when did the us drop the atomic bomb on hiroshima
August 6 , 1945
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by the Japanese government. At the time of the attack, the population was approximately 340,000–350,000. Residents wondered why Hiroshima had been spared destruction by firebombing. Some speculated that the city was to be saved for U.S. occupation headquarters, others thought perhaps their relatives in Hawaii and California had petitioned the U.S. government to avoid bombing Hiroshima. More realistic city officials had ordered buildings torn down to create long, straight firebreaks. These continued to be expanded and extended up to the morning of August 6, 1945. Hiroshima was the primary target of the first nuclear bombing mission on August 6, with
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Hiroshima maidens/atomic bomb maidens is not generally published separately. The Hiroshima Maidens have been the subject of a movie titled "Hiroshima Maiden" (1988), depicting a particular case of such a maiden and the American family with which she stayed. Hiroshima Maidens The Hiroshima Maidens are a group of 25 Japanese women who were school age girls when they were seriously disfigured as a result of the thermal flash of the fission bomb dropped on Hiroshima on the morning of August 6, 1945. They subsequently went on a highly publicized journey to get reconstructive surgery in the US in 1955. Keloid
Hiroshima Maidens
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and Heisenberg in Urfeld: All of the scientists expressed shock when informed of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Some first doubted that the report was genuine. They were told initially of an official announcement that an "atomic bomb" had been dropped on Hiroshima, with no mention of uranium or nuclear fission. Harteck said that he would have understood the words "uranium" or "nuclear (fission) bomb", but he had worked with atomic hydrogen and atomic oxygen and thought that American scientists might have succeeded in stabilising a high concentration of (separate) atoms; such a bomb would have
Operation Epsilon
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strike against the morale and culture of the Japanese people, many castles were intentionally bombed during World War II. The main towers of the castles at Nagoya, Osaka, Okayama, Fukuyama, Wakayama, Ōgaki, among others, were all destroyed during air raids. Hiroshima Castle is notable for having been destroyed in the atomic bomb blast on August 6, 1945. It was also on the grounds of Hiroshima Castle that news of the atomic bombing was first transmitted to Tokyo. When the atomic bomb detonated, a team of volunteer high school girls had just taken their shift on a radio in a small
Japanese castle
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Prefecture. Kokura was upgraded to city status in 1900. Kokura was the backup target for the "Little Boy" bomb on August 6, 1945, so if Hiroshima had been clouded over, the first atomic bomb would have been dropped on Kokura. Kokura was the primary target for the "Fat Man" bomb on August 9, 1945, but on the morning of the raid, the city was obscured by clouds and smoke from the firebombing of the neighboring city of Yahata the day before. Since the mission commander Major Charles Sweeney had orders to drop the bomb visually and not by radar, he
Kokura
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Shigeaki Mori Mori was a young boy in Hiroshima during World War II. When the city was destroyed with an atomic bomb on August 6, 1945, he was walking on a bridge and was thrown into a river. He saw a large number of badly wounded people that he was unable to help. An atomic bomb survivor, Mori has spent over 30 years researching and obtaining official recognition for United States aviators who were killed while being held as POWs in the Chugoku Military Police Headquarters, approximately 400m from the explosion's hypocenter in Hiroshima. He authored a book on the
Shigeaki Mori
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against the censors office by the US news media "Hiroshima" was not banned in Japan. The article begins on the morning of August 6, 1945, the day the atomic bomb was dropped, killing an estimated 135,000 people. The book begins with the following sentence: Hersey introduces the six characters: two doctors, a Protestant minister, a widowed seamstress, a young female factory worker and a German Catholic priest. It describes their mornings before the bomb was dropped. Through the book, the lives of these six people overlap as they share similar experiences. Each chapter covers a time period from the morning
Hiroshima (book)
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of mainland Japan would be even bloodier. The Japanese superbattleship "Yamato" was sunk en route to aid in the Battle of Okinawa. However, on August 6, 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb over Hiroshima, killing over 90,000 people. This was the first nuclear attack in history. On August 9 the Soviet Union declared war on Japan and invaded Manchukuo, and Nagasaki was struck by a second atomic bomb. The unconditional surrender of Japan was announced by Emperor Hirohito and communicated to the Allies on August 14, and broadcast on national radio on the following day, marking the end of
History of Japan
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Jacob Beser Jacob Beser (May 15, 1921 – June 16, 1992) was a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces who served during World War II. Beser was the radar specialist aboard the "Enola Gay" on August 6, 1945, when it dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, Beser was a crewmember aboard "Bockscar" when the Fat Man bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. He was the only person to have served as a strike crew member of both of the 1945 atomic bomb missions. Jacob Beser grew up in Baltimore, Maryland, where he attended the
Jacob Beser
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high school in America. His decorations include: Jacob Beser Jacob Beser (May 15, 1921 – June 16, 1992) was a lieutenant in the United States Army Air Forces who served during World War II. Beser was the radar specialist aboard the "Enola Gay" on August 6, 1945, when it dropped the Little Boy atomic bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, Beser was a crewmember aboard "Bockscar" when the Fat Man bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. He was the only person to have served as a strike crew member of both of the 1945 atomic bomb missions. Jacob Beser grew up
Jacob Beser
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Straight Flush Straight Flush was the name of a B-29 Superfortress (B-29-36-MO 44-27301, Victor number 85) that participated in the atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. Assigned to the 393d Bomb Squadron, 509th Composite Group, it was used as a weather reconnaissance plane and flew over the city before the attack to determine if conditions were favorable for a visual drop. Pilot Claude Eatherly later expressed remorse, received psychiatric hospitalization, and engaged in anti-nuclear activism, which may be the origin of urban legends that Eatherly, "Enola Gay" pilot Paul Tibbets, or other members of the two planes'
Straight Flush
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Hiroshima Hiroshima was the first city targeted by a nuclear weapon, when the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) dropped an atomic bomb on the city at 8:15 a.m. on August 6, 1945, near the end of World War II. Hiroshima was established on the delta coastline of the Seto Inland Sea in 1589 by powerful warlord Mōri Terumoto, who made it his capital after leaving Kōriyama Castle in Aki Province. Hiroshima Castle was quickly built, and in 1593 Mōri moved in. Terumoto was on the losing side at the Battle of Sekigahara. The winner of the battle, Tokugawa Ieyasu,
Hiroshima
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Experience 50 Years Later Chapter 1: Memoirs of A-bomb survivors Chapter 2: Concerned Citizens' Voices Chapter 3: Supportive Voices from Overseas Part Two: The Hiroshima Experience After 25 Years Chapter 4 Earlier Memoirs of A-bomb Experiences Chapter 5: Hiroshima Today A Roundtable Conference: The Victims Speak Voices of Hiroshima Citizens Chapter 6: Voices of the World Chapter 7: Messages from Foreign Leaders Hiroshima: In Memoriam and Today Hiroshima: In Memoriam and Today is a collection of stories of survivors of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. It was edited by Hitoshi Takayama. It also contains a number
Hiroshima: In Memoriam and Today
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Guam, where she arrived and entered Apra Harbor on 30 May. VC-93 was disembarked and Composite Squadron 90 (VC-90) embarked for transportation to Pearl Harbor. On 19 June, "Petrof Bay" moored at the Naval Operating Base, Terminal Island, San Pedro, California, for a general overhaul. She was undergoing the overhaul August 6, 1945 when the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima and remained in overhaul on August 9, 1945 when the second atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. "Petrof Bay" sailed for Pearl Harbor on 13 August 1945. Two days later Japan accepted the terms of the Potsdam Declaration.
