what is another way to say frame of reference
framing
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Framing (social sciences) In the social sciences, framing comprises a set of concepts and theoretical perspectives on how individuals, groups, and societies, organize, perceive, and communicate about reality. Framing involves social construction of a social phenomenon – by mass media sources, political or social movements, political leaders, or other actors and organizations. Participation in a language community necessarily influences an individual's "perception" of the meanings attributed to words or phrases. Politically, the language communities of advertising, religion, and mass media are highly contested, whereas framing in less-sharply defended language communities might evolve imperceptibly and organically over cultural time frames, with
Framing (social sciences)
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essence distorted by the place in which we view it happening. Please see Frame of reference for information about what a Reference Frame is. Terrestrial reference frame A terrestrial reference frame is the reference frame as one views from earth, or from the ground of another earth-like body. A terrestrial reference frame affects the way we perceive almost everything from day to day because as we live on the earth an earth point of view is the only type we can experience. The most noticeable result of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) is the way the sun appears to be
Terrestrial reference frame
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instance, in English all three frames of reference are available and used, however, the use of absolute frame of reference is limited to topographic objects ("Finland is to the east of Sweden."). The preferred frame of reference is the relative one. Among the languages that rely largely on absolute frame of reference there are a lot of Australian aboriginal languages (for instance, Arrernte language, Guugu Yimithirr) and some Mayan languages (for instance, Tzeltal). In Guugu Yimithirr there is no way to say "The cat is to the left of the house." and the only way to describe the location of
Linguistic frame of reference
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note that one is able to convert measurements made in one coordinate system to another. For example, suppose that your watch is running five minutes fast compared to the local standard time. If you know that this is the case, when somebody asks you what time it is, you are able to deduct five minutes from the time displayed on your watch in order to obtain the correct time. The measurements that an observer makes about a system depend therefore on the observer's frame of reference (you might say that the bus arrived at 5 past three, when in fact
Frame of reference
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Terrestrial reference frame A terrestrial reference frame is the reference frame as one views from earth, or from the ground of another earth-like body. A terrestrial reference frame affects the way we perceive almost everything from day to day because as we live on the earth an earth point of view is the only type we can experience. The most noticeable result of the Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) is the way the sun appears to be rising and setting in the sky everyday, when in actuality it is the earth rotating on its axis. Our point of view is in
Terrestrial reference frame
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These observations allowed him to conclude that inertial frames inside the galaxy do not rotate with respect to one another, and that the space of the Milky Way is approximately Galilean or Minkowskian. Inertial frame of reference An inertial frame of reference in classical physics and special relativity is a frame of reference in which a body with zero net force acting upon it is not accelerating; that is, such a body is at rest or it is moving at a constant speed in a straight line. In analytical terms, it is a frame of reference that describes time and
Inertial frame of reference
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that I wanted to touch upon for my own edification." The band wrote and recorded the album over a span of a year and a half at Douglas' Hobo House and officially released it on November 5th, 2013. The album title is a reference to the Hellblazer comic books by Peter Milligan. The album was well received upon release. Pitchfork awarded the band a 7.9 out of 10, stating "The Constant One is a rare time where you can say “it leaves nothing to the imagination” as a compliment. Or, to frame it another way, Iron Chic are holding nothing
The Constant One
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as Hubble's law, predicted by a universal expansion. The Milky Way Galaxy is moving through space and many astronomers believe the velocity of this motion to be approximately relative to the observed locations of other nearby galaxies. Another reference frame is provided by the Cosmic microwave background. This frame of reference indicates that the Milky Way is moving at around . The Milky Way is rotating around its dense galactic center, thus the sun is moving in a circle within the galaxy's gravity. Away from the central bulge, or outer rim, the typical stellar velocity is between . All planets
Motion (physics)
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light cone of "p". Given an event "E", the light cone classifies all events in spacetime into 5 distinct categories: The above classifications hold true in any frame of reference; that is, an event judged to be in the light cone by one observer, will also be judged to be in the same light cone by all other observers, no matter their frame of reference. This is why the concept is so powerful. The above refers to an event occurring at a specific location and at a specific time. To say that one event cannot affect another means that light
Light cone
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a mathematical way: What is the equation of motion of "M"′("t")? Substitute from the Bloch equation in laboratory frame of reference: But by assumption in the previous section: "B"′("t") = "B"("t") = "B" + Δ"B"("t"). Substituting into the equation above: This is the meaning of terms on the right hand side of this equation: Similarly, the equation of motion of "M" in the rotating frame of reference is: When the external field has the form: We define: and get (in the matrix-vector notation): Assume that: Then in the rotating frame of reference, the equation of motion for the transverse nuclear
Bloch equations
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different from its two-way speed would, in principle, enable a preferred reference frame to be determined. This would be the reference frame in which the two-way speed of light was equal to the one-way speed. In Einstein's special theory of relativity, all inertial frames of reference are equivalent and there is no preferred frame. There are theories, such as Lorentz ether theory that are experimentally and mathematically equivalent to special relativity but have a preferred reference frame. In order for these theories to be compatible with experimental results the preferred frame must be undetectable. In other words, it is a
One-way speed of light
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Simultaneity Simultaneity is the relation between two events assumed to be happening at the same time in a given frame of reference. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, simultaneity is not an absolute relation between events; what is simultaneous in one frame of reference will not necessarily be simultaneous in another (see Relativity of simultaneity). For inertial frames moving relative to one another at low speeds compared to the speed of light, this effect is small and can for practical matters be ignored, allowing simultaneity to be treated as an absolute relation. The word is derived from the Latin "simul",
Simultaneity
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meaning at the same time (see "sem"-1 in Indo-European Roots), plus the suffix "-taneous", abstracted from "spontaneous", which in turn comes directly from Latin. Simultaneity Simultaneity is the relation between two events assumed to be happening at the same time in a given frame of reference. According to Einstein's theory of relativity, simultaneity is not an absolute relation between events; what is simultaneous in one frame of reference will not necessarily be simultaneous in another (see Relativity of simultaneity). For inertial frames moving relative to one another at low speeds compared to the speed of light, this effect is small
Simultaneity
