who will aid and advice the president of india
Council of Ministers
14296717
as long as he has not violated the constitution (i.e. not obliging the unconstitutional advise of the ministers even after sending back for reconsideration). is applicable to the Governors of states exactly similar to Article 74(2). When cabinet ministers / meeting minutes are not supporting the advice given to the Governor, he can act in his discretion without violating the constitution. Article 74 of the Constitution of India Article 74 of the Constitution of the Republic of India provides for a Council of Ministers which shall aid the President in the exercise of his functions. Provided that the President may
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
14296711
Article 74 of the Constitution of India Article 74 of the Constitution of the Republic of India provides for a Council of Ministers which shall aid the President in the exercise of his functions. Provided that the President may require the Council of Ministers to reconsider such advice, either generally or otherwise, and the President shall act in accordance with the advises tendered after such reconsideration. (This para is added by the Forty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India in the year 1978) (2) The question if any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Ministers to the President
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
14296712
shall not be inquired into in any court. Before the 42nd amendment, stated that, "there shall be a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at the head to aid and advise the President in the exercise of his functions". However, there was a slight ambiguity whether the advice of the Council of Ministers is binding on the President. Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India (1976) made it explicit that the President "shall", "act in accordance with such advice". The amendment went into effect from 3 January 1977. The 44th Amendment (1978) however added that the President can send
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
2873135
to act in accordance with aid and advice tendered by the prime minister, who leads the council of ministers as described in Article 74 of the Constitution of India. The council of ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the president. However, in practice, the council of ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a president were to dismiss the council of ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger a constitutional crisis. Thus, in practice, the council of ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it holds the support of a majority in
Government of India
1267976
subordinate to him in accordance with the constitution. When parliament thinks fit it may accord additional executive powers to the president per which may be further delegated by the president to the governors of states per . Union cabinet with prime minister as its head, should aid and advice the president in performing his functions. Per Article 74 (2), the council of ministers or prime minister are not accountable legally to the advice tendered to the president but it is the sole responsibility of the president to ensure compliance with the constitution in performing his duties. President or his subordinate
President of India
14296717
as long as he has not violated the constitution (i.e. not obliging the unconstitutional advise of the ministers even after sending back for reconsideration). is applicable to the Governors of states exactly similar to Article 74(2). When cabinet ministers / meeting minutes are not supporting the advice given to the Governor, he can act in his discretion without violating the constitution. Article 74 of the Constitution of India Article 74 of the Constitution of the Republic of India provides for a Council of Ministers which shall aid the President in the exercise of his functions. Provided that the President may
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
2522188
of international treaties is always accomplished by filing instruments of ratification as provided for in the treaty. In most democracies, the legislature authorizes the government to ratify treaties through standard legislative procedures by passing a bill. The President makes a treaty in exercise of his executive power, on the aid and the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, and no court of law in India may question its validity. However, no agreement or treaty entered into by the president is enforceable by the courts which is incompatible with Indian constitution/ national law, as India follows
Ratification
6999536
bill is dropped, which is known as absolute veto. The President can exercise absolute veto on aid and advice of council of ministers per Article 111 and Article 74. The president may also effectively withhold his assent as per his own discretion, which is known as pocket veto. The pocket veto has only been exercised once by President Zail Singh in 1986, over the postal act where the government wanted to open postal letters without warrant by amending the Indian Post Office Act, 1898. If the president returns it for reconsideration, the Parliament must do so, but if it is
Lawmaking procedure in India
20900837
the right to seek the president's opinion in case of a disagreement between him/her and the government, the president—who is bound by the aid and advice of the prime minister-headed Union Council of Ministers—would be the final authority in case of a conflict, with his or her opinion being binding on both the LG and the Delhi government, it cautioned the LG to use this power only in exceptional circumstances and not in a "routine or mechanical manner". The court, however, did not define what "trivial" differences in opinion meant. The court also ruled that "[t]here is no room for
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India
20900836
independent decision-making powers and had to follow the aid and advice of the chief-minister-led council of ministers of the Government of Delhi on matters the Delhi Legislative Assembly could legislate on, viz., all items on the State List (items on which only state legislatures can legislate) and the Concurrent List (items on which both the Parliament of India and the state legislatures can legislate) barring police, public order and land. The court added that on matters referred to him/her, the LG was bound to follow the orders of the president. Although the court ruled that the lieutenant governor still had
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India
13776327
Delhi's lieutenant governor did not have any independent decision-making powers and had to follow the "aid and advice" of the chief minister-led council of ministers of the Government of Delhi on matters which the Delhi Legislative Assembly could legislate on, viz., all items on the State List (items on which only state legislatures can legislate) and the Concurrent List (items on which both the Parliament of India and the state legislatures can legislate) barring 'police, 'public order' and 'land'. The court added that on matters referred to him/her, the LG was bound to follow the orders of the president. The
Government of Delhi
20900833
Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi Act, 1991, the LG was "required to act on the aid and advice" of the council of ministers of the Delhi government. Subramanium argued that the Delhi government was not debating the parliament's supremacy but said the legislative assembly also had "elbow room" in Delhi's governance, adding that the LG was misusing the powers assigned to his or her office to refer differences of opinion to the president. He also said the LG's extraordinary discretion was to be used in exceptional circumstances and not in day-to-day governance of Delhi and that the chief
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India
1267966
