4 mb is equal to how many bytes
one million bytes
269128
Megabyte The megabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Its recommended unit symbol is MB. The unit prefix "mega" is a multiplier of (10) in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one megabyte is one million bytes of information. This definition has been incorporated into the International System of Quantities. However, in the computer and information technology fields, several other definitions are used that arose for historical reasons of convenience. A common usage has been to designate one megabyte as (2 B), a measurement that conveniently expresses the binary multiples inherent in digital computer memory
Megabyte
229803
to mean eight bits (1 B = 8 bit). Therefore, 1 kB = 8000 bit. One thousand kilobytes (1000 kB) is equal to one megabyte (1 MB), where 1 MB is one million bytes. The kilobyte has traditionally been used to refer to 1024 bytes (2 B), a usage still common. The usage of the metric prefix "kilo" for binary multiples arose as a convenience, because 1000 approximates 1024. The binary interpretation of metric prefixes is still prominently used by the Microsoft Windows operating system, which is used on 90% of the world's personal computers. They are also used for
Kilobyte
48293
Media, Dane–Elec Memory, Fuji Photo Film USA, Eastman Kodak Company, Kingston Technology Company, Inc., Memorex Products, Inc.; PNY Technologies Inc., SanDisk Corporation, Verbatim Corporation, and Viking Interworks alleging that their descriptions of the capacity of their flash memory cards were false and misleading. Vroegh claimed that a 256 MB Flash Memory Device had only 244 MB of accessible memory. "Plaintiffs allege that Defendants marketed the memory capacity of their products by assuming that one megabyte equals one million bytes and one gigabyte equals one billion bytes." The plaintiffs wanted the defendants to use the traditional values of 1024 for megabyte
Binary prefix
16893736
of megabits per second. One megabit is equal to one million bits or 1,000 kilobits. It is used to measure high data transfer speeds of connections such as Ethernet and cable modems. A measure of computer memory or storage. It is one million bytes (in the context of computer memory, sometimes used to mean 1,048,576 (2 to the power 20) bytes). A unit of frequency equal to one million hertz or cycles per second. Usually abbreviated to MHz. The term pixel comes from the phrase picture element. One megapixel is equal to 1,000,000 (one million) pixels. For the most part,
Glossary of video terms
269130
was a convenient term to denote the binary multiple. In 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) proposed standards for binary prefixes requiring the use of megabyte to strictly denote 1000 bytes and mebibyte to denote 1024 bytes. By the end of 2009, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, ISO and NIST. Nevertheless, the term megabyte continues to be widely used with different meanings: In this convention, one thousand megabytes (1000 MB) is equal to one gigabyte (1 GB), where 1 GB is one billion bytes. In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four megabytes (1024 MB) is
Megabyte
229804
random-access memory capacities, such as main memory and CPU cache sizes, due to the binary addressing of memory. The binary representation of 1024 bytes typically uses the symbol KB, with an uppercase letter "K". The "B" is often omitted in informal use. For example, a processor with 65,536 bytes of cache memory might be said to have "64K" of cache. In this convention, one thousand and twenty-four kilobytes (1024 KB) is equal to one megabyte (1 MB), where 1 MB is 1024 bytes. In December 1998, the IEC addressed such multiple usages and definitions by creating prefixes such as kibi,
Kilobyte
14703788
5 was used only with the System/360 model 85 with 524,288 (512 K) or 1,048,576 bytes (1 MB) of storage. The IBM System/360 Model 85, when configured to have 2,097,152 (2 MB) or 4,194,304 (4 MB) bytes, used the IBM 2385 instead of the IBM 2365 Processor Storage, which had a cycle time of 960 nanoseconds 2385 could also refer to: IBM 2365 Processor Storage The IBM 2365 Processor Storage is a magnetic-core memory storage unit that was a component of the IBM System/360 models 65, 67, 75 and 85 computers, which were released between 1965 and 1968. Storage is
IBM 2365 Processor Storage
18057778
(≈ 127 MB) [FAT12 maximum : 128 sectors per cluster × 4,084 clusters = 267,694,024 bytes (≈ 255 MB)] FAT16 maximum : 64 sectors per cluster × 65,524 clusters = 2,147,090,432 bytes (≈2,047 MB) [FAT16 maximum : 128 sectors per cluster × 65,524 clusters = 4,294,180,864 bytes (≈4,095 MB)] FAT32 maximum : 8 sectors per cluster × 268,435,444 clusters = 1,099,511,578,624 bytes (≈1,024 GB) FAT32 maximum : 16 sectors per cluster × 268,173,557 clusters = 2,196,877,778,944 bytes (≈2,046 GB) [FAT32 maximum : 32 sectors per cluster × 134,152,181 clusters = 2,197,949,333,504 bytes (≈2,047 GB)] [FAT32 maximum : 64 sectors per
Design of the FAT file system
290140
bytes of on-chip texture memory, the end-result is often a distorted, out-of-proportion appearance. Many titles that feature larger 32 or 64 MB cartridges avoided this issue entirely, notable games include "Resident Evil 2", "Sin and Punishment: Successor of the Earth", and "Conker's Bad Fur Day" as they feature more ROM space, allowing for more detailed graphics by utilizing multiple, multi-layered textures across all surfaces. Nintendo 64 games are ROM cartridge based. Cartridge size varies from 4 to 64 MB. Many cartridges include the ability to save games internally. Nintendo cited several advantages for making the Nintendo 64 cartridge-based. Primarily cited
Nintendo 64
1938834
bytes). 1.44 MB HD floppies formatted to 32 MB as "FD32MB" (FAT16B with logical geometry 1024/2/32 CHS × 512 bytes) in the LS-240 show a dummy FAT12 file system (with logical geometries 160/2/9 or 80/2/18) when inserted into a normal floppy drive. SuperDisk drives have been sold in parallel port, USB, ATAPI and SCSI variants. All drives can read and write 1.44 MB and 720 KiB MFM floppies, as used on PCs, Apple Macintoshes (High Density format only, see below), and many workstations. 2.88 MB floppy formats are not supported. Imation also released a version of the SuperDisk with "Secured
SuperDisk
1828256
2013. The 64-bit addressing mode ("long mode") is a superset of Physical Address Extensions (PAE); because of this, page sizes may be 4 KB (2 bytes) or 2 MB (2 bytes). Long mode also supports page sizes of 1 GB (2 bytes). Rather than the three-level page table system used by systems in PAE mode, systems running in long mode use four levels of page table: PAE's "Page-Directory Pointer Table" is extended from four entries to 512, and an additional "Page-Map Level 4 (PML4) Table" is added, containing 512 entries in 48-bit implementations. A full mapping hierarchy of 4 KB
X86-64
8909053
situations where only very small amounts of data are changed, such as when updating file system metadata. While not a file system feature, operating systems should also aim to align partitions correctly, which avoids excessive read-modify-write cycles. A typical practice for personal computers is to have each partition aligned to start at a 1 MB (= 1,048,576 bytes) mark, which covers all common SSD page and block size scenarios, as it is divisible by all commonly used sizes - 1 MB, 512 KB, 128 KB, 4 KB, and 512 bytes. Modern operating system installation software and disk tools handle this
Solid-state drive
84539