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Breit frame In particle physics, the Breit frame (also known as infinite-momentum frame or IMF) is a frame of reference used to describe scattering experiments of the form formula_1, that is experiments in which particle A scatters off particle B, possibly producing particles formula_2 in the process. The frame is defined so that the particle A has its momentum reversed in the scattering process. Another way of understanding the Breit frame is to look at the elastic scattering formula_3. The Breit frame is defined as the frame in which formula_4. There are different occasions when Breit frame can be useful,
Breit frame
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desirable offering available to the consumer. Frame of reference (marketing) In a marketing context "frame of reference" is a phrase used to identify how a new product, service, or concept is consciously placed within a marketplace (Morelo, n.d.). This notion involves identifying and considering the specific perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes of the intended target audience/market. Frames of reference can also be shaped by consumer’s personalities, culture, and history. A frame of reference highlights what is in the frame, and ignores what is not, in order to create a specific picture or idea about or surrounding a product, service, or concept
Frame of reference (marketing)
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Frame of reference (marketing) In a marketing context "frame of reference" is a phrase used to identify how a new product, service, or concept is consciously placed within a marketplace (Morelo, n.d.). This notion involves identifying and considering the specific perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes of the intended target audience/market. Frames of reference can also be shaped by consumer’s personalities, culture, and history. A frame of reference highlights what is in the frame, and ignores what is not, in order to create a specific picture or idea about or surrounding a product, service, or concept being marketed. This picture can form
Frame of reference (marketing)
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the relations between the system and the reference frame used is inquired, there is inevitably a disturbance to both of them, which is known as measurement back action. As this process is repeated, it decreases the accuracy of the measurement outcomes, and such reduction of the usability of a reference frame is referred to as the degradation of a quantum reference frame. A way to gauge the degradation of a reference frame is to quantify the longevity, namely, the number of measurements that can be made against the reference frame until certain error tolerance is exceeded. For example, for a
Quantum reference frame
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components is not fundamental, but varies with the observational frame of reference: An electric force perceived by one observer may be perceived by another (in a different frame of reference) as a magnetic force, or a mixture of electric and magnetic forces. Formally, special relativity combines the electric and magnetic fields into a rank-2 tensor, called the "electromagnetic tensor". Changing reference frames "mixes" these components. This is analogous to the way that special relativity "mixes" space and time into spacetime, and mass, momentum and energy into four-momentum. In advanced topics such as quantum mechanics and relativity it is often easier
Magnetic field
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be right because it has been derived from a precise formula that is expected to yield good results. Without a reasonable frame of reference to work from it is seldom clear if a result is acceptably precise or is many degrees of magnitude (tens or hundreds of times) too big or too small. The Fermi estimation gives a quick, simple way to obtain this frame of reference for what might reasonably be expected to be the answer, giving context to the results. As long as the initial assumptions in the estimate are reasonable quantities, the result obtained will give an
Fermi problem
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acceleration "g" acts upon both the dart and the monkey throughout the fall. Transform the reference frame to one that is accelerated "upward" by the amount "g" with respect to the Earth's reference frame (which is to say the acceleration of the new frame with respect to the Earth is –"g"). Because of Galilean equivalence, the (approximately) constant gravitational field (approximately) disappears, leaving us with only the horizontal velocity of both the dart and the monkey. In this reference frame the hunter should aim straight at the monkey, since the monkey is stationary. Since angles are invariant under transformations of
The Monkey and the Hunter
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anywhere in the frame, even overlapping one another. Another way to say this is that empty space in the frame actually denotes space, not (as in many text editors) just the absence of content. Frames being fixed in size scrolling as a form of interaction is eliminated (as the designers felt that scrolling is suboptimal) opting instead for larger aggregates such as documents and programs to be structured as hierarchies (or more generally, lattices) of hypermedia nodes. This flexibility makes it possible to create a document, search, run programs from a tree of frames starting at any frame. In KMS,
KMS (hypertext)
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coordinate system is attached as a modifier, as in "Cartesian frame of reference". Sometimes the state of motion is emphasized, as in "rotating frame of reference". Sometimes the way it transforms to frames considered as related is emphasized as in "Galilean frame of reference". Sometimes frames are distinguished by the scale of their observations, as in "macroscopic" and "microscopic frames of reference". In this article, the term "observational frame of reference" is used when emphasis is upon the "state of motion" rather than upon the coordinate choice or the character of the observations or observational apparatus. In this sense, an
Frame of reference
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Quantum reference frame A quantum reference frame is a reference frame which is treated quantum theoretically. It, like any reference frame, is an abstract coordinate system which defines physical quantities, such as time, position, momentum, spin, and so on. Because it is treated within the formalism of quantum theory, it has some interesting properties which do not exist in a normal classical reference frame. Consider a simple physics problem: a car is moving such that it covers a distance of 1 mile in every 2 minutes, what is its velocity in metres per second? With some conversion and calculation, one
Quantum reference frame
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made another reference to global warming while talking about interviewing Jesse Jackson: "You can ask him anything, but he's going to say what he wants, at the pace that he wants. It's like boxing a glacier. Enjoy that metaphor, by the way, because your grandchildren will have no idea what a glacier is." Colbert received a chilly reception from the audience. His jokes were often met with silence and muttering, although some in the audience, such as Scalia, laughed heartily as Colbert teased them. This was in stark contrast to the warm reception accorded to a skit featuring Bush and
Stephen Colbert at the 2006 White House Correspondents' Dinner
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Relativity of simultaneity In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that "distant simultaneity" – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an "absolute" sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. If one reference frame assigns precisely the same time to two events that are at different points in space, a reference frame that is moving relative to the first will generally
Relativity of simultaneity
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defined by introducing a reference frame, say "M", on one that moves relative to a fixed frame, "F," on the other. The rigid transformation, or displacement, of "M" relative to "F" defines the relative position of the two components. A displacement consists of the combination of a rotation and a translation. The set of all displacements of "M" relative to "F" is called the configuration space of "M." A smooth curve from one position to another in this configuration space is a continuous set of displacements, called the motion of "M" relative to "F." The motion of a body consists
Kinematics
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one reference frame to another. This is contrary to observation. In the special theory of relativity, Einstein keeps the postulate that the equations of motion do not depend on the reference frame, but assumes that the speed of light is invariant. As a result, position and time in two reference frames are related by the Lorentz transformation instead of the Galilean transformation. Consider, for example, a reference frame moving relative to another at velocity in the direction. The Galilean transformation gives the coordinates of the moving frame as while the Lorentz transformation gives where is the Lorentz factor: Newton's second
