when was the us constitution signed into law
June 21 , 1788
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ratification, have been frequently cited by the Supreme Court as an authoritative contemporary interpretation of the meaning of its provisions. The dispute over additional powers for the central government was close, and in some states ratification was effected only after a bitter struggle in the state convention itself. On June 21, 1788, the constitution had been ratified by the minimum of nine states required under Article VII. Towards the end of July, and with eleven states then having ratified, the process of organizing the new government began. The Continental Congress, which still functioned at irregular intervals, passed a resolution on
United States Constitution
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of the creation of the US Constitution in 1787. Mayor Gerald A. Romary proclaimed September 17, 1952, as Constitution Day in the city. The following April, Weber requested that the Ohio General Assembly proclaim September 17 as statewide Constitution Day. Her request was signed into law by Governor Frank J. Lausche. In August 1953, she took her case to the United States Senate, which passed a resolution designating September 17–23 as Constitution Week. The Senate and House approved her request and it was signed into law by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. On April 15, 1957, the City Council of Louisville
Constitution Day (United States)
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was made to the Constitution after it was signed into law by the President of Ireland, who was then Éamon de Valera, the man who had drafted the original article. Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1972 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which deleted two subsections that recognised the special position of the Catholic Church and that recognised other named religious denominations. It was approved by referendum on 7 December 1972 and signed into law on 5 January 1973. The amendment renumbered Article 44.1.1º as Article 41.1 and deleted
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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acts of the legislature must comply with. Pursuant to the state constitution, the Florida Legislature has enacted legislation, called "chapter laws" or generically as "slip laws" when printed separately. These are in turn compiled into the "Laws of Florida" and are called "session laws". The "Florida Statutes" are the codified statutory laws of the state. The Florida Constitution defines how the statutes must be passed into law, and defines the limits of authority and basic law that the Florida Statutes must be complied with. Laws are approved by the Florida Legislature and signed into law by the Governor of Florida.
Law of Florida
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it provided inadequate protection to the life of the unborn, and counsel to argue that it provided inadequate protection to the rights of a woman. It was found to be constitutional and signed into law on 12 May 1995. On 25 May 2018, the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018 was passed by referendum. After it was signed into law, it replaced the previous text of Article 40.3.3º with the following text: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 26 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution
Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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into the nascent German republic, saying it was a contradiction of the Wilsonian principle of self-determination of peoples. Disagreements arose between the delegates over issues such as the national flag, religious education for youth, and the rights of the provinces ("Länder") that made up the Reich. These disagreements were resolved by August 1919, though sixty-seven delegates abstained from voting to adopt the Weimar Constitution. The Republic's first President, Friedrich Ebert, signed the new German constitution into law on 11 August 1919. The constitution is named after Weimar although it was signed into law by Friedrich Ebert in Schwarzburg. This is
Weimar Constitution
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Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Third Amendment of the Constitution Act 1972 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that permitted the State to join the European Communities, which would later become the European Union, and provided that European Community law would take precedence over the constitution. It was approved by referendum on 10 May 1972, and signed into law by the President of Ireland Éamon de Valera on 8 June of the same year. The incorporation of the law of the European Communities into Irish domestic law was put into effect by the European Communities
Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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if leave is not granted, or if a petition is dismissed the referendum certificate becomes final. When the referendum passed and the final certificate has issued, the amendment must be signed into law by the President "forthwith". Provided that the correct procedure has been complied with, the President cannot veto an amendment. The dates given for the amendments listed in this article are, unless otherwise stated, the dates on which they were signed into law. The shortest gap between the referendum and signing into law was twelve days for the 18th, 19th and 20th amendments. The longest was 899 days
Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland
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the original Tennessee Constitution, which took effect that same year when Tennessee became a U.S. state. Later in 1796, he became one of the three judges of the Superior Court of Law and Equity, the highest court established under the new state constitution. In 1801, Governor John Sevier had reached the limit of three consecutive terms allowed as governor under the state constitution, and Roane ran virtually unopposed to become his successor. The Great Seal of Tennessee was adopted during the Roane Administration in 1801, and Tennessee was divided into three Congressional districts. Roane also signed anti-fraud measures, a law
Archibald Roane
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political status for the island. The bill was signed into law on June 10, 1948 by Jesús T. Piñero, the United States-appointed governor. Opponents tried but failed to have the law declared unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court. The law remained in force for nine years until 1957, when it was repealed on the basis that it was unconstitutional as protected by freedom of speech within of the Constitution of Puerto Rico and the First Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico in 1898 during the Spanish–American War, some leaders, such
Gag Law (Puerto Rico)
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restored democratic rule to Nigeria, and remains in force today. In January 2011, two amendments of the 1999 constitution were signed by President Goodluck Jonathan, the first modifications since the document came into use in 1999. http://nigerianfinder.com/historical-development-of-the-nigerian-constitution/ Constitution of Nigeria The Constitution of Nigeria is the supreme law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. Nigeria has had a series of constitutions. The current constitution was enacted on 29 May 1999, inaugurating the Nigerian Fourth Republic. Nigeria's first constitutions were enacted by order in council during the colonial era, when the country was administered as a Crown Colony. The constitutions enacted
Constitution of Nigeria
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to several hundred others IoA signed between the Government of India and other princely states. Whereas the other states later signed merger agreements, the relationship of Jammu and Kashmir with the Union of India was governed by special circumstances. In view of them, the Article 370 was incorporated in the Constitution. The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, which Maharaja (later Sadr-e-Riyasat) Dr. Karan Singh signed into law in 1957, is still in force. The Constitution, as of 2002, has 158 articles divided into 13 parts and 7 schedules. The divisions of articles is as follows. The numbers in braces after
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
