who was the famous indian astronomer who discovered that earth revolves on an axis
Aryabhata
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Common Era, for example by the Yavanajataka and the "Romaka Siddhanta", a Sanskrit translation of a Greek text disseminated from the 2nd century. Indian astronomy flowered in the 5th-6th century, with Aryabhata, whose "Aryabhatiya" represented the pinnacle of astronomical knowledge at the time. Later the Indian astronomy significantly influenced Muslim astronomy, Chinese astronomy, European astronomy, and others. Other astronomers of the classical era who further elaborated on Aryabhata's work include Brahmagupta, Varahamihira and Lalla. An identifiable native Indian astronomical tradition remained active throughout the medieval period and into the 16th or 17th century, especially within the Kerala school of astronomy
Indian astronomy
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based on theory rather than observation. He established the idea of a sphere of fixed stars that rotated about the earth. This was accepted by most of those who came after, in particular Claudius Ptolemy (2nd century CE), who thought the earth would be devastated by gales if it rotated. In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata wrote that the spherical earth rotates about its axis daily, and that the apparent movement of the stars is a relative motion caused by the rotation of the Earth. He provided the following analogy: "Just as a man in a boat going in
Earth's rotation
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the world originated from Gupta India. The ancient Gupta text Kama Sutra by the Indian scholar Vatsyayana is widely considered to be the standard work on human sexual behavior in Sanskrit literature. Aryabhata, a noted mathematician-astronomer of the Gupta period proposed that the earth is round and rotates about its own axis. He also discovered that the Moon and planets shine by reflected sunlight. Instead of the prevailing cosmogony in which eclipses were caused by pseudo-planetary nodes Rahu and Ketu, he explained eclipses in terms of shadows cast by and falling on Earth. The Gupta period is generally regarded as
Gupta Empire
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(the Bengal/Assam border), or possibly Chandraketugarh in southern Bengal (where a mound has been discovered amongst ruins with the names of Khana and Mihir associated with it) and that she was the daughter-in-law of the famous astronomer and mathematician, Varahamihira, a jewel among Chandragupta II Vikramaditya's famed Navaratna sabha. Daivajna Varāhamihir (505 – 587), also called Varaha or Mihira, was an Indian astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer born in Ujjain (or Bengal, according to some legends). The Indian Parliament building contains pictures of Varahamihira and Aryabhata, among other astronomers. Though little is known about his life, he supposedly hailed from South
Khana (poet)
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Moon, Mercury, Venus, the Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Cicero, in his "De Natura Deorum", enumerated the planets known during the 1st century BCE using the names for them in use at the time: In 499 CE, the Indian astronomer Aryabhata propounded a planetary model that explicitly incorporated Earth's rotation about its axis, which he explains as the cause of what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars. He also believed that the orbits of planets are elliptical. Aryabhata's followers were particularly strong in South India, where his principles of the diurnal rotation of Earth, among others,
Planet
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of a geometric model for it, and by developing methods to compute planetary positions using this model, like what Nicolaus Copernicus later did in the 16th century. During the Middle Ages, heliocentric models were also proposed by the Indian astronomer Aryabhata, and by the Persian astronomers Albumasar and Al-Sijzi. The Aristotelian model was accepted in the Western world for roughly two millennia, until Copernicus revived Aristarchus's perspective that the astronomical data could be explained more plausibly if the Earth rotated on its axis and if the Sun were placed at the center of the Universe. As noted by Copernicus himself,
Universe
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and Varahamihira were two great astronomers and mathematicians. Aryabhata stated that the earth moved round the sun and rotated on its own axis. Aryabhata, who is believed to be the first to come up with the concept of zero, postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun, and studied solar and lunar eclipses. Aryabhata's most famous work was "Aryabhatiya". Varahamihira's most important contributions are the encyclopaedic Brihat-Samhita and "Pancha-Siddhantika" (""). Metallurgy also made rapid strides. The proof can be seen in the Iron Pillar of Vaishali and near Mehrauli on the outskirts of Delhi, which was brought from
History of Bihar
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the times of the solar and lunar eclipses, and the instantaneous motion of the Moon. Early followers of Aryabhata's model included Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhaskara II. For a time, Muslim astronomers accepted the Ptolemaic system and the geocentric model, which were used by to show that the distance between the Sun and the Earth varies. In the 10th century, accepted that the Earth rotates around its axis. According to later astronomer al-Biruni, al-Sijzi invented an astrolabe called "al-zūraqī" based on a belief held by some of his contemporaries that the apparent motion of the stars was due to the Earth's
Heliocentrism
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K. C. Paul K C Paul or Kartik Chandra Paul (born 1942) is an Indian self-proclaimed scientist and astronomer who has for almost the last forty years, been trying to prove that the Sun revolves around the Earth and not vice versa. , according to a news article published in Ei Samay Sangbadpatra , Paul has shifted back to his house after a stay of 2 and a 1/2 years on the footpaths of Kolkata. He is still very interested to publicize his theory and works as he worked when he was on footpaths. Paul was born in 1942 in
K. C. Paul
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to his house after a stay of 2 and a 1/2 years on the footpaths of Kolkata. He is still very interested to publicize his theory and works as he worked when he was on footpaths. K. C. Paul K C Paul or Kartik Chandra Paul (born 1942) is an Indian self-proclaimed scientist and astronomer who has for almost the last forty years, been trying to prove that the Sun revolves around the Earth and not vice versa. , according to a news article published in Ei Samay Sangbadpatra , Paul has shifted back to his house after a stay
K. C. Paul
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with flying glass from broken windows, was an Apollo class asteroid. The largest known Apollo asteroid is 1866 Sisyphus, with a diameter of about 8.5 km. Examples of known Apollo asteroids include: Apollo asteroid The Apollo asteroids are a group of near-Earth asteroids named after 1862 Apollo, discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth in the 1930s. They are Earth crossing asteroids that have an orbital semi-major axis greater than that of the Earth (> 1 AU) but perihelion distances less than the Earth's aphelion distance (q < 1.017 AU). The closer their semi-major axis is to Earth's, the less eccentricity
Apollo asteroid
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required: The principles of sundials are understood most easily from the Sun's apparent motion. The Earth rotates on its axis, and revolves in an elliptical orbit around the Sun. An excellent approximation assumes that the Sun revolves around a stationary Earth on the celestial sphere, which rotates every 24 hours about its celestial axis. The celestial axis is the line connecting the celestial poles. Since the celestial axis is aligned with the axis about which the Earth rotates, the angle of the axis with the local horizontal is the local geographical latitude. Unlike the fixed stars, the Sun changes its
Sundial
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Apollo asteroid The Apollo asteroids are a group of near-Earth asteroids named after 1862 Apollo, discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth in the 1930s. They are Earth crossing asteroids that have an orbital semi-major axis greater than that of the Earth (> 1 AU) but perihelion distances less than the Earth's aphelion distance (q < 1.017 AU). The closer their semi-major axis is to Earth's, the less eccentricity is needed for the orbits to cross. The February 15, 2013 Chelyabinsk meteor that exploded over the city of Chelyabinsk in the southern Urals region of Russia, injuring an estimated 1000 people
Apollo asteroid
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of an angle by a purely geometric solution (intersection of a circle and an equilateral hyperbola.) Al-Biruni tells us that Al-Sijzi invented an astrolabe, called "al-zūraqī", whose design was based on the idea that the Earth rotates: Al-Biruni also referred to Al-Sijzi as a prominent astronomer who defended the theory that the earth rotates in "al-Qānūn al-Masʿūdī". The fact that some people did believe that the earth is moving on its own axis is further confirmed by a reference from the 13th century which states: "According to the geometers [or engineers] ("muhandisīn"), the earth is in constant circular motion, and
Al-Sijzi
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fall when the earth rotates, propounds a geocentric solar system of gravitation, and an eccentric elliptical model of the planets, where the planets spin on their axes and follow elliptical orbits, the Sun and the Moon revolve around the Earth in epicycles. He also writes that the planets and the Moon do not have their own light but reflect the light of the Sun, and that the Earth rotates on its axis causing day and night and also that the Sun rotates around the Earth causing years. Indian mathematician-astronomer Brahmagupta, in his "Brahma-Sphuta-Siddhanta", first recognizes gravity as a force of
Timeline of astronomy
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a consultant to NASA and the aerospace industry in mission design and Near-Earth Objects. He is the Mission Director for the B612 Foundation's Sentinel program that will find Near Earth Asteroids and identify potential Earth impact threats. He is listed in "Who's Who in America". Main-belt asteroid 13327 Reitsema was named in recognition of his achievements. Harold Reitsema Harold James Reitsema (born January 19, 1948) is an American astronomer who was part of the teams that discovered Larissa, the fifth of Neptune's known moons, and Telesto, Saturn's thirteenth moon. Reitsema and his colleagues discovered the moons through ground-based telescopic observations.
Harold Reitsema
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Chandler wobble The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. It amounts to change of about in the point at which the axis intersects the Earth's surface and has a period of 433 days. This wobble, which is a nutation, combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so that the total polar motion varies with a period of about 7 years. The Chandler wobble is an example of the kind of motion
Chandler wobble
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Aten asteroid The Aten asteroids are a dynamical group of asteroids whose orbits bring them into proximity with Earth. By definition, Atens are Earth-crossing asteroids . The group is named after 2062 Aten, the first of its kind, discovered on 7 January 1976 by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at Palomar Observatory. 1421 Atens have been discovered as of 2018, of which 12 are named. Many Atens are classified as potentially hazardous asteroids. Aten asteroids are defined by having a semi-major axis (a) of less than 1.0 astronomical unit (AU), the roughly average distance from the Earth to the Sun. They
Aten asteroid
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887 Alinda 887 Alinda ( ) is a very eccentric, near-Earth asteroid with an Earth minimum orbit intersection distance (MOID) of 0.092 AU. It is the namesake for the Alinda family group of asteroids and measures about 4 kilometers in diameter. The stony S-type asteroid was discovered by German astronomer Max Wolf at Heidelberg Observatory on 3 January 1918. Due to its high eccentricity and semi-major axis of 0.57 and 2.5 AU, respectively, it is a typical Amor III asteroid. It has both, a 1:3 orbital resonance with Jupiter and a close to 4:1 resonance with Earth. In addition, because
887 Alinda
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2062 Aten, a near-Earth object, and 2060 Chiron, a centaur and comet. His broad range of minor planet research included problems from mass determination to asteroid missions and from libration to depletion. He was honored by the outer main-belt asteroid 2959 Scholl, discovered by English–American astronomer Edward Bowell in 1983. Hans Scholl (astronomer) Hans Scholl (b. 1942) is a German astronomer, who worked at the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut in Heidelberg, Germany, and at the Côte d'Azur Observatory in Nice, France. In 1999, he was part of a team that discovered three moons of Uranus: Prospero, Setebos and Stephano. He has also
Hans Scholl (astronomer)
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the Saturn's guidance system caused the S-IVB to fly past the Moon at too high an altitude to achieve Earth escape velocity. It remained in a semi-stable Earth orbit after passing the Moon on November 18, 1969. It finally escaped Earth orbit in 1971 but was briefly recaptured in Earth orbit 31 years later. It was discovered by amateur astronomer Bill Yeung who gave it the temporary designation J002E3 before it was determined to be an artificial object. The Apollo 12 mission landed on November 19, 1969, on an area of the Ocean of Storms (Latin "Oceanus Procellarum") that had
Apollo 12
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coupled lenses to reduce chromatic aberration, devised a mirror to send light onto the specimen to be observed, and created the Vase microscope. quoted for having been used by Malpighi in his discovery of red blood cells flowing in capillaries around 1660. Eustachio Divini re-discovered the spot, the satellites shadows and the changing shape belt upon Jupiter in 1665, with his telescopes (after the famous astronomer Giovanni Domenico Cassini who first used Divini’s telescopes when he was living in Rome). These discoveries had permitted previously to argue out the rotation of Jupiter around its axis, whereas Divini was able to
Eustachio Divini
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Sun (not Earth) on the same orbital path as Earth, and appear to lead or follow Earth along the same orbital path. Other small natural objects in orbit around the Sun may enter orbit around Earth for a short amount of time, becoming temporary natural satellites. , the only confirmed example has been in Earth orbit during 2006 and 2007, though further instances are already predicted. The first major claim of another moon of Earth was made by French astronomer Frédéric Petit, director of the Toulouse Observatory, who in 1846 announced that he had discovered a second moon in an
Claimed moons of Earth
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theory, which holds that the earth is not a globe, but a flat square which revolves on a central axis with the sun stationary over the centre. Carpenter, a printer originally from Greenwich, England, published "Theoretical Astronomy Examined and Exposed – Proving the Earth not a Globe" in eight parts from 1864 under the name "Common Sense". He later emigrated to Baltimore where he published "A hundred proofs the Earth is not a Globe" in 1885. Carpenter argued that: Carpenter was a proponent of English writer Samuel Rowbotham (1816–1885), who produced a pamphlet, with Carpenter's assistance, called "Zetetic Astronomy" in
William Carpenter (flat Earth theorist)
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oceans caused by variations in temperature, salinity, and wind. The remaining third is due to atmospheric fluctuations. Chandler wobble The Chandler wobble or variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891. It amounts to change of about in the point at which the axis intersects the Earth's surface and has a period of 433 days. This wobble, which is a nutation, combines with another wobble with a period of one year, so that the total polar motion varies with
Chandler wobble
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of 15.1. This minor planet was named after Betulia Toro Herrick, wife of Samuel Herrick (1911–1974), an American astronomer who specialized in celestial mechanics. Herrick had studied the asteroid's orbit, and requested the name, along with that of 1685 Toro. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1979 (). 1580 Betulia 1580 Betulia, provisional designation , is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 4.2 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 22 May 1950, by South African astronomer Ernest Johnson at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg. The
1580 Betulia
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using trigonometry. The first successful published direct measurements of an object at interstellar distances were undertaken by German astronomer Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel in 1838, who used this approach to calculate the 3.5-parsec distance of 61 Cygni. The parallax of a star is defined as half of the angular distance that a star appears to move relative to the celestial sphere as Earth orbits the Sun. Equivalently, it is the subtended angle, from that star's perspective, of the semimajor axis of the Earth's orbit. The star, the Sun and the Earth form the corners of an imaginary right triangle in space:
Parsec
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was apparently quite strong, as the following passage from Plutarch suggests ("On the Apparent Face in the Orb of the Moon"): Cleanthes [a contemporary of Aristarchus and head of the Stoics] thought it was the duty of the Greeks to indict Aristarchus of Samos on the charge of impiety for putting in motion the Hearth of the Universe [i.e. the Earth], ... supposing the heaven to remain at rest and the Earth to revolve in an oblique circle, while it rotates, at the same time, about its own axis The only other astronomer from antiquity known by name who supported
Universe
