may require more involved surgery to realign the femur and/or tibia. Additional help can be given with the use of pet ramps, stairs, or steps. These can help the animal travel from one place to another, especially up and down, without adding any pain or damage to the patella. Luxating patella
Luxating patella
9319608
necessary. Plica syndrome Plica syndrome (also known as synovial plica syndrome) is a condition that occurs when a "plica" (a vestigial extension of the protective synovial capsule of the knee) becomes irritated, enlarged, or inflamed. This inflammation is typically caused by the plica being caught on the femur, or pinched between the femur and the patella. The most common location of plica tissue is along the medial (inside) side of the knee. The plica can tether the patella to the femur, be located between the femur and patella, or be located along the femoral condyle. If the plica tethers the
Plica syndrome
1570418
Knee In humans and other primates, the knee joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two joints: one between the femur and tibia (tibiofemoral joint), and one between the femur and patella (patellofemoral joint). It is the largest joint in the human body. The knee is a modified hinge joint, which permits flexion and extension as well as slight internal and external rotation. The knee is vulnerable to injury and to the development of osteoarthritis. It is often termed a "compound joint" having tibiofemoral and patellofemoral components. (The fibular collateral ligament is often considered with tibiofemoral components.) The
Knee
6356331
Rectus femoris muscle The rectus femoris muscle is one of the four quadriceps muscles of the human body. The others are the vastus medialis, the vastus intermedius (deep to the rectus femoris), and the vastus lateralis. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon. The rectus femoris is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh; it is fusiform in shape, and its superficial fibers are arranged in a bipenniform manner, the deep fibers running straight () down to the deep aponeurosis. Its functions are to flex the thigh
Rectus femoris muscle
12676432
is defined as trochlear dysplasia. Not having a groove because the trochlear bone has flattened out can cause the patella to slide because nothing is holding the patella in place. Patellar dislocations occur by: The patella is a triangular sesamoid bone which is embedded in tendon. It rests in the patellofemoral groove, an articular cartilage-lined hollow at the end of the thigh bone (femur) where the thigh bone meets the shin bone (tibia). Several ligaments and tendons hold the patella in place and allow it to move up and down the patellofemoral groove when the leg bends. The top of
Patellar dislocation
1438874
deposition, but can also refer to both the growth and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Due to the great stress on the patellofemoral joint during resisted knee extension, the articular cartilage of the patella is among the thickest in the human body. The mechanical properties of articular cartilage in load bearing joints such as knee and hip have been studied extensively at macro, micro and nano-scales. These mechanical properties include the response of cartilage in frictional, compressive, shear and tensile loading. Cartilage is resilient and displays viscoelastic properties. Lubricin, a glycoprotein abundant in cartilage and synovial fluid, plays a major
Cartilage
10960130
the knee on the affected side. Rest usually relieves symptoms. Physical exam reveals erythema, tenderness to touch, fluctuant edema over the lower pole of the patella and crepitus. Prepatellar bursa The prepatellar bursa is a frontal bursa of the knee joint. It is a superficial bursa with a thin synovial lining located between the skin and the patella. Prepatellar bursitis, also known as housemaid's knee, is a common cause of swelling and pain above the patella (kneecap), and is due to inflammation of the prepatellar bursa. It is common in people who frequently kneel, such as roofers, plumbers, carpet layers,
Prepatellar bursa
508812
and adjacent fibula, and these are all long bones. The patella (kneecap) is the sesamoid bone in front of the knee. Most of the leg skeleton has bony prominences and margins that can be palpated and some serve as anatomical landmarks that define the extent of the leg. These landmarks are the anterior superior iliac spine, the greater trochanter, the superior margin of the medial condyle of tibia, and the medial malleolus. Notable exceptions to palpation are the hip joint, and the neck and body, or shaft of the femur. Usually, the large joints of the lower limb are aligned
Human leg
19105253
physical body as a cold adaptation, as their technological culture was not yet as advanced as later hominins. The fossil elements at Jinniushan all belong to one female individual. The fossil remains consist of one cranium, six vertebrae (one cervical, five thoracic), one complete left os coxae, one complete left ulna, one complete left patella, two left ribs, and several hand and feet bones. The Jinniushan specimen belongs to an archaic human with mixed "Homo erectus" and "Homo sapiens" features. The Jinniushan specimen is similar to the Dali specimen, but more gracile, which can be explained by sexual dimorphism. The
Jinniushan
2080048
extremely intense pain and swelling. The patella can be tracked back into the groove with an extension of the knee, and therefore sometimes returns into the proper position on its own. A "patella alta" is a high-riding (superiorly aligned) patella. An attenuated patella alta is an unusually small patella that develops out of and above the joint. A "patella baja" is a low-riding patella. A long-standing patella baja may result in extensor dysfunction. The kneecap is prone to injury because of its particularly exposed location, and fractures of the patella commonly occur as a consequence of direct trauma onto the
Patella
19997849
Nuclear sexing Nuclear sexing is a technique for genetic sex determination in those species where XX chromosome pair is present. Nuclear sexing can be done by identifying Barr body, a drumstick like appendage located in the rim of the nucleus in somatic cells. Barr body is the inactive X chromosome which lies condensed in the nucleus of somatic cells. A typical human female has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while a typical human male has none. Though a Barr body can be sought in any human nucleated cell, circulating mononuclear cells are commonly used for this purpose. These
Nuclear sexing
8042602
5% of NPS patients. Hypothyroidism, irritable bowel syndrome, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and thin tooth enamel are associated with NPS, but whether these are related or simply coincidences are unclear. The Nail–patella syndrome is inherited via autosomal dominancy linked to aberrancy on human chromosome 9's q arm (the longer arm), 9q34. This autosomal dominancy means that only a single copy, instead of both, is sufficient for the disorder to be expressed in the offspring, meaning the chance of getting the disorder from an affected heterozygous parent is 50%. The frequency of the occurrence is 1/50,000. The disorder is linked
Nail–patella syndrome
7068372