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of EAEC) were integrated by the ratification of subsequent treaties into the European Union. Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Third Amendment of the Constitution Act 1972 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that permitted the State to join the European Communities, which would later become the European Union, and provided that European Community law would take precedence over the constitution. It was approved by referendum on 10 May 1972, and signed into law by the President of Ireland Éamon de Valera on 8 June of the same year. The incorporation of the law of the
Third Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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on individuals. The dualist approach in international law contained in the Irish Constitution allows the state to sign and ratify treaties without incorporating them into domestic law. Thus while Ireland was one of the first states in Europe to ratify the European Convention on Human Rights it was one of the last to incorporate the Convention into domestic law. And when done it was not directly incorporated into Irish law but given indirect, sub-constitutional, interpretative incorporation. In "Crotty v. An Taoiseach", the Irish Supreme Court asserted a power to review the constitutionality of treaties signed by the state, such that
Law of the Republic of Ireland
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Fred Korematsu Day The Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution is celebrated on January 30 in California to commemorate the birthday of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American civil rights activist (see "Korematsu v. US"). It is the first day in U.S. history named after an Asian American. It was signed into law by then-California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 23, 2010. The day was first commemorated in 2011 at the University of California, Berkeley, as a day recognizing American civil liberties and rights under the Constitution of the United States. Educational materials were also distributed to school teachers
Fred Korematsu Day
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Law of Oklahoma Oklahoma law is the state law of Oklahoma. Oklahoma law is based on the Oklahoma Constitution (the state constitution), which defines how the statutes must be passed into law, and defines the limits of authority and basic law that the Oklahoma Statutes must comply with. Oklahoma Statutes are the codified, statutory laws of the state. That are currently has 90 titles though some titles do not currently have any active laws. Laws are approved by the Oklahoma Legislature and signed into law by the governor of Oklahoma. Certain types of laws are prohibited by the state Constitution,
Law of Oklahoma
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on the same day as the 1997 presidential election. Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1997 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that the confidentiality of meetings of the cabinet would not prevent the High Court from ordering that certain information be disclosed when this was in the public interest. It was approved by referendum on 30 October 1997 and signed into law on 14 November of the same year. Inserted a new subsection in Article 28.4: The existing subsection 3º of Article 28.4 was renumbered as subsection 4º. In 1992,
Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1997 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that the confidentiality of meetings of the cabinet would not prevent the High Court from ordering that certain information be disclosed when this was in the public interest. It was approved by referendum on 30 October 1997 and signed into law on 14 November of the same year. Inserted a new subsection in Article 28.4: The existing subsection 3º of Article 28.4 was renumbered as subsection 4º. In 1992, during the Beef Tribunal, the Supreme Court ruled that,
Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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1992. In that year, the Constitution of Lithuania was approved; Article 19 of the document states that "Tautiška giesmė" will be the national anthem of Lithuania. The last law in relation to the national anthem was passed in 1999; it contained the official lyrics and protocol on how and when to play the anthem. Signed into law by President Valdas Adamkus on 9 June 1999, the "Law on the National Anthem of the Republic of Lithuania" details when and where the national anthem is played and its performance protocols. Article 2 of the law states that the anthem is to
Tautiška giesmė
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October 20, 1781. He served until June 4, 1783 when he was succeeded by John Jay, who served until March 4, 1789, when the government under the Articles of Confederation gave way to the government under the Constitution. The office of Secretary of Foreign Affairs and the Department of Foreign Affairs were reinstated by a law signed by George Washington on July 27, 1789. John Jay retained the post on an interim basis, pending the return of Thomas Jefferson from France. However, on September 15, 1789, before Jefferson could return to take the post, Washington signed into law another act
United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs
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Egyptian law to strengthen the basis for amending many domestic laws that restrict rights. Egyptian Constitution of 2012 The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former fundamental law of Egypt. It was signed into law by President Mohamed Morsi on 26 December 2012, after it was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012 and passed in a referendum held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, and a turnout of 33%. It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, adopted in 2011 following the Egyptian revolution. On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order
Egyptian Constitution of 2012
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of the internment camps to his back, surrounded by cherry blossoms, flowers that have come to be symbols of peace and friendship between the US and Japan. Fred Korematsu Day The Fred Korematsu Day of Civil Liberties and the Constitution is celebrated on January 30 in California to commemorate the birthday of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese-American civil rights activist (see "Korematsu v. US"). It is the first day in U.S. history named after an Asian American. It was signed into law by then-California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger on September 23, 2010. The day was first commemorated in 2011 at the University
Fred Korematsu Day
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admitted to the Union in 1896. Utah is one of the 15 states that have not ratified the U.S. Equal Rights Amendment. In March 2018, Utah passed America's first "free-range parenting" bill. The bill was signed into law by Republican Governor Gary Herbert and states that parents who allow their children to engage in certain activities without supervision are not considered neglectful. The constitution of Utah was enacted in 1895. Notably, the constitution outlawed polygamy, as requested by Congress when Utah had applied for statehood, and reestablished the territorial practice of women's suffrage. Utah's Constitution has been amended many times
Utah
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City Council was replaced by a "Technical Administration Council." In 1947, a new State Constitution was signed into law and City Council was authorized to have 21 members; these members now started out receiving monthly income paid up by city treasury, this led to increase of middle class representation. Between 1947 and 1949, Council sessions are hosted in today's City Hall. In 1949, City Council moved into José Mountary Building. When the military staged a coup in 1964, multi-party system was abolished, being replaced by a two-party system. In 1988, a new Brazilian Constitution was enacted, granting powers to cities
Municipal Chamber of Porto Alegre
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Constitution of Kuwait The Constitution of Kuwait was created by the Constitutional Assembly in 1961–1962 and signed into law on 11 November 1962 by the Emir, the Commander of the Military of Kuwait Sheikh Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah. The constitution establishes Kuwait as a Hereditary constitutional monarchy and Islam as the state religion. The Constitution of Kuwait is based on the democratic principles and combines the positive aspects of both presidential and parliamentary systems prevalent in advanced democratic countries. The pillars of the Constitution are the sovereignty of the State, public freedom and equality before the law. The Constitution of
