when did the constitution of india came into force
26 January 1950
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Constitution of India, drafted by a committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, on 26 November 1949. India became a sovereign democratic republic after its constitution came into effect on 26 January 1950. Dr. Rajendra Prasad became the first President of India. The three words 'socialist', 'secular' and 'integrity' were added later with the 42nd Constitution Amendment 1976. The Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 was fought between India and Pakistan over the princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948. It was the first of four Indo-Pakistan Wars fought between the two newly independent nations. Pakistan precipitated the war
History of the Republic of India
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of Indian Constitution. In case of acquired enclaves, that did not necessitate legislative action, as that was only a border demarcation agreement. Persons domiciled in the territory of India as on 26 November 1949 automatically became Indian citizens by virtue of operation of the relevant provisions of the Indian Constitution coming into force, and most of these constitutional provisions came into force on 26 January 1950. The Constitution of India also made provision regarding citizenship for migrants from the territories of Pakistan which had been part of India before partition. Any person born in India on or after 26 January
Indian nationality law
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Most of the Indian subcontinent was under British rule from 1857 to 1947. The constitution of India repealed the Indian Independence Act 1947 and Government of India Act, 1935 when it became effective on 26 January 1950. India ceased to be a dominion of the British Crown and became a sovereign democratic republic with the constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 60, 324, 366, 367, 379, 380, 388, 391, 392, 393, and 394 of the constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and the remaining articles became effective on 26 January 1950. The constitution was drawn from a
Constitution of India
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which ended the suzerainty in India and the creation of Pakistan. India remained a Dominion of the Crown until 26 January 1950, when the "Constitution of India" came into force, establishing the Republic of India; Pakistan was a dominion until 1956, when it adopted its first republican constitution. In 1971, East Pakistan declared independence as the People's Republic of Bangladesh. European traders first reached Indian shores with the arrival of the Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama in 1498 at the port of Calicut, in search of the lucrative spice trade. Just over a century later, the Dutch and English established
Indian independence movement
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and on 26 January 1950, the Constitution of India came into force in Kashmir, but with special provisions made for the state. India did not, however, secure administrative control over all of Kashmir. The northern and western portions of Kashmir came under Pakistan's control in 1947, and are today Pakistan-administered Kashmir. In the 1962 Sino-Indian War, China occupied Aksai Chin, the north-eastern region bordering Ladakh, which it continues to control and administer. Hyderabad was a landlocked state that stretched over 82,000 square miles (over 212,000 square kilometres) in southeastern India. While 87% of its 17 million people were Hindu, its
Political integration of India
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section 100 of the Government of India Act 1935 as adapted by the India (Provisional Constitution) Order 1947. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the legislative power thereafter got vested in the Indian parliament. The Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules of 1961 entail the various departments working under the Ministry of Law and Justice of Government of India. In terms of these Rules, the Ministry comprises the following departments: The Legislative Department is mainly concerned with drafting of all principal legislation for the Central Government i.e. Bills to be introduced in Parliament,
Ministry of Law and Justice (India)
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under Article 327 of Indian Constitution, before the first general election. After India became independent on 15 August 1947, an elected constituent assembly was set up to frame the constitution. Most of the articles of the constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, commonly known as the Republic Day. Part XXI of the constitution contained the translational provisions. Articles 379 and 394 of Part XXI which contained provisions for provisional parliament and other articles which contained provisions like citizenship, came into force on 26 November 1949, the date in which the constitution was drafted. The provisional parliament enacted the
Representation of the People Act, 1951
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1956. As a result of the States Reorganisation Act of 1 November 1956, when India's state boundaries were reorganised, Coorg State became a district of the then Mysore State Mysore State was later renamed as Karnataka and part of the historical region of Coorg now forms the Kodagu district of Karnataka. Coorg State Coorg State was a Part-C state in the Union of India which existed from 1950 to 1956.When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, most of the existing provinces were reconstituted into states. Thus, Coorg Province became Coorg State. Coorg State was ruled
Coorg State
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enacted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950, making India a republic. The offices of monarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, with Rajendra Prasad as its first incumbent. The Indian constitution accords with the president, the responsibility and authority to defend and protect the Constitution of India and its rule of law. Invariably, any action taken by the executive or legislature entities of the constitution shall become law only after the President's assent. The president shall not accept any actions of the executive or legislature which are unconstitutional.
President of India
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India consisted of indirectly elected representatives and were not categorized between Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. Muslims and Sikhs were given special representation as minorities. The Constituent Assembly of India took 2 years, 11 months and 17 days to draft the constitution for independent India and was dissolved in 1949. On 26 January 1950, the Indian constitution came into force and the first general elections (under the new constitution) were held in 1951-1952. The 1st Lok Sabha was constituted on 17 April 1952 and had 489 constituencies, thereby first set of elected members of parliament of Lok Sabha in India.