a distinct investing fascia and ranges 1.5–3 cm in width. It is usually distinct from the vastus intermedius, but occasionally blended with it. Articularis genus pulls the suprapatellar bursa superiorly during extension of the knee, and prevents impingement of the synovial membrane between the patella and the femur. Articularis genus muscle The articularis genus (subcrureus) is a small skeletal muscle located anteriorly on the thigh just above the knee. It arises from the anterior surface of the lower part of the body of the femur, deep to the vastus intermedius, close to the knee and from the deep fibers of
Articularis genus muscle
2080049
knee. These fractures usually cause swelling and pain in the region, bleeding into the joint (hemarthrosis), and an inability to extend the knee. Patella fractures are usually treated with surgery, unless the damage is minimal and the extensor mechanism is intact. An exostosis is the formation of new bone onto a bone, as a result of excess calcium formation. This can be the cause of chronic pain when formed on the patella. The patella is found in placental mammals and birds; most marsupials have only rudimentary, non-ossified patellae although a few species possess a bony patella. A patella is also
Patella
6924769
"Fucus serratus" on the lower shore, down to about 30 m. The larvae of this limpet species settle and metamorphose on the algal frond. Here it feeds on its host’s tissue using its radula, leaving small depressions in the frond. As the limpets grow larger, they move down the stipe of the seaweed towards the holdfast, where they establish themselves by excavating a depression. This can weaken the holdfast, eventually resulting in the seaweed being dislodged by storms. The seaweed is often washed ashore, with the blue-rayed limpets still in place. Patella pellucida Patella pellucida, common name the blue-rayed limpet,
Patella pellucida
2080043
patella facing downwards. The apex is the most inferior (lowest) part of the patella. It is pointed in shape, and gives attachment to the patellar ligament. The front and back surfaces are joined by a thin margin and towards centre by a thicker margin. The tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle attaches to the base of the patella., with the vastus intermedius muscle attaching to the base itself, and the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis are attached to outer lateral and medial borders of patella respectively. The upper third of the front of the patella is coarse, flattened, and rough,
Patella
2080046
has been rejected. Partite patellas occur almost exclusively in men. Tripartite and even multipartite patellas occur. The upper three-quarters of the patella articulates with the femur and is subdivided into a medial and a lateral facet by a vertical ledge which varies in shape. Four main types of articular surface can be distinguished: In the patella an ossification centre develops at the age of 3–6 years. The patella originates from two centres of ossification which unite when fully formed. The primary functional role of the patella is knee extension. The patella increases the leverage that the quadriceps tendon can exert
Patella
10960129
Prepatellar bursa The prepatellar bursa is a frontal bursa of the knee joint. It is a superficial bursa with a thin synovial lining located between the skin and the patella. Prepatellar bursitis, also known as housemaid's knee, is a common cause of swelling and pain above the patella (kneecap), and is due to inflammation of the prepatellar bursa. It is common in people who frequently kneel, such as roofers, plumbers, carpet layers, and gardeners. It is also common in wrestlers due to the repeated impact on the knee when shooting. Symptoms include knee pain, swelling, redness and inability to flex
Prepatellar bursa
18651579
depth range is . Schreiber, U., et al. "Assessment of photosynthetic performance of Prochloron in Lissoclinum patella in hospite by chlorophyll fluorescence measurements." Plant and Cell Physiology 38.8 (1997): 945-951. Lissoclinum patella Lissoclinum patella is a species of ascidian in the family Didemnidae. "Lissoclinum patella" is a sprawling ascidian that grows in coastal areas near Indonesia and Australia, including the Great Barrier Reef. Its green hue is due to the colonies of cyanobacteria that grow within its tissue as symbionts, one known species is Prochloron didemni. The biochemical products of its cyanobacteria is an active area of research, as example
Lissoclinum patella
7314073
effusion is present. Another way is the milking of the patella. First, the effusion is milked at the medial border of the patella from inferior to superior aspect. Then, using another hand, the effusion is milked at the lateral border of the patella from superior to inferior aspect. If effusion is present, a bulge will be appear at the medial border of the patella because the effusion is milked back to the medial patella. Both the active and passive range of motion should be assessed. The normal knee extension is between 0 to 10 degrees. The normal knee flexion is
Knee examination
13364776
involves attaching two connections to patella and one to the femur. This reconstruction will hold the femur patella in place. Medial patellofemoral ligament The medial patellofemoral ligament (or MPFL) is one of the several ligaments on the medial aspect of the knee. It originates on the superomedial aspect of the patella and inserts in the space between the adductor tubercle and the medial femoral epicondyle. Its main function is to prevent lateral displacement of the patella. The MPFL is the primary stabilizer to lateral displacement of the patella providing approximately 50-60% of restraining force. Injury to the MPFL is most
Medial patellofemoral ligament
14131389
Palazzo Abatellis Palazzo Abatellis (also known as Palazzo Patella) is a palace in Palermo, Sicily, southern Italy, located in the Kalsa quarter. It is home to the Galleria Regionale della Sicilia, the Gallery of Art for the Sicilian region. The palazzo, an example of Gothic-Catalan architecture, was designed in the 15th century by Matteo Carnelivari, at the time working in Palermo at the palazzo Aiutamicristo. It was the residence of Francesco Abatellis (or Patella), port master of the Kingdom of Sicily. After the death of Abatellis, it remained to his wife, and, after her death, it was given to a
Palazzo Abatellis
7314072
Pain at the lateral femoral condyle is suggestive of iliotibial band syndrome. Swelling at the popliteal fossa may reveal a Baker's cyst. The absence of normal grooves around patella may indicates a patellar intra-articular effusion. There are two ways to confirm the effusion. The knee is extended fully before the examination begins. This first way is the patellar tap. It is to squeeze the fluid between the patella and the femur by pressing at the medial patella using a non-dominant hand. Then, using the dominant hand to press on the patella vertically. If the patella is ballotable, then patellar intra-articular
Knee examination
9435533
the suprapatellar bursa is seemingly redundant. It is however also referred to as the "suprapatellar synovial recess" as it gradually unfolds as the knee is flexed; to open up completely when the knee is flexed 130 degrees. The suprapatellar bursa is prevented from being pinched during extension by the articularis genus muscle. On the tibia, the anterior reflection and attachment of the synovial membrane is located near the cartilage. Anteriorly, the infrapatellar fat pad is inserted below the patella and between the two membranes. It extends from the lower margin of the patella above, to the infrapatellar synovial fold below.