Constitution of Kuwait
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Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland has been legal since 16 November 2015. A referendum on 22 May 2015 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that marriage is recognised irrespective of the sex of the partners. The measure was signed into law by the President of Ireland as the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland on 29 August 2015. The "Marriage Act 2015", passed by the Oireachtas on 22 October 2015 and signed into law by the Presidential Commission on 29 October 2015, gave legislative effect to the amendment. Marriages
Same-sex marriage in the Republic of Ireland
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speaker of the general assembly, who would vacate their legislative seat upon assuming the governor's office. New Jersey elected its first lieutenant governor in 2009. After the primary election in June 2009, Governor Corzine signed into law A.3902, a bill from the state legislature that sought to clarify a vague passage in the state constitution concerning a gubernatorial candidate's selection of a running mate. Corzine signed the bill into law on June 25, 2009. The constitution provided that a gubernatorial candidate select a running mate within 30 days after the "nomination." The confusion that arose concerned whether the "nomination" was
Lieutenant Governor of New Jersey
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dissolution of the Dáil, were all effected by the Presidential Commission. Temporary illness may also indispose the President. No President has ever refused to fulfil any of the duties of office. Bills have occasionally been signed in to law while the President is out of the country, including the Marriage Act 2015 legalising same-sex marriage due to Michael D. Higgins being in the United State The Presidential Commission was created in the 1937 Constitution of Ireland. It was first used between December 1937, when the Constitution came into force, and June 1938, when the first President was inaugurated. Initially, as
Presidential Commission (Ireland)
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term of office officially came to an end as a result of the term limit amendment to the Constitution, piloted by his government, and signed into law by himself, which created a two-term limit for anyone elected President after 2000. He was succeeded by PPP/C presidential candidate Donald Ramotar, who was elected President in the November 28, 2011 general elections. Under the Constitution, President Jagdeo's term officially ended on December 3, 2011, when Ramotar took the presidential oath of office. During Jagdeo's tenure as President, major economic and social reforms were undertaken in Guyana. When he relinquished office, Guyana was
Bharrat Jagdeo
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Egyptian Constitution of 2012 The Constitution of the Arab Republic of Egypt was the former fundamental law of Egypt. It was signed into law by President Mohamed Morsi on 26 December 2012, after it was approved by the Constituent Assembly on 30 November 2012 and passed in a referendum held 15–22 December 2012 with 64% support, and a turnout of 33%. It replaced the 2011 Provisional Constitution of Egypt, adopted in 2011 following the Egyptian revolution. On 3 July 2013, the constitution was suspended by order of the Egyptian army. On 8 July 2013, acting President Adly Mansour issued a
Egyptian Constitution of 2012
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and could be struck down (ruled unconstitutional) by the Oklahoma Supreme Court. Law of Oklahoma Oklahoma law is the state law of Oklahoma. Oklahoma law is based on the Oklahoma Constitution (the state constitution), which defines how the statutes must be passed into law, and defines the limits of authority and basic law that the Oklahoma Statutes must comply with. Oklahoma Statutes are the codified, statutory laws of the state. That are currently has 90 titles though some titles do not currently have any active laws. Laws are approved by the Oklahoma Legislature and signed into law by the governor
Law of Oklahoma
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behalf of the parliament) signed the Constitutional Agreement for the period until a new constitution could be drafted. The first constitution since independence was adopted during an overnight parliamentary session after almost 24 hours of debate of June 27-June 28, 1996, unofficially known as "the constitutional night of 1996." The Law No. 254/96-BP ratifying the constitution, nullifying previous constitutions and the Agreement was ceremonially signed and promulgated in mid-July 1996. However, according to a ruling of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, the constitution took force at the moment when the results of the parliamentary vote were announced on June 28,
Constitution of Ukraine
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for order, and for Constitutional rights, who will rally around with us and save the Constitution." In 1928, the LDS apostle Melvin J. Ballard remarked that "the prophet Joseph Smith said the time will come when, through secret organizations taking the law into their own hands... the Constitution of the United States would be so torn and rent asunder, and life and property and peace and security would be held of so little value, that the Constitution would, as it were, hang by a thread. This Constitution will be preserved, but it will be preserved very largely in consequence of
White Horse Prophecy
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competitions, and use facilities consistent with his or her gender identity, irrespective of the gender listed on the pupil's records." In June 2014, Governor Brown signed SB 1306 repealed Proposition 22 and AB 607 bringing California statutory law into conformance with case law under the XIV amendment of the US constitution. LGBT history in California The history of LGBT residents in California, while very likely spanning centuries prior to the 20th, has become increasingly visible recently with the successes of the LGBT rights movement. In spite of the strong development of early LGBT villages in the state, pro-LGBT activists in
LGBT history in California
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Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1998 (previously bill no. 1 of 1998) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to ratify the Treaty of Amsterdam. It was approved by referendum on 22 May 1998 and signed into law on the 3 June of the same year. The referendum was held on the same day as the referendum on Nineteenth Amendment, which related to approval of the Good Friday Agreement. The Amsterdam Treaty was signed on 2 October 1997 by the member states of the European Union,
Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Act 2002 (previously bill no. 32 of 2003) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to ratify the Treaty of Nice. It was approved by referendum on 19 October 2002 (sometimes known as the second Nice referendum) and signed into law on 7 November of the same year. The amendment followed a previous failed attempt to approve the Nice Treaty which was rejected in the first Nice referendum held in 2001. The Treaty of Nice was signed by the member states of
Twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1987 (previously bill no. 8 of 1987) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that permitted the state to ratify the Single European Act. It was approved by referendum on 26 May 1987 and signed into law on 22 June of the same year. The Single European Act (SEA) was signed in February 1986 by the member states of the European Economic Community. It amended the Treaty of Rome and established the European Single Market. The European Communities (Amendment) Act 1986 was passed to allow
Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Seventh Amendment of the Constitution (Election of Members of Seanad Éireann by Institutions of Higher Education) Act 1979 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that provides that the procedure for the election of six members of the Senate in the university constituencies could be altered by law. It was approved by referendum on 5 July 1979 and signed into law on 3 August of the same year. In the new Seanad created by the Constitution adopted in 1937, six seats were elected by universities: three by the National University of
Seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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occasion before a treaty could be ratified that would transfer sovereignty from the Irish government to a supranational authority. This has occurred on the following occasions: Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1987 (previously bill no. 8 of 1987) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that permitted the state to ratify the Single European Act. It was approved by referendum on 26 May 1987 and signed into law on 22 June of the same year. The Single European Act (SEA) was signed in February 1986 by the member states of
Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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the power to issue a paper currency. "The bill before us is a war measure, a measure of "necessity", and not of choice," Spaulding argued before the House, adding, "These are extraordinary times, and extraordinary measures must be resorted to in order to save our Government, and preserve our nationality." Spaulding justified the action as a ""necessary means" of carrying into execution the powers granted in the Constitution 'to raise and "support" armies', and 'to provide and "maintain" a navy. Despite strong opposition, President Abraham Lincoln signed the First Legal Tender Act, enacted February 25, 1862, into law, authorizing the
United States Note
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against nature", were defeated. Democratic Governor Bob Miller signed the legislation on June 16, 1993 and it went into effect on 1 October, 1993. But the age of consent for same-sex sexual activity was unequal and set 2 years higher at 18. However, the age of consent was finally made equal at 16 in line with heterosexuals, 20 years later on 1 October 2013, when the Nevada Legislature passed and the Governor of Nevada signed into law "SB388". Nevada voters approved Question 2, an amendment to the Constitution of Nevada that banned same-sex marriage, by 69.6% in 2000 and 67.1%
LGBT rights in Nevada
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which in June upheld the High Court decision. The High Court then endorsed the provisional certificate on 14 June 1996. President Mary Robinson signed the amendment bill into law three days later. Before the referendum, a draft Family Law (Divorce) Bill was published to illustrate how the Constitutional provisions would be implemented if the amendment were passed. Once the Constitutional amendment came into force, the divorce bill was introduced in the Oireachtas on 27 June 1996 and signed into law on 27 November 1996. This gave effect in primary legislation to the new Constitutional provisions. Although this act, the Family
Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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life. During 1919, the United States Congress passed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, banning the sale of liquor, and the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, granting women the right to vote. At the passage of each amendment, Goodrich called a special one-day legislative session to have the amendments ratified by the state. When he signed the 18th Amendment into law, Indiana became the final state needed to add it to the federal constitution, beginning national prohibition. Among Goodrich's other accomplishments in office were the creation of a state highway commission, creation of a department of
James P. Goodrich
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to be made by law arising from the amendment. Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1996 (previously bill no. 49 of 1996) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which provides that a court can refuse bail to a suspect where it feared that while at liberty they would commit a serious criminal offence. It was approved by referendum on 28 November 1996 and signed into law on 12 December of the same year. In "People (AG) v O'Callaghan" (1966), the Supreme Court had ruled that the provisions of Article 40.4,
Sixteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Puerto Rico Constitution Day Law #1 of August 4, 1952 of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico establishes a full state holiday on July 25 of every year, to be known as Puerto Rico Constitution Day. The holiday commemorates the day the Constitution of Puerto Rico, approved on July 3, 1952, was signed into law by Governor Luis Muñoz Marín the same year. Up to then, July 25 had been a holiday in Puerto Rico, known as "Occupation Day", to commemorate the arrival of United States military forces on July 25, 1898 in an area of the municipality of Yauco that
Puerto Rico Constitution Day
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Supremacy Clause (VI.2) of the United States Constitution states that "all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the land." However, the term "treaty" has a more restricted sense in American law than in international law. Of the more than 16,000 international agreements entered into by the United States between 1946 and 1999, only 912 were ratified by the required two thirds of the US Senate of the Treaty Clause of the Constitution. The US Supreme Court has also limited the direct effect of ratified treaties, notably
Incorporation of international law
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Budget Reserve Account, SJR002 Joint Resolution Calling for the Repeal of the 17th Amendment, and SJR003 Proposal to Amend Utah Constitution- Property Tax Exemptions. Representative Ivory is a strong supporter of states' rights and has frequently advocated for Utah to gain control of federal lands. In 2012, Ivory sponsored HB 148, The Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act, which asserted that the federal government must grant federal land to the state of Utah. Though the bill was signed into law in 2012, federal lands have remained in control of the US Department of the Interior. The State of Utah has
Ken Ivory
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1906 he accepted the proposed institution of "Majles". The first "Majles" came into being in October 1906, immediately after the Deputies of Tehran were elected. A committee of experts drafted the "Fundamental Law", which Mozaffar al-Din Shah signed, after some delay, in December 1906. A longer "Supplementary Fundamental Law", drafted in 1907, was signed by the new Shah, Mohammad-Ali Shah, in October 1907 (Mozaffar al-Din Shah died on 3 January 1907). These two charters formed the core of the Iranian written Constitution, to be supplanted by a new written Constitution after the Revolution of 1979. The rules governing the election
Mirza Sayyed Mohammad Tabatabai
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2014 interim constitution of Thailand The Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand (Interim) 2014 () was a constitution of Thailand in force between 2014–17. Drafted by law lecturers from Chulalongkorn University (CU), the constitution was enacted by the National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO), a military junta led by General Prayut Chan-o-cha which staged a coup d'état against the caretaker government on 22 May 2014. Without public consultation, King Bhumibol Adulyadej assented to and signed the constitution on 22 July 2014. The constitution came into force on that day and replaced the 2007 constitution. The interim constitution paves the
2014 interim constitution of Thailand
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the bill into law which is now known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902. This was a major breakthrough for a US Congress that had yet to grant equal rights to African Americans guaranteed to them in the US Constitution and the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in effect. It created the Philippine legislature, appointed two Filipino delegates to the US Congress, extended the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos, and laid the foundation for an autonomous government. The colony was on its way to independence. The Americans, however, would not sign the bill into law until 1916 and
José Rizal
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Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland are only possible by way of referendum. A proposal to amend the Constitution of Ireland must first be approved by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), then submitted to a referendum, and finally signed into law by the President of Ireland. Since the constitution entered into force on 29 December 1937, there have been 35 amendments to the constitution. Aside from amendments to the Constitution itself, the Constitution also provides for referendums on ordinary bills; this is known as an ordinary referendum. This provision has never been used.
Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland
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de Jongh to forward the document to President Barack Obama was ultimately successful. The President of the United States forwarded the proposal to Congress—which then had 60 days to approve or reject the document—in May 2010, along with a report noting concerns raised by the United States Department of Justice and restating the issues noted by Governor de Jongh. A US Congressional resolution disapproving of the proposed constitution and requesting that the Fifth Constitutional Convention reconvene to consider changes to address these issues was signed into law by President Obama on June 30, 2010. Months later, a federal lawsuit was
United States Virgin Islands
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constitution. The constitution also provides, under Article 26, for the judicial review of bills before they are (or would have been) signed into law. The power to refer bills is personally exercised by the President after consulting the Council of State. When the Supreme Court upholds the constitutionality of a bill referred to it under Article 26, its constitutionality can never again be questioned in any court whatsoever. Supreme Court judges are normally free to deliver their own judgements, whether dissenting and concurring. There is an exception when considering the constitutionality of a bill referred by the President under Article
Supreme Court of Ireland
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repealed in 2001. In 2010, the Constitution was amended to make the Caribbean Court of Justice the highest court of appeals in Belize, replacing the Privy Council. Constitution of Belize The Constitution of Belize is the supreme law of the nation of Belize. It was signed on September 1981 with effect from that date. The Constitution of Belize, Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize, is divided into a preamble, 12 parts and four schedules. They are set out as below. According to the Constitution, the people of Belize: and say that the following shall have effect as the Constitution
Constitution of Belize
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to engage in any type of sexual intercourse). The Court struck down a Massachusetts law prohibiting the distribution of contraceptives to unmarried people, ruling that it violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution. One of the most important feminist successes of the early 1970s was when Nixon signed into law the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 and Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. The Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 gives the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) authority to sue in federal courts when it finds reasonable cause to believe that there has been employment discrimination
History of women in the United States
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for 24 January 2010, but the proposal failed in parliament on 18 November. The draft is now to be amended once more. In June, 2011, the parliament has adopted, and in July, president has signed new amendments, abolishing the post of Vice President of the PMR, introducing the post of Prime Minister and such body as the Government of the PMR. Constitution of Transnistria The current Constitution of Transnistria was approved by national referendum on 24 December 1995, and signed into law by the President of Transnistria on 17 January 1996. As part of the territory's move towards market based
Constitution of Transnistria
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Constitution of Andorra The Constitution of Andorra () is the supreme law of the Principality of Andorra. It was adopted on 2 February 1993 and given assent by the Andorran people in a referendum on 14 March 1993. According to the Constitution itself, it was to enter into force on the day of its publication in the "Butlletí Oficial del Principat d'Andorra", which occurred on 28 April 1993. The Constitution was signed by Andorra's two co-princes, the President of France, and the Bishop of Urgell, who at that time were François Mitterrand and Joan Martí Alanis respectively. The new constitution
Constitution of Andorra
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Law Review Association praised the work, citing that it "replaces Richard Epstein's "Takings" as the leading tome about constitutional law written from a libertarian perspective". The American Political Science Association reviewed the book, saying that it was "a welcome addition to a never-ending debate". Ronald Kahn of the Law and Politics Book Review wrote that the book was "terrific in demonstrating the natural rights background to our Constitution and demonstrating that all rights cannot be listed in the Constitution", but that "Barnett's fundamental problem is that he allows for 'constitutional construction' when originalism cannot tell us which meanings to adopt,
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in the Dáil on 29 November by Minister for Public Expenditure and Reform Brendan Howlin, to amend the 2009 Acts so as to apply to judges. It was passed by the Dáil later that day, to amend the 2009 Acts so as to apply to judges. It was passed by the Seanad on 7 December; it was signed into law on 19 December 2011 and came into force on 1 January 2012. Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act 2011 (previously bill no. 44 of 2011) is an amendment to the Constitution of
Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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but there is only one reference to religion in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, signed into law in 1900. Notably, the constitution does not include a Bill Of Rights and, as a result, Australia's fundamental law has been criticised for its lack of explicit protection for several rights and freedoms. However, Section 116 of the 1900 Act to constitute the Commonwealth of Australia (Australian Constitution) provides that: The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall
Religion in Australia
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concurrency was added in 1946, when US 2 was extended west, co-signed with US 97 between Peshastin and Wenatchee. On June 29, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act of 1956 into law, establishing a system of freeways that would later become the Interstate Highway System. Included in the system were Interstate 82 (I-82) and I-90, which were to be concurrent with US 97. The Biggs Rapids Bridge (later renamed to the Sam Hill Memorial Bridge) was opened on November 1, 1962, replacing the ferry that had been operating on the route since the early 1920s.
U.S. Route 97 in Washington
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after the nation declared independence and became a republic in 1944. The current Constitution of Ireland was adopted by plebiscite on 1 July 1937. In Ireland every constitutional amendment must be approved by referendum; 37 such referendums have occurred from the enactment of the current constitution to October of 2018. Constitutional amendments are first adopted by both Houses of the Oireachtas (parliament), submitted to a referendum, and are signed into law by the President. The signature is merely a formality: the president cannot refuse to sign into law an amendment that has been approved in a referendum. Article 27 of
Referendums by country
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such a law is the State of Preparedness Act, which gives the Government certain exceptional powers in cases of national emergency. As these powers, which correspond to US executive orders, affect constitutional basic rights, the law was enacted in the same manner as a constitutional amendment. However, it can be repealed in the same manner as an ordinary law. In addition to preview by the Constitutional Law Committee, all Finnish courts are obligated to give precedence to the constitution when there is an obvious conflict between the constitution and a regular law. Such a case is, however, very rare. Some
Politics of Finland
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however, did not pass. On 29 November 2011, the Senate of Nigeria passed the "Same Sex Marriage (Prohibition) Bill, 2011". The bill was passed on 30 May 2013 by the House of Representatives of Nigeria. If signed into law by President Goodluck Jonathan, the bill would: On 13 January 2014, The president of Nigeria, Goodluck Jonathan signed into law the Same-Sex Marriage Prohibition Act, which parliament passed in May 2013. The law follows a similar one passed in Uganda in December 2013, which imposes life imprisonment for some types of homosexual acts. The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria
LGBT rights in Nigeria
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courts-martial cannot be used to judge civilians. Prohibits the enactment of ex post facto (retroactive) laws. All persons punished under the law are entitled to due process, punishments must follow what is dictated by written law. Note that due process under Mexican law is not the same as US law as Mexico is not a common law country. Disallows international treaties for extradition when the person to be extradited is politically persecuted, or accused while having the condition of slave, or when the foreign country contravenes the civil rights granted in the Mexican constitution (like the right to life and
Constitution of Mexico
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17 November 2015 in Clonmel, County Tipperary. Marriage Act 2015 The Marriage Act 2015 (No. 35 of 2015; previously bill No. 78 of 2015) is an act of the Oireachtas which provides for same-sex marriage in Ireland. The act gives legislative effect in statute law to the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which mandates such provision. It was introduced on 15 September 2015 and signed into law on 29 October 2015, and commenced (came into force) on 16 November 2015. The Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was approved by referendum on 22 May 2015. It makes
Marriage Act 2015
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Marriage Act 2015 The Marriage Act 2015 (No. 35 of 2015; previously bill No. 78 of 2015) is an act of the Oireachtas which provides for same-sex marriage in Ireland. The act gives legislative effect in statute law to the Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, which mandates such provision. It was introduced on 15 September 2015 and signed into law on 29 October 2015, and commenced (came into force) on 16 November 2015. The Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland was approved by referendum on 22 May 2015. It makes recognition of same-sex marriages compulsory rather than
Marriage Act 2015
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2013 Constitution of Fiji Fiji's fourth constitution was signed into law by President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau on September 6, 2013, coming into effect immediately. It is the first to eliminate race-based electoral rolls, race-based seat quotas, district-based representation, the unelected upper chamber, and the role of the hereditary Council of Chiefs. It vests sole legislative authority in a single-chamber, 50-seat, at-large Parliament, to be first convened following general elections in 2014. It is also the first ever to grant the right to multiple citizenship (in effect since 2009 by decree, on abrogation of the 1997 constitution), and lowers the voting
2013 Constitution of Fiji
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implementing the 2013 Constitution of Fiji which describes all of Fiji's citizens as "Fijians", regardless of their ethnicity, causing "some" indigenes to have fears of "cultural annihilation" and an "Islamic conspiracy to control the country", due to the Attorney General of Fiji being of Muslim background." 2013 Constitution of Fiji Fiji's fourth constitution was signed into law by President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau on September 6, 2013, coming into effect immediately. It is the first to eliminate race-based electoral rolls, race-based seat quotas, district-based representation, the unelected upper chamber, and the role of the hereditary Council of Chiefs. It vests sole
2013 Constitution of Fiji
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the amendment. Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution Act 2004 (previously bill no. 15 of 2004) amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that children born on the island of Ireland to parents who were both foreign nationals would no longer have a constitutional right to Irish citizenship. It was approved by referendum on 11 June 2004 and signed into law on 24 June of the same year. It affected in part changes made to the Constitution by the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which was passed as part of the
Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution Act 2004 (previously bill no. 15 of 2004) amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that children born on the island of Ireland to parents who were both foreign nationals would no longer have a constitutional right to Irish citizenship. It was approved by referendum on 11 June 2004 and signed into law on 24 June of the same year. It affected in part changes made to the Constitution by the Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which was passed as part of the Good Friday
Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Constitution adopted the CMA provisions from the 1973 Constitution that were aimed essentially at establishing an independent monetary authority through increased capitalization and greater private sector representation in the Monetary Board. In accordance with a provision in the 1987 Constitution, President Fidel V. Ramos signed Republic Act No. 7653, otherwise known as the "New Central Bank Act", into law on June 14, 1993. The law provides for the establishment of an independent monetary authority to be known as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, its primary objective being the maintenance of price stability. This objective was only implied in the old
Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
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than 10,000 individuals since its existence and over 60,000 US and international students since its original establishment in 1946. Its educational format incorporates guest lecturers and experts from sectors of US and international government, non-government, human rights, law enforcement, academic institutions, and interagency departments to share best practices in pursuit of improved security cooperation between all nations of the Western Hemisphere. When the National Defense Authorization Act for 2001 was signed into law, WHINSEC was created. The law called for a federal advisory committee—the Board of Visitors (BoV)—to maintain independent review, observation, and recommendations regarding operations of the institute. The
Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation
64895
surface two months later on 13 October 2010 over a period of almost 24 hours, an effort that was carried on live television around the world. The current Constitution of Chile was approved in a national plebiscite—regarded as "highly irregular" by some observers—in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. These include eliminating the positions of
Chile
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September 17, 2017, as "Constitution Day" and "Citizenship Day". Online Lessons for K-12 Teachers to Use on Constitution Day Constitution Day (United States) Constitution Day (or Citizenship Day) is an American federal observance that recognizes the adoption of the United States Constitution and those who have become U.S. citizens. It is normally observed on September 17, the day in 1787 that delegates to the Constitutional Convention signed the document in Philadelphia. When Constitution Day falls on a weekend or on another holiday, schools and other institutions observe the holiday on an adjacent weekday. The law establishing the present holiday was
Constitution Day (United States)
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Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act 2011 (previously bill no. 44 of 2011) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which relaxes the previous prohibition on the reduction of the salaries of Irish judges. It was approved by a referendum on 27 October 2011 signed into law on 17 November 2011. It was held on the same day as a referendum on Oireachtas Inquiries, which was rejected, and the presidential election at which Michael D. Higgins was elected. The Constitution of Ireland, since its enactment in 1937, had contained a prohibition
Twenty-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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challenges regarding the conduct of the referendum were dismissed on 30 July by the Court of Appeal, and the bill was signed into law by the President of Ireland on 29 August. The Marriage Act 2015 then amended marriage law to give effect to the constitutional amendment, which came into force on 16 November 2015, with the first same-sex marriage ceremony being held on 17 November 2015. The amendment inserted a new section 4 to Article 41 of the Constitution. The English text reads: The Irish text reads: The text in Irish and English is intended to have the same
Thirty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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and provided that the emergency provisions of the Constitution could not be used to allow the death penalty. Those later changes are highlighted in bold: First Amendment of the Constitution Bill 1939 on the Oireachtas Beta website First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The First Amendment of the Constitution Act 1939 amended the Constitution of Ireland to extend the constitutional definition of "time of war" to include a period during which a war occurs without the state itself being a direct participant. It was introduced and signed into law on 2 September 1939, the day after the Invasion of
First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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suspended a number of times; two of those times were for extended periods and also involved the suspension of the constitution. Constitution of Kuwait The Constitution of Kuwait was created by the Constitutional Assembly in 1961–1962 and signed into law on 11 November 1962 by the Emir, the Commander of the Military of Kuwait Sheikh Abdullah III Al-Salim Al-Sabah. The constitution establishes Kuwait as a Hereditary constitutional monarchy and Islam as the state religion. The Constitution of Kuwait is based on the democratic principles and combines the positive aspects of both presidential and parliamentary systems prevalent in advanced democratic countries.
Constitution of Kuwait
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Constitution of Belize The Constitution of Belize is the supreme law of the nation of Belize. It was signed on September 1981 with effect from that date. The Constitution of Belize, Chapter 4 of the Laws of Belize, is divided into a preamble, 12 parts and four schedules. They are set out as below. According to the Constitution, the people of Belize: and say that the following shall have effect as the Constitution of Belize. Comprises sections 1 and 2. Comprises sections 3-22. Comprises sections 23-9 Sections 30-35. Sections 36-54. Largest part, covering sections 55-93. Sections 94-104. Sections 105-113. Sections
Constitution of Belize
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optional. In March 2015, the Department of Justice and Equality published the general scheme of the Marriage Bill 2015, setting out the changes to be made to marriage law if the proposed amendment was enacted. Lawyer Benedict Ó Floinn felt the bill's drafting should have been completed before the referendum, to minimise the lacuna during which statute law is out of step with the constitution. The Fine Gael–Labour government hoped to have the Marriage Bill enacted before the Oireachtas' summer adjournment, but the constitutional change did not come into force until 29 August 2015 when the amendment bill was signed
Marriage Act 2015
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some important "reserve powers" in case of political instability (such as those provided for by Article 81 of the Basic Law). Under Article 59 (1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the Federal President represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats. Furthermore, all federal laws must be signed by the President before they can come into effect; however, he/she can only veto a law that he believes to violate the constitution. The Chancellor is the head of government and the most influential figure in German
Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
926451
marriage, Clinton criticized DOMA as "unnecessary and divisive", and his press-secretary called it "gay baiting, plain and simple". However, after Congress had passed the bill with enough votes to override a presidential veto, Clinton signed DOMA. Years later, he said that he did so reluctantly in view of the veto-proof majority, both to avoid associating himself politically with the then-unpopular cause of same-sex marriage and to defuse momentum for a proposed Federal Amendment to the U.S. Constitution banning same-sex marriage. Clinton, who was traveling when Congress acted, signed it into law promptly upon returning to Washington, D.C., on September 21,
Defense of Marriage Act
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Eleventh Amendment amended Article 29.4 by the deletion of the highlighted sentence from subsection 3º: and by the addition of the following subsections: Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 12 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland permitted the state to ratify the Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty. It was approved by referendum on 18 June 1992 and signed into law on 16 July of the same year. The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution was one of a number of
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 12 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland permitted the state to ratify the Treaty on European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty. It was approved by referendum on 18 June 1992 and signed into law on 16 July of the same year. The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution was one of a number of amendments that have been made to expressly permit the state to ratify changes to the founding treaties of the European Union (then known
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The First Amendment of the Constitution Act 1939 amended the Constitution of Ireland to extend the constitutional definition of "time of war" to include a period during which a war occurs without the state itself being a direct participant. It was introduced and signed into law on 2 September 1939, the day after the Invasion of Poland by Germany and allowed the government to exercise emergency powers during World War II (known in Ireland as The Emergency) although the state was neutral. Article 28.3.3° of the Constitution grants the state sweeping powers during
First Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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and in the Seanad on 30 October. It then proceeded to a referendum on 25 November. On 25 May 2018, the Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018 was passed by referendum. After it was signed into law, it replaced the previous text of Article 40.3.3º with the following text: Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1992 (previously bill no. 25 of 1992) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which specified that the protection of the right to life of the unborn does not limit freedom of travel in and
Thirteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution (Treaty on Stability, Coordination and Governance in the Economic and Monetary Union) Act 2012 (previously bill no. 23 of 2012) amended the Constitution of Ireland to permit Ireland to ratify the 2012 European Fiscal Compact and to preclude measures taken under the Compact from being held to be inconsistent with the Irish constitution. It was approved by referendum on 31 May 2012, by 60.3% to 39.7%, on a turnout of 50% and was signed into law by President Michael D. Higgins on 27 June 2012. The decision
Thirtieth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Kulm law Kulm law, Culm law or Chełmno Law (; ; ) was a legal constitution for a municipal form of government used in several Central European cities during the Middle Ages. It was initiated on 28 December 1233 in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights by Hochmeister Hermann von Salza and Hermann Balk when the towns of Thorn (Toruń) and Chełmno (Kulm) received German town law, in particular as a modification of Magdeburg rights. Named after the town it was signed in, the original document was lost in 1244 when the town hall burned due to an attack
Kulm law
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declaring his acceptance of the Constitution, swore an oath to uphold it, and signed an instrument of assent that was included in the text of the Constitution after the signatures of the members of the Cortes, declaring that the king had accepted the Constitution and sworn to abide by it. On 4 October, acting as the Cortes had directed, the Portuguese King signed a Charter of Law promulgating the text of the Constitution and ordering its execution. This Charter of Law, containing the full text of the Constitution, including the signatures of the members of the Cortes and the King's
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
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duties. Under Article 59 (1) of the Basic Law (German Constitution), the president represents the Federal Republic of Germany in matters of international law, concludes treaties with foreign states on its behalf and accredits diplomats. Furthermore, all federal laws must be signed by the president before they can come into effect, but usually they only veto a law if they believe it to violate the constitution. The president, by their actions and public appearances, represents the state itself, its existence, legitimacy, and unity. The president's office involves an integrative role and the control function of upholding the law and the
President of Germany
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cordial economic and political relationship, the act was signed into law on May 24, 1924. From "United States ex. rel. Turner v. Williams": if an alien is not permitted to enter this country, or, having entered contrary to law, is expelled, he is in fact cut off from worshipping or speaking or publishing or petitioning in the country; but that is merely because of his exclusion therefrom. He does not become one of the people to whom these things are secured by our Constitution by an attempt to enter, forbidden by law. To appeal to the Constitution is to concede
Immigration Act of 1924
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3 July that year, and by the Senate on 10 July. President Mara signed it into law on 25 July 1997. It took effect from 27 July. Under its provisions, ethnic Fijians agreed to give up their guaranteed majority in the House of Representatives and their monopoly on the Prime Minister's office, but in return, their ownership of most of the land was written into the constitution. Their rights were also protected by institutionalising of the Great Council of Chiefs, which retained its power to elect the President and 14 of the 32 Senators. The 1997 constitution was only the
1997 Constitution of Fiji
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Constitution of Transnistria The current Constitution of Transnistria was approved by national referendum on 24 December 1995, and signed into law by the President of Transnistria on 17 January 1996. As part of the territory's move towards market based reforms, it was modified on 30 June 2000. The constitution provides for a separation of powers between judicial, legislative, and executive branches. It names Russian, Ukrainian and Moldavian as the three official languages of the republic, grants religious freedom, and grants every citizen freedom of speech and the right to property. It further establishes Transnistria as an independent sovereign country with
Constitution of Transnistria
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Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Ninth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1984 (previously bill no. 11 of 1984) is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland that allowed for the extension of the right to vote in elections to Dáil Éireann (the house of representatives of the Oireachtas) to non-Irish citizens. It was approved by referendum on 14 June 1984 and signed into law on 2 August of the same year. Article 16 of the Constitution of Ireland as approved in 1937, and amended in 1972 to lower the voting age, provided that the franchise for elections
Ninth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fourth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1972 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which lowered the voting age for all national elections and referendums in the state from twenty-one to eighteen years of age. It was approved by referendum on 7 December 1972 and signed into law on 5 January 1973. The Fourth Amendment altered Article 16 which deals with elections to Dáil Éireann (the house of representatives of the Oireachtas). However other provisions of the constitution state that anyone entitled to vote in Dáil elections is also entitled to
Fourth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1995 (previously bill no. 15 of 1995) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which removed the constitutional prohibition on divorce, and allowed for the dissolution of a marriage provided specified conditions were satisfied. It was approved by referendum on 24 November 1995 and signed into law on 17 June 1996. The Constitution of Ireland adopted in 1937 included a constitutional ban on divorce. A previous bill to amend this provision proposed by the Fine Gael–Labour Party government of Garret FitzGerald, the Tenth Amendment of
Fifteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1972 is an amendment to the Constitution of Ireland which deleted two subsections that recognised the special position of the Catholic Church and that recognised other named religious denominations. It was approved by referendum on 7 December 1972 and signed into law on 5 January 1973. The amendment renumbered Article 44.1.1º as Article 41.1 and deleted the following two subsections from Article 41.1: In drafting the Irish constitution in 1936 and 1937, Éamon de Valera and his advisers chose to reflect what had been a contemporary
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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legal effect once it was removed from the document. Any part of the Constitution may be amended, but only by referendum. The procedure for amendment of the Constitution is set out in Article 46. An amendment must first be passed by both Houses of the Oireachtas, then be submitted to a referendum, and then finally must be signed into law by the President. Amendments are sometimes proposed to address a new social problem or phenomenon not considered at the time of the Constitution being drafted (e.g. children's rights, marriage equality), to address out-moded provisions in the Constitution (e.g. special position
Constitution of Ireland
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north to bypass South Bend. After US 20 splits off to the west near the South Bend Airport, US 31 has an interchange with the Indiana Toll Road (I-80/I-90) before proceeding north into Michigan (see U.S. Route 31 in Michigan). US 31 was signed into law by the Governor on March 7 of 1917, as Main Market Highway 1, and signs were installed on June 1 of that year. The name was changed to Indiana State Road 1 within a year when Indiana began the state road system. By 1924, most of the route was paved, leaving only from Columbus
U.S. Route 31 in Indiana
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has its roots in the common law which existed before the enactment of the Constitution in 1965. As such, the courts must take Article 162 of the Constitution into consideration when deciding whether the common law tort of defamation offends the fundamental liberty of freedom of speech and expression. The Article provides that all existing laws shall continue in force after the commencement of the Constitution subject to "modifications, adaptations, qualifications and exceptions as may be necessary to bring them into conformity" with the Constitution of Singapore. However, in "Review Publishing", the Court of Appeal held that the common law
Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore