who was the us president when pearl harbor was bombed
Franklin D. Roosevelt
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Japan, but the lack of any formal warning, particularly while negotiations were still apparently ongoing, led President Franklin D. Roosevelt to proclaim December 7, 1941, "a date which will live in infamy". Because the attack happened without a declaration of war and without explicit warning, the attack on Pearl Harbor was later judged in the Tokyo Trials to be a war crime. War between Japan and the United States had been a possibility that each nation had been aware of, and planned for, since the 1920s. The relationship between the two countries was cordial enough that they remained trading partners.
Attack on Pearl Harbor
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Harbor during the attack, and called Clausen's investigation "notoriously unreliable" in several aspects. Some authors argue that US President Roosevelt was actively provoking Japan in the weeks prior to the Pearl Harbor attack. These authors assert that Roosevelt was imminently expecting and seeking war, but wanted Japan to take the first overtly aggressive action. One perspective is given by Rear Admiral Frank Edmund Beatty Jr., who at the time of the Pearl Harbor attack was an aide to the Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox and was very close to President Franklin D. Roosevelt's inner circle, remarked that: Another "eye
Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory
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War II had been over for 20 years, there was still a great deal of ill will towards those of Japanese descent because of the war and, specifically, the bombings at Pearl Harbor. As a result, Nakanishi was alienated by many of his classmates. This sense of alienation came to a head when, on December 7th (the anniversary of the bombings at Pearl Harbor) of his first year, a group of students trooped into his dorm room and "bombed" him with water balloons. One student even went so far as to memorize Franklin D. Roosevelt's declaration of war speech and
Don Nakanishi
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published three months before the U.S. entered the war in 1941, which advocated the defeat of the German armies on the European continent. When the U.S. entered the war after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 and the U.S. was at war with both Japan and Germany, a "Europe first" a modified version of his plan was adopted by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Under the German first policy, the plan was expanded to include the blueprint for the Normandy landings. European Theater of Operations, United States Army The European Theater
European Theater of Operations, United States Army
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Infamy Speech The Infamy Speech was a speech delivered by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt to a Joint Session of the US Congress on December 8, 1941, one day after the Empire of Japan's attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, and the Japanese declaration of war on the United States and the British Empire. The name derives from the first line of the speech: Roosevelt describing the previous day as "a date which will live in infamy". The speech is also commonly referred to as the "Pearl Harbor Speech". Within an hour of the speech,
Infamy Speech
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for Trincomalee, Ceylon, where she rendezvoused with British ships for exercises. In April, the ship joined a British force to screen during air strikes on Sabang, Indonesia. She returned to Ceylon in May and then moved on to Exmouth Gulf, Australia. With a British force, "Cummings" sortied for air strikes on Soerabaja, Java, before leaving for Pearl Harbor. By July she was back in San Francisco to escort the heavy cruiser , the ship that carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Pearl Harbor. "Cummings" joined the US 3rd Fleet for the Battle of Leyte Gulf in October 1944. The next
Mahan-class destroyer
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1932, "Hopkins" was one of the two naval ships rendering medical aid to earthquake victims at Santiago, Cuba. She departed 5 February to join the Pacific Fleet at San Diego, California. She had escort duty for President Franklin D. Roosevelt's cruise to Canada in July 1936, then resumed training along the Western Seaboard. "Hopkins" returned to Norfolk, Virginia in April 1939, and performed Neutrality Patrol from September 1939 until sailing for San Diego 37 May, and from there to Pearl Harbor. She converted to a high-speed minesweeper (DMS-13) in the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard. When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor,
USS Hopkins (DD-249)
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Congress; he was a personal friend of Democrat Speaker of the House Sam Rayburn of Texas. In the 1930s and 1940s, Brown staunchly opposed President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies to expand the federal bureaucracy. He also opposed expanding US foreign military entanglements, until attack on Pearl Harbor. Following World War II, Brown warned against the continuation and expansion of foreign aid programs that were meant to be temporary. When Harry Truman became president, Brown opposed his Fair Deal, as corrupt cronyism through the expansion of federal bureaucracy. Brown cosponsored legislation to create the Hoover Commission to study and
Clarence J. Brown
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years after her October 7, 1935, marriage to US Navy captain Melbourne Newcomb Gilbert, who was stationed in Vallejo, California. Upon the couple's 1940 return to Hawaii, she was once again appointed Assistant U. S. District Attorney, this time by acting U. S. District Attorney Angus M. Taylor. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the territory was placed under martial law by territorial governor Joseph Poindexter, approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The writ of habeas corpus was suspended. One of the cases she worked on was that of Honolulu doctor of naturopathy Hans Zimmerman, who challenged his arrest and
Jean Vaughan Gilbert
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Pearl Harbor not only happened without a declaration of war but was also a treacherous and deceitful act. In fact, Japan and the U.S. were still negotiating for a possible peace agreement which kept U.S. officials very distracted when Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor. Keenan explained the definition of a war of aggression and the criminality of the attack on Pearl Harbor: Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, who planned the attack on Pearl Harbor, was fully aware that if Japan lost the war, he would be tried as a war criminal for that attack (although he was killed by the United States
Japanese war crimes
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served aboard the "Hovey". "Hovey" converted to a high speed minesweeper and was reclassified DMS-11 19 November 1940. After intensive training she sailed 4 February 1941 for duty at Pearl Harbor. When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor 7 December 1941 "Hovey" was steaming in company with "Chandler" as antisubmarine screen for , engaged in gunnery practice some 20 miles (40 km) off Pearl Harbor. The minesweeper immediately took up patrol and convoy duty around Pearl Harbor until 20 May when she escorted a 20-ship convoy to San Francisco, arriving 31 May. "Hovey" returned to Pearl Harbor in mid-June and sailed
USS Hovey (DD-208)
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she made in January 1935. "Lurline" was half-way from Honolulu to San Francisco on 7 December 1941, when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. The ship's alleged reception of radio signals from the Japanese fleet became part of the Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory. She made her destination safely, travelling at maximum speed, and soon returned to Hawaii with her Matson sisters "Mariposa" and "Monterey" in a convoy laden with troops and supplies. She spent the war providing similar services, often voyaging to Australia, and once transported Australian Prime Minister John Curtin to America to confer with President Roosevelt. Wartime events
SS Lurline (1932)
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a main base for the US Pacific Fleet after World War II along with Naval Base San Diego. In 2010, the Navy and the Air Force merged their two nearby bases; Pearl Harbor joined with Hickam Air Force Base to create Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam. On February 18, 2016, a tourist helicopter fell into Pearl Harbor, injuring four people; one person was missing and is thought to be dead. In December 2016, Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe made a joint visit to Pearl Harbor with US President Barack Obama. This trip marked the 75 year anniversary of the attack, and
Pearl Harbor
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out when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. Curtin addressed the nation on the radio, saying, "Men and women of Australia...we are at war with Japan. This is the gravest hour of our history. We Australians have imperishable traditions. We shall maintain them. We shall vindicate them. We shall hold this country and keep it as a citadel for the British-speaking race and as a place where civilisation will persist." On 10 December, and were both sunk by Japanese bombers off the Malayan coast. These had been the last major battleships standing between Japan and Australia. Curtin cabled US President Roosevelt and
John Curtin
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time World War II began. It was the largest building of its type in Brisbane. Eslick disappeared soon after Cloudland was opened so the building was left abandoned until 1942 when it was used by the American military. They arrived shortly after Pearl Harbor was bombed in December 1941. When Cloudland was re-opened after the war, the name Luna Park was dropped and the building was thenceforth known as Cloudland Ballroom. As a gift to the people of Brisbane, the dance floor was rebuilt by the US military. The smooth hard floor was constructed of one inch tongue and groove
Cloudland
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had bombed Pearl Harbor, though a considerably larger number of bombs were dropped on Darwin, than on Pearl Harbor. The attack killed at least 243 people and caused immense damage to the town. These were by far the most serious attacks on Australia in time of war, in terms of fatalities and damage. They were the first of many raids on Darwin. This event is often called the "Pearl Harbor of Australia". Although it was a less significant target, a greater number of bombs were dropped on Darwin than were used in the attack on Pearl Harbor. As was the
History of Darwin
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7, 1941, Jeanne Wakatsuki says farewell to her father's sardine fleet at San Pedro Harbor. By the time the boats return, news reaches the family that the Japanese have bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. Jeanne's father burns his Japanese flag and identity papers but is arrested by the FBI and beaten when taken to the jail. Jeanne's mother moves the family to the Japanese ghetto on Terminal Island, and then to Boyle Heights in Los Angeles. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt signs Executive Order 9066 giving the military authority to relocate those posing a potential threat to national security.
