software which converts a program into assembly language is called
compilers disassemblers
6489
instructions can be difficult to determine. The "raw" (uncommented) assembly language generated by compilers or disassemblers is quite difficult to read when changes must be made. Many assemblers support "predefined macros", and others support "programmer-defined" (and repeatedly re-definable) macros involving sequences of text lines in which variables and constants are embedded. The macro definition is most commonly a mixture of assembler statements, e.g., directives, symbolic machine instructions, and templates for assembler statements. This sequence of text lines may include opcodes or directives. Once a macro has been defined its name may be used in place of a mnemonic. When the
Assembly language
43380
enhanced assembler's source program was then assembled by its predecessor's executable (A1) into binary or decimal code to give A2, and the cycle repeated (now with those enhancements available), until the entire instruction set was coded, branch addresses were automatically calculated, and other conveniences (such as conditional assembly, macros, optimisations, etc.) established. This was how the early assembly program SOAP (Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program) was developed. Compilers, linkers, loaders, and utilities were then coded in assembly language, further continuing the bootstrapping process of developing complex software systems by using simpler software. The term was also championed by Doug Engelbart to
Bootstrapping
2475263
and then begins execution by moving control to the entry point of the program; all these steps depend on the Application Binary Interface of the operating system. At this point execution begins and the program enters run time. The program then runs until it ends, either normal termination or a crash. A system that executes a program is called an interpreter of the program. Loosely speaking, an interpreter actually does what the program says to do. This contrasts with a language translator that converts a program from one language to another. The most common language translators are compilers. Translators typically
Execution (computing)
1696658
X86 assembly language x86 assembly language is a family of backward-compatible assembly languages, which provide some level of compatibility all the way back to the Intel 8008 introduced in April 1972. x86 assembly languages are used to produce object code for the x86 class of processors. Like all assembly languages, it uses short mnemonics to represent the fundamental instructions that the CPU in a computer can understand and follow. Compilers sometimes produce assembly code as an intermediate step when translating a high level program into machine code. Regarded as a programming language, assembly coding is "machine-specific" and "low level". Assembly
X86 assembly language
4559441
only run SR10. Unlike many operating systems of the day, which were written in C or assembly language, many Domain/OS components were written in Pascal, although compilers were available for C, C++, Pascal, and Fortran. All of the distributed administration features of Domain/OS were built around a remote procedure call system called NCS RPC. Though RPC was later end-of-lifed with the operating system, HP contributed RPC to the Open Software Foundation, which incorporated its Interface Definition Language (IDL) into their DCE product, from which the same technology was later used for CORBA. One of the original developers went to work
Domain/OS
18791038
designer Bill Bardsley. The ability to draw lead to working on a variety of building projects including theme parks, restaurant, retail, large corporate events, show set designs and other projects in the Los Angeles and San Francisco areas. He was hired by Autodesk to create a software program called Impressions which converts AutoCAD drawings into Steve's signature hand-drawing style. Steve went on to make software called BizGym.com. In 2012, Steve created a partnership between BizGym.com and the Hong Kong-based business CyberPort to create a Chinese language online entrepreneur toolset. Steve is currently a mentor at a number of Hawaii-based entrepreneurial
Steve Sue
5285312
when the assembly is deployed. The assembly is built up with the CIL code, which is an intermediate language. The framework internally converts the CIL [bytecode] into native assembly code. If we have a program that prints "Hello World", the equivalent CIL code for the method is: The CIL code loads the String onto the stack, then calls the WriteLine function and returns. what is .net assembly Assembly (CLI) Defined by Microsoft for use in recent versions of Windows, an assembly in the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) is a compiled code library used for deployment, versioning, and security. There are
Assembly (CLI)
3218569
impaired musicians require a good deal of music that has never before been transcribed. In the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, and many other countries, there is a network of braille music transcribers who can transcribe such music. Another option is to use a computer-music system. Such systems typically allow a user to enter music into a computerized music notation program. The software then automatically converts the print notation into braille. One such software program is called Goodfeel. The visually impaired individual can enter music notation within the Lime program, which has been scripted so the process of music entry
Braille music
7796275
a limit for assembly language routines). The Propeller is a 32-bit processor, however, and these tables may have insufficient accuracy for higher-precision uses. Spin is a multitasking high-level computer programming language created by Parallax's Chip Gracey, who also designed the Propeller microcontroller on which it runs, for their line of Propeller microcontrollers. Spin code is written on the Propeller Tool, a GUI-oriented software development platform written for Windows XP. This compiler converts the Spin code into bytecodes that can be loaded (with the same tool) into the main 32 KB RAM, and optionally into the I²C boot "electrically erasable programmable
Parallax Propeller
6164860
Braille translator A braille translator is a software program that translates a script into braille and sends it to a braille embosser, which produces a hard copy of the original print text. Only the "script" is transformed, not the "language". For the purposes of this article, the word "inkprint" means text prepared for reading by the eye, whether printed, displayed on a screen, or stored in a computer; "braille" means text prepared for reading by the finger, whether brailled, displayed on an electronic device, or stored in a computer. Braille translation software or embedded hardware converts inkprint into braille or
Braille translator
13287648
the source documents (typically from formats like .po files or from other translators). There is a back-conversion tool integrated into the editor which converts the XLIFF files to their original format. For each XLIFF file, it is possible to create a translation memory (TMX) file, which can be later used to update the central translation database. Open Language Tools Open Language Tools is a Java project released by Sun Microsystems under the terms of Sun’s CDDL (a GPL-incompatible free software license). Open Language Tools are intended for people who are involved in translation of software and documentation into different natural
Open Language Tools
18264402
functional logic programming language. The main driving force behind Prince is the standard CSS3-paged that integrates paged media (including PDF) layout specification with any other W3C technologies: HTML4, HTML5, XHTML, and "free XML", working or not with JavaScript. Other sources: Prince (software) Prince (formerly Prince XML) is a proprietary software program that converts XML and HTML documents into PDF files by applying Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). As technology, in electronic publishing and dynamic data-driven PDF generation, it enables the replacing of XSL-FO frameworks by CSS3 ones. It is developed by YesLogic, a small company based in Melbourne, Australia. Marketed as
Prince (software)
71334
