who planted the first vitis vinifera in the u.s. colonies
Jean - Louis Vignes
10972362
Europe. In California, the first vineyard and winery was established by Spanish Catholic missionaries in 1769. California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. Therefore, the missionaries used the Mission grape, which is called Criolla or "colonialized European" in South America. Although a "Vitis vinifera", it is a grape of "very modest" quality. The first secular vineyard was established in Los Angeles by an immigrant from Bordeaux, Jean-Louis Vignes. Dissatisfied with the Mission grape, he imported vines from France. By 1851 he had 40,000 vines under cultivation and was producing of wine per year. Major
History of American wine
7215977
carried vines northward; Sonoma's first vineyard was planted around 1805. California has two native grape varieties, but they make very poor quality wine. The California Wild Grape (Vitis californicus) does not produce wine-quality fruit, although it sometimes is used as rootstock for wine grape varieties. The missionaries used the Mission grape. (In South America, this grape is known as "criolla" or "colonialized European".) Although a "Vitis vinifera" variety, it is a grape of "very modest" quality. Jean-Louis Vignes was one of the early settlers to use a higher quality vinifera in his vineyard near Los Angeles. The first winery in
American wine
11526334
Chateau Grand Traverse began planting "Vitis vinifera" varieties including Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Riesling near Traverse City. The following year he expanded to 55-acre of grapevines, which was the first large-scale planting of "Vitis vinifera". (However, it wasn't the very first commercial planting of "vinifera" since Tabor Hill Winery of Berrien County, had planted a few experimental acres of "vinifera" grapevines in southwest Michigan in 1969.) In the 1980s, the Michigan wine industry saw growth throughout the state as several American Viticultural Areas, including Fennville, Lake Michigan Shore and the nearby Leelanau Peninsula, were approved. The Old Mission Peninsula received
Old Mission Peninsula AVA
7215974
which were unfamiliar and which they did not like. This led to repeated efforts to grow the familiar European "Vitis vinifera" varieties, beginning with the Virginia Company exporting French vinifera vines with French vignerons to Virginia in 1619. These early plantings met with failure as native pest and vine disease ravaged the vineyards. In 1683, William Penn planted a vineyard of French vinifera in Pennsylvania; it may have interbred with a native "Vitis labrusca" vine to create the hybrid grape Alexander. One of the first commercial wineries in the United States was founded in 1787 by Pierre Legaux in Pennsylvania.
American wine
7773851
UC Davis to breed PD resistance from "Vitis rotundifolia" into "Vitis vinifera". The first generation was 50% high quality vinifera genes, the next 75%, the third 87% and the fourth 94%. In the spring of 2007, seedlings that are 94% vinifera were planted. Oleander leaf scorch is a disease of landscape oleanders ("Nerium oleander") caused by a strain of "X. fastidiosa" which has become prevalent in California and Arizona, USA starting in the mid 1990s. This disease is transmitted by a type of leafhopper (insect) called the Glassy-winged sharpshooter ("Homalodisca coagulata"). In October 2013 the bacterium was found to be
Xylella fastidiosa
14238604
Alexander (grape) Alexander (also known as Tasker's Grape) is a spontaneous cross of vines from which the first commercial wines in America were made. It was discovered in 1740 in the neighborhood of Springgettsbury, Philadelphia, in a vineyard where James Alexander (d. 1778), Thomas Penn's gardener, had originally planted cuttings of "Vitis vinifera" in 1683. It was popularized by the Bartram family at Bartram's Garden, Philadelphia, and widely distributed after the American Revolution by William Bartram. The Alexander grape is a hybrid grape of "Vitis labrusca" and another species, which may probably be "Vitis vinifera". In the 18th century and
Alexander (grape)
10972359
History of American wine The History of American wine began when the first Europeans explored parts of North America, which they called Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines found there. However, settlers would later discover that the wine made from the various native grapes, had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like. This led to repeated efforts to grow familiar "Vitis vinifera" varieties. The first vines of "Vitis vinifera" origin were planted in Senecu in 1629, which is near the present day town of San Antonio, New Mexico. However, the discovery in 1802 of the
History of American wine
10972370
wines. The results of their success would be demonstrated decades later at the Paris wine tasting in 1976, the nation's 200th anniversary. History of American wine The History of American wine began when the first Europeans explored parts of North America, which they called Vinland because of the profusion of grape vines found there. However, settlers would later discover that the wine made from the various native grapes, had flavors which were unfamiliar and which they did not like. This led to repeated efforts to grow familiar "Vitis vinifera" varieties. The first vines of "Vitis vinifera" origin were planted in
History of American wine
11280823
more international grape varieties into the region as well as experimenting with sparkling wine production. Many new vineyards sites are being planted in areas recently demined. Vietnamese wine Vietnamese wine is wine produced in Vietnam. The area was first cultivated for viticulture during the French colonial rule of the region in the late 19th century. The region's tropical climate was ill-suited for the type of "Vitis vinifera" that the French colonists were used to and the wine industry turned its attention to fruit wine production. The late 20th century saw renewed focus on the development of "Vitis vinifera" with the
Vietnamese wine
1907618
grape variety but fell out of favor for table grape growers due to how quickly the freshly picked grapes spoiled and the tendency of berries to fall off the stem in transit. Aurore was first introduced to the United States, via Ellis Island, in the 1940s and from New York spread throughout the country. Soon it was the most widely planted non-"Vitis labrusca" grape variety in New York but since the 1970s its numbers have declined as growers began planting more "Vitis vinifera" and other hybrid varieties. The first plantings of Aurore in Canada were planted in 1946. Aurore is
Aurore (grape)
12185169
duo had the ambition to make better-quality wines, their vineyard was planted with traditional European grape varieties, of the "Vitis vinifera" species, chosen from those cultivated in colder European regions. Their first vineyard, of was planted with Riesling, Chardonnay and Gamay. At that time the wine industry in the Niagara consisted of five bulk wineries growing American ("non-vinifera") vines, and no winery licenses had been issued since 1929. Inniskillin's license in 1975, which Ziraldo successfully lobbied for, was therefore the first post-prohibition license issued in the region. The company Inniskillin Wines was formally incorporated on July 31, 1975, and the
Inniskillin
11526205
the grapevines were pulled out and the land planted with corn, oat, wheat and barley fields. Follow the repeal of prohibition in 1933, it took several decades for the Hermann wine industry to recover with Stone Hill reopening in 1965, Hermannhof in 1974 and Adam Puchta in 1989. Today there is around 200 acres of grapevines planted with the Hermann Wine Trail being a frequent tourist location in the Missouri Rhineland. A wide variety of grapes are grown in Hermann, including the "Vitis vinifera" Riesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, the "Vitis labrusca" Concord and Catawba, the "Vitis aestivalis" variety Norton (Cynthiana),
Hermann AVA
7215972
American wine American wine has been produced for over 300 years. Today, wine production is undertaken in all fifty states, with California producing 89 percent of all US wine. The United States is the fourth-largest wine producing country in the world, after France, Italy, and Spain. The North American continent is home to several native species of grape, including "Vitis labrusca", "Vitis riparia", "Vitis rotundifolia", and "Vitis vulpina." But the wine-making industry is based on the cultivation of the European "Vitis vinifera", which was introduced by European settlers. With more than under vine, the United States is the sixth-most planted
American wine
13440876