a total of 3160 blocks free when formatted (a block being equal to 256 bytes). The number of permitted directory entries was also increased, to 296 entries. With a storage capacity of 800 kB, the 1581 is the highest-capacity serial-bus drive that was ever made by Commodore (the 1-MB SFD-1001 uses the parallel IEEE-488), and the only 3½" one. However, starting in 1991, Creative Micro Designs (CMD) made the FD-2000 high density (1.6 MB) and FD-4000 extra-high density (3.2 MB) 3½" drives, both of which offered not only a 1581-emulation mode but also 1541- and 1571-compatibility modes. Like the 1541
Commodore 1581
10876201
with some modern DVDs supporting speeds of up to 24X. It is important to note that the speed of writing a DVD at 1X (1,385,000 bytes per second) is approximately 9 as fast as writing a CD at 1X (153,600 bytes per second). However, the actual speeds depend on the type of data being written to the disc. For Blu-ray discs, 1X speed is defined as 36 megabits per second (Mbit/s), which is equal to 4.5 megabytes per second (MB/s). However, as the minimum required data transfer rate for Blu-ray movie discs is 54Mbit/s, the minimum speed for a Blu-ray
CD and DVD writing speed
632873
does not (or fails to properly) implement IP fragmentation and reassembly . If TFTP packets should be kept within the standard Ethernet MTU (1500), the blocksize value is calculated as 1500 minus headers of TFTP (4 bytes), UDP (8 bytes) and IP (20 bytes) = 1468 bytes/block, this gives a limit of 1468 bytes/block x 65535 blocks = 92 MB. Today most servers and clients support block number roll-over (block counter going back to 0 or 1 after 65535) which gives an essentially unlimited transfer file size. Since TFTP utilizes UDP, it has to supply its own transport and session
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
5753529
sizes of the archives within the distributed file vary from the traditional 3½" floppy disk (1.44 MB) or extra-high density disk (2.88 MB) to 5 MB, 15 MB (typical for CD images) or 20MB (typical for CD images of console releases), 50 MB files (typical for DVD images), and 100MB (for dual-layer DVD images). These measurements are not equivalent to traditional measurement of file size (which is 1024 KB to a MB, 1024 MB to a GB); in a typical DVD release, each RAR file is exactly 50,000,000 bytes, not 52,428,800 bytes (50 megabytes in binary prefix). Formerly, the size
Standard (warez)
712761
megabyte. The latter term is often used as a synonym for mebibyte, but it formally refers to 1000 kilobytes, or 1,000,000 bytes. The binary prefix "mebi", which is a factor of 2, was created to provide an unambiguous unit that is distinct from the metric SI prefix "mega" ("M"). Binary prefixes are becoming more predominant in scholarly literature, descriptions of computer hardware and open source software. Many operating systems compute file size in mebibytes, but report the number as MB (megabytes). For example, all versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system show a file of 2 bytes as "1.00 MB"
Mebibyte
2032088
had 24 physical address lines. The 24 lines allowed the processor to address up to 16 MB of memory (2 bytes), which was seen as a sufficient amount at the time. The RAM limit in the Macintosh design was 4 MB of RAM and 4 MB of ROM, because of the structure of the memory map. This was fixed by changing the memory map with the Macintosh II and the Macintosh Portable, allowing up to 8 MB of RAM. Because memory was a scarce resource, the authors of the Mac OS decided to take advantage of the unused byte in
Mac OS memory management
48288
formally defined in IEEE Std 610.10-1994 as either or 2 bytes. Kilobyte, Kbyte, and KB are equivalent units and all are defined in the obsolete standard, IEEE 100-2000. The hardware industry measures system memory (RAM) using the binary meaning while magnetic disk storage uses the SI definition. However, many exceptions exist. Labeling of diskettes uses the megabyte to denote 1024×1000 bytes. In the optical disks market, compact discs use "MB" to mean 1024 bytes while DVDs use "GB" to mean 1000 bytes. Computer storage has become cheaper per unit and thereby larger, by many orders of magnitude since "K" was
Binary prefix
16309409
the specific bit emission. Wireless cellular networks consume 0.5% of the world total electricity which is approximately 20 PWh in 2010. The average monthly cellular wireless traffic is 240×10 bytes which is totally 2880 PB in 2010. Then energy per byte can be found as 0.0347×10 kWh and it is equal to 0.125 J. If the electricity is obtained from coal then 975 g of CO arises for 1 kWh of energy. Then for one byte of wireless data 0.0338325 mg of CO arises, which is approximately equal to 34 g of CO for 1 MB. User-in-the-loop User-in-the-Loop (UIL) refers
User-in-the-loop
12601564
are connected. Three memory modules were available for the VAX 8800: a 4 MB module, a 16 MB module and a 64 MB module. The 4 MB array module is an eight-layer printed circuit board populated by metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) dynamic random access memory (DRAM) devices and medium-scale integration (MSI) FAST transistor-transistor logic (TTL) devices in roughly equal numbers. The 16 MB array module is similar to the 4 MB module, but contains eight surface-mounted daughter boards, each containing 2 MB of memory built from DRAMs. The VAX 8800 uses the VAXBI bus for input/output. The VAX 8800 supports
VAX 8000
5954532
use the metric system (for e.g. GB = 1,000,000,000 bytes and TB = 1000 GB), to show higher capacity numbers for their products. File transfers (e.g. "downloads") may use rates of units of bytes (e.g. MB/s) in binary rather than metric system, while networking hardware, such as WiFi, always uses the metric system (Mbits/s, Gbits/s etc.). of units of bits (and it needs to send more than the files themselves, so some overhead needs to be factored in), making superficially similar terms very incompatible. File size File size is a measure of how much data a computer file contains or,
File size
48314
objects); this is conveniently expressed as "64K" items. An operating system might map memory as 4096-byte pages, in which case exactly 8192 pages could be allocated within bytes of memory: "8K" (8192) pages of "4 kilobytes" (4096 bytes) each within "32 megabytes" (32 MiB) of memory. All hard disk drive manufacturers state capacity using SI prefixes. USB flash drives, flash-based memory cards like CompactFlash or Secure Digital, and flash-based SSDs use SI prefixes; for example, a "256 MB" flash card provides at least 256 million bytes (), not 256×1024×1024 (). The flash memory chips inside these devices contain considerably more
Binary prefix
3224608
changes from 0x0000 to 0xFFFF, the Fletcher-32 checksum remains the same. This also means a sequence of all 00 bytes has the same checksum as a sequence (of the same size) of all FF bytes. These examples assume two's complement arithmetic, as Fletcher's algorithm will be incorrect on one's complement machines. The below is a treatment on how to calculate the checksum including the check bytes; i.e., the final result should equal 0, given properly-calculated check bytes. The code by itself, however, will not calculate the check bytes. An inefficient but straightforward implementation of a C language function to compute
Fletcher's checksum
10511912
for the 70/55 ranged from 65,536 bytes (64 KB) of core memory to 524,288 bytes (512 KB). The memory cycle time was 0.84 microseconds to access four bytes of information. Weighed . The RCA Model 70/60 was a later addition to the Spectra 70 series, having been announced in 1969. The RCA Model 70/61 was the virtual memory model of the 70/60, and it was referred to as the Octoputer II in some advertisements. The 70/60 and 70/61 were the first RCA central computers to be capable of 1 MB of core memory which was housed in 4 standard racks
RCA Spectra 70
15008514