data the program operates on. However, in some cases, this distinction is blurred when a computer program modifies itself. The modified computer program is subsequently executed as part of the same program. Self-modifying code is possible for programs written in machine code, assembly language, Lisp, C, COBOL, PL/1, and Prolog. Computer programs may be categorized along functional lines. The main functional categories are application software and system software. System software includes the operating system which couples computer hardware with application software. The purpose of the operating system is to provide an environment in which application software executes in a convenient
Computer program
14194857
members of the World Wide Web Consortium and a contributor to OASIS. RenderX's main product is a Java-based XSL-FO formatting engine called XEP, which converts XSL-FO documents to printable form (PDF or PostScript). XEP is free for academic and personal use. XEP conforms to Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL), a W3C recommendation. It also supports a subset of the Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG). RenderX RenderX, Inc is a commercial software development company that provides standards-based software products, used for typeset-quality electronic and print output of business content. RenderX develops products that convert XML content into printable formats such as PDF, PostScript
RenderX
3184136
calculating the hexadecimal values and entering them into the computer. Beagle Bros created a shape table editing program, which eliminated the "number crunching", called "Apple Mechanic", and a related program, "Font Mechanic". Applesoft's high-resolution graphics routines were not optimized for speed, so shape tables were not typically used for performance-critical software such as games, which were typically written in assembly language and used pre-shifted bitmap shapes. Shape tables were used primarily for static shapes and sometimes for fancy text; Beagle Bros offered a number of fonts in "Font Mechanic" as Applesoft shape tables. Shape table Shape tables were a powerful
Shape table
9272676
Configware/Software-Co-Compilation Software/Configware Co-Compilation is used for reconfigurable computing to generate the code for both, an instruction-stream-based microprocessor and a reconfigurable accelerator interfaced to it. Such a co-compiler (see figure) has a partitioner which accepts input from a high level language source, such as, for instance a programming language, or the output from tools like MATLAB, and automatically partitions it into parallelizable parts suitable for the reconfigurable accelerator and the rest for running on the microprocessor. By loop transformations the partitioner converts the parallelizable parts into a configware source, which is compiled by a Configware Compiler generating configware code for the
Configware/Software-Co-Compilation
7568234
portion of its overall capabilities. For example, the Java compiler, which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for the JVM), is provided as part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), complementing the JVM with a just-in-time (JIT) compiler, converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries. The essential components in the platform are the Java language compiler, the libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine
Java (software platform)
8696275
Norton Guides Norton Guides were a product family sold by Peter Norton Computing. The guides were written in 1985 by Warren Woodford for the x86 Assembly Language, C, BASIC, and Forth languages and made available to users via a TSR program that integrated with programming language editors on IBM PC type computers. This appears to be the first example of a commercial product where programming reference information was integrated into the software development environment. The concept of providing "information at your fingertips", as he called it, via a TSR program was a signature technology developed by Woodford in 1980 and
Norton Guides
1707461
to develop software as source code in a high-level language that can be easily understood by humans. In some cases, source code might be specified in assembly language instead, which remains human-readable while being closely associated with machine code instructions. The high-level language is compiled into either an executable machine code file or a non-executable machine-code object file of some sort; the equivalent process on assembly language source code is called "assembly". Several object files are linked to create the executable. Object files, executable or not, are typically in a container format, such as Executable and Linkable Format (ELF). This
Executable
1696691
the segment base is pushed following the offset; codice_124 pops the offset and then the segment base to return. There are also two similar instructions, codice_125 (interrupt), which saves the current (E)FLAGS register value on the stack, then performs a codice_123, except that instead of an address, it uses an "interrupt vector", an index into a table of interrupt handler addresses. Typically, the interrupt handler saves all other CPU registers it uses, unless they are used to return the result of an operation to the calling program (in software called interrupts). The matching return from interrupt instruction is codice_127, which
X86 assembly language
2105617
programmed in the assembly language MACRO-11, compiled and installed to a disk using the CILUS program, running on a DOS-11 operating system. RSTS booted into an extended version of the BASIC programming language which DEC called "BASIC-PLUS". All of the system software CUSPS for the operating system, including the programs for resource accounting, login, logout, and managing the system, were written in BASIC-PLUS. From 1970 to 1973, RSTS ran in only 56K bytes of magnetic core memory (64 kilobytes including the memory-mapped I/O space). This would allow a system to have up to 16 terminals with a maximum of 17
RSTS/E
20173331
of mixed-language software tools. He won the Best Paper Award at PyCon 2001 for developing the Wrapped Application Debugger (WAD), which converts fatal exception errors into Python exceptions. In 2005, he left the University to start a consulting company, Dabeaz LLC, to focus on developing Python tools and learning resources. David M. Beazley David Beazley is an American software engineer. He has made significant contributions to the Python developer community, which includes writing the definitive Python reference text "Python Essential Reference", the SWIG software tool for creating language agnostic C and C++ extensions, and the PLY parsing tool. He has
David M. Beazley
10269678
license. Go Bible Creator is supported by the SIL Pathway project for publishing scripture. Go Bible Creator is supported by the open source Bible editing application called Bibledit. One member of the Theologische Initiative Freiburg has written software scripts to convert Zefania XML Bible modules into the ThML format for use with Go Bible Creator. Though the description is "Converts a Zefania XML bible modul to a SWORD -modul", the download includes a tool for Go Bible. "The host language is German". Go Bible is listed in a number of free and open source software distributor sites, such as: Go
Go Bible
9336221
was a colonel in the United States Air Force. While at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), he chaired the High Order Language Working Group that recommended development of the computer language Ada, in which WORDS is written. An amateur Latinist, he created the translation software called WORDS after his retirement from the forces. William Whitaker's Words William Whitaker's WORDS () is a computer program that parses the inflection or conjugation of a Latin word, and also translates the root into English. Given an English word, the program outputs Latin translations. The software, written in Ada, is free for
William Whitaker's Words
12364103
hardware. Functional simulation is the use of a computer program to simulate the execution of a second computer program written in symbolic assembly language or compiler language, rather than in binary machine code. By using a functional simulator, programmers can execute and trace selected sections of source code to search for programming errors (bugs), without generating binary code. This is distinct from simulating execution of binary code, which is software emulation. The first functional simulator was written by Autonetics about 1960 for testing assembly language programs for later execution in military computer D-17B. This made it possible for flight programs