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The Envy Chronicles The Envy Chronicles is a series of paranormal romance novels by Joss Ware and published by Harper-Collins. The series is set in a dystopian world, fifty years after mass destruction of the human race. On June 10, 2010, the earth was encumbered by violent earthquakes, raging storms, towering tsunamis, and other natural disasters. The result of the devastating events was an earth shifted on its axis and a decimation of the bulk of the population. The series takes place fifty years after what is called The Change, and revolves around a group of men who time traveled
The Envy Chronicles
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2017 FZ2 was discovered by American astronomer Gregory Leonard on March 19, 2017 observing for the Mt. Lemmon Survey from Mount Lemmon Observatory. Its orbit is moderately eccentric (0.26), low inclination (1.81º) and a semi-major axis of 1.007 AU. Upon discovery, it was classified as an Apollo asteroid but also an Earth crosser by the Minor Planet Center. Its orbit is very chaotic but it is relatively well determined; as of September 26, 2017 its orbit is based on 52 observations (1 Doppler) spanning a data-arc of 8 days. has an absolute magnitude of 26.7 which gives a characteristic diameter
2017 FZ2
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Earth from the center of the universe, set the heavenly bodies in rotation around the Sun, and introduced Earth's daily rotation on its axis. While Copernicus's work sparked the "Copernican Revolution", it did not mark its end. In fact, Copernicus's own system had multiple shortcomings that would have to be amended by later astronomers. Tycho Brahe (1546–1601) was a Danish nobleman who was well known as an astronomer in his time. Further advancement in the understanding of the cosmos would require new, more accurate observations than those that Nicolaus Copernicus relied on and Tycho made great strides in this area.
Copernican Revolution
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what appears to be the motion of the heavens is actually due to the motion of the earth and not the stars." Al-Sijzi Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 945 - c. 1020, also known as al-Sinjari and al-Sijazi; ; Al-Sijzi is short for "Al-Sijistani") was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He is notable for his correspondence with al-Biruni and for proposing that the Earth rotates around its axis in the 10th century. He dedicated work to 'Adud al-Daula, who was probably his patron, and to the prince of Balkh. He also worked in
Al-Sijzi
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Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. According to radiometric dating and other sources of evidence, Earth formed over 4.5 billion years ago. Earth's gravity interacts with other objects in space, especially the Sun and the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite. Earth revolves around the Sun in 365.26 days, a period known as an Earth year. During this time, Earth rotates about its axis about 366.26 times. Earth's axis of rotation is tilted with respect to its orbital plane, producing seasons on Earth. The gravitational interaction between Earth and
Earth
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the angles at which the rate of change of is zero. One of these is not related to a physical angle; the other two determine the upper and lower bounds on the tilt angle, between which the gyroscope oscillates. The nutation of a planet happens because of gravitational attraction of other bodies that cause the precession of the equinoxes to vary over time so that the speed of precession is not constant. The nutation of the axis of the Earth was discovered in 1728 by the English astronomer James Bradley. Nutation makes a small change to the angle at which
Nutation
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Huygens (spacecraft) Huygens was an atmospheric entry probe that landed successfully on Saturn's moon Titan in 2005. Built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA), it was part of the "Cassini–Huygens" mission and became the first spacecraft ever to land on Titan and the farthest landing from Earth a spacecraft has ever made. The probe was named after the Dutch 17th-century astronomer Christiaan Huygens, who discovered Titan in 1655. The combined "Cassini–Huygens" spacecraft was launched from Earth on October 15, 1997. "Huygens" separated from the "Cassini" orbiter on December 25, 2004, and landed on Titan on January 14, 2005
Huygens (spacecraft)
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little debate on whether it might be heretical during the next 60 years. There was an early suggestion among Dominicans that the teaching of heliocentrism should be banned, but nothing came of it at the time. Some years after the publication of "De Revolutionibus" John Calvin preached a sermon in which he denounced those who "pervert the order of nature" by saying that "the sun does not move and that it is the earth that revolves and that it turns". On the other hand, Calvin is "not" responsible for another famous quotation which has often been misattributed to him: "Who
Heliocentrism
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Heraclides Ponticus Heraclides Ponticus ( "Herakleides"; c. 390 BC – c. 310 BC) was a Greek philosopher and astronomer who was born in Heraclea Pontica, now Karadeniz Ereğli, Turkey, and migrated to Athens. He is best remembered for proposing that the Earth rotates on its axis, from west to east, once every 24 hours. He is also hailed as the originator of the heliocentric theory, although this is doubted by some. Heraclides' father was Euthyphron, a wealthy nobleman who sent his son to study at the Platonic Academy in Athens under its founder Plato and under his successor Speusippus. According
Heraclides Ponticus
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did not know how, and that mass was lost; nuclear fission was only considered in 1933. James Bradley was an important astronomer from Gloucestershire, who discovered the aberration of light. Jan Ingenhousz, the Dutch biologist discovered photosynthesis in 1779 at Bowood House in Wiltshire; on 1 August 1774, Joseph Priestley discovered oxygen at Bowood House. A fossil of the oldest ancestor of the Tyrannosaurus was found in Gloucestershire; Mary Anning was a famous fossil collector from Lyme Regis. Edward Jenner was from Gloucestershire. Sir Benjamin Baker from Cheltenham jointly-designed the 1890 Forth Bridge. William Murdoch in 1792 lit his house
South West England
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is named after the "feathered serpent" Quetzalcoatl, the Mesoamerican deity of wisdom and culture who brought learning to the Toltec people. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). 1915 Quetzálcoatl 1915 Quetzálcoatl, provisional designation , is a very eccentric, stony asteroid classified as near-Earth object, about half a kilometer in diameter. It was discovered on 9 March 1953, by American astronomer Albert George Wilson at Palomar Observatory, California. It was named for Quetzalcoatl from Aztec mythology. "Quetzálcoatl" is an Amor asteroid – a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that approach the orbit of
1915 Quetzálcoatl
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Themis (hypothetical moon) On April 28, 1905, William H. Pickering, who had seven years earlier discovered Phoebe, announced the discovery of a tenth satellite of Saturn, which he promptly named Themis. The photographic plates on which it supposedly appeared, thirteen in all, spanned a period between April 17 and July 8, 1904. However, no other astronomer has ever confirmed Pickering's claim. Pickering attempted to compute an orbit, which showed a fairly high inclination (39.1° to the ecliptic), fairly large eccentricity (0.23) and a semi-major axis () slightly less than that of Hyperion. The period was supposedly 20.85 days, with prograde
Themis (hypothetical moon)
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1255 Schilowa 1255 Schilowa, provisional designation , is a background asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 34 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 July 1932, by Soviet astronomer Grigory Neujmin at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after Mariya Zhilova (Schilowa), who was Russia's first professional female astronomer. "Schilowa" is a non-family asteroid form the main belt's background population. Its the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.7 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,037 days; semi-major axis of 3.15 AU). Its orbit
1255 Schilowa
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Hermann Goldschmidt Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt (June 17, 1802 – April 26, 1866) was a German-French astronomer and painter who spent much of his life in France. He started out as a painter, but after attending a lecture by the famous French astronomer Urbain Le Verrier turned to astronomy. His discovery of the asteroid Lutetia in 1852 was followed by further findings and by 1861 Goldschmidt had discovered 14 asteroids. He received the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1861 for having discovered more asteroids than any other person up to that time. He died from complications of
Hermann Goldschmidt
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to simplify their production. In heliocentric models of the Solar system, the Earth orbits the Sun along with other bodies in Earth's galaxy, a contradiction according to the Greek-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (2nd century CE; see above), whose system placed the Earth at the center of the Universe and had been accepted for over 1,400 years. The Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (c.310 – c.230 BCE) had suggested that the Earth revolves around the Sun, but Copernicus' reasoning led to lasting general acceptance of this "revolutionary" idea. Copernicus' book presenting the theory ("De revolutionibus orbium coelestium", "On the Revolutions of the
History of physics
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1685 Toro 1685 Toro, provisional designation , is an eccentric stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 4 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 17 July 1948, by American astronomer Carl Wirtanen at Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton, California. It is named for Betulia Toro Herrick, wife of astronomer Samuel Herrick. "Toro" is an Apollo asteroid, a subgroup of near-Earth asteroids that cross the orbit of Earth. It orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.8–2.0 AU once every 1 year and 7 months (584 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination
1685 Toro
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November 2010. Hartley is credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of 3 asteroids made at the Siding Spring Observatory between 1996 and 1998, with and being near-Earth objects of the Amor group of asteroids. The outer main-belt asteroid 4768 Hartley was named in his honour, being deputy astronomer of the U.K. Schmidt telescope at Siding Spring, with which this minor planet was discovered. Naming citation was published on 27 June 1991 (). Malcolm Hartley Malcolm Hartley is an English-born astronomer, discoverer of minor planets and comets, who works at the Siding Spring Observatory in Australia. He's best
Malcolm Hartley
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Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld, who worked as a young astronomer at Heidelberg. 985 Rosina 985 Rosina, provisional designation , is a stony asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser on an eccentric orbit from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 8 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 14 October 1922, by astronomer Karl Reinmuth at the Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory in Germany. The asteroid's name is a common German female name, unrelated to the discoverer's contemporaries. "Rosina" is a Mars-crossing asteroid, a dynamically unstable group between the main belt and the near-Earth populations, crossing the orbit of Mars at 1.666 AU. It
985 Rosina
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famous comets reach great distances and are candidates for Hills cloud objects. For example, Comet Lovejoy, discovered on 15 March 2007 by Australian astronomer Terry Lovejoy, reached an aphelion distance of 2,850 AU. Comet Hyakutake, discovered in 1996 by amateur astronomer Yuji Hyakutake, has an aphelion of 3,410 AU. Comet Machholz, discovered on 27 August 2004 by amateur astronomer Donald Machholz, goes even further, to 4,787 AU. Comet McNaught, discovered on 7 August 2006 in Australia by Robert H. McNaught, became one of the brightest comets of recent decades, with an aphelion of 4,100 AU. Finally, one of the farthest-known
Hills cloud
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who had discovered 12 asteroids himself between 1911 and 1928. He had the prime responsibility for the famous "Franklin-Adams Star Camera" (Franklin-Adams photographic refractor) since its acquisition in 1909 "(also see 1925 Franklin-Adams)". The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center before November 1977 (). 1660 Wood 1660 Wood, provisional designation , is a stony Phocaea asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 12 kilometers in diameter. It was named after British–South African astronomer Harry Edwin Wood. "Wood" was discovered on 7 April 1953, by South African astronomer Jacobus Bruwer at Johannesburg Observatory in
1660 Wood
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Xi Zezong has claimed that Gan De, an ancient Chinese astronomer, discovered one of Jupiter's moons in 362 with the unaided eye. If accurate, this would predate Galileo's discovery by nearly two millennia. In his 2nd century work the "Almagest", the Hellenistic astronomer Claudius Ptolemaeus constructed a geocentric planetary model based on deferents and epicycles to explain Jupiter's motion relative to Earth, giving its orbital period around Earth as 4332.38 days, or 11.86 years. In 1610, Italian polymath Galileo Galilei discovered the four largest moons of Jupiter (now known as the Galilean moons) using a telescope; thought to be the
Jupiter
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axis was determined by the same apparatus, and we may conclude that it was the usual one for astronomical observations. In careful hands, it might give results of a high degree of accuracy. Macrobius Ambrosius Theodosius ("floruit" 395–423 CE) attributed the planetary theory where the Earth rotates on its axis and the interior planets Mercury and Venus revolve around the Sun which in turn revolves around the Earth, to the ancient Egyptians. He named it the "Egyptian System," and stated that "it did not escape the skill of the Egyptians," though there is no other evidence it was known in
Egyptian astronomy
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cloud" was proposed in 1981 by the astronomer J.G. Hills, from the Los Alamos Laboratory, who gave the region its name. He calculated that the passage of a star near the Solar System could have caused extinctions on Earth, triggering a "comet rain". Indeed, his research suggested that the orbits of most cloud comets have a semi-major axis of 10,000 AU, much closer to the Sun than the proposed distance of the Oort cloud. Moreover, the influence of the surrounding stars and that of the galactic tide should have sent the Oort cloud comets either closer to the Sun or
Hills cloud
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2100 Ra-Shalom 2100 Ra-Shalom, provisional designation , is an eccentric, carbonaceous asteroid and near-Earth object of the Aten group, approximately 2.7 kilometers in diameter. The asteroid was discovered on 10 September 1978, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory, California, who named it in commemoration of the Camp David Peace Accords. "Ra-Shalom" orbits the Sun at a distance of 0.5–1.2 AU once every 9 months (277 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.44 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. It was the second Aten asteroid to be discovered after 2062 Aten, the family's
2100 Ra-Shalom
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Richard Kowalski Richard A. Kowalski (born 1963) is an American astronomer who has discovered numerous asteroids and comets, among them, many near-Earth objects. Kowalski has had a lifelong interest in astronomy with an emphasis on planetary science. As an amateur in Florida during the 1990s he developed an interest in astrometric and photometric observations of asteroids. He started the "Minor Planet Mailing List" in mid-1997. Kowalski discovered 14627 Emilkowalski in 1998. In 1999 he was invited to use the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's 0.6-m Ritchey-Chrétien telescope to make observations in support of the Deep Space 1 mission. Also in 1999 he
Richard Kowalski
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entered the Earth's atmosphere over Sudan, becoming the first asteroid discovered before impact with the earth. Kowalski was honored with a small piece of . On January 1, 2014 Kowalski found another impacting asteroid, this was designated 2014 AA. The impact zone for this asteroid was in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. The main-belt asteroid 7392 Kowalski is named in his honor. Kowalski is a FAA certified commercial pilot holding Instrument and flight instructor ratings. He also runs a free-lance photography studio in Tucson, Arizona. Richard Kowalski Richard A. Kowalski (born 1963) is an American astronomer who has discovered
Richard Kowalski
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Scott Forbush Scott Ellsworth Forbush (April 10, 1904 – April 4, 1984) was an American astronomer, physicist and geophysicist who is recognized as having laid the observational foundations for many of the central features of solar-interplanetary-terrestrial physics, which at the time was an underdeveloped field of study. In 1937 Forbush discovered the Forbush Effect: an occasional decrease in the intensity of cosmic rays as observed on Earth that is caused by the solar wind and its interaction with the magnetosphere. Scott conducted most of his research during his career at the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM) of the Carnegie Institution
Scott Forbush
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Journal of Geophysical Research and The American Physical Society. His publications include but are not limited to: Scott Forbush Scott Ellsworth Forbush (April 10, 1904 – April 4, 1984) was an American astronomer, physicist and geophysicist who is recognized as having laid the observational foundations for many of the central features of solar-interplanetary-terrestrial physics, which at the time was an underdeveloped field of study. In 1937 Forbush discovered the Forbush Effect: an occasional decrease in the intensity of cosmic rays as observed on Earth that is caused by the solar wind and its interaction with the magnetosphere. Scott conducted most
Scott Forbush
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Al-Sijzi Abu Sa'id Ahmed ibn Mohammed ibn Abd al-Jalil al-Sijzi (c. 945 - c. 1020, also known as al-Sinjari and al-Sijazi; ; Al-Sijzi is short for "Al-Sijistani") was an Iranian Muslim astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer. He is notable for his correspondence with al-Biruni and for proposing that the Earth rotates around its axis in the 10th century. He dedicated work to 'Adud al-Daula, who was probably his patron, and to the prince of Balkh. He also worked in Shiraz making astronomical observations from 969 to 970. Al-Sijzi studied intersections of conic sections and circles. He replaced the old kinematical trisection
Al-Sijzi
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1000 Piazzia 1000 Piazzia, provisional designation "", is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the outer region of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 12 August 1923, by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory in southern Germany. The C-type asteroid has a rotation period of 9.5 hours. It was named after Italian Giuseppe Piazzi, who discovered 1 Ceres. "Piazzia" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.4–4.0 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,063 days; semi-major axis of
1000 Piazzia
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3267 Glo 3267 Glo, provisional designation , is an eccentric Phocaean asteroid and sizable Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately in diameter. It was discovered on 3 January 1981, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station in Flagstaff, Arizona. It was later named after American astronomer Eleanor Helin. "Glo" is an eccentric member of the Phocaea family (), that orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.6–3.0 AU once every 3 years and 7 months (1,299 days; semi-major axis of 2.33 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of
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first half of the 20th century, who defended this position in a famous debate with friend and prominent young Earth creationist Harry Rimmer. One modern defender is astronomer Hugh Ross, who in 1994 wrote "Creation and Time" defending the day-age view in great detail, and who founded the day-age creationist ministry Reasons to Believe. Another person who has defended the view is Rodney Whitefield. Day-age creationists differ from young Earth creationists in how they interpret a number of crucial Hebrew words in Genesis, and thus how they interpret the genealogies and creation account contained in it. They point out that
Day-age creationism
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NGC 492 NGC 492, also occasionally referred to as PGC 4976 or GC 280, is a barred spiral galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 590 million light-years from Earth and was discovered on December 6, 1850 by Irish engineer Bindon Blood Stoney. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 492, the discovery was made by Bindon Stoney, who discovered it along with NGC 486,
NGC 492
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NGC 490 NGC 490, also occasionally referred to as PGC 4973 or GC 277, is a lenticular galaxy in the constellation Pisces. It is located approximately 85 million light-years from Earth and was discovered on December 6, 1850, by Irish engineer Bindon Blood Stoney. Although John Dreyer, creator of the New General Catalogue, credits the discovery to astronomer William Parsons, he notes that many of his claimed discoveries were made by one of his assistants. In the case of NGC 490, the discovery was made by Bindon Stoney, who discovered it along with NGC 486, NGC 492 and NGC 500
NGC 490
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This minor planet was named after the Oljato–Monument Valley in Utah, on the Navajo Indian Reservation. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 March 1983 (). 2201 Oljato 2201 Oljato, provisional designation , is stony and extremely eccentric asteroid and sizable near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately 2 kilometers in diameter. "Oljato" was discovered by American astronomer Henry L. Giclas at the U.S Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, on 12 December 1947. After its discovery, this near-Earth Apollo asteroid became a lost asteroid for 32 years and was recovered under the provisional designation
2201 Oljato
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1084 Tamariwa 1084 Tamariwa, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the central regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 27 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 12 February 1926, by Soviet astronomer Sergey Belyavsky at the Simeiz Observatory on the Crimean peninsula. The asteroid was named after female paratrooper Tamara Ivanova, who died at an early age. "Tamariwa" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.3–3.0 AU once every 4 years and 5 months (1,610 days; semi-major axis of 2.69 AU).
1084 Tamariwa
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1281 Jeanne 1281 Jeanne, provisional designation , is a dark asteroid from the background population of the intermediate asteroid belt, approximately 22 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 25 August 1933, by astronomer Sylvain Arend at the Royal Observatory of Belgium in Uccle, who named it after his daughter, Jeanne. "Jeanne" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 2.0–3.1 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,492 days; semi-major axis of 2.56 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.21 and an
1281 Jeanne
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name of the ancient Greek astronomer Hipparchus, who is considered the founder of trigonometry and the discoverer of the precession of the equinoxes (due to the Earth wobbling on its axis). The spacecraft carried a single all-reflective, eccentric Schmidt telescope, with an aperture of . A special beam-combining mirror superimposed two fields of view, 58 degrees apart, into the common focal plane. This complex mirror consisted of two mirrors tilted in opposite directions, each occupying half of the rectangular entrance pupil, and providing an unvignetted field of view of about 1°×1°. The telescope used a system of grids, at the
Hipparcos
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Carl A. Wirtanen Carl Alvar Wirtanen (November 11, 1910, Kenosha, Wisconsin – March 7, 1990 Santa Cruz, California) was an American astronomer and discoverer of comets and minor planets who worked at Lick Observatory. He was of Finnish ancestry. Wirtanen discovered periodic comet 46P/Wirtanen, as well as eight asteroids, including notably the Apollo asteroid (29075) 1950 DA, which may have a non-negligible probability of impacting the Earth in the year 2880. He also discovered two other Apollo asteroids: 1685 Toro and 1863 Antinous. Based on the "Shane–Wirtanen survey", the Shane Wirtanen Catalogue, a count of galaxies, was his major work
Carl A. Wirtanen
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1340 Yvette 1340 Yvette, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous Themistian asteroid from the outer regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 29 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 27 December 1934, by astronomer Louis Boyer at the Algiers Observatory, who named it after his niece, Yvette. "Yvette" is a Themistian asteroid that belongs to the Themis family (), a very large family of nearly 5,000 member asteroids, named after 24 Themis. It orbits the Sun in the outer main belt at a distance of 2.8–3.6 AU once every 5 years and 8 months (2,075 days; semi-major axis of 3.18
1340 Yvette
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is a galaxy in the M81 group of galaxies, located approximately 12 million light-years from Earth with a redshift of 0.00043. It is classified as being between an elliptical and a spiral galaxy because it has faint arms and a large central bulge. NGC 2403 was first discovered by the 18th century astronomer William Herschel, who was working in England at the time. It has an integrated magnitude of 8.0 and is approximately 0.25° long. NGC 1502 is a magnitude 6.9 open cluster about 3,000 light years from Earth. It has about 45 bright members, and features a double star
Camelopardalis
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author and publisher, was de-emphasized to make this happen. The Adventure Girls at Happiness House is the third and final published work in this series. The book finds the six girls at Briarhurst College, where they have just arrived to begin their first year. The college has an unpopular new dean, and the main plot revolves around the efforts of an unknown individual to hurt or possibly kill her. A subplot center on Phyllis, who breaks her leg and needs an operation to be able to walk again, and on her unknown father, who is discovered to be a famous
The Adventure Girls
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NGC 1436 NGC 1436 (also called NGC 1437) is a barred spiral galaxy approximately 58 million light-years away from Earth in the constellation of Eridanus. It is a member of the Fornax I cluster. This galaxy was entered twice in the New General Catalogue, first as NGC 1436 and after that as NGC 1437. It was discovered by John Herschel on January 9, 1836, who described it as "very bright, and evidently a globular cluster". It later received designation NGC 1436. It was also observed by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop with his 9" reflector at Parramatta, who described it as
NGC 1436
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aforementioned Biblical verses and an interpretation of Maimonides to the effect that he ruled that the Earth is orbited by the sun. The Lubavitcher Rebbe also explained that geocentrism is defensible based on the theory of Relativity, which establishes that "when two bodies in space are in motion relative to one another, ... science declares with absolute certainty that from the scientific point of view both possibilities are equally valid, namely that the Earth revolves around the sun, or the sun revolves around the Earth", although he also went on to refer to people who believed in geocentrism as "remaining
Geocentric model
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Nayakan (2010 film) Nayakan is a 2010 Indian Malayalam-language crime film directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery and written by P. S. Rafeeq. It stars Indrajith Sukumaran, Thilakan, Jagathy Sreekumar, Dhanya Mary Varghese and Siddique. The film revolves around a Kathakali artist, Vardanunni (Indrajith), who joins the underworld to take revenge on those who killed his family and destroyed his life. Vardanunni is the son of famous Kathakali artist Ramankutty Ashan(master). Ashan's dream was to make his son also a famous Kathakali artist. But Varadanunni, having seen that his dad could not earn anything from his art, decides to go to
Nayakan (2010 film)
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Robert George Harrington Robert George Harrington (December 3, 1904 – June 15, 1987) was an American astronomer who worked at Palomar Observatory. He should not be confused with Robert Sutton Harrington, who was also an astronomer, but was born later and worked at the US Naval Observatory. He discovered or co-discovered a number of comets, including periodic comets 43P/Wolf–Harrington, 51P/Harrington (discovered in 1953), 52P/Harrington–Abell (discovered jointly with George Ogden Abell in 1955) and the comet/asteroid 107P/Wilson–Harrington, which he and Albert Wilson discovered in 1949 and which had become an asteroid by 1988. Harrington co-discovered the globular cluster Palomar 12 with
Robert George Harrington
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world known as Planet X. The Leather Goddesses have invaded Planet X and forced its inhabitants to become sex slaves. Barth has fled to Earth in a desperate effort to find humans who can help free his planet. The player can play as any of three characters: Barth (the alien), Zeke (the gas station owner), or Lydia (daughter of the astronomer who "discovered" Planet X). In an effort to further link this game to the original, Zeke was the son of the male protagonist from "LGOP". "Computer Gaming World" gave the game an unfavorable review, stating that it "seems to
Leather Goddesses of Phobos 2: Gas Pump Girls Meet the Pulsating Inconvenience from Planet X!
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Pathani Samanta Mahamahopadhyaya Chandrasekhara Singha Harichandana Mahapatra Samanta (Odia: ମହାମହୋପାଧ୍ୟାୟ ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରଶେଖର ସିଂହ ହରିଚନ୍ଦନ ମହାପାତ୍ର ସାମନ୍ତ), popularly known as Pathani Samanta (Odia: ପଠାଣି ସାମନ୍ତ) (13 December 1835 - 11 June 1904) was an Indian astronomer and scholar who measured the distance from earth with a bamboo pipe and many other traditional instruments that he built. This earned him the "Mahamahopadhyaya" award in 1893. His observations, research and calculations were compiled into a book Siddhanta Darpana which has verses written in Sanskrit in Odia script. Samanta was born in the princely state of Khandapada in Nayagarh district in the Indian state of
Pathani Samanta
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1117 Reginita 1117 Reginita, provisional designation , is a stony background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 10 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 24 May 1927, by Catalan astronomer Josep Comas i Solà at the Fabra Observatory in Barcelona, Spain, who named it after his niece. "Reginita" is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population. It orbits the Sun in the inner asteroid belt at a distance of 1.8–2.7 AU once every 3 years and 4 months (1,231 days; semi-major axis of 2.25 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.20 and
1117 Reginita
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in orbit within the Gliese 581 planetary system. The observations place the planet in an area where liquid water could exist on the planet's surface, that is, a habitable zone. If confirmed, this would be the first strong case for a potentially habitable Earth-like exoplanet yet discovered. One contributor to the team was Peter Jalowiczor, an amateur astronomer who analyzed some of the data the team released to the public. His work contributed to the discovery of four exoplanets. Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey The Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey (LCES) is a search for exoplanets using the Keck I optical telescope of the
Lick–Carnegie Exoplanet Survey
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James Whitney Young James Whitney Young (born January 24, 1941) is an American astronomer who worked in the field of asteroid research. After nearly 47 years with the Jet Propulsion Laboratory at their Table Mountain Facility, Young retired July 16, 2009. He was a very prolific minor planet-observer of both physical properties and astrometric positions, and had discovered more than 250 asteroids since 2002, most of them from the main-belt, as well as several near-Earth objects, Mars-crossers and Jupiter trojans. He also discovered SN 2004eg, an extra-galactic supernova. The Florian asteroid 2874 Jim Young was named in his honor. James
James Whitney Young
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of Hindi literature by writing poems in various magazines, including "Saraswati". In 1910, his first major work, "Rang mein Bhang" was published by Indian Press. With "Bharat Bharati", his nationalist poems became popular among Indians, who were struggling for independence. Most of his poems revolve around plots from Ramayana, Mahabharata, Buddhist stories and the lives of famous religious leaders. His famous work "Saket" revolves around Urmila, wife of Lakshmana, from Ramayana, while another of his works "Yashodhara" revolves around Yashodhara, the wife of Gautama Buddha. प्राण न पागल हो तुम यों, पृथ्वी पर वह प्रेम कहाँ.. मोहमयी छलना भर है,
Maithili Sharan Gupt
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Houten-Groeneveld, who was a long-time astronomer at Leiden Observatory. 1267 Geertruida 1267 Geertruida, provisional designation , is a carbonaceous background asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 20 kilometers in diameter. Discovered by astronomer Hendrik van Gent at Johannesburg Observatory in 1930, the asteroid was later named after Geertruid Pels, sister of Dutch astronomer Gerrit Pels. "Geertruida" was discovered on 23 April 1930, by Dutch astronomer Hendrik van Gent at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, South Africa. Five nights later, it was independently discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 28 April 1930. The
1267 Geertruida
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object , which he co-discovered at CTIO in 2002. The main-belt asteroid 3193 Elliot, discovered by astronomer Edward Bowell at Anderson Mesa Station in 1983, was named in his honor. The crater "Elliot" on Pluto is also named in his honor. James L. Elliot James Ludlow Elliot (17 June 1943 – 3 March 2011) was an American astronomer and scientist who, as part of a team, discovered the rings around the planet Uranus. Elliot was also part of a team that observed global warming on Triton, the largest moon of Neptune. Elliot was born in 1943 in Columbus, Ohio and
James L. Elliot
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circles, because of "mystical reasons". Second-century Greek astronomer Ptolemy also pondered the positions of the sun and stars in the universe and made a planetary model that described Aristotle's thinking in more detail. Today, it is known that the opposite is true: the earth goes around the sun. The Aristotelian and Ptolemaic ideas about the position of the stars and sun were disproved in 1609. The first person to present a detailed arguments that the earth revolves around the sun was the Polish priest Nicholas Copernicus, in 1514. Nearly a century later, Galileo Galilei, an Italian scientist, and Johannes Kepler,
A Brief History of Time
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4954 Eric 4954 Eric, provisional designation is an eccentric, stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Brian Roman at Palomar Observatory on 23 September 1990. The asteroid was named after its discoverer's son, Eric Roman. It is the largest near-Earth asteroid discovered since 3552 Don Quixote in 1983. On 2007 October 11 the asteroid passed from Earth. It currently makes closer approaches to Mars than it does Earth. The asteroid has a rotation period of 12.05 hours. Other large near-Earth asteroids include: 1036 Ganymed (32 km),
4954 Eric
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of 0.069. As of 2018, no rotational lightcurve of "Tilia" has been obtained from photometric observations. The asteroid's rotation period, spin axis and shape remain unknown. This minor planet was named after, "Tilia" – commonly known as lime tree, linden, or basswood – a genus of trees in the Tiliaceae family. The official naming citation was mentioned in "The Names of the Minor Planets" by Paul Herget in 1955 (). The initials of the minor planets through , all discovered by Reinmuth, spell out "G. Stracke". Gustav Stracke was a German astronomer and orbit computer, who had asked that no
1229 Tilia
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a wave and like its quantum particle, the photon. Infrared radiation was discovered in 1800 by astronomer Sir William Herschel, who discovered a type of invisible radiation in the spectrum lower in energy than red light, by means of its effect on a thermometer. Slightly more than half of the total energy from the Sun was eventually found to arrive on Earth in the form of infrared. The balance between absorbed and emitted infrared radiation has a critical effect on Earth's climate. Infrared radiation is emitted or absorbed by molecules when they change their rotational-vibrational movements. It excites vibrational modes
Infrared
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147 Protogeneia Protogeneia (minor planet designation: 147 Protogenia) is a large main belt asteroid that was discovered by Hungarian astronomer Lipót Schulhof on July 10, 1875, from the Vienna Observatory; it was his only asteroid discovery. Its name is Greek for "first born" and was chosen by Karl L. Littrow in allusion to the fact that this was the first asteroid discovered by an astronomer who was already known for work in other fields of astronomy. This object has a low orbital eccentricity and inclination. With an orbital period roughly double that of the planet Jupiter, it has been identified
147 Protogeneia
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was discovered in 1899 by American astronomer W. W. Campbell and the first orbital determination was made in 1910 by Canadian astronomer J. S. Plaskett. The orbital plane is nearly aligned with the line of sight to the Earth, so the pair forms an eclipsing binary. The primary eclipse has a minimum of 4.23 in magnitude, while the secondary minimum is magnitude 4.21. This eclipsing behavior was discovered by German astronomer P. Guthnick using observations between 1946 and 1947. The primary is an evolved G-type giant star with a stellar classification of G5 III. The secondary is a main sequence
Epsilon Ursae Minoris