a large extent in Serra Gaúcha region. While better quality wines ("vinho fino") are produced from the European grapevine "Vitis vinifera", in 2003 only some out of Brazil's were planted with such vines. The rest are American vines or hybrid vines, many of which are easier to cultivate under Brazilian growing conditions. Several less successful attempts at introducing European vines into Brazil were made during the centuries. The first vines were brought to Brazil by the Portuguese in 1532, who planted them in the state São Paulo. Jesuits brought Spanish vines to Rio Grande do Sul in 1626, and 18th
Brazilian wine
10471184
Texas wine Texas has a long history of wine production. The sunny and dry climate of the major wine making regions in the state have drawn comparison to Portuguese wines. Some of the earliest recorded Texas wines were produced by Spanish missionaries in the 1650s near El Paso. The state is home to over 36 members of the "Vitis" grape vine family with fifteen being native to the state, more than any other region on earth. As of 2006, the state had over planted with "Vitis vinifera". Despite being the largest of conterminous states, this relatively small amount of planted
Texas wine
2464652
Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a species of "Vitis", native to the Mediterranean region, central Europe, and southwestern Asia, from Morocco and Portugal north to southern Germany and east to northern Iran. There are currently between 5,000 and 10,000 varieties of "Vitis vinifera" grapes though only a few are of commercial significance for wine and table grape production. It is a liana growing to in length, with flaky bark. The leaves are alternate, palmately lobed, long and broad. The fruit is a berry, known as a grape; in the wild species it is diameter and ripens
Vitis vinifera
8522887
History of Oregon wine The history of Oregon wine production stretches back to before the state was incorporated. Settlers to the Oregon Territory planted grapes as early as the 1840s, however the production of wine has only been a significant industry in Oregon since the 1960s. Oregon wines first achieved significant critical notice in the late 1970s; in 2005, the industry sold 1.6 million cases of Oregon vintages with a retail value of USD $184.7 million. In 2015, there were 702 wineries and 28,034 acres of vitis vinifera planted. Grapes were first planted in the Oregon Territory in 1847 by
History of Oregon wine
13213297
where the winery is still situated today. After purchasing the land, Ewald began uprooting existing "Vitis labrusca" grapes that were planted on the property, replacing them with "Vitis vinifera" vines. Ewald opened Reif Estate Winery in 1982. The winery's first vintages in 1982 included Riesling, Gewürztraminer and Vidal. In 1984 Reif produced its first Icewine. In 1987, Klaus W. Reif took over from his Uncle Ewald as President and Winemaker at Reif Estate Winery. In 1990, Roberto DiDomenico became winemaker. Reif Estate's vineyard is located in Niagara Peninsula appellation, in the Niagara River sub-appellation. The Niagara River sub-appellation is characterized
Reif Estate Winery
11223589
Ohio wine Ohio wine (or "Ohioan wine") refers to wine made from grapes grown in the U.S. state of Ohio. Historically, this has been wine grown from native American species of grapes (such as "Vitis labrusca"), not European wine grapes, although hybrid and "Vitis vinifera" grapes are now common in Ohio. Currently, over 110 commercial wineries operate in Ohio, and there are five designated American Viticultural Areas partially or completely located within the state. Wine has been produced in Ohio since 1823 when Nicholas Longworth planted the first Alexander and Isabella grapes in the Ohio River Valley. In 1825, Longworth
Ohio wine
16591718
Vineyard from the Yakama Nation tribe and planted it to alfalfa and potatoes while raising cattle on the higher slopes. The farm was named Red Willow after a dry creek that ran along the Ahtanum Ridge west of Yakima, Washington. The land continued to be a working farm until the late 1960s when Mike Sauer (who had married into the Stephenson family) returned home from college and began planting Concord grapes. Following the success of the Concord, Sauer branched out and began experimenting with "Vitis vinifera" including Sémillon and Chenin blanc. These early "vinifera" plantings didn't survive in the rich-soil
Red Willow Vineyard
3870697
some of the most sophisticated in the world, with vineyards increasingly planted in cooler climates, such as Pinot noir in Tasmania, and unoaked wines becoming popular. Several regional specialities have emerged, notably Shiraz in the Barossa Valley, Cabernet Sauvignon in Coonawarra, Riesling in the Eden Valley and Clare Valley, and Hunter Valley Sémillon. Rutherglen Muscats are perhaps the finest fortified wines of the New World. Canada followed a similar path to the eastern United Statesearly attempts to grow "Vitis vinifera" failed, leading to a significant export industry based on "Vitis labrusca" and "Vitis riparia", fortified to disguise the 'foxy' aromas.
New World wine
4960900
labrusca" was probably the species seen by Leif Ericsson growing wild along the coast of Vinland in the 11th century. There is ample evidence that the "labrusca" was growing wild in North America before Europeans arrived. However, the vine was not officially identified and recorded until Carl Linnaeus and his peers started cataloging American vine species in the mid-18th century. In the 19th century, "Vitis labrusca" was among the American vines transported to Europe that were carrying the phylloxera louse which would cause widespread devastation to the European vineyards planted with "Vitis vinifera". Also in the 19th century, Ephraim Bull
Vitis labrusca
3642997
Baco blanc Baco blanc or Baco 22A is a French-American hybrid grape variety. It is a cross of Folle blanche and the Noah grape, created in 1898 by the grape breeder François Baco. Folle blanche is its "Vitis vinifera" parent. Noah, its other parent, is itself a cross of "Vitis labrusca" and "Vitis riparia". Baco blanc was developed to produce some of the same flavors as Folle blanche but without the susceptibility to American grape disease and phylloxera. In the 20th century it was widely planted in the Gascony region for uses in brandy production. Both Armagnac and Cognac (from
Baco blanc
17330025
siblings rather than color mutations of one or the other. From its parents, Rayon d'Or (a crossing of Aramon du Gard and Seibel 405) and Seibel 5656 (a crossing of Seibel 4595 and Seibel 4199), Seyval noir has "Vitis vinifera, Vitis rupestris" and "Vitis aestivalis" genes in lineage. Seyval noir is moderately winter-hardy vine which is able to survive the cold winters and late springs of Quebec. The grape is also fairly resistant to most grape diseases but does have some susceptibility to powdery mildew. While Seyval noir was created in France, the grape is hardly planted here. It is
Seyval noir
2464654
dried to produce raisins. Cultivars of "Vitis vinifera" form the basis of the majority of wines produced around the world. All of the familiar wine varieties belong to "Vitis vinifera", which is cultivated on every continent except for Antarctica, and in all the major wine regions of the world. Humans are known to have interacted with the "Vitis vinifera" in the Neolithic period. Wild grapes were harvested by foragers and early farmers. For thousands of years, the fruit has been harvested for both medicinal and nutritional value; its history is intimately entwined with the history of wine. Changes in pip
Vitis vinifera
1628222
Lakes Region and Virginia, Cabernet Franc is valued for its ability to ripen more reliably than other red "Vitis vinifera" and to produce wines of better quality than most hybrid grapes. In Washington State, the first plantings of Cabernet Franc were cultivated in experimental blocks by Washington State University in the Columbia Valley during the 1970s. In 1985, Cabernet Franc was planted in the Red Willow Vineyard for use in Bordeaux style blends. The first varietal Cabernet Franc in Washington was released in 1991 by Columbia Winery followed by Chateau Ste Michelle in 1992 with grapes planted from their Cold
Cabernet Franc
18087319
such as those caused by freezing or cutting injuries, are especially susceptible to infection. Planting in frost-prone areas or areas with poor drainage should therefore be avoided. Reducing other grapevine stressors, such as nutrient deprivation and low soil pH, also limits susceptibility. Additionally, some cultivars are resistant to crown gall disease. "Vitis vinifera" is generally susceptible to crown gall disease, but resistant grape species can be planted preferentially. Grape necrosis is a common symptom of "A. vitis" infection, caused by both tumorigenic and non-tumorigenic bacteria strains. Tobacco leaf panel collapse can be induced by the non-tumorigenic F2/5 strain of "A.