Emulator
3405361
tracing them separately with Potrace. The commercial Total Vectorize program also uses Potrace as its core. The program is dual-licensed as "Potrace" under the GPL and as "Potrace Professional" in a proprietary license by Selinger's company, Icosasoft Software, Inc. Potrace Potrace is a cross-platform, open-source software which converts bitmapped images into vector graphics. It is written and maintained by Peter Selinger. Various graphical frontends are available for the command-line application Potrace. Notably, it has been integrated with Inkscape, giving Inkscape its "Trace Bitmap" action. FontForge can use Potrace to import a bitmap image into a font. Potrace is also used
Potrace
9118927
that might be in a PC. Although considerably easier than in machine language, writing long programs in assembly language is often difficult and is also error prone. Therefore, most practical programs are written in more abstract high-level programming languages that are able to express the needs of the programmer more conveniently (and thereby help reduce programmer error). High level languages are usually "compiled" into machine language (or sometimes into assembly language and then into machine language) using another computer program called a compiler. High level languages are less related to the workings of the target computer than assembly language, and
Computer
5435613
language. The only thing that the developer has to do is write a Camlp4 grammar which converts the domain-specific language in question into a regular OCaml program. Other target languages can also be used, such as C. If the target language is OCaml, simple syntax add-ons or syntactic sugar can be defined, in order to provide an expressivity which is not easy to achieve using the standard features of the OCaml language. A syntax extension is defined by a compiled OCaml module, which is passed to the camlp4o executable along with the program to process. Camlp4 includes a domain-specific language
Camlp4
16654137
Language-agnostic Language-agnostic programming or scripting (also called language-neutral, language-independent, or cross-language) is a software development paradigm where a particular language is chosen because of its appropriateness for a particular task (taking into consideration all factors, including ecosystem, developer skill-sets, performance, etc.), and not purely because of the skill-set available within a development team. For example, a language agnostic Java development team might choose to use Ruby or Perl for some development work, where Ruby or Perl would be more appropriate than Java. "Cross-Language" in programming and scripting describes a program in which two or more languages must be implemented into
Language-agnostic
3306855
to profit. Updates are being made to the application, including the installer with hidden software being installed. Later versions apparently also add artifacts to ends of certain tracks that are ripped by the program. Rolling back to an earlier version of the program eliminates this issue. CDex CDex is a free software package for Digital Audio Extraction from Audio CD (a so-called CD ripper) and audio format conversion for Microsoft Windows. It converts CDDA tracks from a CD to standard computer sound files, such as WAV, MP3, or Ogg Vorbis. CDex was previously released as free software under the terms
CDex
242462
tutorial "1-2-3 is one of the few pieces of software that can literally be used by anybody. You can buy 1-2-3 and [an IBM PC] and be running the two together the same day". "PC Magazine" in 1983 called 1-2-3 "a powerful and impressive program ... as a spreadsheet, it's excellent", and attributed its very fast performance to being written in assembly language. Lotus 1-2-3 Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software (later part of IBM). It was the IBM PC's first killer application, was hugely popular in the 1980s and contributed significantly to the success of
Lotus 1-2-3
6741443
multiprocessing. It uses eight 32-bit cores called "cogs" controlled by a bus controller called the "Hub". It can be programmed in assembly, C, or in the interpreted Spin programming language. It comes with a software library of objects for a various sets of input/output devices, such as UARTs and a video display controller emulated fully in software. The Propeller is also supported by third-party compiler developers who have developed platforms in C and BASIC. The Parallax Propeller is also recognized as being easy to program. Released in 1995, the BASIC Stamp was so named because it was about the size
Parallax, Inc. (company)
2636256
software utilizing dynamic dead code elimination is very rare with languages compiled ahead-of-time or written in assembly language. However, language implementations doing just-in-time compilation may dynamically optimize for dead code elimination. Although with a rather different focus, similar approaches are sometimes also utilized for dynamic software updating and hot patching. Dead code elimination In compiler theory, dead code elimination (also known as DCE, dead code removal, dead code stripping, or dead code strip) is a compiler optimization to remove code which does not affect the program results. Removing such code has several benefits: it shrinks program size, an important consideration
Dead code elimination
701645
microcode in a particular processor implementation is sometimes called a microprogram. More extensive microcoding allows small and simple microarchitectures to emulate more powerful architectures with wider word length, more execution units and so on, which is a relatively simple way to achieve software compatibility between different products in a processor family. Interpreter (computing) In computer science, an interpreter is a computer program that directly executes, i.e. "performs", instructions written in a programming or scripting language, without requiring them previously to have been compiled into a machine language program. An interpreter generally uses one of the following strategies for program execution:
Interpreter (computing)
6465
Assembly language An assembly (or assembler) language, often abbreviated asm, is any low-level programming language in which there is a very strong correspondence between the program's statements and the architecture's machine code instructions. Each assembly language is specific to a particular computer architecture and operating system. In contrast, most high-level programming languages are generally portable across multiple architectures but require interpreting or compiling. Assembly language may also be called "symbolic machine code". Assembly language usually has one statement per machine instruction, but assembler directives, macros and symbolic labels of program and memory locations are often also supported. Assembly code is
Assembly language
3829635
of commercial software, but the user had to spend up to several hours typing each one in. Magazines such as "Softalk", "Compute!", "ANALOG Computing", and "Ahoy!" dedicated much of each issue to type-in programs. Almost all listings were in a system-specific BASIC dialect or machine language. Machine language programs were long lists of decimal or hexadecimal numbers, often in the form of codice_1 statements in BASIC, accompanied by more readable assembly language source code which did not need to be entered. Most magazines had error checking software to make sure a program was typed correctly. Type-in programs did not carry
Type-in program
1948443
Core War Core War is a 1984 programming game created by D. G. Jones and A. K. Dewdney in which two or more battle programs (called "warriors") compete for control of a virtual computer. These battle programs are written in an abstract assembly language called "Redcode". At the beginning of a game, each battle program is loaded into memory at a random location, after which each program executes one instruction in turn. The goal of the game is to cause the processes of opposing programs to terminate (which happens if they execute an invalid instruction), leaving the victorious program in
Core War
16775901
superb... I have tested the patched version, and have confirmed that most or all of the bugs have been corrected. The new version does play identically to the ACM program and runs at 70-75% of the speed, so it should rate just 30 points below the ACM program." "Socrates II" engine was fully programmed in assembly language, but rewritten just in C language for "Kasparov's Gambit" engine. Instead, assembly language was used for sound and video capabilities, as for other functionalities. Kasparov's Gambit Kasparov's Gambit or simply Gambit is a chess playing computer program created by Heuristic Software and published
Kasparov's Gambit
12979954
spreadsheet application - where the underlying spreadsheet software transparently converts complex logical 'formulae' in the most efficient manner it is able, in order to display its results. The examples below have been chosen partly to illustrate potential performance gains that may not only "compensate" significantly for the additional tier of abstraction, but also "improve" upon - what otherwise might have been - less efficient, less maintainable and lengthier code. Although the examples given are for a 'low level' assembly language and for the C language, it can be seen, in both cases, that very few lines of code are required
Control table
2664886
particle systems and dynamics. Programmers can expand LightWave's capabilities using an included SDK which offers Python, LScript (a proprietary scripting language) scripting and C language interfaces. In 1988, Allen Hastings created a rendering and animation program called "VideoScape 3D", and his friend Stuart Ferguson created a complementary 3D modeling program called "Modeler", both sold by Aegis Software. NewTek planned to incorporate VideoScape and Modeler into its video editing suite, Video Toaster. Originally intended to be called "NewTek 3D Animation System for the Amiga", Hastings later came up with the name "LightWave 3D", inspired by two contemporary high-end 3D packages: Intelligent
LightWave 3D
7572444
Importer (computing) An importer is a software application that reads in a data file or metadata information in one format and converts it to another format via special algorithms (such as filters). An importer often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in. When implemented in this way, the importer reads the data from the file and converts it into the hosting application's native format. For example, the data file for a 3D model may be written from a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max. A game developer may then want
Importer (computing)
19078470
were accompanied by the assembly language source code. In 1982, Hudson developed "Buried Bucks" (stylized as "Buried Buck$"), an action game sold commercially by the magazine under the name ANALOG Software. "Buried Bucks" was licensed to Imagic who re-released it in 1984 as "Chopper Hunt". In "ANALOG Computing" issue 8, Hudson presented a program called "Graphic Violence!" which creates visuals similar to the expanding explosions in Atari's 1980 "Missile Command" arcade game. That effect is used in both "Buried Bucks" and "Planetary Defense". In 1984 he wrote a 3D object viewer called Solid States for the Atari 8-bit line, published
Tom Hudson (programmer)
535364
Speech synthesis Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech computer or speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware products. A text-to-speech (TTS) system converts normal language text into speech; other systems render symbolic linguistic representations like phonetic transcriptions into speech. Synthesized speech can be created by concatenating pieces of recorded speech that are stored in a database. Systems differ in the size of the stored speech units; a system that stores phones or diphones provides the largest output range, but may lack clarity. For
Speech synthesis
2870910
The actions of type conversion in Eiffel, specifically "converts to" and "converts from" are defined as: A type based on a class CU "converts to" a type T based on a class CT (and T "converts from" U) if either Eiffel is a fully compliant language for Microsoft .NET Framework. Before development of .NET, Eiffel already had extensive class libraries. Using the .NET type libraries, particularly with commonly used types such as strings, poses a conversion problem. Existing Eiffel software uses the string classes (such as codice_7) from the Eiffel libraries, but Eiffel software written for .NET must use the
Type conversion
766283
was much faster. Katz had a special flair for optimizing code. Besides writing critical code in assembly language, he would write C code to perform the same task in several different ways and then examine the compiler output to see which produced the most efficient assembly code. He first publicly released only PKXARC, an extraction program, as freeware. Its much greater speed caused it to spread very quickly throughout the BBS community. Strong positive feedback and encouragement prompted Katz to release his compression program, PKARC, and eventually to make his software shareware. Katz founded PKWARE, Inc. (Phil Katz Software) in
Phil Katz
3844585
port of the S/370 architecture for the DPPX/370 port. As the market for computers and software shifted away from IBM mainframes and MVS, IBM recanted and has offered the current versions of PL/S to selected customers (ISVs through the Developer Partner program.) IBM PL/S PL/S, short for Programming Language/Systems, is a "machine-oriented" programming language based on PL/I. It was developed by IBM in the late 1960s, under the name Basic Systems Language (BSL), as a replacement for assembly language on internal software projects; it included support for inline assembly and explicit control over register usage. Early projects using PL/S were
IBM PL/S
6895903
models and program the calculator directly in assembly language, a technique that was first discovered and utilized on the TI-85 due to a programming flaw in a mode-switching key. By the time the TI-83 came out, TI and HP had realized the need to address the support needs of homebrew programmers, and started to make assembly language libraries and documentation available for prospective developers. Software, particularly games, could now be nearly as fast and as graphical as their Game Boy counterparts, and TI in particular would later formalize assembly programming into support for packaged applications for future calculators such as
Programmable calculator
14186251
which it uses "3D-AVI". The MPO file format is a new file format which, though not proprietary, is not yet widely supported. It is supported by the free software image viewer Geeqie, as well as the freeware stereo photo-editing program Stereo Photo Maker (Windows), the free photo management program Daminion (Windows), the commercial program STOIK Imagic (Windows) and the shareware programs Stereomerger (Windows and Macintosh), Anaglyph Workshop (Windows and Macintosh) and MPO3DViewer (Macintosh). GoPro Cineform's Neo3D also now supports the Fuji video format. Neo3D converts clips into various formats including anaglyph and the "half side-by-side" required by YouTube and 3D
Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D
16654138
the program code alongside the core programming language chosen to write the program. Whether this means including a script as a source, to be used when needed, running code within Language-Independent Virtual Machines such as JVM, or Object Models such as COM to cooperate with each other, or choosing languages that work well together natively. Language-agnostic Language-agnostic programming or scripting (also called language-neutral, language-independent, or cross-language) is a software development paradigm where a particular language is chosen because of its appropriateness for a particular task (taking into consideration all factors, including ecosystem, developer skill-sets, performance, etc.), and not purely because
Language-agnostic
63360
or a combination of the two. Software may also be written in a low-level assembly language, which has strong correspondence to the computer's machine language instructions and is translated into machine language using an assembler. An outline (algorithm) for what would have been the first piece of software was written by Ada Lovelace in the 19th century, for the planned Analytical Engine. She created proofs to show how the engine would calculate Bernoulli Numbers. Because of the proofs and algorithm, she is considered the first computer programmer. The first theory about software—prior to creation of computers as we know them
Software
6675594
An early advocate of free and source-available software, Butterfield authored a quarter of the about 80 programs which began the TPUG software library. Much of his software appeared as type-in programs in the magazines for which he was a columnist or associate editor. Among the best-known were SuperMon and TinyMon, two machine language monitors that many assembly language programmers used to debug and test code. Butterfield's only commercially marketed program was SpellPro, a spell checker for Steve Punter's popular WordPro word processor. In a November 2006 newsgroup message, Butterfield announced that he was undergoing chemotherapy. He died at the Princess
Jim Butterfield
1948452
times between 2000 and 2017 from Sourceforge. Core War Core War is a 1984 programming game created by D. G. Jones and A. K. Dewdney in which two or more battle programs (called "warriors") compete for control of a virtual computer. These battle programs are written in an abstract assembly language called "Redcode". At the beginning of a game, each battle program is loaded into memory at a random location, after which each program executes one instruction in turn. The goal of the game is to cause the processes of opposing programs to terminate (which happens if they execute an
Core War
14737654
bricks were actually used varied depending upon the host environment in which RTL/2 programs actually ran. Access to the host environment of an RTL/2 program was provided via special procedure and data bricks called SVC procedures and SVC data. These were accessible in RTL/2 but implemented in some other language in the host environment. RTL/2 compiles to assembly language and provides the CODE statement to permit assembly language to be inserted directly into RTL/2 programs. This is only available when compiled with a systems programming option (CN:F) The Code statement takes two operands: the number of bytes used by the
RTL/2
11080078
of behavior into a code base and quantification over points in the program where this behavior should be introduced. These points are called join points. Join points are points in the execution of the system, such as method calls, where behavior supplied by aspects is combined. A join point is a point in the execution of the program, which is used to define the dynamic structure of a crosscutting concern. The join point model of an aspect-oriented language defines the types of join points that are supported by the aspect-oriented language and the possible interaction points between aspects and base
Aspect-oriented software development
10237061
the relationship between the engineer and the program. Search-based software engineering Search-based software engineering (SBSE) applies metaheuristic search techniques such as genetic algorithms, simulated annealing and tabu search to software engineering problems. Many activities in software engineering can be stated as optimization problems. Optimization techniques of operations research such as linear programming or dynamic programming are often impractical for large scale software engineering problems because of their computational complexity. Researchers and practitioners use metaheuristic search techniques to find near-optimal or "good-enough" solutions. SBSE problems can be divided into two types: SBSE converts a software engineering problem into a computational search
Search-based software engineering
3241389
Software), and an assembly language program was provided by the German authors Klaus Löffelmann and Dieter Vüllers, in which it was possible to set or clear any pixel or, using BASIC to perform the necessary calculations, generate bitmapped geometric shapes on the 80 column screen. In February 1986, less than a year after the Commodore 128's release, "RUN" magazine published ""Ultra Hi-Res Graphics"", an article describing the VDC's bitmapped mode and including a type-in program (written in 8502 assembly language) that extended BASIC 7.0's capabilities to support 640×200 high-resolution graphics using the 8563. Authors Lou Wallace and David Darus later
MOS Technology 8563
4802190
stopped in 2012 and the language is now deprecated. The shader assembly language in Direct3D 8 and 9 is the main programming language for vertex and pixel shaders in Shader Model 1.0/1.1, 2.0, and 3.0. The shader assembly language is a direct representation of the intermediate shader bytecode which is passed to the graphics driver for execution. The shader assembly language cannot be directly used to program unified Shader Model 4.0, 4.1, 5.0, and 5.1, although it retains its function as a representation of the intermediate bytecode for debug purposes. The High-Level Shading Language (also called HLSL for short) is
Shading language
756595
to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them. While ladder diagrams were once the only available notation for recording programmable controller programs, today other forms are standardized in IEC 61131-3 (For example, as an alternative to the graphical ladder logic form, there is also a more assembly language like format called Instruction list within the IEC 61131-3 standard.). Ladder logic is widely used to program PLCs, where sequential control
Ladder logic
7409396
In 1978, while at JPL, Wayne Ratliff wrote a database program in assembly language for CP/M based microcomputers to help him win the football pool at the office. He based it on Jeb Long's JPLDIS and called it Vulcan, after Mr. Spock of Star Trek. In late 1980, George Tate, of Ashton-Tate, entered into a marketing agreement with Wayne Ratliff. Vulcan was renamed to dBase, the price was raised from $50 to $695, and the software quickly became a huge success. When a number of "clones" of dBase appeared in the 1990s, Ashton-Tate sued one of them, FoxPro, over copyrights.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Display Information System
6425391
as controllers for HP automatic test equipment, connected via the HP Instrument Bus, (HP-IB). HP wanted to provide a programming language that would be friendly to the engineers and scientists who used such test equipment. The BASIC programming language was chosen, as it was already intended to be easy for novices; knowledgeable users could also program them in assembly language or a version of Pascal. Early implementations of RMB software on the HP 9000 platform were called HP BASIC/WS. BASIC/WS ran stand-alone. It provided operating system (OS), integrated development environment (editor and debugger), and the language interpreter. Later, HP implemented
Rocky Mountain BASIC
7572685
conjunction with one another in many software development environments. Exporter (computing) An exporter is a software application that writes out a data file in a format different from its native format. It does this via special algorithms (such as filters). An exporter often is not an entire program by itself, but an extension to another program, implemented as a plug-in. When implemented in this way, the exporter converts the hosting application's native format into the desired format and writes it to the file. For example, a 3D model may be written with a modeler, such as 3D Studio Max. A
Exporter (computing)
272620
written in the format of the target assembly language would be processed by a macro compiler, which was a pre-processor to the assembler, to generate one or more assembly language instructions to be processed next by the assembler program that would translate the assembly language instructions into machine language instructions. By the late 1950s the macro language was followed by the Macro Assemblers. This was a combination of both where one program served both functions, that of a macro pre-processor and an assembler in the same package. This allowed assembly language programmers to implement their own macro-language and allowed limited
Macro (computer science)
2177731
program comprising nothing but a long list of calls on these functions, one for each assembly language statement. Essentially ALGOL acted like the macro pass of a macro assembler. The first pass was the ALGOL compiler; the second pass was running the resulting program (on the B6500) which would then emit the binary for the DCP. Another variant of ALGOL is DMALGOL (Data Management ALGOL). DMALGOL is ALGOL extended for compiling the DMSII database software from database description files created by the DASDL (Data Access and Structure Definition Language) compiler. Database designers and administrators compile database descriptions to generate DMALGOL
Burroughs large systems
817113
HDLs are processed by a compiler (often called a synthesizer in the HDL case), but with different goals. For HDLs, "compiling" refers to logic synthesis; the process of transforming the HDL code listing into a physically realizable gate netlist. The netlist output can take any of many forms: a "simulation" netlist with gate-delay information, a "handoff" netlist for post-synthesis placement and routing on a semiconductor die, or a generic industry-standard Electronic Design Interchange Format (EDIF) (for subsequent conversion to a JEDEC-format file). On the other hand, a software compiler converts the source-code listing into a microprocessor-specific object code for execution
Hardware description language
15129073
Data Toolbar Data Toolbar is a Web scraping computer software add-on to the Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome Web browsers that collects and converts structured data from Web pages into a tabular format that can be loaded into a spreadsheet or database management program. The program implements a variation of the genetic tree matching algorithm with respect to nested lists. That is, inside a given website, the program recursively traverses the branches of its DOM tree, aiming to detect nested lists of data items matching the format of the specified content. This approach is known to have several
Data Toolbar
1762896
enhances the readability while still giving precise control over the machine instructions. Most programming is currently done using high-level programming languages, which are typically easier to read and write. These languages need to be compiled (translated into assembly language), or run through other compiled programs. Opcodes can also be found in so-called byte codes and other representations intended for a software interpreter rather than a hardware device. These software-based instruction sets often employ slightly higher-level data types and operations than most hardware counterparts, but are nevertheless constructed along similar lines. Examples include the byte code found in Java class files
Opcode
7471
version, this version was sometimes called "new awk" or "nawk". This implementation was released under a free software license in 1996 and is still maintained by Brian Kernighan (see external links below). Old versions of Unix, such as UNIX/32V, included codice_51, which converted AWK to C. Kernighan wrote a program to turn awk into C++; its state is not known. AWK AWK is a programming language designed for text processing and typically used as a data extraction and reporting tool. It is a standard feature of most Unix-like operating systems. The AWK language is a data-driven scripting language consisting of
AWK
15153301
able to translate the assembly language program into machine code and data and transferring the binary code into the external RAM for subsequent simulations. Together with MikroBAT the microcode simulator MikroSim supports the didactical introduction of teaching aspects in technical computer science from a switch-controlled calculating machine to an assembler programmable application. MikroSim MikroSim is an educational software computer program for hardware-non-specific explanation of the general functioning and behaviour of a virtual processor, running on the Microsoft Windows operating system. Devices like miniaturized calculators, microcontroller, microprocessors, and computer can be explained on custom-developed instruction code on a register transfer level
MikroSim
2147974
Forefront Corporation and funded by Ashton-Tate. These were the company's first products released with copy protection schemes in an attempt to stop software piracy. dBASE III was the first release written in the C programming language to make it easier to support and port to other platforms. To facilitate the rewrite, an automatic conversion program was used to convert the original Vulcan code from CP/M Z-80 and DOS 8088 assembly language code into C, which resulted in the beginnings of a difficult to maintain legacy code base that would haunt the company for many years to come. This also had
Ashton-Tate
1991378
while simultaneously playing back pre-recorded arm motions. The data could then be played back, edited, or used to drive an audio program. Sign language glove A sign language glove is an electronic device which converts the complex motions of a sign language into written or spoken words. A young inventor on a Fulbright scholarship announced a working model in 2003, and the US Army is also developing a battlefield model. A model being currently created at the University of Reading is one of the few to utilise two hands, attempt signs that involve motion, and make it relevant to British
Sign language glove
7207708
program in the domain. Lately, domain engineering has been criticized for focusing too much on "engineering-for-reuse" or "engineering-with-reuse" of generic software features rather than concentrating on "engineering-for-use" such that an individual's world-view, language, or context is integrated into the design of software. Domain engineering Domain engineering, also called product line engineering, is the entire process of reusing domain knowledge in the production of new software systems. It is a key concept in systematic software reuse. A key idea in systematic software reuse is the domain. Most organizations work in only a few domains. They repeatedly build similar systems within a
Domain engineering
10145760
often worth hundreds of thousands – or millions of dollars. Sheet metal forming simulation software utilizes mathematical models to replicate the behavior of an actual metal sheet manufacturing process. Essentially, it is a computer program that converts a computer into a fully functioning metal manufacturing prediction unit. Sheet metal forming simulation prevents metal factories from defects in their production lines and reduces testing and expensive mistakes improving efficiency in the metal forming process. Metal casting simulation is currently performed by Finite Element Method simulation software designed as a defect-prediction tool for the foundry engineer, in order to correct and/or improve
Simulation software
3405360
Potrace Potrace is a cross-platform, open-source software which converts bitmapped images into vector graphics. It is written and maintained by Peter Selinger. Various graphical frontends are available for the command-line application Potrace. Notably, it has been integrated with Inkscape, giving Inkscape its "Trace Bitmap" action. FontForge can use Potrace to import a bitmap image into a font. Potrace is also used by the music engraving program LilyPond. Potrace's input and output is black and white (colored images are greyscaled before processing). However, Inkscape is capable of producing color images by decomposing each channel into several black and white images and
Potrace
17806209
WildMIDI WildMIDI is a free open-source software synthesizer which converts MIDI note data into an audio signal using GUS sound patches without need for a GUS patch-compatible soundcard. WildMIDI, whose aim is to be as small as possible and easily portable, started in December 2001, can act as a virtual MIDI device, capable of receiving MIDI data from any program and transforming it into audio on-the-fly. It is the standard MIDI renderer for the GStreamer framework. WildMIDI consists of two parts, the library which other applications can link against and a command-line (CLI) player used to show off the features
WildMIDI
3387043
for data entry in web-based publishing, such as weblogs and wikis, where the input interface is a simple text box. The server software then converts the input into a common document markup language like HTML. Lightweight markup languages were originally used on text-only displays which could not display characters in italics or bold, so informal methods to convey this information had to be developed. This formatting choice was naturally carried forth to plain-text email communications. Console browsers may also resort to similar display conventions. In 1986 international standard SGML provided facilities to define and parse lightweight markup languages using grammars
Lightweight markup language
14812089
and personal computer systems including MS-DOS, CP/M and Apple DOS. The interface is usually implemented with a command line shell, which is a program that accepts commands as text input and converts commands into appropriate operating system functions. Today, many end users rarely, if ever, use command-line interfaces and instead rely upon graphical user interfaces and menu-driven interactions. However, many software developers, system administrators and advanced users still rely heavily on command-line interfaces to perform tasks more efficiently, configure their machine, or access programs and program features that are not available through a graphical interface. Alternatives to the command line
Command-line interface
7140398
into the sequence. For each icon you then specify the parameters (data). For example, for the motor drive icon you specify which motors and by how much they move. When the program is written it is downloaded into the Lego NXT 'brick' (microcontroller) for test. A scripting language is a high-level programming language that is used to control the software application, and is interpreted in real-time, or "translated on the fly", instead of being compiled in advance. A scripting language may be a general-purpose programming language or it may be limited to specific functions used to augment the running of
Robot software
1985492
software is built into 256 KB of ROM: standard office suite programs, communications, a 90,000 word spelling dictionary, and user programming toolchains for Forth and assembly language. A text-only machine, the Cat includes graphics routines in ROM as well as connectors for a mouse or other pointing device that are never used. There is a defunct software project called Archy, initiated by Raskin, to develop a similar yet even more capable system for current computing systems. The project was designed to eventually replace current software user interfaces. Canon Cat The Canon Cat was a task-dedicated, desktop computer released by Canon
Canon Cat
336975
status during operation or via simulation. The software will upload and download the PLC program, for backup and restoration purposes. In some models of programmable controller, the program is transferred from a personal computer to the PLC through a programming board which writes the program into a removable chip such as an EPROM. Under the IEC 61131-3 standard, PLCs can be programmed using standards-based programming languages. The most commonly used programming language is Ladder diagram (LD) also known as Ladder logic. It uses Contact-Coil logic to make programs like an electrical control diagram. A graphical programming notation called Sequential Function
Programmable logic controller
15129074
advantages over a simple string-matching algorithm. Data Toolbar Data Toolbar is a Web scraping computer software add-on to the Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome Web browsers that collects and converts structured data from Web pages into a tabular format that can be loaded into a spreadsheet or database management program. The program implements a variation of the genetic tree matching algorithm with respect to nested lists. That is, inside a given website, the program recursively traverses the branches of its DOM tree, aiming to detect nested lists of data items matching the format of the specified content. This
Data Toolbar
9118925
so in practice, especially for complicated programs. Instead, each basic instruction can be given a short name that is indicative of its function and easy to remember – a mnemonic such as ADD, SUB, MULT or JUMP. These mnemonics are collectively known as a computer's assembly language. Converting programs written in assembly language into something the computer can actually understand (machine language) is usually done by a computer program called an assembler. Programming languages provide various ways of specifying programs for computers to run. Unlike natural languages, programming languages are designed to permit no ambiguity and to be concise. They
Computer
702093
ways to making conventional, PC-based, CPUs run faster, including: Modern high-level programming languages still follow the sequential-execution model and, indeed, a common way of identifying programming errors is with a “procedure execution” in which the programmer's finger identifies the point of execution as a PC would. The high-level language is essentially the machine language of a virtual machine, too complex to be built as hardware but instead emulated or interpreted by software. However, new programming models transcend sequential-execution programming: Program counter The program counter (PC), commonly called the instruction pointer (IP) in Intel x86 and Itanium microprocessors, and sometimes called
Program counter
1364419
devices called "sensors". A data acquisition system is a collection of software and hardware that allows one to measure or control physical characteristics of something in the real world. A complete data acquisition system consists of DAQ hardware, sensors and actuators, signal conditioning hardware, and a computer running DAQ software. A sensor, which is a type of "transducer", is a device that converts a physical property into a corresponding electrical signal (e.g., strain gauge, thermistor). An acquisition system to measure different properties depends on the sensors that are suited to detect those properties. Signal conditioning may be necessary if the
Data acquisition
18264400
Prince (software) Prince (formerly Prince XML) is a proprietary software program that converts XML and HTML documents into PDF files by applying Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). As technology, in electronic publishing and dynamic data-driven PDF generation, it enables the replacing of XSL-FO frameworks by CSS3 ones. It is developed by YesLogic, a small company based in Melbourne, Australia. Marketed as a professional "XML+CSS3 to PDF" solution, it received positive reviews and was considered a unique product in the 2000s. In April 2003, Prince 1.0 was released, with basic support for XHTML, Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), and
Prince (software)
2627860
Telegard Telegard is an early bulletin board system (BBS) software program written for IBM PC-compatible computers running MS-DOS and OS/2. Telegard was written in Pascal with routines written in C++ and assembly language, based on a copy of the WWIV source code. Telegard has several features that make it attractive to BBS sysops, such as being free, having remote administration facilities built into the main program, and the ability to handle CD-ROMs internally. Telegard is still viable today as it can accept telnet connections by using a virtual modem/FOSSIL set up such as NetSerial, a virtual modem driver, and NetFoss,
Telegard
2627861
a freeware FOSSIL driver, both for Windows. OS/2 users can use the SIO/VMODEM combination to allow telnet access to their BBS. Telegard Telegard is an early bulletin board system (BBS) software program written for IBM PC-compatible computers running MS-DOS and OS/2. Telegard was written in Pascal with routines written in C++ and assembly language, based on a copy of the WWIV source code. Telegard has several features that make it attractive to BBS sysops, such as being free, having remote administration facilities built into the main program, and the ability to handle CD-ROMs internally. Telegard is still viable today as
Telegard
19419617
OutWit Hub OutWit Hub is a Web scraping software application designed to automatically extract information from online or local resources. It recognizes and grabs links, images, documents, contacts, recurring vocabulary and phrases, rss feeds and converts structured and unstructured data into formatted tables which can be exported to spreadsheets or databases. The first version was released in 2010. Version 7.0 was released in March 2018. The program includes a Mozilla-based browser and a side bar which gives access to a number of views with pre-set extractors. Web pages and textual documents are broken down into their different constituents, presented as
OutWit Hub
17964762
of program transformations (Stratego/XT), language workbenches (Spoofax), modular language definition, domain-specific languages for web programming (WebDSL/mobl), and declarative models for (distributed) software deployment (Nix). He is project leader of the NWO (Jacquard) projects TraCE, TFA, MoDSE, and PDS, which have produced several open source software systems used in research and industry. In 2013 he received the prestigious NWO VICI grant for research into verification of language definitions. Visser is an active member of the programming languages community and has served on many program committees of the important conferences in the field including OOPSLA, ECOOP, MODELS, SLE, and GPCE. Recently he
Eelco Visser
6123632
TriBBS TriBBS is a computer bulletin board system (BBS) designed for MS-DOS-based computers. TriBBS was written by Mark Goodwin and marketed through his company, TriSoft. TriBBS was written in C++ and assembly language. TriBBS development was guided primarily by the requests and suggestions of the SysOps who used the program. As a result, the TriBBS Application Program Interface was added by Goodwin to aid other software developers in making third party software operate seamlessly with TriBBS. In 1997, TriBBS was sold to Gary Price of Freejack's Software, who had previously developed a collection of add-ons and tools for use with
TriBBS
14134864
SanskritOCR SanskritOCR is an OCR in Indian Language for Sanskrit, Hindi and other Indian languages based on Devanagari script. Sanskrit OCR is developed by a Sanskrit scholar from Germany - "Dr. Oliver Hellwig" of Department for Languages and Cultures of Southern Asia, Freie Universität Berlin. The official website is in German. The interface of earlier versions of the software was also in German, but later versions have an English interface too. The software scans the printed Devanagari text and converts it into Romananized text. The romanized text than can be converted to Devanagari using this online converter. Dr. Hellwig is
SanskritOCR
369865
tree, known as a source tree. Source code can also be stored in a database (as is common for stored procedures) or elsewhere. The source code for a particular piece of software may be contained in a single file or many files. Though the practice is uncommon, a program's source code can be written in different programming languages. For example, a program written primarily in the C programming language, might have portions written in assembly language for optimization purposes. It is also possible for some components of a piece of software to be written and compiled separately, in an arbitrary
Source code
10298382
is written as a C library with a large application programming interface (API). Partial bindings for Python, Ruby, Haskell, and .NET Framework are available. FluidSynth FluidSynth, formerly named iiwusynth, is a free open source software synthesizer which converts Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) note data into an audio signal using SoundFont technology without need for a SoundFont-compatible soundcard. FluidSynth can act as a virtual MIDI device, able to receive MIDI data from any program and transform it into audio on-the-fly. It can also read in SMF (.mid) files directly. On the output side, it can send audio data directly to
FluidSynth
14657649
base language (except English is taught with Spanish as the base language), using the idea that the best way to approach a new language is through its vocabulary and pronunciation. The software has a virtual community of users who make the vocabulary database bigger. This flashcard software program helps learning and remembering dozens of foreign languages vocabulary words and is available for both Windows and Macintosh. The language software has interactive vocabulary practice, progress tracker and sound files. It aims to be a personalized language-learning system that locks foreign language words and phrases into memory. A distinctive feature in paid
Before You Know It (software)
4185430
other operating systems such as CP/M, DR-DOS, Unix or Microsoft Windows. The Econet API includes an codice_1 command, which can be used by software to determine if a machine is present on the network and its hardware platform. The machine-type codes which can be returned by that command are a useful indication of the range of hardware that offered Econet as their primary networking function or as an option: The manual includes an assembly language program to report a machine type, software version and release numbers. An update to the list in volume 5A of the PRM lists the following
Econet
15872474
Solid PDF Creator Solid PDF Creator is proprietary document processing software which converts virtually any Windows-based document into a PDF. Suitable for home and office use, the program appears as a printer option in the Print menu of any print-capable Windows application. The same technology used in the software's Solid Framework SDK is licensed by Adobe for Acrobat X Solid Documents, the makers of Solid PDF Creator, launched the product in 2006 and have released several version updates since then including 2.0 in 2007. The latest product enhancement, new to version 7, allows for the conversion of Windows-based documents into
Solid PDF Creator
369866
programming language, and later integrated into the software using a technique called library linking. In some languages, such as Java, this can be done at run time (each class is compiled into a separate file that is linked by the interpreter at runtime). Yet another method is to make the main program an interpreter for a programming language, either designed specifically for the application in question or general-purpose, and then write the bulk of the actual user functionality as macros or other forms of add-ins in this language, an approach taken for example by the GNU Emacs text editor. The
Source code
654114
Disassembler A disassembler is a computer program that translates machine language into assembly language—the inverse operation to that of an assembler. A disassembler differs from a decompiler, which targets a high-level language rather than an assembly language. Disassembly, the output of a disassembler, is often formatted for human-readability rather than suitability for input to an assembler, making it principally a reverse-engineering tool. Assembly language source code generally permits the use of constants and programmer comments. These are usually removed from the assembled machine code by the assembler. If so, a disassembler operating on the machine code would produce disassembly lacking
Disassembler
2230487
over 30 open source models of the MIPS 32 bit and 64 bit cores. SPIM SPIM is a MIPS processor simulator, designed to run assembly language code for this architecture. The program simulates R2000 and R3000 processors, and was written by James R. Larus while a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The MIPS machine language is often taught in college-level assembly courses, especially those using the textbook "Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface" by David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy (). The name of the simulator is a reversal of the letters "MIPS". SPIM simulators are available
SPIM
18277133
D. Shah and Zulfiqar Ali Bhatti and published by Yadgar Publishers.It is a bilingual dictionary and contains over 8000 English meanings of Sindhi words. Electronic dictionaries and software that converts Sindhi into English and English into Sindhi have also been developed. Sindhi to English dictionaries Sindhi to English dictionaries are bilingual dictionaries which provide English equivalents of Sindhi language words. Compilations of Sindhi and English terms were created for non-Sindhi speaking students in the early 1800s. "The Journal of the Asiatic Society" of Bengal, Calcutta published articles with vocabulary lists in 1836 and 1843. Sindhi was one of the languages
Sindhi to English dictionaries
369869
computer platforms is usually prohibitively difficult without source code. Without the source code for a particular piece of software, portability is generally computationally expensive. Possible porting options include binary translation and emulation of the original platform. Decompilation of an executable program can be used to generate source code, either in assembly code or in a high-level language. Programmers frequently adapt source code from one piece of software to use in other projects, a concept known as software reusability. The situation varies worldwide, but in the United States before 1974, software and its source code was not copyrightable and therefore always
Source code
16415828
Peli of Harvard, though he later partly backtracked due to the controversy which ensued from his remarks. Concerns have been raised by cyber forensics experts at the University of Massachusetts who have developed a way to steal smartphone and tablet passwords using Google Glass. The specialists developed a software program that uses Google Glass to track finger shadows as someone types in their password. Their program then converts the touchpoints into the keys they were touching, allowing them to catch the passcodes. Another concern regarding the camera application raises controversy to privacy. Some people are concerned about how the product
Google Glass