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Fritz Zwicky. The asteroid 3216 Harrington was not named after Robert George Harrington, but rather after Robert Sutton Harrington. Harrington's name is, however, associated with the asteroid/comet 107P/Wilson–Harrington. Robert George Harrington Robert George Harrington (December 3, 1904 – June 15, 1987) was an American astronomer who worked at Palomar Observatory. He should not be confused with Robert Sutton Harrington, who was also an astronomer, but was born later and worked at the US Naval Observatory. He discovered or co-discovered a number of comets, including periodic comets 43P/Wolf–Harrington, 51P/Harrington (discovered in 1953), 52P/Harrington–Abell (discovered jointly with George Ogden Abell in 1955)
Robert George Harrington
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and limericks. In later episodes, he would introduce the actors who played characters in the serial and end his monologue with the Indian language versions of the words "Hum Log." Biographies of famous people started being produced in the form of soap operas like "Chanakya", "Dharti Ka Veer Yodha Prithviraj Chauhan", "Veer Shivaji", "Jhansi Ki Rani", "Chittod Ki Rani Padmini Ka Johur", "Bharat Ka Veer Putra – Maharana Pratap", "Chakravartin Ashoka Samrat" Crime shows also started being produced and aired. "Adaalat" was an Indian television courtroom drama series which revolves around 'Advocate K.D Pathak', a defense lawyer with an impeccable
Indian soap opera
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During the voyage they discover a mountain chain blocking the sea, which they initially consider to be the Mediterranean Sea and then they find the island of Formentera (before the catastrophe a part of the Balearic Islands), where they find French astronomer Palmyrin Rosette, who helps them to solve all the mysterious phenomena. They are all on a comet which Rosette discovered by a year ago and predicted to be on a collision course with Earth, but no one believed the astronomer, because a layer of thick fog at the time prevented astronomical observations in other places. A new research
Off on a Comet
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stars are frequent targets of study due to their proximity to Earth, as suggested by their high proper motion. Gliese published two supplements to this catalog in 1979 and 1991 in collaboration with Hartmut Jahreiß. Jahreiß wrote Gliese's obituary upon his death in 1993. The asteroid 1823 Gliese, discovered by astronomer Karl Reinmuth in 1951, was named after Wilhelm Gliese. Wilhelm Gliese Wilhelm Gliese (; 21 June 1915 – 12 June 1993) was a German astronomer who specialized in the study and cataloging of nearby stars. Gliese was born in Goldberg, now in Polish Silesia, the son of judge Wilhelm
Wilhelm Gliese
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3552 Don Quixote (19 km), 433 Eros (17 km), and 1866 Sisyphus (8.5 km). 4954 Eric 4954 Eric, provisional designation is an eccentric, stony asteroid, classified as near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 11 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by American astronomer Brian Roman at Palomar Observatory on 23 September 1990. The asteroid was named after its discoverer's son, Eric Roman. It is the largest near-Earth asteroid discovered since 3552 Don Quixote in 1983. On 2007 October 11 the asteroid passed from Earth. It currently makes closer approaches to Mars than it does Earth. The asteroid has a
4954 Eric
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work out an estimated approach distance for of 56,500 kilometers, and a closest approach date of Aug 7, 2027. It was thought to potentially crash into Earth. The main-belt asteroid 18292 Zoltowski, discovered at the Agassiz Station of the Harvard College Observatory in 1977, was named in his honor. The naming citation was published on 9 May 2001 (). Frank Zoltowski is credited by the Minor Planet Center for the discovery of 228 numbered minor planets between 1997 and 2003. Frank B. Zoltowski Frank B. Zoltowski (born 1957) is an Australian amateur astronomer and prolific discoverer of minor planets who
Frank B. Zoltowski
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Aurora, pictured here. His result suggested that the earth was more flattened towards the south pole than towards the north. George Everest, of the Indian Survey, while recuperating from an illness at the Cape nearly seventy years later, suggested that Lacaille's latitude observations had been affected by the gravitational attraction of Table Mountain at the southern end and by the Piketberg Mountain at the northern. In 1838, Thomas Maclear, who was Astronomer Royal at the Cape, repeated the measurements over a longer baseline and ultimately confirmed Everest's conjecture. Maclear's Beacon was erected on the Table Mountain in Cape Town to
Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille
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the 1877 opposition, Italian astronomer Giovanni Schiaparelli used a telescope to help produce the first detailed map of Mars. These maps notably contained features he called "canali", which were later shown to be an optical illusion. These "canali" were supposedly long straight lines on the surface of Mars to which he gave names of famous rivers on Earth. His term "canali" was popularly mistranslated in English as "canals". In 1886, the English astronomer William F. Denning observed that these linear features were irregular in nature and showed concentrations and interruptions. By 1895, English astronomer Edward Maunder became convinced that the
History of Mars observation
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385446 Manwë 385446 Manwë () is a binary resonant Kuiper belt object in a 4:7 mean-motion resonance with Neptune. It was discovered on 25 August 2003, by American astronomer Marc Buie at Cerro Tololo Observatory in northern Chile. Manwë was discovered on 25 August 2003 by M. W. Buie at Cerro Tololo as a part of the Deep Ecliptic Survey. The object was named after Manwë, the fictional king of the Valar in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Manwë is foremost among the great spirits who rule the world. Manwë takes special responsibility for the air and winds. Thorondor
385446 Manwë
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discovered over 2700 comets, with an average discovery rate of every 2.59 days. In September 2015, SOHO discovered its 3000th comet. Amateur astronomer Mike Oates' discovery of over 140 comets in the SOHO data resulted in the minor planet "68948 Mikeoates" being named after him; this was used by lexicographer Erin McKean in her TED talk as an example of how Internet users can contribute to collections. SOHO 2198 is a sungrazing comet discovered by Indian amateur astronomer Salil Mulye and Polish astronomer Szymon Liwo by analyzing data from the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory. Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph aboard
Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
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visible to Earth, NGC 4889 has played an important role in both amateur and professional astronomy, and has become a prototype in studying the dynamical evolution of other supergiant elliptical galaxies in the more distant universe. NGC 4889 was not included by the astronomer Charles Messier in his famous Messier catalogue despite being an intrinsically bright object quite close to some Messier objects. The first known observation of NGC 4889 was that of Frederick William Herschel I, assisted by his sister, Caroline Lucretia Herschel, in 1785, who included it in the Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars published a
NGC 4889
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Messier 30 Messier 30 (also known as M30 or NGC 7099) is a globular cluster of stars in the southern constellation of Capricornus. It was discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier in 1764, who described it as a circular nebula without a star. In the New General Catalogue, compiled during the 1880s, it was described as a "remarkable globular, bright, large, slightly oval." This cluster can be easily viewed with a pair of 10×50 binoculars, forming a patch of hazy light some 4 arcminutes wide that is slightly elongated along the east–west axis. With a larger instrument, individual stars
Messier 30
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1980 Tezcatlipoca 1980 Tezcatlipoca, provisional designation , is an eccentric, stony asteroid and near-Earth object of the Amor group, approximately 6 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 19 June 1950, by American astronomer Albert Wilson and Swedish astronomer Åke Wallenquist at the U.S. Palomar Observatory in California. It was named after the Aztech deity Tezcatlipoca. "Tezcatlipoca" orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.1–2.3 AU once every 2 years and 3 months (816 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 27° with respect to the ecliptic. This near-Earth object has
1980 Tezcatlipoca