Articular capsule of the knee joint
12676431
than 25 degrees between the patellar tendon and quadriceps muscle can predispose a person to patellar dislocation. In patella alta, the patella sits higher on the knee than normal. Normal function of the VMO muscle stabilizes the patella. Decreased VMO function results in instability of the patella. When there is too much tension on the patella, the ligaments will weaken and be susceptible to tearing ligaments or tendons due to shear force or torsion force, which then displaces the kneecap from its origination. Another cause that patellar dislocation can occur is when the trochlear groove that has been completely flattened
Patellar dislocation
2080047
on the femur by increasing the angle at which it acts. The patella is attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, which contracts to extend/straighten the knee. The patella is stabilized by the insertion of the horizontal fibres of vastus medialis and by the prominence of the lateral femoral condyle, which discourages lateral dislocation during flexion. The retinacular fibres of the patella also stabilize it during exercise. Patellar dislocations occur with significant regularity, particular in young female athletes. It involves the patella sliding out of its position on the knee, most often laterally, and may be associated with
Patella
19981620
Brumbaugh attended Keystone Heights Junior/Senior High School where he was a two time Class 3A all-state lineman. He then attended Auburn University where he majored in health and human performance. As a true freshman in 1995, he was named to the freshman All-Southeastern Conference (SEC) team. In 1996 as a sophomore, he recorded a career-high 80 tackles and was named Second-team All-SEC. As a junior in 1997, he recorded 78 total tackles. During the Tigers tenth game, against Georgia, he ruptured his patella on the first play of the game. Despite his injury, he was named First-team All-SEC. In 1998
Jimmy Brumbaugh
8436876
been connected to the removed portion are connected to the remaining portion. The fracture may require tension band wiring (in case of two part fracture) to unite the fractured bones. With advancement of fixation technique comminuted fracture of the patella are being reconstructed (patella saving operations). Patella fracture A patella fracture is a break of the kneecap. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and bruising to the front of the knee. A person may also be unable to walk. Complications may include injury to the tibia, femur, or knee ligaments. It typicals results from a hard blow to the front of the
Patella fracture
14458625
Patella aspera Patella aspera is a species of limpet, a type of sea snail in the family Patellidae. Long considered to be a subspecies of "Patella ulyssiponensis", genetic evidence supports its recognition as a separate species. It is native to Macaronesia. It is known by the common name Azorean limpet, and its local name is "lapa brava". This species lives on rocks in the shallow sublittoral and intertidal zones. It is a keystone species which is of ecological importance as a grazer. It is collected for food. Overharvest is the main threat to the species, which has faced population declines
Patella aspera
12676426
Patellar dislocation A patellar dislocation is a knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis. A patellar dislocation typically occurs when the knee is straight and the lower leg is bent outwards when twisting. Occasionally it occurs when the knee is bent and the patella is hit. Commonly associated sports include soccer, gymnastics, and ice hockey. Dislocations nearly always occur away from the midline. Diagnosis is typically
Patellar dislocation
18651578
Lissoclinum patella Lissoclinum patella is a species of ascidian in the family Didemnidae. "Lissoclinum patella" is a sprawling ascidian that grows in coastal areas near Indonesia and Australia, including the Great Barrier Reef. Its green hue is due to the colonies of cyanobacteria that grow within its tissue as symbionts, one known species is Prochloron didemni. The biochemical products of its cyanobacteria is an active area of research, as example the circular peptide, Patellamide A. This species is found in the tropical eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. Its range includes the Philippines, Indonesia and northern Australia. Its
Lissoclinum patella
10268576
to maintain iron homeostasis. DMT1 is also important in the absorption and transport of manganese (Mn). In the digestive tract, it is located on the apical membrane of enterocytes, where it carries out H coupled transport of divalent metal cations from the intestinal lumen into the cell. Iron is not only essential for the human body, it is required for all organisms in order for them to be able to grow. Iron also participates in many metabolic pathways. Iron deficiency can lead to iron-deficiency anemia thus iron regulation is very crucial in the human body. The process of iron transportation
DMT1
2901257
any degree of flexion, which is one reason for its popularity. Attenuated patella alta Attenuated patella alta is an extremely rare condition affecting mobility and leg strength. It is characterized by an unusually small knee cap (patella) that develops out of and above the joint. Normally, as the knee cap sits in the joint, it is stimulated to growth by abrasion from the opposing bones. When not situated properly in the joint, the knee cap does not experience such stimulation and remains small and undeveloped. Note that the cartilage under and around the kneecap is eight times smoother than ice,
Attenuated patella alta
2901254
Attenuated patella alta Attenuated patella alta is an extremely rare condition affecting mobility and leg strength. It is characterized by an unusually small knee cap (patella) that develops out of and above the joint. Normally, as the knee cap sits in the joint, it is stimulated to growth by abrasion from the opposing bones. When not situated properly in the joint, the knee cap does not experience such stimulation and remains small and undeveloped. Note that the cartilage under and around the kneecap is eight times smoother than ice, so "abrasion" may not be the best term. A similar condition,
Attenuated patella alta
17979797
Clarke's test In medicine, Clarke's test is a component of knee examination which may be used to test for patellofemoral pain syndrome, or anterior knee pain. It is not a standard part of the knee examination but is used to diagnose anterior knee pain where the history indicates this as the likely pathology. The patient is asked to actively contract the quadriceps muscle while the examiner's hand exerts pressure on the superior pole of the patella, so trying to prevent the proximal movement of the patella. While it can produce some discomfort even in normal people, the reproduction of the
Clarke's test
14458626
and collapse of its fishery. Harvest has been banned in some areas. Overharvest is particularly damaging to the species because larger individuals are targeted, and these are more likely to be female. The species is protandric, with individuals being born male and often becoming female with age. The loss of the individuals that grow large enough to turn female leaves the population without enough breeding females. Patella aspera Patella aspera is a species of limpet, a type of sea snail in the family Patellidae. Long considered to be a subspecies of "Patella ulyssiponensis", genetic evidence supports its recognition as a
Patella aspera
8233081
Patellar ligament The patellar ligament is the distal portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris, which is continued from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. It is also sometimes called the "patellar tendon" as it is a continuation of the quadriceps tendon. The patellar ligament is a strong, flat, ligament, which originates on the apex of the patella distally and adjoining margins of the patella and the rough depression on its posterior surface; below, it inserts on the tuberosity of the tibia; its superficial fibers are continuous over the front of the patella with those of the tendon
Patellar ligament
13364774
Medial patellofemoral ligament The medial patellofemoral ligament (or MPFL) is one of the several ligaments on the medial aspect of the knee. It originates on the superomedial aspect of the patella and inserts in the space between the adductor tubercle and the medial femoral epicondyle. Its main function is to prevent lateral displacement of the patella. The MPFL is the primary stabilizer to lateral displacement of the patella providing approximately 50-60% of restraining force. Injury to the MPFL is most common during a non-contact twisting action. The most likely time for the patella to shift laterally is during the first
Medial patellofemoral ligament
2901256
Minnesota was discovered to suffer from the condition in both knees after several attempts by his parents and family physician to discover the cause of his abnormal difficulties with walking and running. After surgery and physical therapy, Eric gained the ability to walk and run without significant difficulty. Insall Ratio: This ratio is calculated with the knee flexed to 30 degrees. It is the ratio of the length of the patella to the length of the patellar tendon. Normally this ratio is 1:1 but 20% variation represents patella alta or patella infera. Actually, the Insall-Salvati ratio can be measured at
Attenuated patella alta
12676434
assess the knee, a clinician can perform the patellar apprehension test by moving the patella back and forth while the people flexes the knee at approximately 30 degrees. The people can do the "patella tracking assessment" by making a single leg squat and standing, or by lying on his or her back with knee extended from flexed position. A patella that slips laterally on early flexion is called the , and indicates imbalance between the VMO and lateral structures. The patella is a floating sesamoid bone held in place by the quadriceps muscle tendon and patellar tendon ligament. Exercises should
Patellar dislocation
8162776
the patellar tendon tears at the point where it attaches to the knee cap. Diagnosis is based on symptoms, examination, and medical imaging. Small tears may be treated with rest and splinting, followed by physiotherapy. Larger tears typically require surgery within a couple of weeks. Outcomes are generally good. Rates in the general population are not clear, however in certain high risk groups it occurs about 1 in 10,000 per year. They occur most often in those under the age of 40. The sign of a ruptured patella tendon is the movement of the patella further up the quadriceps. When
Patellar tendon rupture
1570429
from inferior edges of the mensici to the periphery of the tibial plateaus. The patellar ligament connects the patella to the tuberosity of the tibia. It is also occasionally called the patellar tendon because there is no definite separation between the quadriceps tendon (which surrounds the patella) and the area connecting the patella to the tibia. This very strong ligament helps give the patella its mechanical leverage and also functions as a cap for the condyles of the femur. Laterally and medially to the patellar ligament the lateral and medial retinacula connect fibers from the vasti lateralis and medialis muscles
Knee
1506875
that rocks ejected into outer space from life-harboring planets may successfully transport life forms to another habitable world. A conjecture is that just such a scenario occurred early in the history of the Solar System, with potentially microorganism-bearing rocks being exchanged between Venus, Earth, and Mars. Even at relatively low altitudes in the Earth's atmosphere, conditions are hostile to the human body. The altitude where atmospheric pressure matches the vapor pressure of water at the temperature of the human body is called the Armstrong line, named after American physician Harry G. Armstrong. It is located at an altitude of around
Outer space
19355793
with pale edges and form stardust appearance. Chelicerae are creamy colored. All 4 leg pairs are identical. Femur blackish brown with a cream band. Patella is creamy. Tibia with two parallel lines of oblong spots. Ventrally, pale brownish body. Maxilla is much darker. All four pairs of legs are identical. Dorsally, pale brown all over the body with inconspicuous markings. Ventrally, similar to female, all leg pairs are metallic brown in color. Compared to other tiger spiders, this species is very agile and jumpy, it can bite when provoked. Poecilotheria bara Poecilotheria bara, or the Lowland ornamental, is an arboreal
Poecilotheria bara
1462426
microphthalmia, and colobomas. Merle dogs born from parents who are also both merles may additionally have abnormalities of the skeletal, cardiac and reproductive systems. Luxating patella is another health issue in the Pomeranian breed. It occurs when, through either malformation or trauma, the ridges forming the patellar groove in the knee are not prominent and are too shallow to allow the patella to properly sit securely. This can cause the patella to "luxate" (jump out of the groove) sideways which will cause the leg to lock up with the foot off the ground. While the muscles are contracted the patella
Pomeranian (dog)
5878040
be classified into 1 of 4 stages, as follows: Stage 1 – "Pain only after activity, without functional impairment" Stage 2 – "Pain during and after activity, although the patient is still able to perform satisfactorily in his or her sport" Stage 3 – "Prolonged pain during and after activity, with increasing difficulty in performing at a satisfactory level" Stage 4 – "Complete tendon tear requiring surgical repair" It begins as inflammation in the patellar tendon where it attaches to the patella and may progress by tearing or degenerating the tendon. Patients present with an ache over the patella tendon.