subordinate authority) with the help of the Council of Ministers. The president is bound by the constitution to act on the advice of the prime minister and cabinet as long as the advice is not violating the constitution. India achieved independence from the British on 15 August 1947, initially as a dominion within the Commonwealth of Nations with George VI as king, represented in the country by a governor-general. Still, following this, the Constituent Assembly of India, under the leadership of B.R.Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely new constitution for the country. The Constitution of India was eventually
President of India
20900835
GNCTD's executive powers were not binding on the lieutenant governor. Singh also said that because the Article239AA of the Constitution of India came under the section for union territories, Delhi was a union territory. While hearing the case, the supreme court said Delhi's lieutenant governor had more powers than state governors, who were supposed to generally follow the aid and advice of the state chief minister-led council of ministers. The supreme court ruled that according to the Article239AA of the Indian constitution, although the government had to keep him or her informed of its decisions, Delhi's lieutenant governor had no
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India
14296713
the advice back for reconsideration once. But if the Council of Ministers sends the same advice again to the President then the President must accept it. The amendment went into effect from 20 June 1979. In this case Supreme Court made some very important pronouncements regarding scope and effect of Clause (2) of Article 74. Article 74(2) barred courts from inquiring into the advice given by Council of Ministers to President. In a way the advice of Council of Ministers was kept out of Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review by this article. In this regard Supreme Court held that
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
2445568
Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the Prime Minister and his Union Council of Ministers. Those elected or nominated
Parliament of India
1267979
the leader of the majority party or coalition). the president then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the prime minister. The Council of Ministersa remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the president. The president appoints 12 members of the Rajya Sabha from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in respect of such matters as literature, science, art and social service. President may nominate not more than two members of Anglo Indian community as Lok Sabha members per Governors of states are also appointed by the
President of India
20900814
lieutenant governor of Delhi had no independent decision-making powers and was bound to follow the "aid and advice" of the Delhi chief-minister-headed council of ministers of the Government of Delhi on all matters except those pertaining to police, public order and land. The verdict was positively received almost unanimously by politicians from multiple parties. The Government of India Act 1919 and the Government of India Act 1935 of the Parliament of the United Kingdom during the British rule in India classified Delhi as a chief commissioner's province, which meant Delhi was directly ruled by the governor-general through his or her
Government of NCT of Delhi v. Union of India
14219461
article 74(2) of the constitution provides that the court cannot inquire as to any, and if so what, advice was tendered by Council of Ministers to the President. In this regard Supreme Court held that although Article 74(2) bars judicial review so far as the advice given by the Ministers is concerned, it does not bar scrutiny of the material on the basis of which the advice is given. The material on the basis of which advice was tendered does not become part of the advice. The Courts are justified in probing as to whether there was any material on
S. R. Bommai v. Union of India
3412025
must not exceed 15% of the total number of members of the Lok Sabha. Ministers must be members of parliament. Any minister who is not a member of either of the houses of the parliament for six consecutive months is automatically stripped off his or her ministerial post. There are five categories of council of ministers as given below, in descending order of rank: Pursuant to , a minister who works at the pleasure of president, is appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister. Every state in India is governed by its council of ministers with
Union Council of Ministers
1267972
assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him (rather than return it to parliament) thereby exercising a pocket veto on the advice of prime minister or council of ministers per if it is inconsistent to the constitution. Article 143 gave power to the president to consult the supreme court about the constitutional validity of an issue. The president shall assent to constitutional amendment bills without power to withhold the bills per . When either of the two Houses of the Parliament of India is not in session, and if the government feels the need for an immediate
President of India
14219453
most important question which the Supreme Court had to determine was whether the Presidential Proclamation under Article 356 was justiciable and if so to what extent. The second contention was whether the President has unfettered powers to issue Proclamation under Article 356(1) of the Constitution. It was contended that since the Proclamation under Article 356[1] would be issued by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers given under Article 74(1) of the Constitution and since Clause [2] of the said Article bars inquiry into the question whether any, and if so, what advice was tendered by Ministers
S. R. Bommai v. Union of India
2489017
State, and the President has the power to issue directions he deems necessary to ensure that they are provided these facilities. States have significantly less freedom in relation to determine the language in which judicial proceedings in their respective High Courts will be conducted. The constitution gives the power to authorise the use of Hindi, or the state's official language in proceedings of the High Court to the Governor, rather than the state legislature, and requires the Governor to obtain the consent of the President of India, who in these matters acts on the advice of the Government of India.
Languages with official status in India
8832767
Taylor advised the president to use nuclear weapons should the Americans intervene in such a situation. Kennedy insisted that Washington defend India as it would any ally, saying, "We "should" defend India, and therefore we "will" defend India." Kennedy's ambassador to India was the noted liberal economist John Kenneth Galbraith, who was considered close to India. While in India, Galbraith helped establish one of the first Indian computer science departments, at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh. As an economist, he also presided over the (at the time) largest US foreign aid program to any country. Following
India–United States relations
3677965
Nápoles de Paiva, and served until his own retirement in 1956. He was twice President of the Supreme Federal Court, from 1945 to 1949, and from 1954 to 1956. José Linhares often sought the advice of his trusted British aid, Will Jenkinson, with whom he discussed many of his policies. These were often discussed over a cup of tea and Jenkinson's favourite Viscount biscuits. Upon Jenkinson's advice, Linhares devoted himself mainly to prepare the return to democratic order, replacing the stakeholders in the states by judiciary members, giving the new parliament constitution-making powers, extinguishing the Court of National Security, abolishing
José Linhares
15403010
into three categories: 1) Those so hopelessly headed for or in the grip of famine (whether because of overpopulation, agricultural insufficiency, or political ineptness) that our aid will be a waste; these "can't-be-saved nations" will be ignored and left to their fate; 2) Those who are suffering but who will stagger through without our aid, "the walking wounded"; and 3) Those who can be saved by our help." The Paddocks were aware that their policy of abandoning food aid to the "hopeless countries" (India and Egypt for example) would lead to an immediate worsening of the situation there, but they
Famine 1975! America's Decision: Who Will Survive?
12058785
opposed to the regime of the President of Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom to gain control while the PLOTE sought a safe haven and base for its activities. The militants took control of the airport in Malé, the national capital, but failed to capture the President of Maldives Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, who had fled and asked for military aid from India on 3 November. The then-Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi ordered 1,600 troops to aid the Maldivian government. In a military operation codenamed "Operation Cactus," Indian forces arrived within 12 hours of the request for aid being made, squashed the coup
India–Maldives relations
1267977
officers is bound by the provisions of the constitution notwithstanding any advice by union cabinet. Per , it is the duty of President to enforce the decrees of the supreme court. The primary duty of the president is to preserve, protect and defend the constitution and the law of India per . The president appoints the Chief Justice of India and other judges on the advice of the chief justice. He dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the parliament pass resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present. Attorney General for
President of India
729883
He took India to great heights. He showed the way." Former Prime Minister Dr Manmohan Singh, who had served as prime minister under Kalam, said, "our country has lost a great human being who made phenomenal contributions to the promotion of self reliance in defence technologies. I worked very closely with Dr. Kalam as prime minister and I greatly benefited from his advice as president of our country. His life and work will be remembered for generations to come." ISRO chairman A. S. Kiran Kumar called his former colleague "a great personality and a gentleman", while former chairman G. Madhavan
A. P. J. Abdul Kalam
14789048
was provided Brig D.S. Brar and Brig M. Ayub Khan (who later became field marshal and President of Pakistan) from India and Pakistan respectively as "Military Advisors". He was later provided Brig K.S. Thimayya (India) and Brig Nazir Ahmed (Pakistan) as "Alternate Military Advisors". However, Gen Rees refused to heed advice from his advisors, which led to his being criticised; he rebuked Thimayya that he was not going to take advice from him being ten years his senior. In addition, Rees was criticised by politicians from both sides. In the 25 August meeting of the Joint Defence Council at Lahore,
Punjab Boundary Force
14219462
the basis of which the advice was given, and whether it was relevant for such advice and the President could have acted on it. Hence when the Courts undertake an inquiry into the existence of such material, the prohibition contained in Article 74(2) does not negate their right to know about the factual existence of any such material. This is not to say that the Union Government cannot raise the plea of privilege under Section 123 of the Evidence Act. As and when such privilege against disclosure is claimed, the Courts will examine such claim within the parameters of the
S. R. Bommai v. Union of India
16288244
Legal Aid Bureau The Legal Aid Bureau (LAB) in Singapore is a department under the Ministry of Law of the Government of Singapore. LAB provides legal representation and advice in civil matters to persons of limited means. The department is headed by the Director of Legal Aid. LAB was set up on 1 July 1958, following the passing of the Legal Aid and Advice (Amendment) Bill on 11 June 1958. The Legal Aid and Advice Ordinance later became the Legal Aid and Advice Act – the key legislation that governs the work of LAB. In 1984, LAB became a department
Legal Aid Bureau
17040879
above. The government raised the financial requirements for private sector candidates while keeping the requirements of public sector candidates constant, stating it is adopting a "cautious" approach given the other concurrent changes to other aspects of eligibility criteria. On 8 November 2016, PM Lee, under the advice from Attorney-General, announced that the 2017 Presidential Election will be reserved for candidates from the Malay community. "We have taken the Attorney-General's advice. We will start counting from the first President who exercised the powers of the Elected President, in other words, Dr Wee Kim Wee. That means we are now in the
2017 Singaporean presidential election
621396
Territory of Delhi, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Central government and the post is largely ceremonial, as the Chief Minister of the Union Territory of Delhi is the head of government and is vested with most of the executive powers. According to the Indian constitution, if a law passed by Delhi's legislative assembly is repugnant to any law passed by the Parliament of India, then the law enacted by the parliament will prevail over the law enacted by the assembly. New Delhi is governed through a municipal government, known as the New Delhi Municipal
New Delhi
2735556
workers. Workers unions in turn started to provide workers with legal advice on their new economic, social and cultural rights. Demand for these services was high and in an attempt to provide workers with non-partisan advice, many governments started to provide legal aid by the early 20th century. In the 20th century, legal aid has developed together with progressive principles; it has often been supported by those members of the legal profession who felt that it was their responsibility to care for those on low income. Legal aid is driven by what lawyers can offer to meet the "legal needs"
Legal aid
5305604
responsibilities (following Ta'if) include: Previously to Ta'if, the president only needed the "favourable advice" of his ministers, rather than a clear consensus/majority. Nevertheless, while it may seem that the president is a "symbolic role" or significantly subjected to the will of his ministers, constitutionally, it is not so. The president retains the right to fire the entire government at will, and is still the person who nominates every minister - thereby effectively ensuring that they will all be favorable to him. In practice, the president's office has been weakened because of a) no clear majorities of parties and blocs in
President of Lebanon
12693317
Palestinian officers utilised the facilities for training. In October 2008 PAP President Abbas visited New Delhi where he met with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh who announced an assistance of US$20 million to the Palestinian Authority and promised to do all New Delhi can to help it in the PNA's endeavours. PNA President Mahmoud Abbas paid a state visit to India in September 2012, during which India pledged US$10 million as aid. Indian officials said it was the third such donation, adding that New Delhi was committed to helping other development projects. India also pledged support to Palestine's bid for
India–Palestine relations
16514811
On April 22, 2012, after more than a year and a half of negotiations, Afghanistan and the United States finalized the draft text for the US Afghan strategic partnership, which will be reviewed by both countries' governments before it becomes final after the Afghan and American president sign it. The agreement named "Enduring Strategic Partnership Agreement between Afghanistan and the United States" has a duration of at least 10 years, lays out the framework for a future U.S. role in Afghanistan, including aid assistance and governance advice, and covers the areas of social and economic development, institution building, regional cooperation
U.S.–Afghanistan Strategic Partnership Agreement
20646825
up of a number of Baptist churches of his city and state. His advice was frequently sought in matters of finance and church policy in the Baptist denomination. He was president of the Cherry Building and Loan Society, treasurer of the Reliable Mutual Aid and Improvement Company, and treasurer of the Reliable Business Men's Building. He was a member of the board of trustees for the Home for Aged and Infirm Colored People, and member of the board of trustees for the Olive Cemetery. As president of the Pennsylvania Sunday School Convention, it was he who suggested the necessity of
John S. Trower
19390026
was founded by Mitra. In 1953 he designed and constructed the first computer built in India, an electronic analogue computer for solving linear equations with ten variables and related problems. He was UNTAA Adviser on Computing, Moscow, and was responsible for bringing a massive technical aid to India from the U.S.S.R amounting to nearly one crore rupees under UNTTA, 1955. He was an adviser to the Ministry of Defense, Government of India, for computation of ballistic trajectories in 1959 and under his advice the firing table for the first gun produced in India in 1962 was done. Member, Indian National
Samarendra Kumar Mitra
16194737
citizenry. It narrates the chequered history of Nepal's economy- from the time of unification, through decades of autocracy, mixed economy and foreign aid dependence, to the 'conflictonomics' of the Maoist guerrilla war and a remittance economy driven by the labour of Nepali diaspora. Unleashing Nepal will also tell the stories of figures who are a crucial part of Nepal's economic life—the night watchman in India or Dubai, the selfish aristocrat of the past, the foreign aid worker and the modestly venal government servant. More unusually, the reader will read about Nepali youth with global desires and resourceful village communities who
Unleashing Nepal
2445581
demonetisation (note ban) initiative by Narendra Modi Government on 8 November 2016. Parliament of India The Parliament of India is the supreme legislative body of the Republic of India. The Parliament is composed of the President of India and the houses. It is a bicameral legislature with two houses: the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) and the Lok Sabha (House of the People). The President in his role as head of legislature has full powers to summon and prorogue either house of Parliament or to dissolve Lok Sabha. The president can exercise these powers only upon the advice of the
Parliament of India
2395480
in." The warrant will be delivered to the Sudanese government, which has stated that it will not carry it out. The Sudanese government retaliated against the warrant by expelling a number of international aid agencies, including Oxfam and Mercy Corps. President Bashir described the aid agencies as thieves who take "99 percent of the budget for humanitarian work themselves, giving the people of Darfur 1 percent" and as spies in the work of foreign regimes. Bashir promised that national agencies will provide aid to Darfur. During a visit to Egypt, al-Bashir was not arrested, leading to condemnation by Amnesty International.
Omar al-Bashir
8832763
party mediation. His 1949 tour of the US was "an undiplomatic disaster" that left bad feelings on both sides. India rejected the American advice that it should not recognise the Communist conquest of China, but it did back the US when it supported the 1950 United Nations resolution condemning North Korea's aggression in the Korean War. India tried to act as a broker to help end that war, and served as a conduit for diplomatic messages between the US and China. Meanwhile, poor harvests forced India to ask for American aid for its food security, which was given starting in
India–United States relations
15710592
variant of a parliamentary system and the presidential system, the Cabinet "advises" the Head of State: the difference is that, in a parliamentary system, the monarch, viceroy or ceremonial president will almost always follow this advice, whereas in a presidential system, a president who is also head of government and political leader may depart from the Cabinet's advice if they do not agree with it. In practice, in nearly all parliamentary democracies that do not follow the Westminster system, and in three countries that do (Japan, Ireland, and Israel), very often the Cabinet does not "advise" the Head of State
Cabinet (government)
18036954
personal assistant of Prime Minister of India Morarji Desai. In 1978, he became an advocate-on-record of the Supreme Court of India and served as a standing counsel for the Central Government in the Supreme Court of India from 1980 to 1993. He practiced in the Delhi High Court and Supreme Court until 1993. As an advocate, he provided pro-bono aid to weaker sections of society, women and the poor under the Free Legal Aid Society of New Delhi. He joined the BJP in 1991. He was President of the BJP Dalit Morcha between 1998 and 2002 and President of the
Ram Nath Kovind
5164583
precedence. The current CAG of India is Rajiv Mehrishi, who assumed office on 25 September 2017. He is the 13th CAG of India. The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India is appointed by the President of India following a recommendation by the Prime Minister. On appointment, he/she has to make an oath or affirmation before the President of India. "I,(name of the person being appointed), having appointed Comptroller and Auditor-General of India do swear in the name of God/solemnly affirm that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of India as by law established, that I will uphold
Comptroller and Auditor General of India
1267982
the president are independent of the opinion of the prime minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most cases, however, the president exercises his executive powers on the advice of the prime minister and the cabinet. The president can declare three types of emergencies: national, state and financial, under articles 352, 356 & 360 in addition to promulgating ordinances under article 123. A national emergency can be declared in the whole of India or a part of its territory for causes of war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in 1962 (Indo-China
President of India
203153
in rupees rather than in dollars. The easy trade deals also applied to non-military goods. Under Indira by the early 1980s the USSR became the largest trading partner of India. When Indira came to power in 1966, Lyndon Johnson was the US President. At that time, India was reliant on USA for food aid. Indira resented the US policy of food aid as a tool in forcing India to adopt policies favored by the US. She also resolutely refused to sign the NPT (Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons). Relations with US strained badly under President Richard Nixon and
Indira Gandhi
11304233
of Legal Practice in 1995. He was called to the Bar in October 1996. He has been a practicing lawyer since. He was called to the Malayian Bar in 1996. He was instrumental in developing the Malaysian Bar Legal Aid Dock-Brief programme. The Dock Brief programme was developed to ensure that all those brought to court to be charged, who do not yet have a lawyer, do receive free legal advice and legal representation. If the accused plead guilty, they will be assisted with regards to mitigation. And if they do claim trial, then they will be assisted with regard
Charles Hector
2873138
the Lok Sabha majority. In most other cases, however, the president exercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the prime minister. The vice president is the second highest constitutional position in India after the president. The vice president represents the nation in the absence of the president and takes charge as acting president in the incident of resignation impeachment or removal of the president. The vice president also has the legislative function of acting as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. The vice president is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members
Government of India
15327324
there are currently RedR organisations in Australia, Canada, India, Malaysia, New Zealand and South Africa. RedR was founded in London in 1980 by engineer Peter Guthrie following time spent delivering aid during the Vietnamese Boat People Crisis. Mr. Guthrie said: “When I returned [from the refugee crisis in Malaysia] I saw the pressing need for engineers to help in this sort of work and compiled a register of engineers who could be called upon at short notice to work with frontline relief agencies.” On the advice of Oxfam’s chief engineer Jim Howard, Oxfam provided seed funding and RedR was formally
RedR
14296714
although Article 74(2) bars judicial review so far as the advice given by the Ministers is concerned, it does not bar scrutiny of the material on the basis of which the advice is given. It also said that the material on the basis of which advice was tendered does not become part of the advice and courts are justified in probing as to whether there was any material on the basis of which the advice was given, and whether it was relevant for such advice and the President could have acted on it. The court also said that, when the
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
12945538
ballads of the Anglo-Scottish border. Unlike brownies, who usually provide practical domestic aid, Billy Blind usually only provides advice. He appears in the ballad of "Young Bekie", in which he warns Burd Isbel, the woman Bekie is pledged to marry, that Bekie is about to marry another woman. He also appears in the ballad of "Willie's Lady" in which he also provides advice, but offers no practical aid. Briggs notes stories of other household spirits from British folklore who are reputed to haunt specific locations. The "cellar ghost" is a spirit who guards wine in cellars from would-be thieves; Lazy
Brownie (folklore)
3282535
an eminent jurist, in the opinion of the President and must be a citizen of India.) The 15th and current Attorney General is K. K. Venugopal. He was appointed by Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India at that time. He was formally appointed as with effect from 30 June 2017 and shall have a tenure of 3 years. The Attorney General is necessary for giving advice to the Government of India in legal matters referred to him. He also performs other legal duties assigned to him by the President. The Attorney General has the right of audience in all Courts
Attorney General of India
13515466
is the shisham ("Dalbergia sissoo"). Punjab is governed through a parliamentary system of representative democracy. Each of the states of India possesses a parliamentary system of government, with a ceremonial state Governor, appointed by the President of India on the advice of the central government. The head of government is an indirectly elected Chief Minister who is vested with most of the executive powers. The term length of the government is five years. The state legislature, the Vidhan Sabha, is the unicameral Punjab Legislative Assembly, with 117 members elected from single-seat constituencies. The current Government was elected in the 2017
Punjab, India
191482
own declaration on 18 November 1988; although relations were first established in 1974. PNA President Abbas paid a State visit to India in September 2012, during which India pledged $10 million as aid. Indian officials said it was the third such donation, adding that New Delhi was committed to helping other development projects. India also pledged support to Palestine's bid for full and equal membership of the UN. Bilateral relations between India and the Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to co-operation in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, who
Foreign relations of India
1880273
151.) A more detailed version: I am arresting you for (charge). It is my duty to inform you that you have the right to retain and instruct counsel without delay. You may call any lawyer you want. There is a 24-hour telephone service available which provides a legal aid duty lawyer who can give you legal advice in private. This advice is given without charge and the lawyer can explain the legal aid plan to you. If you wish to contact a legal aid duty lawyer, I can provide you with a telephone number. Do you understand? Do you want
Right to silence
8819368
from an alliance with both superpowers. Both the [[Military of Pakistan]] and [[Foreign Service of Pakistan]] raised doubts as to whether the Soviets had the political will and capacity to provide military, technical, and economic aid to a similar degree that Soviets had begun to offer to Pakistan's socialist neighbor, India. Pakistan nevertheless requested military aid from the USSR, which was predictably rebuffed as the Soviet Union had previously oriented itself to India. The government's overtures to the Soviet Union were not favorably regarded by Pakistan's conservative middle classes, who regarded the USSR as an atheist and socialist ally of
Pakistan–United States relations
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it undertakes an inquiry into the existence of such material, the prohibition contained in Article 74(2) does not negate their right to know about the factual existence of any such material. The court also made clear, through para 83 of the judgement, that Article 74(2) gives freedom to the President by making his order unquestionable on the ground that it was either contrary to the advice tendered by the ministers or was issued without obtaining any advice from the ministers. The object of Article 74(2) was only to make the question whether the President had followed the advice of the
Article 74 of the Constitution of India
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must attempt to win over the Vampire King and Queen. They know this will be difficult because of the centuries of distrust and hatred between the two races. Because the Empire hates all that is unscientific and irrational, the Vampires know that if the Icemark falls, the Empire will wipe out the Vampires next. With this in mind, the Vampires reluctantly agree to send aid. On the advice of King Grishmak of the werewolves, Thirrin and Oskan travel to the Hub of the World, to try to ally themselves with the Snow Leopards, led by Tharaman-Thar, who live there. The
The Cry of the Icemark
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State of Emergency in India A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when he/she perceives grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers and using the powers vested in him/her largely by Part XVIII of the Constitution of India, the President can overrule many provisions of the constitution, which guarantee fundamental rights to the citizens of India and acts governing devolution of powers to the
State of Emergency in India
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Planning Aid Planning Aid provides free urban and environmental planning advice to individuals and community groups who cannot afford to pay a professional consultant, via a number of charitable organisations throughout the UK. A similar scheme, Community Technical Aid, operates in part of Ireland. Planning Aid began in the early 1970s when the London Planning Aid Service (LPAS) launched. Planning Aid organisations in other parts of the UK developed throughout the 1970s, 80s and 90s. A number of these are still independent - notably Planning Aid for Scotland, Planning Aid London and Planning Aid Wales. Others are run by the
Planning Aid
6218211
implementation of a Planning Aid scheme. A geographically very limited planning aid service has been provided since 1995 by Community Technical Aid, an NGO based in the north inner city area of Dublin. Planning Aid Planning Aid provides free urban and environmental planning advice to individuals and community groups who cannot afford to pay a professional consultant, via a number of charitable organisations throughout the UK. A similar scheme, Community Technical Aid, operates in part of Ireland. Planning Aid began in the early 1970s when the London Planning Aid Service (LPAS) launched. Planning Aid organisations in other parts of the
Planning Aid
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one of the functions of the Cabinet Secretariat. The Cabinet Secretariat comprises three wings: Civil, Military and Intelligence. The Civil wing is considered to be the main wing and provides aid, advice and assistance to the Union Cabinet. The purpose of having the Military wing is to have better coordination in Intelligence and to provide secretarial assistance to the Defence Committee of the Cabinet and the National Defence Council. The Military wing is represented by an officer of the rank of major general, or its equivalents in the Indian Armed Forces, who is designated as a joint secretary in the
Cabinet Secretary of India
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National Defence University (INDU) at Binola in Gurgaon on 23 May 2013. it is expected to be functional by 2018-19. This autonomous University will be instituted by the Act of the Parliament of India, and President of India will be a Visitor, and the Defence Minister will be the Chancellor. INDU will be governed as per its own norms and will be responsible to promote coordination and interaction between Institutions of Armed Forces or establishments of the country. Defence training institutions will be affiliated to award degrees. The institute will be headed by a President, who will be a three
Indian National Defence University
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in its quality or its social impact by economic constraints that dictate who can access these services and where the aforementioned services are geographically located. Legal aid has a close relationship with the welfare state, and the provision of legal aid by a state is influenced by attitudes towards welfare. Legal aid is a welfare provision by the state to people who could otherwise not afford counsel from the legal system. Legal aid also helps to ensure that welfare provisions are enforced by providing people entitled to welfare provisions, such as social housing, with access to legal advice and the
Legal aid
9874876
Committee members with the DPR's agreement. The president has the power to grant pardons but must consider the advice of the Supreme Court. The president also has the final say over chief justice candidates. The 1945 Constitution: The president is assisted by the vice-president and his or her ministers. The president is also able to seek advice from the Supreme Advisory Council (DPA). The Provisional Constitution: The president is assisted by the vice-president. The Amended 1945 Constitution: The president is assisted by the vice-president and his ministers. The president is also allowed to form his own advisory teams which will
President of Indonesia
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reason to think that, with the possible exception of India, the developing countries of the Commonwealth generally will be able to export less to Britain over a tariff of this amount than they would under a continuation of the quota system. So far as India is concerned, the Government will, when the time comes to determine the level of aid to India after 1972, take into account, against the background of India's general aid requirements at that time, any adverse effects on her exports arising from the tariff. The rates suggested by the report were accepted by the government, and
Cotton Board (United Kingdom)
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production of foodstuffs for vehicles, to sustain the American way of life." Chavez' complaints were quickly followed by then Cuban President Fidel Castro, who wrote that "you will see how many people among the hungry masses of our planet will no longer consume corn." "Or even worse," he continued, "by offering financing to poor countries to produce ethanol from corn or any other kind of food, no tree will be left to defend humanity from climate change."' Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua's President, and one of the preferential recipients of Brazil technical aid, said that "we reject the gibberish of those who
Food vs. fuel
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politics, and his public involvement in non-political affairs. Minister for Law K. Shanmugam has stated that "the quality of the advice given by the President ... would depend on the quality of the person giving the advice". He referred to the President's ability to speak to the Prime Minister in private – in this way he may be able to influence policy to some extent. The Prime Minister, however, will only give due weight to the President's opinions and advice if "the president has had substantial experience, is wise, knowledgeable and is trusted and respected by the PM". If the
Powers of the President of Singapore
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branches of the armed forces and the Foreign Affairs Ministry to take responsibility for organizing the aid, which consisted of food, drinking water and medical aid. Bangladesh announces humanitarian assistance worth US $1 million for the victims. India has pledged immediate supply of 15 tonnes of relief material. India will be following it up by sending a ship with relief material to the affected areas. On 14 November, India sent a relief package comprising medicines, hygiene and chemicals, tents, blankets, tarpaulins and ready to eat meals by an air force C-130J. Germany has been transporting 23 tons of aid as
Humanitarian response to Typhoon Haiyan
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pardons and paroles of municipal inmates, was adopted in 1908. Out of the Board of Pardons and Paroles, in 1910, grew the Board of Public Welfare, the first of its kind in the country. Billikopf was a board member and Volker the president. The board oversaw provision of social services and family aid, free legal advice, a loan agency and the inspection of factories and work places. Beginning in 1913, when he was only thirty, he was included in "Who’s Who In America". In 1914, the NAACP recruited Billikopf and other Jewish leaders for its board. In 1916 Billkopf was
Jacob Billikopf
19166412
Industrial Research. She married John Dynon in 1950; the couple had five children. In 1960, she organized a campaign to provide high school education for Japanese children fathered by Australian servicemen. From 1961 to 1967, she was president of the women's division of the Italo-Australian Welfare Association. She was chair of the Aid for India campaign and later served as president of Aid India. She was also involved in various campaigns for famine relief in south Asia. In 1967, she was appointed Knight of the Order of the Star of Italian Solidarity. Dynon died of cancer in Malvern at the
Moira Lenore Dynon
4029298
Courts. All money bills passed by the State legislatures are submitted to the President for his approval. He can direct the state to observe certain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters; but fundamental rights cannot be suspended. State of Emergency in India A state of emergency in India refers to a period of governance under an altered constitutional setup that can be proclaimed by the President of India, when he/she perceives grave threats to the nation from internal and external sources or from financial situations of crisis. Under the advice of the cabinet of ministers and using the powers
State of Emergency in India
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became concerned over the spread of communism in African nations, and sought Robinson's advice on how to deal with burgeoning African governments. Robinson warned U.S. officials not to blindly support European colonial powers over African nationalist movements, and stated that communism was a not serious threat among the African people. Robinson was eventually appointed to the State Department's Advisory Council on African Affairs. Upon the establishment of the Peace Corps in 1961, President John F. Kennedy and Sargent Shriver, recognizing Robinson's work with OCA, sought his advice on organizing aid efforts in developing nations. Kennedy later described the OCA as
James Herman Robinson
12047642
in New Delhi. Other than affirming "everlasting peace and friendship between the two Governments", the treaty provided for establishment of diplomatic and consular posts in each other's territories. The Republic of India was the only South Asian nation to recognize the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union's military presence in Afghan territories, and provided humanitarian aid to President Najibullah's Government in Afghanistan. Following the withdrawal of the Soviet armed forces from Afghanistan in 1989, India continued to support Najibullah's government with humanitarian aid. After its fall, India together with the international community supported the coalition government that
Afghanistan–India relations
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president of BAMCEF from 1987 until his death on 29 February 2000. His successor was Waman Meshram. BAMCEF BAMCEF is an Indian charitable organization. It was founded in 1978 to enlist the aid of the comparatively well-educated among the bahujans and other communities of India who suffer discrimination. It has no political or religious agenda, nor does it promote agitation to achieve its goals. BAMCEF is an acronym for "The All India Backward and Minority Communities Employees Federation". The term "backward" got its significance from the Constitution of India, which divides the oppressed and exploited Indians into categories on the
BAMCEF
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Dhiru worked for New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. Dhiru was the youngest president of the YWCA of Wellington and Hutt Valley and represented New Zealand twice at World YWCA young women's forums. She has served on the board of a number of charities such as Inspiring Stories Trust, Dress for Success Wellington and Trade Aid. In her work for Trade Aid, she travelled to India and Bangladesh to record stories of the Trade Aid partner groups which she then delivered to school, community and business groups to promote Fair Trade. In 2006, Dhiru entered the Miss India New Zealand beauty
Vanisa Dhiru
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an individual's access to justice. Supported by FLAC and represented by Mary Robinson, Josie Airey won her case against the state and assurances of an adequate scheme of legal aid were secured from the government. FLAC has inspired individuals and groups in other parts of the world to replicate its initiatives. One example is of Advocate Obaid Naseem Chaudhry of Islamabad, who is also providing free legal advice services. Free Legal Advice Centres Free Legal Advice Centres (FLAC) is a non-profit human rights organisation that provide pro bono publico assistance via a network of legal advice clinics throughout the Republic
Free Legal Advice Centres
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aid clients. Lawyers who accept these legal aid certificates are paid directly through Legal Aid Ontario in accordance with a rate that is designed to reflect the fees that would be typically paid by a client of modest means. In some cases, clients may have to repay Legal Aid Ontario some or all of the cost of their representation, depending on their income. Legal Aid Ontario helps fund a network of 76 legal clinics throughout the province. These legal clinics provide advice, and in some cases representation, primarily for civil law matters on matters such as: Legal clinics also play
Legal Aid Ontario
6003885
an executive council in the Constitution, Mason published his "Objections to the Constitution" on November 22, 1787 in the Virginia Journal. In this manuscript, originally written on the back of an early draft of the Constitution, Mason warned that the lack of a council would make for an unadvised president, who would act within the interests of friends, rather than the people at large: The President of the United States has no Constitutional Council, a thing unknown in any safe and regular government. He will therefore be unsupported by proper information and advice, and will generally be directed by minions
Federalist No. 70
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of the parliamentary party of BJP was organised at the Central Hall of the Parliament of India and Narendra Modi was elected as its leader. Subsequently, BJP president Rajnath Singh along with other leaders of the ally parties of NDA, met President Pranab Mukherjee at Rashtrapati Bhavan and handed over the support letter of 335 members of parliament and claimed for the government formation. Following this, Mukherjee invited Modi and under the powers vested on him under Constitution of India, appointed him as the Prime Minister of India and sought his advice for the names of the members of the
Modi ministry
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President of the Republic, who promotes solidarity and collegiality amongst government ministers. These meetings follow a set format. In the first part of a meeting, the Council deliberates over general interest bills, ordinances, and decrees. In the second part, the Council discusses individual decisions by each Minister regarding the appointment of senior civil servants. In the third part, usually either one Minister will give a presentation about some reform or project that he or she is directing, or the President will ask for advice on some subject from the Ministers. In addition, the Minister of Foreign Affairs provides the Council
Government of France
2735577
"failing" since cuts, "shattered local ecologies of advice". He added, "Legal aid deserts appear when there are not enough local providers of legal assistance, normally because of the Legal Aid Agency's preference of fewer, larger agencies, meaning that if those pull out of a local area there is little provision left. (...) The lost goodwill, subject expertise and local knowledge would take time to be rebuilt - but it is vital for communities that they are rebuilt." In civil cases including employment, administrative, constitutional and social cases, assistance under the Legal Advice Scheme Act (advice and, where necessary, representation) is
Legal aid
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Uttar Pradesh judiciary on the advice of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of India as well as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh. Other judges are appointed by the President of India on the advice of the Chief Justice of the High Court. "Subordinate Judicial Service", categorized into two divisions viz. Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service is another vital part of the judiciary of Uttar Pradesh. While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)/Judicial Magistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)/Chief Judicial Magistrate, the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service
Government of Uttar Pradesh
5797739
Chetaka Chetaka, also called King Chetaka or President Chetaka, was the representative of the Licchavi clan who ruled as a Republican President in Vaishali (India) reputed to have organised the Vajjian confederation of republics comprising the 9 Mallakis, 18 Gana Rajas of Kashi/Kosala and 9 Licchavi Republics. He was a 5th-century BC contemporary of Gautama Buddha and Jain Tirthankara (Teaching God) Mahavira. His system of government appears to have been a committee which elected a ceremonial king to act upon the committee's advice. His sister Trishala was married to Siddhartha and gave birth to 24th Tirthankara Mahavira, another daughter Chellana
Chetaka
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Defender Service" offices; they provide advice in police stations and advocacy in magistrates and crown courts. Civil legal aid is provided through solicitors and barristers in private practice but also by lawyers working in Law Centres and not-for-profit advice agencies. The provision of legal aid is governed by the Access to Justice Act 1999 and supplementary legislation, most recently the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. There are complaints cuts to legal aid have prevented the poorest people getting justice. Disabled people disputing benefit claims are usually denied legal aid forcing them to deal with complex and
Legal aid
3179667
the Working Committee approved the resolution against Gandhi's advice. Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal citing the greater good of all Indian Muslims. Azad had been the Congress president since 1939, so he volunteered to resign in 1946. He nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president and led the Congress into the interim government. Azad was appointed to head the Department of Education. However, Jinnah's "Direct Action Day" agitation for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked communal violence across India. Thousands of people were killed as Azad travelled across Bengal and Bihar to calm the
Abul Kalam Azad
11884061
CIA specifically supported Indonesian colonels who disapproved of Sukarno, and trained them and other subversives at the above-mentioned bases. In this way, the CIA provided aid, advice, and instructions directly to military rebel groups. In the summer of 1952, Philippine president Ramon Magsaysay offered the Huks a choice of either all-out friendship or all-out force. Magsaysay’s presidential term was set to end in December 1957, however, before he could leave office, he died in a plane crash in March 1957. According to a Memo intended for the Director of Central Intelligence, the death of Magsaysay caused the political polarization of
CIA activities in the Philippines
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was established to encourage students wishing to enter the Bar in either Scotland, Northern Ireland or England and Wales. The Bar Society's inaugural lecture took place on 7 November 2014 and was delivered by David Hope, Baron Hope of Craighead. The Honorary President of the Bar Society is Dundee alumnus Donald Findlay Q.C.. Law Clinic The student-run Law Clinic offers free legal advice and help to residents of Dundee, including both the local and student populations, who cannot afford a solicitor and do not qualify for legal aid. The Law Clinic became operational on 31 January 2011, and currently runs
Dundee Law School
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Decades") was followed later by "Material didactic Montessori" ("Montessori Teaching Aid"), "Educația nouă. Îndrumări pentru părinți și educatori" ("The New Education. Advice for Parents and Educators") etc. As she recalled in 1939, Sadoveanu began her feminist activism by joining the "Sprijinul" ("Support") Association of Bucharest. The group, Sadoveanu noted, was more dedicated to "encouraging and aiding women who earn a living through their own labor, rather than to organizing them in view of political life and women's suffrage demands." In fact, "Sprijinul" grouped together political women (including its president, Smaranda "Ema" Beldiman) and male pro-feminists (the socialist lawyer Toma Dragu).
Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan
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denied any wrongdoing on Patil's part, and noted that the funds utilized under MPLADS are audited by the Comptroller and Auditor General of India. Patil won the election held on 19 July 2007. She garnered nearly two-thirds of the votes and took office as India's first woman president on 25 July 2007. Patil's term as the President of India saw various controversies. She commuteddeath sentences of 35 petitioners to life, a record. President's Office, however, defended this by saying that President had granted clemency to the petitioners after due consideration and examining the advice of the Home Ministry. Patil was
Pratibha Patil
12933064
will affect generation after generation to come." In December 2011, United States President Barack Obama criticised nations that persecute homosexuals. In response, Belizean Prime Minister Dean Barrow reiterated that Belize would not change its laws. He argued that the issue is one for Belize to deal with and if the U.S. wanted to punish states by removing foreign aid for continuing such practice, then "they will have to cut off their aid". Under Section 5(1) of the "Immigration Act", "the following persons are prohibited immigrants – ... (e) any prostitute or homosexual or any person who may be living on
LGBT rights in Belize
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nor has advice and knowledge about those modes of transport been heeded. The Make Roads Safe campaign has responded to this criticism by arguing that the main beneficiaries of a greater focus on road safety and safer infrastructure design will be vulnerable road users (including pedestrians and cyclists) who are the victims of the majority of road injuries in developing countries. Billions of dollars are being invested in new and upgraded road infrastructure in Africa, Asia and Latin America and the Make Roads Safe campaign argues that this development aid should be invested with the safety and mobility needs of
Make Roads Safe
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100 people consisting of the victims’ relatives, NGO representatives, and other members of the community. Bosfam is currently working to open a counseling center in Srebrenica. This new Bosfam center will give legal advice to returnees and provide various workshops for women. Beba Hadžić, now the Director of Bosfam, says that the women survivors of the Srebrenica massacre are often misperceived as passive victims who simply sit and wait for foreign aid. The mission of this new centre is to challenge this misperception, raise the voice of educated and motivated women, and show that the survivors of Srebrenica are not
Bosfam
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Legal Aid Agency to provide advice in police stations and representation in magistrates and crown courts. The majority of state funded criminal defence work, however, is provided by private lawyers contracted to the Legal Aid Agency and paid by the case under the legal aid scheme. In Scotland a wider network of "Public Defender Solicitor Office" lawyers employed by the Scottish Legal Aid Board are available to represent those accused of crimes in addition to private lawyers paid under the legal aid scheme. In the United States, the term public defender is often used to describe a lawyer who is
Public defender
436683
President of Ireland; Jawaharlal Nehru, the first and longest serving Prime Minister of India; Rajiv Gandhi, Prime Minister of India; Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore; Samir Rifai, Prime Minister of Jordan and William Whitelaw, 1st Viscount Whitelaw, Lady Thatcher's Home Secretary and subsequent Deputy Prime Minister,Rahul Gandhi President INC of India. The head of Trinity College is called the Master. The role is a Crown appointment, formerly made by the Monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. Nowadays the Fellows of the College propose a new Master for the appointment, but the final decision is still in
Trinity College, Cambridge
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parliament against it, and that the appointment by the King is a formality. In practice, the monarch will ask the leader of a parliamentary block that has a majority in the Storting to form a government. The King relies on the advice of the previous prime minister and the President of the Storting in this question. The last time the King appointed a new prime minister contrary to the advice of the previous was in 1928 when he appointed the first Labour government. Article 12 states: "The King himself chooses a Council from among Norwegian citizens who are entitled to
Monarchy of Norway
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Will Aid Will Aid is a British charity will-writing scheme designed to reinforce the need for everyone to have a professionally drawn-up will and to raise funds for their partner charities. Will Aid was founded in 1988 following the example set by Band Aid and Live Aid and continues to run each November. Will Aid recruits solicitors all over the UK who agree to waive their usual fee for writing basic wills during 'Make a Will Month' in November. Will Aid is a partnership of nine charities: ActionAid, Age UK, the British Red Cross, Christian Aid, NSPCC, Save the Children,
Will Aid
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1990s, to control the outflux of graduates as well as to reduce if not arrest the brain drain to US and European countries, Mr. P.P. Chhabria, then the president of MCCI (A). Shri P P Chhabria sought advice from scientists like Padma Bhushan, Dr R A Mashelkar and Padma Shri Dr Vijay P Bhatkar, who have been closely associated with this institute over the years. On 28 May 2003, Bharat Ratna Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam, the former President of India, visited IIT and dedicated this institute to the service of the nation. Programs offered are as follows Several
International Institute of Information Technology, Pune