USS Petrof Bay
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stated that, if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction." On 6 August 1945, the US dropped an atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima in the first nuclear attack in history. In a press release issued after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Truman warned Japan to surrender or "...expect a rain of ruin from the air, the like of which has never been seen on this earth." Three days later, on 9 August, the US dropped another atomic bomb on Nagasaki, the last nuclear attack in history. More than 140,000–240,000 people died as a
Pacific War
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had a single mission: to drop the atomic bomb. The group made history on 6 August 1945, when the B-29 Superfortress, "Enola Gay," piloted by Col Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. The B-29 "Bockscar," piloted by Maj Charles Sweeney flew over the Japanese mainland on 9 August 1945, and dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. The 509th Bomb Wing moved its people and equipment to Pease AFB, Portsmouth, NH. in August 1958. There, the wing continued to function as an integral part of SAC. By 1965, its B-47s for were scheduled for
509th Bomb Wing
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found, "the attacks upon Hiroshima and Nagasaki caused such severe and indiscriminate suffering that they did violate the most basic legal principles governing the conduct of war." In the opinion of the court, the act of dropping an atomic bomb on cities was at the time governed by international law found in the Hague Regulations on Land Warfare of 1907 and the Hague Draft Rules of Air Warfare of 1922–1923 and was therefore illegal. In the documentary "The Fog of War", former U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara recalls General Curtis LeMay, who relayed the Presidential order to drop
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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the Potsdam Declaration. With the support of most of his aides, Truman approved the schedule of the military's plans to drop atomic bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Hiroshima was bombed on August 6, and Nagasaki three days later, leaving approximately 135,000 dead; another 130,000 would die from radiation sickness and other bomb-related illnesses in the following five years. Japan agreed to surrender on August 10, on the condition that Emperor Hirohito would not forced to abdicate; after some internal debate, Truman accepted these terms of surrender. The decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Presidency of Harry S. Truman
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War II, then-colonel Blanchard was directed to prepare and supervise the detailed operations order for the delivery of the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. He was the backup pilot for the Hiroshima A-bomb drop, which was ultimately delivered by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Commanding Officer of the 509th Atomic Bombardment Group or Wing. After the war, on January 20, 1946, Blanchard became Commanding Officer of the 509th, succeeding Tibbetts. By this time, post-war demobilization had reduced the 509th to a skeleton crew. But Blanchard and the 509th were immediately ordered to commence operations for the "Operation Crossroads" atomic tests at
William H. Blanchard
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mentions history of warfare weapons, up to the new atomic bomb. Eventually, Truman authorizes the bombing of Hiroshima. The crew from Enola Gay is seen on their way to the skies over Hiroshima, and then drop the bomb. The book describes in detail what happens: "The effect was like this: The heat and the light hit before the sound. Now, in a world without sight or sound, a wave of air traveling at more than 800 miles per hour sweeps outwards in all directions. In its wake comes the earth-trembling roar of the atmosphere aflame. The blast is so hot
Trinity: A Graphic History of the First Atomic Bomb
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dropping an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, the Oppenheimer-led Scientific Panel of the Interim Committee decided against a demonstration bomb and against a special leaflet warning. Those decisions were implemented because of the uncertainty of a successful detonation and also because of the wish to maximize shock in the leadership. No warning was given to Hiroshima that a new and much more destructive bomb was going to be dropped. Various sources gave conflicting information about when the last leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima prior to the atomic bomb. Robert Jay Lifton wrote that it was July 27, and Theodore H. McNelly
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Minister Shinzō Abe for attacking Japan's postwar commitment to pacifism. In 2015 he and other atomic bomb survivors asked Abe to drop the unpopular security bills then being passed by Abe's administration. In May 2016 he met US President Barack Obama, who was the first sitting US president to visit Hiroshima. Sunao Tsuboi Born and raised in Hiroshima, as a child Tsuboi was interested in maths and science and wished to be an inventor. He was the fourth of five brothers. His two eldest brothers went to war in China and didn't return. In 1945 he was a student of
Sunao Tsuboi
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Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims is one of the National Memorial Halls in Hiroshima, Japan. The Hall was founded by the Japanese national government to mourn the atomic bomb victims in 2002. It was designed by Kenzo Tange. There is another National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims in Nagasaki built for the same purpose. The Hall is in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park near Hiroshima Peace Memorial across the "Motoyasu River" by "Motoyasu Bridge". The Hall curators are collecting atomic bomb memories and
Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
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abolish and eliminate nuclear weapons by the year 2020. On May 27, 2016, Barack Obama visited Hiroshima, being the first sitting president of the United States to visit since the drop of the atomic bomb. Schedule Hiroshima is situated on the Ōta River delta, on Hiroshima Bay, facing the Seto Inland Sea on its south side. The river's six channels divide Hiroshima into several islets. Hiroshima has a humid subtropical climate characterized by cool to mild winters and hot humid summers. Like much of the rest of Japan, Hiroshima experiences a seasonal temperature lag in summer; with August rather than
Hiroshima
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Harbor, when he heard news of the explosion of the atomic bomb over Hiroshima. He resigned from the US Naval Reserve a month before becoming eligible for his pension. In 1948, Bigelow's wife, Sylvia, joined the Religious Society of Friends. Bigelow joined in 1955. It was through the Society of Friends that Albert and Sylvia came to house two of the Hiroshima Maidens: young Japanese women, severely disfigured by the effects of the atomic bomb, who were brought to the United States to undergo plastic surgery in 1955. Bigelow was humbled by the experience, in particular by his realization that
Albert Bigelow
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stories from the survivors to mourn the victims, as the survivors are aging. They are also collecting names and photographs of atomic bomb victims for the same purpose and for the same reason. From the collection, they are developing a project to "read the stories of the atomic bombing". Admission is free of charge. Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims is one of the National Memorial Halls in Hiroshima, Japan. The Hall was founded by the Japanese national government to mourn the atomic bomb victims in
Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims
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order to drop the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945, hoping that the destruction of the city would break Japanese resolve and end the war. A second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on 9 August after it appeared that the Japanese high command was not planning to surrender. Approximately 140,000 people died in Hiroshima from the bomb and its aftereffects by the end of 1945, and approximately 74,000 in Nagasaki. V-J Day which occurred on 15 August 1945 marked the end of the United States' war with the Empire of Japan. Since Japan was the last remaining
Military history of the United States during World War II
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student. Ground Zero 1945: Pictures by Atomic Bomb Survivors. Essay by John W. Dower. These drawings and paintings by Japanese survivors of the atomic bomb were created more than a quarter century after the bombs fell on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. Images courtesy Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. Ground Zero 1945: A Schoolboy's Story. Testimony of Hiroshima survivor Akihiro Takahashi, Illustrations by Goro Shikoku. A survivor recounts the day the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, with illustrations by a Hiroshima artist. This unit is bilingual. Images courtesy Hiroshima Peace Institute. On April 23, 2006,the MIT main website homepage
Visualizing Cultures (website)
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flown by Sweeney and crew C-15 in three test drop rehearsals of inert Fat Man assemblies in the eight days leading up to the second mission, including the final rehearsal the day before. "The Great Artiste", which was the assigned aircraft of the crew with whom Sweeney most often flew, had been designated in preliminary planning to drop the second bomb, but the aircraft had been fitted with observation instruments for the Hiroshima mission. Moving the instrumentation from "The Great Artiste" to "Bockscar" would have been a complex and time-consuming process, and when the second atomic bomb mission was moved
Bockscar
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written that could be of more important at this moment to the human race." Published a little more than a year after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, the American public was shown a different interpretation of the Japanese from what had been previously described in the media. The Americans could let go of some of the guilt knowing that the Japanese did not blame them for this terrible act of war. After reading "Hiroshima," a Manhattan Project scientist wrote that he wept as he remembered how he had celebrated the dropping of the atomic bomb. Scientists along with
Hiroshima (book)
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museum was renovated in 1994 and is now divided into two sections. The East Wing—the newest addition—explains the history of Hiroshima City before the bomb, development and decision to drop the bomb, the lives of Hiroshima citizens during World War II and after the bombing, and ends with information about the nuclear age and efforts for international peace. Included in this section is a model showing the damage done to the city. It has some important letters exchanged between scientists and top leaders of that era talking about atomic development and predicted result of its use. The West Wing, which
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum
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the unprecedented nature of the catastrophe ... but also by the fact that public struggle with this traumatic experience was not permitted.'" The US occupation authorities maintained a monopoly on scientific and medical information about the effects of the atomic bomb through the work of the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission, which treated the data gathered in studies of hibakusha as privileged information rather than making the results available for the treatment of victims or providing financial or medical support to aid victims. The book "Hiroshima" by John Hersey was originally featured in article form and published in the magazine "The
Hiroshima
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debate on the use of the bomb. In the second half of the documentary, Patwardhan travels to Japan to interview the "hibakusha", survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by the United States. The film then moves to the United States, where Patwardhan interviews curators of the Smithsonian Institution. The curators describe how the United States Congress blocked an attempt to create an exhibition on the American use of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and the effects of nuclear weapons. A postscript to the film shows the September 11 attacks, and the response of the US. The documentary
War and Peace (2002 film)
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for information regarding AFWs and allowed to stay in South Japan. There are no references to this in the EU and US versions. Also, unlike what is written in the story of English versions, the United States did bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki and afterwards invaded Japan with Operation Downfall. In the EU and US versions, the game does not mention the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, although they still mention nuclear weapons, and them being used in locations in Japan like Kujukuri. "Ring of Red" has received a mixture of praises and criticisms. GameRankings lists it at 77%. Metacritic
Ring of Red
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Children's Peace Monument The is a monument for peace to commemorate Sadako Sasaki and the thousands of child victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. This monument is located in Hiroshima, Japan. Sadako Sasaki, a young girl, died of leukemia from radiation of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. The monument is located in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima, Japan. Designed by native artists Kazuo Kikuchi and Kiyoshi Ikebe, the monument was built using money derived from a fund-raising campaign by Japanese school children, including Sadako Sasaki's classmates, with the main statue entitled ""Atomic Bomb
Children's Peace Monument
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as a reason for surrender is a long-standing view among some Japanese historians, and has appeared in some Japanese junior high school textbooks. Notably however, the Soviet Navy was well regarded as chronically lacking the naval capability to invade the home islands of Japan, despite having received numerous ships under loan from the US. The argument about the Soviet role in Japan's surrender has a connection with the argument about the Soviet role in America's decision to drop the bomb: both arguments emphasize the importance of the Soviet Union. The former suggests that Japan surrendered to the US out of
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Tokyo. His wife Sachiyo and third son Shinobu came to live in Hiroshima in April and in June 1945, respectively. On 3 August, three days before the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Senkichi and Sachiyo Awaya invited their 3-year-old granddaughter Ayako Sakama. When the United States Army Air Forces dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Senkichi Awaya was eating breakfast with Shinobu and Ayako. All of them are believed to have died instantly after the bombing. The city officials who had survived the bomb began to gather at the city office that afternoon, but the mayor was still missing. The city's
Senkichi Awaya
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of Barack Obama’s declaration of US abstinence of nuclear weapons against a nation that did not have them, showing that most Americans have a conflicted view on use of atomic force. Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki concerns the ethical, legal, and military controversies surrounding the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on 6 August and 9 August 1945 at the close of World War II (1939–45). The Soviet Union declared war on Japan an hour before 9 August and invaded Manchuria at one minute past midnight;
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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war, the role of Hiroshima in the war up to the bombing, and extensive information on the bombing and its effects, along with substantial memorabilia and pictures from the bombing. The building also has views of the Memorial Cenotaph, Peace Flame, and A-Bomb Dome. International Conference Center Hiroshima is in the Peace Park, west side of the main building of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. The Hiroshima National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims is an effort by the Japanese national government to remember and mourn the sacred sacrifice of the atomic bomb victims. It is also an
Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park
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Enola Gay The Enola Gay () is a Boeing B-29 Superfortress bomber, named after Enola Gay Tibbets, the mother of the pilot, Colonel Paul Tibbets. On 6 August 1945, during the final stages of World War II, it became the first aircraft to drop an atomic bomb. The bomb, code-named "Little Boy", was targeted at the city of Hiroshima, Japan, and caused the near-complete destruction of the city. "Enola Gay" participated in the second atomic attack as the weather reconnaissance aircraft for the primary target of Kokura. Clouds and drifting smoke resulted in a secondary target, Nagasaki, being bombed instead.
Enola Gay
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still did not see such reactions as a practical source of power, due to the energy cost of accelerating reaction particles. After the very public demonstration of huge energies released from nuclear fission after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, the equation became directly linked in the public eye with the power and peril of nuclear weapons. The equation was featured as early as page 2 of the Smyth Report, the official 1945 release by the US government on the development of the atomic bomb, and by 1946 the equation was linked closely enough with Einstein's work
Mass–energy equivalence
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transferred to Hiroshima, where he planned to study for four years. In 1945, Abdul Razak was a 19-year-old student attending Hiroshima Bunn University, which is now part of the present-day Hiroshima University, as part of the "Greater East Asia Co-prosperity programme." He had been in Hiroshima for just seven months at the time of the atomic bombing. Abdul Razak was at a university lecture in a classroom on 6 August 1945, when the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima just 1.5 km from his location. Abdul Razak lost consciousness as the building collapsed on top of him and awoke to
Abdul Razak Abdul Hamid
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flew over the Japanese city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū and dropped a gun-type uranium-235 atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on it. Two other B-29 aircraft were airborne nearby for the purposes of instrumentation and photography. When the planes first approached Hiroshima, Japanese anti-aircraft units in the city initially thought they were reconnaissance aircraft, since they were ordered not to shoot at one or few aircraft that did not pose a threat, in order to conserve their ammunition for large-scale air raids. The bomb killed roughly 90,000–166,000 people; half of these died quickly while the other half
Strategic bombing during World War II
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the British scientists' contributions to the Manhattan Project, but stated that the United States would have succeeded without them. He considered British assistance "helpful but not vital", but at the same time, acknowledged that "without active and continuing British interest, there probably would have been no atomic bomb to drop on Hiroshima." He considered Britain's key contributions to have been encouragement and support at the intergovernmental level, scientific aid, the production of powdered nickel in Wales, and preliminary studies and laboratory work. Cooperation did not long survive the war. Roosevelt died on 12 April 1945, and the Hyde Park Agreement
British contribution to the Manhattan Project
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would not only result in "an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization". Commenting on the use of the atomic bomb, then-U.S. Secretary of War Henry L. Stimson stated, "The atomic bomb was more than a weapon of terrible destruction; it was a psychological weapon." In 1959, Mitsuo Fuchida, the pilot who led the first wave in the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, met with General Paul Tibbets, who piloted the "Enola Gay" that dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, and told him that: Some historians see
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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wartime." In early July 1945, on his way to Potsdam, Truman had re-examined the decision to use the bomb. In the end, he made the decision to drop the atomic bombs on strategic cities. His stated intention in ordering the bombings was to save American lives, to bring about a quick resolution of the war by inflicting destruction, and instilling fear of further destruction, sufficient to cause Japan to surrender. In his speech to the Japanese people presenting his reasons for surrender on August 15, the Emperor referred specifically to the atomic bombs, stating if they continued to fight it
Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Germany-occupied [[puppet state]] and an Allies-friendly state in the South; Germany surrendered in May 1945. Following the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]], [[surrender of Japan|Japan surrendered]], marking the end of the war on September 2, 1945. [[File:Underwater Atomic Bomb Test At Bikini Atoll.webm|alt=Atomic Bomb underwater testing, 1946|left|thumb|Atomic Bomb Test, 1946. The use of Nuclear strikes on Hiroshima and Nagasaki brought WWII to an abrupt end.]] [[File:Roosevelt Pearl Harbor.ogg|thumb|U.S President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Franklin Roosevelt]] declaring war on the [[Empire of Japan|Japanese Empire]] in the aftermath of the [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|Pearl Harbor Attack]]. Captions provided]] [[File:Trumann hiroshima.ogg|thumb|Excerpt of [[President of
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to Hiroshima and Nagasaki that assessed the extent of the damage caused by the bombs. The "Smyth Report" was issued by the US War Department on 12 August 1945, giving the story of the atomic bomb and including the technical details that could now be made public. It made few references to the British contribution to the bomb, and a White Paper, "Statements Relating to the Atomic Bomb" was hurriedly drafted by Michael Perrin. This account was issued just after Attlee had replaced Churchill as Prime Minister, and was the only official statement on the British contribution for fifteen years.
Tube Alloys
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explosion's effects, it did not give an appreciable understanding of nuclear fallout, which was not well understood by the project scientists until well after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The United States conducted six atomic tests before the Soviet Union developed their first atomic bomb (RDS-1) and tested it on August 29, 1949. Neither country had very many atomic weapons to spare at first, and so testing was relatively infrequent (when the U.S. used two weapons for "Operation Crossroads" in 1946, they were detonating over 20% of their current arsenal). However, by the 1950s the United States had
Nuclear weapons testing
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showed a higher prevalence of anxiety and somatization symptoms. Perhaps as many as 200 people from Hiroshima sought refuge in Nagasaki. The 2006 documentary "Twice Survived: The Doubly Atomic Bombed of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" documented 165 "nijū hibakusha (lit. double explosion-affected people)", nine of whom claimed to be in the blast zone in both cities. On March 24, 2009, the Japanese government officially recognized Tsutomu Yamaguchi as a double "hibakusha". He was confirmed to be from ground zero in Hiroshima on a business trip when the bomb was detonated. He was seriously burnt on his left side and spent the
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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Life" with Ralph Edwards. He was surprised to meet Captain Robert Lewis, the co-pilot of the "Enola Gay". The publication of the article placed Hiroshima and the atomic bomb at the heart of the nuclear war debate. In "Hiroshima in History and Memory," Michael J. Hogan writes that "Hiroshima" created a realization of the magnitude of the event and an entrance into the analysis of the event. It put forward three issues that before had not been faced: the force of modern science, the bomb and the future of nuclear weapons. The events of the dropping of the atomic bomb
Hiroshima (book)
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theory, alongside Isaak Pomeranchuk. Despite early and accelerated efforts, it was reported by historians that efforts on building a bomb using weapon-grade uranium seemed hopeless to Russian scientists. Igor Kurchatov had harboured doubts working towards the uranium bomb, made progress on a bomb using weapon-grade plutonium after British data was provided by the NKVD. The situation dramatically changed when the Soviet Union learned of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, which eventually led to the unilateral surrender of Japan to the United States, ending the war in Asia. Immediately after the atomic bombing, the Soviet Politburo took
Soviet atomic bomb project
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the ancestors of the Sakhalin Koreans. Most Korean atomic-bomb victims in Japan were drafted for work at military industrial factories in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In the name of humanitarian assistance, Japan paid South Korea four billion yen (approx. thirty five million dollars) and built a welfare center for those suffering from the effects of the atomic bomb. Japan did not draft ethnic Koreans into its military until 1944 when the tide of WW II turned dire. Until 1944, enlistment in the Imperial Japanese Army by ethnic Koreans was voluntary, and highly competitive. From a 14% acceptance rate in 1938, it
Korea under Japanese rule
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Human Shadow Etched in Stone Human Shadow Etched in Stone () is an exhibition at the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. It is thought to be the outline of a person who was sitting at the entrance of Hiroshima Branch of Sumitomo Bank when the atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima. It is also known as Human Shadow of Death. According to the museum, it is thought that the person had been sitting on the stone step waiting for the bank to open when the heat from the bomb burned the surrounding stone white and left their shadow. A black deposit
Human Shadow Etched in Stone
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Gay, a Boeing B-29 Superfortress piloted by Colonel Paul Tibbets, dropped an atomic bomb (code-named Little Boy by the U.S.) on the city of Hiroshima in southwest Honshū. Throughout the day, confused reports reached Tokyo that Hiroshima had been the target of an air raid, which had leveled the city with a "blinding flash and violent blast". Later that day, they received U.S. President Truman's broadcast announcing the first use of an atomic bomb, and promising: The Japanese Army and Navy had their own independent atomic-bomb programs and therefore the Japanese understood enough to know how very difficult building it
Surrender of Japan
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atomic bomb delivery techniques. The squadron carried out two Atomic Bombing missions over Japan in August 1945, being the only squadron in the world to ever carry out and deliver nuclear weapons in combat. Dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan, on 6 August 1945, and the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki, Japan, on 9 August 1945. Reassigned to the United States in November 1945, becoming part of Continental Air Forces (later Strategic Air Command). Deployed to Kwajalein in 1946 to carry out Operation Crossroads atomic bomb tests on Bikini Atoll in July. Began upgrading to the new Boeing
393d Bomb Squadron
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other students from Southeast Asia, and they were sent to study at the Hiroshima University of Arts and Sciences. Hiroshima up to that time had not been heavily bombed. He went to Japan as a scholarship student during the Pacific War, when Indonesia was under Japanese occupation, and found himself in Hiroshima in 1945, when the city was hit by an atomic bomb. Of the five hundred students in the university lecture theatre when the bomb exploded, only he and a Thai student survived. Physically he was not severely injured, but later developed radiation sickness. He remained in Japan for
Arifin Bey
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Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum The is in the city of Nagasaki, Japan. The museum is a remembrance to the atomic bombing of Nagasaki by the United States of America 9 August 1945 at 11:02:35 am. Next to the museum is the Nagasaki National Peace Memorial Hall for the Atomic Bomb Victims, built in 2003. The bombing marked a new era in war, making Nagasaki a symbolic location for a memorial. The counterpart in Hiroshima is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum. These locations symbolize the nuclear age, remind visitors of the vast destruction and indiscriminate death caused by nuclear weapons, and
Nagasaki Atomic Bomb Museum
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Streetcar service started in 1912, was interrupted by the atomic bomb, and was restored as soon as was practical. (Service between Koi/Nishi Hiroshima and Tenma-cho was started up three days after the bombing.) Streetcars and light rail vehicles are still rolling down Hiroshima's streets, including streetcars 651 and 652, which survived the atomic blast and are among the older streetcars in the system. When Kyoto and Fukuoka discontinued their trolley systems, Hiroshima bought them up at discounted prices, and, by 2011, the city had 298 streetcars, more than any other city in Japan. Hiroshima is served by Japan National Route
Hiroshima
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atomic bomb as soon as weather would permit. The Japanese cities of Hiroshima, Kokura, Niigata and Nagasaki were potential targets. President Harry S. Truman gave his final go-ahead from the Potsdam Conference on 31 July. On 6 August the atomic attack began with a flight of three special reconnaissance F-13As (RB-29s) which took off to report the weather over the primary and secondary targets. Col. Tibbets followed in his B-29 aircraft, "Enola Gay", an hour later, accompanied by two other B-29s which would observe the drop. While on the way to Japan, Major Claude Eatherly, flying "Straight Flush", radioed that
Twentieth Air Force
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a modern power with an imperial army. Japan then began to extend its empire and seize various Pacific islands and parts of Russia. This militarism carried over to the 1920s when Japan invaded China, to the 1930s when Japan joined the Axis powers, and finally into the 1940s when Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. In 1945, the historic drop of two atomic bombs by the US on Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in the disastrous outcomes that ultimately forced retreat. The US then occupied Japan from 1945 to 1952 under General Douglas MacArthur. A new constitution took effect in 1947 according to
Childbirth in Japan
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Koko Kondo , birth name Koko Tanimoto, is a prominent atomic bomb survivor, and is the daughter of Kiyoshi Tanimoto, a Methodist minister famous for his work for the Hiroshima Maidens. Both appear in John Hersey's book, "Hiroshima". In 1955, both appeared on the popular television program "This Is Your Life" where they were placed in the uncomfortable position of meeting with Captain Robert A. Lewis, copilot of the "Enola Gay", which dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima. The video of this episode is available online. Kondo has espoused global peace in such places as Iraq, and speaks frequently
Koko Kondo
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commanded by Tibbets. Albury measured the levels of radioactivity and magnitude of the atomic bomb from his plane. He would later state in an interview with Time Magazine, "When Tibbets dropped the bomb, we dropped our instruments and made our left turn. Then this bright light hit us and the top of that mushroom cloud was the most terrifying, but also the most beautiful, thing you've ever seen in your life. Every color in the rainbow seemed to be coming out of it." On August 9, 1945, just three days after the bombing of Hiroshima, Sweeney's crew, with Albury as
Charles Donald Albury
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near Hiroshima and launched May 5, 1954. It was designed by Dr. Earle L. Reynolds (1910–1998), an anthropologist who had been sent to Hiroshima by the National Academy of Sciences to research the effects of the first atomic bomb on the physical growth and development of surviving Japanese children (1951–1954). In Oriental mythology the Phoenix is a bird which appears only in time of universal peace. Dr. Reynolds patterned the , double-ended ketch on the Colin Archer design used for sturdy Norwegian fishing vessels. The boat rose symbolically from the ashes of the city destroyed by the first atomic bomb
Phoenix of Hiroshima
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of atomic bombs, and the 509th Composite Group of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) was equipped with the specialized Silverplate version of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress that could deliver them from Tinian in the Mariana Islands. Orders for atomic bombs to be used on four Japanese cities were issued on July 25. On August 6, one of its B-29s dropped a Little Boy uranium gun-type bomb on Hiroshima. Three days later, on August 9, a Fat Man plutonium implosion-type bomb was dropped by another B-29 on Nagasaki. The bombs immediately devastated their targets. Over the next two to
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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nine seconds at the bombing in Hiroshima. Three days after the bombing in Hiroshima, United States of America dropped a second atomic bomb in Nagasaki, Japan with the same devastating outcomes. The nuclear weapon released a catastrophic load of energy. The temperature once the bombs were blasted reached about 7200°F. With temperature that high, all the flora and fauna are destroyed along with the infrastructure and human life in the impact zone. When the atomic bomb was dropped, it released enormous quantity of energy and radioactive particles. The radioactive particles released contaminated the land and water for miles. The initial
Environmental impact of war
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Shuntaro Hida Shuntaro Hida (1 January 1917 – 20 March 2017) was a Japanese physician who was an eyewitness when the "Little Boy" atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima by the "Enola Gay" on 6 August 1945. He treated survivors as a medical doctor and wrote about the effects of radiation on the human body. The night before the bomb was dropped 28-year-old Dr. Hida left the Hiroshima Military Hospital where he was stationed as an army medical officer to attend to a sick child in the village of Hesaka. He was therefore approximately 6 kilometers from ground zero when
Shuntaro Hida
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Duke University Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. He then returned to the University of Chicago in 1955 to complete a fellowship in hematology (research on iron enzymes and preleukemia), and he was appointed to the faculty as instructor in 1957 and assistant professor of medicine in 1958. In 1959, he was appointed Chief of Hematology and Research Associate at the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, where he did research on anemia, leukopenia, myelodysplasia in atomic bomb survivors, and adopted Mitsunori, a Japanese orphan. He returned to the University of Chicago in 1961-1966 as an assistant professor
Kekuni Blaisdell
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to receive medical treatment, but this move is said to have been derailed by the US government. Moreover, when the women traveled to the US, three Hiroshima surgeons came along, to study the American plastic surgery techniques. This medical training was done free of charge. Presumably there were as many scarred boys as there were girls from the Little Boy bomb at Hiroshima, who also could not marry, and who were forced to live in the "twilight society of Hiroshima". They did not receive the same level of media and medical attention received as by the young women. The use
Hiroshima Maidens
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bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses around Kokura, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese antiaircraft fire was getting close, and Second Lieutenant Jacob Beser, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands. After three runs over the city, and with fuel running low because of the failed fuel pump, "Bockscar" and "The Great Artiste" headed for their secondary target, Nagasaki. Fuel consumption calculations made en route indicated that "Bockscar"
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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shall apply only to "atomic bomb survivors" who have a place of residence or a current residence in Japan, if an "atomic bomb survivor" moves his/her place of residence outside the territory of Japan, the said Act shall not apply to such "atomic bomb survivor" and he/she shall forfeit the right to receive health management allowance, etc. the Act on Relief for Atomic Bomb Survivors was enacted in a manner so as to integrate the Two Acts for Atomic Bomb Survivors This notice abolished the rule of administrative treatment resulting in forfeiture of right under Directive No. 402. The Hiroshima
Overseas Hibakusha Case
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down by a white supremacist, Obama went to the College of Charleston to deliver eulogy for senator Pinckney while addressing bigger issues about race relations and civil rights in the United States. On December 6, 2015, after a terrorist attack on San Bernardino, California, Obama delivered a live Address to the Nation by the President from the Oval Office. On May 27, 2016 Obama became the first sitting US President to visit Hiroshima, bombed by the US in 1945. He made a speech at the Hiroshima Peace Park to a small audience of around 100 people, including hibakusha, (atomic bomb
Speeches of Barack Obama
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Tibbets, Jr. at the controls. Tinian was approximately away from Japan, so it took six hours to reach the target at Hiroshima. The Little Boy atomic bomb was dropped over Hiroshima at 08:15 local time. Tibbets recalled that the city was covered with a tall mushroom cloud after the bomb was dropped. "Big Stink" was a backup aircraft for the Hiroshima bombing; it was used for strike observation and photographic purposes for the Nagasaki bombing. Operations Order No. 35 Operations Order No. 35 was an order issued by the 509th Composite Group on August 5, 1945 for the atomic bombing
Operations Order No. 35
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Original Child Bomb Original Child Bomb is a 2004 documentary about the aftermath of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The film premiered at the 2004 Tribeca Film Festival and was aired on many stations on August 6, 2005, the 60th anniversary of the bombings. The title of the film was inspired by Thomas Merton's poem of the same name, which is quoted throughout the film. The documentary employs color footage that had previously been labeled top secret by the US government. The 2005 airing of "Original Child Bomb" was the most extensive exposure to date of this footage
Original Child Bomb
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by Col. Paul Tibbets. It is the first use of atomic weapons in combat. (Atomic bombing of Hiroshima) August 8, 1945 The Soviet Union declares war on Japan against the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact. August 9, 1945 Second, and more powerful plutonium implosion atomic bomb, Fat Man, is dropped on Nagasaki from a different "Silverplate" B-29 named "Bockscar", flown by Maj. Charles Sweeney (Atomic bombing of Nagasaki) August 9, 1945 Soviet Armies launch the Soviet invasion of Manchuria. August 10, 1945 The 38th Parallel is set as the delineation between the Soviet and US occupation zones in Korea. August 14, 1945
End of World War II in Asia
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that during the five second chase, the RNA primer was removed by DNA polymerase I, and the bases were joined together by DNA ligase, leaving the newly synthesized DNA fully mature and repaired. Reiji Okazaki Okazaki was born in Hiroshima, Japan. He graduated in 1953 from Nagoya University, and worked as a professor there after 1963. He died of leukemia (sequelae of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima) in 1975 at the age of 44; he had been heavily irradiated in Hiroshima when the first atomic bomb was dropped. In 1968, Okazaki discovered the way in which the lagging strand of DNA
Reiji Okazaki
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Reiji Okazaki Okazaki was born in Hiroshima, Japan. He graduated in 1953 from Nagoya University, and worked as a professor there after 1963. He died of leukemia (sequelae of Atomic bombings of Hiroshima) in 1975 at the age of 44; he had been heavily irradiated in Hiroshima when the first atomic bomb was dropped. In 1968, Okazaki discovered the way in which the lagging strand of DNA is replicated via fragments, now called Okazaki fragments. The experiments by his group used "E. coli". After introducing T-thymidine for only ten seconds to "E. coli" during DNA replication, he placed the sample
Reiji Okazaki
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have folded in honor of Sadako and the others. The paper crane is a symbol of peace, which was her last dying wish. Children's Peace Monument The is a monument for peace to commemorate Sadako Sasaki and the thousands of child victims of the atomic bombing of Hiroshima. This monument is located in Hiroshima, Japan. Sadako Sasaki, a young girl, died of leukemia from radiation of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on 6 August 1945. The monument is located in Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Hiroshima, Japan. Designed by native artists Kazuo Kikuchi and Kiyoshi Ikebe, the monument was
Children's Peace Monument
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the Hongkou ghetto meant the Jews were not isolated. Nevertheless, economic conditions worsened; psychological adjustment to ghettoization was difficult; the winter of 1943 was severe and hunger was widespread. The US air raids on Shanghai began in 1944. There were no bomb shelters in Hongkou as the water table was close to the surface. The most devastating raid started on July 17, 1945, and was the first attack on Hongkou. The bombings by the US 7th Air Force continued daily until the Atomic Bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, which ended the air raids. Refugees in the ghetto, improvised their own
Shanghai Ghetto
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the American public felt shame and guilt at the suffering of the people of Hiroshima. As voiced by witnesses in "Hiroshima", the people of Hiroshima did not blame the Americans for the infliction but instead their own government. Many Japanese believe that the dropping of the atomic bomb saved Japan and it was widely thought that the Japanese Government would have destroyed the entire country before losing the war. The 31,000 word article was published later the same year by Alfred A. Knopf as a book. Hersey's work is often cited as one of the earliest examples of New Journalism
Hiroshima (book)
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the direction of the program. However, Molotov proved to be a weak administrator, and the program stagnated. In contrast to American military administration in their atomic bomb project, the Russians' program was directed by political dignitaries such as Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria, Georgii Malenkov, and Mikhail Pervukhin — there were no military members. After the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the program's leadership changed, when Stalin appointed Lavrentiy Beria on 22 August 1945. Beria is noted for leadership that helped the program to its final implementation. The new Committee, under Beria, retained Georgii Malenkov and added Nikolai Voznesensky and Boris
Soviet atomic bomb project
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No More Hiroshima No More Hiroshima is a 1984 National Film Board of Canada documentary about two survivors of the 1945 atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima, who are among a small group of Japanese who risk ostracism in their country by identifying themselves as hibakusha: survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The 26-minute documentary by Martin Duckworth follows the survivors on their mission to New York City as part of the Japanese peace movement at the second United Nations Special Session on Disarmament held in June, 1982. This 26 minute film received the Genie Award for Best
No More Hiroshima
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Force 313th Bombardment Wing, stationed at North Field, Tinian, in the Mariana Islands. Operations of the group, however, were controlled by Headquarters, USAAF with the 313th Bomb Wing providing logistical support. The 509th CG made history on 6 August 1945, when the B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay," piloted by Colonel Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. The B-29 "Bockscar," piloted by Major Charles Sweeney visited the Japanese mainland on 9 August 1945 and dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki. In November 1945, the group returned to the United States and was assigned to Roswell
509th Operations Group
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of the Atomic Bomb") was published in 1951. Tōge died at the age of 36 in the operating room in Hiroshima. His first-hand experience with the atomic bomb, his passion for peace and his realistic insight into the event made him the leading poet in Hiroshima. Robert Jungk, "Children of the Ashes", Eng. ed. 1961 Sankichi Tōge He was born Mitsuyoshi Tōge in Osaka as the youngest son of Ki'ichi Tōge, a successful manufacturer of bricks. From the start Tōge was a sickly child, suffering from asthma and periodic vomiting. He graduated from Hiroshima Prefecture's school of commerce in 1935,
Sankichi Tōge
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Short Documentary at the 7th Genie Awards. The idea for the film was originally suggested by Duckworth's father-in-law, an historian and activist who was in touch with the peace movement in Japan. No More Hiroshima No More Hiroshima is a 1984 National Film Board of Canada documentary about two survivors of the 1945 atomic bomb attack on Hiroshima, who are among a small group of Japanese who risk ostracism in their country by identifying themselves as hibakusha: survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The 26-minute documentary by Martin Duckworth follows the survivors on their mission to New
No More Hiroshima
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1970s so that nuclear power could be freely developed, with no concern for public health." He died from pneumonia on 20 March 2017 at the age of 100. Shuntaro Hida Shuntaro Hida (1 January 1917 – 20 March 2017) was a Japanese physician who was an eyewitness when the "Little Boy" atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima by the "Enola Gay" on 6 August 1945. He treated survivors as a medical doctor and wrote about the effects of radiation on the human body. The night before the bomb was dropped 28-year-old Dr. Hida left the Hiroshima Military Hospital where he
Shuntaro Hida
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Floyd Schmoe Floyd W. Schmoe (September 21, 1895 – April 20, 2001) was a Quaker, pacifist and author living in the Seattle, Washington area for most of his life. Floyd Schmoe was a stretcher bearer during World War I. He did not fight because he was a pacifist and conscientious objector based on his Quaker faith. He did not take part in World War II. After World War II he went to Hiroshima, Japan, and helped rebuild houses that were destroyed by the atomic bomb. He built 21 homes from 1949 to 1953 in Hiroshima financed by funds from the
Floyd Schmoe
