when were lord of the rings books written
between 1937 and 1949
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recorded under the pseudonym 'Shagrat the Vagrant', before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970. The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title of the novel refers to the story's main antagonist, the
The Lord of the Rings
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The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title of the novel refers to the story's main antagonist, the Dark Lord Sauron, who had in an earlier age created the One Ring to rule
The Lord of the Rings
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recorded under the pseudonym 'Shagrat the Vagrant', before forming a band called Shagrat in 1970. The Lord of the Rings The Lord of the Rings is an epic high fantasy novel written by English author and scholar J. R. R. Tolkien. The story began as a sequel to Tolkien's 1937 fantasy novel "The Hobbit", but eventually developed into a much larger work. Written in stages between 1937 and 1949, "The Lord of the Rings" is one of the best-selling novels ever written, with over 150 million copies sold. The title of the novel refers to the story's main antagonist, the
The Lord of the Rings
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Unfortunately, he did not have the scholarly training to do this with sufficient rigor and the book has many factual errors throughout, but his enthusiasm is infectious." Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" is a study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien written by Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in March 1969 and reprinted in April 1969, April 1970, July 1971, July 1972, February 1973, July 1973, June 1975 and November 1977, after which it went out of print for
Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings"
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Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" Tolkien: A Look Behind "The Lord of the Rings" is a study of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien written by Lin Carter. It was first published in paperback by Ballantine Books in March 1969 and reprinted in April 1969, April 1970, July 1971, July 1972, February 1973, July 1973, June 1975 and November 1977, after which it went out of print for over twenty-five years. The book has been translated into French, Japanese and Polish. A new edition updated by Adam Roberts was published by Gollancz in August 2003;
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& Unwin until 1990 when the publisher and its assets were acquired by HarperCollins. In the early 1960s Donald A. Wollheim, science fiction editor of the paperback publisher Ace Books, claimed that "The Lord of the Rings" was not protected in the United States under American copyright law because Houghton Mifflin, the US hardcover publisher, had neglected to copyright the work in the United States. Then, in 1965, Ace Books proceeded to publish an edition, unauthorized by Tolkien and without paying royalties to him. Tolkien took issue with this and quickly notified his fans of this objection. Grass-roots pressure from
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of the more prominent intellectual figures in British life (perhaps to be compared with Edmund Wilson in the United States, for example). In an article written for "The Observer" in 1961, he notoriously proclaimed the irrelevancy of J.R.R. Tolkien's "The Lord Of The Rings", just prior to its paperback publication in America and subsequent cultural phenomenon: "There was a time when the Hobbit fantasies of Professor Tolkien were being taken very seriously indeed by a great many distinguished literary figures. Mr. Auden is even reported to have claimed that these books were as good as "War and Peace"; Edwin Muir
Philip Toynbee
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Themes of The Lord of the Rings Since the publications of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", "The Hobbit" and "The Silmarillion", a wealth of secondary literature has been published discussing the literary themes and archetypes present in the stories. Tolkien also wrote about the themes of his books in letters to friends, family and fans, and often within the books themselves. In his Foreword to the Second Edition of "The Lord of the Rings", Tolkien said that he "disliked allegory in all its forms" (using the word "applicability" instead), and told those claiming the story was
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appears as a minor villain in "Lego Dimensions", in which he allies himself with main antagonist Lord Vortech. Asteroid 418532 Saruman was named after the wizard and in honor of actor Christopher Lee. The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 25 September 2018 (). [a] The volume published as "The Silmarillion" in 1977 contains four books in addition to the "Quenta Silmarillion". The last of these—"Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age"—covers Saruman's earlier history, but was written after "The Lord of the Rings". Note: For ease of reference, citations of "Letters" include
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Númenor), a draft of the Drowning of Anadûnê, and the only extant account of Tolkien's fictional language Adûnaic. Some paperback editions of the fourth volume, retitled "The End of the Third Age", include only the materials for "The Lord of the Rings". The original idea was to release "The History of The Lord of the Rings" in three volumes, not four. When "The Treason of Isengard" was first published in paperback Volume 8 was to be called "Sauron Defeated" and was to be the last volume. The titles of the volumes derive from discarded titles for the separate books of
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the "Ballad" were borrowed and incorporated into the "Lord of the Rings". Robert E. Howard, the American author, poet, and widely known pulp magazine "fictioneer", was much impressed by Chesterton's "The Ballad of the White Horse". In a letter to his friend Tevis Clyde Smith, dated 6 August 1926 (when Howard was 20), he writes: "There is great poetry being written now. G.K. Chesterton, for instance." In another letter to Smith c. September 1927, after a trip to San Antonio from his home in tiny Cross Plains, TX, he writes: "Several books I purchased on my trip, among them G.