Patellar tendinitis
2143986
Grave A grave is a location where a dead body (typically that of a human, although sometimes that of an animal) is buried. Graves are usually located in special areas set aside for the purpose of burial, such as graveyards or cemeteries. Certain details of a grave, such as the state of the body found within it and any objects found with the body, may provide information for archaeologists about how the body may have lived before its death, including the time period in which it lived and the culture that it had been a part of. In some religions,
Grave
6154449
requiring large numbers of cases followed over many years. The most significant variations are between cemented and uncemented components and between resurfacing the patella or not. Among those who do not resurface the patella, there is also variation between denervating the patella using electrocautery or not. In theory, this technique could disrupt the superficial pain receptors near the patella in hopes of relieving anterior knee pain, a common post-operative complaint. No consensus exists, but a recent randomized controlled trial indicates that while both methods provide relief, patellar denervation results in a modest benefit compared to no denervation in the short-term.
Knee replacement
392952
of the soil upon which they spend their lives. The pedipalp is a segmented, chelate (clawed) appendage used for prey immobilization, defense and sensory purposes. The segments of the pedipalp (from closest to the body outwards) are coxa, trochanter, femur (humerus), patella, tibia (including the fixed claw and the manus) and tarsus (moveable claw). A scorpion has darkened or granular raised linear ridges, called "keels" or "carinae" on the pedipalp segments and on other parts of the body, which are useful taxonomically. The mesosoma is the broad part of the opisthosoma. Sometimes it is loosely called the "abdomen". It consists
Scorpion
14458634
Patella ulyssiponensis Patella ulyssiponensis, common name the rough limpet, or China limpet is a species of sea snail, a true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Patellidae, one of the families of true limpets. Compared with the common limpet, "Patella vulgata", the rough limpet has a similar shell (maximum size 50mm long x 40 mm wide x 20 mm high, apex closer to the front of the animal/ anterior than to the back/ posterior) but with radiating ridges that are finer and which alternate 1-ridge/ 3-ridges around the shell in a distinct pattern. The interior of the shell
Patella ulyssiponensis
13364775
20-30 degrees of flexion as the quadriceps tighten simultaneously and pull the patella laterally. Beyond 30 degrees, the quadriceps tendon and patellar ligament pull the patella posterior into the groove of the knee joint making lateral dislocation of the patella unlikely. Initial dislocation recurs about 15-44% and symptoms continue in about half. Recurrence of a laterally displaced patella is more common as the incidence of dislocation continues in the affected individual. Repairing the MPFL can be done surgically through a MPFL reconstruction. Indications for such are two documented patellar dislocations and exam findings of excessive lateral patellar mobility. MFPL reconstruction
Medial patellofemoral ligament
1570447
particularly horses, ungulates, and elephants, the layman's term "knee" also commonly refers to the forward-facing joint in the foreleg, the carpus, which is homologous to the human wrist. In birds, the "knee" refers to the joints between the femur and tibiotarsus, and also the patella (when present). The layman's term "knee" may also refer to the (lower and often more visible due to not being covered by feathers) joint between the tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus, which is homologous to the human ankle. In insects and other animals, the term knee widely refers to any hinge joint. Knee In humans and other
Knee
2836340
Human body weight Human body weight refers to a person's mass or weight. Body weight is measured in kilograms, a measure of mass, throughout the world, although in some countries such as the United States it is measured in pounds, or as in the United Kingdom, stones and pounds. Most hospitals, even in the United States, now use kilograms for calculations, but use kilograms and pounds together for other purposes. Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may be measured with clothes on, but without shoes or heavy
Human body weight
16200684
all legs and the patella, but can have affected tissues in the nuchal ligament, eyes, aorta, skin and fascia, lungs and other organs, as well as ligaments and tendons throughout the body. Because of its systemic nature, and because connective tissue is present everywhere in a biological entity, the entire body becomes affected in multiple ways as the disease progresses. Some horses have shown an iron overload in the liver as well. Ongoing research is working on the biochemical aspects of the disease and has found a problem in the transfer growth factor and decorin. It is strongly believed to
Degenerative suspensory ligament desmitis
5800683
will vary due to a few different reasons such as where you live, which graft is used, if the meniscus is also torn, and the coverage of your insurance. A study has shown in 2016 that metropolitan areas, of at least one million residents, located on the western coast of the United States of America and areas like Minnesota, Indiana, and Michigan were more expensive than the East and South East coast of the United States. Another study, conducted by Baylor University, found that ACL reconstruction procedures using the bone-patella tendon-bone technique took 2.5 hours longer than using a hamstring
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction
9089850
the buildings in it. The Human is a room where visitors can explore the perfect machine, the human body. The Universe room is one of the most popular rooms in the museum, where visitors can do experiments, such as knowing a person's weight in the planets of Solar System. Petroleum, is other room located in the second floor, there one can see the process of exploring and exploiting that treasure, and its different kinds and characteristics. The Water Room, show you through games the physic and chemical characteristics of that liquid; the others are the Biodiversity and Boys & Girls'
Maloka Museum
3507246
hair pulled out with the fingers or a special knife) as in other terriers, but rather is clippered. The body and tail are clipped, and the "furnishings" (hair that hangs down under the body) are left long, as is the hair on the lower legs and on the face (eyebrows, beard, and moustache.) The longer hair should be brushed daily. Health Edit This breed occasionally suffers from the Scotty Cramp, a minor problem causing awkward movement, but it is not life-threatening.[citation needed] Breeding stock should be checked for hip dysplasia, patella luxation, cardiac problems, PLL (primary lens luxation) and other
Cesky Terrier
3653566
in the forms it takes and its effects on the victims. Such variations depend largely on the fly species and where the larvae are located. Some flies lay eggs in open wounds, other larvae may invade unbroken skin or enter the body through the nose or ears, and still others may be swallowed if the eggs are deposited on the lips or on food. How myiasis affects the human body depends on where the larvae are located. Larvae may infect dead, necrotic (prematurely dying) or living tissue in various sites: the skin, eyes, ears, stomach and intestinal tract, or in
Myiasis
2836347
BMC Public Health and at the United Nations conference Rio+20. Human body weight Human body weight refers to a person's mass or weight. Body weight is measured in kilograms, a measure of mass, throughout the world, although in some countries such as the United States it is measured in pounds, or as in the United Kingdom, stones and pounds. Most hospitals, even in the United States, now use kilograms for calculations, but use kilograms and pounds together for other purposes. Strictly speaking, body weight is the measurement of weight without items located on the person. Practically though, body weight may
Human body weight
19997850
cells are cultured, and treated with chemicals such as colcemid to arrest mitosis in metaphase. A minimum of 30 percent of sex chromatin indicates genetic female sex. Nuclear sexing Nuclear sexing is a technique for genetic sex determination in those species where XX chromosome pair is present. Nuclear sexing can be done by identifying Barr body, a drumstick like appendage located in the rim of the nucleus in somatic cells. Barr body is the inactive X chromosome which lies condensed in the nucleus of somatic cells. A typical human female has only one Barr body per somatic cell, while a
Nuclear sexing
12794152
Patella vulgata Patella vulgata, common name the common limpet or common European limpet is an edible species of sea snail with gills, a typical true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Patellidae. This species is found in the waters of western Europe. The radula in this species is longer than the shell itself. It contains 1,920 teeth in 160 rows of 12 teeth each. It is found attached to firm substrates from the high shore to the edge of the sublittoral zone, although it predominates in areas of wave action. Its shell is conical, up to around 6
Patella vulgata
12676441
early, while others recommend treating it non operatively with physical therapy. If re-dislocation occurs then reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL) is the recommended surgical option. Patellar dislocation A patellar dislocation is a knee injury in which the patella (kneecap) slips out of its normal position. Often the knee is partly bent, painful and swollen. The patella is also often felt and seen out of place. Complications may include a patella fracture or arthritis. A patellar dislocation typically occurs when the knee is straight and the lower leg is bent outwards when twisting. Occasionally it occurs when the knee
Patellar dislocation
3341123
when they are hot and stressed out. The cargo space in an aircraft can rise as high as when waiting on the runway. With a few precautions and special care, you can still fly with your French Bulldog. Patellar luxation is the dislocation of the patella (kneecap). In dogs, the patella is a small bone that shields the front of the stifle joint in its hind legs. This bone is held in place by ligaments. As the knee joint is moved, the patella slides in a groove in the femur. The kneecap may dislocate toward the inside (medial) or outside
French Bulldog
3684879
it can be caused by some form of blunt trauma, but most frequently, it is a developmental, congenital defect. In congenital cases, it is frequently bilateral. The condition can also be inherited through genetics. This can also be caused by obesity. Diagnosis is made through palpation of the knee, to see whether it slips inside the joint more than would normally be expected. Often, a dog owner might be told that his or her pet has "loose knee", but this is not a medical term, and it is not correct to use it interchangeably with luxating patella. Luxating patella cannot
Luxating patella
12794154
be currently the strongest biological material, and only comparable to the strongest commercial carbon fibres.” The material was able to withstand 4.9 GPa. This considerable tensile strength of limpet teeth is attributed to a high mineral volume fraction of reinforcing goethite nanofibres. Patella vulgata Patella vulgata, common name the common limpet or common European limpet is an edible species of sea snail with gills, a typical true limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Patellidae. This species is found in the waters of western Europe. The radula in this species is longer than the shell itself. It contains 1,920
Patella vulgata
18990856
also enhance an athletes performance. Jumper's knee is injury term used in volleyball circles that describes the injury known as patella tendinopathy, patella tendinosis or patella tendonitis. Jumper's knee is defined as a syndrome of tendon pain, localized tenderness and that is detrimental to an athletes performance. In the initial phase of the injury the tendons with the knee are usually inflamed. If jumper's knee becomes a chronic injury, which usually occurs as age increases, the tendons show an increasing degree of degeneration and little to no inflation present. As the etiology and pathology of jumper's knee is not known
Volleyball injuries
7379891
the tendon of origin of popliteus in many species. Humans possess only the patella. In the horse and ox, the distal part of the tendon of insertion of quadriceps ('below' the patella) is divided into three parts. An elaborate twisting movement of the patella allows the stifle to 'lock' in extension when the medial portion of the tendon is 'hooked' over the bulbous medial trochlear ridge of the distal femur. This locking mechanism enables these animals to sleep while standing up. Stifle joint The stifle joint (often simply stifle) is a complex joint in the hind limbs of quadruped mammals
Stifle joint
13625975
which sends fouled water away from the body. In some nudibranchs, the mantle cavity and the original gill have disappeared altogether. Instead, the upper surface of the body has numerous club-shaped or branched projections called cerata that function as secondary gills. Secondary gills are also present in the unrelated genus "Patella", in which they are found as folds within the mantle cavity. Some smaller gastropods have neither true gills nor cerata. The genus "Lepeta" uses the whole of the mantle cavity as a respiratory surface, while many sea butterflies respire through their general body surface. Although not true pulmonates, some
Respiratory system of gastropods
8436875
an MRI may be required. Treatment may be with or without surgery, depending on the type of fracture. Undisplaced fracture can usually be treated by casting. Even some displaced fractures can be treated with casting as long as a person can straighten their leg without help. Typically the leg is immobilized in a straight position for the first three weeks and then increasing degrees of bending are allowed. Patellectomy (in cases of comminuted fracture) is removal of the entire patella, whereas a partial patellectomy is removal of only a portion of the patella, while any ligaments or tendons that had
Patella fracture
12665900
Patellar subluxation syndrome Patellar subluxation syndrome, also known as patellar instability, or unstable kneecap is an injury that is concerned with the kneecap. Patellar subluxation is more common than patellar dislocation and is just as disabling. In this condition, the patella repetitively subluxates and places strain on the medial restraints and excessive stress/tension on the patellofemoral joint. Patellar subluxation can be caused by osseous abnormalities, such as incorrect articulation of the femoral groove with the patella, trochlear dysplasia, or patella alta, which is a distance of greater than 20 mm between the tibial tubercle and the trochlear groove. It can
Patellar subluxation syndrome
18623285
is more common in the United States. Usually, a substance containing iodine or almond oil is injected into the site of interest to treat splints, curbs, and suspensory desmitis, with varying results. One of the more generally accepted uses for internal blistering is for treatment of upward fixation of the patella. The irritant is injected into the patellar ligaments, leading to inflammation and scarring. The scarred ligaments shorten, making it easier for the patella to slip off the medial trochlear ridge and reducing locking of the patella. “Firing”, or thermal injury, includes thermocautery and cold firing. In both cases, firing
Treatment of equine lameness
15646815
Patellamide A Patellamide A is a peptide natural product produced by "Prochloron didemni", a cyanobacterial symbiont of "Lissoclinum patella", and was first isolated in 1981. Patellamide A is one of many didemnid peptides. Other closely related peptides include patellamides B, C, and D and trunkamide. The patellamides and trunkamide show moderate cytotoxicity and activity against multidrug resistant cancer cell lines. Patellamide A was first isolated in 1981 from the tunicate "L. patella" collected from the reefs of Korror Island, Palau Islands. "L. patella" has been a rich source of peptide natural products. Aside from the patellamides, the lissoclinamides, ulicyclamide, ulithiacyclamide
Patellamide A
6924768
Patella pellucida Patella pellucida, common name the blue-rayed limpet, is a species of small saltwater limpet, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Patellidae, the true limpets. This limpet occurs off the eastern Atlantic coasts from Iceland and Norway, to Portugal. It is absent from the Baltic Sea, East Denmark, Belgium and the Netherlands. Up to 15 mm long when fully grown, this species is easily identified by its translucent amber shell with brilliant blue spots running in lines across the top of the shell. The blue-rayed limpet lives primarily on "Laminaria" (kelp) in strong flowing water but also on
Patella pellucida
8436873
Patella fracture A patella fracture is a break of the kneecap. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and bruising to the front of the knee. A person may also be unable to walk. Complications may include injury to the tibia, femur, or knee ligaments. It typicals results from a hard blow to the front of the knee or falling on the knee. Occasionally it may occur from a strong contraction of the thigh muscles. Diagnosis is based on symptom and confirmed with X-rays. In children an MRI may be required. Treatment may be with or without surgery, depending on the type of
Patella fracture
19811848
disorder in 1979. This finding was important as they were the first to note that it was a benign disorder that is separate from the more severe nail-patella syndrome. Other common names for ischiopatellar syndrome are small patella syndrome (SPS), since the patellae are often small or absent in patients who have this syndrome, and coxo-podo-patellaire syndrome. Ischiopatellar dysplasia Ischiopatellar dysplasia is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by a hypoplasia of the patellae as well as other bone anomalies, especially concerning the pelvis and feet. Individuals affected by ischiopatellar dysplasia commonly have abnormalities of the patella and pelvic girdle,
Ischiopatellar dysplasia
2080050
present in the living monotremes, the platypus and the echidna. In more primitive tetrapods, including living amphibians and most reptiles (except some Lepidosaurs), the muscle tendons from the upper leg are attached directly to the tibia, and a patella is not present. In 2017 it was discovered that frogs have kneecaps, contrary to what was thought. This raises the possibility that the kneecap arose 400 million years ago when tetrapods first appeared, but that it disappeared in some animals. The word "patella" originated in the late 17th century from the diminutive form of Latin ' or ' or "paten", meaning
Patella
533587
play an important role in the function of many human organs. The current scientific understanding of primary cilia views them as "sensory cellular antennae that coordinate a large number of cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation.". The primary non-motile cilia has a “9+0” axonemal structure and is divided into subdomains. The entire structure is enclosed by a plasma membrane continuous with the plasma membrane of the cell. The basal body, where the cilia originates, is located within the ciliary pocket. The cilium membrane and the basal body microtubules are
Cilium
11369134
a cloud of smoke or dust, ghost imaging allows an individual to know where a person is located and if they are an ally or foe. In the medical field, imaging is used to increase the accuracy and lessen the amount of radiation exposed to a patient during x-rays. Ghost imaging allows doctors to look at a part of the human body without having direct contact with it, therefore, lowering the amount of direct radiation to the patient. Similar to the military, it is used to look at objects that cannot be seen with the human eye such as bones
Quantum imaging
13764735
on the femora. Mature males have a metallic sheen, described as "wine red" in colour, on the cephalothorax, the dorsal surface of the chelicerae, the pedipalps, and the coxa, trochanter and femur of the legs, as well as the patella of the first leg. The female specimen on which the species was described had a total body length of , with the longest leg (the fourth) being long. The male had a somewhat smaller body, with a total length of , and slightly longer legs, the fourth being just under long. The species was first described by Andreas Tinter in
Theraphosa apophysis
17272973
Human flag The human flag or bar hold is a feat of strength where the body is parallel to the ground supported by a vertical bar. A straight line is formed using the arms and body. The trick requires the performer to have extensive upper body strength. The bottom arm is usually turned to grip the pole and is straight to "push" the body up. The top arm faces forward and grips on the pole. This arm "pulls" the body to maintain a parallel position to the ground. Easier variations include hooking one arm over the pole or by having
Human flag
6898753
name "lapero" ("limpet-eater") was also used, possibly on Alegranza.(Bannerman 1963) The Canary Islands oystercatcher was in all likelihood a bird of the rocky shore rather than sandy beaches; although it might have been driven from the latter as they were much more utilized by humans – which it tended to avoid (Bannerman 1963). What is known about its feeding habits indicates that had always been less commonly found in beach habitat. As with all oystercatchers, its diet consisted of small molluscs and crustaceans rather than oysters. Especially the limpets "Patella candei", "Patella piperata", and "Patella" cf. "ulyssiponensis", as well as
Canary Islands oystercatcher
7288257
of the Lord", "The Emerald Forest", and "Princess Mononoke", which feature clashes between cultures and civilizations, and with "Dances with Wolves," where a battered soldier finds himself drawn to the culture he was initially fighting against. In a 2007 interview with "Time" magazine, Cameron was asked about the meaning of the term "Avatar", to which he replied, "It's an incarnation of one of the Hindu gods taking a flesh form. In this film what that means is that the human technology in the future is capable of injecting a human's intelligence into a remotely located body, a biological body." The
Avatar (2009 film)
6188934
Glutamate receptor Glutamate receptors are synaptic and non synaptic receptors located primarily on the membranes of neuronal and glial cells. Glutamate (the conjugate base of glutamic acid) is abundant in the human body, but particularly in the nervous system and especially prominent in the human brain where it is the body's most prominent neurotransmitter, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, and also the precursor for GABA, the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter. Glutamate receptors are responsible for the glutamate-mediated postsynaptic excitation of neural cells, and are important for neural communication, memory formation, learning, and regulation. Glutamate receptors are implicated in a number
Glutamate receptor
3302041
Body farm A body farm is a research facility where decomposition can be studied in a variety of settings. They were invented by anthropologist Dr. William Bass in 1987 at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee where Dr. Bass was interested in studying the decomposition of a human corpse from the time of death to the time of decay. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the decomposition process, permitting the development of techniques for extracting information such as the timing and circumstances of death from human remains. Body farm research is of particular interest in forensic
Body farm
3302072
Notable examples include: Body farm A body farm is a research facility where decomposition can be studied in a variety of settings. They were invented by anthropologist Dr. William Bass in 1987 at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee where Dr. Bass was interested in studying the decomposition of a human corpse from the time of death to the time of decay. The aim is to gain a better understanding of the decomposition process, permitting the development of techniques for extracting information such as the timing and circumstances of death from human remains. Body farm research is of particular
Body farm
8162778
structure allows the knee to flex and extend, allowing use of basic functions such as walking and running. Patellar tendon rupture can usually be diagnosed by physical examination. The most common signs are: tenderness, the tendon's loss of tone, loss of ability to raise the straight leg and observation of the high-riding patella. Radiographically, patella alta can be detected using the Insall and Salvati method when the patella is shorter than its tendon. Partial tears may be visualized using MRI scans. Patellar tendon rupture must be treated surgically. With a tourniquet applied, the tendon was exposed through a midline longitudinal
Patellar tendon rupture
14466689
flat uncinus, bearing an elongated thickened ridge, but no cusp. Soft parts : the head is provided with two tentacles without eyes or eye tubercles. The muzzle is plain and simple. The foot is thin, orbicular, without lateral or posterior tubercles, processes or fringes. The mantle edge is simple and thickened. The gill is composed of leaflets as in "Patella", the series starting on the right behind the head and continued within the mantle edge backward. The body of the animal is asymmetrically placed with regard to the aperture of the shell to afford room for the enormous series of
Addisonia
19355751
on the femur of fourth pair of legs in ventrally. Males are about 5 cm in length, females are larger at 6–7 cm. In females, the dorsal carapace is similar to "P. fasciata". The abdomen markings are slightly darker around the joint to the peduncle. There are two lines of oblong parallel spots down the tibia. Ventrally, the legs are white in color. The first and second leg pairs have identical markings. The patella is white with a broken black band distally. The tibia is also white. In males, the dorsum is greenish brown all over the body with inconspicuous
Poecilotheria vittata