Momentum
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While the best frame for this purpose is usually the previous frame, the extra reference frames can improve compression efficiency and/or video quality. Note that different reference frames can be chosen for different macroblocks in the same frame. The maximum number of concurrent reference frames supported by H.264 is 16. Different reference frames can be chosen for each 8x8 partition of a macroblock. Another video format that supports multiple reference frames is Snow, which can handle up to eight. The Theora codec provides a limited form of multiple reference frames, allowing references to both the preceding frame and the most
Reference frame (video)
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is the Lorentz factor: (either version may be quoted) so it follows: The first three terms, excepting the factor of formula_8, is the velocity as seen by the observer in their own reference frame. The formula_8 is determined by the velocity formula_10 between the observer's reference frame and the object's frame, which is the frame in which its proper time is measured. This quantity is invariant under Lorentz transformation, so to check to see what an observer in a different reference frame sees, one simply multiplies the velocity four-vector by the Lorentz transformation matrix between the two reference frames. There
Relativistic mechanics
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same time: the monkey falls from the tree branch, and the dart falls "the same distance" from the straight-line path it would have taken in the absence of gravity. Therefore, "the dart will always hit the monkey," no matter the initial speed of the dart. Another way of looking at the problem is by a transformation of the reference frame. Earlier the problem was stated in a reference frame in which the Earth is motionless. However, for very small distances on the surface of Earth the acceleration due to gravity can be considered constant to good approximation. Therefore, the same
The Monkey and the Hunter
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But what underlies this switch in vocabulary is a change of observational frame of reference from the inertial frame where we started, where centripetal and tangential forces make sense, to a rotating frame of reference where the particle appears motionless and fictitious centrifugal and Euler forces have to be brought into play. That switch is unconscious, but real. Suppose we sit on a particle in general planar motion (not just a circular orbit). What analysis underlies a switch of hats to introduce fictitious centrifugal and Euler forces? To explore that question, begin in an inertial frame of reference. By using
Mechanics of planar particle motion
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she doesn't care what Girls Aloud thinks, referring to them as "stupid little girls". Shaznay later substantiated her reference in another interview, saying: We [All Saints] say what we want. As long as we stand true and say what we believe, it's fine. I stand by it and I mean it. If you [Cheryl] say things about people for any other reason you have to be careful because you will bump into them. So you'd better mean what you say. We are four feisty women with a lot of attitude. We're confident because we're older now. People forget they're not
Rock Steady (All Saints song)
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momentum is conserved in a particular inertial frame of reference, total momentum will also be conserved in any inertial frame of reference, although the amount of total momentum is frame-dependent. Therefore, by transforming from an inertial frame of reference to another, we will be able to get the desired results. In a particular frame of reference where the total momentum could be any, We can look at the two moving bodies as one system of which the total momentum is formula_53, the total energy is formula_41 and its velocity formula_55 is the velocity of its center of mass. Relative to
Elastic collision
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only the amelioration of visual neglect, but also of tactile, motor, and even representational neglect. An important question in studies of neglect has been: "left of what?" That is to say, what frame of reference does a subject adopt when neglecting the left half of his or her visual, auditory, or tactile field? The answer has proven complex. It turns out that subjects may neglect objects to the left of their own midline (egocentric neglect) or may instead see all the objects in a room but neglect the left half of each individual object (allocentric neglect). These two broad categories
Hemispatial neglect
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Typically, the orientation is given relative to a frame of reference, usually specified by a Cartesian coordinate system. In general the position and orientation in space of a rigid body are defined as the position and orientation, relative to the main reference frame, of another reference frame, which is fixed relative to the body, and hence translates and rotates with it (the body's "local reference frame", or "local coordinate system"). At least three independent values are needed to describe the orientation of this local frame. Three other values are All the points of the body change their position during a
Orientation (geometry)
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core beliefs and attitudes can be instrumental in the effectiveness of a marketing strategy based on a frame of reference, and these beliefs and attitudes can determine or construct a consumer’s perception of a brand, product, or service. Key to creating an effective and useful frame of reference is the communicator’s ability to understand its target market’s perceptions of what they are being marketed. F.O.R. must evolve with changing attitudes or beliefs of consumers. What is less important now may increase in importance in the future due to shifts in consumer values and beliefs. Perception is a mental process that
Frame of reference (marketing)
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be introduced to account for the observed motion, such as the Coriolis force or the centrifugal force, as derived from the acceleration of the non-inertial frame. As stated by Goodman and Warner, "One might say that F "m"a holds in any coordinate system provided the term 'force' is redefined to include the so-called 'reversed effective forces' or 'inertia forces'." In flat spacetime, the use of non-inertial frames can be avoided if desired. Measurements with respect to non-inertial reference frames can always be transformed to an inertial frame, incorporating directly the acceleration of the non-inertial frame as that acceleration as seen
Non-inertial reference frame
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as a Q&A with Nick Millard, and a commentary provided by him, Irmgard Millard, and Slasher // Video founder Jesus Terán. Rock! Shock! Pop!'s Ian Jane called the film "fascinatingly watchable" despite its horribleness, and wrote, "The acting is amateur hour in the best/worst way possible but say what you will, the movie is something. Exactly what, it's hard to say but as far as slashers go, this one ranks down there with the cheapest of the cheap, the worst of the worse. As such, it's easy to love if you're in the right frame of mind for it. You'd
Death Nurse
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importance of unknown lateral components to the galaxies' relative motion. If they collide, the chance of individual stars colliding with each other is extremely low, but instead the two galaxies will merge to form a single elliptical galaxy or perhaps a large disk galaxy over the course of about a billion years. Although special relativity states that there is no "preferred" inertial frame of reference in space with which to compare the Milky Way, the Milky Way does have a velocity with respect to cosmological frames of reference. One such frame of reference is the Hubble flow, the apparent motions
Milky Way
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Just Another Way to Say I Love You Just Another Way to Say I Love You is the self-produced fourth album by American R&B singer Barry White, released in 1975 on the 20th Century label. The album topped the R&B albums chart, White's fourth in a row to do so, and peaked at #17 on the "Billboard" 200. It also reached #12 on the UK Albums Chart. The album was a success, yielding two Billboard R&B Top Ten singles, "What Am I Gonna Do with You", which peaked at #1, and "I'll Do for You Anything You Want Me To".
Just Another Way to Say I Love You
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particle at rest doesn't. If we consider now the same accelerated charged particle in its non-inertial rest frame, it emits radiation at rest. Physics in non-inertial reference frames was historically treated by a coordinate transformation, first, to an inertial reference frame, performing the necessary calculations therein, and using another to return to the non-inertial reference frame. In most such situations, the same laws of physics can be used if certain predictable fictitious forces are added into consideration; an example is a uniformly rotating reference frame, which can be treated as an inertial reference frame if one adds a fictitious centrifugal
Principle of relativity
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be typed into one set of cells, say the "A" column, and the sales into another, say "B". The user would then type a formula into "C" that said "A1 times B1" (typically in a form such as codice_1 or codice_2). Then that formula must be copied into all of the cells in column C, making sure to change the reference to A1 to a new reference for A2, etc. The sheet can automate this to some degree, but the real problem is that it simply has no idea what the formula means. Any changes to the layout of the
Lotus Improv
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reference frame is locally indistinguishable from an inertial reference frame with a gravity force acting upon it. In this way, the Gravity Probe A was a test of the equivalence principle, matching the observations in the inertial reference frame (of special relativity) of the Earth's surface affected by gravity, with the predictions of special relativity for the same frame treated as being accelerating upwards with respect to free fall reference, which can thought of being inertial and gravity-less. The 100 kg Gravity Probe A spacecraft housed the atomic hydrogen maser system that ran throughout the mission. Maser is an acronym
Gravity Probe A
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familiar one, but among every language. This holds also for languages which are quite similar, like German and Dutch, and even for speakers of the same language. One cannot with certainty say, what exactly his/her conversational partner refers to, when that person is talking about a rabbit. We commonly use the homophonic rule in those cases, i.e., if one utters "rabbit", we assume s/he uses it in the same way we do. But, as has been shown, there are multiple possibilities which can be indistinguishable from one another. This also applies in our own case. We ourselves do not know
Inscrutability of reference
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in their offering. A frame of reference should be established for the new product, service, or concept being introduced into the market at the beginning of the marketing process, so that the target audience can develop a clear and concise understanding of what the product or service is all about, why it has been created, and to communicate exactly what makes it superior to or more attractive than competitor’s products. A frame of reference can be constructed or manipulated by marketing communicators to appeal to a target market’s specific ideals, perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes. Identifying and appealing to a consumer’s
Frame of reference (marketing)
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value than Alfred has measured. Similarly, if she is accelerating at rate "A" in the positive y-direction (speeding up), she will observe Candace's acceleration as "a′" = "a" + "A" in the negative "y"-direction – a larger value than Alfred's measurement. Frames of reference are especially important in special relativity, because when a frame of reference is moving at some significant fraction of the speed of light, then the flow of time in that frame does not necessarily apply in another frame. The speed of light is considered to be the only true constant between moving frames of reference. It
Frame of reference
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For example, in a collision of two particles, a reference frame can be chosen, where, one particle begins at rest. Another, commonly used reference frame, is the center of mass frame – one that is moving with the center of mass. In this frame, the total momentum is zero. By itself, the law of conservation of momentum is not enough to determine the motion of particles after a collision. Another property of the motion, kinetic energy, must be known. This is not necessarily conserved. If it is conserved, the collision is called an "elastic collision"; if not, it is an
Momentum
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and observable with what can be measured. This conflict of usages within physics is sometimes a source of confusion. Observer (special relativity) In special relativity, an observer is a frame of reference from which a set of objects or events are being measured. Usually this is an inertial reference frame or "inertial observer". Less often an observer may be an arbitrary non-inertial reference frame such as a Rindler frame which may be called an "accelerating observer". The special relativity usage differs significantly from the ordinary English meaning of "observer". Reference frames are inherently nonlocal constructs, covering all of space and
Observer (special relativity)
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International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth's surface. This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a "realization" of that standard. The ITRS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement. An International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is a realization of the ITRS. New ITRF solutions are produced every few years, using the latest mathematical and surveying techniques to attempt to
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
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need not estrange them from one another. In an interview in 2007 on the Food Is Not Love podcast, she said that the song "February" from "Mortal City" is one of her songs that she likes best. She referred to the way the song "kept on evolving into, not only what I wanted to say, but what I wanted to say and didn't even know was in there." She liked the way the song "kept on breaking its own rules in a way that art is all about." Williams' relationship with her family is hinted at through several songs, including
Dar Williams
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rod and frame separately and then the participant is asked to adjust the rod orientation until they perceive it to be vertical. Deviation from true vertical can then be determined. Based on which way the frame is tilted, the rod can be viewed as either being tilted in the same direction as the frame (direct effect), or in the opposite direction of the frame (indirect effect). The frame of reference with respect to studies of the visual system refers to perceived reference axes. In the rod and frame illusion, there are a number of things that can influence one's frame
Rod and frame test
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of the gas molecules), since the system total energy and invariant mass are the same in any reference frame where the momentum is zero, and such a reference frame is also the only frame in which the object can be weighed. In a similar way, the theory of special relativity posits that the thermal energy in all objects (including solids) contributes to their total masses and weights, even though this energy is present as the kinetic and potential energies of the atoms in the object, and it (in a similar way to the gas) is not seen in the rest
Mass–energy equivalence
198024
called an inertial reference frame, inertial frame, Galilean reference frame, or inertial space. All inertial frames are in a state of constant, rectilinear motion with respect to one another; an accelerometer moving with any of them would detect zero acceleration. Measurements in one inertial frame can be converted to measurements in another by a simple transformation (the Galilean transformation in Newtonian physics and the Lorentz transformation in special relativity). In general relativity, in any region small enough for the curvature of spacetime and tidal forces to be negligible, one can find a set of inertial frames that approximately describe that
Inertial frame of reference
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GTRF is defined by the European Space Agency (ESA). The ITRF realizations developed from the ITRS since 1992 include International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame The International Terrestrial Reference System (ITRS) describes procedures for creating reference frames suitable for use with measurements on or near the Earth's surface. This is done in much the same way that a physical standard might be described as a set of procedures for creating a "realization" of that standard. The ITRS defines a geocentric system of coordinates using the SI system of measurement. An International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) is a realization of the
International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame
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independently of the position of the speaker or of any part of the house (as in intrinsic frame of reference). Apart from cardinal directions, fixed bearings such as seacoast, upriver/downriver, and uphill/downhill/across are also used. Relative frame of reference is a ternary system. The location of an object is expressed in relation to both the viewpoint of the perceiver and position of another object. Thus saying “The cat is to the left of the house” we refer to three points of reference: the cat, the house, and the perceiver himself. People can use multiple frames of reference in communication. For
Linguistic frame of reference
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forces in moving reference frames to be consistent with Lorentz invariance. The details of these transformations are discussed below. In addition to consistency, it would be nice to consolidate the descriptions so they appear to be frame-independent. A clue to a framework-independent description is the observation that magnetic fields in one reference frame become electric fields in another frame. Likewise, the solenoidal portion of electric fields (the portion that is not originated by electric charges) becomes a magnetic field in another frame: that is, the solenoidal electric fields and magnetic fields are aspects of the same thing. That means the
Moving magnet and conductor problem
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gas molecules are not at rest, but are no more likely to be traveling in one direction as another. The rest frame of a river would be the frame of an unpowered boat, in which the mean velocity of the water is zero. This frame is also called the center-of-mass frame, or center-of-momentum frame. The center-of-momentum frame is notable for being the reference frame in which the total energy (total relativistic energy) of a particle or compound object, is also the invariant mass (times the scale-factor speed of light squared). It is also the reference frame in which the object
Rest frame
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can fall freely along space-time geodesics between meetings". For a moment-by-moment understanding of how the time difference between the twins unfolds, one must understand that in special relativity there is no concept of "absolute present". For different inertial frames there are different sets of events that are simultaneous in that frame. This relativity of simultaneity means that switching from one inertial frame to another requires an adjustment in what slice through spacetime counts as the "present". In the spacetime diagram on the right, drawn for the reference frame of the Earth-based twin, that twin's world line coincides with the vertical
Twin paradox
198036
Milky Way galaxy using the laws of physics, although other observations might be more definitive, that is, provide larger discrepancies or less measurement uncertainty, like the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation or Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The flatness of the Milky Way depends on its rate of rotation in an inertial frame of reference. If we attribute its apparent rate of rotation entirely to rotation in an inertial frame, a different "flatness" is predicted than if we suppose part of this rotation actually is due to rotation of the universe and should not be included in the rotation of the
Inertial frame of reference
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until light from such an event is able to reach our traveler. Relativity of simultaneity In physics, the relativity of simultaneity is the concept that "distant simultaneity" – whether two spatially separated events occur at the same time – is not absolute, but depends on the observer's reference frame. According to Einstein's special theory of relativity, it is impossible to say in an "absolute" sense that two distinct events occur at the same time if those events are separated in space. If one reference frame assigns precisely the same time to two events that are at different points in space,
Relativity of simultaneity
6683696
Two events are called simultaneous in a chosen reference frame if and only if the chosen coordinate time has the same value for both of them; and this condition allows for the physical possibility and likelihood that they will not be simultaneous from the standpoint of another reference frame. But the coordinate time is not a time that could be measured by a clock located at the place that nominally defines the reference frame, e.g. a clock located at the solar system barycenter would not measure the coordinate time of the barycentric reference frame, and a clock located at the
Coordinate time
13083810
employed by Nagarjuna is not evident, as rendered into English by Walshe (1987, 1995: p. 81): 'What is the fourth way? Here, an ascetic or Brahmin is dull and stupid. Because of his dullness and stupidity, when he is questioned he resorts to evasive statements and wriggles like an eel: "If you ask me whether there is another world. But I don't say so. And I don't say otherwise. And I don't say it is not, and I don't not say it is not." "Is there no other world?..." "Is there both another world and no other world?..."Is there neither
Catuṣkoṭi
3565846
frame of reference. It also describes how we categorize and interpret sensory information in a way that favors one category or interpretation over another. In other words, selective perception is a form of bias because we interpret information in a way that is congruent with our existing values and beliefs. Psychologists believe this process occurs automatically. Selective perception may refer to any number of cognitive biases in psychology related to the way expectations affect perception. Human judgment and decision making is distorted by an array of cognitive, perceptual and motivational biases, and people tend not to recognise their own bias,
Selective perception
3239266
textbook) "those messages that are conveyed between the lines of what we explicitly say or write, possibly due to the purpose, context, or timing of the message and/or the relationship between the people communicating". The term also appears in a 1972 book of Gregory Bateson, who suggested a somewhat similar distinction, although in the form of a potentially infinite hierarchy of messages, metamessages, meta-metamessages and so on. Bateson argued that any message needs to be interpreted in the frame of reference established by a superordinate message cueing how the textual message is intended. Alan Wolfe points out that Bateson's concepts
Subtext
4834449
then such "tricks" are not considered demonstrations of underdetermination. This concept also applies to scientific theories: for example, it is similarly trivial to find situations that a theory does not address. For example, classical mechanics did not distinguish between non-accelerating reference frames. As a result, any conclusion about such a reference frame was underdetermined; it was equally consistent with the theory to say that the solar system is at rest, as it is to say that it moves at any constant velocity in any particular direction. Newton himself stated that these possibilities were indistinguishable. More generally, evidence may not always
Underdetermination
807073
she passes by him, Alfred measures her acceleration and finds it to be "a" in the negative x-direction. Assuming Candace's acceleration is constant, what acceleration does Betsy measure? If Betsy's velocity "v" is constant, she is in an inertial frame of reference, and she will find the acceleration to be the same as Alfred in her frame of reference, "a" in the negative "y"-direction. However, if she is accelerating at rate "A" in the negative "y"-direction (in other words, slowing down), she will find Candace's acceleration to be "a′" = "a" − "A" in the negative "y"-direction - a smaller
Frame of reference
14076899
Misorientation Misorientation is the difference in crystallographic orientation between two crystallites in a polycrystalline material. In crystalline materials, the orientation of a crystallite is defined by a transformation from a sample reference frame (i.e. defined by the direction of a rolling or extrusion process and two orthogonal directions) to the local reference frame of the crystalline lattice, as defined by the basis of the unit cell. In the same way, misorientation is the transformation necessary to move from one local crystal frame to some other crystal frame. That is, it is the distance in orientation space between two distinct orientations.