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Stellan Skarsgård as Goya, and featuring Randy Quaid as the king of Spain. The film was made with long-time collaborators Miloš Forman (director) and Jean-Claude Carrière (screenplay). Shot on location in Spain and edited in New York, the film was released in late 2006. In 1976, Zaentz acquired certain rights in J. R. R. Tolkien's books of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings". In 1978, he produced "an animated version of The Lord of the Rings", written chiefly by Peter S. Beagle and directed by animator Ralph Bakshi. Through Middle-earth Enterprises, Saul Zaentz owned the worldwide film, stage,
Saul Zaentz
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game for the SNES, which played nothing like their PC games and instead was more like "The Legend of Zelda". Thereafter, no official "The Lord of the Rings" titles were released until the making of Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy for New Line Cinema in 2001–2003, when mass-market awareness of the story appeared. Electronic Arts obtained the licenses for the three films, while Vivendi Games obtained the license to produce games based on the books from Tolkien Enterprises - this gave rise to an unusual situation: Electronic Arts produced no adaptation of "The Fellowship of the
Middle-earth in video games
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Pandemic Studios began by creating the iconic battlefields seen in the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy, then included additional locales. They cited the films as their primary source of inspiration, but noted that when necessary they took liberties to apply those stories to an action video game. Pandemic sought to create a "hyper real" experience according to Gewirtz. In an example he stated that rather than take Aragorn actor Viggo Mortensen's performance, the character in the game performs moves which Mortensen himself may not have been able to capture. The books were a secondary source of inspiration for locales and
The Lord of the Rings: Conquest
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Translations of The Lord of the Rings "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, written originally in English, has since been translated, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of other languages. Tolkien, an expert in Germanic philology, scrutinized those that were under preparation during his lifetime, and had comments that reflect both the translation process and his work. To aid translators, and because he was unhappy with some choices made by early translators such as Åke Ohlmarks, Tolkien wrote his Guide to the Names in The Lord of the Rings in 1967 (released publicly in 1975
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"The Lord of the Rings". J. R. R. Tolkien conceived the latter as a single volume comprising six "books" plus extensive appendices, but the original publisher split the work into three, publishing two books per volume with the appendices included in the third. The titles proposed by Tolkien for the six books were: Book I, "The First Journey" or "The Ring Sets Out"; Book II, "The Journey of the Nine Companions" or "The Ring Goes South"; Book III, "The Treason of Isengard"; Book IV, "The Journey of the Ring-Bearers" or "The Ring Goes East"; Book V, "The War of the
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one man who had given in to temptation can return to the good path and give his life, however ineffectively, for a good cause. Themes of The Lord of the Rings Since the publications of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", "The Hobbit" and "The Silmarillion", a wealth of secondary literature has been published discussing the literary themes and archetypes present in the stories. Tolkien also wrote about the themes of his books in letters to friends, family and fans, and often within the books themselves. In his Foreword to the Second Edition of "The Lord of
Themes of The Lord of the Rings
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representing the United States military draft during the Vietnam War, to the chagrin of the author who stated that "Many American fans enjoy the books in a way which I do not". Many fantasy series written in the period were created by fans of "The Lord of the Rings", such as the "Shannara" books by Terry Brooks. There were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s. The first organized Tolkien fan group was "The Fellowship of the Ring", founded by fans including Ted Johnstone and Bruce Pelz at Pittcon, the 18th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon) in
Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien
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The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a 2003 epic fantasy adventure film co-produced, co-written, and directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". It is the third and final instalment in "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy, following "" (2001) and "" (2002), preceding "The Hobbit" film trilogy (2012–14). Released on 17 December 2003, "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King" became one of the most critically and commercially
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It is available in both hardcover and paperback. The "Reader's Companion" was designed to accompany the revised one-volume 50th anniversary edition of "The Lord of the Rings" (Houghton Mifflin, 2004; ). "The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion" won the 2006 Mythopoeic Scholarship Award for Inklings Studies. The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) is a nonfiction book written by scholars Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull. It is an annotated reference to J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". Hammond and Scull proceed chapter-by-chapter from the
The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion
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that "the English-speaking world is divided into those who have read "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" and those who are going to read them". The "New York Herald Tribune" also seemed to have an idea of how popular the books would become, writing in its review that they were "destined to outlast our time". W. H. Auden, an admirer of Tolkien's writings, regarded "The Lord of the Rings" as a "masterpiece", further stating that in some cases it outdid the achievement of John Milton's "Paradise Lost". "New York Times" reviewer Judith Shulevitz criticized the "pedantry" of Tolkien's
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2 September 1973, the Dutch, Swedish, Polish, Italian, Danish, German and French translations had been published completely, and the Japanese and Finnish ones in part. The Russian translations are a special case because many unpublished and unauthorized translations circulated in the 1970s and 1980s Soviet Union, which were gradually published from the 1990s. Translations of The Lord of the Rings "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, written originally in English, has since been translated, with varying degrees of success, into dozens of other languages. Tolkien, an expert in Germanic philology, scrutinized those that were under preparation
Translations of The Lord of the Rings
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books), "Gondor" (tactical, covering the siege of Minas Tirith) and "Sauron" (covering the decisive battle of the Second Age) in 1977. A more recent strategic game covering all three books, called "War of the Ring", was released in 2004. There are also "Trivial Pursuit" and "Monopoly" editions based on "The Lord of the Rings", as well as a "The Lord of the Rings Trivia Game" quiz game. Chess sets have also been created with the figures based on people and other characters from "The Lord of the Rings". there has also been a game on the Nintendo WII. it was
Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien
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Bernard Mayes (Gandalf and Tom Bombadil), Gail Chugg (Narrator), and Tom Luce (Strider/Aragorn). Additionally, Franklyn, McCaddon, Chugg, Reinhardt, Bob Lewis, John Vickery, Erik Bauersfeld and Carl Hague were credited for "additional voices". The radio script of "The Lord of the Rings" was written by Bernard Mayes. It emphasized dialogue over description. The broadcasts totaled more than 11 hours. The budget was small and production time was limited. The cast were local theater players, and the production used stock music and homemade sound effects. The script of "The Lord Of The Rings" is notable for including the Tom Bombadil scenes, unlike
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publishers, Tolkien initially suggested the titles: Vol. 1, "The Shadow Grows"; Vol. 2, "The Ring in the Shadow"; Vol. 3, "The War of the Ring" or "The Return of the King". The books were published under a profit-sharing arrangement, whereby Tolkien would not receive an advance or royalties until the books had broken even, after which he would take a large share of the profits. It has ultimately become one of the best-selling novels ever written, with 50 million copies sold by 2003 and over 150 million copies sold by 2007. The book was published in the UK by Allen
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in March 2004. It was a classical crossover album and included two pop songs written by Richard Marx and one ballad, "Wait A While", written by Jon Lord of Deep Purple. "My Heart" reached No. 3 on the Billboard Classical Album Chart after debuting at No. 7 and spent 31 weeks on the chart. In the summer and fall of 2004, Sissel went on tour with The Lord of the Rings Symphony. She was a featured soloist for an orchestral performance dedicated to the music from "The Lord of the Rings" films. "The Lord of the Rings" composer Howard Shore,
Sissel Kyrkjebø
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The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion (2005) is a nonfiction book written by scholars Wayne G. Hammond and Christina Scull. It is an annotated reference to J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". Hammond and Scull proceed chapter-by-chapter from the original foreword through to the end of "The Lord of the Rings". Appendices, examining the evolution of the text, changes, inconsistencies, and errors, often using comments from Tolkien's own notes and letters. Other sections cover the numerous maps of Middle-earth, chronologies of the story and its writing, and
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in 2005, to embrace her dream of writing books. As a child, she already read fantasy books from authors such as Tolkien (The Hobbit, The Lord of The Rings), even wrote some, and as such, starting her novelist career, she first wrote heroic fantasy books. The "Knights of Emerald" series, of which the first book was originally written in 2002, and counts 12 books. Robillard having finished this series in 2008, it was asked by her fans that she start a new series which would follow the "Knights of Emerald" series. In 2011, she fulfilled her fans demand, by creating
Anne Robillard
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interviewed had a tendency towards identifying themselves with angst-ridden books showing intellectual struggle, violence, personal vulnerability, catastrophe and the struggle to rise above circumstance." The books most frequently cited by men in this study included "The Outsider" by Albert Camus, "The Lord of The Rings" by J.R.R. Tolkien, "The Catcher in the Rye" by J.D. Salinger, and—the only book written by a female that made the list of "top twenty" inspirational books for men -- "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. "To Kill a Mockingbird" was also only one of four books to be included in the top twenty
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as well as earlier fantasy works and Tolkien's experiences in World War I. "The Lord of the Rings" in its turn is considered to have had a great effect on modern fantasy; the impact of Tolkien's works is such that the use of the words "Tolkienian" and "Tolkienesque" have been recorded in the "Oxford English Dictionary". The enduring popularity of "The Lord of the Rings" has led to numerous references in popular culture, the founding of many societies by fans of Tolkien's works, and the publication of many books about Tolkien and his works. "The Lord of the Rings" has
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iron. Here is a book which will break your heart." Despite these reviews and its lack of paperback printing until the 1960s, "The Lord of the Rings" initially sold well in hardback. In 1957, "The Lord of the Rings" was awarded the International Fantasy Award. Despite its numerous detractors, the publication of the Ace Books and Ballantine paperbacks helped "The Lord of the Rings" become immensely popular in the United States in the 1960s. The book has remained so ever since, ranking as one of the most popular works of fiction of the twentieth century, judged by both sales and
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The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria The Lord of the Rings Online: Mines of Moria is the first retail expansion pack for the MMORPG "The Lord of the Rings Online" released on November 18, 2008. It was announced on March 14, 2008 at Codemasters Online Connect 2008. The storyline is set in Moria, an enormous underground complex in north-western Middle-earth. Apart from that, the expansion also adds the region Lórien. The game's level cap has been increased to level 60; and the expansion (also called "Volume II") extends the Epic storyline by six more books, and adds
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Amazon will be the producer in conjunction with the Tolkien Estate and The Tolkien Trust, HarperCollins and New Line Television. According to a 2018 report, it will be the most expensive TV show ever produced. In 1990, Recorded Books published an audio version of "The Lord of the Rings", with British actor Rob Inglis – who had previously starred in his own one-man stage productions of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" – reading. A large-scale musical theatre adaptation, "The Lord of the Rings" was first staged in Toronto, Ontario, Canada in 2006 and opened in London in
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appeared since then: "Destruction of the Books" (2004), "Lord of the Libraries" (2005), and "The Quest for the Trilogy" (2007). These stories are high fantasy in the tradition of J. R. R. Tolkien and "The Lord of the Rings". In 2003, he published "Apocalypse Dawn", a military spin-off of the enormously popular Left Behind Series; Odom's book made the Christian bestseller list. Odom also writes DVD/HD DVD/Blu-ray reviews for AVRev.com. He is known to have written under several pen names, among others Jordan Gray. Additionally, under the pseudonym of Don Pendleton, Odom has written several Mack Bolan novels, an action-adventure
Mel Odom (author)
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The Lord of the Rings: The White Council The Lord of the Rings: The White Council was a role-playing video game that started development at EA Redwood Shores. It was to be based on the high fantasy novel " The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien, however on February 2, 2007, EA announced that the game had been put on an indefinite hiatus, and to date no further information has been released. "Project Gray Company" was the game's working title which was to be a new offering in EA’s series of videogames inspired by Tolkien’s books and
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End. In the film, however, all of the Hobbits travel with Gandalf to the Havens to find the Elves waiting there, including Celeborn, who remains in Middle-Earth in the book. When Sam returns to the Shire, he isn't shown to live in Bag End (where he dwells with Rose in the book), but in a different Hobbit-hole of his own. "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy is unusual in that it was, up until the release of Jackson's prequel trilogy "The Hobbit", the only series whose separate instalments were written and shot simultaneously (excluding pick up shoots). Jackson found
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Brian Sibley Brian David Sibley (born 14 July 1949) is an English writer. He is author of over 100 hours of radio drama and has written and presented hundreds of radio documentaries, features and weekly programmes. He is widely known as the author of many movie 'making of' books, including those for the Harry Potter series and The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit trilogies. Brian was born in Wandsworth, London, to Eric George Sibley, an architectural draughtsman, and Doris Alice Sibley (née Summers). His uncle was the philosopher Frank Sibley. His family moved to Chislehurst, Kent when he
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2003 Sundance Film Festival and can be found on the DVD for , along with a "making of" video. In 2004, Astin released "There and Back Again" (), a memoir (co-written with Joe Layden) of his film career with emphasis on his experiences during production of "The Lord of the Rings" trilogy. The title is derived from the title of J. R. R. Tolkien's novel "The Hobbit", as well as the fictional book written by Bilbo Baggins in "The Lord of the Rings". Since "Lord of the Rings", Astin has continued to work in film and television. His film roles
Sean Astin
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he would end up redoing sketches so many times that there was nothing left of "his" in them. This frustrated him, and he wondered how he would ever make it in the profession. Projects in which Howe worked include "The Lord of the Rings", J.R.R. Tolkien's Books and Merchandise, "Beowulf", Robin Hobb's books, "", Cards for "", "The Hobbit", "Pan's Labyrinth". Howe has also written and illustrated children's books. John Howe (illustrator) John Howe (born August 21, 1957) is a Canadian book illustrator, living in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. One year after graduating from high school, he studied in a college in
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the Rings Online: Shadows of Angmar". The Two Towers (MUD) is also set in Tolkien's world. Lego's licensed theme game version had Japanese anime graphics. Games Workshop have made a miniature wargame called "The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game", which, while part of the film trilogy's merchandise, combines elements from both the books and films. Many of Games Workshop's other battle games that are not directly related to the books have had some key background based on it. Several other games have been based directly on "The Lord of the Rings" and related works, including, amongst many, Iron
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the Rings". Full-length productions of each of "The Fellowship of the Ring" (2001), "The Two Towers" (2002), and "The Return of the King" (2003) were staged in Cincinnati, Ohio. Lifeline Theatre in Chicago, Illinois, produced individual plays of each of the three books over various years in the 1990s. In 2006, a large-scale three-and-a-half-hour "The Lord of the Rings" musical was produced in Toronto. The expensive production lost money and closed six months later and, after some cutting and rewriting, began performances in London on 9 May 2007 and was a success with audiences, closing on 19 July 2008. A
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and "The Maps of Tolkien's Middle-earth" with artist John Howe. He is also the author of the children's book, "The Frightful Food Feud", and has edited, among other books, "The Pooh Sketchbook" and "The Pooh Book of Quotations" and "The Wisdom of C. S. Lewis". The author of "The Lord of the Rings: The Making of the Movie Trilogy" and other books accompanying "The Lord of the Rings", he subsequently published the official biography of the films' director, "Peter Jackson: A Filmmaker's Journey". His most recent books include " – The Official Movie Guide", " – The Official Movie Guide",
Brian Sibley
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"parents may actually appreciate this book more when they realize that their children are receiving subtle history lessons while they read Harry Potter books and actually enjoying it." The "Sunday Tasmanian" noted that "understanding the derivatives of language, both made up and actual such as the French, can only enrich the vocabulary of children." Following the success of "The Magical Worlds of Harry Potter", Colbert released the book "The Magical Worlds of The Lord of the Rings: The Amazing Myths, Legends and Facts Behind the Masterpiece"—a guide to J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" novels—in late 2002.
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in "The Lord of the Rings" films. The first time it is heard, the song is sung and hummed by Gandalf as he approaches Frodo and is just barely discernable. Also when Bilbo makes his way off in attempt to finish his book, he sings a verse of the song. The later occurrences of this song are based on those in the books. Similar changes in mood and words are seen in two versions of another walking song that uses the same metre and is also found in "The Lord of the Rings". The first version, in the chapter 'Three
The Road Goes Ever On (song)
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The Lord of the Rings Dice Building Game The Lord of the Rings Dice Building Game is a dice-building game produced by WizKids. It is based on "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, and the book that inspired it, written by J. R. R. Tolkien. The game mechanics are often compared to Quarriors! though they are not identical. Players must work together to assemble an army of dice representing the men, dwarves, elves, and hobbits to defeat the forces of Sauron. Some characters are tempted by the power of The One Ring and might work
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2006) It also figured as one of the major inspirations of the nascent video game industry and the evolution of fantasy role-playing games (Burdge 2006). Many fantasy series written in the period were created by fans of "The Lord of the Rings", such as the "Shannara" books by Terry Brooks. Although there were active Tolkien enthusiasts within science fiction fandom from the mid-1950s, true organized Tolkien fandom only took off with the publication of the second hardcover edition and the paperbacks in the 1960s. Although there are numerous Tolkien societies in different countries today, it should be noted that they
Tolkien fandom
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The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game (abbreviated to "LotR SBG"), previously marketed as The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Strategy Battle Game and The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug Strategy Battle Game and now as The Hobbit: The Battle of Five Armies Strategy Battle Game, is a tabletop miniature wargame produced by Games Workshop. It is based on "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, and the book that inspired it, written by J. R. R. Tolkien. The game was initially released in 2001 to coincide in
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against the group however. Players take turns playing as the Ringbearer or playing as Sauron. The Lord of the Rings Dice Building Game The Lord of the Rings Dice Building Game is a dice-building game produced by WizKids. It is based on "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, and the book that inspired it, written by J. R. R. Tolkien. The game mechanics are often compared to Quarriors! though they are not identical. Players must work together to assemble an army of dice representing the men, dwarves, elves, and hobbits to defeat the forces of
