where is the kola peninsula located on a map
inside the Arctic Circle
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Kola Peninsula The Kola Peninsula (, '; from , '; ; ; ) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula, with a population of over 300,000 as of the 2010 Census. While the north of the peninsula was already settled in the 7th–5th millennium BCE, the rest of its
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habitat for the Atlantic salmon. The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, established to protect the population of common eider, is located in the Kandalaksha Gulf. The peninsula is located in the far northwest of Russia, almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is washed by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. Geologically, the peninsula occupies the northeastern edge of the Baltic Shield. The western border of the peninsula stretches along the meridian from the Kola Bay through the valley of the Kola River, Lake Imandra, and the Niva River to the Kandalaksha Gulf,
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of Murmansk is an important port on the Northern Sea Route. The largest airports are the Murmansk Airport, which handles international flights to Scandinavian countries, and the joint military-civilian Kirovsk-Apatity Airport located southeast of Apatity. Kola Peninsula The Kola Peninsula (, '; from , '; ; ; ) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk is the most
Kola Peninsula
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Kola Peninsula The Kola Peninsula (, '; from , '; ; ; ) is a peninsula in the far northwest of Russia. Constituting the bulk of the territory of Murmansk Oblast, it lies almost completely inside the Arctic Circle and is bordered by the Barents Sea in the north and the White Sea in the east and southeast. The city of Murmansk is the most populous human settlement on the peninsula, with a population of over 300,000 as of the 2010 Census. While the north of the peninsula was already settled in the 7th–5th millennium BCE, the rest of its
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Umba, Russia Umba () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Tersky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula at the point where the Umba River flows into the Kandalaksha Gulf. Population: First mentioned in 1466, Umba, along with Varzuga, is the first documented permanent Russian settlement on the Kola Peninsula. From the second half of the 15th century it served as the seat of Umbskaya Volost. Transportation There is a bus from to Umba from Kandalaksha, going twice a day. The airport from Umba serves parts of the south edge of the Peninsula inaccessible by
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to Varzuga. Culture, events, tourist information, travel services Umba, Russia Umba () is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Tersky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula at the point where the Umba River flows into the Kandalaksha Gulf. Population: First mentioned in 1466, Umba, along with Varzuga, is the first documented permanent Russian settlement on the Kola Peninsula. From the second half of the 15th century it served as the seat of Umbskaya Volost. Transportation There is a bus from to Umba from Kandalaksha, going twice a day. The airport from Umba serves parts of
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Kola, Russia Kola (; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kola and Tuloma Rivers, south of Murmansk and southwest of Severomorsk. It is the oldest town of the Kola Peninsula. Population: 11,060 (2002 Census); The district of Kolo was first attested in Russian chronicles in 1264. The first documented mention of the town itself dates to 1565— the area was settled by the Pomors, who built the fort of Kola. Over time, Sweden extracted the Kola Peninsula from both Russia and Denmark-Norway in a
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Soviet of the RSFSR Decree. Although earthen ramparts and ditches of the original fortress still survive, Kola's main landmark is the Annunciation Cathedral (1800–1809), which may have been the first stone building constructed in the Kola Peninsula. Other sights include the Museum of Pomor Way of Life and Murmashi, the northernmost spa in Russia. Kola, Russia Kola (; ; ) is a town and the administrative center of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located at the confluence of the Kola and Tuloma Rivers, south of Murmansk and southwest of Severomorsk. It is the oldest town of the Kola Peninsula.
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Airbase Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast Zapolyarny () is a town in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, northeast of the Kola Superdeep Borehole project. Population: The area where the town is located belonged to Finland in 1920–1944. It was founded in 1956 as "Zhdanovsk" () and was granted work settlement status and later given its present name. On February 1, 1963, by the Decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Zapolyarny was elevated in status to that of a town of district significance. It is the nearest town to the former Koshka
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Zapolyarny, Murmansk Oblast Zapolyarny () is a town in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula, northeast of the Kola Superdeep Borehole project. Population: The area where the town is located belonged to Finland in 1920–1944. It was founded in 1956 as "Zhdanovsk" () and was granted work settlement status and later given its present name. On February 1, 1963, by the Decree by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, Zapolyarny was elevated in status to that of a town of district significance. It is the nearest town to the former Koshka Yavr
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dwarf birch (Betula nana) and the Camemoro (Rubus chamaemorus). Large mammals of the area include herds of Reindeer, which migrate into the tundra in Spring from the boreal forests to the south. There are few significant nationally protected areas in this ecoregion, but there are two segments of the Kandalaksha Nature Reserve on the north coast of the Kola Peninsula. Kola Peninsula tundra The Kola Peninsula tundra ecoregion (WWF ID:PA1106) is an ecoregion that covers the northeastern half of the Kola Peninsula, along the coast of the White Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. The maritime effects of
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and camps available to host sport-fishermen. The Kandalaksha Nature Reserve, established in 1932 to protect the population of common eider, is organized in thirteen clusters located in the Kandalaksha Gulf of the Kola Peninsula and along the coasts of the Barents Sea. The Kola Peninsula has many small but fast-moving rivers with rapids. The most important of them are the Ponoy, the Varzuga, the Umba, the Teriberka, the Voronya, and the Yokanga. Most rivers originate from lakes and swamps and collect their waters from melting snow. The rivers become icebound during the winter, although the areas with strong rapids freeze
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Khibiny Mountains The Khibiny Massif, Khibiny Mountains, Khibinsky Mountains or Khibins, Khibinsky tundras, Khibiny ( ) is one of the two main mountain ranges of the Kola Peninsula, Russia, within the Arctic Circle, located between Imandra and Umbozero lakes. The Khibiny Massif are the highest mountains of the Kola Peninsula, a large peninsula extending from northern Russia into the Barents and White seas. The total land area of the peninsula is approximately . It is rich in minerals due to the removal of a layer of soil during the last ice age. The Khibiny Massif is of oval shape of
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to Norilsk Nickel. By 2023, Norilsk Nickel plans to reduce its overall emissions by 75% as part of its long-term development programme. Other polluters of note include the thermal power stations in Apatity and Murmansk. The Rybachy Peninsula in the north of the Kola Peninsula was already settled in the 7th–5th millennium BCE. In the 3rd–2nd millennium BCE, the peninsula was settled by the peoples who arrived there from the south (the territory of modern Karelia). Bolshoy Oleny Island in the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea is the location of an important Bronze Age archaeological site where ancient DNA
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Kola Peninsula tundra The Kola Peninsula tundra ecoregion (WWF ID:PA1106) is an ecoregion that covers the northeastern half of the Kola Peninsula, along the coast of the White Sea, a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. The maritime effects of the White Sea create a milder climate than would be expected for a region of this latitude. It is in the Palearctic ecozone, and the Tundra biome. It has an area of . The northernmost segments of this ecoregion are on the northern coast of Fennoscandia, facing the Barents Sea. The more southerly regions are the northeastern edge of the
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Umba River (Russia) Umba () is a 123 km long river on the Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. The river's source is Lake Umbozero, 100 km northeast of Kandalaksha, located between the mountains of the Khibiny Massif and the Lovozero Tundras on the Kola Peninsula. From there it flows south, through a landscape of forests and hills. The river alternates between rapids and more quiet sections, and it flows through several lakes, the largest of which is Lake Kanozero. The river exits from Lake Kanozero through two separate outlet channels, about five kilometers apart. The outlets are called the Kitsa