Misorientation
19952930
motions having constant curvatures and torsions, satisfying the condition of Born rigidity. A body is called Born rigid if the spacetime distance between its infinitesimally separated worldlines or points remains constant during acceleration. Instead of inertial frames, these accelerated motions and curved worldlines can also be described using accelerated or curvilinear coordinates. The proper reference frame established that way is closely related to Fermi coordinates. For instance, the coordinates for an hyperbolically accelerated reference frame are sometimes called Rindler coordinates, or those of a uniformly rotating reference frame are called rotating cylindrical coordinates (or sometimes Born coordinates). In terms of
Acceleration (special relativity)
14474943
"g", a rocket could travel the diameter of our galaxy in about 12 years ship time, and about 113,000 years planetary time. If the last half of the trip involves deceleration at 1 "g", the trip would take about 24 years. If the trip is merely to the nearest star, with deceleration the last half of the way, it would take 3.6 years. This is a half-myth because it depends on the frame of reference. It is true for those watching from the planetary reference frame. For those experiencing the journey (in the ship's reference frame) it is not true.
Space travel using constant acceleration
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this would result in slightly different two-way speeds of light in different directions. In 1887, the Michelson–Morley experiment showed that the two-way speed of light was constant regardless of direction or motion through the aether. At the time, the obvious explanation for this effect was that objects in motion through the aether experience the combined effects of time dilation and length contraction in the direction of motion. A preferred reference frame is a reference frame in which the laws of physics take on a special form. The ability to make measurements which show the one-way speed of light to be
One-way speed of light
198045
a body is far enough away from all sources to ensure that no force is present. A possible issue with this approach is the historically long-lived view that the distant universe might affect matters (Mach's principle). Another approach is to identify all real sources for real forces and account for them. A possible issue with this approach is that we might miss something, or account inappropriately for their influence, perhaps, again, due to Mach's principle and an incomplete understanding of the universe. A third approach is to look at the way the forces transform when we shift reference frames. Fictitious
Inertial frame of reference
390985
determines the "", as well as determining the geodesics of particles and light beams. About each point (event) on this manifold, coordinate charts are used to represent observers in reference frames. Usually, Cartesian coordinates formula_178 are used. Moreover, for simplicity's sake, units of measurement are usually chosen such that the speed of light formula_1 is equal to 1. A reference frame (observer) can be identified with one of these coordinate charts; any such observer can describe any event formula_180. Another reference frame may be identified by a second coordinate chart about formula_180. Two observers (one in each reference frame) may
Spacetime
12597433
can be observed experimentally. "In all maps (conceptual or otherwise) there arises the need for the user to locate and orient himself by seeing which point on the map represents "his" position and which line represents the direction in which "he is" looking". In doing this, one recognizes that every act of "actualization" yields a unique perspective on the world. But with the aid of the quantum theory of light detection, one can relate what is seen from one perspective (the particle frame) to what is seen from another (the wave frame). In this way one can abstract out what
Relational approach to quantum physics
20224430
holes in the pallet rack cross beam and pallet rack upright frame. The top hat or .75 circle at the top of the pin stops it from going all the way through the hole. The pin has a J design so it is installed horizontally and then turns vertical as it enters the upright frame. Gravity holds the pallet rack safety bolt in place. Estimated 5 seconds to install compared to 30–60 seconds for a standard pallet rack clip. OSHA ANSI/RMI Beam Locking Device Regulations What does OSHA say about pallet rack clips? Although OSHA does not get specific on
Pallet Rack Safety Bolt
274260
apple moving, so, to that observer, the apple has a non-zero momentum. To someone inside the elevator, the apple does not move, so, it has zero momentum. The two observers each have a frame of reference, in which, they observe motions, and, if the elevator is descending steadily, they will see behavior that is consistent with those same physical laws. Suppose a particle has position in a stationary frame of reference. From the point of view of another frame of reference, moving at a uniform speed , the position (represented by a primed coordinate) changes with time as This is
Momentum
6217095
MM is dependent not only on what it states but also on what other MMs it is combined with and what kind of frame it is situated in. A frame is analogous to a frame of reference as used in physics. The arbitrary character of the written page is replaced by a set of operations within a system that follows the intrinsic meaning of what is being said to produce an intentionally structured text. It is therefore akin to poetry and mathematics. Reading and writing have some correlation with intelligence. It appears, for example, that reading classical texts can at
Logovisual technology
11020288
Fader" magazine, Taylor said the reference was a result of thinking about the Batman film, which has many things that Taylor is fond of, such as the Prince soundtrack. He commented that sometimes those items "seep into what we're writing about" and said that he likes to reference "in an oblique way". He conjectured that he had included the line to say something to "everyone in the band, particularly to Joe [Goddard], 'You're my number one guy, why is there any problems between any of us?' " "Shake a Fist" was written by Taylor after Goddard took a legal herbal
Made in the Dark
13921062
reference frames connected by a Lorentz boost, there is no way to calculate the GEM variables of one such frame from the GEM variables of the other, unlike the situation with the variables of electromagnetism. Indeed, their predictions (about what motion is free fall) will probably conflict with each other. Note that the GEM equations are invariant under translations and spatial rotations, just not under boosts and more general curvilinear transformations. Maxwell's equations can be formulated in a way that makes them invariant under all of these coordinate transformations. Gravitoelectromagnetism Gravitoelectromagnetism, abbreviated GEM, refers to a set of formal analogies
Gravitoelectromagnetism
8597695
Linguistic frame of reference Linguistic frame of reference is a frame of reference as it is expressed in a language. A frame of reference is a coordinate system used to identify location of an object. In languages different frames of reference can be used. They are: the Relative frame of reference, the Intrinsic frame of reference, and the Absolute frame of reference. Each frame of reference in a language can be associated with distinct linguistic expressions. Intrinsic frame of reference is a binary spatial relation in which the location of an object is defined in relation to a part of
Linguistic frame of reference
121386
one direction, and vice versa. This relationship between the two occurs without either type field causing the other; rather, they occur together in the same way that time and space changes occur together and are interlinked in special relativity. In fact, magnetic fields can be viewed as electric field in other frame of reference(s)' and electric fields which can be viewed also as magnetic fields in other frame of reference(s), but they have equal significance as physics is same in all frame of reference(s). so the close relationship between space and time changes here is more than an analogy. Together,
Electromagnetic radiation
625988
improved. Motion compensation exploits the fact that, often, for many frames of a movie, the only difference between one frame and another is the result of either the camera moving or an object in the frame moving. In reference to a video file, this means much of the information that represents one frame will be the same as the information used in the next frame. Using motion compensation, a video stream will contain some full (reference) frames; then the only information stored for the frames in between would be the information needed to transform the previous frame into the next
Motion compensation
390873
a light cone is excluded. All observers will agree that for any given event, an event within the given event's future light cone occurs "after" the given event. Likewise, for any given event, an event within the given event's past light cone occurs "before" the given event. The before-after relationship observed for timelike-separated events remains unchanged no matter what the reference frame of the observer, i.e. no matter how the observer may be moving. The situation is quite different for spacelike-separated events. Fig. 2‑4 was drawn from the reference frame of an observer moving at From this reference frame, event
Spacetime
5929286
the Great Attractor and other galaxy clusters, including the Shapley supercluster, behind it. The Local Group (a cluster of gravitationally bound galaxies containing, among others, the Milky Way and the Andromeda Galaxy) is part of a supercluster called the Local Supercluster, centered near the Virgo Cluster: although they are moving away from each other at as part of the Hubble flow, this velocity is less than would be expected given the 16.8 million pc distance due to the gravitational attraction between the Local Group and the Virgo Cluster. Another reference frame is provided by the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The
Milky Way
198034
stars are not fixed. Those that reside in the Milky Way turn with the galaxy, exhibiting proper motions. Those that are outside our galaxy (such as nebulae once mistaken to be stars) participate in their own motion as well, partly due to expansion of the universe, and partly due to peculiar velocities. The Andromeda galaxy is on collision course with the Milky Way at a speed of 117 km/s. The concept of inertial frames of reference is no longer tied to either the fixed stars or to absolute space. Rather, the identification of an inertial frame is based upon the
Inertial frame of reference
4619841
of the male, in early 20th century Morocco. In "The Sand Child", there are two major narrative strategies. One of the major narrative strategies is the use of a frame story, a story in a story, which gives a perspective of the narrator and his thoughts while also giving the reader a questionable story that may reflect the questioning of the narrator. Another narrative strategy is the first person journal entries. In these, the reader gets a first person account of what Ahmed is trying to say, and what they’re thinking. The fact that the story is written in third
The Sand Child
11980775
relativity, are "Robertson's test theory (1949)", and the "Mansouri–Sexl theory (1977)" which is equivalent to Robertson's theory. Another, more extensive model is the Standard-Model Extension, which also includes the standard model and general relativity. Howard Percy Robertson (1949) extended the Lorentz transformation by adding additional parameters. He assumed a preferred frame of reference, in which the two-way speed of light, "i.e." the average speed from source to observer and back, is isotropic, while it is anisotropic in relatively moving frames due to the parameters employed. In addition, Robertson used the Poincaré–Einstein synchronization in all frames, making the one-way speed of
Test theories of special relativity
241685
then defined as the opposite direction of down. Another common definition uses a human body, standing upright, as a frame of reference. In that case, up is defined as the direction from feet to head, perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. In most cases, up is a directionally oriented position generally opposite to that of the pull of gravity. In situations where a common frame of reference is needed, it is most common to use an egocentric view. A simple example is road signage. Another example is stage blocking, where "stage left" "stage right" "stage up" and "stage down"
Relative direction
17329346
reference frames. According to relativity no Galilean reference frame is privileged. Another condition is that the speed of light must be independent of the reference frame, in practice of the velocity of the light source. Consider two inertial frames of reference "O" and "O"′, assuming "O" to be at rest while "O"′ is moving with a velocity "v" with respect to "O" in the positive "x"-direction. The origins of "O" and "O"′ initially coincide with each other. A light signal is emitted from the common origin and travels as a spherical wave front. Consider a point "P" on a spherical
Derivations of the Lorentz transformations
95656
and results are often calculated using Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling techniques. From the CMB data it is seen that the earth appears to be moving at relative to the reference frame of the CMB (also called the CMB rest frame, or the frame of reference in which there is no motion through the CMB). The Local Group (the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way galaxy) appears to be moving at in the direction of galactic longitude "l" = , "b" = . This motion results in an anisotropy of the data (CMB appearing slightly warmer in the direction
Cosmic microwave background
978845
by the probability of success, and it can be concluded that the throughput (formula_5) is: formula_6 Vulnerable time=2*T. The maximum throughput is "0.5/e" frames per frame-time (reached when "G" = 0.5), which is approximately 0.184 frames per frame-time. This means that, in Pure ALOHA, only about 18.4% of the time is used for successful transmissions. Another simple and mathematical way to establish the equation for throughput in Pure ALOHA (and in Slotted ALOHA) is as follows: Consider what needs to happen for frames to be transmitted successfully. Let T represents the frame time. For simplicity, it is assumed that the
ALOHAnet
1872873
a screenplay more akin to a 1980s slasher film. Inspired by his father, who had been a commercial fisherman, Williamson changed the setting of the novel to a small fishing village, and made the villain a hook-wielding fisherman. The killer's arming of himself with a hook is a reference to the urban legend "The Hook," which the four main characters recount at the beginning of the film around a campfire. According to Williamson, he wrote the scene as a way of indicating what was to come: "Basically what I was doing was I was setting the framework to say, 'Alright,
I Know What You Did Last Summer
807076
of time as measured in one frame of reference should be the same as the rate of time in another. That is, there exists a "universal" time and all other times in all other frames of reference will run at the same rate as this universal time irrespective of their position and velocity. This concept of time and simultaneity was later generalized by Einstein in his special theory of relativity (1905) where he developed transformations between inertial frames of reference based upon the universal nature of physical laws and their economy of expression (Lorentz transformations). It is also important to
Frame of reference
5776869
plane of oscillation because the surroundings of the pendulum move with the Earth. As seen from an Earth-bound (non-inertial) frame of reference, the explanation of this apparent change in orientation requires the introduction of the fictitious Coriolis force. Another famous example is that of the tension in the string between two spheres rotating about each other. In that case, prediction of the measured tension in the string based upon the motion of the spheres as observed from a rotating reference frame requires the rotating observers to introduce a fictitious centrifugal force. In this connection, it may be noted that a
Non-inertial reference frame
198056
After being spun up, a gyrocompass can reach the direction of alignment with the Earth's axis in as little as a quarter of an hour. Classical theories that use the Galilean transformation postulate the equivalence of all inertial reference frames. Some theories may even postulate the existence of a privileged frame which provides absolute space and absolute time. The Galilean transformation transforms coordinates from one inertial reference frame, formula_4, to another, formula_5, by simple addition or subtraction of corrdinates: where r and "t" represent shifts in the origin of space and time, and v is the relative velocity of the
Inertial frame of reference
17605903
to Wendy in the original 1953 Disney movie. Also, Regina tempts the Lost Boy with an Apollo candy bar, another reference to "Lost". After Hook kisses Emma she asks him to give her five minutes alone. He replies "As you wish", which is a reference to the 1987 movie "The Princess Bride", where Wesley the Dread Pirate Roberts would say "As you wish" to Princess Buttercup. It actually meant "I love you". "Good Form" received positive reviews from critics. In a review from Entertainment Weekly, Hillary Busis quotes, "First, let's get one thing out of the way: It happened. Emma
Good Form
5455377
measurements, they are actually counts of discrete observations rather than measurements. Each observation represents the observable outcome of a comparison between a person and item. Such outcomes are directly analogous to the observation of the rotation of a balance scale in one direction or another. This observation would indicate that one or other object has a greater mass, but counts of such observations cannot be treated directly as measurements. Rasch pointed out that the principle of invariant comparison is characteristic of measurement in physics using, by way of example, a two-way experimental frame of reference in which each instrument exerts
Rasch model
13668120
well as general relativity, are, in one way or another, gauge theories. In physics, the mathematical description of any physical situation usually contains excess degrees of freedom; the same physical situation is equally well described by many equivalent mathematical configurations. For instance, in Newtonian dynamics, if two configurations are related by a Galilean transformation (an inertial change of reference frame) they represent the same physical situation. These transformations form a group of "symmetries" of the theory, and a physical situation corresponds not to an individual mathematical configuration but to a class of configurations related to one another by this symmetry
Gauge theory
4146896
ladder-barn) inertial frame. What if the back door (the door the ladder exits out of) is closed permanently and does not open? Suppose that the door is so solid that the ladder will not penetrate it when it collides, so it must stop. Then, as in the scenario described above, in the frame of reference of the garage, there is a moment when the ladder is completely within the garage (i.e., the back of the ladder is inside the front door), before it collides with the back door and stops. However, from the frame of reference of the ladder, the
Ladder paradox
12446527
Covariance group In physics, a covariance group is a group of coordinate transformations between frames of reference (see for example Ryckman (2005)). A frame of reference provides a set of coordinates for an observer moving with that frame to make measurements and define physical quantities. The covariance principle states the laws of physics should transform from one frame to another covariantly, that is, according to a representation of the covariance group. Special relativity considers observers in inertial frames, and the covariance group consists of rotations, velocity boosts, and the parity transformation. It is denoted as O(1,3) and is often referred
Covariance group
1748475
goes to work. In addition to physical or sense filters, cognitive filters, or the way in which an individual's mind interprets the world around him, will influence his assumptions and feelings. These filters will determine what the sender of a message says, how he says it, and with what purpose. Filters are present also in the receiver, creating a double complexity that once led Robert Louis Stevenson to say that human communication is "doubly relative". It takes one person to say something and another to decide what he said. Physical and cognitive, including semantic filters (which decide the meaning of
Organizational communication
19907321
album title is a reference to his full name "Jaden Christopher Syre Smith". In an interview with Complex about the album title, Jaden said that: Syre really just came to me one day. I didn’t know what I was going to call the album, but one day it really really came. I don’t know what happened. It was like a switch—from one second to another, my whole life switched. I realized that Syre was the answer, what I had to move forward with. People love to just talk about me by name and say, "Oh, Jaden Smith this, Jaden Smith
Syre (album)