a simpler protocol with a length-data format and is often misinterpreted as such. A message longer than 7 bytes requires segmenting the message packet over multiple frames. A segmented transfer starts with a First Frame. The PCI is two bytes in this case, with the first 4 bit field the type (type 1) and the following 12 bits the message length (excluding the type and length bytes). The recipient confirms the transfer with a flow control frame. The flow control frame has three PCI bytes specifying the interval between subsequent frames and how many consecutive frames may be sent ("Block
ISO 15765-2
7816913
follows. If the high bit is set, then the lower seven bits indicate how many bytes follow that themselves make up a length field. For example if the first byte of a BER length field is binary 10000010, that would indicate that the next two bytes make up an integer that then indicates how many Value bytes follow. Therefore a total of three bytes were taken up to specify a length. The remaining bytes are the Value field, and its contents can be whatever you like, including a chain of more KLV sets, as is often the case. In the
KLV
48316
as for example, DSDD, meaning double-sided double-density. The last widely adopted diskette was the 3½-inch high density. This has a formatted capacity of bytes or 1440 KB (1440 × 1024, using "KB" in the customary binary sense). These are marketed as "HD", or "1.44 MB" or both. This usage creates a third definition of "megabyte" as 1000×1024 bytes. Most operating systems display the capacity using "MB" in the customary binary sense, resulting in a display of "1.4 MB" (). Some users have noticed the missing 0.04 MB and both Apple and Microsoft have support bulletins referring to them as 1.4
Binary prefix
7816911
The first few bytes are the Key, much like a key in a standard hash table data structure. Keys can be 1, 2, 4, or 16 bytes in length. Presumably in a separate specification document you would agree on a key length for a given application. Sixteen byte keys are usually reserved for use as globally registered unique identifiers, and the Value portion of such a packet usually contains a series of more KLV sets with smaller keys. Following the bytes for the Key are bytes for the Length field which will tell you how many bytes follow the length
KLV
712758
Mebibyte The mebibyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The binary prefix "mebi" means 2; therefore one "mebibyte" is equal to = 1024 kibibytes. The unit symbol for the mebibyte is MiB. Technically a megabyte (MB) is a power of ten, while a mebibyte (MiB) is a power of two, appropriate for binary machines. The unit was established by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1998. It was designed to replace the megabyte when used in the binary sense to mean 2 bytes, which conflicts with the definition of the prefix mega in the International System
Mebibyte
400348
to 16 MB as a single block.) An operand is two bytes long, typically representing an address as a 4-bit nibble denoting a base register and a 12-bit displacement relative to the contents of that register, in the range 000–FFF (shown here as hexadecimal numbers). The address corresponding to that operand is the contents of the specified general-purpose register plus the displacement. For example, an MVC instruction that moves 256 bytes (with length code 255 in hexadecimal as FF) from base register 7, plus displacement 000, to base register 8, plus displacement 001, would be coded as the 6-byte instruction
IBM System/360
611056
as a small integer power of two (2, 4, 8, etc.) and a designation of megabytes (MB) or gigabytes (GB); e.g., 512 MB, 8 GB. This includes SSDs marketed as hard drive replacements, in accordance with traditional hard drives, which use decimal prefixes. Thus, an SSD marked as “64 GB” is at least bytes (64 GB). Most users will have slightly less capacity than this available for their files, due to the space taken by file system metadata. The flash memory chips inside them are sized in strict binary multiples, but the actual total capacity of the chips is not
Flash memory
41379
negative, and any other value is considered a positive sign value (the processors will normalize a positive sign to 1100 (C)). No matter how many bytes wide a word is, there are always an even number of nibbles because each byte has two of them. Therefore, a word of "n" bytes can contain up to (2"n")−1 decimal digits, which is always an odd number of digits. A decimal number with "d" digits requires ("d"+1) bytes of storage space. For example, a 4-byte (32-bit) word can hold seven decimal digits plus a sign, and can represent values ranging from ±9,999,999. Thus
Binary-coded decimal
7136165
with a capacity of 128 KB to 4 MB. The cache is accessed via a dedicated 128-bit data bus. The secondary cache can be configured either as a unified cache or as a split instruction and data cache. In the latter configuration, each cache can have a capacity of 128 KB to 2 MB. The secondary cache is physically indexed, physically tagged and has a programmable line size of 128, 256, 512 or 1,024 bytes. The cache controller is on-die. The cache is built from standard static random access memory (SRAM). The data and tag buses are ECC-protected. The R4000
R4000
13172348
improved branch prediction and the inclusion of an external 32 MB unified secondary cache. The secondary cache has a bandwidth of 10 GB/s and a latency of 40 cycles. It is 4-way set-associative, physically indexed and physically tagged with a line size of 128 bytes. The set-associativity was chosen to reduce the number of I/O pins. The L2 cache is implemented with using four 72 Mbit (9 MB) Enhanced Memory Systems Enhanced SRAM (ESRAM) chips, which despite its name, is an implementation of 1T-SRAM – dynamic random access memory (DRAM) with a SRAM-like interface. Access to this cache by each
PA-8000
1914793
significant bit is first and is therefore numbered bit 0 and signaled on line A0. A20 transmits bit 20 (the 21st bit) and becomes active once addresses reach 1 MB, or 2. The early Intel 8086, Intel 8088, and Intel 80186 processors had 20 address lines, numbered A0 to A19; with these, the processor can access 2 bytes, or 1 MB. Internal address registers of such processors only had 16 bits. To access a 20-bit address space, an external memory reference was made up of a 16-bit "offset" address added to a 16-bit "segment" number, shifted 4 bits so as
A20 line
14920047
XML texts or entire Java Object serialization graphs. The space and performance scaling of an ItemSpace is smooth as any size of client-imposed multi-Item structure is created, grows, shrinks, or disappears. On-storage performance is like any block-oriented B-tree, with blocks of about 4 KB, which is "O"(log("n")) per access. There is a block cache of 2.5 MB by default, which is of unlimited size but which is often about 100 MB. The cache grows only as needed. For performance and efficiency, the Items are stored inside a single B-tree prefix-compressed and variable length as an uninterpreted sequence of bytes for
InfinityDB
1249020
request-response control models, where one or more bytes following a write command are treated as a command or address. Those bytes determine how subsequent written bytes are treated or how the slave responds on subsequent reads. Most SMBus operations involve single-byte commands. One specific example is the 24C32 type EEPROM, which uses two request bytes that are called Address High and Address Low. (Accordingly, these EEPROMs are not usable by pure SMBus hosts, which only support single-byte commands or addresses.) These bytes are used for addressing bytes within the 32 kbit (or 4 kB) EEPROM address space. The same two-byte
I²C
48281
PC and compatibles quickly standardized on 512-byte sectors, so two sectors were easily referred to as "1K". The 3.5-inch "360 KB" and "720 KB" had 720 (single-sided) and 1440 sectors (double-sided) respectively. When the High Density "1.44 MB" floppies came along, with 2880 of these 512-byte sectors, that terminology represented a hybrid binary-decimal definition of "1 MB" = 2 x 10 =1 024 000 bytes. In contrast, hard disk drive manufacturers used "megabytes" or "MB", meaning 10 bytes, to characterize their products as early as 1974. By 1977, in its first edition, Disk/Trend, a leading hard disk drive industry marketing
Binary prefix
12298297
maximum capacity of 16 MB per partition in earlier versions, and 32 MB as of v.4.40. A 4 GB per disk – by making sector clusters, up to 65,536 bytes per cluster – is theoretically possible, but not yet implemented. The system library contains a binary loader supporting standard, address-dependent Atari binaries as well as SpartaDOS X address-independent ("relocatable") binary files. It also facilitates such tasks as error handling, parsing the command line, as well as managing memory, file and device resources etc. The library also contains a menu-driven disk formatter, that can be invoked at any time, not only
SpartaDOS X
2872253
1024 × 1024, (Gibibytes) means 1024 × 1024 × 1024, and so on for Tebibytes, Exbibytes, Pebibytes, Zebibytes, and Yobibytes. Some implementations also understand the suffix uppercase to indicate SI units such as kB (kilobytes) for 1000 bytes or MB (Megabytes) for 1,000,000 bytes. Thus indicates a blocksize of 16 mebibytes (16,777,216 bytes), or specifies 3,000 bytes. Additionally, some implementations understand the character as a multiplication operator for both block size and count parameters. For example, is interpreted as 2 × 80 × 18 × 512 = 1474560 bytes, the exact size of a 1440 KiB floppy disk. For some
Dd (Unix)
10277104
text image: By contrast the following tiny GWBASIC program demonstrates how easy it was to load these in BASIC. The CGA Video Card (and other IBM PC video cards which support CGA which until recently were almost all) has two interleafs when in monochrome or 4-color Graphics mode. Visible memory is 16,000 bytes. There is 192 bytes of unused data between the first and second interleaf, and 192 bytes of unused data following the second interleaf. The byte array is identical for either mode. File Size 16,392 bytes Header Size 7 bytes First Interleaf 8000 bytes Unused 192 Bytes Second
BSAVE
8260263
and other features that make AT45 chips simpler to support. Both DataFlash and EEPROM chips can be accessed from a microcontroller, using a 4-wire Serial Peripheral Interface Bus (SPI bus). Both are available in small 8 pin packages. The protocol interfaces are very similar; in both cases, bytes are written or read, via SPI, one or more bytes at a time. DataFlash usually had higher capacities than EEPROM in the early days, and it still provides faster access times. DataFlash capacities in small packages range from 128 kB to 8 MB, while SPI EEPROM capacities in similar packages range from
DataFlash
2269773
would result in an encoder too slow to be practically usable, so sophisticated data structures are needed to support fast match searches. The simplest approach, called "hash chains", is parameterized by a constant N which can be either 2, 3 or 4, which is typically chosen so that 2^(8×) is greater than or equal to the dictionary size. It consists of creating, for each "k" less than or equal to "N", a hash table indexed by tuples of "k" bytes, where each of the buckets contains the last position where the first "k" bytes hashed to the hash value associated
Lempel–Ziv–Markov chain algorithm
2483881
High memory area In DOS memory management, the high memory area (HMA) is the RAM area consisting of the first 65520 bytes above the one megabyte in an IBM AT or compatible computer. In real mode, the segmentation architecture of the Intel 80286 and subsequent processors identifies memory locations with a 16-bit segment and a 16-bit offset, which is resolved into a physical address via (segment) x 16 + (offset). Although intended to address only 1 Megabyte (MB) (2 bytes) of memory, segment:offset addresses at codice_1 and beyond reference memory beyond 1 MB (codice_2). So this mode can actually address
High memory area
1698190
two bytes. The example below illustrates how truncating the input of the above quote changes the output padding: The same characters will be encoded differently depending on their position within the three-octet group which is encoded to produce the four characters. For example: The ratio of output bytes to input bytes is 4:3 (33% overhead). Specifically, given an input of "n" bytes, the output will be formula_1 bytes long, including padding characters. In theory, the padding character is not needed for decoding, since the number of missing bytes can be calculated from the number of Base64 digits. In some implementations,
Base64
13392581
of the instruction. Thus, all instructions in rows 0 to 7 and row 9 consist of two bytes (the opcode and a data byte) while all the other instructions consist of just a single opcode byte. The main accumulator register, A, can be set to be 1, 2, 3 or 4 bytes in length, using the SETL instructions. This controls how many bytes are loaded (or stored) in a memory-access instruction. The JIL instruction performs a Jump Indirect, like the JI instruction, but saves the value in the program counter, S, into the link register, L. This allows very simple
GEC 2050
632872
specification extending the TFTP support to all EFI/UEFI environments. The original protocol has a transfer file size limit of 512 bytes/block x 65535 blocks = 32 MB. In 1998 this limit was extended to 65535 bytes/block x 65535 blocks = 4 GB by TFTP Blocksize Option RFC 2348. If the defined blocksize produces an IP packet size that exceeds the minimum MTU at any point of the network path, IP fragmentation and reassembly will occur not only adding more overhead but also leading to total transfer failure when the minimalist IP stack implementation in a host's BOOTP or PXE ROM
Trivial File Transfer Protocol
3505670
MB (404×19×13,030 bytes) (the 1973 Model 11 featured IBM 3336-11 Disk Packs that hold 200 MB (808x19x13,030 bytes)). Access time is 30 ms and data transfers at 806 kB/s. A major advance introduced with the 3330 is the use of error correction, which makes the drives more reliable and reduced costs because small imperfections in the disk surface can be tolerated. The circuitry can correct error bursts up to 11 bits long through use of Fire codes. The 3333-1 and the 3333-11 contain two 3330 type drives and a controller that attach to a director type storage control Up to
History of IBM magnetic disk drives
3479858
potential replacement for NOR Flash, where device capacities typically lag behind those of NAND Flash devices. (State-of-the-art capacities on NAND passed 512 Mb some time ago.) NOR Flash offers similar densities to Samsung's PRAM prototype and already offers bit addressability (unlike NAND where memory is accessed in banks of many bytes at a time). Samsung's announcement was followed by one from Intel and STMicroelectronics, who demonstrated their own PRAM devices at the 2006 Intel Developer Forum in October. They showed a 128 Mb part that began manufacture at STMicroelectronics's research lab in Agrate, Italy. Intel stated that the devices were
Phase-change memory
19853389
IBM System/360 Model 75 The IBM System/360 Model 75 is a discontinued high end / high performance system that was introduced April 22, 1965. Although it played many roles in IBM's System/360 lineup, it accounted for a small fraction of a percent of the 360 systems sold. Three models, the H75, I75 and J75, were respectively configured with one, two or four IBM 2365 Model 3 Processor Storage units, each of which provided 262,144 (256K) bytes of core memory, so that the H75 had 262,144 (256K) bytes of core, the I75 had 524,288 (512K), and the J75 1,048,576 (1 MB).
IBM System/360 Model 75
1938833
storage while the SuperDisk drive itself was backwards compatible with 1.44 MB and 720 KB floppy formats (MFM). Superdisk drives read and write faster to these sorts of disks than conventional 1.44 MB or 720 KB floppy drives. The newer LS-240 drives also have the ability to read and write regular 1.44 MB floppies at much higher densities. The true capacity of these "SD120MB" drives is 120.375 MiB aka 126.22 MB (FAT16B with logical geometry 963/8/32 CHS × 512 bytes). The "SD240MB" drives have a capacity of 229.25 MiB aka 240.39 MB (FAT16B with logical geometry 262/32/56 CHS × 512
SuperDisk
48291
file sizes using "MB", "GB" or other SI-looking prefixes in their binary sense, just as they do for displays of RAM capacity. For example, many such systems display a hard drive marketed as "160 GB" as "149.05 GB". The earliest known presentation of hard disk drive capacity by an operating system using "KB" or "MB" in a binary sense is 1984; earlier operating systems generally presented the hard disk drive capacity as an exact number of bytes, with no prefix of any sort, for example, in the output of the MS-DOS or PC DOS CHKDSK command. The different interpretations of
Binary prefix
7089116
second (B) byte, bit 3 indicates how to interpret the C and D bytes, with 0 being spark (Otto or Wankel) and 1 (set) being compression (Diesel). The bytes C and D for spark ignition monitors (e.g. Otto or Wankel engines): And the bytes C and D for compression ignition monitors (Diesel engines): A request for this PID returns 4 bytes of data. The first byte is always zero. The second, third, and fourth bytes give information about the availability and completeness of certain on-board tests. As with PID 01, the third and fourth bytes are to be interpreted differently
OBD-II PIDs
1324014
1 to 65,536 bytes, that is just not enforced by the CPU. The effective 20-bit address space of real mode limits the addressable memory to 2 bytes, or 1,048,576 bytes (1 MB). This derived directly from the hardware design of the Intel 8086 (and, subsequently, the closely related 8088), which had exactly 20 address pins. (Both were packaged in 40-pin DIP packages; even with only 20 address lines, the address and data buses were multiplexed to fit all the address and data lines within the limited pin count.) Each segment begins at a multiple of 16 bytes, called a "paragraph",
X86 memory segmentation
325320
Petabyte The petabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix "peta" indicates the fifth power of 1000 and means 10 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore 1 petabyte is one quadrillion (short scale) bytes, or 1 billiard (long scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the petabyte is PB. 1 PB = = = . A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 1024 bytes, which is more than 12% greater (2 bytes = ). One thousand petabytes (1000 PB) is equal to one exabyte (1 EB). Examples
Petabyte
2483882
the first 65520 bytes of extended memory as part of the 64 KB range starting 16 bytes before the 1 MB mark—codice_3 to codice_4. The Intel 8086 and Intel 8088 processors, with only 1 MB of memory and only 20 address lines, wrapped around at the 20th bit, so that address codice_1 was equivalent to codice_6. To allow running existing DOS programs which relied on this feature to access low memory on their newer IBM PC AT computers, IBM added special circuitry on the motherboard to simulate the wrapping around. This circuit was a simple logic gate which could disconnect
High memory area
19943151
are the E and EX, followed by B and BX. The J and JX are the fastest 3083s. IBM's information sheet says: Collectively, the fastest is 2.667 times the performance of the slowest. Announced September 3, 1982 and withdrawn August 4, 1987. It could be configured with 32, 48 or 64 million bytes of main memory. A 3084 was "available only as an upgrade from a 3081 Model Group K" with 32 MB. "The 3084 was two 3081 tied together to make a 4-way SMP." ("that can operate .. as two independent" dual-processors)( IBM 308X The IBM 308X was a
IBM 308X
3514615
generated by iBoot (the 2nd-stage iOS Boot Loader). Linux kernel enabled a weak form of ASLR by default since the kernel version 2.6.12, released in June 2005. The PaX and Exec Shield patchsets to the Linux kernel provide more complete implementations. The Exec Shield patch for Linux supplies 19 bits of stack entropy on a period of 16 bytes, and 8 bits of mmap base randomization on a period of 1 page of 4096 bytes. This places the stack base in an area 8 MB wide containing 524,288 possible positions, and the mmap base in an area 1 MB wide
Address space layout randomization
3536611
byte= F2 (this is in hexadecimal, Hex F is binary 1111, Hex 2 (0010) defines the op); Q byte= 00000001 specifies that we "jump" if the condition register has the "equal" bit on; Operand= 00011000: if the condition is met we jump forward 24 bytes. Indicators were binary switches used to control program flow. Over 100 of these were available to the programmer. By using the instruction formats explained above, many of the indicator-oriented operations could be fit into just 3 bytes. For example... a line of RPG might test an indicator for "On": 3 bytes for a "Test Bits
IBM System/3
13489801
single element within a SECS-II message to 16777215 bytes (about 16.5 MB). These old links are now broken SECS-II The SECS-II (SEMI Equipment Communications Standard, Part 2), sometimes called SEMI E5, is a communication protocol used in the semiconductor industry between devices involved in manufacturing. Much like the protocols in the OSI model, SECS-II is a layer above SECS-I and HSMS. While SECS-I and HSMS define how the communications are transmitted (such as over RS-232C or Ethernet), SECS-II defines the format and content of messages that can be sent over SECS-I or HSMS. The protocol is maintained by the SEMI
SECS-II
136224
greater than 2). Although other sector sizes have been known in the past, formatted sector sizes are now almost always set to powers of two (256 bytes, 512 bytes, etc.), and, in some cases, disk capacity is calculated as multiples of the sector size rather than only in bytes, leading to a combination of decimal multiples of sectors and binary sector sizes. For example, 1.44 MB -inch HD disks have the "M" prefix peculiar to their context, coming from their capacity of 2,880 512-byte sectors (1,440 KiB), consistent with neither a decimal megabyte nor a binary mebibyte (MiB). Hence, these
Floppy disk
48317
MB. The earlier "1200 KB" (1200×1024 bytes) 5¼-inch diskette sold with the IBM PC AT was marketed as "1.2 MB" (). The largest 8-inch diskette formats could contain more than a megabyte, and the capacities of those devices were often irregularly specified in megabytes, also without controversy. Older and smaller diskette formats were usually identified as an accurate number of (binary) KB, for example the Apple Disk II described as "140KB" had a 140×1024-byte capacity, and the original "360KB" double sided, double density disk drive used on the IBM PC had a 360×1024-byte capacity. In many cases diskette hardware was
Binary prefix
8612174
sectors of 512 data bytes each per track is the configuration used on the GEC 4000 series minicomputers. SMD disk packs (as the Storage Module itself was most commonly called) required head alignment to assure interchangeability of media between drives. Storage Module Device Storage Module Drive (SMD) is a family of storage devices (hard disk drives) that were first shipped by Control Data Corporation in December 1973 as the CDC 9760 40 MB (unformatted) storage module disk drive. The CDC 9762 80 MB variant was announced in June 1974 and the CDC 9764 150 MB and the CDC 9766 300
Storage Module Device
756642
zero or more compressed blocks, immediately followed by an end-of-stream marker containing a 32-bit CRC for the plaintext whole stream processed. The compressed blocks are bit-aligned and no padding occurs. Because of the first-stage RLE compression (see above), the maximum length of plaintext that a single 900 kB bzip2 block can contain is around 46 MB (45,899,236 bytes). This can occur if the whole plaintext consists entirely of repeated values (the resulting codice_9 file in this case is 46 bytes long). An even smaller file of 40 bytes can be achieved by using an input containing entirely values of 251,
Bzip2
5470958
behest of their government liaison "the Minister", to battle criminal masterminds and the occasional extraterrestrial menace. The show was broadcast every weekday at 4:30 p.m. in the afternoon on South Africa's English radio service, Springbok Radio from 1965 with re-runs continuing until the stations close in 1985. It was also broadcast on Radio Rhodesia in Rhodesia (the present day Zimbabwe). It is not known how many of the episodes were actually recorded, or how many of them were rebroadcast, since so little of the Springbok Radio archive exists. There appear to be screenplays and sound bytes available, and a number
Jet Jungle
19052106
of Tasks) as the Operating System of an IBM System/360 Model 50. Few chose MVT. The choice of operating system for the System/360 Model 50 was based primarily on the amount of main storage. The F50, with 65,536 bytes of main storage, can not run OS/MFT, which requires a minimum of 131,072 bytes of main storage. DOS/360 has a minimum of 16,384 bytes of main storage. Systems with 131,072 or more bytes of main storage could run OS/360. Although 360/50 systems equipped with 1 MB or more could and did run MVT one IBMer described this as "[getting] blood out
IBM System/360 Model 50
4651669
up to and including 7.10 will cause these operating systems to crash on boot when encountering volumes with 256 heads. Therefore, all compatible BIOSes will use mappings with up to 255 heads (codice_6) only, including in virtual 255×63 geometries. This historical oddity can affect the maximum disk size in old BIOS INT 13h code as well as old PC DOS or similar operating systems: (512 bytes/sector)×(63 sectors/track)×(255 heads (tracks/cylinder))×(1024 cylinders)=8032.5 MB, but actually 512×63×256×1024=8064 MB yields what is known as 8 GB limit. In this context relevant definition of 8 GB = 8192 MB is another incorrect limit, because it
Cylinder-head-sector
2295548
Dope vector In computer programming, a dope vector is a data structure used to hold information about a data object, especially its memory layout. Dope vectors are most commonly used to describe arrays, which commonly store multiple instances of a particular datatype as a contiguous block of memory. For example, an array containing 100 elements, each of which occupies 32 bytes, requires 100*32 bytes. By itself, such a memory block has no place to keep track of how large the array (or other object) is overall, how large each element within it is, or how many elements it contains. A
Dope vector
15360338
in UDP, in SCTP a sender sends a message in one operation, and that exact message is passed to the receiving application process in one operation. In contrast, TCP is a stream-oriented protocol, transporting streams of bytes reliably and in order. However TCP does not allow the receiver to know how many times the sender application called on the TCP transport passing it groups of bytes to be sent out. At the sender, TCP simply appends more bytes to a queue of bytes waiting to go out over the network, rather than having to keep a queue of individual separate
Stream Control Transmission Protocol
10524213
be a single line. When Unicode is not in use, the size in bytes of a text file is simply the number of characters, including spaces, and with a new line counting for 1 or 2. For example, the Bible, which is approximately 800,000 words, is about 4 MB. Plucker is an Open Source free mobile and desktop e-book reader application with its own associated file format and software to automatically generate Plucker files from text, PDF, HTML, or other document format files, web sites or RSS feeds. The format is public and well-documented. Free readers are available for all
Comparison of e-book formats
2483817
up to 64 MB of memory, with XMS version 3.0 this increased to 4 GB (2 bytes). To differentiate between the possibly different amount of memory that might be available to applications, depending on which version of the specification they were developed to, the latter may be referred to as super extended memory or SXMS. The extended memory manager is also responsible for managing allocations in the high memory area (HMA) and the upper memory area (UMA; also referred to as upper memory blocks or UMBs). In practice the upper memory area will be provided by the expanded memory manager
Extended memory
6940380
acquires as many granules as it requires. The SGA can be said to consist of linked granules. The granule size depends on the database version and sometimes on the operating system. In Oracle 9i and earlier, it is 4 MB if the SGA size is less than 128 MB, and 16 MB otherwise. For later releases, it is typically 4 MB if the SGA size is less than 1 GB, and 16 MB otherwise. There must be at least 3 granules in the SGA: one for the Database Buffer Cache, one for the Shared Pool Area and one for the
System Global Area
20226453
process up to seven operations at a time. The system can be configured with 1, 2, or 4 MB of magnetic core memory (models 195J, 195K, and 195L) with a cycle time of 756 ns. A 32 KB cache, called a "buffer memory" in the IBM announcement, is standard. Memory blocks are brought into cache in units of 64 bytes. The normal operating system for the Model 195 is OS/360 Multiprogramming with a Variable Number of Tasks (MVT). The Model 195 was later updated as the IBM System/370 Model 195 with the new System/370 instructions and the 370 TOD clock
IBM System/360 Model 195
1278009
each direction, per lane. This figure is a calculation from the physical signaling rate (2.5 gigabaud) divided by the encoding overhead (10 bits per byte.) This means a sixteen lane (×16) PCIe card would then be theoretically capable of 16×250 MB/s = 4 GB/s in each direction. While this is correct in terms of data bytes, more meaningful calculations are based on the usable data payload rate, which depends on the profile of the traffic, which is a function of the high-level (software) application and intermediate protocol levels. Like other high data rate serial interconnect systems, PCIe has a protocol
PCI Express
412411
C became available memory chunks of indeterminate or large size were required. This gave rise to the use of heap storage and some memory management routines. To ease the overhead, TPF memory was broken into frames— 4 KB in size (1 MB with z/TPF). If an application needs a certain number of bytes, the number of contiguous frames required to fill that need are granted. Transaction Processing Facility Transaction Processing Facility (TPF) is an IBM real-time operating system for mainframe computers descended from the IBM System/360 family, including zSeries and System z9. TPF delivers fast, high-volume, high-throughput transaction processing, handling
Transaction Processing Facility
197422
many sources of information today. Techniques to gather knowledge from an overabundance of electronic information (e.g., data fusion may help in data mining) have existed since the 1970s. Another common technique to deal with such amount of information is qualitative research. Such approach aims at organizing the information, synthesizing, categorizing and systematizing in order to be more usable and easier to search. A new metric that is being used in an attempt to characterize the growth in person-specific information, is the disk storage per person (DSP), which is measured in megabytes/person (where megabytes is 10 bytes and is abbreviated MB).
Information explosion
3584319
doesn't need to reread data from decompressed file. REP's advantage is its multiplicative rolling hash that is both quick to compute and has near-ideal distribution. Larger minimal match length (512 bytes compared to 32 bytes in rzip) allowed for additional speed optimizations, so that REP provides very fast compression (about 200 MB/s on Intel i3-2100). SREP (SuperREP) is an implementation of Tridgell's idea of LZ compressor that doesn't store its dictionary in RAM, using instead SHA1 hashes of processed blocks to compare their contents. It allows the program to compress files that are about 10x larger than RAM available. Decompression
Rzip
7504117
and number of encoded 16-bit samples (32 bits); all known AMV files run sound at 22050 samples/second. Low decoder overhead is paramount as the S1 MP3 players have very low-end processors (a Z80 variant). Video compression ratio is low – around 4 pixels/byte, compared with over 10 pixels/byte for MPEG-2 – though as the files are of low resolution (96×96 up to 208×176) and frame rate (10, 12, or 16 frame/s), file sizes are small in bytes per second. With a resolution of 128×96 pixels and a framerate of 12 frame/s, a 30-minute video will be compressed into 80 MB.
AMV video format
12361112
(0x00-0x7F). Shift JIS can directly be used in programming languages and languages such as HTML (if accepting that backslash looks like ¥), because the bytes used for free text delimiters are not used as part of non-ASCII characters. UTF-16 is even less extended ASCII because ASCII characters are stored as two bytes with one byte equal to 0x00. Porting an existing system to support character sets as Shift JIS or UTF-16 is complicated and bug prone. For programming languages and document languages such as C and HTML, the principle of Extended ASCII is important, since it enables many different encodings
Extended ASCII
9549493
(MiB), for bytes, to distinguish them from their decimal counterparts such as megabyte (MB), for precisely one million () bytes. In the standard, the application of the binary prefixes is not limited to units of information storage. For example, a frequency ten octaves above one hertz, i.e., 2 Hz (), is one kibihertz (1 KiHz). These binary prefixes were standardized first in a 1999 addendum to IEC 60027-2. The harmonized IEC 80000-13:2008 standard cancels and replaces subclauses 3.8 and 3.9 of IEC 60027-2:2005, which had defined the prefixes for binary multiples. The only significant change in IEC 80000-13 is the
ISO/IEC 80000
8970974
with alien-like characters. Though not much development for homebrew games was done on the console, several programmers have created demos and proof-of-concepts. Some of the programs include a CD-Door demo, 3D Wire-frame demo, and a Bluescale demo. Sunplus SPG290 SoC UART, I²C, SPI etc. Composite video output (SoC supports TFT displays, but the HS does not use it) 16 MB SDRAM system RAM 640×480 native resolution 65,535 colors (RGB 565 mode) 1 USB port RFID scanner (13.56 MHz) RFID storage: 96 bytes of user memory + 8 bytes unique ID + 6 bytes of one time programmable memory The HyperScan
HyperScan
13489800
information across a network without wasting bandwidth. When using the SECS-I standard, RS-232 serial communication, the message size is limited to 7995148 bytes (about 8 MB). When using the HSMS standard, TCP/IP network communication, the maximum message size is limited to 4294967295 bytes (about 4.3 GB). The structure of each standard SECS-II message is defined by the SEMI E5 SECS-II standard. A message can be a simple data element, such as a binary response or an ASCII string. A message can also be a complex list structure with multiple levels of lists in the hierarchy. The SECS-II standard limits a
SECS-II
4665655
used are the ASCII characters 33 (!) through 117 (u) inclusive (to represent the base-85 digits 0 through 84), together with the letter z (as a special case to represent a 32-bit 0 value), and white space is ignored. Adobe uses the delimiter "codice_9" to mark the end of an Ascii85-encoded string, and represents the length by truncating the final group: If the last block of source bytes contains fewer than 4 bytes, the block is padded with up to three null bytes before encoding. After encoding, as many bytes as were added as padding are removed from the end
Ascii85
2031972
longer constant, and the spindle motor needed to be designed to vary its speed from between 200 RPM on the outer rim and 500 RPM on the inner. Later CD drives kept the CLV paradigm, but evolved to achieve higher rotational speeds, popularly described in multiples of a base speed. As a result, a 4× drive, for instance, would rotate at 800-2000 RPM, while transferring data steadily at 600 KiB/s, which is equal to 4 × 150 KiB/s. For DVDs, base or 1× speed is 1.385 MB/s, equal to 1.32 MiB/s, approximately nine times faster than the CD base speed.
Optical disc drive
10164236
changed later on as explained above, so the capacity decreased. Other formats, those with 8 cm diameter and hybrid variants, acquired similar numeric names with even larger deviation. The 12 cm type is a standard DVD, and the 8 cm variety is known as a MiniDVD. These are the same sizes as a standard CD and a mini-CD, respectively. The capacity by surface area (MiB/cm) varies from 6.92 MiB/cm in the DVD-1 to 18.0 MB/cm in the DVD-18. Each DVD sector contains 2,418 bytes of data, 2,048 bytes of which are user data. There is a small difference in storage
DVD
934830
three Bank Address inputs (BA0, BA1 and BA2) are used to select which bank a command is directed toward. Many commands also use an address presented on the address input pins. Some commands, which either do not use an address, or present a column address, also use A10 to select variants. The commands are defined as follows: All SDRAM generations (SDR and DDRx) use essentially the same commands, with the changes being: For example, a 512 MB SDRAM DIMM (which contains 512 MiB (mebibytes) = = 536,870,912 bytes exactly), might be made of eight or nine SDRAM chips, each containing
Synchronous dynamic random-access memory
2483885
hold a growing data structure recording various properties of the loaded real-mode drivers. High memory area In DOS memory management, the high memory area (HMA) is the RAM area consisting of the first 65520 bytes above the one megabyte in an IBM AT or compatible computer. In real mode, the segmentation architecture of the Intel 80286 and subsequent processors identifies memory locations with a 16-bit segment and a 16-bit offset, which is resolved into a physical address via (segment) x 16 + (offset). Although intended to address only 1 Megabyte (MB) (2 bytes) of memory, segment:offset addresses at codice_1 and
High memory area
4061537
the number of "transfers" per second. Careful usage generally talks about "500 MHz, double data rate" or "1000 MT/s", but many refer casually to a "1000 MHz bus," even though no signal cycles faster than 500 MHz. DDR SDRAM popularized the technique of referring to the bus bandwidth in megabytes per second, the product of the transfer rate and the bus width in bytes. DDR SDRAM operating with a 100 MHz clock is called DDR-200 (after its 200 MT/s data transfer rate), and a 64-bit (8-byte) wide DIMM operated at that data rate is called PC-1600, after its 1600 MB/s
Double data rate
5694111
the first widely available 5-1/4" hard disks using the ST506 interface such as the 5 MB BASF 6182 and the removable SyQuest SQ306RD of the same capacity. Due to the limited address space of the 6809 (64 kB) and hardware limitations, the main memory space for the UniFLEX kernel as well as for any running process had to be smaller than 56 kB (code + data)(processes could be up to 64K minus 512 bytes). This was achieved by writing the kernel and most user space code entirely in assembly language, and by removing a few classic Unix features, such as
UniFLEX
229805
mebi, gibi, etc., to unambiguously denote powers of 1024. Thus the kibibyte, symbol KiB, represents 2 = 1024 bytes. These prefixes are now part of the International System of Quantities. The IEC further specified that the kilobyte should only be used to refer to 1000 bytes. One thousand and twenty-four kibibytes (1024 KiB) is equal to one mebibyte (1 MiB), where 1 MiB is 1024 bytes. Kilobyte The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The International System of Units (SI) defines the prefix "kilo" as 1000 (10); per this definition, one kilobyte is 1000 bytes.
Kilobyte
325321
of the use of the petabyte to describe data sizes in different fields are: Petabyte The petabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix "peta" indicates the fifth power of 1000 and means 10 in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore 1 petabyte is one quadrillion (short scale) bytes, or 1 billiard (long scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the petabyte is PB. 1 PB = = = . A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to 1024 bytes, which is more than 12% greater (2 bytes =
Petabyte
15708478
the track width to be greatly reduced. In 1990, an attempt was made to standardize details for a 20 megabyte 3½-inch format floppy. At the time, "three different technologies that are not interchangeable" existed. One major goal was that the to-be-developed standard drive be backward compatible: that it be able to read 720K and 1.44Mb floppies. As early as 1987, Brier Technology announced the Flextra BR3020, which boasts 21.4 MB (a value used for marketing: its true size is 21,040 kB, 2 sides × 526 cylinders × 40 sectors × 512 bytes or 25 MB unformatted). Around 1990 it announced
Floppy disk variants
796690
marker segments (for details refer to JPEG, Syntax and structure). The markers are defined in part 1 of the JPEG Standard. Each marker consists of two bytes: an codice_1 byte followed by a byte which is not equal to codice_2 or codice_1 and specifies the type of the marker. Some markers stand alone, but most indicate the start of a marker segment that contains data bytes according to the following pattern: codice_4 The bytes "s1" and "s2" are taken together to represent a big-endian 16-bit integer specifying the length of the following "data bytes" plus the 2 bytes used to
JPEG File Interchange Format
2656907
were bit rather than byte aligned, with an instruction taking between 6 and 321 bits. The iAPX 432 has hardware and microcode support for object-oriented programming and capability-based addressing. The system uses segmented memory, with up to 2 segments of up to 64 KB each, providing a total virtual address space of 2 bytes. The physical address space is 2 bytes (16 MB). Programs are not able to reference data or instructions by address; instead they must specify a segment and an offset within the segment. Segments are referenced by Access Descriptors (ADs), which provide an index into the system
Intel iAPX 432
9933752
encrypted, except for the first two bytes -- the destination address byte and the data-length byte are never encrypted to allow standard and secure peripherals to be mixed on the same bus. The total length of a message packet can range from a minimum of 5 bytes (data-length byte equal to 0) to 260 bytes (data-length byte equal to 255). Longer transfers require a series of message packets. A number of associated standards have emerged over the years from within the ccTalk specification. For example, the global tags to identify the world’s forever changing coins and notes. In ccTalk a
CcTalk
7672417
financial and other issues required a re-evaluation of how to best serve the reader community. All issues are still obtainable from the "Tux Magazine" website. All 20 issues were laid out in a style usual for glossy printed magazines but optimised for screen reading. The magazine fits perfectly on displays in the 4:3 landscape format and the files open automatically in full screen presentation. The number of pages per issue are between 46 and 60 with almost no advertising; the files sizes range from 1.8 MB to 14 MB with an average of about 4 MB. "TUX Magazine" contained HOWTO-type
Tux Magazine
1304044
Gibibyte The gibibyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The binary prefix "gibi" means 2, therefore one gibibyte is equal to = 1024 mebibytes. The unit symbol for the gibibyte is GiB. It is one of the units with binary prefixes defined by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 1998. The gibibyte is closely related to the gigabyte (GB), which is defined by the IEC as 10 bytes = , ≈ . 1024 gibibytes are equal to one tebibyte. In the context of computer memory, gigabyte and GB are customarily used to mean 1024 (2) bytes,
Gibibyte
2659424
which can still be seen: Large-file support Large-file support (LFS) is the term frequently applied to the ability to create files larger than either 2 or 4 GB on 32-bit operating systems. Traditionally, many operating systems and their underlying file system implementations used 32-bit integers to represent file sizes and positions. Consequently, no file could be larger than 2 − 1 bytes (4 GiB − 1). In many implementations, the problem was exacerbated by treating the sizes as signed numbers, which further lowered the limit to 2 − 1 bytes (2 GiB − 1). Files that were too large for
Large-file support
4651678
with a CHS tuple of codice_26 would have 500 tracks per side on each platter, two platters (4 heads), and 32 sectors per track, with a total of 32 768 000 bytes (31.25 MB). ATA/IDE drives were much more efficient at storing data and have replaced the now "archaic" MFM and RLL drives. They use zone bit recording (ZBR), where the number of sectors dividing each track varies with the location of groups of tracks on the surface of the platter. Tracks nearer to the edge of the platter contain more blocks of data than tracks close to the spindle,
Cylinder-head-sector
12118735
Gbit). These prefixes are more often used for multiples of bytes, as in kilobyte (1 kB = 8000 bit), megabyte (1 MB = ), and gigabyte (1 GB = ). However, for technical reasons, the capacities of computer memories and some storage units are often multiples of some large power of two, such as 2 = bytes. To avoid such unwieldy numbers, people have often repurposed the SI prefixes to mean the nearest power of two, e.g., using the prefix "kilo" for 2 = 1024, "mega" for 2 = , and "giga" for 2 = , and so on. For
Units of information