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Kazumi Matsui. Floyd Schmoe Floyd W. Schmoe (September 21, 1895 – April 20, 2001) was a Quaker, pacifist and author living in the Seattle, Washington area for most of his life. Floyd Schmoe was a stretcher bearer during World War I. He did not fight because he was a pacifist and conscientious objector based on his Quaker faith. He did not take part in World War II. After World War II he went to Hiroshima, Japan, and helped rebuild houses that were destroyed by the atomic bomb. He built 21 homes from 1949 to 1953 in Hiroshima financed by funds
Floyd Schmoe
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met on Chichi Jima in 2002 in a symbolic reunion of veterans from both sides of the conflict. Iwatake lost his youngest brother in the Hiroshima atomic bomb attack. The youngest brother, attending school, was 500 yards from ground zero. Reportedly, the only thing left was a US Army canteen, as the youngest brother was vaporized in the atomic attack. Iwatake's uncle, Dr. Hiroshi Iwatake, was badly burned in the atomic explosion, but regained his health and lived into the 1980s. Dr. Hiroshi Iwatake's true story is recounted in the 1966 (1969 Kodansha English translation by John Bester) historical novel
Nobuaki Iwatake
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to serve as a communications officer had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi, when the bomb exploded. She used a special phone to inform Fukuyama Headquarters (some away) that "Hiroshima has been attacked by a new type of bomb. The city is in a state of near-total destruction." Since Mayor Senkichi Awaya had been killed while eating breakfast with his son and granddaughter at the mayoral residence, Field Marshal Hata, who was only slightly wounded, took over the administration of the city, and coordinated relief efforts. Many of his staff had
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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commander and Van Kirk as the group navigator. From November 1944 to June 1945 they trained continually for the first atomic bomb drop, which occurred 6 August 1945. The thirteen-hour mission to Hiroshima began at 02:45 hrs in the morning Tinian time. By the time they rendezvoused with their accompanying B-29s at 0607 hrs over Iwo Jima, the group was three hours from the target area. As they approached the target Van Kirk worked closely with the bombardier, Tom Ferebee, to confirm the winds and aimpoint. The bomb fell away from the aircraft at 09:15:17 Tinian time. Van Kirk later
Theodore Van Kirk
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strongly constructed because of the earthquake danger in Japan, and their framework did not collapse even though they were fairly close to the blast center. Since the bomb detonated in the air, the blast was directed more downward than sideways, which was largely responsible for the survival of the "Prefectural Industrial Promotional Hall", now commonly known as the "Genbaku" (A-bomb) dome. This building was designed and built by the Czech architect Jan Letzel, and was only from ground zero. The ruin was named "Hiroshima Peace Memorial" and was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1996 over the objections of
Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
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the school of engineering at Tohoku University. Tanaka has been involved with hibakusha activism since 1974, and he became secretary-general of the Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers Organizations in 2000. He has repeatedly called upon the US to apologise for the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and to get rid of its nuclear weapons, as well as stating that all nuclear weapons should be abolished, and that their use is never justified. He has also condemned North Korean nuclear tests. He has also spoken out against discrimination against atomic bomb survivors and their descendants. After the March
Terumi Tanaka
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expressed by hibakusha (literally, explosion-affected people), the atomic bomb survivors, for their protest against nuclear weapons. Walking along a Hiroshima street one day, Barbara was stopped by a hesitant woman in full kimono. The woman pulled up her sleeve to show gnarled keloid scars typical of atomic bomb burns. With tears in her eyes she thanked Barbara for giving her a voice to share the cry of her heart, "No More Hiroshimas", with the world. Barbara often mentioned this in talks, saying, with tears in her own eyes, "it had never occurred to us to represent anyone but ourselves." Barbara
Barbara Leonard Reynolds
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the United States Army Air Forces from the "Enola Gay", a B-29 bomber. The force of the atomic bomb effectively obliterated the city of Hiroshima, Japan. Earlier, on 25 July, General Carl Spaatz, commander of the United States Strategic Air Forces in the Pacific, received orders to deliver a "special bomb" attack on selected cities in Japan. The first target city chosen was Hiroshima, which had an important port on southern Honshu and was headquarters of the Japanese Second General Army with 40,000 military personnel in the city. The bomb was assembled in secret and loaded on the "Enola Gay".
Hiroshima Peace Memorial
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term in the House of Councillors, in 1952, was one of the initiators of a visit of sympathy by a group of survivors of the atomic attack on Hiroshima to the war criminals kept at Sugamo Prison. Died in 1988 of heart failure. Yoshiteru Kosakai, "Hiroshima Peace Reader" (Hiroshima, 1980) Tsunei Kusunose Kusunose was appointed to his position as governor at a time when the city of Hiroshima was in destruction following the first use of the nuclear bomb in August 1945. He was appointed by the Japanese government to fill that position upon the expiration of the appointment of
Tsunei Kusunose
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Masaru Kawasaki Born in Hiroshima, Japan, as the son of an opera singer, he was in his second year at music school when he was drafted into the Second Unit, Hiroshima Transport Corps of the Japanese army, age 19. This took him to Hiroshima, where he worked on sonar due to his good hearing (but poor sight). He was there when the city was obliterated by the atomic bomb in 1945, suffering horrendous injuries which were still being treated 60 years later. He is thus a Hibakusha. After the war he studied at Tokyo University of the Arts under Saburō
Masaru Kawasaki
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his own works have also been published in America. Masaru Kawasaki Born in Hiroshima, Japan, as the son of an opera singer, he was in his second year at music school when he was drafted into the Second Unit, Hiroshima Transport Corps of the Japanese army, age 19. This took him to Hiroshima, where he worked on sonar due to his good hearing (but poor sight). He was there when the city was obliterated by the atomic bomb in 1945, suffering horrendous injuries which were still being treated 60 years later. He is thus a Hibakusha. After the war he
Masaru Kawasaki
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Blue Danube (nuclear weapon) Blue Danube was the first operational British nuclear weapon. It also went by a variety of other names, including Smallboy, the Mk.1 Atom Bomb, Special Bomb and OR.1001, a reference to the Operational Requirement it was built to fill. The RAF V bomber force was initially meant to use Blue Danube as their primary armament at a time when the first hydrogen bomb had not been detonated, and the British military planners still believed that an atomic war could be fought and won using atomic bombs of similar yield to the Hiroshima bomb. For that reason
Blue Danube (nuclear weapon)
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Museum. The longest part of the bridge crosses the Ōta River just to the north of the island containing the district of . The downstroke of the "T" links the main bridge to the island, and is also the north entrance to the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park. Aioi Bridge The is an unusual "T"-shaped three-way bridge in Hiroshima, Japan. The original bridge, constructed in 1932, was the aiming point for the 1945 Hiroshima atom bomb because its shape was easily recognized from the air. Although the bridge was not destroyed by the atomic blast, it did sustain heavy damage. After
Aioi Bridge
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Japan following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki negated their need. In the late 1950s the T-10 was re-designated the M-121. During the Korean War a number of T-10s were converted to the radio-guided Tarzon bomb and were dropped by Boeing B-29 Superfortresses to destroy railroad bridges and reservoir dams. After the Korean War ended and the B-29 and B-36 bombers were retired, the United States Air Force no longer had an aircraft that could drop the M-121, and the bombs were put in storage. Production of the T-10 ended in 1955. The B-36 was the last operational aircraft
Tallboy (bomb)