Allorhizobium vitis
17227460
of Cascade includes varieties from the "Vitis vinifera", "Vitis labrusca", "Vitis rupestris", "Vitis rotundifolia" and "Vitis lincecumii" species. Seibel 7042 is a crossing of Seibel 5351 and Seibel 6268. Gloire de Seibel is a cross of Seibel 867 and Seibel 452. From these parent and grandparent varieties Cascade is descended from Concord, Chasselas Musqué and the "Vitis vinifera" teinturier grape Alicante Bouschet (great-grandparents to Seibel 5351). Cascade also has extended relations with another "vinifera" teinturier Alicante Ganzin (grandparent to Seibel 452) and the Munson grape (great-grandparent to Seibel 452). The phylloxera-resistance rootstock variety Rupestris du Lot is also related to
Cascade (grape)
17368533
species of genus "Vitis" in its lineage. The full lineage of L'Acadie blanc was mapped out by Helen Fisher of the University of Guelph and revealed that the grape has members from eight different "Vitis" species including "Vitis aestivalis", "Vitis berlandieri", "Vitis cinerea", "Vitis labrusca", "Vitis lincecumii", "Vitis riparia", "Vitis rupestris" and "Vitis vinifera". In contrast, around 99% of the world's wine is made from grapes belonging only to "Vitis vinifera" species. L'Acadie blanc was created in 1953 by Ollie Bradt at the Vineland research center in Niagara, Ontario. The grape is a crossing the Seibel grape Cascade and the
L'Acadie blanc
9192554
1946 banning its numbers have dwindled to the point where the variety is nearly extinct in its homeland. Outside France there are limited plantings in California where it is often confused with Cabernet Pfeffer (a late 19th-century crossing of Cabernet Sauvignon and unknown "Vitis vinifera" vine). In 2007, a vineyard first planted in 1895 and now growing grapes for Kenneth Volk Vineyards in the Lime Kiln Valley sub region of the San Benito AVA was discovered to be planted with Gros Verdot instead of Cabernet Pfeffer as originally thought. Similar DNA testing revealed other California plantings of vines labelled as
Gros Verdot
16591716
the Stephenson family, Red Willow switched to viticulture in the 1970s when Mike Sauer married into the family and planted 30 acres of Concord. With the urging of Dr. Walter Clore of Washington State University, Sauer began planting experimental blocks of "Vitis vinifera". In 1973, Sauer planted 3 acres of Cabernet Sauvignon which, after Otis Vineyard in the lower Rattlesnake Hills and Harrison Hill Vineyard in the Snipes Mountain AVA, is one of the oldest plantings of Cabernet Sauvignon still being used for wine production. From the WSU experimental plantings also came Washington's first commercial planting of Cabernet Franc and
Red Willow Vineyard
13364806
bara in Syrmia, on the Palić lake in Bačka, on the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal, on rivers Tisa and Tamiš, as well as on the lakes and channels in southern Banat, near Bela Crkva and Kovin. Some of the main food festivals in Vojvodina include: Wine production in Vojvodina has a very long tradition and dates back to Roman emperor Probus (276–282), who was born in Sirmium (modern Sremska Mitrovica in Vojvodina) and who planted first plants of Vitis vinifera in Fruška Gora. Some of the main drink festivals in Vojvodina include: Tourism in Vojvodina The Autonomous Province of Vojvodina is an
Tourism in Vojvodina
11289866
distribution around the globe. The state of California was first introduced to "Vitis vinifera" vines, a species of wine grapes native to the Mediterranean region, in the 18th century by the Spanish, who planted vineyards with each mission they established. The wine was used for religious sacraments as well as for daily life. The vine cuttings used to start the vineyards came from Mexico and were the descendant of the "common black grape" (as it was known) brought to the New World by Hernán Cortés in 1520. The grape's association with the church caused it to become known as the
California wine
18840146
feed on "Rhoicissus digitata" and "Vitis vinifera". The larvae mine the leaves of their host plant. The majority of the mines on "Vitis" start at the leaf edge, but even there the egg is always near the vein in the tip of a lobe. Some mines originate close to the leaf midrib. Also, the few studied mines on "Rhoicissus" start at the leaf tip. The mine starts as a much contorted narrow gallery, often first in a zigzag pattern with U-turns, eventually enlarging into an irregular wide gallery or a blotch. The frass is brown in the early mine, later
Holocacista capensis
4960904
except for Vidal, a hybrid grape varietal. Unlike "vinifera", hybrids and "Vitis labrusca" varieties can better withstand the severe continental conditions of eastern North America with severely cold winters and hot, humid summers. (However, "labrusca" doesn't do quite as well as varieties like "Vitis rotundifolia" in the humidity of southeastern US). In fact, in areas of the United States where "vinifera" does flourish in the west, the conditions during the growing season are often too arid for "labrusca" vines. According to University of California, Davis viticulture expert A. J. Winkler, outside of the "vinifera" Muscat family of grapes, "Vitis labrusca"
Vitis labrusca
6139560
York City. When he could save up enough, Frank moved with his family to the Cornell University Geneva Experiment Station in 1953. During the 1950s, he was a consultant to the Gold Seal Winery and established a "Vitis vinifera" grape nursery. He urged New York State winemakers to move away from native North American grapes, including "Vitis labrusca" and other species, and instead plant "Vitis vinifera", the traditional grapes of European winemakers. For 300 years, failed attempts to plant "Vitis vinifera" varieties were blamed on the cold weather. With extensive experience growing the European grapes in below freezing temperatures back
Konstantin Frank
11538707
1951. Commercial growers and researchers at the Geneva Experiment Station were convinced that European "Vitis vinifera" varieties could not grow in the cold Finger Lakes climate. After years of planting "Vitis vinifera" in the colder climate of the Ukraine, Dr. Frank was sure that it could be grown in the Finger Lakes if grafted onto the proper, cold-hardy native rootstock. He proved this in 1962 when he started Vinifera Wine Cellars, in Hammondsport. Dr. Frank successfully grew and produced wine from "Vitis vinifera" grapes such as Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Gewürztraminer, and Cabernet Sauvignon, grafted onto native rootstock. Plantings of
Finger Lakes AVA
11516787
planted by Italian immigrants. All variety of grapes are grown in the area, including "Vitis vinifera", "Vitis labrusca", and French hybrids. Ozark Highlands AVA The Ozark Highlands AVA is an American Viticultural Area located in southern Missouri in the Ozark Mountains. The appellation includes land from just east of Jefferson City in the north to the Eleven Point River in the south, including parts of Phelps, Maries, Osage, Gasconade, Franklin, Crawford, Shannon, Dent, Texas, Reynolds, and Pulaski counties. The AVA was established in 1987. Contained entirely within the larger Ozark Mountain AVA, the area is drier than other parts of
Ozark Highlands AVA
10314093
"Selection" at their yearly competition in Mainz. Located west of St. Louis along the Missouri River, the area is known for its river bottoms and alluvial plains that follow the winding river. The soil in this area is a type of loam known as Hayne Silt-Loam which is heaviest in clay composition in the areas closest to the river but has more silt concentration in the higher elevations where most of the vineyards are now located. The Augusta AVA is planted with some "Vitis vinifera" including Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot noir, Chardonnay, and Merlot as well the "Vitis aestivalis" grape Norton
Augusta AVA
3879043