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floating. Semi-precious stones found in the Umba river are used for high quality, very rare jewelry. Umba River (Russia) Umba () is a 123 km long river on the Kola Peninsula, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. The river's source is Lake Umbozero, 100 km northeast of Kandalaksha, located between the mountains of the Khibiny Massif and the Lovozero Tundras on the Kola Peninsula. From there it flows south, through a landscape of forests and hills. The river alternates between rapids and more quiet sections, and it flows through several lakes, the largest of which is Lake Kanozero. The river exits from Lake
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Olenya (air base) Olenya (also Olenegorsk) is a major Russian Navy reconnaissance base, located on the Kola Peninsula 92 km south of Murmansk. The base and its staff settlement (known as "Vysokiy"; ) across the Lake Permusozero from the city of Olenegorsk, and are served by the Olenegorsk rail station (formerly, Olenya station). Olenya serves as the headquarters for 5 MRAD (Naval Reconnaissance Air Division) and is host to two reconnaissance regiments. Its 3500-meter runway is the longest on the Kola Peninsula, making it a key facility for intercontinental flights across the North Atlantic basin. Olenya was first detected by
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Kolsky District Kolsky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the six in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. As a municipal division, it is incorporated as Kolsky Municipal District. It is located in the northwest of the oblast, partially lies on the Kola Peninsula, and borders with the Barents Sea in the north and Finland in the west. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the town of Kola. Population: The population of Kola accounts for 23.4% of the district's total population. Kolsky District is bordered on the west by Pechengsky District, on the southwest by
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and two were wholly rural. The map alongside shows a portion of Chinsurah subdivision. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map. As per 2011 Census of India Kola had a total population of 7,271 of which 3,642 (50%) were males and 3,629 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 687. The total number of literates in Kola was 5,327 (80.91% of the population over 6 years). Kola, Hooghly Kola is a census town in Chinsurah Mogra CD Block in Chinsurah subdivision of Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Kola
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Kola Norwegians The Kola Norwegians () were Norwegian settlers along the coastline of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. In 1860 the Russian Tsar Alexander II granted permission for Norwegian settlements on the Kola. Around 1870, scores of families from Finnmark in northern Norway departed for the Kola coast, attracted by the prospects of fishing and trade. The Russian authorities granted them privileges to trade with Norway. Most of them settled in Tsyp-Navolok on the easternmost tip of the Rybachiy Peninsula (; – both terms meaning "Fishermen's Peninsula"). Others settled in Vaydaguba () at the northwestern tip – Cape Nemetskiy (,
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the Norwegians were allowed to return to Murmansk Oblast, but they were to be settled in Port-Vladimir. Currently Tsypnavolok hosts a military unit, a weather station, and a lighthouse. Accumulations of sulfide (chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite) nodules in turbidites are found in the area. Tsypnavolok Tsypnavolok or Tsyp-Navolok () is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Rybachy Peninsula by Cape Tsypnavolok, by the Barents Sea. During the 1860s, the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula was actively being settled. In 1867, a fisherman village was established by Kola Norwegians by
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Tsypnavolok Tsypnavolok or Tsyp-Navolok () is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Pechengsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Rybachy Peninsula by Cape Tsypnavolok, by the Barents Sea. During the 1860s, the Murmansk coast of the Kola Peninsula was actively being settled. In 1867, a fisherman village was established by Kola Norwegians by the cape. In 1929, 114 Norwegians were registered in the area, and therefore a Norwegian national selsoviet was established in 1930. In 1940, the Norwegians were transferred during the ethnic cleansing campaigns near the border, and the selsoviet was abolished. After World War II,
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the traces of this migration faded away, thus not being reflected in the gene pool of modern populations of the Kola Peninsula. Bolshoy Oleny Island Bolshoy Oleny Island () is an island in the Kola district of the Murmansk region of Russia. It is located in the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, 2.5 km northeast of the city of Polyarny, and 35 km north of Murmansk. There is an important archaeological site on the island. Settlers arrived to this area about 3,500 years ago, or earlier. The island is a protected area, which is under the protection of the
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moving to Finnmark in the 13th century. Vardøhus Fortress was erected by Norway in 1300 further east than today's land border, supporting Norwegian land ownership on the Varanger Peninsula. There were no permanent Norwegian settlements on the Kola Peninsula. In 1326 Norway and the Novgorod Republic signed an agreement regarding taxation of the Kola Peninsula and Finnmark. No border line was drawn, creating a marchland where both countries held the right to taxation of the Sami. Religiously motivated Russian colonization of the jointly taxed areas started in the 16th century, and Russian-Orthodox chapels were built at Neiden, Pechenga and Boris
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air strategic forces, providing protection from and posing a threat to northern Norway. Also the ELF-transmitter ZEVS of the Russian Navy is situated there. After the economic slump of the 1990s, the economy of the oblast started to rebound during the first decade of the 2000s, although at a rate below the country's average. Today the Kola Peninsula is the most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia. The major port of the peninsula is Murmansk, which serves as the administrative center of Murmansk Oblast and does not freeze in winter. Although the strategic importance of the Kola Peninsula
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in their home lands in the southeast of the White Sea. The original administrative and economic center of the area was Kola, situated at the estuary of the Kola River into the Kola Bay. However, in 1916, Romanov-na-Murmane (now Murmansk) was founded and quickly became the largest city and port on the peninsula. The Soviet period saw a rapid increase of the population, although most of it remained confined to urbanized territories along the sea coast and the railroads. The Sami people were subject to forced collectivization, including forced relocation to Lovozero and other centralized settlements, and overall the peninsula
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as 4 metres. In winter, the southern part of the bay may be covered in ice. The Kola Bay Bridge spans the Kola Bay near its southern end. Kola Bay Kola Bay () or Murmansk Fjord is a 57-km-long fjord of the Barents Sea that cuts into the northern part of the Kola Peninsula. It is up to 7 km wide and has a depth of 200 to 300 metres. The Tuloma and Kola Rivers discharge into the bay. The eastern shore is craggy and precipitous, the western one is comparatively level. The ports of Murmansk and Severomorsk sit on
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Kola. Kola River Kola () is a river on the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is 83 km long, with a drainage basin of 3,850 km². The river flows out of Lake Kolozero north into the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, some 10 km south of Murmansk. The neighbouring Tuloma River has its mouth just one kilometer to the west. The average discharge is 40 m³/s, but there are large seasonal variations. Its largest tributaries is Kitza and Orlovka from the right, and Tukhta and Medvezhya from the left. The only town on the river is also
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better pasturage and hunting grounds. Modern scholars debate the precise location of the new lands of Vinland, Markland, and Helluland that they discovered. The Scandinavian peoples also pushed farther north into their own peninsula by land and by sea. As early as 880, the Viking Ohthere of Hålogaland rounded the Scandinavian Peninsula and sailed to the Kola Peninsula and the White Sea. The Pechenga Monastery on the north of Kola Peninsula was founded by Russian monks in 1533; from their base at Kola, the Pomors explored the Barents Region, Spitsbergen, and Novaya Zemlya—all of which are in the Arctic Circle.