The Lord of the Rings Dice Building Game
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The Return of the King The Return of the King is the third and final volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings", following "The Fellowship of the Ring" and "The Two Towers". The story begins in the kingdom of Gondor, which is soon to be attacked by the Dark Lord Sauron. Tolkien conceived of "The Lord of the Rings" as a single volume comprising six "books" plus extensive appendices. The original publisher split the work into three volumes, publishing the fifth and sixth books with the appendices into the final volume with the title "The Return
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legendarium which includes "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings", and "The Silmarillion". Tolkien's "The Hobbit", a children's book, was first published in 1937, and it proved popular. However, "The Lord of the Rings", first published in 1954 through 1955, would give rise to the fandom as a cultural phenomenon. Bootleg paperbacks published by Ace Books eventually found their way into colleges in the US in the 1960s. In response, a revised, authorized edition was published by Ballantine Books. The "hippie" following latched onto the book, giving its own spin to the work's interpretation, such as the Dark Lord Sauron
Reception of J. R. R. Tolkien
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amount of material in the twelve volumes, numerous unpublished texts are still known to exist in the Bodleian and Marquette University libraries, and in other papers held by individuals or organizations, such as the Elvish Linguistic Fellowship. The first five books track the early history of "The Silmarillion" and related texts. Books six to nine discuss the development of "The Lord of the Rings"; book nine also discusses the Númenor story in the form of The Notion Club Papers. Books ten and eleven focus on material from the "Silmarillion" that Tolkien worked on after "The Lord of the Rings" was
The History of Middle-earth
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of the first prizes was in 1914, when the company produced the first of two Cracker Jack baseball card issues, which featured players from both major leagues as well as players from the short-lived Federal League. Early "toy surprises" included rings, plastic figurines, booklets, stickers, temporary tattoos, and decoder rings. Books have been written cataloging the prizes, and a substantial collector's market exists. Until 1937, Cracker Jack toy prizes were made in Japan. They were designed by Carey Cloud from 1938. Many metal toys were also made by TootsieToy, who also made Monopoly game markers. During World War II prizes
Cracker Jack
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Picture for Drama and Best Director), five BAFTAs, two MTV Movie Awards, two Grammy Awards, nine Saturn Awards, the New York Film Critics Circle award for Best Picture, the Nebula Award for Best Script, and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form. The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King is a 2003 epic fantasy adventure film co-produced, co-written, and directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". It is the third and
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Hodgson. Books written or edited by Anderson include: Douglas A. Anderson Douglas Allen Anderson (born 1959) is a writer and editor on the subjects of fantasy and medieval literature, specializing in textual analysis of the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. His first published book was "The Annotated Hobbit" (1988), which grew out of a study of the revisions made by Tolkien to the various editions of "The Hobbit" following the publication of "The Lord of the Rings". "The Annotated Hobbit" won the Mythopoeic Award for scholarship. A revised edition was published in 2002. Anderson's textual studies of "The Lord
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National Lampoon's Doon National Lampoon's Doon is a parody of Frank Herbert's 1965 science fiction novel "Dune", written by Ellis Weiner and published in 1984 by Pocket Books for "National Lampoon". It was reprinted by Grafton Books () in 1985. In 1988 William F. Touponce called the book "something of a tribute to Herbert's success on college campuses", noting that "the only other book to have been so honored is Tolkien's "Lord of the Rings"," which was parodied by "The Harvard Lampoon" in 1969. "Dune" is set on the dangerous, sandworm-ridden desert planet Arrakis, sole source of the spice melange,
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in books on the works of J.R.R. Tolkien. He is married and has two daughters. Martin Simonson Martin Simonson is a Swedish scholar, novelist, and translator, specialized in fantasy literature and nature writing. He teaches English language and literature at the University of the Basque Country in Spain. Simonson, who was born in Göteborg, Sweden, in 1973, holds a Ph.D. in English literature from University of the Basque Country (March 2006). He has written several novels and a book-length essay on "The Lord of the Rings". He has also translated novels, plays, and comic books from English, Swedish and Norwegian
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to some scientific explanation. Attempts to add a flavor of lofty writing style in many pieces resulted in stilted phrasing. Major articles on Tolkien’s literary sources appeared through multiple issues of "Xero". Lin Carter later used this as a basis for his 1969 book, "Tolkien: A Look Behind The Lord of the Rings". The "Lord of the Rings" had its detractors in fandom, including both those who found the books unreadable or the character development inferior to the worldbuilding, and those who simply argued that Tolkien fans were taking things too far, with attempts to complete glossaries of Middle-earth already
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Year award. In May 2010, RPGFan's Adam Tingle named Lord of the Rings Online the best MMORPG of all time in a top-10 countdown. In January 2011, PC Gamer Magazine chose Lord of the Rings Online as the MMO of the year. Praise was given for treating fans to two new Epic Books worth of quests, two added regions, expansion of in-game events, improved UI elements, and the revamp of the character creation and starter regions. It also notes the success of the move to free-to-play, stating LOTRO is "quickly redefining the way a successful subscriptionless MMO is run." The
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rushed scenes, it just didn't hold my attention. This is one fantasy-adventure you may want to miss out on." GameZone's Brian Rowe scored the Wii version 4 out of 10. He too was critical of the story, arguing "the only way to understand the game is to have prior knowledge of the movies/books," and concluding the game "doesn't have any glaring issues that could be considered problematic. Rather, the breezy story, irrelevant quests, and carefree combat fail to inspire any sense of wonder or excitement." The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest The Lord of the Rings: Aragorn's Quest is
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by Kate Madison, and released in December 2009, is a fan film based upon the appendices of "The Lord of the Rings". On 13 November 2017, it was announced that Amazon had acquired the global television rights to "The Lord of the Rings," committing to a multi-season television series. The series will not be a direct adaptation of the books, but will instead introduce new stories that are set before "The Fellowship of the Ring". Amazon said the deal included potential for spin-off series as well. The press release referred to "previously unexplored stories based on J.R.R. Tolkien's original writings".
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The prototype ROM can be found at AtariAge. In 1990, Interplay, in collaboration with Electronic Arts (who would later obtain the licenses to the film trilogy), released "Lord of the Rings Vol. I" (a special CD-ROM version of which featured cut-scenes from Ralph Bakshi's animated adaptation) and the following year's "Lord of the Rings Vol. II: The Two Towers", a series of role-playing video games based on the events of the first two books. A third installment was planned, but never released. Interplay's games mostly appeared on the PC and Amiga, but later they did a "Lord of the Rings"
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The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game is produced by Fantasy Flight Games. It is a cooperative game set in the fantasy world of JRR Tolkien's books. The initial time-frame for the game is the 17 years between Bilbo leaving the Shire and Frodo following him. Like other games in Fantasy Flight's Living Card Game line, it has deck construction and regularly released expansions similar to a collectible card game, but without the randomized card distribution. Unlike most card games of this type, it may be played either solitaire or with
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any development details. Vivendi Universal Games, the parent company of Sierra, secured eight-year rights to produce computer and video games based on "The Lord of the Rings" books in 2001. Vivendi announced an agreement with Turbine in 2003 to produce "Middle-earth Online" (at that time expected to be released in 2004). In March 2005, Turbine announced that it had bought the rights to make an MMORPG based on Tolkien's literature and that Turbine would publish "The Lord of the Rings Online" instead of Vivendi. A closed beta was announced on September 8, 2006. An open beta began on March 30,
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reasons "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were entitled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers", and "The Return of the King". Japanese novelist Haruki Murakami has written several books in this format, such as "The Wind-Up Bird Chronicle" and "1Q84". However, many translations of the novel, such as into English, combine the three volumes of these novels into a single book. Three-volume novel The three-volume novel (sometimes "three-Decker" or "triple Decker") was a standard form of publishing
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in some way stand apart from the show and be accessible to readers who only vaguely remember "Life on Mars" but haven’t seen it since it was first aired. There were times I felt like Peter Jackson making the "Lord of the Rings" Trilogy – like him, I have to appeal to the hard core fan, the semi-fan, the part-time fan, and the casual passing punter who’s never even heard of the thing. Unlike Jackson, I didn’t have a half a billion dollars budget riding on it, but the principal’s the same. So, I have very deliberately written books that
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of the Lord of the Rings, but do not take direct roles in the outcome of those events. Originally published by Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) in 1991-1993, this was a simple, "level-less" roleplaying system designed to help introduce new players (and game masters) to roleplaying in the world of JRR Tolkien’s "The Hobbit" and "Lord of the Rings". It uses only two 6-sided dice to resolve skill checks and combat. It was an expansion of the even simpler rules used by ICE for its Middle-earth Quest books. It was intended as a stepping stone to I.C.E.’s more complex Middle-earth Role
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game was a financial success, selling over one million units across all platforms, it was heavily outsold by EA's "The Two Towers", which sold almost four million units. Vivendi initially planned to make two sequels to the game, covering all three books in the trilogy, but the first sequel, called "The Lord of the Rings: The Treason of Isengard" (a discarded title for Tolkien's "Two Towers" book), developed by Surreal Software and slated for release in late 2003, was cancelled late in development. "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring" is an action-adventure game played from a
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(TV series, 1986); as Alan Clark in "Casualty" (TV series, 2002). Inglis has narrated audiobooks by Tolkien (described below), and the first three books by Ursula K. Le Guin in the Earthsea Cycle. In the 1970s and 80s, Inglis wrote, produced and acted in one-man stage dramatisations of "The Hobbit" and " The Lord of the Rings". These performances have been described as "award winning". It was through his one-man stage adaptions that he was noticed by Recorded Books and asked to narrate an unabridged edition of "Lord of the Rings" (1990) and soon after "The Hobbit" (1991). It was
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well-remembered children's books, like "The Wind in the Willows", you often hear it in regional fiction addressed to a local audience, or, in a more sophisticated form..." Epic Pooh "Epic Pooh" is a 1978 article by the British science fiction writer Michael Moorcock, which reviews the field of epic fantasy, with a particular focus on epic fantasy written for children. In it Moorcock critiques J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings" for its politically conservative assumptions and for being escapist literature. Originally written for the British Science Fiction Association, "Epic Pooh" was revised for inclusion in Moorcock's 1989
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the Rings", Théoden's death is described in song rather than dramatized conventionally. In this adaptation he is voiced by Jack May. Théoden is an important character in Peter Jackson's film adaption of the "Lord of the Rings" trilogy. As in the books, the character (played by Bernard Hill) first makes an appearance in "" (2002). However, unlike in the books, the Lord of the Mark is actually possessed and prematurely aged by Saruman (Christopher Lee). Gandalf (Ian McKellen) releases him from the spell, instantly restoring him to his true age, after which Théoden banishes Gríma Wormtongue (Brad Dourif) from Edoras.
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Aragorn, Arwen, Galadriel, and Théoden. Most of the Rings of Power were displayed as well, the only exception being the Seven Rings of the Dwarf-lords, which were barely seen in the books or the films. The traveling exhibit had one 'permanent' interactive special effects demonstration. A cart, like the one Gandalf rides into Hobbiton on at the beginning of "", is set up, using the principle of forced perspective. Visitors who sat on the cart could see themselves in video monitors shrunk down to Hobbit-size, or enlarged to Gandalf-size. Even though the two halves of the cart were different sizes
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been corrected. The 2005 edition of the book contained further corrections noticed by the editors and submitted by readers. Further corrections were added to the 60th Anniversary Edition in 2014. Several editions, notably the 50th Anniversary Edition, combine all three books into one volume, with the result that pagination varies widely over the various editions. From 1988 to 1992 Christopher Tolkien published the surviving drafts of "The Lord of The Rings", chronicling and illuminating with commentary the stages of the text's development, in volumes 6–9 of his History of Middle-earth series. The four volumes carry the titles "The Return of
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prince; and Gandalf, a wizard. The work was initially intended by Tolkien to be one volume of a two-volume set, the other to be "The Silmarillion", but this idea was dismissed by his publisher. For economic reasons, "The Lord of the Rings" was published in three volumes over the course of a year from 29 July 1954 to 20 October 1955. The three volumes were titled "The Fellowship of the Ring", "The Two Towers" and "The Return of the King". Structurally, the novel is divided internally into six books, two per volume, with several appendices of background material included at
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books III and IV, and as such the eponymous towers could be either Orthanc and Barad-dûr, or Minas Tirith and Barad-dûr, or Orthanc and Cirith Ungol. Tolkien was initially opposed to titles being given to each two-book volume, preferring instead the use of book titles: e.g. "The Lord of the Rings": Vol. 1, "The Ring Sets Out" and "The Ring Goes South"; Vol. 2, "The Treason of Isengard" and "The Ring Goes East"; Vol. 3, "The War of the Ring" and "The End of the Third Age". However these individual book titles were later scrapped, and after pressure from his
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produce a skirmish war game based on "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit" books and films, in the 25mm miniature scale. (The rights to produce a role playing game version of the films were sold to another firm, Decipher, Inc.) They also have the rights to produce "Battle of Five Armies", a game based on the battle of similar name from The Hobbit, using smaller miniatures to enact larger battles (more akin to the "Warmaster" system). Under this separate license, the game was done using a 10 mm scale for the normal warriors, and a larger "heroic" scale
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film series from Electronic Arts, and in May 2009 they had acquired the rights to make games based on the literary series from Vivendi Universal Games. With Warner holding the rights to both intellectual properties, it meant New Line Cinema and Middle-earth Enterprises were both involved in the game. "War in the North" was the second Warner "Lord of the Rings" game, after "", but the first for which they possessed the rights for both the films and the books ("Aragorn's Quest" was based exclusively on the films). In their earliest press release for the game, Warner said "War in
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All that is gold does not glitter "All That is Gold Does Not Glitter" (alternatively known as "The Riddle of Strider" or "Song of Aragorn") is a poem written by J. R. R. Tolkien for his fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings". It alludes to an integral part of the plot that describes Aragorn, son of Arathorn. The poem appears twice in "The Fellowship of the Ring", the first volume of "The Lord of the Rings". It appears first in Chapter Ten, "Strider", in Gandalf's letter to Frodo Baggins in Bree, although when Frodo reads it he does not
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other players, non-player (computer-controlled) characters (or "NPCs") and other entities in the virtual world. Camera angles can be switched between first-person and third-person options. Characters are improved by gaining levels. A character's level increases after it earns a set amount of experience points through the player versus environment (or "PvE") combat and storyline adventures. Characters' abilities and skills are improved and obtained by increasing in level. The main storyline (also known as the "Epic Quest Line") is presented as a series of "Books", which consist of series of quests called "Chapters". There were initially eight Books when the game was
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Bored of the Rings Bored of the Rings is a parody of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". This short novel was written by Henry N. Beard and Douglas C. Kenney, who later founded "National Lampoon". It was published in 1969 by Signet for the "Harvard Lampoon". In 2013, an audio version was produced by Orion Audiobooks, narrated by Rupert Degas. The parody generally follows the outline of "The Lord of the Rings", including the preface, the prologue, poetry, and songs, while making light of what Tolkien made serious (e.g., "He would have finished him off then
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of the 1965 Ballantine paperback cover by Barbara Remington, was drawn by Muppets designer Michael K. Frith. Current publications have different artwork by Douglas Carrel, since the paperback cover art for "Lord of the Rings" prevalent in the 1960s, then famous, is now obscure. William S. Donnell drew the "parody map" of Lower Middle Earth. Bored of the Rings Bored of the Rings is a parody of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". This short novel was written by Henry N. Beard and Douglas C. Kenney, who later founded "National Lampoon". It was published in 1969 by
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Towers Mud" and graphically oriented console games. The Two Towers The Two Towers is the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings". It is preceded by "The Fellowship of the Ring" and followed by "The Return of the King". "The Lord of the Rings" is composed of six "books", aside from an introduction, a prologue and six appendices. The novel was originally published as three separate volumes due to post-World War II paper shortages and size and price considerations. "The Two Towers" covers Books III and IV. Tolkien wrote, ""The Two Towers"
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The Two Towers The Two Towers is the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings". It is preceded by "The Fellowship of the Ring" and followed by "The Return of the King". "The Lord of the Rings" is composed of six "books", aside from an introduction, a prologue and six appendices. The novel was originally published as three separate volumes due to post-World War II paper shortages and size and price considerations. "The Two Towers" covers Books III and IV. Tolkien wrote, ""The Two Towers" gets as near as possible to finding
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these fans became so great that Ace Books withdrew their edition and made a nominal payment to Tolkien. Authorized editions followed from Ballantine Books and Houghton Mifflin to tremendous commercial success. Tolkien undertook various textual revisions to produce a version of the book that would be published with his consent and establish an unquestioned US copyright. This text became the Second Edition of "The Lord of the Rings", published in 1965. The first Ballantine paperback edition was printed in October that year, and sold a quarter of a million copies within ten months. On September 4, 1966, the novel debuted
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games were released to supplement the film series. They include: "," Pinball, "", "", , "", "", "", "", "The Lord of the Rings Online", "", "", "", "Lego The Lord of the Rings", "Guardians of Middle-earth", "Lego The Hobbit (video game)", "", and "". The Lord of the Rings (film series) The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three epic fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel "The Lord of the Rings" by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled "" (2001), "" (2002) and "" (2003). They
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proposed that the Old Forest contains a more fundamental symbolism. Frodo, the central protagonist of "The Lord of the Rings", describes the forest as "the shadowed land"; Shippey draws on the context to suggest the forest could be an allusion to Death. The Old Forest does not appear in the film adaptations of "The Lord of the Rings", neither the animated nor the live action version, but it is mentioned by Merry in a conversation with Pippin while they were held hostage by the Uruk-hai in "". In the BBC's 1981 radio series "The Lord of the Rings", when the
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with Celeborn for a time after their father's departure, Tolkien noted that they were allowed to delay their choices. Elladan and Elrohir make an appearance in Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, at the very end when Aragorn is crowned and also sitting behind Elrond at the council in Rivendell. They also appear in the related "The Lord of the Rings" Trading Card. They feature as miniatures in "The Lord of the Rings" Strategy Battle Game, in which their character profiles maintain that they are twins. Moreover, they appear in the PC-game "", standing in the Trollshaws,
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Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game" (2002) and "The One Ring Roleplaying Game" (2011), were published respectively by Decipher Inc. and Cubicle 7. Except for the original source material, the Decipher and Cubicle 7 games share no link to ICE's "Lord of the Rings Adventure Game" and use entirely different rules systems. Lord of the Rings Adventure Game Lord of the Rings Adventure Game is a role-playing game based on the writings of J.R.R. Tolkien (specifically "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Hobbit") under license from Tolkien Enterprises. Iron Crown Enterprises (I.C.E.) published the game until they lost the
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production of The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game and all supplements. In the 1980s, Games Workshop produced a range of miniatures for "The Lord of the Rings", using original character designs based on fantasy art popular of the time. This was the first range of "Lord of the Rings" miniatures that Citadel created, taking over from Grenadier Miniatures in 1985, before the license passed to Mithril Miniatures around 1987. The earliest releases were semi-solid base, having a small solid base; later releases were slot based. The current "Lord of the Rings" range stems from Games Workshop's rights to
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Aníron "Aníron" is a song in "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy soundtrack. It is the theme for Aragorn and Arwen Evenstar. "Aníron" means "I desire" in the constructed Elvish language of Sindarin. It is featured as part of the track "The Council of Elrond" on the soundtrack album "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring". This song does not appear in Tolkien's writings; it was composed and sung by Enya, and the lyrics were written by Roma Ryan. The song was conducted by Howard Shore and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra with Enya. In
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of the Beatles. British director John Boorman also tried to make an adaptation of "The Lord of the Rings" for United Artists in 1970. After the script was written, which included many changes to the story and the characters, the production company scrapped the project, thinking it too expensive and too risky. Two film adaptations of the book have been made. The first was "J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings" (1978), by animator Ralph Bakshi, the first part of what was originally intended to be a two-part adaptation of the story; it covers "The Fellowship of the
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to his editorial guidance of the groundbreaking Ballantine Adult Fantasy series. Carter's study was intended to serve as an introduction to Tolkien for those unfamiliar with his work. His introduction briefly reviews the publishing phenomenon of "The Lord of the Rings" and its burgeoning popularity in the wake of the first paperback editions in the 1960s, after which he devotes three chapters to a short biography of the author through the late 1960s, including an account of how "The Lord of the Rings" was written. Four chapters explaining Tolkien's invented Middle-earth and summarizing the stories of "The Hobbit" and the
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Award. An orchestral version of the piece, orchestrated by Henk de Vlieger, was premiered and recorded in 2001 to coincide with the release of the 2001 film, . In Celebration of the Symphony's 25th anniversary, De Meij conducted the Performance of the piece by the bands of Valparaiso University. Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings" Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary
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Tolkien (film) Tolkien is an upcoming American biographical drama film directed by Dome Karukoski and written by David Gleeson and Stephen Beresford. It is about the English professor, philologist and author J. R. R. Tolkien, author of "The Hobbit", "The Lord of the Rings" and "The Silmarillion" as well as notable academic works. The film stars Nicholas Hoult and Lily Collins. On November 21, 2013, it was announced that Fox Searchlight Pictures and Chernin Entertainment were developing a biographical film about the English writer and author of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", J. R. R. Tolkien, based
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Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings" Symphony No. 1 "The Lord of the Rings" is the first symphony for concert band written by Johan de Meij. It premiered in 1988 with the Groot Harmonieorkest van de Belgische Gidsen () conducted by Norbert Nozy. The symphony is based on literary themes from the novel by J.R.R. Tolkien. The symphony consists of five movements, each illustrating a personage or an important episode from the book: The CD by the military band Koninklijke Militaire Kapel () helped give the symphony worldwide acclaim. In 1989 the symphony was awarded the Sudler Composition
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film series of all time. The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations. The final film in the series, "The Return of the King", won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, which also tied it with "Ben-Hur" and "Titanic" for most Academy Awards received for a film. The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects. Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with "The Lord of the Rings" when he saw Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated film "The Lord of the Rings". Jackson "enjoyed
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The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (soundtrack) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack was released on November 20, 2001. It was composed, orchestrated, and conducted by Howard Shore, and performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the New Zealand Symphony Orchestra, the London Voices, London Oratory School Schola choir and multiple featured instrumental and vocal soloists. The album is a reduction of over three and a half hours of finalized music written for The Fellowship of the Ring. The music on the album features edited-down compositions to create a
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but to the modern mystique of 'scholarly research'. Red Book of Westmarch The Red Book of Westmarch (sometimes Red Book of the Periannath, and The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings, also known as the Thain's Book after its principal version) is a fictional manuscript written by hobbits, a conceit of author J. R. R. Tolkien to explain the source of his fantasy writings. It is a collection of writings in which the events of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" were recounted by their characters, and from which Tolkien supposedly derived these and other works. The
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Red Book of Westmarch The Red Book of Westmarch (sometimes Red Book of the Periannath, and The Downfall of the Lord of the Rings, also known as the Thain's Book after its principal version) is a fictional manuscript written by hobbits, a conceit of author J. R. R. Tolkien to explain the source of his fantasy writings. It is a collection of writings in which the events of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings" were recounted by their characters, and from which Tolkien supposedly derived these and other works. The name of the book comes from its red
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further money as a university examiner. Tolkien abandoned "The Lord of the Rings" during most of 1943 and only restarted it in April 1944, as a serial for his son Christopher Tolkien, who was sent chapters as they were written while he was serving in South Africa with the Royal Air Force. Tolkien made another concerted effort in 1946, and showed the manuscript to his publishers in 1947. The story was effectively finished the next year, but Tolkien did not complete the revision of earlier parts of the work until 1949. The original manuscripts, which total 9,250 pages, now reside
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thing about it now is that its main character, Ishmael Parks, was a definite precursor to Simon in the Osten Ard books." Williams traces his interest in the science fiction and fantasy genre back to the books his mother read to him when he was a child, and that he later read to himself: E. Nesbit, "The Wind In The Willows", and of course Tolkien. "The biggest single influence on me was reading "The Lord of the Rings" when I was about eleven. I think it was the idea of created worlds and imaginary history that grabbed me. I was
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the Rings" including a message on the back cover from Tolkien himself urging consumers to buy Ballantine's version and boycott "unauthorized editions" (i.e. the version from Ace Books). A separate Canadian edition of the books was published with different front cover art work. Tolkien asked for (and received) permission to add the back cover message. Betty Ballantine recalled: "And we did put a little statement on the back covers saying that Ace was not paying royalties to Professor Tolkien, and everybody who admired "Lord of the Rings" should only buy our paperback edition. Well, everybody got behind us. There was
Ballantine Books