Airén Airén is a variety of "Vitis vinifera", a white grape commonly used in winemaking. This grape is native to Spain where it represents about 30% of all grapes grown. As of 2010, Airén was estimated to be the world's 3rd most grown grape variety in terms of planted surface, at , down from in 2004, where it held 1st place, although it is almost exclusively found in Spain. Since Airén tends to be planted at a low density, several other varieties (including Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) are more planted in terms of number of vines. Plantations of Airén are
Airén
11343815
the Friuli-Venezia Giulia in the 20th century, was related to Verduzzo Friulano. The two varieties were often planted together with the Trevigiano variety producing higher yields but less aromatic and flavorful wine. DNA profiling conducted in 2010 and 2011 using simple sequence repeats (SSRs) on over 1005 "Vitis vinifera" varieties concluded definitively that the Trevigiano and Friulano varieties of Verduzzo were two distinct grape varieties. The same research also proved that the Verduzzo planted in the Ramandolo region near Nimis, known locally as "Verduzzo Ramandolo" was identical to the Verduzzo Friulano planted elsewhere. Over the years Verduzzo has been known
Verduzzo
1440920
century, the entire species was nearly destroyed by the plant louse "phylloxera" accidentally introduced to Europe from North America. Native American grapevines include varieties such as "Vitis labrusca", which is resistant to the bug. "Vitis vinifera" varieties were saved by being grafted onto the rootstock of Native American varieties, although there is still no remedy for "phylloxera", which remains a danger to any vineyard not planted with grafted rootstock. The quest for vineyard efficiency has produced a bewildering range of systems and techniques in recent years. Due to the often much more fertile New World growing conditions, attention has focussed
Vineyard
15270888
Olmo grapes Olmo grapes are wine and table grape varieties produced by University of California, Davis viticulturist Dr. Harold Olmo. Over the course of his nearly 50-year career, Dr. Olmo bred a wide variety of both grapes by means of both crossing varieties from the same species or creating hybrid grapes from cultivars of different "Vitis" species. Over 30 new grape varieties were created by Dr. Olmo and introduced to the California wine and table grape industries. Ruby Cabernet is the most notable and widely planted Olmo grape. It is a crossing between the "Vitis vinifera" varieties Cabernet Sauvignon and
Olmo grapes
9133816
the use of traditional Vitis vinifera varieties impossible in North American viticulture at that time. It was Adhemar de Chaunac, along with John Paroshy who first tested the use of Vidal blanc for the production of icewine. Vidal is now the most common ice wine grape in Ontario, producing icewines which are a successful export product and routinely win international competitions. Marechal Foch (Kuhlmann 188-2), De Chaunac (Seibel 9549), Baco noir, and Leon Millot are some of the successful hybrids introduced by de Chaunac. While vitis vinifera varieties have ultimately supplanted the majority of French hybrid plantings in eastern North
Adhémar de Chaunac
17074670
Boskoop Glory Boskoop glory is a disease-resistant, cold-tolerant grape variety from the Netherlands. It is thought to be a hybrid between "Vitis vinifera" and "Vitis labrusca". It was developed in the 1950s at Wageningen where American vines had been planted. It is therefore assumed to be a spontaneous crossing of two species from the vineyard. This variety usually ripens fruit in late August or early September and is resistant to fungal diseases and frost. It is a popular table grape in the Netherlands and it is popular among gardeners in the Netherlands, England, Germany and much of Northern Europe. The
Boskoop Glory
4086458
for growing grapes. The moderate average temperature allows natural cellaring of wine. The most prominent Missouri-grown variety is Cynthiana/Norton, believed to be a variety of "Vitis aestivalis". Other varieties grown include native American grapes, Concord and Catawba, as well as French-American hybrids such as Vignoles, Seyval, and Chambourcin. Recently, there has been more interest in planting "Vitis vinifera" grapes varieties, especially the fine European grapes: Cabernet Franc, Chardonnay, Petit Verdot and Mourvedre. The wine industry in Missouri is growing rapidly. Missouri has more than planted in grapes. In 2008 over 888,000 gallons of Missouri wine was sold. The market share
Missouri wine
17074671
flavour is very aromatic and juicy. Boskoop Glory Boskoop glory is a disease-resistant, cold-tolerant grape variety from the Netherlands. It is thought to be a hybrid between "Vitis vinifera" and "Vitis labrusca". It was developed in the 1950s at Wageningen where American vines had been planted. It is therefore assumed to be a spontaneous crossing of two species from the vineyard. This variety usually ripens fruit in late August or early September and is resistant to fungal diseases and frost. It is a popular table grape in the Netherlands and it is popular among gardeners in the Netherlands, England, Germany
Boskoop Glory
12504011
sparkling wines and fruit wines. Quebec counts six regions where vines are cultivated. They are the Eastern Townships, Montérégie, Québec, Basses Laurentides, Lanaudière, and Centre-du-Québec. When French explorer Jacques Cartier sailed the St. Lawrence River, he noted the presence of wild grapes ("Vitis riparia") on Île d'Orléans and for this reason named it "Île de Bacchus", in honour of the Roman God of wine and drunkenness. In 1608, when Samuel de Champlain settled the site where Quebec City would later flourish, he planted French vines ("Vitis vinifera") and discovered that they did not resist the winter very well. Small productions
Quebec wine
14000512
Winkler vine The Winkler Vine was an example of large-vine grape culture. The vine was named after Albert J. Winkler, Chair of the Department of Viticulture and Enology (1935–1957) at University of California, Davis. Planted in 1979, the Winkler vine was a "Vitis vinifera" cv. Mission, grafted on to a "Vitis rupestris" St George rootstock. A great deal of research has been carried out on pruning, training and vine size; by researchers such as: Ravaz, Winkler, Shaulis, Koblet, Howell, Carbonneau, Smart & Clingeleffer. Minimal pruning is a pruning/training system adapted from the principles of big-vine theory. The Mission grape cultivar
Winkler vine
17683799
Savoie. Theoretically, every seedling (also known as a Selfling), even if its pollinated by a member of the same grape variety (i.e. such as two Merlot vines), is a crossing as any vine that results from the seed being planted will be a different grape variety distinct from either parent. A hybrid is a new grape variety that was produced from a cross pollination of two different grape species. In the early history of American winemaking, grape growers would cross the European "Vitis vinifera" vines with American vine varieties such as "Vitis labrusca" to create French-American hybrids that were more
Propagation of grapevines
18092965
its resistance, to the spread of the phylloxera plague in Europe, and it was banned for this reason: but this confusing version of the story ignores the historical fact of its importation in Europe, France first, was made in the 19th century for the exact opposite reason, when the phylloxera was already destroying the "Vitis vinifera" cultivations. Fragolino Novellina Fragolino Fragolino is an Italian sparkling red wine produced in Veneto with Isabella grape, or "uva fragola" (literally, "strawberry-grape"). This kind of grape does not belong to the "Vitis vinifera" family, but to the "Vitis lambrusca", and it was introduced to
Fragolino
9085286
(although Dr. Frank spoke six languages fluently, English was not one of them) his vision would have to wait for an appropriate ear. Dr. Frank continued to promote his beliefs on the potential of the "Vitis vinifera" in New York until Charles Fournier, a French Champagne maker and president of nearby Gold Seal Vineyards took heed and hired him. The two shared the common language of French as well as a passion to plant "Vitis vinifera" in the Finger Lakes region. A decade later, Dr. Frank was producing quality wines from such "Vitis vinifera" vines such as Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot
New York wine
11748266
where his plants were given "Gm" serial numbers for Geisenheim. Gm 6493 has previously been erroneously stated to be Saperawi Severni x Muscat Ottonel but is now identified as Zarya Severa x Muscat Ottonel. Solaris is stated as a " Vitis vinifera" grape, although it contains traces of hybrid grapes in its pedigree. It is an approved as a " Vitis vinifera" grape by EU, to grow and make wine of. It is formally listed as a "Vitis vinifera" cultivar. It received varietal protection in 2001. Solaris was the product of a programme for breeding disease-resistant grape varieties, and has
Solaris (grape)
10560508
of grapevines; most are cultivars of "V. vinifera". Hybrid grapes also exist, and these are primarily crosses between "V. vinifera" and one or more of "V. labrusca", "V. riparia" or "V. aestivalis". Hybrids tend to be less susceptible to frost and disease (notably phylloxera), but wine from some hybrids may have a little of the characteristic "foxy" taste of "V. labrusca". The Latin word "Vitis" has feminine grammatical gender, and therefore species names with adjectival specific epithets take feminine forms, such as "V. vinifera". The fruit of several "Vitis" species are grown commercially for consumption as fresh grapes and for
Vitis
1907619
known as a "complex hybrid", meaning that within its lineage are grape varieties from a number of species in the Vitis genus--including "Vitis vinifera", "Vitis rupestris" and "Vitis lincecumii". The two parent varieties of Aurore, Seibel 788 & Seibel 29, were also Seibel grapes with complex pedigrees themselves. Seibel 788 was a crossing of the two hybrid varieties Sicilien and Clairette Dorée Ganzin. Sicilien is a crossing of two "Vitis vinifera" varieties, Bicane and Pascal blanc, while Clairette Dorée Ganzin was an interspecific crossing produced by French grape breeder Victor Ganzin. The two parents of Clairette Dorée Ganzin were the
Aurore (grape)
2464668
monoterpens are present in grape, above all acyclic linalool, geraniol, nerol, citronellol, homotrienol and monocyclic α-terpineol, mostly occurring as glycosides. Carotenoids accumulate in ripening grape berries. Oxidation of carotenoids produces volatile fragments, C13-norisoprenoids. These are strongly odoriferous compounds, such as β-ionone (aroma of viola), damascenone (aroma of exotic fruits), β-damascone (aroma of rose) and β-ionol (aroma of flowers and fruits). Melatonin, an alkaloid, has been identified in grape. In addition, seeds are rich in unsaturated fatty acids, which helps lowering levels of total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in the blood. Vitis vinifera Vitis vinifera, the common grape vine, is a
Vitis vinifera
1907620
"Vitis vinifera" variety Bourboulenc and the hybrid Ganzin 60 (itself a cross of Aramon noir and a "Vitis rupestris" variety). Seibel 29 is a crossing of an unknown "Vitis vinifera" variety and the Munson hybrid grape (also known as Jaeger 70) that was created by the Missouri viticulturist Hermann Jaeger. Munson is a crossing of a "Vitis lincecumii" and "Vitis rupestris" vine. While classified as a white grape varieties and only used to produce white wines, clusters of Aurore blanc often will have a pink tinge to them (similar to Pinot gris and Gewürztraminer though not as dark as those
Aurore (grape)
3896285
Hárslevelű Hárslevelű (in Hungarian), also called Lipovina (in Slovak), Frunza de tei (in Romanian), Lindenblättriger (in German) and Feuille de Tilleul (in French) is a grape variety from the Pontian Balcanica branch of "Vitis vinifera". The name refers to the "lime (tree) leaf" in each of these languages. The grape is native to the Carpathian Basin and is planted in several Hungarian wine regions, but most prominently in the tiny wine region of Somló, and especially in Tokaj-Hegyalja, where it is blended with Furmint to produce Tokaji Aszú and other dessert wines. The grape is also planted in the Slovakian
Hárslevelű
8733856
grapes while Torrontés Mendocino, however, has smaller, tighter bunches of darker yellow grapes. Torrontés Riojano is the most aromatic of the three, with aromas reminiscent of Muscat and Gewürtztraminer wines. The least aromatic, and least widely planted, is Torrontés Mendocino with the aromatics and plantings of Torrontés Sanjuanino falling in between. All three Argentine Torrontés varieties belong to the "Criollas" group of grape varieties, which is a term used for presumably American-born cultivars of the European grapevine "Vitis vinifera". Around in Argentina have been planted with Torrontés Riojano, and with Torrontés Sanjuanino. Plantings in the very high altitudes (1700m+) of
Torrontés
9214887
the varieties increased for the devastation of the war years following World War I and World War II with the Villards hitting their peak in the French wine industry during the 1960s. By 1968, Villard noir was the fifth most widely black skin grape variety (behind such notable "Vitis vinifera" varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot) while Villard blanc was the third most planted white grape variety (behind Ugni blanc and Chardonnay). During these peak years there were more than 30,000 and 21,000 hectares of Villard noir and blanc, respectively, planted over a swatch of southern France that stretched
Villard grapes
3133121
Ensenada, Baja California Ensenada () is a coastal city in Mexico, the third-largest in Baja California. Lying south of San Diego on the Baja California Peninsula, it is locally referred to as "La Cenicienta del Pacífico", "The Cinderella of the Pacific." One of the first settlements founded in the Californias, Ensenada has emerged as a cruise ship destination, aerospace center, and a jumping-off point for Valle de Guadalupe, a local wine region. It is said that the first "Vitis vinifera" made it to the region's San Ignacio Mission in 1703, when Jesuit Padre Juan de Ugarte planted the first vineyards
Ensenada, Baja California
2464653
dark purple to blackish with a pale wax bloom; in cultivated plants it is usually much larger, up to long, and can be green, red, or purple (black). The species typically occurs in humid forests and streamsides. The wild grape is often classified as "V. vinifera" subsp. "sylvestris" (in some classifications considered "Vitis sylvestris"), with "V. vinifera" subsp. "vinifera" restricted to cultivated forms. Domesticated vines have hermaphrodite flowers, but subsp. "sylvestris" is dioecious (male and female flowers on separate plants) and pollination is required for fruit to develop. The grape is eaten fresh, processed to make wine or juice, or
Vitis vinifera
9118040
apples. In 1937, Clore became assistant horticulturist at the Irrigation Branch Experiment Station (now known as the Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center) in Prosser. There he oversaw the experimental plantings of nearly 20 "Vitis labrusca" hybrids and 7 "Vitis vinifera" grape varieties. In the years that follow, under Clore's direction the plantings at the Experiment Station would expand to include 45 hybrids, 71 "Vitis vinifera", and 10 interspecies "Vitis" hybrid rootstock. By 1974, Clore had overseen the plantings of 312 grape varieties. His work laid the foundation for the rebirth of the Washington State Wine industry as it conclusively
Walter Clore
14572234
Vitis silvestrii Vitis silvestrii (known locally as hu bei pu tao, which means Hubei grape) is a species of polygamo-dioecious plant in the grape family native to the forested slopes of western Hubei and southern Shaanxi in China from 300 to 1200 meters above sea level. Its flowers appear in May, males having abortive pistils "Vitis silvestrii" should not to be confused with the very similarly named "V. sylvestris" (Eurasian wild grape), which some botanists and taxonomists believe to be synonymous with "V. vinifera" ssp. "silvestris", the dioecious, ancestral form of "V. vinifera". The name "silvestrii" was chosen to honor
Vitis silvestrii
12053762