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White Sea The White Sea (, "Béloye móre"; Karelian and , lit. Dvina Sea; , "Serako yam") is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. Administratively, it is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia. The major port of Arkhangelsk is located on the White Sea. For
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government. Radioactive wastes and spent nuclear fuel have been stored in the waters off the Kola Peninsula, including locations that are only "two kilometers" from places where Sami live. There are a minimum of five "dumps" where spent nuclear fuel and other radioactive waste are being deposited in the Kola Peninsula, often with little concern for the surrounding environment or population. The tourism industry in Finland has been criticized for turning Sami culture into a marketing tool by promoting opportunities to experience "authentic" Sami ceremonies and lifestyle. At many tourist locales, non-Samis dress in inaccurate replicas of Sami traditional clothing,
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Kola Bay Kola Bay () or Murmansk Fjord is a 57-km-long fjord of the Barents Sea that cuts into the northern part of the Kola Peninsula. It is up to 7 km wide and has a depth of 200 to 300 metres. The Tuloma and Kola Rivers discharge into the bay. The eastern shore is craggy and precipitous, the western one is comparatively level. The ports of Murmansk and Severomorsk sit on the east side. Polyarny, the main base of Russia's Northern Fleet, is on the west side of the bay. Semidiurnal tides in the Murmansk Fjord are as high
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Kola River Kola () is a river on the Kola Peninsula in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is 83 km long, with a drainage basin of 3,850 km². The river flows out of Lake Kolozero north into the Kola Bay of the Barents Sea, some 10 km south of Murmansk. The neighbouring Tuloma River has its mouth just one kilometer to the west. The average discharge is 40 m³/s, but there are large seasonal variations. Its largest tributaries is Kitza and Orlovka from the right, and Tukhta and Medvezhya from the left. The only town on the river is also called
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Murmansk Oblast since 1934, are held on and round the lake when it is frozen over. Lake Kildinskoye Lake Kildinskoye () is a lake in Kolsky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the Kola Peninsula close to the confluence of the Tuloma River and Kola River, south-east of the city of Murmansk. The lake is approximately long and wide. Lake Kildinskoye's proximity to Murmansk, European route E105, and Severomorsk-3 air base has made it a popular year-round tourism location used for various recreational purposes, including sailing regattas during the summer and wind surfing during the
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posadnik from the area of the Northern Dvina. The Novgorod Republic lost control of both of these "volosts" to the Grand Duchy of Moscow after the Battle of Shelon in 1471, and the republic itself ceased to exist in 1478 when Ivan III took the city of Novgorod. All Novgorod territories, including those on the Kola Peninsula, became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. Russian migration to the peninsula continued into the 16th century, when new settlements such as Kandalaksha and Porya-Guba were established. Kola was first mentioned in 1565. In the end of the 15th century, the
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Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula The submarine Incident off Kola Peninsula was a collision between the US Navy nuclear attack submarine and the Russian Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarine K-407 "Novomoskovsk" some north of the Russian naval base of Severomorsk, on 20 March 1993. The incident took place when the American submarine, who was trailing her Russian counterpart, lost track of "Novomoskovsk". At the time that "Grayling" reacquired the other submarine, the short distance of only half-mile made the collision unavoidable. The incident happened just a week before the first summit between American president Bill Clinton and the president of
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ERD well reached a measured total length of . In terms of depth below the surface, the Kola Superdeep Borehole SG-3 retains the world record at in 1989 and is still the deepest artificial point on Earth. Kola Superdeep Borehole The Kola Superdeep Borehole () is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the "Uralmash-4E", and later the "Uralmash-15000" series drilling rig. Boreholes were drilled by branching from
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to 2010 would result in only modest increases in production, although a significant reduction in production would be averted. A large quantity of sulphide nickel has been discovered by Amur Minerals Corporation in the far east of Russia. The company's principal asset is the Kun-Manie project located in Amur Oblast, with JORC resources in excess of a 830,000 nickel equivalent tonnes and a positive independently compiled prefeasibility study. Norilsk Nickel's operations (located mainly on the Taymyr Peninsula) in East Siberia and also on the Kola Peninsula produce more than 90% of the country's PGM output. About 10 t/yr of PGM
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site. Raslakite was named after Raslak Cirques located nearby the type locality. Raslakite was discovered, together with ikranite, in peralkaline pegmatites of the Mt. Karnasurt, Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Raslakite is associated with aegirine, fluorcaphite, kazakovite, lamprophyllite, microcline, nepheline, and terskite. Beside main elements given in the formula, raslakite contains some potassium, strontium, manganese, magnesium, cerium, titanium, and aluminium, with minor amounts of lanthanum and hafnium. The M(1) site in raslakite is split into two sub-sites, where Fe and Ca are located. The M(2) site is occupied by sodium, manganese (both with coordination number 5), and zirconium (tetrahedral coordination).
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later or not at all. Major lakes include Imandra, Umbozero, and Lovozero. There are no lakes with an area smaller than . Recreational fishery is developed in the region. The Kola Peninsula as a whole suffered major ecological damage, mostly as a result of pollution from the military (particularly naval) production, industrial mining of apatite, and military nuclear waste. About 137 active and 140 decommissioned or idle naval nuclear reactors, produced by the Soviet military, remain on the peninsula. For thirty years, nuclear waste had been dumped into the sea by the Northern Fleet and Murmansk Shipping Company. There is
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Ostrov Bolshoy Oleny Ostrov Bolshoy Oleny () is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Teribersky Territorial Okrug of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula beyond the Arctic Circle at a height of above sea level. Located 150 km east of Murmansk. Population: 6 (2010 Census). This village is located on the Bolshoy Oleny Island, which gave its name to the village. The island is located about 150 km to the east of Murmansk. Not to be confused with another Bolshoy Oleny Island located about 35 km to the north of Murmansk; it is the
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Kola Superdeep Borehole The Kola Superdeep Borehole () is the result of a scientific drilling project of the Soviet Union in the Pechengsky District, on the Kola Peninsula. The project attempted to drill as deep as possible into the Earth's crust. Drilling began on 24 May 1970 using the "Uralmash-4E", and later the "Uralmash-15000" series drilling rig. Boreholes were drilled by branching from a central hole. The deepest, SG-3, reached in 1989 and is the deepest artificial point on Earth, . The borehole is in diameter. In terms of true vertical depth, it is the deepest borehole in the world.
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location of an important Bronze Age archaeological site. Ostrov Bolshoy Oleny Ostrov Bolshoy Oleny () is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in Teribersky Territorial Okrug of Kolsky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula beyond the Arctic Circle at a height of above sea level. Located 150 km east of Murmansk. Population: 6 (2010 Census). This village is located on the Bolshoy Oleny Island, which gave its name to the village. The island is located about 150 km to the east of Murmansk. Not to be confused with another Bolshoy Oleny Island located about 35 km
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"Cape German") – of the same peninsula. A vibrant society developed, retaining contact with Norway, especially with the town of Vardø. Some settlers returned to Norway shortly after the Russian Revolution of 1917, but most of them remained at Tsyp-Navolok. In 1917 perhaps about 1000 lived on the Kola. On 23 June 1940, Lavrenty Beria of the NKVD ordered the Murmansk Oblast, encompassing the entire Kola Peninsula, to be cleaned of "foreign nationals". As a result, the entire Norwegian population was deported for resettlement in the Karelo-Finnish SSR. Soon they had to move from there too, because of pressures caused
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the matters of the northern borders was the Treaty of Novgorod signed with Norway in 1326, which ended the decades of the Norwegian-Novgorodian border skirmishes in Finnmark. Per the terms of this treaty, Norway relinquished all claims to the Kola Peninsula. A signed agreement regarding the taxation of the Kola Peninsula and Finnmark. No border line was drawn, creating a marchland where both countries held the right to taxation of the Sami people. However, the treaty did not address the situation with the Sami people paying tribute to both Norway and Novgorod, and the practice continued until 1602. While the
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has diminished since the Cold War, the peninsula nevertheless still has the highest concentration of nuclear weapons, reactors, and facilities in Russia, with the number of nuclear reactors alone exceeding any other region of the world. Mining is the basis of the oblast's economy, and mining enterprises remain the principal employers in such monotowns as Apatity, Kirovsk, Zapolyarny, Nikel, and Monchegorsk. The Kola Mining and Metallurgical Company, a division of Norilsk Nickel, conducts nickel-, copper-, and platinum-group-metals-mining operations on the peninsula. Other large mining companies include OAO Apatit, which is the largest producer of phosphates in Europe; OAO Olcon, one
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Pomors and the Sami people were forced into serfdom, mostly by the monasteries. Monastery "votchinas" greatly expanded during the 17th century, but were abolished in 1764, when all of the Kola Peninsula peasants became state peasants. In the second half of the 16th century, King Frederick II of Denmark–Norway demanded that the Tsardom of Russia cede the peninsula. Russia declined, and in order to organize adequate defenses established the position of a "voyevoda". The "voyevoda" sat in Kola, which became the administrative center of the region. Prior to that, the administrative duties were performed by the tax collectors from Kandalaksha.
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Lake Kildinskoye Lake Kildinskoye () is a lake in Kolsky District, Murmansk Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the Kola Peninsula close to the confluence of the Tuloma River and Kola River, south-east of the city of Murmansk. The lake is approximately long and wide. Lake Kildinskoye's proximity to Murmansk, European route E105, and Severomorsk-3 air base has made it a popular year-round tourism location used for various recreational purposes, including sailing regattas during the summer and wind surfing during the winter. Activities related to the Festival of the North, an annual winter sports festival held across
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village of Port-Vladimir, the last stronghold of the Kola Norwegians lost its official recognition due to depopulation. Only 98 individuals identified themselves as Norwegians in the 2010 census of Russia, including 20 in St. Petersburg, 11 in Murmansk, and 4 in Karelia. Kola Norwegians The Kola Norwegians () were Norwegian settlers along the coastline of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. In 1860 the Russian Tsar Alexander II granted permission for Norwegian settlements on the Kola. Around 1870, scores of families from Finnmark in northern Norway departed for the Kola coast, attracted by the prospects of fishing and trade. The Russian
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Clinton's statement caused concern in the US Navy, but after a briefing for top officials, among them the new national security adviser, Anthony Lake, the submarine force got the green light to continue its activities in the Barents Sea, although at a greatly reduced pace. The result was a major effort to restrict the operational procedures and improve the training of submarine commanding officers. Submarine incident off Kola Peninsula The submarine Incident off Kola Peninsula was a collision between the US Navy nuclear attack submarine and the Russian Navy nuclear ballistic missile submarine K-407 "Novomoskovsk" some north of the Russian
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Kola Alkaline Province The Kola Alkaline Province or Kola Alkaline Carbonatite Province is a discontiguous group of unusual igneous rocks centered in the Kola Peninsula of Russia and with ouliers in nearby areas of Finland and in Arkhangelsk Oblast across the White Sea. The province is made up of alkaline-ultramafic rock complexes often associated to carbonatites and stand-alone dykes and pipes made up of carbonatites, kimberlites and similar rocks. To this it adds the large nepheline syenite bodies of the Lovozero Massif and the Khibiny Mountains. An estimate puts the total volume of the rocks of the Kola Alkaline Province
Kola Alkaline Province
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1586 to give up the peninsula. His claims were, however, contested by Sweden, then the major power in the Baltic region. At first, Sweden extracted the Kola Peninsula from both Russia and Denmark–Norway in a series of wars and resulting treaties. However, in the later Treaty of Täysinä in 1595, Sweden acknowledged Russian rights in Kola. Claims from Denmark–Norway remained, and therefore in 1582, a Russian voivode was appointed to Kola to provide for better defenses of the peninsula. The voivode governed the territory which became known as Kolsky Uyezd. Upon its creation, the uyezd covered most of the territory
Kolsky Uyezd
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Roslyakovo, Murmansk Oblast "Roslyakovo"' () was an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of the closed-administrative territorial formation of Severomorsk in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Kola Peninsula on the Kola Bay, west of Severomorsk proper. It was abolished, with its territory merged into the city of Murmansk, on January 1, 2015. Population: It was founded in 1896. The colony of Roslyakovo was one of the twenty-one included into Alexandrovskaya Volost of Alexandrovsky Uyezd of Arkhangelsk Governorate upon its establishment on July 1, 1920. Urban-type settlement status was granted to Roslyakovo in 1959. Roslyakovo was in
Roslyakovo, Murmansk Oblast
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Kandalaksha and Umba. Despite being frozen in winter, the sea remains navigable all year around because of deployment of icebreakers. White Sea The White Sea (, "Béloye móre"; Karelian and , lit. Dvina Sea; , "Serako yam") is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. The whole of the White Sea is under Russian sovereignty and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. Administratively, it is divided between Arkhangelsk
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Finland, Norway, and Sweden with those on the Russian Kola. Further displacement was caused by the arrival of increased heavy industry and natural resource extraction such as forestry and mining during Soviet times. Hundreds of thousands of workers from other areas of the USSR arrived, many of whom were forcibly interned as workers in the Gulags. This industrialization disrupted reindeer herding livelihoods, and led in part to the settlement of Sami into Soviet-designed urban areas such as Lovozero. Today, most Russian Sami live in extreme poverty and poor housing conditions.Acid rain is a major concern on the Kola peninsula, where
Environmental inequality in Europe
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is not clear. Some have suggested a link to the Permian Dnieper-Donets Rift while others have considered it as part of a much larger a "North Atlantic Alkaline Province". Kola Alkaline Province The Kola Alkaline Province or Kola Alkaline Carbonatite Province is a discontiguous group of unusual igneous rocks centered in the Kola Peninsula of Russia and with ouliers in nearby areas of Finland and in Arkhangelsk Oblast across the White Sea. The province is made up of alkaline-ultramafic rock complexes often associated to carbonatites and stand-alone dykes and pipes made up of carbonatites, kimberlites and similar rocks. To this
Kola Alkaline Province
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peninsula's main orographic features. Administratively, the territory of the peninsula consists of Lovozersky and Tersky Districts, parts of Kandalakshsky and Kolsky Districts, as well as the territories subordinated to the cities and towns of Murmansk, Ostrovnoy, Severomorsk, Kirovsk, and parts of the territories subordinated to Apatity, Olenegorsk, and Polyarnye Zori. Because the last ice age removed the top sediment layer of the soil, the Kola Peninsula is on the surface extremely rich in various ores and minerals, including apatites and nephelines; copper, nickel, and iron ores; mica; kyanites; ceramic materials, as well as rare-earth elements and non-ferrous ores. Deposits of
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much of the region. The Sami were not the only people subject to repressions. Thousands of people were sent to Kola in the 1930s–1950s, and in 2007 over two thousand people—descendants of those forcibly sent here—still live on the peninsula. A significant portion of the people deported to Kola were peasants from southern Russia subjected to dekulakization. Prisoner labor was often used when building new factories and for manning those which were operational: in 1940, for example, the whole Severonikel Metallurgy Mining Complex was turned over to the NKVD system. Historically, due to its northern location, the peninsula's population had
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by this unexpected discovery, they lowered an extremely heat-tolerant microphone, along with other sensory equipment, into the well. The temperature deep within was —heat from a chamber of fire from which (purportedly) the tormented screams of the damned could be heard. However, the recording was later found to be looped together from various sound effects, sometimes identified as the soundtrack of the 1972 movie "Baron Blood". The Soviet Union had, in fact, drilled a hole more than deep, the Kola Superdeep Borehole, located not in Siberia but on the Kola Peninsula, which shares borders with Norway and Finland. Upon reaching
Well to Hell hoax
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to PRC. Ponoy River Ponoy River () is a river on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. It is 426 km in length. The area of its basin is 15,500 km². The Ponoy's source lies in the western end of the Keivy Uplands, 50 km east of Lake Lovozero, in the middle of the Kola Peninsula. The river then flows towards the east, threading a winding path through a landscape of hilly and marshy taiga for most of its course. The Ponoy receives several tributaries from the north, the largest being the Acheryok. Like the Ponoy itself, these also has their
Ponoy River
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Ponoy River Ponoy River () is a river on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. It is 426 km in length. The area of its basin is 15,500 km². The Ponoy's source lies in the western end of the Keivy Uplands, 50 km east of Lake Lovozero, in the middle of the Kola Peninsula. The river then flows towards the east, threading a winding path through a landscape of hilly and marshy taiga for most of its course. The Ponoy receives several tributaries from the north, the largest being the Acheryok. Like the Ponoy itself, these also has their sources in
Ponoy River
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Volost of the uyezd was renamed Pechengskaya (); after Pechenga, where the volost government was located. On February 2, 1920, Murmansk Governorate was established by the Resolution of the Provisional Government of Northern Oblast; it included the territory of Alexandrovsky Uyezd. The uyezd, however, was restored in its 1917 borders after Murmansk Governorate was abolished effective February 21, 1920 when the Soviet power was restored on the Kola Peninsula. In February 1920, according to the provisions of the first Constitution of the Russian SFSR, the process of creating "selsoviets" started in the uyezd. While the Constitution and the auxiliary "Resolution
Alexandrovsky Uyezd
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Coast () or Terskaya Land (). By the end of the 12th century, the Pomors explored all northern coast of the peninsula and reached Finnmark (an area in the north of Norway), necessitating the Norwegians to support a naval guard in that area. The name given by the Pomors to the northern coast was "Murman"—a distorted form of "Norman" meaning "Norwegian". Pomors were soon followed by tribute collectors from the Novgorod Republic, and the Kola Peninsula gradually became a part of the Novgorodian lands. A 1265 treaty of Yaroslav Yaroslavich with Novgorod mentions Tre Volost (), which is later also
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the Sami indigenous inhabitants of the Kola peninsula, and the cerium content. Loparite-(Ce) Loparite-(Ce) is a granular, brittle oxide mineral of the perovskite class. It is black to dark grey and may appear grey to white in reflected light on polished thin section with reddish brown internal reflections. It has the chemical formula of (Ce,Na,Ca)(Ti,Nb)O. Nioboloparite is a variation of Loparite-(Ce) containing niobium. Loparite occurs as a primary phase in nepheline syenite intrusios and pegmatites. It is also found replacing perovskite in carbonatites. Loparite was first described for an occurrence in the Khibiny and Lovozero massifs, Kola peninsula and northern
Loparite-(Ce)
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settlement but was demoted in status to that of a rural locality on January 1, 2005. Afrikanda is served by a minor railway station of the same name on the Kirov Railway, between Polyarnye Zori and Apatity. An air base of the same name is located just north of Afrikanda. Afrikanda (rural locality) Afrikanda () is a rural locality (an inhabited locality) in administrative jurisdiction of Polyarnye Zori Town with Jurisdictional Territory in Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located beyond the Arctic Circle on the Kola Peninsula at a height of above sea level. Population: 1,644 (2010 Census). The name of the
Afrikanda (rural locality)
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considered to be a dialect of Kildin Sami. Originally, Kildin Saami was spoken in the mainland areas with the largest pockets of these people in clustered areas and in the coastal parts of the Kola Peninsula. Kildin Saami speakers can be found in rural and urban areas, with one of them being in the administrative center of the Murmansk area. Kildin Saami enclaves can be found throughout villages in Lovozero, Revda, Kola, Loparskaja, Teriberka, but can also be found in larger more sizable areas of Russia such as Olenegorsk and Apatity. Lovozero is known as the area where the Kildin
Kildin Sami language
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White Seas. Middendorff was tasked with crossing on foot the Kola Peninsula and mapping the peninsula from Kola to Kandalaksha while collecting zoological and botanical material. From 1843 to 1845, on behalf of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences, he travelled to the Taymyr Peninsula and then along the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk and entered the lower Amur River valley (which at this time was Chinese territory). He published his findings in "Reise in den äußersten Norden und Osten Sibiriens" (Travels in the extreme north and east of Siberia) in German (1848–1875), which included an account of the
Alexander von Middendorff
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Murmansk Oblast Murmansk Oblast () is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409. Geographically, Murmansk Oblast is located mainly on the Kola Peninsula almost completely north of the Arctic Circle and is a part of the larger Lapland region that spans over four countries. The oblast borders with the Republic of Karelia in Russia in the south, Lapland Region in Finland in the west, Finnmark County in Norway in the northwest, and is washed by
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is stationed at Pechenga (urban-type settlement), Murmansk Oblast. Murmansk Oblast Murmansk Oblast () is a federal subject (an oblast) of Russia, located in the northwestern part of the country. Its administrative center is the city of Murmansk. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 795,409. Geographically, Murmansk Oblast is located mainly on the Kola Peninsula almost completely north of the Arctic Circle and is a part of the larger Lapland region that spans over four countries. The oblast borders with the Republic of Karelia in Russia in the south, Lapland Region in Finland in the west, Finnmark County in
Murmansk Oblast
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of seventeen hydroelectric and two thermal power stations, generating the other half. The energy surplus, accounting for about 20% of the total generated energy, is transferred to the unified energy system of Russia, as well as exported to Norway and Finland via the NORDEL system. With the economy of the oblast being mostly export-oriented, transportation plays an important role and accounts for 11% of the Gross Regional Product. On the Kola Peninsula, the transportation network includes ship transport, air transport, automotive transport, electrified public transport, and access to the railways mostly passing through the rest of Murmansk Oblast. The city
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width of the Sayans." The range of writings on Arctic reindeer herding is quite vast. The following authors are the most important of the anthropologists researching this topic and writing in English. Anderson, David G. "Identity and Ecology in Arctic Siberia: The Number One Reindeer Brigade (Oxford Studies in Social and Cultural Anthropology)." (2000). Konstantinov, Yulian. “Memory of Lenin Ltd.: Reindeer-Herding Brigades on the Kola Peninsula.” Anthropology Today, vol. 13, no. 3, 1997, pp. 14–19. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/2783133. Konstantinov, Yulian. Conversations with Power: Soviet and post-Soviet developments in the reindeer husbandry part of the Kola Peninsula. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 2015.
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Finland are the "roots" of ancient massifs. As Finland is in the older part of the Fennoscandian Shield, its basement rocks are within three of the shield's older subdivisions known as domains: the Kola, Karelian and Svecofennian domains. This subdivision, established by Gaál and Gorbachev in 1987, is based on the different geological histories of the domains prior to their final amalgamation 1,800 million years ago. The extreme northeast of Finland is part of the Kola Domain because it shows considerable affinity with the geology of the Kola Peninsula in Russia. Around Lake Inari there are paragneiss, orthogneiss and greenstone
Geology of Finland
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provides a map showing where it is. However these accounts are somewhat contradictory. The map printed at the beginning of Part II indicates that Brobdingnag is located on the northwest coast of North America, in probably what is now British Columbia. It shows (from south to north) Point Monterey, Port Sir Francis Drake, Cape Mendocino, Cape St Sebastian, Cape Blanco and the semi-mythical Strait of Anián, all locations on the Pacific coast of North America, and depicts Brobdingnag as a peninsula extending west into the Pacific to the north of the Straits. In the book Gulliver describes his voyage from
Brobdingnag
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most industrially developed and urbanized region in northern Russia. Despite the peninsula's northerly location, its proximity to the Gulf Stream leads to unusually high temperatures in winter, but also results in high winds due to the temperature variations between land and the Barents Sea. Summers are rather chilly, with the average July temperature of only . The peninsula is covered by taiga in the south and tundra in the north, where permafrost limits the growth of the trees resulting in landscape dominated by shrubs and grasses. The peninsula supports a small variety of mammals, and its rivers are an important
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Lovozersky District Lovozersky District () is an administrative district (raion), one of the six in Murmansk Oblast, Russia. Municipally, it is incorporated as Lovozersky Municipal District. It occupies most of the central and northeastern parts of the Kola Peninsula. The area of the district is . Its administrative center is the rural locality (a "selo") of Lovozero. District's population: The population of Lovozero accounts for 24.3% of the district's total population. The territory of the district encompasses almost the entire northern half of the Kola Peninsula, excluding the town of Ostrovnoy. The Ponoy and Yokanga Rivers flow through the district's
Lovozersky District
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Kola Peninsula, facing the White Sea. The region has a Humid continental climate - cool summer subtype (Koppen classification Dfc). This climate is characterized by high variation in temperature, both daily and seasonally; with long, cold winters and short, cool summers with no averaging over . Mean precipitation is about 512 mm/year. The mean temperature at the center of the ecoregion is in January, and in July. The cold climate and northerly latitude puts much of the region above the arctic treeline, with trees limited or sparse. The flora is primarily mosses, lichens and shrubs. Among the shrubs are the
Kola Peninsula tundra
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the closure of the border in the 1920s. It is estimated that around 1000 Norwegians lived on the Kola peninsula in 1917. The Kola Norwegians were deported to or put in camps in other parts of Russia during the course of World War II. It was only after 1990 that many of the Kola Norwegians again dared to emphasize their background. Only a few had been able to maintain a rusty knowledge of Norwegian. Some of them have migrated back to Norway. There are special provisions in the Norwegian rules of immigration and citizenship which eases this process for many
Nationality law
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Ter Sami language Ter Sami is the easternmost of the Sami languages. It was traditionally spoken in the northeastern part of the Kola Peninsula, but now it is a moribund language; in 2004, only ten speakers were left. By 2010, the number of speakers had decreased to two. In the end of the 19th century, there were six Ter Sami villages in the eastern part of the Kola Peninsula, with a total population of approximately 450. In 2004, there were approximately 100 ethnic Ter Sami of whom two elderly persons speak the language; the rest have shifted their language to
Ter Sami language
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regarded as Kola Saami. The Kildin Saami (Kola Saami) first came into contact and had more subsequent meetings with the Russians in the 12th century, when Pomor traders from the empire of Novgorod landed on the southern shores of the Kola Peninsula. Russians themselves inhabited and set up shelters in the Kola and the Ter Coast as it was known then during the 13th–14th centuries. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Russians started heavily occupying and building their own communities in northern Karelia and increased exposure between the Kildin Saami and Russians naturally blossomed as a result. In the 19th
Kildin Sami language
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is Yuzhno-Russkoye field, which is located in the Krasnoselkupsky District, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Tyumen Oblast. Nord Stream is also fed from fields in Yamal Peninsula, Ob-Taz bay. Gazprom has also indicated that the majority of gas produced at the Shtokman field would be sold to Europe via the Nord Stream pipeline. For this purpose, the pipeline from the Shtokman field via Kola peninsula to Volkhov or Vyborg in the Leningrad Oblast has to be built. According to Gazprom, the costs of the onshore pipelines in Russia and Germany are around €6 billion. The offshore section of the project is expected
Nord Stream
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Koyuk River The Koyuk River (also spelled, Kuyuk) is a river on the Seward Peninsula of western Alaska, in the United States. The river originates in the interior of the peninsula, at the Lost Jim Lava Flow of the Bering Land Bridge National Preserve, where it flows southeast towards the mouth of Norton Bay on Norton Sound. The native village of Koyuk is located at its mouth. The two major tributaries are the Peace and Salmon rivers; other tributaries include Dime and Sweepstakes. Its Inuit named as Tebenkof Eskimos, reported by Captain Tebenkov (1852, map 2), IRN, as "Kvyguk" or
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and Kemsky Uyezds were restored in their 1917 borders. Murmansk Governorate (1920) Murmansk Governorate () was a short-lived administrative division (a "guberniya") established by the White government on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. The governorate was established on February 2, 1920 by the Resolution of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region. It included Alexandrovsky and Kemsky Uyezds of Arkhangelsk Governorate and parts of Olonets Governorate. The governorate proved to be short-lived—the Soviet power on the Kola Peninsula was restored on February 21, 1920, and on March 16, 1920 by the Order No. 44 of the Arkhangelsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee
Murmansk Governorate (1920)
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Murmansk Governorate (1920) Murmansk Governorate () was a short-lived administrative division (a "guberniya") established by the White government on the Kola Peninsula in Russia. The governorate was established on February 2, 1920 by the Resolution of the Provisional Government of the Northern Region. It included Alexandrovsky and Kemsky Uyezds of Arkhangelsk Governorate and parts of Olonets Governorate. The governorate proved to be short-lived—the Soviet power on the Kola Peninsula was restored on February 21, 1920, and on March 16, 1920 by the Order No. 44 of the Arkhangelsk Governorate Revolutionary Committee Murmansk Governorate was formally abolished effective February 21. Alexandrovsky
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By the terms of the treaty, Novgorodians could collect tribute from the Sami as far as Lyngen fjord in the west, while Norwegians could collect tribute on the territory of the whole Kola Peninsula except in the eastern part of Tersky Coast. No state borders were established by the 1251 treaty. The treaty led to a short period of peace, but the armed conflicts resumed soon thereafter. Chronicles document attacks by the Novgorodians and the Karelians on Finnmark and northern Norway as early as 1271, and continuing well into the 14th century. The official border between the Novgorod lands and
Kola Peninsula
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Newly established Kolsky Uyezd covered most of the territory of the peninsula (with the exception of Varzuzhskaya and Umbskaya Volosts, which were a part of Dvinsky Uyezd), as well as the northern part of Karelia all the way to Lendery. Despite the economic activity, permanent settlement of the peninsula did not intensify until the 1860s and even then it remained sporadic until 1917. The population of Kola in 1880, for example, was only around 500 inhabitants living in 80 households, compared to 1,900 inhabitants in 300 households living there in 1582. Transportation facilities were virtually non-existent and the communication with
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the cities of Apatity and Kirovsk are situated. Khibiny have an Arctic-moderate climate, with an average winter temperature of −5 °C (23 °F). However, the temperature can potentially drop to −30 °C (−22 °F) during the night. The Gulf Stream, which brings warmer water to the Kolsky Peninsula from the north, moderates the climate, making it slightly warmer than other Arctic regions. Khibiny Mountains The Khibiny Massif, Khibiny Mountains, Khibinsky Mountains or Khibins, Khibinsky tundras, Khibiny ( ) is one of the two main mountain ranges of the Kola Peninsula, Russia, within the Arctic Circle, located between Imandra and Umbozero
Khibiny Mountains
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Tuloma River The Tuloma River (, , and ) is a river in Murmansk Oblast in Russia. With a drainage basin of and an average discharge at 255 m³/s, the Tuloma is one of the biggest rivers in northern Fennoscandia. The river has its sources in the Saariselkä mountains in the eastern parts of the Lapland region in Finland. The Tuloma River itself is formed by the confluence of the Lutto and Nota rivers at Lake Notozero. Its outflow is in the Kola Bay, at the confluence with the Kola River and south of Murmansk in the Kola Peninsula in
Tuloma River
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who became convinced of the region's economic potential. Consequently, in 1896 a telephone and a telegraph line were extended to Kola, improving the communication with the mainland. A possibility of building a railway was also considered, but no action was taken at the time. Also in 1896, Alexandrovsk (now Polyarny) was founded, and grew in size so rapidly that it was granted town status in 1899; Kolsky Uyezd was renamed Alexandrovsky on that occasion. During World War I, the still poorly developed peninsula suddenly found itself in a strategic position, as the communication between Russia and the Allies was cut