Farewell to Manzanar
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leading up to WWII, when other US citizens were being urged to leave, she elected to stay in Nagasaki. She said that Nagasaki was her home; she had nowhere else to go. The day after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Couch was arrested and then moved later moved to an internment center in Tokyo. At the internment camp in Tokyo, she was allowed virtually no contact with the outside world. Near the end of the war, the internment camp was fire bombed by allied forces. She and the other detainees survived, but lost much of their personal property. In
Sarah M Couch
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lived in Southern California until 1942 (when Pearl Harbor was bombed and President Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066) when she and her family were evacuated. They were forced to leave their home and be taken to Manzanar. She and her family spent the next three years in the camp, attempting to live a "normal" life behind barbed wire, under the watch of armed guards in searchlight towers. Despite their efforts, obstacles managed to get in the way: her father's drinking habits and aggressive abuse, having no freedom, and very little space in the cubicles. However, things eventually improved, and they
Jeanne Wakatsuki Houston
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college associated with the Free Methodist denomination, and began studying to be a missionary, eventually to return to Japan with his wife, Florence, in 1948. DeShazer, the Doolittle Raider who bombed Nagoya, met Captain Mitsuo Fuchida, who led the attack on Pearl Harbor, becoming close friends. ("For That One Day: The Memoirs of Mitsuo Fuchida, Commander of the Attack on Pearl Harbor," translated by Douglas T. Shinsato and Tadanori Urabe.) Fuchida became a Christian in 1950 after reading a tract written about DeShazer titled, "I Was a Prisoner of Japan," and spent the rest of his life as a missionary
Jacob DeShazer
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Asiatic Fleet which is in charge of the naval protection for the Philippines. He was temporarily promoted to first lieutenant, September 27, 1941. A few weeks after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, his rank became permanent after he was inducted into the US Army Forces in the Far East (USAFFE) on December 19, 1941. Four days later, the Japanese planes bombed the Offshore Patrol two-storied headquarters in Muelle del Codo, Port Area, Manila where he was stationed; he was in Bataan when this incident happened. The Naval Headquarters was lightly staffed at that time, only 20 personnel, since all
Emilio S. Liwanag
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siblings attended Japanese language school only once a week instead of each day after their regular classes. Kurose instead spent her free time engaged with the Girl Scouts and her high school band and drama club. The December 7, 1941, attack on Pearl Harbor came during Kurose's senior year of high school. She later recalled brushing off her father's worries of trouble, unconcerned as she and her siblings were American citizens – but at school the next day, she was reminded of her "Japaneseness" and unequal status when a teacher told her, "You people bombed Pearl Harbor." On February 19,
Aki Kurose
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the attack on Pearl Harbor. Howland and Baker were bombed, and two of the four colonists on Howland died. Although Wake Island was also bombed on December 8, Wake is west of the International Date Line, and the attack on Wake occurred only a few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The last of the colonists on Jarvis, Howland, Baker, and Enderbury islands were removed in February 1942. Canton, on the other hand, had become a refueling point for commercial aviation by 1939, received a military presence during World War II, and remains populated as of 2010. Howland and
Howland and Baker islands
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Pearl Harbor, he left to rejoin his family in Japan. Iwatake was drafted into the Imperial Japanese Army from a Japanese college in 1943. Iwatake missed the Battle of Iwo Jima due to a submarine attack on his ship's convoy, and was subsequently stationed on Chichi-jima, 150 miles north of Iwo Jima. American forces bombed Chichi-jima to cut radio communications between the islands. He was present when former United States President George H.W. Bush was shot down over the Pacific in his Avenger bomber, in September 1944, and was later rescued by a submarine. Two American crewman with Bush were
Nobuaki Iwatake
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Fleet were transferred from California to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, as a deterrent to Japanese imperialism. During the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, "Arizona" was bombed. After a bomb detonated in a powder magazine, the battleship exploded violently and sank, with the loss of 1,177 officers and crewmen. Unlike many of the other ships sunk or damaged that day, "Arizona" was irreparably damaged by the force of the magazine explosion, though the Navy removed parts of the ship for reuse. The wreck still lies at the bottom of Pearl Harbor and the USS "Arizona" Memorial. Dedicated on
USS Arizona (BB-39)
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Veteran over 90 years old. His argument was to stop the Japanese before they bombed the United States. Being ahead of his time, Grandfather Place was not around four years later when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on December 7, 1941." These and many more stories of everyday life in Shockeysville filled my youth. In the 1970s people and events encouraged me to want to take care of the church. I had been carried in as a baby and joined as a member when I was eight years old. The church was beginning to be in need to repairs
Shockeysville, Virginia
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aircraft entering Brisbane airspace during World War II. Others included Colmslie (385), Balmoral (387), Amberley (391) and Archerfield (392). They were built to provide protection to nearby Australian and US naval facilities located along the Brisbane River at Hamilton and Eagle Farm, as well as providing cover for nearby Brisbane airfield. The sighting of gun stations near the Brisbane River also had strategic importance as enemy aircraft would use the river as a navigational aid when conducting reconnaissance. When the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941, Australia's focus in the war turned to the Pacific Ocean. After the
Hemmant Gun Battery
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and the perpetrator of the scheme was arrested. President Roosevelt directed the FBI to investigate Beckman to determine his role in the financial scheme. Most of Beckman's collection was sold to pay the notes. Because of Beckman's troubles Bishop Henry Rohlman returned from the Davenport, Iowa diocese to become coadjutor archbishop in 1944. Beckman was allowed to retain his office, but was informed that Rohlman now led the archdiocese. Beckman retired in 1947, and left Dubuque for Cincinnati. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor. One of the casualties in that attack was Father Aloysius Schmitt, who was serving
Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Dubuque
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however, on December 7, 1941 — Pearl Harbor is bombed, thus making them an enemy in their community and across the USA, as they are considered foreigners. Ordered to stay by her father, she remains occupied in California, however, the military are ordered to remove all Japanese citizens, and she ends up being put in a detention centre, having to fight to stay alive. Seventeen-year-old Japanese girl who visits California for studying at St. Andrew's College just before Japan's Pearl Harbor attack Colleague of Takao at Stanford University who befriends Hiroko A cousin of Hiroko's father, who is a professor
Silent Honor
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clips came from then-University of Miami defensive end Jerome Brown, captured on tape when Brown led his fellow Hurricanes out of a pre-1987 Fiesta Bowl dinner with opponent Penn State, saying: "Did the Japanese go and sit down and have dinner with Pearl Harbor before they bombed 'em?" Any reference to Japan or the Japanese on Healy's show would result in a replay of Brown's remark. When Brown died in a car accident on June 25, 1992, Healy announced Brown's death during his 5:30 p.m. PDT broadcast — and never played the "Pearl Harbor" clip again. Healy died July 22,
Jim Healy (sports commentator)
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to stay afterwards. As he waited outside the Oval Office, Murrow observed government and military officials entering and leaving. He wrote after the war: One historian has written, however, that when Murrow met Roosevelt with William J. Donovan of the OSS that night, while the magnitude of the destruction at Pearl Harbor horrified the president, Roosevelt seemed slightly less surprised by the attack than the other men. According to Murrow, the president told him, "Maybe you think [the attack] didn't surprise us!" He said later, "I believed him", and thought that he might have been asked to stay as a
Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory
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after taking office, Navy Secretary Knox wrote an overview memo which specifically noted the possibility of an attack at Pearl Harbor. However, neither observation led to formal policy recommendations to forestall such an attack. Admiral James O. Richardson, who was fired by President Roosevelt for complaining about the President's order to station the Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor instead of its normal berthing on the U.S. West Coast, blamed the President for the "initial defeats in the Pacific" as "direct, real and personal." Richardson believed stationing the fleet in Pearl Harbor made the ships extremely vulnerable against attack and provided
Vulnerability of Pearl Harbor in 1941
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National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, also referred to as Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day or Pearl Harbor Day, is observed annually in the United States on December 7, to remember and honor the 2,403 citizens of the United States who were killed in the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 7, 1941. On August 23, 1994, the United States Congress, by , designated December 7 of each year as National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day. On November 29, President Bill Clinton issued a proclamation declaring December 7, 1994, the first National Pearl Harbor
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
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anti-Roosevelt. After the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor in December of that year, the Almanacs issued a strongly pro-war, pro-Roosevelt album, "Dear Mr. President", that included Guthrie's "Reuben James" (1942), and several of them enlisted in the Army (Seeger) or Merchant Marine (Guthrie and Cisco Houston). The Almanacs were widely criticized in the press for switching positions, especially by Dr. Carl Joachim Friedrich, a Harvard political scientist who was in charge of military propaganda for domestic consumption and wrote prolifically for popular magazines. In 1948 Hays and Seeger organized a quartet, which also included a young Ronnie Gilbert and Fred Hellerman,
Protest songs in the United States
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that every corner of Santa Cruz had posts to recruit for volunteers to join the Philippine Armed Forces to stop the Japanese forces who were coming in from the northern city of Ligayen, Pangasinan and Tayabas, Quezon in the southern Luzon. However, Atty. Silvino Barsana Agudo did not focus on that and proceeded to Manila, a trip that took one whole day. When Atty. Silvino Barsana Agudo arrived at his house in P. Campa Street along España Boulevard, he found his house was filled with Ivatans. This was because when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor many dormitories closed in Manila
Silvino Barsana Agudo
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adopted. A scholarship was open to any U.S. citizen who is a direct descendant of a PHSA member or deceased member, including step or adopted children. On December 7, 2011, during the 70th anniversary ceremony in Hawaii of the attack on Pearl Harbor ("Pearl Harbor Day"), William Muehleib, the President of the PHSA, announced that due to the ages and health of the 2,700 members, the executive board had decided to terminate the corporate association as of December 31 of that year. The "Pearl Harbor-Gram" closed its membership in February 2012. However, informal social and local activities involving Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor Survivors Association
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Dutch Harbor Dutch Harbor is a harbor on Amaknak Island in Unalaska, Alaska. It was the location of the Battle of Dutch Harbor in June 1942, and was one of the few sites, besides the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, in American territory to be bombed by the Japanese during World War II. Dutch Harbor is now the home of an important fishing industry. Druzhinin, the commander of the Russian ship "Zakharii I Elisaveta", is credited for discovering the deep-water harbor now known as Dutch Harbor. Dutch Harbor is located within the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, more precisely on
Dutch Harbor
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after the bombs began falling, and did not receive the first official notification of the attack until several hours after the attack ended. The scene following the attack on Pearl Harbor, where President Roosevelt demands an immediate retaliatory strike on the soil of Japan, did not happen as portrayed in the film. Admiral Chester Nimitz and General George Marshall are seen denying the possibility of an aerial attack on Japan, but in real life they actually advocated such a strike. Another inconsistency in this scene is when President Roosevelt (who was at this time in his life, stricken and bound
Pearl Harbor (film)
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Harold (an American from Tennessee (1906–1990)), who in 1931 married Hidenari "Terry" Terasaki (b.1900), a Japanese diplomat. He was First Secretary at the Japanese Embassy in Washington, D.C. in 1941 when Pearl Harbor was bombed, was one of the staff who helped translate the Japanese declaration of war and delivered it (late) to the U.S. government and (Mrs. Terasaki wrote in her memoirs) earlier sent secret messages to Japanese pacifists seeking to avert war. The couple and their daughter Mariko were like all Axis diplomats interned in 1942 and repatriated via neutral Angola later that year. Terasaki held various posts
Bridge to the Sun
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1902, the Philippine–American War for Philippine Independence ensued. It ended with an American victory, but nationalism continued rising. Political organizations and parties developed as a bicameral legislature that consisted of a popularly-elected Philippine Assembly and US-appointed Philippine Commission oversaw the country. On December 7, 1941, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the following morning attacked the Philippines. General Douglas MacArthur of the United States retreated and declared Manila an open city. Japan continued to bomb the city and forced 70,000 Filipino and American troops on the Bataan Death March. The Japanese continued bombing until MacArthur surrendered on May 6, 1942 and
When the Elephants Dance
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James R. Ward James Richard Ward (September 10, 1921 – December 7, 1941) was a US Navy sailor who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Ward enlisted in the United States Navy at Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 25, 1940. After basic training, he reported on board the battleship . When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, "Oklahoma" took three torpedoes soon after the attack began. She listed dangerously, and it was soon apparent that she would capsize. The order was given to abandon ship, but Seaman First
James R. Ward
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transferred each year. Huge harvests of pollock and cod in the Bering Sea are part of this total. The Bering Sea has a continental shelf that is one of the world’s largest, and supports a rich ecosystem. Dutch Harbor Dutch Harbor is a harbor on Amaknak Island in Unalaska, Alaska. It was the location of the Battle of Dutch Harbor in June 1942, and was one of the few sites, besides the attack on Pearl Harbor in Hawaii, in American territory to be bombed by the Japanese during World War II. Dutch Harbor is now the home of an important
Dutch Harbor
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Seiki Kayamori Seiki Kayamori (1877–1941) was a Japanese photographer who lived in Yakutat, Alaska, before World War II. His photographs captured the village's residents, mostly Tlingit Indians, at a time when the fish canning industry and other outside influences were beginning to change or eclipse traditional ways of life. Kayamori lived in Yakutat for some 30 years and never returned to Japan. But even before Pearl Harbor was bombed, the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigation suspected him and other Japanese immigrants on the West Coast of spying. Two days after the attack, awaiting his arrest, Kayamori committed suicide. No credible
Seiki Kayamori
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/ parallel story to the film. In 1944, as he attacks a Hydra base in the Nazi-occupied Danish Straits, Steve Rogers recalls parts of his life that got him to this point: his mother's blessing to become a soldier; his first meeting with Bucky Barnes, who protected him from bullies as a boy; the day after Pearl Harbor was bombed, when Bucky and Steve decided to enlist; Bucky training Steve to pass the physical; and the point when Bucky passed the physical but Steve failed. Johann Schmidt watches Rogers fight, and recalls how he got to this point: meeting Adolf
Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-in comics
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USCGC Taney (WHEC-37) USCGC "Taney" (WPG/WAGC/WHEC-37) () is a United States Coast Guard High Endurance Cutter, notable as the last warship floating that fought in the attack on Pearl Harbor, although "Taney" was moored in nearby Honolulu Harbor not Pearl Harbor itself (a non-combatant vessel at Pearl Harbor, the US Navy tug , also remains afloat). She was named for Roger B. Taney (1777–1864), who was at various times: U.S. Attorney General, Secretary of the Treasury, and Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. She is also one of two Treasury-class (out of seven total) Coast Guard cutters still afloat. Serving
USCGC Taney (WHEC-37)
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so the remainder of the turret crew could see to escape, thereby sacrificing his own life. In 1943, the destroyer escort , was named in honor of Seaman First Class Ward. James R. Ward James Richard Ward (September 10, 1921 – December 7, 1941) was a US Navy sailor who was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions during the attack on Pearl Harbor. Ward enlisted in the United States Navy at Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 25, 1940. After basic training, he reported on board the battleship . When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941,
James R. Ward
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attacks mounted by a foreign power against Australia. It was the same fleet that had bombed Pearl Harbor, though a considerably larger number of bombs were dropped on Darwin than on Pearl Harbor. The attack killed at least 243 people and caused immense damage to the town. They were the first of many raids on Darwin. Despite this extensive destruction to the town, the Victoria Hotel survived with little damage. Ironically, just as much damaged was caused to the hotel by the September 1941 soldiers riot, as the Japanese bombing raids. In September 1946, the pub reopened under the ownership
Victoria Hotel, Darwin
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involved the growing menace of Japanese forces in the period before America was bombed into the war by the attack on Pearl Harbor. The controversy centers on whether he and his Director of War Plans, Admiral Richmond K. Turner, provided sufficient information to Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, Commander of the Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor, about Japanese moves in the fall of 1941 to enable Kimmel to anticipate an attack and to take steps to counter it. Captain (later Rear Admiral) Edwin T. Layton was Kimmel's chief intelligence officer (later also Admiral Chester W. Nimitz's intelligence officer) at the time
Harold Rainsford Stark
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Within the next few years, the studio developed it as a musical to star Billie Burke in the title role but, just before filming was scheduled to begin, Japan bombed Pearl Harbor and the project was shelved. In 1954, Universal renewed the rights, but the property remained undeveloped. When London producer Stephen Garrett discovered the book, he sought out American producer Nellie Bellflower, who had just produced the seven-time Oscar-nominated film "Finding Neverland" for Harvey Weinstein. Garrett proposed a partnership to get it set up. Bellflower brought the adaptation to executives at Focus Features, but she learned the rights still
Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day
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the federal government. Both Gilruth and the Vestey company left Darwin soon afterwards. Around 10,000 Australian and other Allied troops arrived in Darwin at the outset of World War II, in order to defend Australia's northern coastline. On 19 February 1942 at 0957, 188 Japanese warplanes attacked Darwin in two waves. It was the same fleet that had bombed Pearl Harbor, though a considerably larger number of bombs were dropped on Darwin than on Pearl Harbor. The attack killed at least 243 people and caused immense damage to the town, airfields and aircraft. These were by far the most serious
Darwin, Northern Territory
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While playing chess he is addressed as "lieutenant" but, in a further inconsistency, is seen wearing the insignia of an army captain. Four destroyers tied abreast of each other at their pier are seen being bombed by the Japanese planes, although this class of ship only entered service with the US Navy in the 1970s. The retired "Iowa"-class battleship USS "Missouri" was used to represent USS "West Virginia" for Dorie Miller's boxing match. "West Virginia" did not have the modernized World War II-era bridge and masts found on newer U.S. battleships until her reconstruction was finished in 1943, while the
Pearl Harbor (film)
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fundraising dinners. It received support from former US astronaut Captain Walter Schirra. While executive director of the San Diego Air & Space Museum, Allan Palmer was hired by the United States Air Force to conduct a feasibility study on an aviation museum in Hawaii and then hired as its executive direction and chief executive operating officer. A groundbreaking ceremony was held March 21, 2006 for the $75,000,000 construction of the museum. It opened on December 7, 2007 on the 65th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor. Its board consists of former United States president George H.W. Bush, Brigadier General
Pearl Harbor Aviation Museum
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Silent Honor Silent Honor is a novel written by Danielle Steel, published in 1996. The plot follows Hiroko, an eighteen-year-old who leaves Japan to live with her uncle in California, United States, after making a difficult decision based on her needs and her mother's beliefs. However, when Pearl Harbor is bombed, she becomes an enemy in the American community. The book was published by Delacorte Press. In August, 1941, Hiroko visits the United States from Japan, as she has an uncle, aunt, and cousins living there. Upon first arrival, she settles in well and continues to lead a regular life,
Silent Honor
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Navy Yard when the Japanese struck Pearl Harbor. Following the attack, she did convoy duty between the west coast and Pearl Harbor, and later operated off Midway Island on anti-submarine patrol. In August 1942, "Cushing" sailed to Pearl Harbor for training exercises and later joined operations around Guadalcanal. With Task Force 61, "Cushing" took part in the bitterly contested Battle of Santa Cruz in October 1942. Outnumbered, the force stalled the Japanese from their advance toward Guadalcanal. At the Battle of Guadalcanal, "Cushing" was perhaps the first US ship to strike the enemy on that November day in 1942. In
Mahan-class destroyer
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Island. On 27 January 1941 the Chief of Naval Operations directed the 3d Defense Battalion to move to Midway. They arrived at Midway on 14 February 1941 and remained garrisoned there 11 September when they were relieved by the 6th Defense Battalion. 3d Defense Battalion returned to Hawaii on 15 September 1941 on board the USS Wharton (AP-7). The battalion was stationed at the Marine Barracks, Pearl Harbor during the 7 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor. Immediately following the events at Pearl Harbor, 3d Defense Battalion provided reinforcements for the outlying US garrisons at Midway, Johnston, and Palmyra Islands.
3d Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion
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Intelligence Division had been conducting surveillance on Japanese American communities in Hawaii and the U.S. mainland from the early 1930s. In early 1941, President Roosevelt secretly commissioned a study to assess the possibility that Japanese Americans would pose a threat to U.S. security. The report, submitted exactly one month before Pearl Harbor was bombed, found that, "There will be no armed uprising of Japanese" in the United States. "For the most part," the Munson Report said, "the local Japanese are loyal to the United States or, at worst, hope that by remaining quiet they can avoid concentration camps or irresponsible
Executive Order 9066
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morning of December 7, 1941, centred around the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The player, who plays as either USAAF pilot Douglas Knox or Japanese pilot Zenji Yamada, takes part in historically themed aircraft combat missions. The game received average reviews upon release. There are four single player campaigns, two for US and two for the Japanese, with cut scenes presented in a comic book-like fashion. Both start at Pearl Harbor and proceed through various battles, such as Wake, Midway, and Coral Sea in chronological order, including pre-Santa Cruz and pre-Okinawa operations for both the US and the Japanese. Unlike most
Attack on Pearl Harbor (video game)
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into the war at a time when he had not yet acquired full control of continental Europe — on the very day of the Pearl Harbor attack, Hitler himself had issued his Nacht und Nebel decree, concerning the suppression of resistance activities within Nazi-occupied lands. Hitler, who had previously declared the Japanese "Honorary Aryans" claimed that "this is what happens when your allies are not Anglo-Saxons". However, he decided war with the United States was unavoidable, and the Pearl Harbor attack, the publication of Rainbow Five, and Roosevelt's post-Pearl Harbor address, which focused on European affairs as well as the
Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor
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including the detainees and the camp workers. Internment camp housing were barrack style houses in which there were no barriers for the bathrooms. Many prisoners fell ill due to the unsanitary conditions of the housing situations. Japanese detainees did not enjoy many of their civil rights, including freedom of speech. These restraints led to numerous strikes, riots, and attempts at running away. July 26, 1941: America freezes all Japanese assets in the US. December 7, 1941: Pearl Harbor was bombed in a surprise attack by the Empire of Japan's 1st Air Fleet. American local authorities and the F.B.I. began to
Japanese-American life before World War II
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in east Asia and the western Pacific when VJ Day arrived. President Roosevelt appointed the Roberts Commission, headed by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Owen Roberts, to investigate and report facts and findings with respect to the attack on Pearl Harbor. It was the first of many official investigations (nine in all). Both the Fleet commander, Rear Admiral Husband E. Kimmel, and the Army commander, Lieutenant General Walter Short (the Army had been responsible for air defense of Hawaii, including Pearl Harbor, and for general defense of the islands against hostile attack), were relieved of their commands shortly thereafter. They were
Consequences of the attack on Pearl Harbor
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when she married a man in the military, and was living in Oahu when Pearl Harbor was bombed in 1941. Florian was considered the ultimate beauty among the Parker girls. Dorian instantly became busy with modeling assignments, landing on the covers of major magazines such as "Vogue," "Harper's Bazaar," "Paris Match," "LIFE," and "Elle." Because of her schedule, Dorian's two children were sent to live with her parents in Florida, while she was based in New York City and traveling to Europe. In 1946, Dorian appeared on the cover of six American "Vogue" magazines. She worked with famous fashion photographers
Dorian Leigh
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on Pearl Harbor. The US Pacific Fleet suffers severe damage in the surprise attack, and most of the defending airfields are obliterated before they are able to launch fighters to defend the harbor. Rafe and Danny manage to take off in P-40 fighter planes, and are able to shoot down seven of the attacking planes before the Japanese withdraw. They later assist in the rescue of the crew of the capsized , but are too late to save the crew of the sinking . The next day, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt delivers his Day of Infamy Speech to the nation
Pearl Harbor (film)
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at Stanford University in California Hiroko's father who teaches at Kyoto University Hiroko's younger brother in Japan Hiroko's roommate at St. Andrew's dormitory "Publishers Weekly" comments about the book that "Steel's slapdash prose and stereotypical characterization produce a formulaic tale, albeit more earnest and didactic than her usual fare". Silent Honor Silent Honor is a novel written by Danielle Steel, published in 1996. The plot follows Hiroko, an eighteen-year-old who leaves Japan to live with her uncle in California, United States, after making a difficult decision based on her needs and her mother's beliefs. However, when Pearl Harbor is bombed,
Silent Honor
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the Douglas, Wyoming, area in 1917, and gave birth to her in 1919. James Williams grew up mostly in Douglas. She received formal education in Douglas, but also in Idaho, where her parents had immigrated from. In Douglas, she and Jack courted. Williams was a member of the Wyoming National Guard, stationed in Fort Lewis, Washington, when Pearl Harbor was bombed in December 1941. In March 1942, Williams died in an accidental fire in the company barracks in Roseburg, Oregon, that morning. Unbeknownst to anyone, six months prior, the couple had gotten married when Williams was on furlough in Wyoming.
Wyoming Pioneer Association
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raids on western Japan when Chinese forces launched an offensive during 1939. USAAF aircraft bombed Japan for the first time in mid-April 1942. In an operation conducted primarily to raise morale in the United States and to avenge the attack on Pearl Harbor, 16 B-25 Mitchell medium bombers were carried from San Francisco to within range of Japan on the aircraft carrier . These aircraft were launched on 18 April, and individually bombed targets in Tokyo, Yokohama, Yokosuka, Nagoya and Kobe. The Japanese air defense units were taken by surprise, and all the B-25s escaped without serious damage. The aircraft
Air raids on Japan
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Island on 17 June. In July, "Uganda", now part of Task Force 37, sailed to join up with the Americans performing carrier air strikes on the Tokyo area, arriving on 16 July. On 27 July, "Uganda" was relieved by . HMCS "Uganda" was detached from the US Navy's Third Fleet on 27 July when "Argonaut" arrived. "Uganda" proceeded to Eniwetok, and then to Pearl Harbor for refuelling before heading for Esquimalt. En route to Pearl Harbor, one boiler suffered a liner collapse which would have resulted in the ship's withdrawal from active combat at any rate. "Uganda" limped into Pearl
HMS Uganda (66)
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Acuña who was elected as mayor in 1941. On January 1, 1942, the Japanese Imperial Army arrived and conquered Cabuyao after they bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 8, 1941. The first group of the Japanese Imperial Army came from the battleground of Mauban, Quezon. This was followed by a great number of Japanese soldiers who proceeded to Manila and Bataan where a fierce battle was fought. Because of the cruelty of the Japanese Imperial Army, the people of Cabuyao joined secret organizations known as "guerilla". The leaders of these groups were former USAFFEs who fought in Bataan and
Cabuyao
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visionaries instrumental in supporting the concept include Captain Thomas A Hussey, COHO, and Sir Henry C. B. Weymss of the British mission to the US, Captain Edward Cochrane BuShips, the Army's Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall and Winston Churchill when he personally pushed the project for special amphibious ships and won President Roosevelt's reluctant approval. This decision proved providential a short time later with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. The design criteria for the US Navy amphibious forces for the invasion of Japan was already underway. In 1944 with the US Navy BuOrd's mounting of a 5-inch/38
USS LSM(R)-190
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practice war patrol and arrived off Wake Island on 26 November. On 8 December, she saw columns of smoke rising over the island but assumed it was caused by construction work being done ashore. That night, when she surfaced to charge her batteries, she was informed by radio Wake that Pearl Harbor had been bombed and was ordered to stay out of range of Wake's guns. The next morning, "Triton" observed the Japanese bombing the island. On the night of 10 December, she was surfaced, charging her batteries, when flashes of light from Wake revealed a destroyer or light cruiser
USS Triton (SS-201)
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When the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on 7December 1941, "Tucker" was berthed at the East Loch in Pearl Harbor undergoing overhaul but sustained no damage. Afterward, "Tucker" escorted convoys between the West Coast and Hawaii. She then did escort work to American Samoa, the Fiji Islands, New Caledonia, and Espiritu Santo, New Hebrides. "Tucker" entered the harbor at Espirtu Santo's western entrance, leading the cargo ship SS"Nira Luckenbach", unaware they had entered a minefield laid earlier by US Navy minelayers. After striking at least one mine, the destroyer was almost torn in two at the No.1 stack, killing all three
USS Tucker (DD-374)
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and 396 were injured. A subsequent Naval Board of Inquiry never determined the exact cause of the disaster. But it concluded the initial explosion was caused when a mortar round aboard detonated during an unloading operation because it was either dropped or went off when gasoline vapours ignited. The incident – together with the Port Chicago disaster two months later – led to major changes in weapon handling practices within the United States Navy. Over the years, Pearl Harbor remained a main base for the US Pacific Fleet after World War II along with Naval Base San Diego. In 2010,
Naval Station Pearl Harbor
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England started in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland and came to a critical point when Japan, an ally of the Germans, attacked the US military base of Pearl Harbor in Oahu, Hawaii on 7 December 1941. When the United States entered the war, it forced President Jorge Ubico to expel all Germans from Guatemala and to confiscate all of their properties. The United States had a strong influence on the Guatemalan government, through concessions granted to American companies, such as the United Fruit Company who had a monopoly on the export of bananas and which practically paid no
Franja Transversal del Norte
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letter to the bureau's Juneau agent requesting the names of "persons who should be considered for custodial detention pending investigation in the event of a national emergency." The reply included the name S. Kayamori and a description: "Is reported to be an enthusiastic photographer and to have panoramic views of the Alaskan coast line [sic] from Yakutat to Cape Spencer." A day before the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, Hoover wrote to the War Department's military intelligence division requesting information on a number of individuals. Under Kayamori's name the reply noted: "Reported on suspect list, Alaska." After the bombing of Pearl
Seiki Kayamori
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the attack. The naval vessel where the war ended on September 2, 1945—the last U.S. Navy battleship ever built, —is now a museum ship moored in Pearl Harbor, with its bow barely 1,000 feet (300 meters) southwest of the "Arizona" memorial. The last surviving vessels from the attack are also museum ships, the US Coast Guard cutter , which is located in the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland, and the US Navy tug at the Arkansas Inland Maritime Museum. Informational notes Citations Bibliography Further reading Accounts Media Historical documents Attack on Pearl Harbor in popular culture The attack on Pearl
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Julius Ellsberry Julius Ellsberry (August 22, 1921 – December 7, 1941) was an American killed during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He was the first Alabamian killed in World War II, and one of the first Americans to die in the Pacific during World War II. He was killed while aboard . Ellsberry was born in Birmingham, Alabama and was a 1938 graduate of Parker High School. Ellsberry enlisted in the United States Navy in 1940, and was serving aboard the USS "Oklahoma" (BB-37) as a Mess Attendant First Class when it was bombed by Japanese planes in the
Julius Ellsberry
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In December 1941 when Pearl Harbor was bombed, many young men either enlisted or were drafted into the army. Because of this, women were encouraged to pursue careers in science, so Helen switched her major to chemistry in which she received her B.S. in 1944. She has said that her switch to chemistry was the “most terrific thing” that ever happened to her. After graduating from Wooster, Helen immediately began working as a quality control chemist for Miles Laboratories (known as the creators of Alka-Seltzer); however, she aspired to be a researcher as opposed to working in quality control. When
Helen Murray Free
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the war ended months later. Phillips and the entire hospital unit was awarded a European Theater ribbon and metal for their service, as well as three battle stars. Phillips was finally discharged in January 1946 as a first lieutenant. In 2008, Phillips published her memoirs, "Mission Accomplished: Stop the Clock" which included eleven chapters dedicated to her wartime experiences. Muriel Phillips Muriel Phillips (born 1921) was an army nurse for the United States during World War II. Phillips was in her final year of nurse training at Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, when Pearl Harbor was bombed. Immediately after finishing
Muriel Phillips
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Muriel Phillips Muriel Phillips (born 1921) was an army nurse for the United States during World War II. Phillips was in her final year of nurse training at Cambridge Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts, when Pearl Harbor was bombed. Immediately after finishing her training, Phillips enlisted in the armed services as an army nurse. Her army training at Fort Devens, Massachusetts, was even more rigorous than nursing training: she endured hours of drills, 15-mile hikes, classroom study of diseases, and crawling under live ammunition. Phillips was deployed for Great Britain, and served in Wales for six months. After this, her assignment
Muriel Phillips
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held for 47 years. Von Maur began the practice of the orchestra's playing the "Star Spangled Banner" on December 7, 1941, at the concert after the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. The tradition of not applauding after the national anthem dates from that same concert, when the audience's stunned silence followed the anthem. During World War II, students filled the chairs of musicians who had joined the military. Unlike during the previous war, attendance at the concerts remained high, and the orchestra added concerts in 1944. The symphony made its national broadcast premiere with a live concert on NBC radio's "Orchestras
Quad City Symphony Orchestra
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who led the air attack on Pearl Harbor. The Hawker Hurricanes of the RAF's No. 30 Squadron were on the ground at Ratmalana Airport when the Japanese aircraft passed overhead. The auxiliary cruiser and the old destroyer were sunk in the harbour. The RAF and the Fleet Air Arm (FAA) lost at least 27 aircraft; the Japanese only five. The Japanese also bombed the mental asylum at Angoda, mistaking it for the fuel tanks at nearby Kolonnawa. After Fuchida and his aircrews returned to the flagship "Akagi", a second-wave of 53 Aichi D3A "Val" dive bombers led by Lieutenant Commander
Easter Sunday Raid
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Battalion Marines at Pearl Harbor set sail for Palmyra Island. On 1 March 1942 the battalion was reorganized with the detachments at Johnston and Palmyra being disbanded. The 1st Defense Battalion would remain at Palmyra Island until 13 October 1943 when they were relieved by US Army garrison forces. Shortly thereafter they set sail for Pearl Harbor. They remained there until January 1944 when they set sail again, this time for Majuro Atoll in the Marshall Islands. On 26 February the battalion assumed patrolling duty for the islands beaches. On 7 May 1944 the 1st Defense Battalion was re-designated as
1st Light Antiaircraft Missile Battalion
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US agencies were skeptical if not hostile. Until some months after Pearl Harbor, the bulk of OSS intelligence came from the UK. British Security Co-ordination (BSC) trained the first OSS agents in Canada, until training stations were set up in the US with guidance from BSC instructors, who also provided information on how the SOE was arranged and managed. The British immediately made available their short-wave broadcasting capabilities to Europe, Africa, and the Far East and provided equipment for agents until American production was established. The Office of Strategic Services was established by a Presidential military order issued by President
Office of Strategic Services
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Harbor "a date which will live in infamy." In Pearl Harbor: Also on Ford Island. Note: Ford Island remains an active military installation therefore public access is restricted to approved tours, military personnel, military retirees, NOAA personnel and their family members only. In 1990, leading up to the 50th anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, Congress established the Pearl Harbor Commemorative Medal. This is also known as the Pearl Harbor Survivor's medal and was awarded to anyone who was in the U.S. Armed Forces and who was present in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and participated in combat operations
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
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Pearl Harbor. She made the trip there by way of the Panama Canal, San Diego, and San Pedro. At Pearl Harbor, "Hoga" was berthed at the Yard Craft Dock and worked moving cargo lighters and assisting ships in and out of berths. Like other YTs, she carried firefighting equipment. "Hoga" was present during the Attack on Pearl Harbor. The last surviving vessels from the attack are the museum ships, the US Coast Guard cutter in the Inner Harbor of Baltimore, Maryland, and "Hoga" at the Arkansas Inland Maritime Museum. "Hoga" was moored with other yard service craft near the drydocks
Hoga (YT-146)
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summer of 1985 "Tautog" joined the attack submarine in hosting prospective commanding officer operations. In October 1985, "Tautog" left Pearl Harbor for a Western Pacific and Indian Ocean deployment, visiting Guam; Singapore (for Christmas); Diego Garcia twice; Perth, Australia; the Philippines; and Chinhae, South Korea. On her return to Pearl Harbor "Tautog" picked up an Operational Reactor Safeguard Examination team. During the Tautog's time in Subic Bay, Ferdinand Marcos was deposed as President of the Philippines and Corazon Aquino was declared the new president. Tautog finished its refit and continued on to finish its WestPac. Once back in Pearl Harbor
USS Tautog (SSN-639)
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President's Certificate of Merit The President's Certificate of Merit was created June 6, 1946 by Executive Order 9734 signed by US President Harry Truman, "for award by the President or at his direction to any civilian who on or after December 7, 1941" (see Attack on Pearl Harbor)", has performed a meritorious act or service which has aided the United States or any nation engaged with the United States in the prosecution of World War II, and for which there is no other suitable award or recognition." The award was for an act or service that was of high degree,
President's Certificate of Merit
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getting out of their plane. A nearby road was named after him called "Ford Road". Ford constructed the first two "hangar homes" when he opened the air park to the public on December 7, 1941. His timing that proved unfortunate as this was the same day Pearl Harbor was bombed. In 1941, he enlisted in the Air force during World War II and became a Lieutenant colonel (United States). Ford established the 1st women's MP at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, Ohio. In 1946, Byington and his brother, Tirey Ford, developed the Carmel Valley Village and Airway Market, first
Byington Ford
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Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. He then went to work building Camp Gruber in Oklahoma and later Camp Hale in Colorado. Later on, he became employed at a naval shipyard in California. After his involvement in the CCC, he wanted to join the Marine Corps. When he was in the recruitment office waiting to talk to the recruitment sergeant, he was inspired by a poster depicting a soldier with a machine gun descending to the ground strapped into a parachute. Under the image was the words "Are you man enough to fill these boots?" Merritt instead decided he wanted to become
Kenneth Merritt
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"Triton" made a training cruise to Midway from August 30 to September 15, then participated in local and fleet operations in the Hawaiian area. On November 19, Lent headed west to conduct a practice war patrol and arrived off Wake Island on November 26. On December 8, he saw columns of smoke rising over the island but assumed it was caused by construction work being done ashore. That night, when he surfaced to charge batteries, he was informed by radio Wake and Pearl Harbor had been bombed and was ordered to stay out of range of Wake's guns. The next
Willis Lent
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Pearl Harbor, she had not yet arrived from Mare Island. Reaching port shortly after the attack, she sailed from Pearl Harbor on 18 December 1941 for her first war patrol, devoted mainly to reconnoitering the eastern Marshall Islands for an aircraft carrier strike in January. Aircraft from bombed her in error on 20 December, but she escaped damage. "Pompano" arrived off Wake Island on 1 January 1942 to gather intelligence, approaching close enough to see Japanese machine gun posts. On 8 January, "bedevilled by breakdowns in her temperamental H.O.R. engines" she inspected Bikar and subsequently viewed several other islands of
USS Pompano (SS-181)
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that day against the attack. The medal was also awarded to civilians who were killed or injured in the attack. A few years later, Congress amended the law to allow any person who was present in Hawaii on December 7, 1941, and was involved in combat operations against Japanese military forces attacking Hawaii, to receive the award. In both instances, there was a limited time period to apply for the award, and it is no longer issued. National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day, also referred to as Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day or Pearl Harbor Day, is
National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day
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transited the Panama Canal and joined the Base Force Squadron of the US Pacific Fleet. During 1941, she plied the waters between California and Pearl Harbor supplying fuel to ships operating in Hawaiian waters. Early in 1942, "Sabine" supported carrier task forces that carried out raids against Wake Island and the Gilbert Islands. On 10 April, she joined the task force built around and which steamed to within of the coast of Japan and launched bombers of the United States Army Air Forces commanded by Lt. Col. James Doolittle. The Doolittle Raiders bombed Tokyo, Yokosuka, Nagoya, and Kobe. This daring
USS Sabine (AO-25)
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7, 1941 (Honolulu time), Japan invaded the British colonies of Malaya and bombed Singapore and began land actions in Hong Kong, without a declaration of war or an ultimatum. Both the U.S. and Britain were neutral when Japan attacked their territories without explicit warning of a state of war. The U.S. officially classified all 3,649 military and civilian casualties and destruction of military property at Pearl Harbor as non-combatants as there was no state of war between the U.S. and Japan when the attack occurred. Joseph B. Keenan, the chief prosecutor in the Tokyo Trials, says that the attack on
Japanese war crimes
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maneuvers, many of which were carried out at Punta Salinas near the town of Salinas in Puerto Rico. Those who were assigned to the 295th and 296th regiments of the Puerto Rican National Guard received their training at Camp Tortuguero near the town of Vega Baja. There weren't any Puerto Rican military related fatalities when the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service attacked Pearl Harbor. However, there was one civilian Puerto Rican fatality. Daniel LaVerne was a Puerto Rican amateur boxer who was working at Pearl Harbor's Red Hill underground fuel tank construction project when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. He
Puerto Ricans in World War II
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"" (2009). On the release of "The Wizard of Oz" (1939) Ferguson wrote a notoriously negative review. In the review, he made the remark, "It has dwarfs, Technicolor, freak characters, and Judy Garland. It can't be expected to have a sense of humor as well." After the Attack on Pearl Harbor, Ferguson joined the Merchant Marine. He died in 1943 when his ship was bombed while anchored in the Gulf of Salerno. Otis Ferguson Otis Ferguson (August 14, 1907 – September 14, 1943) was an American writer best remembered for his music and film reviews in "The New Republic" in
Otis Ferguson
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to be the NBC bureau chief in the Balkans. At first Agronsky covered the war from all over the Balkans and much of Eastern Europe. Eventually, he opened a permanent NBC bureau in Ankara, the capital of neutral Turkey. Although based in Ankara, Agronsky spent most of his time in Istanbul. In Europe and North Africa Agronsky became a foreign correspondent for NBC, providing war coverage from the Balkans and Eastern Europe. Eventually Agronsky was transferred to Cairo and accredited to cover the British 8th Army in North Africa. When Pearl Harbor was bombed by Japan on December 7, 1941,
Martin Agronsky
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Dean Eyre Dean Jack Eyre (8 May 1914 – 19 May 2007) was a New Zealand politician of the National Party. Eyre was born in Westport, and educated at Hamilton Boys' High School and Auckland University. After university, he owned and managed from 1936 to 1970 Airco (Ltd) in Auckland, which manufactured washing machines and refrigerators, and assembled Vespa motor scooters. Living in Honolulu when the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, he subsequently joined the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve and later the Royal New Zealand Naval Volunteer Reserve, serving in England and West Africa from 1941 to 1945. He held the
Dean Eyre
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and William Bull, early settlers of Orange County NY and builders of the Bull Stone House in Hamptonburg. Don Wilson and his wife Mary Louise Swan Baron Wilson lived in White Plains, NY for 49 years. Wilson attended public high school in Scarsdale, New York through ninth grade, and graduated from Phillips Academy in Andover, MA in 1941. He was the Andover Scholar in Mathematics as a freshman at Yale University. When Pearl Harbor was bombed, he and his classmates were immediately placed in an accelerated academic program, completing their studies in three years. He took a B.A. degree with
H. Donald Wilson
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easy target; as they spread, the order was given to abandon ship. The ship rolled onto her side and sank, taking 116 of her crew with her. "Preston" received two battle stars for her World War II service. USS "Dunlap" became part of the US Navy in June 1937. A year later, she served as an escort at Philadelphia for the steamer , which carried Gustaf Adolf, the Crown Prince of Sweden. By April 1940, Pearl Harbor was "Dunlap"'s homeport. When the Japanese attacked, "Dunlap" was at sea bound for Pearl Harbor; she entered port the following day. In January,
Mahan-class destroyer
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water with an American flag painted on. According to local lore, this act of patriotism was performed to cover a Nazi swastika painted on the rock. In the summer of 1941 local teenagers painted the first flag and went on to join the armed forces after Pearl Harbor was bombed in December 1941. The harsh winter storms washed the flag thin so the swastika showed through. The next Fourth of July the tradition of re-painting the flag was born. Ed Fitzgerald, a White Horse resident, was part of that group. When Ed was of age he also joined the military
White Horse Beach, Massachusetts
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Robert J. Gorman Robert James Gorman (April 22, 1915 – February 17, 2007) was a Chicago attorney who served at Normandy and was in the Jeep that General Dwight D. Eisenhower rode into Paris. Gorman was born in Chicago and died at his Chicago home. Admitted to the Illinois Bar in 1940 after graduation from Chicago-Kent College of Law, Gorman was a conscientious objector in the early years of World War II until the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor, at which time he joined American forces, served as an interpreter with the allied army in France, and rose to the rank
Robert J. Gorman