Vitis berlandieri Vitis berlandieri is a species of grape native to the southern North America, primarily Texas, New Mexico and Arkansas. It is primarily known for good tolerance against soils with a high content of lime, which can cause chlorosis in many vines of American origin. Lime is a characteristic of the soils of many classical French wine regions and highly regarded vineyard sites, and many "Vitis vinifera" cultivars were well suited to these growing conditions. When American vines were imported to Europe as rootstocks for grafting "V. vinifera" on, in the wake of the Great French wine blight, it
Vitis berlandieri
11304447
Turkish wine Turkish wine is wine made in the transcontinental Eurasian country Turkey. The Caucasus region, where Georgia and Iran are located, played a pivotal role in the early history of wine and is likely to have been one of the earliest wine-producing regions of the world. Ampelographers estimate that Turkey is home to between 600–1200 indigenous varieties of "Vitis vinifera" (the European grapevine), though less than 60 of these are grown commercially. With over planted under vine, Turkey is the world's fourth-leading producer of grapes for wine production. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Turkey's first president, established the country's first commercial
Turkish wine
11237432
Florida wine Florida wine refers to wine made from grapes and other fruit grown in the U.S. state of Florida. Wine grapes were grown in Florida earlier than anywhere else in the United States. The first wine grapes were planted in the 16th century by Spanish missionaries for the production of sacramental wine for Christian religious ceremonies. Because of the tropical climate and grapevine diseases, particularly Pierce's disease, "vitis vinifera" does not grow well in Florida. The Florida Grape Growers Association was established in 1923. In the 1930s, researchers at the University of Florida helped develop new hybrid grape varieties
Florida wine
6139561
in Ukraine, Frank knew it would be possible with the techniques that he developed. His ideas were ridiculed. No one thought that "Vitis vinifera" would grow in cold Upstate New York. So in 1958 Frank bought a plot of land on the west side of Keuka Lake, about six miles from Hammondsport, NY. The first vintage released was in 1962 with a Trockenbeerenauslese Johannisberg Riesling made from botrytized grapes. A scientist at heart, Frank, in the twenty-three years that he owned his winery, planted over sixty different varieties to prove to the world that the eastern United States could grow
Konstantin Frank
9133639
Walter Clore has postulated that this grape might have been one of the first "Vitis vinifera" varieties planted in Washington State in the early 19th century. During a series of trials between 1930 and 1935, Black Muscat was crossed with Raboso Piave to create the red Italian wine grape variety Manzoni Moscato. Over the years, Black Muscat has been known under a variety of synonyms including: Aleatico, Black Hamburg, Black Muscat of Alexandria (in England), Black Muskat, Black of Alexandria, Blauer Hamburger Muskat, Ceuro, Chasselas Muscat Golden Hamburg, Esperione, Fekete Muskotally, Frankenthal, Gamburg, Gulabi, Golden Hamburg, Hambourg musqué (in France),
Black Muscat
3060122
The grape was extensively planted throughout the hot San Joaquin Valley where it was mainly used as a blending component for pale, sweet jug wines. In the late 20th century, the Rhone Rangers movement brought attention to the production of premium varietal Grenache and Rhone style blends modeled after the Grenache dominate wines of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. In the early 20th century, Grenache was one of the first "Vitis vinifera" grapes to be successfully vinified during the early development of the Washington wine industry with a 1966 Yakima Valley "rosé" earning mention in wine historian Leon Adams treatise "The Wines of America".
Grenache
15204403
advice on changes he should make to the landscape that would maximize his chance of success, namely by ensure proper air drainage that can ward off the risk of frost damage and the creation of a southwest slope that would increase the amount of sunlight that hits the vines. O'Keefe put into action Becker's recommendation and by 1974 was planting "Vitis vinifera" vines of German clones that were first grafted in Canada. Those early plantings included of Riesling, Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Merlot, which was planted almost accidentally after another grower on Lake Leelanau told O'Keefe he was growing Merlot,
Chateau Grand Traverse
10953379
by cool breezes from the Pacific Ocean, with long growing seasons (average temperatures above year-round), warm winters with nighttime lows rarely dipping below , and summers with daily highs rarely exceeding . With cooler evenings and granite-based soils that drain well, grapes from this area are able to retain their colors and balanced acidity. The area is planted with a wide range of "Vitis vinifera" with Grenache, Merlot, Sangiovese, Syrah, Tempranillo and Viognier being some of the most widely planted. The AVA is defined roughly to include both coasts of San Dieguito River on the east side of I-15, between
San Pasqual Valley AVA
2464656
Cultivation of the domesticated grape spread to other parts of the Old World in pre-historic or early historic times. The first written accounts of grapes and wine can be found in the "Epic of Gilgamesh", an ancient Sumerian text from the third millennium BC. There are also numerous hieroglyphic references from ancient Egypt, according to which wine was reserved exclusively for priests, state functionaries and the pharaoh. Hesiod in his Works and Days gives detailed descriptions of grape harvests and wine making techniques, and there are also many references in Homer. Greek colonists then introduced these practices in their colonies,
Vitis vinifera
14596144
Hyles livornicoides Hyles livornicoides, the Australian striped hawk moth, is a moth of the family Sphingidae first described by Eugen Johann Christoph Esper in 1779. The larvae are known by the common name Yeperenye caterpillar. It is found in Australia in New South Wales, the Northern Territory, Queensland, Victoria and Western Australia. The wingspan is about 60 mm. The larvae feed on "Portulaca oleracea", "Boerhavia diffusa", "Boerhavia schomburgkiana", "Vitis vinifera" and "Tribulus terrestris". They are gregarious and live in dense colonies. The larvae were used as food by Aborigines. They starved the caterpillars for a day or two before roasting
Hyles livornicoides
4960554
wine production, but can also be eaten or made into grape juice, jam, or jelly. The Vitis International Variety Catalogue gives credit to the Scholls and describes Catawba as a crossing of the North American species "Vitis labrusca" with the European species "Vitis vinifera" and list 1819 as its likely introduction. The "Oxford Companion to Wine" states the vine was identified in North Carolina even earlier, in 1802, but does not state who discovered the variety. British wine expert Oz Clarke also places the vine's origins in North Carolina but claims that it was first identified in 1801. The possible
Catawba (grape)
11280819
Vietnamese wine Vietnamese wine is wine produced in Vietnam. The area was first cultivated for viticulture during the French colonial rule of the region in the late 19th century. The region's tropical climate was ill-suited for the type of "Vitis vinifera" that the French colonists were used to and the wine industry turned its attention to fruit wine production. The late 20th century saw renewed focus on the development of "Vitis vinifera" with the assistance of flying winemakers from regions like Australia. In 1995, a joint venture with Australian winemakers started an aggressive planting scheme to reintroduce international grape varieties
Vietnamese wine
12371920
well as wineries. In the late 1980s Fred Hernder replanted his acreage with classic "Vitis vinifera" and French hybrid varieties. This launched Hernder Estate Wines. The first vintage in 1991 consisted of 7,000 bottles of Vidal. On September 17, 1993, Hernder Estate Wines officially opened to the public. Hernder Estate Wines presently produces more than 25 varieties of V.Q.A. (Vintners Quality Alliance) wines from its of land spread between St. Catharines and Beamsville. Current plantings focus on traditional "Vitis vinifera" varieties including Chardonnay, Riesling, Gewürztraminer, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, and Pinot gris. Other varieties include varieties suited to cool
Hernder Estate Wines
1908026
Albert Seibel Albert Seibel (1844–1936) was a French physician and viticulturist who made hybrid crosses of European wine grapes ("Vitis vinifera") with native North American grapes. His crosses are known as Seibel grapes. Seibel was born in Aubenas in the Ardeche in 1844. In 1895, he founded a school to teach grafting methods. He died in 1936. In the 1860s the Phylloxera plague cut European wine production by more than two-thirds. As the pest originated in the New World, crossing American stock with European "Vitis vinifera" varieties was one of the promising attempts to contain the disaster. The vines produced
Albert Seibel
2464661
belong to "V. vinifera". In Europe, "Vitis vinifera" is concentrated in the central and southern regions; in Asia, in the western regions such as Anatolia, the Caucasus, the Middle east, and in China; in Africa, along the northern Mediterranean coast and in South Africa; in North America, in California and also other areas like Michigan, New Mexico, New York, Oregon, Washington state, British Columbia, Ontario and Québec; in South America in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, Peru and Brazil; and in Oceania in Australia and New Zealand. In the second half of the 20th century there was a shift in attitude in
Vitis vinifera
2464662
viticulture from traditional techniques to the scientific method based on fields such as microbiology, chemistry and ampelography. This change came about also due to changes in economic and cultural aspects and in the way of life and in the consumption habits of wide sectors of the population starting to demand quality products. "Nature" magazine published the genome sequence of "V. vinifera". This work was a collaboration between Italian researchers (Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Biologia Molecolare delle Piante, Istituto di Genomica Applicata) and French researchers (Genoscope and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique). "Vitis vinifera" is the fourth angiosperm species
Vitis vinifera
2464660
Africa, South America and Australia. In North America it formed hybrids with native species from the genus "Vitis"; some of these were intentional hybrids created to combat "phylloxera", an insect pest which affected the European grapevine to a much greater extent than North American ones and in fact managed to devastate European wine production in a matter of years. Later, North American rootstocks became widely used to graft "V. vinifera" cultivars so as to withstand the presence of phylloxera: "V. vinifera" accounts for the majority of world wine production; all of the most familiar grape varieties used for wine production
Vitis vinifera
9853571
in potting mix, the flat ends down, and keep reasonable moist throughout winter. They will sprout leaves and roots in spring. Divide and plant out. Isabella, although popularly classified as being of "Vitis labrusca" parentage, is almost certainly a cross with an unknown "Vitis vinifera", illustrated by the susceptibility to mildew and black rot. It is thought that it resulted from random pollination when European "Vitis vinifera" grapes were attempted to be established in America. It was popularly thought to have been discovered by a Mrs Isabella Gibbs of South Carolina in 1816, however there is conflicting information with other
Isabella (grape)
5745013
Uncinula necator Uncinula necator (syn. "Erysiphe necator") is a fungus that causes powdery mildew of grape. It is a common pathogen of Vitis species, including the wine grape, "Vitis vinifera". The fungus is believed to have originated in North America. European varieties of "Vitis vinifera" are more or less susceptible to this fungus. "Uncinula necator" infects all green tissue on the grapevine, including leaves and young berries. It can cause crop loss and poor wine quality if untreated. The sexual stage of this pathogen requires free moisture to release ascospores from its cleistothecia in the spring. However, free moisture is
Uncinula necator
16716453
Royalty (grape) Royalty (also known as "Royalty 1390") is a rouge Californian wine grape variety that was developed in 1938 by Dr. Harold P. Olmo of the University of California, Davis. The grape is a red fleshed teinturier which, unlike most red wine grapes, will produced red-tinged colored wine even without maceration time on the skins. The grape is a hybrid being produced from the "Vitis vinifera" Trousseau gris variety from the Jura wine region of France and the teinturier grape Alicante Ganzin that, itself, is a hybrid of a "Vitis rupestris" variety and the "Vitis vinifera" grape Aramon. "Royalty"
Royalty (grape)
6878538
Regent (grape) Regent is a dark-skinned inter-specific hybrid grape variety, used for making wine. It has both European ("Vitis vinifera") and American vine species in its pedigree and a broad resistance against the most significant fungal diseases which affect grapes, such as downy mildew. Regent was created in 1967 by Professor Gerhardt Alleweldt at the Geilweilerhof Institute for Grape Breeding by crossing Diana, a Silvaner x Müller-Thurgau cross and thus a "Vitis vinifera" variety, with the interspecific hybrid Chambourcin. Experimental plantings followed in 1985, and it received varietal protection in 1994 and was released for cultivation in the first German
Regent (grape)
12157879
may only contain purebred "Vitis vinifera" varieties, and certain crosses between "V. vinifera" and other species of the "Vitis" genus. Thus, uncrossed so-called American vines, such as "Vitis labrusca", may not be used for wine and are not allowed in EU vineyards. Many winemaking practices depend on the classification of the wine – TW or QWpsr. Some practices also depend on where within EU the grapes are grown, since typical challenges to winemakers in colder or hotter climates are somewhat different. The defined European Union wine growing zones are used to regulate these practices, but some leeway is given for
European Union wine regulations
6171361
the species frequently include T.V. Munson, Albert Seibel (see: Seibel grapes), Joannes Seyve and Elmer Swenson (indirectly via hybridizing existing varieties containing 'Vitis rupestris'. 'Vitis rupestris' often contributes a large proportion of ancestries of 'French hybrid' grapes (or 'French direct producers') such as Seyval, although it was often overlooked in its homeland in favor of Vitis labrusca. A large proportion of modern European "PIWI" varieties categorized as Vitis vinifera contain a large 'Vitis rupestris' background such as Solaris and Regent. Vitis rupestris Vitis rupestris is a species of grape native to the United States that is known by many common
Vitis rupestris
3896287
Lindenblättriger, Lindenblütrige, Lindener, Lipolist, Lipolist Biyali, Lipovina, Musztafer, Nöthab, Tarpai, Tokai, Tokay, and Vörös. Hárslevelű Hárslevelű (in Hungarian), also called Lipovina (in Slovak), Frunza de tei (in Romanian), Lindenblättriger (in German) and Feuille de Tilleul (in French) is a grape variety from the Pontian Balcanica branch of "Vitis vinifera". The name refers to the "lime (tree) leaf" in each of these languages. The grape is native to the Carpathian Basin and is planted in several Hungarian wine regions, but most prominently in the tiny wine region of Somló, and especially in Tokaj-Hegyalja, where it is blended with Furmint to produce
Hárslevelű
11118917
brought by the missionaries were a "Vitis vinifera" grape variety known as the Mission grape. This variety is still grown in New Mexico today. Between 1633 and 1800, numerous events took place which threatened the wine industry in New Mexico. Several pueblo revolts and hard winters threatened the grapes, but by the 1800s New Mexico had emerged as wine country. In 1800, vineyards were planted from Bernalillo to Socorro in central New Mexico and from Las Cruces to El Paso, Texas in the southern part of the state. In 1850, New Mexico became a territory of the United States. In
New Mexico wine
4082628
until 1994. With the region's growing population, however, Lehigh Valley areas were afforded area code 610 in 1994. Today, the Lehigh Valley is covered by 610. An overlay area code, 484, was added to the 610 service area in 1999. A plan to introduce area code 835 as an additional overlay was rescinded in 2001. The Lehigh Valley AVA was designated an official American Viticultural Area in March, 2008. The wine region includes of vineyards, planted to several "Vitis vinifera" and French-American hybrid grape varieties. Blue Mountain Vineyards in New Tripoli accounts of over 50 acres in the region and
Lehigh Valley
2464658
instability in the countryside which led to a reduction of viticulture in general, which was mainly sustained only close to towns and cities and along coastlines. Between the 5th and 10th centuries, viticulture was sustained almost exclusively by the different religious orders in monasteries. The Benedictines and others extended the grape growing limit northwards and also planted new vineyards at higher altitudes than was customary before. Apart from ‘ecclesiastical’ viticulture, there also developed, especially in France, a ‘noble’ viticulture, practiced by the aristocracy as a symbol of prestige. Grape growing was a significant economic activity in the Middle east up
Vitis vinifera
1440919
of the Roman Empire that cultivation techniques as we know them were common throughout Europe. In medieval Europe the Church was a staunch supporter of wine, which was necessary for the celebration of the Mass. During the lengthy instability of the Middle Ages, the monasteries maintained and developed viticultural practices, having the resources, security, stability and interest in improving the quality of their vines. They owned and tended the best vineyards in Europe and "vinum theologium" was considered superior to all others. European vineyards were planted with a wide variety of the "Vitis vinifera" grape. However, in the late 19th
Vineyard
8619305
Sauvignon vert Sauvignon vert (also known as Sauvignonasse & Friulano) is a white wine grape of the species "Vitis vinifera" prevalent in the Italian region of Friuli. It is widely planted in Chile where it was historically mistaken for Sauvignon blanc. The grape is distinct from the California planting of Muscadelle which is also called "Sauvignon vert". Friulano from Friuli-Venezia Giulia was known as "“Tocai” Friulano" until March 31, 2007 when the European Court of Justice of Luxembourg set the prohibition of using the name "“Tocai”" in the name of the wine (as stipulated in a 1993 agreement between the
Sauvignon vert
12670989
Terret gris Terret gris is a white French wine grape variety planted primarily in the Languedoc wine region. It is a mutation of the ancient "Vitis vinifera" vine Terret. "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) regulations allow the grape to be used in white wines from the Corbières, Coteaux du Languedoc and Minervois AOCs as well as some "vin de pays". The vine has a very long history in the region and is capable of producing full bodied wines with crisp acidity. Terret blanc is the white mutation of the grape. In official statistics, the plantings of two "light-berried" Terret grapes (as
Terret gris
19118695
its demand for sacred wine was filled by imports. In 1908 Carlos Voigt, a winegrower of German heritage, began growing grapes in the province of Guiará. This marked the rebirth of the Paraguayan wine industry. Paraguayan wine Paraguay is one of the countries of South America that produces wine. However, Paraguay does not have active wine exports as of 2018 and its wine is little known outside its country of origin. Paraguayan wine history falls into three distinct chronological categories. In the mission period starting in the late 16th century, Spanish-speaking Jesuit missionaries planted European grapes ("vitis vinifera") as part
Paraguayan wine
11566947
under some "vin de pays". There were only 11 hectares planted to Dureza in the late 1970s: by 1988 only one hectare remained. However, since the variety's relationship to Syrah was revealed, interest in Dureza has been increasing: Pascal Jamet has introduced plantings of the grape to the Saint-Joseph AOC in the northern Rhône Valley, for wine to be made under the appellation of Collines Rhodaniennes "vin de pays". The Dureza vine is a member of the "Vitis vinifera" family of grape vines. It is believed to be native to the northern Ardèche region of south-central France. At some point
Dureza
8665365
Szőlő, Tokayer Langer Weisser, Vékonyhéjú, and Vinase. Juhfark Juhfark is a variety of grape, of the species "Vitis vinifera". The name in Hungarian literally means "sheep's tail". The term refers to the elongated, cylindrical shape of the clusters. The grape is mainly planted in Hungary, most prominently in the tiny wine region of Somló. Juhfark is also known under the synonyms Bacso, Balatoni Szőlő, Bárányfarkú, Boros, Boros Fehér, Boros Vékonyhéjú, Budai Goher, Coada Oii, Dünnschalige, Durbancs, Durbants, Fehér Boros, Fehérszőlő, Ihfarku, Jufarco, Juhfarks Weisser, Juhfarkú, Juhfarku Gelber, Kukuruztraube, Lämmerschwanz, Mohácsi, Mustafer, Musztafehár, Nyárhajú, Oocji Rep Bili, Pápai, Sarboros, Sárga Boros,
Juhfark
8665364
Juhfark Juhfark is a variety of grape, of the species "Vitis vinifera". The name in Hungarian literally means "sheep's tail". The term refers to the elongated, cylindrical shape of the clusters. The grape is mainly planted in Hungary, most prominently in the tiny wine region of Somló. Juhfark is also known under the synonyms Bacso, Balatoni Szőlő, Bárányfarkú, Boros, Boros Fehér, Boros Vékonyhéjú, Budai Goher, Coada Oii, Dünnschalige, Durbancs, Durbants, Fehér Boros, Fehérszőlő, Ihfarku, Jufarco, Juhfarks Weisser, Juhfarkú, Juhfarku Gelber, Kukuruztraube, Lämmerschwanz, Mohácsi, Mustafer, Musztafehár, Nyárhajú, Oocji Rep Bili, Pápai, Sarboros, Sárga Boros, Schweifler, Szeplős, Tämmerschwanz Weisser, Tarpai, Török Búza
Juhfark
1735056
percentage of sand in the soil creates a mostly uninhabitable substrate for the louse. While Bien Nacido has not been affected, there is a potential, as all of the vines are true "vitis vinifera" without scions or grafting. Many of the old vines were planted in 1973 and fall within the blocks G, N, Q and W. The wines of Bien Nacido Estate have a high percentage of these ungrafted and phylloxera free vines within the cuvee. Phylloxera Grape phylloxera ("Daktulosphaira vitifoliae" (Fitch 1855); family Phylloxeridae, within the order Hemiptera, bugs); originally described in France as "Phylloxera vastatrix"; equated to
Phylloxera
12670992
note. Over the years, Terret gris and its wines have been known under various synonyms including Bourret, Tarret, Terrain, Terret bourret and Terret rose. Terret gris Terret gris is a white French wine grape variety planted primarily in the Languedoc wine region. It is a mutation of the ancient "Vitis vinifera" vine Terret. "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) regulations allow the grape to be used in white wines from the Corbières, Coteaux du Languedoc and Minervois AOCs as well as some "vin de pays". The vine has a very long history in the region and is capable of producing full bodied
Terret gris
3879055
Airén wines, its principal use has generally been in the manufacture of Spanish brandy. Airén is also known under the synonyms Aiden, Blancon, Forcallada, Forcallat, Forcallat blanca, Forcallat blanco, Forcayat, Forcellat bianca, Forcellat blanca, Laeren del Rey, Lairen, Layren, Manchega, Mantuo Laeren, Valdepenas, Valdepenera blanca, and Valdepenero. Airén Airén is a variety of "Vitis vinifera", a white grape commonly used in winemaking. This grape is native to Spain where it represents about 30% of all grapes grown. As of 2010, Airén was estimated to be the world's 3rd most grown grape variety in terms of planted surface, at , down
Airén