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2018, KOLA dropped most of the 1970s hits and began adding songs from the early 2000s. KOLA continues to broadcast from the same tower at the same 29,500 watts on its original license from 1959 as KFMW. KOLA KOLA is a commercial Classic Hits music radio station in Redlands, California, broadcasting to the Riverside-San Bernardino, California, area on 99.9 FM. KOLA was founded by Fred Cote, first owner and general manager. Its studios are in Redlands, California and the transmitter tower is in Moreno Valley. 99.9 FM originally signed on in 1959 as KFMW, with transmitter located on Box Springs
KOLA
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never been, any registration of the home language spoken by Norwegian people. Roughly half of all Sámi live in Norway, but many live in Sweden, with smaller groups living in the far north of Finland and the Kola Peninsula of Russia. The Sámi in Russia were forced by the Soviet authorities to relocate to a collective called Lovozero/Lujávri, in the central part of the Kola Peninsula. There is no single Sami language, but a group of ten distinct Sami languages. Six of these languages have their own written standards. The Sami languages are relatively closely related, but not mutually intelligible;
Sami people
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the lands of Sweden and Norway was established by the Treaty of Nöteborg on August 12, 1323. The treaty primarily focused on the Karelian Isthmus border and the border north of Lake Ladoga. Another treaty dealing the matters of the northern borders was the Treaty of Novgorod signed with Norway in 1326, which ended the decades of the Norwegian-Novgorodian border skirmishes in Finnmark. Per the terms of this treaty, Norway relinquished all claims to the Kola Peninsula. However, the treaty did not address the situation with the Sami people paying tribute to both Norway and Novgorod, and the practice continued
Kola Peninsula
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groups of note include Komi (~1,600 inhabitants), Sami (~1,600), and Karelians (~1,400). The indigenous Sami people are mostly concentrated in Lovozersky District. During the 15th–16th centuries, the main occupations of the Tersky Coast population were Atlantic salmon fishing, seal hunting, and the extraction of salt from the sea water. The salt extraction in Kandalaksha and Kola was mostly carried out by the monasteries in Pechenga and Solovki, and for a long time remained the only "industry" on the peninsula. By the mid-16th century, Atlantic cod fishing developed on the Murman Coast in the north. The 1560s saw a rapid growth
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lived in China and Central Asia. In 1956 he enrolled at the Geological Department of the Leningrad State University and graduated with honors in 1961. He completed his PhD in two years on the "Petrology of dolerite of the East Murmansk coast (Kola Peninsula)” and went to work for Sevzapgeologiya, Kola Peninsula as part of their cartographic detachment (White Sea). In 1974 at Leningrad State University he defended his Grand Phd (DSc equivalent) dissertation on the topic of "South-eastern part of the Baltic Shield (problems of the structure and development)". He was the youngest person to be awarded a Grand
Andrѐy V. Sinitsyn
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surveys and US Navy aerial photographs, 1959-65. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN) for Gregory S. Richter, meteorologist-in-charge and scientific leader of the Byrd Station winter party in 1968. Richter Glacier The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula. The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue. The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. The map indicates that the landing party
Richter Glacier
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ZEVS (transmitter) ZEVS is a facility of the Russian Navy to transmit messages to submerged submarines in deep water using ELF waves. It is located near Murmansk on the Kola Peninsula. As ZEVS works on 82 hertz, it can be only used for very rudimentary transmissions. Due to its extreme low frequency the techniques used by ZEVS are quite different from that of standard transmitters. The antenna used by ZEVS is a ground dipole. This is simply an arrangement of two widely separated electrodes, through which the transmission current is put in the ground. As ZEVS is a location of
ZEVS (transmitter)
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Varzuga (rural locality) Varzuga () is the rural locality (a "selo") in Tersky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Varzuga River. Municipally, it is a part and the administrative center of Varzuga Rural Settlement of Tersky Municipal District. Population: 363 (2010 Census). First mentioned in 1466, Varzuga, along with Umba, is the first documented permanent Russian settlement on the Kola Peninsula, although it is likely that it had been established as early as the second quarter of the 15th century. The 1466 document describes a transaction between Timofey Yermolinich, a resident of Varzuga, and the Solovetsky Monastery, to
Varzuga (rural locality)
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the village was formerly considered to be a heritage site of federal importance, but was excluded from the list in 1997. Varzuga (rural locality) Varzuga () is the rural locality (a "selo") in Tersky District of Murmansk Oblast, Russia, located on the Varzuga River. Municipally, it is a part and the administrative center of Varzuga Rural Settlement of Tersky Municipal District. Population: 363 (2010 Census). First mentioned in 1466, Varzuga, along with Umba, is the first documented permanent Russian settlement on the Kola Peninsula, although it is likely that it had been established as early as the second quarter of
Varzuga (rural locality)
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Richter Glacier The Richter Glacier is a low gradient coastal glacier located west of the Scott Nunataks on the northern side of Edward VII Peninsula. The feature saddles with the Butler Glacier and flows north-west to the sea where it forms a small tongue. The glacier and tongue are depicted on the map of the Byrd Antarctic Expedition, 1928-30. The map indicates that the landing party from the Kainan Maru (Shirase) traversed up this glacier to the summit of the Scott Nunataks in January 1912. The glacier was mapped in detail by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) from ground
Richter Glacier
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The Novgorod Republic lost control of both of these "volosts" to the Grand Duchy of Moscow after the Battle of Shelon in 1471, and the republic itself ceased to exist in 1478 when Ivan III took the city of Novgorod. All Novgorod territories, including those on the Kola Peninsula, became a part of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. In the second half of the 16th century, King Frederick II of Denmark–Norway demanded the Tsardom of Russia to cede the peninsula. Russia declined, and in order to organize adequate defenses established the position of a "voyevoda", who sat in Kola, which
Administrative divisions of Murmansk Oblast
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resettled to the mainland) consisted of about 50–300 Nenetses who subsisted mainly on reindeer herding, fishing, trapping, polar bear hunting and seal hunting. A subspecies of reindeer, Lapland ("R.t. tarandus"), a semi-domesticated reindeer are widespread in Lapland. Reindeer herds visit the grasslands of the Kola Peninsula in summer. By the end of the 1st millennium CE, the Kola Peninsula was settled only by the Sami people. who were engaged mostly in reindeer herding and fishing. The Sami people, traditionally known in English as Laplanders are one people living in four countries. There are about 2000 Sami in Russia. They are
Reindeer in Russia