when was article 21a ( right to education ) inserted in part of the constitution
4 August 2009
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Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010. The title of the RTE
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
12635836
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010. The title of the RTE
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
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of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Indian parliament). The bill received the assent of the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013. The Act came into force from 1 January 2014. Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child
Manmohan Singh
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a rights based framework that casts a legal obligation on the Central and State Governments to implement this fundamental child right as enshrined in the Article 21A of the Constitution, in accordance with the provisions of the RTE Act.17. Present Act has its history in the drafting of the Indian constitution at the time of Independence but is more specifically to the Constitutional Amendment of 2002 that included the Article 21A in the Indian constitution making Education a fundamental Right. This amendment, however, specified the need for a legislation to describe the mode of implementation of the same which necessitated
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
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the right to freedom, given in articles 19, 20, 21A, and 22, and with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution. It is a cluster of four main laws. The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the following six freedoms: Article 20 gives protection in respect of conviction for offences. Article 21 gives Right to life, personal liberty and Right to die with dignity (passive euthanasia). Article 21A gives education to all children of the age of six to fourteen years in such manner as the State may, by law,
Fundamental rights in India
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Agreement. Insertion of new Article 9.2: Previous Article 9.2 renumbered as Article 9.3. Prior to 1999 the right to citizenship by reason of birth in Ireland existed in ordinary legislation. The only people who had a constitutional right to citizenship were those who were citizens of the Irish Free State when the constitution came into force. For those born after 1937 the Constitution stated that the "future acquisition and loss of Irish nationality and citizenship shall be determined in accordance with law". This changed in 1999 when as part of the Nineteenth Amendment the following clause was inserted into Article
Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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the limitations on these rights. There are seven main fundamental rights of India: Newly implemented 7th Fundamental right in India is It was added in the constitution after the 86th amendment in the year 2002 under article 21A. It is the most recently implemented fundamental right. The RTE Act enabled this right in the year 2010. A recent addition was made to the list of fundamental rights in India in 2017. In American Constitutional Law, "fundamental rights" have special significance under the U.S. Constitution. Those rights enumerated in the U.S. Constitution are recognized as "fundamental" by the U.S. Supreme Court.
Fundamental rights
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44th Amendment, w.e.f. 10.6.1979). The amendment ensured that the right to property‟ is no longer a fundamental right but rather a constitutional/legal right/as a statutory right and in the event of breach, the remedy available to an aggrieved person is through the High Court under Article 226 of the Indian Constitution and not the Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution. State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment) Act, 1964, the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right
Land acquisition in India
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and seas, to be part of the Irish nation" was affected by the Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, passed in 2004. That amendment did not alter the text of Article 2 but instead inserted a new section in Article 9 which limited the constitutional right to citizenship by birth to individuals with a least one Irish-citizen parent. Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution Act, 1998 (previously bill no. 24 of 1998) is an amendment of the Constitution of Ireland which permitted the state to be bound by the Good Friday Agreement
Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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unions. It was the view of many in the Indian Independence Movement, including Mahatma Gandhi, that workers had as much of a right to participate in management of firms as shareholders or other property owners. Article 43A of the Constitution, inserted by the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1976, created a right to codetermination by requiring the state to legislate to "secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings". However, like other rights in Part IV, this article is not directly enforceable but instead creates a duty upon state organs to implement its principles through
Indian labour law
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fundamental right under Part III of the constitution, the Articles 21 (in Part III of the Constitution of India), Article 38, 39(a), (f), 41 and 45 (in Part IV of the Constitution of India) together makes it clear that the framers of the constitution made it obligatory for the State to provide education for its citizens. Article 21 says "No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law". The right to life under Article 21 and the dignity of an individual cannot be assured unless it is accompanied by right to
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
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of citizen and offer opportunities to children to facilitate their healthy al-round development. Reality of the fundamental rights under chapter III will not be realized by illiterate citizens unless "right to education" under Article 41 was ensured to the individual citizen. Therefore, "right to education" was concomitant to the fundamental rights provided under Part III of the constitution. The fundamental rights guaranteed under Part III of the constitution of India including the right to freedom of speech and expression and other rights under Article 19 cannot be appreciated and fully enjoyed unless a citizen is educated and is conscious of
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
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education. Therefore, every citizen had a 'right to education' under the constitution and thus, the state had an obligation to provide educational institutions at all levels for the benefit of all the citizens. All educational institutions whether it was state owned or state recognized were obliged to secure the 'right to education'. In Part IV, the directive principles of the state policy, the Constitution asks the State to secure social order and minimize inequalities for the promotion of welfare of citizens (Article 38). Article 39 of Part IV talks about directing the state policies to secure adequate means of livelihood
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
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reinstatement of the fundamental right to private property. The Supreme Court has sent a notice to the government questioning why the right should not be brought back but in 2010 the court rejected the PIL The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the fundamental rights in 2002 under the Eighty-Sixth Amendment of 2002. However this right was brought in to implementation after eight years in 2010. Article 21A – On 2 April 2010, India joined a group of few countries in the world, with a historic law making education a fundamental right of every child
Fundamental rights in India
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established by law. Article 13 determines that everyone has the right to go to court. Article 14 guarantees the application of the principle of "nulla poena sine lege" (Latin: "no penalty without a law"). There is also an Article 14bis, which was inserted in the Belgian Constitution in 2005, that states as follows: "The death penalty is abolished". Articles 15 of the Constitution guard against unreasonable searches. It determines that the domicile is inviolable and that searches can only take place in the cases and the manner the law prescribes. Article 16 stipulates that no one can be deprived of
Constitution of Belgium
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other property owners. Article 43A of the Constitution, inserted by the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1976, created a right to codetermination by requiring the state to legislate to "secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings". However, like other rights in Part IV, this article is not directly enforceable but instead creates a duty upon state organs to implement its principles through legislation (and potentially through court cases). In 1978 the Sachar Report recommended legislation for inclusion of workers on boards, however this had not yet been implemented. The Industrial Disputes Act 1947 section
Indian company law
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The bodies must respond within 21 days. More recently, by virtue of the 18th Amendment of 2010, article 19A has been inserted in the Constitution of Pakistan. It gives the right to access to information the status of a fundamental constitutional right. Article 19A "Right to Information" reads: "Every citizen shall have the right to have access to information in all matters of public importance subject to regulation and reasonable restrictions imposed by law". The National Constitution of Paraguay enacted in 1992, guarantees the right to be informed and to receive true, responsible, and equitable information (Art. 28). The same
Freedom of information laws by country
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Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood, good health, clean environment, water, speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned. The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002. Article 20 provides protection from conviction for offences in certain respects, including the rights against ex post facto laws, double jeopardy and freedom from self-incrimination. Article 22 provides specific rights to arrested and detained persons, in particular the rights to be
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
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right to education, with respect for the fundamental rights and freedoms, and that education shall be free in its compulsory stages. (In Belgium, education is compulsory until the age of 18.) Article 25 of the Constitution guarantees the freedom of the press and stipulates that censorship can never be established. Article 26 protects the freedom of assembly by determining that everyone has the right to gather peaceably and without arms. Article 27 guarantees the freedom of association. Article 28 ensures the right to petition the public authorities. Article 29 determines that the confidentiality of letters is inviolable. Article 30 stipulates
Constitution of Belgium
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Pakistani government until 1947, when an All Pakistan Education Conference convened, recognizing "Universal Primary Education" as imperative. In 1959, a "Commission on National Education" was formed, which suggested that the educational system in Pakistan should pursue quality as an essential objective and recommended compulsory education for children. In 1973, Article 37-B of the Pakistani Constitution was created, stating that "The State shall remove illiteracy and provide free and compulsory secondary education within minimum possible period." Also created in 1973 was Article 38-D of the Pakistani Constitution, which states "The State shall provide basic necessities of life, such as food, clothing,
Right to Education Pakistan
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244A. It also inserted new article 371B which provided for constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Assam consisting of members of that Assembly elected from the tribal areas specified in Part A of the Table appended to Paragraph 20 of the Sixth Schedule, and such number of other members of that Assembly as may be specified in the order. Section 2 of the 22nd Amendment inserted new article 244A in the Constitution to empower Parliament to enact a law for constituting an autonomous State within the State of Assam and also to
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
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of Constitution and the judgment is in the line of retaining the conformity. The most notable part of the judgment was its insistence that the right to education be read as an integral part of the right to life guaranteed under Article 21, Part III. The decision of the Court that the fulfillment of the right to life requires a life of dignity and therefore, must be interpreted to include both the economic and social rights. Education is as basic as to ensure rights to food, water, and health. But, question arise whether right to education at all level is
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
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mention of 'life and personal liberty' in Article 21 of the Constitution automatically implies some other rights, those are necessary for the full development of the personality, though they are not enumerated in Part III of the Constitution. Education is one such factor responsible for overall development of an individual and therefore, right to education is integrated in Article 21 of the Constitution. Miss Mohini Jain, a resident of Meerut (in the State of UP), applied for admission to the MBBS course in the session commencing February/March, 1991, to a private medical college located in the State of Karnataka. The
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
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Kingdom with her EU national child was before the European Court of Justice at the time of the referendum campaign. If restricting the right to citizenship by birth was becoming politically popular it was not legally possible to do so in the light of the above cited provision without amending the Constitution. The Twenty-seventh Amendment did not alter the text of Article 2 but instead inserted a proviso which limited the constitutional right to citizenship by birth to individuals with at least one Irish-citizen parent. The statutory right to citizenship by birth to the children of foreign nationals was not
Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Government of India believed that a combined law was necessary, one that legally requires rehabilitation and resettlement necessarily and simultaneously follow government acquisition of land for public purposes. Forty-Fourth Amendment Act of 1978 omitted Art 19(1) (f) with the net result being:- State must pay compensation at the market value for such land, building or structure acquired (Inserted by Constitution, Seventeenth Amendment Act, 1964), the same can be found in the earlier rulings when property right was a fundamental right (such as 1954 AIR 170, 1954 SCR 558, which propounded that the word "Compensation" deployed in Article 31(2) implied full
Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013
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"right to work", which the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 attempts to put into practice. Article 42 requires the state to "make provision for securing just and human conditions of work and for maternity relief". Article 43 says workers should have the right to a living wage and "conditions of work ensuring a decent standard of life". Article 43A, inserted by the Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1976, creates a constitutional right to codetermination by requiring the state to legislate to "secure the participation of workers in the management of undertakings". Indian labour law makes a
Indian labour law
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the authority of the President and also granted additional powers to dismiss the elected Prime Minister's government. These powers included the right, expressed in sub-section 2(b) inserted into Article 58, to dissolve the National Assembly (but not the Senate) if, in his or her opinion, "a situation has arisen in which the Government of the Federation cannot be carried on in accordance with the provisions of the Constitution and an appeal to the electorate is necessary." (Constitution of Pakistan, Article 58) with the consequence of dismissing the Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet. The Eighth Amendment, besides making a
Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan
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to protect the right to education of children against their own parents. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, educational rights were included in domestic bills of rights. The 1849 "Paulskirchenverfassung", the constitution of the German Empire, strongly influenced subsequent European constitutions and devoted Article 152 to 158 of its bill of rights to education. The constitution recognised education as a function of the state, independent of the church. Remarkable at the time, the constitution proclaimed the right to free education for the poor, but the constitution did not explicitly require the state to set up educational institutions. Instead
Right to education
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3. Right to Equality (Article 18) 4. Right to Communication (Article 19) 5. Right regarding Justice (Article 20) 6. Right of the Victim of Crime (Article 21) 7. Right against Torture (Article 22) 8. Right against Preventive Detention (Article 23) 9. Right against Untouchability and Discrimination (Article 24) 10. Right to Property (Article 25) 11. Right to Religious Freedom (Article 26) 12. Right to Information (Article 27) 13. Right to Privacy (Article 28) 14. Right against Exploitation (Article 29) 15. Right to Fresh Environment (Article 30) 16. Right regarding Education (Article 31) 17. Right to Language and Culture (Article 32)
Constitution of Nepal
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also noted that life cannot be extinguished or taken away except according to procedure established by law. The "Yong Vui Kong" case suggests that Singapore courts may interpret the word "life" more narrowly than the Indian and Malaysian courts when called upon to do so. The Court of Appeal stated that the scope of Article 21 of the Indian Constitution had been expanded by the Indian courts to include "numerous rights relating to life, such as the right to education, the right to health and medical care and the right to freedom from noise pollution", attributing this to the "pro-active
Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore
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right to education (article 38; 1992:35). Other social rights include the right to health care, the right to old-age pension, and the right to disability benefits (articles 35, 37; 1992:33, 34). A new article added in the 2008 Constitution (article 36) establishes the right to environmental quality and charges the state with the responsibility for preserving natural resources and protecting the environment. Article 21 (1992:19) states that the exercise of individual rights and freedoms should not impinge on the rights and freedoms of other individuals and can be limited by considerations of morality, law, and public order. Article 22 declares
Constitution of Turkmenistan
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on the same day as the 1997 presidential election. Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1997 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that the confidentiality of meetings of the cabinet would not prevent the High Court from ordering that certain information be disclosed when this was in the public interest. It was approved by referendum on 30 October 1997 and signed into law on 14 November of the same year. Inserted a new subsection in Article 28.4: The existing subsection 3º of Article 28.4 was renumbered as subsection 4º. In 1992,
Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland The Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution Act 1997 amended the Constitution of Ireland to provide that the confidentiality of meetings of the cabinet would not prevent the High Court from ordering that certain information be disclosed when this was in the public interest. It was approved by referendum on 30 October 1997 and signed into law on 14 November of the same year. Inserted a new subsection in Article 28.4: The existing subsection 3º of Article 28.4 was renumbered as subsection 4º. In 1992, during the Beef Tribunal, the Supreme Court ruled that,
Seventeenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
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the five-year plans has been accorded the highest priority in order to provide free education to all children up to the age of 14 years.The 86th constitutional amendment of 2002 inserted a new article, Article 21-A, into the Constitution, that seeks to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years. Welfare schemes for the weaker sections are being implemented both by the Central and State governments. These include programmes such as boys' and girls' hostels for scheduled castes' or scheduled tribes' students. The year 1990-1991 was declared as the "Year of Social Justice" in the
Directive Principles
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in 1972/73 the north-south section became Highway 806 while the east-west section became Highway 575. The northern section of Highway 21A was a highway that connected Highway 21 with Highway 12 near the Hamlet of Nevis. In the early-1990s, Highway 11 was extended east from Highway 815 near Joffre to Highway 21; when construction was completed, Highway 21A became part of Highway 11. Alberta Highway 21A Alberta Provincial Highway No. 21A, commonly referred to as Highway 21A, was the designation of two former spur routes of Highway 21 in Alberta, Canada. The southern section of Highway 21A was a highway
Alberta Highway 21A
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of the Constitution had to be considered. Looking at it in this way, it was clear that Article 5(2A) was intended to deal with bills seeking to amend the Constitution, while Article 22H covered only ordinary bills. Therefore, the President had no power under Article 22H to withhold his assent to any bill seeking to amend the Constitution, and in particular any of the provisions referred to Article 5(2A). In 1996, Article 5A was inserted into the Constitution and Article 22H was amended; these changes clarified the situation by providing different procedures for circumventing or curtailing the President's discretionary power,
Powers of the President of Singapore
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only to Kuwaitis. It also reserves the right to forbid strikes. Mexico restricts the labour rights in Article 8 within the context of its constitution and laws. Monaco interprets the principle of non-discrimination on the grounds of national origin as "not necessarily implying an automatic obligation on the part of States to guarantee foreigners the same rights as their nationals", and reserves the right to set residence requirements on the rights to work, health, education, and social security. New Zealand reserved the right not to apply Article 8 (the right to form and join trade unions) insofar as existing measures
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
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be instituted by law. Article 22bis stipulates that every child has the right to respect for his or her "moral, physical, mental and sexual integrity". Article 23 protects the right to lead a life in conformity with human dignity. This right specifically encompasses the following rights: Article 24 protects the freedom of education and the parents' right to choose. It also stipulates that the community must provide neutral education, and that this neutrality includes, among others, the respect for the philosophical, ideological and religious views of parents and pupils. The third paragraph of this article determines that everyone has the
Constitution of Belgium
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was intended to address this perceived lacuna in the Constitution. One question of constitutional interpretation that was highlighted during the parliamentary debates pertained to the former Article 22H which had been incorrectly inserted into the Constitution by the Constitution (Amendment) Act 1991 in January 1991. Article 22H(1) provided that the President might, acting in his discretion, withhold his assent to any bill passed by Parliament (other than a bill to which Article 5(2A) applied) if the bill provided for the circumvention or curtailment of the discretionary powers conferred upon him by the Constitution. At that time, Article 5(2A), which entrenched
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal
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provide the autonomous State with Legislature or a Council of Ministers or both with such powers and functions as may be defined by that law. Section 3 of the 22nd Amendment amended article 275 in regard to sums and grants payable to the autonomous State on and from its formation under article 244A. Section 4 inserted new article 371B which provided for constitution and functions of a committee of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Assam consisting of members of that Assembly elected from the tribal areas specified in Part A of the Table appended to Paragraph 20 of
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
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on Property, Contracts, Right, Liabilities, Obligations and Suits Articles 294 - 300 on Succession to property assets, liabilities, and obligations. Article 300A on the Right to Property Article 300A - on Persons not to be deprived of property save by authority of law. Part XII of the Constitution of India Part XII is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Articles on Finance, Property, Contracts and Suits. Articles 264 - 291 on Finance Articles 264 - 267
Part XII of the Constitution of India
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George Wallace after his death, saying Wallace was not a racist. "I knew George Wallace... what he was, was a man who supported the American Constitution and the guarantee in that Constitution of the right of the States to sovereignty." Synon stated "segregation by race is not racism, any more than the religious segregation in the education of this country is religious bigotry". When several "Sunday Independent" readers wrote in to object to Synon's article on Wallace, she responded by saying "Brown v. Board of Education was the most disgraceful and unconstitutional decision ever reached by the disgraceful and unjust
Mary Ellen Synon
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Article 13 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, guarantees a prohibition against banishment and the right to freedom of movement. Article 13 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore guarantees to all persons a prohibition against banishment and the right to freedom of movement. It states: Article 13. Prohibition of banishment and freedom of movement (1) No citizen of Singapore shall be banished or excluded from Singapore. (2) Subject to any law relating to the security of Singapore or any part thereof, public order, public health or the punishment of
Article 13 of the Constitution of Singapore
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Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh was adopted and enacted on 4 November 1972, after the victory of the independent country on 16 December 1971. the Constitution has been amended 17 times. Amending the Constitution of Bangladesh is the process of making changes to the nation's fundamental law or supreme law. Passed on 17 July 1973, the first amended was made to the Article 47 of the constitution. The amendment inserted an additional clause, Article 47(3) that allowed punishment and prosecution of war criminals under international law. A new Article 47A was
Amendments to the Constitution of Bangladesh
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was adopted following Singapore's independence from Malaysia in 1965. The latter states: "Every person has the right to profess and practice his religion and, subject to clause (4), to propagate it." Article 15(1) also contains similarities to Article 25(1) of the Constitution of India: "Subject to public order, morality and health and to the other provisions of this Part, all persons are equally entitled to freedom of conscience and the right freely to profess, practise and propagate religion." The word "profess" in Article 15(1) is not defined in the Constitution, but the case "Re Mohamed Said Nabi, deceased" (1964) may
Article 15 of the Constitution of Singapore
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Article 10 of the Mexican Constitution of 1857. However, as part of the Mexican Constitution of 1917, Article 10 was changed where-by the "right to keep and bear arms" was given two separate definitions: the right to keep ("derecho a poseer" in Spanish) and the right to bear ("derecho a portar" in Spanish). The new version of Article 10 specified that citizens were entitled to "keep arms" (own them) but may only "bear them" (carry them) among the population in accordance to police regulation. This modification to Article 10 also introduced the so-called "...[arms] for exclusive use of the [military]...
Gun laws in Mexico
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education is given by Church authorities. Section Two of the Constitution of Malta specifies the state's religion as being the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion. It holds that the "authorities of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Church have the duty to teach which principles are right and which are wrong" and that "religious teaching of the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith shall be provided in all State schools as part of compulsory education". Article 9 of the Constitution of Monaco describes ""La religion catholique, apostolique et romaine" [the catholic, apostolic and Roman religion]" as the religion of the state. Cole Durham and Tore
Christian state
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the constitution could be revoked or limited by amendment of the constitution. The Supreme Court delivered its ruling, by a majority of 6-5 on 27 February 1967. The Court held that an amendment of the Constitution is a legislative process, and that an amendment under article 368 is "law" within the meaning of article 13 of the Constitution and therefore, if an amendment "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III, it is void. Article 13(2) reads, "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the right conferred by this Part and any
Basic structure doctrine
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to be informed of the grounds of arrest, the right to counsel, and the right to be produced before a magistrate within 48 hours of arrest. These rights do not apply to enemy aliens or to persons arrested for contempt of Parliament. The Constitution also specifically exempts the Criminal Law (Temporary Provisions) Act (), the Internal Security Act (), and Part IV of the Misuse of Drugs Act () from having to comply with Article 9. Article 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore guarantees to all persons the right to life and right to personal liberty. It
Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore
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Nicaragua adopts a framework law on the right to food. The right to food is enshrined in the constitution, Article 38: "The State shall provide basic necessities of life, such as food, clothing, housing, education and medical relief." The right to food is enshrined in the constitution, Article 53 (Children): "Every parent has the right and obligation to care for, to feed, to educate, and to support his children while they are minors. The laws will punish those parents who fail to comply with their duty to provide their children with food..." In 2004, the Special Rapporteur leads a country
Right to food by country
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added a new clause (4) in article 13 which reads, "Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of this Constitution made under article 368." The provisions in "italics" were inserted by the 42nd Amendment but were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in "Minerva Mills v. Union of India" in 1980. After the 24th amendment, Article 4(2), etc. of the constitution are superseded/made void by article 368 (1) which is the only procedure for amending the constitution however marginal may be the nature of the amendment. Supreme court ruled that the constituent power under article 368 must
Amendment of the Constitution of India
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Freedom of education Freedom of education is the right for parents to have their children educated in accordance with their religious and other views, allowing groups to be able to educate children without being impeded by the nation state. Freedom of education is a constitutional (legal) concept that has been included in the European Convention on Human Rights, Protocol 1, Article 2, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights Article 13 and several national constitutions, e.g. the Belgian constitution (former article 17, now article 24) and the . The English liberal philosopher John Stuart Mill was a strong advocate
Freedom of education
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majority of 6-5 on 27 February 1967. The Court held that an amendment of the Constitution is a legislative process, and that an amendment under article 368 is "law" within the meaning of article 13 of the Constitution and therefore, if an amendment "takes away or abridges" a Fundamental Right conferred by Part III, it is void. Article 13(2) reads, "The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the right conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of this clause shall, to the extent of contravention, be void." The Court also ruled that
Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, inserted a new article 233A inter alia validating the appointments, postings, promotions, and transfers of and judgements, delivered before the commencement of the present Act, by district judges who were appointed, posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge in any State otherwise than in accordance with the provisions of article 233 or article 235 of the Constitution. The "Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966 "was introduced in the Lok Sabha on 25 November 1966, as the
Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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Constitution, including those dealing with the President's powers, unless it had been supported by not less than two-thirds of the votes cast at a national referendum. However, as Article 5(2A) was not yet in force, a question arose as to whether the Government was entitled to amend the Constitution in a way that circumvented or curtailed the President's discretionary powers, or whether Article 22H prohibited this entirely. To resolve the issue, Article 100 was inserted into the Constitution to enable the President to refer to the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal any question as to the effect of
Powers of the President of Singapore
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a Title 1bis was inserted in the Belgian Constitution, titled "General policy objectives of the federal Belgium, the communities and the regions", which to date comprises only one article: Article 7bis. This article states the following: "In the exercise of their respective competences, the federal State, the communities and the regions shall strive for the objectives of a sustainable development in its social, economic and environmental dimensions, taking into account the solidarity between the generations." The act inserting this article was published in the Belgian Official Journal on 26 April 2007. Title II of the Belgian Constitution is titled "The
Constitution of Belgium
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Sheikh of Al Azhar violates the Shari'a. The Muslim Brotherhood in parliament claimed that the decision to ban the veil would violate Article II of the Constitution. This Article stipulates that "Islam is the official state religion and Arabic the official language, and Islamic Shari'a is the main source of legislation". The ban also violates Article XVIII of the Constitution relating to the right to education. ". In addition, it violates Article 40 of the Constitution, which states that "citizens are equal before the law, they are equal in rights and duties without discrimination because of sex, origin, language, religion
Niqāb in Egypt
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the Penal Code), Germany (§ 130 (3) of the penal code), Austria (article 3h Verbotsgesetz 1947), Romania, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Lithuania, and Poland (article 55 of the law creating the Institute of National Remembrance 1998). Germany maintains a domestic intelligence service, the Verfassungsschutz, whose main purpose is to investigate parties which may violate the constitutional bans on working to end the democratic nature of the state (in particular far-right and Communist parties). Learning from legislation of West Germany, National Assembly of Second Republic inserted Defensive Democracy in their Constitution in 1960. After that, Now in Sixth Republic, it remains
Defensive democracy
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105(1) of the 1963 State Constitution, which was the predecessor of Article 162, had the effect of re-enacting all laws existing as at 16 September 1963, including the Defamation Ordinance. Thus Article 105(1) itself was an express restriction on the right to free speech. If this was not the case, then when the 1963 State Constitution came into force all laws which restricted Article 10(1) of the Federal Constitution would have become unconstitutional, a result which the Court regarded as an "astonishing conclusion". Article 14 of the Constitution has been raised as a point of contention in relation to the
Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore
16043715
in the constitution of India or under any other law which prevented the charging of capitation fee. In the lieu of above situation several crucial questions appeared before the court. Now, the court had to answer the following major questions: a) Was there a 'right to education' guaranteed to the people of India under the Constitution? b) If the right is guaranteed to the people then, does applying capitation fee violate the guaranteed right to education? c) Whether charging capitation fee in educational institutions is arbitrary, unjust, unfair and violated Article 14 ("The State shall not deny to any person
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
3990733
This constitution called for a centralized control of the market and re-committed the state to providing its citizens with access to free education and health care, as in the 1940 constitution. The state was further granted the power to regulate the activities of religious institutions and the private ownership of media was prohibited. Article 53 gave citizens freedom of speech, and Article 54 gave citizens the right to assemble. The dissolution of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc plunged Cuba into an era of economic crisis known as the Special Period in Time of Peace. In response, the constitution
Constitution of Cuba
9528002
"from time to time". Article 194 was amended to grant the same rights as Clause 21 to State Legislatures, its members and committees. Two new clauses 4A and 26A were inserted into article 366 of the Constitution, which defined the meaning of the terms "Central Law" and "State Law" by inserting two new clauses 4A and 26A into article 366 of the Constitution. The 42nd Amendment froze any delimitation of constituencies for elections to Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies until after the 2001 Census of India, by amending article 170 (relating to composition of Legislative Assemblies). The total number
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
16626824
in the constitution, Article 22: "The State recognizes the right of every citizen to decent housing, education, food and social security." The right to food is enshrined in the constitution, Article 47 (Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health): "The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties and, in particular, the State shall endeavour to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purpose
Right to food by country
17714915
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969, inserted new article 244A in the Constitution to empower Parliament to enact a law for constituting an autonomous State within the State of Assam and also to provide the autonomous State with Legislature or a Council of Ministers or both with such powers and functions as may be defined by that law. The 21st Amendment amended article 275 in regard to sums and grants payable to the autonomous State on and from its formation under article
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
4258281
of the founders of the Pakistan Movement (Muhammad Iqbal, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Liaquat Ali Khan). It proclaimed: This resolution was included in the 1956 constitution as preamble and in 1985 it was inserted in the constitution itself as Article 2 and Schedule item 53 (but with the word "freely" in "Provision shall be made for the religious minorities to freely profess and practice their religions and develop their cultures", removed.). The resolution was inserted again in the constitution in 2010, with the word "freely" reinstated. However, Islamisation has proceeded slowly in Pakistan, and Islamists and Islamic parties and activists have
Islamic democracy
5401268
judge and confers the power of judicial review with the state's Supreme Court. Article V gives the state government the right to tax its citizens unlimitedly under certain guidelines. It authorizes an up to 7% income tax and also limits the ability to issue public bonds. Article VI provides every person who is at least 18 years, an American Citizen, living within North Carolina, and (beginning in 2019, when in-person) has a voter ID the right to vote. This right is denied to felons (when any part of a felony sentence, including probation, is active) and people illiterate in English.
Constitution of North Carolina
11592629
Part XIX of the Constitution of India Part XIX is a compilation of laws pertaining to the constitution of India as a country and the union of states that it is made of. This part of the constitution consists of Miscellaneous. Article 361 is an exception to Article 14 (Right to Equality) of the Indian Constitution. The features are as follows: 1. The President or the Governor is not answerable to any court for the exercise of the powers and duties of his office. 2. No criminal proceedings shall be conducted against the President or the Governor during his term
Part XIX of the Constitution of India
17714921
368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment) Act, 1969, inserted new article 244A in the Constitution to empower Parliament to enact a law for constituting an autonomous State within the State of Assam and also to provide the autonomous State with Legislature or a Council of Ministers or both
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
6560380
and city governments and provides them with a limited ability to pass ordinances. Article 8, Finance, provides for financial matters including obligation of funds, budgeting, spending and audits. Article 9, Revenue, provides rules for various forms of taxation and state debt. Article 10, Education, establishes the goal of free schooling through secondary education, high school and creates a state board of education. Article 11, Environment, grants each person the "right to a healthful environment." It sets this as public policy and the duty of individuals to ensure a healthful environment be maintained. Article 12, Militia, sets rules for the state
Constitution of Illinois
5600479
of a public interest litigation. This right cannot be suspended, except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared. Please Note- Right to Property was removed from the Indian Constitution in 1978. Now it is not counted as a Fundamental Right. The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the Preamble. They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
14122548
but sales would prove disappointing from the time it was passed all the way to the early 20th century. Following the revolution of 1910, the new Mexican Constitution of 1917 contained further anti-clerical provisions. Article 3 called for secular education in the schools and prohibited the Church from engaging in primary education; Article 5 outlawed monastic orders; Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of churches; and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Most obnoxious to Catholics was Article 130, which deprived clergy members of basic political rights. Many of these laws
Catholic Church in Latin America
14215139
the provisions referred to in Article 5(2A), and specifically to any bill seeking to amend Article 22H. President Ong Teng Cheong stated that in the interest of testing out the system, he wished to have this question referred to the courts for a ruling, and that he would accept as correct whatever interpretation of Article 22H was given by the court. In response to his request, Article 100 was inserted into the Constitution by Parliament for that purpose. A constitutional question can be referred to the Tribunal on three grounds. First, under Article 100 itself, the President, acting on the
Constitution of the Republic of Singapore Tribunal
16043727
essential for citizens for living a descent life? Whether right to education should be limited to only right to primary and basic education? Whether, declaring right to education at higher education level actually increase status quo and unequal distribution of resources results in collapsing the entire education system in India? According to some critic, the private educational institutions do not get any government grants and therefore should not be interpreted under the purview of article 12 of the Constitution of India. Later Supreme court had to modify its judgment and limits the right to free and compulsory education up to
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
6116757
social interests. "Article 20" covers education. This is guaranteed all Andorrans, and moreover, parents have the right to choose what kind of education that their children will have, in keeping with their own religious convictions. "Article 21" covers movement within Andorra, and exit from and entry to the national territory. Also, it gives Andorrans, and established foreign nationals, the right to make their home in Andorra. "Article 22" lays out foreigners' rights in cases of non-renewal of residency or expulsion order. It says that this can only be done as prescribed by law, and that the foreigner in such a
Constitution of Andorra
2347288
an advocate, and to presumption of innocence. Article 34 states, "Freedom of expression shall be inviolable. Every Afghan shall have the right to express thoughts through speech, writing, illustrations as well as other means in accordance with provisions of this constitution. Every Afghan shall have the right, according to provisions of law, to print and publish on subjects without prior submission to state authorities. Directives related to the press, radio and television as well as publications and other mass media shall be regulated by law." Provisions are made to ensure free education and healthcare for all citizens. Article 16 of
Constitution of Afghanistan
13783229
government (1964 – 1985) and the re-democratization of the country. As part of Brazil’s negotiated transition from authoritarianism to democracy, a new Constitution of Brazil emerged in 1988. It came to be known as the “Citizen Constitution” (Constituição Cidadã), promoting the right to work, the right to a decent wage, the right to social security, and the right to education. Furthermore, the new Constitution of Brazil, allowed public funds to be allocated to private, community, religious, or philanthropic schools for their support on meeting the rights to education. This constitutional doctrine was an important turning point in the growth of
Universities and higher education in Brazil
16626822
health and education, clean water, housing, food and social security." In 2005, the Special Rapporteur leads a country mission to Ethiopia. The right to food is enshrined in the constitution, Article 51 (Protection of Minors and the Elderly): "The State will protect the physical, mental and moral health of Minors and the Elderly. It will guarantee them their right to food, public health, education, security and social insurance." And Article 99 (Feeding and nutrition): "The State will see to it that the food and the nutrition of the population meet the minimum health requirements. The specialized actions among themselves or
Right to food by country
19849828
Right to Education Pakistan Right to Education Pakistan, also known as RTE Pakistan or simply RTE, is an advocacy campaign for equal education rights for all children in Pakistan. The RTE campaign stems from low enrollment levels in Pakistani schools, and low literacy levels (especially among Pakistani females) depicted by the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER). It functions under the "Citizens Movement for Quality Education", an initiative by Idara-e-Taleem o Aagahi (ITA), or "The Centre of Education and Consciousness." The RTE campaign urges government officials to enforce education laws set forth in Article 25-A of the Pakistani Constitution, which
Right to Education Pakistan
9527998
new article 228A was inserted in the Constitution which would give High Courts the authority to "determine all questions as to the constitutional validity of any State law". The amendment's fifty-nine clauses stripped the Supreme Court of many of its powers and moved the political system toward parliamentary sovereignty. The 43rd and 44th Amendments reversed these changes. Article 74 was amended and it was explicitly stipulated that "the President shall act in accordance with the advice of the Council of Ministers". Governors of states were not included in this article. The interval at which a proclamation of Emergency under Article
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
2334111
train the students' scientific research skills that will be necessary in their later university life. There are huge differences between the 16 states of Germany having alternatives to this basic pattern such as "Waldorfschulen" or other private schools. Adults can also go back to evening school and take the "Abitur" exam. In 2006, six percent of German children attended private schools. In Germany, Article 7, Paragraph 4 of the Grundgesetz, the constitution of Germany, guarantees the right to establish private schools. This article belongs to the first part of the German basic law, which defines civil and human rights. A
Education in Germany
15906871
communities, a breach of International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) in which Samoa acceded in 2008. Also, under democracy, wouldn’t something so significant like amendment to a constitution be done through a citizens referendum? Part XI, General and Miscellaneous provision, Article 109(1) of the Samoa Constitutional, states: (1) “Any of the provisions of this Constitution may be amended or repealed by Act, and new provisions may be inserted in this Constitution by Act, if a bill for any such purpose is supported at its third reading by the votes of not less than two-thirds of the total Members
Human rights in Samoa
2100034
from the nature of the objects themselves." A document "intended to endure for ages to come", it must be interpreted not only based on the intention and understanding of its framers, but in the existing social and political context. The "right to life" guaranteed under Article 21 has been expanded to include a number of human rights, including the right to a speedy trial,; the right to water; the right to earn a livelihood, the right to health, and the right to education. At the conclusion of his book, "Making of India's Constitution", retired Supreme Court of India justice Hans
Constitution of India
16043717
the constitution hoped to achieve 100 percent literacy within a time period of 10 years. Guided by this hope, Article 41 ("The State shall, within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of underserved want") and Article 45 ("The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen
Mohini Jain v. State of Karnataka
5562601
bear arms to the "citizen" for "his" defense, rather than the 1868 constitution's general-neutral "all persons". The differences between the 1868 and 1890 constitutions regarding the right of the state's people to bear arms are as follows: Unlike other sections of the 1890 constitution that would later be repealed or modified by the state, such as the sections regarding marriages, education, and prisons, Article 3's Section 12 has remained unchanged, with the wording being exactly the same as it was in 1890, as Article 15's Section 273 prohibit the modification or repeal any of the sections contained in Article 3.
Constitution of Mississippi
4728115
and Andru Volinsky. In 1993, the New Hampshire Supreme Court interpreted Part II, Article 83 of the New Hampshire Constitution to guarantee students a right to a public education. In 1997, the New Hampshire school funding system was found unconstitutional and the legislature and governor were ordered to define the components of a constitutionally adequate education, cost them out and pay for them with taxes that were equal across the state. Four governors and their legislatures refused to comply with the Court's orders leading the Supreme Court to again find the school funding system unconstitutional in September, 2006, leading Gov.
Claremont School District v. Governor of New Hampshire
19899037
fundamental rights guaranteed under Part II of the Constitution were part of the basic structure of the Constitution and that Parliament could not enact laws, which included Acts amending the Constitution, which violated that basic structure. The appellant further argued that the inevitable effect or consequence of section 46A of the Act was to render his constitutional right to serve on the Bar Council ineffective or illusory and that he had therefore been deprived of his constitutionally guaranteed right to personal liberty under Article 5(1) of the Constitution. One of the issues raised by the appellant was that the section
Doctrine of Basic Structure
9910845
25 September and 6 October 1791, extended to Saint-Domingue. When Haiti became independent from France in 1804, no law that criminalising consensual same-sex sexual acts was introduced, and no such law has come into the penal code since. Article 227 of the criminal code prohibits vagancy, with a specific mention in the code for transvestites. The Constitution of Haiti, ratified in 1987, does not expressly prohibit discrimination on the account of sexual orientation or gender identity. However, the Constitution does make certain guarantees to all citizens, including a right to health care, housing, education, food and social security. As of
LGBT rights in Haiti
8527225
a significant difference in literacy rates, by: sex, religion, caste and state of residence, e.g.: The provision of universal and compulsory education for all children in the age group of 6–14 was a cherished national ideal and had been given overriding priority by incorporation as a Directive Policy in Article 45 of the Constitution, but it is still to be achieved more than half a century since the Constitution was adopted in 1949. Parliament has passed the Constitution 86th Amendment Act, 2002, to make elementary education a Fundamental Right for children in the age group of 6–14 years. In order
Literacy in India
15246343
of defamation, as modified by the Defamation Act, restricts the right to free speech. The appellants in that case pointed out that the Defamation Ordinance 1960, which presupposed the existence of the common law of defamation, had been enacted before the 1963 Constitution of the State of Singapore. Thus, it could not have been a law enacted to derogate from the right to free speech guaranteed by Article 10(1)(a) of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia, which became applicable to Singapore when it became a state of the Federation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963. The Court disagreed, holding that Article
Article 14 of the Constitution of Singapore
1347223
[1966] IR 567, where an unmarried father, who had become estranged from the mother of his child some months after living and caring for the same child together, was prevented from invoking the provisions of Article 41 to halt the mother's wishes of putting the child up for adoption. The then Mr. Justice Walsh of the Supreme Court stated that "the family referred to in [Article 41 was] the family which is founded on the institution of marriage". Article 40.3.3, inserted in 1983, also known as the Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland, recognises "the unborn" as having a
Constitution of Ireland
12551160
on someone's privacy is in accordance of the law and in the national interest. Article sixteen prohibits entering someone's property without their prior consent without an arrest warrant, unless you are rescuing the individual from danger. Article seventeen also discusses privacy, with its main focus being an individual's right to privacy in all lawful communication. Articles eighteen, nineteen and 21 secure freedom of speech, religion and assembly respectively, while twenty and 22 deal with the right to free education and marriage. Article 23 adds to the rights laid out in article sixteen, by allowing citizens of Cyprus to purchase property
Constitution of Cyprus
18750170
Human Rights and Article 13 of ICESCR. The Constitution of Tokelau gives no indication to the meaning of each individual right, therefore ICESCR can be used to define what the right to education actually means. ICESCR goes into some detail of what the right to education entails. It states all primary education should be free and compulsory. Secondary education should be generally available and accessible to all, as should any higher education. It then goes on to say there needs to be development in school systems that are free from discrimination, with set minimum standards and a high level of
Human rights in Tokelau
7142616
a constitutional right through Article 10 of the Mexican Constitution of 1857: Article 10 of the 1857 Constitution gave citizens the right to keep and bear arms, both in their homes and in public for their security and defense. Legislation was to indicate which types of weapons would be forbidden and the penalties imposed to violators. Sixty years later, with the introduction of the Constitution of 1917, Article 10 gives two separate definitions to the right to keep and bear arms: Article 10 of the 1917 Constitution still allowed citizens to keep and bear arms in the home or outside,
Gun laws in Mexico
14215262
subversion to override the Articles protecting the personal liberties of the individual. Specifically, Article 149(1) declares such legislation to be valid notwithstanding any inconsistency with five of the fundamental liberty provisions in the Constitution, including Article 9. Thus, detentions under the ISA cannot be challenged on the basis of deprivation of these rights. Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore Article 9 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, specifically Article 9(1), guarantees the right to life and the right to personal liberty. The Court of Appeal has called the right to life the most basic of human rights,
Article 9 of the Constitution of Singapore
2833050
is a key provision of Part II of the Constitution, and has been regarded as "of paramount importance" by the judicial community in Malaysia. However, it has been argued that the rights of Part II, in particular Article 10, "have been so heavily qualified by other parts of the Constitution, for example, Part XI in relation to special and emergency powers, and the permanent state of emergency that has existed since 1969, that much of [the Constitution's] high principles are lost." Article 10 (4) states that Parliament may pass law prohibiting the questioning of any matter, right, status, position, privilege,
Constitution of Malaysia
3169364
the numbering of subsequent amendments. In "People (AG) v. O'Callaghan" (1966), the Supreme Court held that the right to liberty would permit the denial of bail in limited circumstances only, where there was sufficient evidence before the Court that the accused was likely to interfere with the course of justice; specifically, that bail could not be because of the likelihood of the commission of further offences while on bail. This decision was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment in 1996 which inserted Article 40.4.7º, allowing for the refusal of bail by a court to a person charged with a serious offence
Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland
7654608
are owned by the state and social cooperative organizations. Article 12 defines the country as a "dictatorship of people's democracy" under the leadership of the WPK. It provides for civil and political rights, such as freedom of expression, the right to elect officials, the right to a fair trial, and freedom of religion. It asserts the right of every citizen to work, education, food, and healthcare. In practice, however, these rights are limited by Article 81, which requires that all citizens "firmly safeguard the political and ideological unity and solidarity of the people," and Article 82, which requires that citizens
Constitution of North Korea
3168946
amendment was therefore required to put the validity of these orders beyond question. The amendment renumbered Article 37 as Article 37.1 and inserted the following section as Article 37.2: The Sixth Amendment of the Constitution (Adoption) Bill 1978 was introduced by Fianna Fáil Minister for Justice Gerry Collins on 13 December 1978. It was supported by opposition parties Fine Gael and the Labour Party and it passed final stages in the Dáil on 28 February 1979. In the Seanad, Labour senators Justin Keating and Mary Robinson and Fine Gael senator Alexis FitzGerald proposed an amendment to include the words "notwithstanding
Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland
2028118
the state of Karnataka. The Indonesian constitution prohibits trying citizens under retroactive laws in any circumstance. This was tested in 2004 when the conviction of Masykur Abdul Kadir, one of the Bali bombers, under retroactive anti-terrorist legislation was quashed. "Ex post facto" laws, in all contexts, are prohibited by Article 169 (Chapter 11) of Iran's constitution. The imposition of retroactive criminal sanctions is prohibited by Article 15.5.1° of the Irish constitution. Retroactive changes of the civil law have also been found to violate the constitution when they would have resulted in the loss in a right to damages before the
Ex post facto law
13223403
state of emergency provisions for purely political purposes. The creation of public confidence in the rule of law established by the constitution posed one of the major challenges to the government in the late 1980s. The 1904 constitution, in Article 136, gave the United States the right to "intervene in any part of Panama, to reestablish public peace and constitutional order." Reflecting provisions of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, this confirmed Panama's status as a "de facto" protectorate of the United States. Article 136, along with other provisions of the Hay–Bunau-Varilla Treaty, such as that giving the United States the right to
Constitution of Panama
11695909
required by the state constitution. It remarked, however, that none of the basic alternative plans to equalize the ability of towns to finance education would require that all towns spend the same amount for the education of each student. Justices Bogdanski, Longo, and Barber concurred in the decision, and Justice Bogdanski filed a concurring opinion. Justice Loiselle dissented from the majority opinion, arguing that education is not a fundamental right in Connecticut and that Article Tenth of the constitution specifically authorized the legislature to delegate the responsibility of raising most of the funds for education to the towns. He did
Horton v. Meskill