Member of parliament, Lok Sabha
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Republic Day (India) Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India. The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949, and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition towards becoming an independent republic. 26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as
Republic Day (India)
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Order, 1950, came into force on 26 January 1950 contemporaneously with the Constitution of India. It specified the subjects and articles of the Indian Constitution that corresponded to the Instrument of Accession as required by the clause b(i) of the Article 370. Thirty eight subjects from the Union List were mentioned as matters on which the Union legislature could make laws for the State. Certain articles in ten of the twenty-two parts of the Indian Constitution were extended to Jammu and Kashmir, with modifications and exceptions as agreed by the state government. This order was superseded by the Presidential order
Article 370 of the Constitution of India
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the confidence of the assembly, the chief minister's term is for five years and is subject to no term limits.C M Poonacha was the only Chief Minister of Coorg from 1952 to 1956. Coorg State was a Part-C state in the Union of India which existed from 1950 to 1956.When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, most of the existing provinces were reconstituted into states. Thus, Coorg Province became Coorg State. Coorg State was ruled by a Chief Commissioner with Mercara as its capital. The head of the government was the Chief Minister. Coorg State
Chief Minister of Coorg
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Coorg State Coorg State was a Part-C state in the Union of India which existed from 1950 to 1956.When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, most of the existing provinces were reconstituted into states. Thus, Coorg Province became Coorg State. Coorg State was ruled by a Chief Commissioner with Mercara as its capital. The head of the government was the Chief Minister. Coorg State was abolished on 1 November 1956 as per the States Reorganisation Act, 1956 and its territory were merged with Mysore State (later renamed as Karnataka in 1973). Presently, Coorg forms a
Coorg State
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had its inaugural sitting on 26 January 1950, the day India's constitution came into force, and since then has delivered more than 24,000 reported judgements. The Supreme Court comprises the Chief Justice and 30 other Judges. The proceedings of the Supreme Court are conducted in English only. The Supreme Court Rules of 1966 are framed under Article 145 of the Constitution to regulate the practice and procedure of the Supreme Court. The same is amended and presently governed by the Supreme Court Rules of 2013. There are 24 High Courts at the State level. of the Constitution of India mandates
Judiciary of India
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26 January 1950, one election were held to the assembly, in 1952. Candidates of only two political parties Indian National Congress (INC) and Communist Party of India (CPI) contested the elections. Many other candidates contested as Independents such as the independence activist Pandyanda Belliappa. Coorg Legislative Assembly The Coorg Legislative Assembly was a legislative body which introduced laws for Coorg State from 1950 to 1956. It had its origins in the Coorg Legislative Council established on 26 January 1924 as a representative body of the Chief Commissioner's province of Coorg. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26
Coorg Legislative Assembly
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The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states: The Union Territory of Puducherry was created in 1954 comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karaikal, Yanam and Mahé. Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State. The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states. As
States and union territories of India
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new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States". The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states and a class of territories: The demand for states to be organised on a linguistic basis was developed even before India achieved independence from British rule. A first-of-its-kind linguistic movement started in 1895, in what is now Odisha. The movement gained momentum in later years with the demand for a separate Orissa Province to be formed by bifurcating the
States Reorganisation Act, 1956
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for the State of Travancore-Cochin was constituted by an Ordinance. There were three members on the Commission including the Chairman. The functions of the Travancore-Cochin Public Service Commission were generally the same as those laid down in the Government of India Act, 1935. Later, when the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the Travancore-Cochin Public Service Commission continued to function under the Constitutional Provisions. The State of Kerala was formed on 1 November 1956 consequent on the Reorganisation of States. It comprises the former Travancore-Cochin State (except the present Kanyakumari District and Shencottah Taluk of the
Kerala Public Service Commission
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Coorg Legislative Assembly The Coorg Legislative Assembly was a legislative body which introduced laws for Coorg State from 1950 to 1956. It had its origins in the Coorg Legislative Council established on 26 January 1924 as a representative body of the Chief Commissioner's province of Coorg. When the Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950, the name of the body was officially changed to Coorg Legislative Assembly. The first and only general election to the assembly took place in 1952. It was eventually dissolved in 1956 when Coorg State was merged with the neighbouring Mysore State. The
Coorg Legislative Assembly
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Constitution Day (India) Constitution Day (National Law Day), also known as Samvidhan Divas, is celebrated in India on 26 November every year to commemorate the adoption of Constitution of India. On 26 November 1949, the Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India, and it came into effect on 26 January 1950. The Government of India declared 26 November as Constitution Day on 19 November 2015 by a gazette notification. The Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi made the declaration on 11 October 2015 while laying the foundation stone of the B. R. Ambedkar memorial in Mumbai. The year
Constitution Day (India)
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President Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan on 28 December 1962, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 29 December 1962. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act, 1962, incorporated Pondicherry
Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President K. R. Narayanan on 21 January 2000, and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on the same date. The 79th Amendment came into force on 25 January 2000. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Seventy-ninth Amendment of the
Seventy-ninth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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17 December, and passed on 17 December 1969. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President V. V. Giri on 23 January 1970. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" and came into force on 23 January 1970. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 6 January 1960. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did
Twenty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India
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at the cost of the judiciary, and thus disturb the carefully crafted system of Constitutional checks and balance between the three organs of the government." Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
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Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India The 42nd amendment to Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-second amendment) Act, 1976, was enacted during the Emergency (25 June 1975 – 21 March 1977) by the Indian National Congress government headed by Indira Gandhi. Most provisions of the amendment came into effect on 3 January 1977, others were enforced from 1 February and Section 27 came into force on 1 April 1977. The 42nd Amendment is regarded as the most controversial constitutional amendment in Indian history. It attempted to reduce the power of the Supreme Court and High Courts
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
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and passed on 11 August 1971. The debate in the Rajya Sabha was brief. The bill received assent from then President Varahagiri Venkata Giri on 5 November 1971. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" and came into force on the same day. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: "The Hindu", in its editorial on 6 August 1971,
Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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clause 2, and the bill was considered and adopted by the Rajya Sabha on 7 December 1959. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 5 January 1960, came into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 6 January 1960. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not
Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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8 December 1971. The bill received assent from then President Varahagiri Venkata Giri on 20 April 1972. It was notified in "The Gazette of India", and came into force on the same day. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. The only states that did not ratify the amendment were Manipur and Rajasthan. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Legal expert V.G. Ramachandran, writing in the Supreme Court Cases
Twenty-fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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Council of the Republic (France) The Council of the Republic () was the name of the upper house of the legislature of the French Fourth Republic (1946–1958). It was replaced by the Senate when the constitution of the French Fifth Republic came into force. The constitution of the Fourth Republic, which came into force in 1946, stipulated that parliament was bicameral. The upper house was named the "Council of the Republic" (as opposed to the Senate of the Third Republic) and was granted greatly diminished powers. The council did not have the power to make laws, which was the responsibility
Council of the Republic (France)
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Sabha and Rajya Sabha on 22 and 30 November 1966, respectively. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 11 December 1966. It came into force and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on the same date. Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act, 1966, abolished Election Tribunals in India and enabled trial of election petitions by High Courts. It amended clause (1) of article 324 of the Constitution, which provides for vesting of the power of superintendence, direction and control
Nineteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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on 14 August 1961. It was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 16 August 1961. The bill received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 16 August 1961, and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 17 August 1961. It retroactively came into force from 11 August 1961. Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961, incorporated Dadra and Nagar Haveli as the seventh Union territory of India, by amending the First Schedule to the Constitution. It also amended clause (1)
Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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the original form on the same day. The Bill, as passed by the Rajya Sabha, was considered and passed by the Lok Sabha on 7 April 1967. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 10 April 1967. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" and came into force on the same date. Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment) Act, 1967, amended the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution so as to include Sindhi as one of the languages, thereby raising the
Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India
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1 September 1976. The bill received assent from then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 7 September 1976, and came into force on the same day. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 9 September 1976. Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976, raised the age of retirement of the Chairman and members of the State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62 years, by amending article 316(2) of the Constitution. The relevant amended text of clause (2) of article 316, after
Forty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India
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It was then passed by the Rajya Sabha on 22 May 2006. The bill received assent from then President A. P. J. Abdul Kalam on 12 June 2006, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 13 June 2006. Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006, made provisions for the appointment of a Minister in charge of tribal welfare in the states of Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand. The bill of "The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act,
Ninety-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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this was when a good management of logistics came into help. This led to the eruption of full-scale war between India and Pakistan, though there was no formal declaration of war. During the war, the RIAF did not engage the Pakistan Air Force in air-to-air combat; however, it did provide effective transport and close air support to the Indian troops. When India became a republic in 1950, the prefix 'Royal' was dropped from the Indian Air Force. At the same time, the current IAF roundel was adopted. The IAF saw significant conflict in 1960, when Belgium's 75-year rule over Congo
Indian Air Force
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on 9 December 1966. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 22 December 1966, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 23 December 1966. Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act, 1966, inserted a new article 233A inter alia validating the appointments, postings, promotions, and transfers of and judgements, delivered before the commencement of the present Act, by district judges who were appointed, posted, promoted or transferred as a district judge
Twentieth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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House, the Speaker substituted the bracket and words "(Eighth Amendment)" in clause I of the Bill by the brackets and words "(Fifth Amendment)", through a formal amendment. This Bill, as so changed, was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 15 December 1955. The Bill received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 24 December 1955, and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 26 December 1955. The 5th Amendment came into force from 12 December 1956. Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Fifth
Fifth Amendment of the Constitution of India
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the bill is given below: The bill was debated and passed in the original form by the Lok Sabha on 5 December 1961. It was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 12 December 1961. The bill received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 19 December 1961, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 20 December 1961. Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India The Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act, 1961, provided that the Vice-President shall be elected
Eleventh Amendment of the Constitution of India
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for local autonomy, in most cases as established by a treaty. Between 1947 and about 1950, the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union under Nehru and Sardar Patel. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The Government of India Act, 1935 remained the constitutional law of India pending adoption of a new Constitution. The new Constitution of India, which came into force
Jawaharlal Nehru
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truly a presidential system. In 1816, Congress declared Independence and composed a Constitution. This established an executive figure, named Supreme Director, who was vested with presidential powers. This constitution gave the Supreme Director the power of appointing Governors of the provinces. Due to political circumstances, this constitution never came into force, and the central power was dissolved, leaving the country as a federation of provinces. A new constitution was drafted in 1826. This constitution was the first to create a President, although this office retained the powers described in the 1816 constitution. This constitution did come into force, resulting in
President of Argentina
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accession to India. Constitution was drafted which came into force on 26 January 1957. Part II, section (3) of the constitution states 'The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India'.In 1956 the Constituent Assembly finalised its constitution, which declared the whole of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir to be 'an integral part of the Union of India'. Elections were held the next year for a Legislative Assembly. This section cannot be legally amended as per provisions of Part XII of the constitution. Constituent Assembly of Jammu and
Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir
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was notified in "The Gazette of India" on the same date. It retroactively came into effect on the date on which the Bill for this amendment Act was introduced in the Rajya Sabha (i.e., 20 December 1989). The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State Legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: Did not ratify: Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India The Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially
Sixty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
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passed on the same day. Clause 1 of the Bill was adopted by the Lok Sabha with a formal amendment replacing the word "Seventy-eighth" by the word "Seventy-first". The Bill, as passed by the Lok Sabha, was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 20 August 1992. The bill received assent from then President Shankar Dayal Sharma on 31 August 1992, and came into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 1 September 1992. Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India The Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as
Seventy-first Amendment of the Constitution of India
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which Parliament has power to make laws for the State under the provisions of the Constitution of India. The constitution was adopted on 17 November 1956 and came into force on 26 January 1957 . This article specifies that the State must concur in the application of laws, except those that pertain to Communications, Defence, Finance, and Foreign Affairs. The 1974 Indira-Sheikh accord between Kashmiri politician Sheikh Abdullah and then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi stated, "The State of Jammu and Kashmir which is a constituent unit of the Union of India, shall, in its relation with the Union, continue to
Article 370 of the Constitution of India
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members who were present cast a unanimous vote ratifying the state's accession to India.[13][14] Constitution was drafted which came into force on 26 January 1957. Part II, section (3) of the constitution states 'The State of Jammu and Kashmir is and shall be an integral part of the Union of India'.In 1956 the Constituent Assembly finalised its constitution, which declared the whole of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir to be 'an integral part of the Union of India'. Elections were held the next year for a Legislative Assembly. This section cannot be legally amended as per provisions
Pakistan and the United Nations
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must sit at least once a year, Members of Parliament and Members of the Legislative Assemblies may raise concerns or inquiries or challenge government policies ("See Question Period"). This right did not exist in the "Canadian Bill of Rights". Insofar as the Parliament of Canada is concerned, section 5 instead replaced section 20 of the "Constitution Act, 1867", which had read: When the Charter came into force in 1982 as part of the "Constitution Act, 1982", section 53 of the "Constitution Act, 1982" repealed section 20 of the "Constitution Act, 1867". The difference was that section 5 merely requires a
Section 5 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
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– popularly known as the "right to food" case. The PUCL argued that – "right to life" of the Indian constitution when read together with articles (a) and , makes the right to food a derived fundamental right which is enforceable by virtue of the constitutional remedy provided under of the constitution. The PUCL argued that excess food stocks with the Food Corporation of India should be fed to hungry citizens. This included providing mid day meals in primary schools. The scheme came into force with the supreme court order dated 28 November 2001, which requires all government and government-assisted
Midday Meal Scheme
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Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE) is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between the age of 6 to 14 years in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child when the act came into force on 1 April 2010. The title of the RTE
Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009
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age of consent at 16 for heterosexual sex and 19 for homosexual sex. The Interim Constitution of South Africa, which came into force in 1994, contained a provision prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, and this provision was preserved in the final Constitution of South Africa, which came into force in 1997. In 1998, in the case of "National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Justice", the Constitutional Court struck down as unconstitutional the laws prohibiting consensual sex between men, based on the prohibition of discrimination and the right to privacy. That case did not
Geldenhuys v National Director of Public Prosecutions
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abolition of the slave trade. Rhode Island's first congressman Benjamin Bourne took his seat that year on August 31. Rhode Island took 101 years to call a vote on ratification of the 17th amendment which began the direct election of senators. The measure came into force in 1913, but the Rhode Island General Assembly did not take up debate on the matter until 2013, ultimately passing it the following year. Rhode Island earlier rejected the 16th amendment establishing a federal income tax, which came into force in 1913 despite its opposition. Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island
Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island
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in increased measure the independence, entirety, and unity of the State, the Constitution, the Republican form of government, or the People's Democratic Order." Judges were required to abide by both laws and government ordinances, thus taking away judges' right to strike down executive actions that did not accord with statutes. Ninth-of-May Constitution The Ninth-of-May (1948) Constitution was the second constitution of Czechoslovakia, in force from 1948 to 1960. It came into force on 9 May, shortly after the communist seizure of power in the country on 25 February 1948. It replaced the 1920 Constitution. Work on the new document had
Ninth-of-May Constitution
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the Earl Mountbatten as governor-general. The country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr B R Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates the coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Constituent Assembly on 4 November 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days,
Republic Day (India)
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Narela, Najafgarh, Mehrauli and their suburbs. Several schools were opened in the following decades. The Delhi Normal School was shifted to Najafgarh from Kashmere Gate in 1911. The Delhi Normal School, with a small attached Model School, trained its teachers in closer accordance with European methods than any other Normal School in Northern India. In 1947, Najafgarh became a part of independent India and fell under the union territory of Delhi. Najafgarh Assembly Constituency was established in 1993 when the Delhi legislative assembly was re-established after the Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment Act, 1991) came into force. This declared the Union Territory
Najafgarh
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passed by the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States) on 23December 1977. The bill, after ratification by the states, received assent from President of India, Neelam Sanjiva Reddy, on 13April 1978. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" and came into force on the same date. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the state legislatures, as required under Clause (2) of the said article. State legislatures that ratified the amendment are listed below: The 43rd Amendment repealed sixarticles31D, 32A, 131A, 144A, 226A
Forty-third Amendment of the Constitution of India
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new system. Along with the Constitution Amendment Act, the National Judicial Appointments Commission Act, 2014, was also passed by the Parliament of India to regulate the functions of the National Judicial Appointments Commission. The NJAC Bill and the Constitutional Amendment Bill, was ratified by 16 of the state legislatures in India, and subsequently assented by the President of India Pranab Mukherjee on 31 December 2014. The NJAC Act and the Constitutional Amendment Act came into force from 13 April 2015. On 16 October 2015, the Constitution Bench of Supreme Court by 4:1 Majority upheld the collegium system and struck down
National Judicial Appointments Commission
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is what he really wanted." The repealing legislation came into force from 15 January 2015, and the first wine shop under the new law was opened on 16 March 2015. Alcohol prohibition in India Alcohol prohibition in India is in force in the states of Bihar, Gujarat, and Nagaland as well as in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep. All other Indian states and union territories permit the sale of alcohol. The directive principles of state policy (DPSP) in the constitution of India (article 47) state that "...the State shall endeavor to bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal
Alcohol prohibition in India
8423317
Constitution of Estonia The Constitution of Estonia is the fundamental law of the Republic of Estonia and establishes the state order as that of a democratic republic where the supreme power is vested in its citizens. The first Constitution was adopted by the freely elected Estonian Constituent Assembly on 15 June 1920 and came into force on 21 December 1920. The second Constitution was adopted on 24 January 1934, following a referendum in 1933, and was in force until the third Constitution was enacted on 1 January 1938. It remained in force, "de facto", until 16 June 1940, when the
Constitution of Estonia
3417529
originate in the House of Representatives. Illness of his wife forced him to return to Massachusetts before the work was completed, so he did not sign the document. He was a vocal supporter of its adoption by the state's ratifying convention. When the Constitution came into force in 1789, Strong was chosen by the state legislature to serve in the United States Senate. As what is now known as a Class 2 Senator he came up for reelection in 1792, when he was again chosen. He was one of the principal drafters of the Judiciary Act of 1789, which established
Caleb Strong
4876182
did not re-accredit diplomats as would be expected were the post-1937 Ireland a successor state of the previous Irish Free State. The date of the coming into operation of the Constitution was contained in Article 62, a transitory provision of the Constitution which is omitted from the official published text. Article 48 provides that the Constitution of the Irish Free State is repealed as of that date. No resolution of the Dáil was passed by the 9th Dáil, which was elected the same day as the plebiscite on the Constitution, and the Constitution came into force on 29 December 1937,
Adoption of the Constitution of Ireland
7793119
section 41 only applied to people who were already entitled to vote when the Constitution of Australia came into effect, an argument first advanced by William Harrison Moore. The second argument was that it could apply to people who acquired a right after the Constitution came into effect, but only if they acquired that right on the basis of a state law which was in force before the Constitution came into effect, an argument put forward by John Quick and Robert Garran. The four people argued that neither of these interpretations should apply, because section 41 was not a transitional
R v Pearson; Ex parte Sipka
17727044
the articles of this constitutional text are still in force nowadays; there have been four successive important amendments: in 1989, 1994, 1996, and 2004. The most relevant of them was that of 1996, which came into force on the following year; due to its changes to the electoral system, it is usually considered a new Constitution, known as the Constitution of 1997. Constitution of Uruguay of 1967 The sixth Constitution of Uruguay came into force in 1967. Approved in a referendum on 27 November 1966, it replaced the previous constitutional text, which had been in force since 1952. In the
Constitution of Uruguay of 1967
1315231
a "house of parliament" to which it would be accountable. However, in practice the two systems of government were eventually merged. When the "house of parliament" was convened in 1922 it was treated by those in attendance as the Third Dáil, and its first act was to merge the Provisional Government and the Ministry of the Dáil into a single cabinet. The Dáil Constitution finally became defunct when the new Constitution of the Irish Free State came into force on 6 December 1922. Dáil Constitution The Constitution of Dáil Éireann (), more commonly known as the Dáil Constitution, was the
Dáil Constitution
17453585
fiscal contributions from the States. Since opposition from the "Länder" in this respect was to be expected, any progress in that direction was unlikely until the fundamental changes of the new constitution came into force. Fiscal reform thus took place only after the Weimar Constitution had come into force ("Erzbergersche Finanzreformen"), but Schiffer and Dernburg did some important preparatory work and the Cabinet Scheidemann discussed their proposals. Some of the bills were tabled in the National Assembly under this government, but only debated once it had resigned. A lack of fiscal resources combined with contradictory views in the cabinet also
Scheidemann cabinet
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First Schedule to the Constitution. The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: The bill was debated and passed in the original form by the Lok Sabha on 14 March 1962. It was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 20 March 1962. The bill received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 27 March 1962, and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 28 March 1962. It retroactively came into force
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India
17690153
with "Sixty-first" in Clause 1 of the bill. The Rajya Sabha debated the bill on 16, 19 and 20 December 1988 and passed it on 20 December 1988, after adopting the amendment made by the Lok Sabha. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Ramaswamy Venkataraman on 28 March 1989. It was notified in "The Gazette of India", and also came into force on the same date. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by more than half of the State Legislatures, as required
Sixty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India
17701985
and clause 4 (amending article 286) were adopted in their original form. The Bill, as passed by the Lok Sabha, was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 31 May 1956. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 11 September 1956. It was notified in "The Gazette of India", and came into force on the same date. The Bill was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified by the Legislatures of more than one-half of the States specified in Parts A and B
Sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India
17691183
by the Lok Sabha on 10 September and adopted on 13 September. The motion was concurred by the Rajya Sabha on 16 September 1954. The Joint Committee presented its Report to the Lok Sabha on 20 September. The Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 28 September 1954. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Rajendra Prasad on 22 February 1955. It was notified in "The Gazette of India", and also came into force on the same date. The Bill was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article 368 of the Constitution, and was ratified
Third Amendment of the Constitution of India
17714920
10 April 1969 . It was introduced by Chavan, and like the previous bill, sought to amend article 275 and insert new articles 244A and 371B in the Constitution. The Bill was considered and passed in the original form by the Lok Sabha on 15 April 1969, and the Rajya Sabha on 30 April 1969 The bill received assent from then President Varahagiri Venkata Giri on 25 September 1969, and came into force on the same day. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 26 September 1969. The Act was passed in accordance with the provisions of Article
Twenty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
2330935
The Constitution of Terengganu came into force in 1911. It has a supplement that came into force in 1959. The official English title for the 1911 constitution is "The Constitution of the Way of Illustrious Sovereignty". The 1959 constitutional supplement is divided into two sections. The sections' official English language titles are "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (First Part)" and "The Laws of the Constitution of Terengganu (Second Part)" The Sultan is the constitutional ruler of the state of Terengganu. The State Constitution proclaims that the Sultan is "the Ruler and fountain head of all authority of government
Terengganu
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of Malaya and the Federal Constitution was enacted on the basis of its recommendations. Constitution: The Constitution came into force on 27 August 1957 but formal independence was only achieved on 31 August. This constitution was amended in 1963 to admit Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore as additional member states of the Federation and to make the agreed changes to the constitution that were set out in the Malaysia Agreement, which included changing the name of the Federation to "Malaysia". Thus, legally speaking, the establishment of Malaysia did not create a new nation as such but was simply the addition of
Constitution of Malaysia
8195478
constitution. Federal Constitution of 1949 The 1949 Federal Constitution of the United States of Indonesia () replaced the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia when sovereignty was officially transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia following the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. It came into force on 27 December 1949 and was replaced by the Provisional Constitution of 1950 on 17 August 1950. From the day after the proclamation of Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, the original Constitution of Indonesia approved by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence was in force. As the Dutch wanted to retain their colony, the war of independence
Federal Constitution of 1949
3080220
country, though, did not yet have a permanent constitution; instead its laws were based on the modified colonial Government of India Act 1935. On 28 August 1947, the Drafting Committee was appointed to draft a permanent constitution, with Dr.B. R. Ambedkar as chairman. While India's Independence Day celebrates its freedom from British Rule, the Republic Day celebrates of coming into force of its constitution. A draft constitution was prepared by the committee and submitted to the Assembly on 4 November 1947. The Assembly met, in sessions open to public, for 166 days, spread over a period of 2 years, 11
Republic Day
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Constitution was eventually replaced by a revised and updated Constitution which came into force on 1 June 1977, and the 1976 Constitution was amended at various points, including in 1994 pursuant to the Elections Act, 1994 to introduce "at-large" representatives into the legislature. The 1976 constitution was in turn superseded in 2007 by the current form which came into force on 15 June 2007. The constitution provides for a unicameral House of Assembly (legislature) based upon representative democracy and a multi-party system. The head of state is the British Monarch, who is represented in the Territory by the Governor. The
Constitution of the British Virgin Islands
15639591
and departments; the other one-sixth were elected by the National Assembly, the lower house. They served six-year terms. The President was the presiding officer of the council. Political Party: Council of the Republic (France) The Council of the Republic () was the name of the upper house of the legislature of the French Fourth Republic (1946–1958). It was replaced by the Senate when the constitution of the French Fifth Republic came into force. The constitution of the Fourth Republic, which came into force in 1946, stipulated that parliament was bicameral. The upper house was named the "Council of the Republic"
Council of the Republic (France)
8195474
Federal Constitution of 1949 The 1949 Federal Constitution of the United States of Indonesia () replaced the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia when sovereignty was officially transferred from the Netherlands to Indonesia following the Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference. It came into force on 27 December 1949 and was replaced by the Provisional Constitution of 1950 on 17 August 1950. From the day after the proclamation of Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945, the original Constitution of Indonesia approved by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence was in force. As the Dutch wanted to retain their colony, the war of independence broke
Federal Constitution of 1949
2502565
Constitution came into force, it has only been modified a few times, and the amendments did not have a major impact on the Czech constitutional system. The first Act of Parliament modifying the Constitution was Constitutional Act No. 347/1997 Coll, on the Creation of Higher Self-Governing Units and Amending Constitutional Act of the Czech National Assembly No. 1/1993 Coll., the Constitution of the Czech Republic. It created higher territorial self-governing units, as assumed by Article 100 paragraph 3 of the Constitution. The wording of the Constitution was further changed by Constitutional Act No. 300/2000 Coll., relating to accession of the
Constitution of the Czech Republic
14635348
1985 the "Falkland Islands Constitution Order 1985" came into force which increased the number of elected members of the Legislative Council to eight and guaranteed the Falkland Islanders' rights and constitutional arrangements. In 1997 the constitution was amended with regard to voters rights and in 2002 the Falklands became a British Overseas Territory with the implantation of the British Overseas Territories Act 2002. On 1 January 2009 the current constitution came into force with the "Falkland Islands Constitution Order 2008", replacing the 1985 version. The new constitution modernised the and embedded self-determination in the main body of the Constitution. It
Constitution of the Falkland Islands
13654487
1995 Constitution of Ethiopia The current Constitution of Ethiopia, which is the supreme law of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, came into force on 21 August 1995. The constitution was drawn up by the Constituent Assembly that was elected in June 1994. It was adopted by the Transitional Government of Ethiopia in December 1994 and came into force following the general election held in May–June 1995. The constitution consists of 106 articles in 11 chapters. It provides for a federal government of nine ethnically based regions governed by a parliament divided into the House of Peoples' Representatives and the
1995 Constitution of Ethiopia
10446433
a unicameral legislature, proportional representation and popular consultation through the plebiscite, the other three were inspired (when it came to political organisation) by the 1866 Constitution. The Liberals came to power in 1922 and managed to push through their own draft, which was approved 247-8 (with two abstentions) in the Chamber of Deputies on March 26, 1923, and the next day in the Senate, 137-2 (with two abstentions). It was published in "Monitorul Oficial" and came into force on March 29. The constitution had eight titles and 138 articles, of which 76 came in their entirety from its predecessor. It
1923 Constitution of Romania
17720373
Punjab". The judgement reversed the Supreme Court's earlier decision which had upheld Parliament's power to amend all parts of the Constitution, including Part III related to Fundamental Rights. The judgement left Parliament with no power to curtail Fundamental Rights. To abrogate the ruling, the government intended to amend article 368 to provide expressly that Parliament has power to amend any provision of the Constitution, thereby bringing Fundamental Rights within the scope of its amending procedure, and preventing review of those changes by the courts. The 24th Amendment came into force on 5 November 1971. The Indian press characterised the 24th
Twenty-fourth Amendment of the Constitution of India
17717826
to amend article 3 just like the "Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Bill, 1966". The full text of the Statement of Objects and Reasons appended to the bill is given below: The bill was debated and passed by the Lok Sabha on 10 August 1966, with only a formal amendment to clause 1, changing the short title to the "Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act". The bill passed by the Lok Sabha, was considered and passed by the Rajya Sabha on 24 August 1966. The bill received assent from then President Zakir Hussain on 27 August 1966, and came into force on the same
Eighteenth Amendment of the Constitution of India
1424901
this was universal suffrage beginning at the age of 21. The constitution provided for three forms of direct democracy: The Achilles' heel of the direct democracy provisions was contained in Article 50 which provided that, for eight years after the constitution came into force, the Oireachtas could amend the constitution without a referendum. As interpreted by the courts, this even included the power to amend the article itself and extend this period. The Oireachtas did not adopt legislation providing for the initiative within the two years stipulated by the constitution and, eventually, a petition of 96,000 signature was gathered by
Constitution of the Irish Free State
16177000
Act did not relate to inter-provincial railways, a subject matter reserved to the federal Parliament by s. 91(29) and 92(10) of the "Constitution Act, 1867". It was true that the railway company itself had been incorporated by an Act of the New Brunswick Legislature, shortly before the Constitution Act, 1867 came into force. However, the taxation statute in issue in the appeal did not relate to the construction of the railway, nor did it any way affect the corporate structure of the railway company. It simply enabled the majority of the inhabitants of the parish of St. Stephen to raise
Dow v Black
7782748
meaning of "adult person" in section 41 was uncertain. An alternative argument raised for the respondent Jones was that section 41 was only ever intended to be a transitional provision, to have effect only until the Parliament of Australia made laws about who could vote in federal elections. On this view, the section could be read as referring only to adult persons who were alive when the Constitution came into effect, or referring only to state laws in force when the Constitution came into effect, under which people might acquire a right to vote. This argument was first raised by
King v Jones
8204044
Provisional Constitution of 1950 The Provisional Constitution of 1950 (UUDS 1950) replaced the Federal Constitution of 1949 when Indonesia unilaterally withdrew from the union with the Netherlands agreed at the Round Table Conference and returned to being a unitary state. It came into force on 17 August 1950. It was abrogated on 5 July 1959 when President Sukarno issued a decree dissolving the Constitutional Assembly and restoring the 1945 Constitution of Indonesia. On 27 December 1949, following the handover of sovereignty from the Netherlands to the United States of Indonesia (RUSI), the Federal Constitution of 1949 replaced the 1945 Constitution
Provisional Constitution of 1950
4589178
read: When the current Constitution of Ireland was enacted in 1937 it replicated the provision contained in the Free State constitution with a similar provision that allowed the King to continue to exercise his external role. The 1936 amendment and the External Relations Act thus created, for a number of years, a situation in which it was unclear whether or not in Ireland the King was indeed the Irish head of state. This situation came to an end in 1949 when the Republic of Ireland Act came into force, removing the King's role in foreign affairs and making the President
Constitution (Amendment No. 27) Act 1936
778053
Bangladesh Liberation Force) for succeeding in the war of liberation against Pakistan army. Mujib was placed at the helm of government, according to the election victory under the unified Pakistan government. In 1973 after the first Bangladesh elections, he continued his term in office with immense backing from India, and public popularity, but had great difficulty transforming this popular support into the political strength needed to function as head of government. The new constitution, which came into force in December 1972, created a strong executive prime minister, a largely ceremonial presidency, an independent judiciary, and a unicameral legislature on a
Politics of Bangladesh
3011217
of the Indian parliament) and on 4 September 2013 in Rajya Sabha (upper house of the Indian parliament). The bill received the assent of the President of India, Pranab Mukherjee on 27 September 2013. The Act came into force from 1 January 2014. Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution. India became one of 135 countries to make education a fundamental right of every child
Manmohan Singh
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independence and the sovereignty of the Romanian State”. The 1948 Constitution, which contained 105 articles in 10 titles, was amended once, in March 1952, and abrogated on September 24, 1952, when a new constitution came into force. 1948 Constitution of Romania The 1948 Constitution of Romania was the first adopted after the establishment of the Communist regime, which it enshrined into law. It was modelled on the 1936 Soviet Constitution and adopted by the Great National Assembly (MAN) on April 13, 1948, being published in "Monitorul Oficial" the same day. The Romanian People’s Republic was defined as a “unitary and
1948 Constitution of Romania
1347196
a plebiscite on 1 July 1937 (the same day as the 1937 general election), when it was passed by a plurality. 56% of voters were in favour, comprising 38.6% of the whole electorate. The constitution formally came into force on 29 December 1937. Among the groups who opposed the constitution were supporters of Fine Gael and the Labour Party, Unionists, and some independents and feminists. The question put to voters was simply ""Do you approve of the Draft Constitution which is the subject of this plebiscite?"". When the draft new constitution was published, the "Irish Independent" described it as one
Constitution of Ireland
14499353
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir is the legal document which establishes the framework of government at state level in Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The present constitution was adopted on 17 November 1956, and came into effect on 26 January 1957. As of 2002, 29 amendments have been affected to the Constitution. The Constitution of India grants special status to Jammu and Kashmir among Indian states, and it is the only state in India to have a separate constitution. Article 370 of the Constitution of India states that Parliament of India and the
Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
17706250
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India The Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act, 1962, incorporated Goa, Daman and Diu as the eighth Union territory of India, by amending the First Schedule to the Constitution. India acquired control of Goa, Daman and Diu from Portugal in December 1961. The amendment also amended clause (1) of article 240 of the Constitution to include therein these territories in order to enable the President to "make regulations for the peace, progress and good government of the territory". The 12th Amendment retroactively came into effect
Twelfth Amendment of the Constitution of India
5785698
whether the power of Parliament to amend the Constitution can ever be limited. It left the issue open for decision in a future case. Since 9 August 1965 when the Constitution came into force, 46 amendments have been made to it. Some of the significant ones are listed below. Constitution of Singapore The Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is the supreme law of Singapore. A written constitution, the text which took effect on 9 August 1965 is derived from the Constitution of the State of Singapore 1963, provisions of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia made applicable to Singapore by
Constitution of Singapore
9527994
amendments made by the Lok Sabha were adopted by the Rajya Sabha on 10 November, and the bill was passed on 11 November 1976. The bill, after ratification by the States, received assent from then President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed on 18 December 1976, and was notified in "The Gazette of India" on the same date. Sections 2 to 5, 7 to 17, 20, 28, 29, 30, 33, 36, 43 to 53, 55, 56, 57 and 59 of the 42nd amendment came into force from 3 January 1977. Sections 6, 23 to 26, 37 to 42, 54 and 58 went into
Forty-second Amendment of the Constitution of India
13888994
First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa The First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa made changes related to the oath of office of the Acting President and to the jurisdiction of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. It was enacted by the Parliament of South Africa, and signed by President Mandela on 28 August 1997. However it was deemed to come into effect retroactively, from 4 February 1997, the date when the constitution itself came into force. The Act made three technical modifications to the Constitution: This last change allowed the TRC to deal with various violent events,
First Amendment of the Constitution of South Africa
4444897
instead required that the Ceann Comhairle sign bills into law. Under the new 1937 Constitution of Ireland, which came into force almost exactly one year later, the role of signing bills into law was given to the President of Ireland. This in particular is one of the reasons why there is some confusion in who was the Irish head of state from 1936 to 1949. On 29 December 1937 the Constitution of Ireland came into force and the Irish Free State was succeeded by a state know today as Ireland. The new constitution had been adopted by plebiscite on 1
Oireachtas of the Irish Free State
9774374
and other Hindus. However, the Supreme Court of India in its judgment delivered in 'The State of Rajasthan & Ors. Vs. Shri Sajjanlal Panjawat & Ors.' [reported as (1974) 1 SCC 500] has, after considering the material produced, decided that it is a 'Jain temple' [see para. 12 at pg. 509/510 SCC]. However, since the right to manage the said temple had been taken over by the State of Mewar before promulgation of the Indian Constitution, therefore, Jains had no right to manage the temple after the Indian Constitution came into force. For that reason, it was held, that the
Rishabhdeo
9991564
Great National Assembly continuing as the supreme organ of state power, while local governing bodies were now known as "popular assemblies" (""). The Romanian Workers' Party was proclaimed "the leading force both of those who work, as well as of the state organs and institutions", at the same time gathering around itself "all organisations of those who work". Once again, citizens' fundamental rights and freedoms were proclaimed, but in practice, these were not respected. Modified 11 times in the ensuing years, the 1952 Constitution was abrogated on August 21, 1965, when the 1965 Constitution of Romania came into force. 1952
1952 Constitution of Romania
17690978
into force on the same date. It was notified in "The Gazette of India" on 2 May 1953. Second Amendment of the Constitution of India The Second Amendment of the Constitution of India, officially known as The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1952, removed the upper population limit for a parliamentary constituency by amending Article 81(1)(b) of the Constitution. Article 81(1)(b) had stipulated that the number of members to be allotted to each parliamentary constituency should be determined so as to ensure that there would be not less than one member for every 750,000 of the population and not more than
Second Amendment of the Constitution of India
3910712
Agreement. Insertion of new Article 9.2: Previous Article 9.2 renumbered as Article 9.3. Prior to 1999 the right to citizenship by reason of birth in Ireland existed in ordinary legislation. The only people who had a constitutional right to citizenship were those who were citizens of the Irish Free State when the constitution came into force. For those born after 1937 the Constitution stated that the "future acquisition and loss of Irish nationality and citizenship shall be determined in accordance with law". This changed in 1999 when as part of the Nineteenth Amendment the following clause was inserted into Article
Twenty-seventh Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland