what was the name of india before partition
British India
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Committee. "Boloji" states that in Punjab there were no riots but there was communal tension, while Gandhi was reportedly isolated by Nehru and Patel and observed "maun vrat" (day of silence). Mountbatten visited Gandhi and said he hoped that he would not oppose the partition, to which Gandhi wrote the reply: "Have I ever opposed you?" Within British India, the border between India and Pakistan (the Radcliffe Line) was determined by a British Government-commissioned report prepared under the chairmanship of a London barrister, Sir Cyril Radcliffe. Pakistan came into being with two non-contiguous enclaves, East Pakistan (today Bangladesh) and West
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famous landlord Sikh and local leader. His name was Kali Singh. So, after his name this village was given the name of Kalekay. After Independence 1947 it was renamed Kalekay Nagra. Nagra is a family caste meaning "Snake sitting on a path way". Kalekay Nagra was a very small village before the partition of British India in August 1947. Sikhs and Hindus migrated to India but Muslim families stayed. Many people migrated from Indian Punjab during partition and settled in this village. The people of this village belongs to many tribes. Following are well known: The source of income is
Kalekay Nagra
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and partial rehabilitation in Delhi, and ending in ruin (including death), for the second time in 1984, at the hands of mobs after a Sikh assassinated the prime minister. The 2013 Google India advertisement "Reunion" (about the Partition of India) has had a strong impact in India and Pakistan, leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries. It went viral and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on 15 November 2013. Partition of India The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which eventually accompanied
Partition of India
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Larki Punjaban Larki Punjaban (Urdu: , ("lit" Punjabi Girl) is a 2003 Pakistani film directed by Syed Noor and starring Babar Ali, Saima, and Shamyl Khan. A simple, love story between a Sikh girl (Saima) and a Muslim boy Shamyl Khan. In August 1947 in what was the final cynical act of a collapsing empire, the British left old India divided. Arbitrary lines were drawn on the map of India, dividing not only the country but also provinces, in particular the old Punjab Province (British India). The results of partition were catastrophic. All in the name of religion and nationalism,
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red brick and thus called Lal-kothi (Red-building). The Late Maharaja Bahadur Pratap Singhji Ex-Member of Parliament (1934 - 2012) Gidhaur Gidhaur (Hindi: गिद्धौर) (also known as Patsanda) is a small town in the Jamui District of Bihar. It was one of 568 Princely States in India before the Partition of British India in 1947. Gidhaur was one of Princely State among 568 princely states in India before the Partition of British India in 1947. Kings of Chandel descent ruled on erstwhile Patsanda for more than six centuries. Raja Bir Vikram Singh founded this princely state in 1266. His ninth in
Gidhaur
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Gidhaur Gidhaur (Hindi: गिद्धौर) (also known as Patsanda) is a small town in the Jamui District of Bihar. It was one of 568 Princely States in India before the Partition of British India in 1947. Gidhaur was one of Princely State among 568 princely states in India before the Partition of British India in 1947. Kings of Chandel descent ruled on erstwhile Patsanda for more than six centuries. Raja Bir Vikram Singh founded this princely state in 1266. His ninth in descent, Raja Puran Singh is said to have built the temple of Baba Baidyanath (Lord Shiva) in Deoghar, Jharkhand.
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Zafar Mahmud Zafar Mahmud (4 December 1923 – 29 March 2016) was a Royal Indian Air Force officer during the second world war, originally stationed in Burma and subsequently stationed in Quetta (in present-day Pakistan) from 1945 to 1947 before the partition of British India. He was sent to England a number of times to train with the Royal Air Force just before and after the war. After the partition of British India into Pakistan and India Zafar had the responsibility of transporting a number of fighter planes from India to Pakistan under hazardous conditions. During one such transfer flight,
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Lucknow. In the early 1940s, her family moved to Bombay. She acted in a total of 22 movies in British India from 1942 to 1948. Sawarn Lata later converted to Islam after she married Nazir Ahmed, a famous actor, director and producer at the time. She changed her name to Saeeda Bano - a Muslim name. The "Swaran-Nazir" pair was a very creative couple, churning out many movies together both before and after Partition of India in 1947. An exceptional and wondrous story about how she entered the realm of acting trails Swaran. Her parents died when she was very
Swaran Lata (actress)
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(meaning 'of') are also common. A person's surname would consist of the name of his or her native village, followed by 'ja'. Sindhis Sindhis ( , सिन्धी , ) are an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group who speak the Sindhi language and are native to the Sindh province of Pakistan, which was previously a part of pre-partition British India. After the partition of India in 1947, most Sindhi Hindus and Sindhi Sikhs migrated to India and other parts of the world. Today, Sindhis are both in India and Pakistan. Indian Sindhis are predominantly Hindu, while Pakistani Sindhis are predominantly Muslim. Sindhi Muslim
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was found guilty, and was sentenced to life imprisonment for his involvement. Madan Lal Pahwa was born to Kashmiri Lal Pahwa at Pakpattan village of Montgomery District in British India before partition. This village Pakpattan is now in Pakistan. After his matriculation he served in the Royal Indian Navy as a wireless operator. He was honourably discharged from the Navy in 1946 after the end of the Second World War. After the partition of British India into two countries – India and Pakistan he came to India and settled at the Chembur Refugee Camp in Bombay. The main reason of
Madan Lal Pahwa
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Tower, Delhi. She also worked at Lahore Radio Station for a while, before the partition of India Renowned theatre person and the director of the immortal partition movie 'Garam Hava', MS Sathyu paid a theatrical tribute to her through the rare theatrical performance 'Ek Thee Amrita'. Some one million people, Muslims, Hindus and Sikhs died from communal violence that followed the partition of British India in 1947, and left Amrita Pritam a Punjabi refugee at age 28, when she left Lahore and moved to New Delhi. Subsequently, in 1948, while she was pregnant with her son, and travelling from Dehradun
Amrita Pritam
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best South Asian literature that emerged before the Partition of India in 1947. Born Gertrude Loesch in Rudel Stadt, a small village in Germany, in the house of a musician who ultimately migrated to London, she assumed the name of Elsa after marriage. Her father the late Mr Elderman was a prosperous German having property in London that was destroyed during World War II. After the war, compensation was paid to her for the same. In London she met the philosopher from Sindh, British India Allama I. I. Kazi by chance. Mr. Kazi, having arrived at the railway station when
Elsa Kazi
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Punjab, British India. The prefix "Sardar", a title of nobility, added before his name that indicated the "Tumandar" (Chief) of his Leghari Tribe. Leghari's family was a Saraiki-speaking Baloch and known for its wealth that has served as hereditary chiefs and has been remain active in politics since the times of British Rule of India. His father, "Nawab Muhammad Khan" and his grandfather "Nawab Jamal Khan Leghari", both were progressive leaders who introduced their Tribe to modern ideas. His father took prominent part in the Pakistan Movement and was confined as a political prisoner in 1946. After the partition of
Farooq Leghari
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Partition Museum The Partition Museum is a public museum located in the Town Hall in Amritsar, India. The museum aims to become the central repository of stories, materials, and documents related to the post-partition riots that followed the division of British India into two independent countries: India and Pakistan. The museum was inaugurated on 25 August 2017 In 1947, British India was divided into India and Pakistan. The partition lines, drawn on a map by the British lawyer Cyril Radcliffe, divided the states of Punjab into West Punjab and East Punjab on the basis of religion. As a result, millions
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1967–68 and 1971–72. Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat (1938-1995) was a Punjabi language poet, born in Khanewal before the partition of India. Hasrat was born in 1938 in Khanewal, British India. Hasrat and his family, however, moved to India during the partition of Punjab in 1947. He attended and graduated from the Punjab University, Chandigarh. After completing his education Hasrat joined the Public Relation Department of the Punjab Government. Following which he started serving as an editor of the Punjab Government's monthly journal, "Jagriti". Hasrat's career as a poet started in 1966, when he published his poem
Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat
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Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat (1938-1995) was a Punjabi language poet, born in Khanewal before the partition of India. Hasrat was born in 1938 in Khanewal, British India. Hasrat and his family, however, moved to India during the partition of Punjab in 1947. He attended and graduated from the Punjab University, Chandigarh. After completing his education Hasrat joined the Public Relation Department of the Punjab Government. Following which he started serving as an editor of the Punjab Government's monthly journal, "Jagriti". Hasrat's career as a poet started in 1966, when he published his poem collection — "Sarsabaz
Sukhpal Vir Singh Hasrat
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Partition of India The Partition of India was the division of British India in 1947 which eventually accompanied the creation of three independent dominions, Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. The Dominion of India became, as of 1950, the Republic of India (India), and the Dominion of Pakistan became, as of 1956, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (Pakistan) and also, in 1971, the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bangladesh). The "partition" involved the division of three provinces, Assam, Bengal and Punjab, based on district-wide Hindu or Muslim majorities. The boundary demarcating India and Pakistan came to be known as the Radcliffe Line. It
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a director of films such as "Filhaal", "Just Married", "Dus Kahaniyaan", "Talvar" and " Raazi", and authored the biography of her father Gulzar, in 2004. "Two" is Gulzar's debut novel released in English. It examines the status of refugees after partition. "Two" was originally written in Urdu. Gulzar Sampooran Singh Kalra (born 18 August 1934), known popularly by his pen name Gulzar, is an Indian poet, lyricist, and film director. Born in Jhelum District in British India (now in Pakistan) his family moved to India after partition. He started his career with music director S.D. Burman as a lyricist in
Gulzar
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Gujranwala, Punjab in British India into a Punjabi family in 1927. His father, Zafar Hussain, was an alumnus of Punjab University and was a civil officer in the Indian Railways who later headed the Railway Board in Delhi when the family was moved before the partition. In 1942, he did his matriculation from Model High School and joined the Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) with a dream of becoming fighter pilot. In 1946, he gained commissioned in the RIAF as P/O and joined the Pakistan Air Force after the independence of Pakistan as a result of the partition of India
Zafar Masud
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Kapoor Haveli Kapoor Haveli is a residential building in the city of Peshawar, Pakistan. It was home of one generation of the Kapoor family of British India. It was constructed before the Partition of British India, between 1918 and 1922, by Dewan Basheswarnath Kapoor, father of Prithviraj Kapoor, the first member of the family to enter film industry. Among the notable members of the family, Trilok Kapoor, Prithiviraj's younger brother and his son, Raj Kapoor were born in the building. The Kapoors are Punjabi Hindus. After Partition in 1947, members of the family, like other Hindus, left the city and
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Ahsan Habib Ahsan Habib (2 February 1917 – 10 July 1985) was a Bangladeshi poet and literary figure in Bengali culture. He was born in the village of Shankarpasha, in Pirojpur. Before the India-Pakistan partition, he worked on several literary magazines: "Takbir", "Bulbul" (1937–38) and "The Saogat" (1939-43) and he was a staff artiste at the Kolkata Centre of All India Radio. After partition he came to Dhaka and worked on "Daily Azad", "Monthly Mohammadi", "Daily Krishak", "Daily Ittehad", "Weekly Prabaha", etc. He was born in Pirojpur district. His father's name is Hamijuddin Hawladar and his mother's name is Jomila
Ahsan Habib
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the Partition. "The population of undivided India in 1947 was approx 390 million. After partition, there were 330 million people in India, 30 million in West Pakistan, and 30 million people in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)." Once the lines were established, about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the relative safety of religious majority. The 1951 Census of Pakistan identified the number of displaced persons in Pakistan at 7,226,600, presumably all Muslims who had entered Pakistan from India. Similarly, the 1951 Census of India enumerated 7,295,870 displaced persons, apparently all Hindus and Sikhs who had
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during the communal violence that broke out in Calcutta, in 1946, just before the partition of India. After the Partition of India, Mujib chose to stay in the newly created Pakistan. On his return to what became known as East Pakistan, he enrolled in the University of Dhaka to study law and founded the East Pakistan Muslim Students' League. He became one of the most prominent student political leaders in the province. During these years, Mujib developed an affinity for socialism as the solution to mass poverty, unemployment, and poor living conditions. Following the declaration of Muhammad Ali Jinnah on
Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
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a book that explains both interpretations of the shared history in Pakistan and India. Berkeley, California based non-profit organization The 1947 Partition Archive collects oral histories from people who lived through the Partition and consolidates the interviews into an archive. In October 2016, The Arts and Cultural Heritage Trust (TAACHT) of India set up what they describe as "the world’s first Partition Museum" at Town Hall in Amritsar (in Punjab state). The Museum, which is open from Tuesday to Sunday, offers multi-media exhibits and documents that describe both the political process that led to partition and carried it forward, and
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"Stories of Partition of India" (1994). It was adapted into a Hindi stage play by theatre director, Vinod Kumar in 2011. The Train Has Reached Amritsar The Train Has Reached Amritsar (Hindi original: "Amritsar Aa Gaya Hai") is a short story by Hindi author and playwright, Bhisham Sahni set during the Partition of India. In the story a group of refugees are travelling from what has now become Pakistan towards Amritsar, the first border town in India, and the horrors and destruction they witness on the journey. Sahni also wrote his epic novel "Tamas" (Darkness, 1974) around partition, which was
The Train Has Reached Amritsar
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Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947 is a book by Sikh author Gurbachan Singh Talib. It was first published in 1950 by the Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee (SGPC) and has been reprinted several times. The book consists of harrowing stories of the Partition of India between the new nations of India and Pakistan. The partition led to one of the greatest population movements in the 20th century, as Muslims in what would become India, and Hindus and Sikhs in what would become Pakistan, fled
Muslim League Attack on Sikhs and Hindus in the Punjab 1947
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to Asia, where competing superpowers took advantage of decolonization to spread their influence. In 1947, India gained independence from the British Empire. The empire was in decline but adapted to these circumstances by creating the British Commonwealth—since 1949 the Commonwealth of Nations—which is a free association of equal states. As India obtained its independence, multiple ethnic conflicts emerged in relation to the formation of a statehood during the Partition of India which resulted in Islamic Pakistan and Secular India. Before the advent of the British, no empire based in mainland India had controlled any part of what now makes up
Self-determination
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Jainagar in Bihar four days a week. Prior to India's partition, the Flying Mail left Delhi at noon, arrived at 9 pm, before heading for Karachi. On the return journey from Karachi, the train arrived at Lahore at noon and at Delhi at 9pm. Flying Mail The Flying Mail was a train in India that operated between Delhi and Amritsar and, prior to India's partition, between Delhi and Karachi. The train began service in 1853 and was discontinued in 2001. Before the partition of India the Flying mail ran from Karachi (now in Pakistan) to Delhi via Lahore and was
Flying Mail
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1910. Despite being born in Bihar, Rahman hailed from an Indian Muslim family. Hamoodur Rahman's family practised law before the Partition of India— his brother, Maudoodur Rahman, was also a barrister who ascended as a Judge of Calcutta High Court. His Father Khan Bahadur Dr Dawood ur Rahman was the first Muslim civil surgeon in undivided India to do FRCS form Royal college London. He was the personal surgeon to the Emir of Kuwait. <ref name=name="Supreme court of Pakistan"> Hamoodur Rahman Chief Justice Hamoodur Rahman (; 1 November 1910 – 20 December 1981), . , was a Pakistani jurist and
Hamoodur Rahman
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Ajnianwala Ajnianwala is a town of Sheikhupura (SKP), Punjab, Pakistan. It is from SKP on Hafizabad Road. Ajinanwala dates back at least 500 years during the reign of Mughals, when a resistant movement led by Dulla Bhati was launched against Mughal king Akbar the Great. Before the partition of Indian subcontinent, the town had a considerable Sikh majority, who upon partition migrated to India. Gurdwara Ajnianwala is still intact but was allocated to migrants from Indian Punjab in 1947 which is now non-functional. This place was built by Surjan Das Khatri and the "Surjan Dasia" sect draws its name from
Ajnianwala
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Cachar district Cachar is an administrative district in the state of Assam in India. It was a part of the Southern Dimasa Kachari Kingdom (Hidimba Kingdom). It makes up the Barak Valley alongside Hailakandi and Karimganj. These three districts were also previously part of the Greater Sylhet region before the Partition of India. The name "Cachar" has derived from the Dimasa word Kachari. The district headquarters are located at Silchar. The name Cachar traces its origin to the Kachari kingdom. There are one city and two small towns in Cachar district namely Silchar, Lakhipur and Sonai. Cachar's some area was
Cachar district
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Awards Jamil Dehlavi's film on Jinnah's life has several scenes dealing with the lead up to partition, the violence, and Jinnah's reaction. A feature-length award-winning documentary by Sarah Singh which explores the history and current climate on both sides of the Indo-Pakistani divide (2007). The 2013 Google India advertisement "Reunion" (about the Partition of India) has had a strong impact in both India and Pakistan, leading to hope for the easing of travel restrictions between the two countries. It went viral and was viewed more than 1.6 million times before officially debuting on television on November 15, 2013. Artistic depictions
Artistic depictions of the partition of India
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Indian subcontinent today. According to American scholar Allen McGrath many British leaders including the British Viceroy, Mountbatten, were unhappy over the partition of India. Lord Mountbatten of Burma had not only been accused of rushing the process through, but also is alleged to have influenced the Radcliffe Line in India's favour. The commission took longer to decide on a final boundary than on the partition itself. Thus the two nations were granted their independence even before there was a defined boundary between them. Some critics allege that British haste led to increased cruelties during the Partition. Because independence was declared
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million became homeless. However, many argue that the British were forced to expedite the Partition by events on the ground. Once in office, Mountbatten quickly became aware that if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war, which seemed increasingly likely, there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India. Law and order had broken down many times before Partition, with much bloodshed on both sides. A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy. After the Second World War, Britain had limited resources, perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order. Another
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it grew increasingly distant from an emerging movement which advocated absolute Indian self-governance. Nationalist leaders in India (such as Bipin Chandra Pal, who led the agitation against the Bengal partition) and Indian students in Britain criticised the committee for what they perceived as its overcautious approach. Against this background, coincident with the political upheaval caused by the 1905 partition of Bengal, a nationalist lawyer named Shyamji Krishna Varma founded India House in London. India House is a large Victorian Mansion at 65 Cromwell Avenue, Highgate, North London. It was inaugurated on 1 July 1905 by Henry Hyndman in a ceremony
India House
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million(84.1%) and Muslims were 34 million(9.8%) in 1951 census. 1951 Indian census showed that there were 8.3 million Christians. Hindus comprised about 66 per cent of the population of India before partition. 1951 Census of India The 1951 Census of India was the 9th in a series of censuses held in India every decade since 1871. It is also the first census after independence and Partition of India. 1951 census was also the first census to be conducted under 1948 Census of India Act. The population of India was counted as 361,088,090 (1:0.946 male:female) Total population increased by 42,427,510, 13.31%
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Dharmputra Dharmputra is a 1961 Hindi film directed by Yash Chopra based on a novel of the same name by Acharya Chatursen. This is Yash's second directorial venture. It was the first Hindi film to depict the partition of India, and Hindu fundamentalism. Produced by his elder brother B.R. Chopra, who was himself uprooted from Lahore, during the partition of India and established B.R. Films in Mumbai in 1956. The film dealt with issues of issue of religious bigotry, fanaticism and communalism amidst the backdrop of the partition. Two years earlier, Yash Chopra had made his debut with "Dhool Ka
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Harendra Coomar Mookerjee Harendra Coomar Mookerjee (1887–1956), also spelt as H.C. Mookherjee or H.C. Mukherjee or H.C. Mukerji or H.C. Mukerjee, was the Vice-President of the Constituent Assembly of India for drafting the Constitution of India before Partition of India, and the first Governor of West Bengal after India became a republic with partition into India and Pakistan. He was an educationalist, prominent Christian leader of Bengal, and was the chairman of the Minority rights committee and Provincial constitution committee of the Constituent Assembly—consisting of indirectly elected representatives to draft the Constitution of India, including for provinces of present Pakistan
Harendra Coomar Mookerjee
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non-Muslims was rampant and by which time the Indian Zoroastrians had established special funds to assist their Iranian co-religionists. The descendants of these newer immigrants are known as Iranis. Massive population exchanges occurred between the two newly formed nations in the months immediately following Partition. Once the lines were established, about 14.5 million people crossed the borders to what they hoped was the relative safety of religious majority. Based on 1951 Census of displaced people, 7.226 million Muslims went to Pakistan from India while 7.249 million Hindus and Sikhs were forced to move to India from Pakistan immediately after partition.
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audience would not appreciate long alaps and he had to sing for the masses and change the music to what the audience wanted. He excelled at more light-hearted ragas such as Adana, Bhupali, Hameer, Jaijaiwanti and Jaunpuri. Under the pen name of "Sabrang" he created many new compositions. Unlike his younger son Munawar Ali Khan, who had an open-throated voice, Khansahib's voice was slurred. After the partition of India in 1947, Bade Ghulam went to his hometown Kasur in Pakistan, but returned to India later to reside permanently there in 1957. With the help of Bombay Chief Minister Morarji Desai
Bade Ghulam Ali Khan
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gauge tracks. Northeast Frontier Railway converted the Alipurduar-Bamanhat branch line to Broad gauge in 2007. The Alipuduar-Bamanhat branch line up to Geetaldaha was earlier part of Cooch Behar State Railway. The Geetaldaha-Bamanhat sector was part of what was called the Assam Line Railway Service. It is located near the India-Bangladesh border and handles around 15,000 passengers daily. Some important train that origins/terminates : Bamanhat railway station Bamanhat railway station serves Bamanhat in Cooch Behar district in the Indian state of West Bengal. Before partition of India in 1947, there was a rail link to Lalmonirhat Junction, now in Bangladesh, through
Bamanhat railway station
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early advocate of what we today refer to as the 'Green Revolution', Bhagat Puran Singh was spreading awareness about environmental pollution, and increasing soil erosion long before such ideas became popular. The months leading up to the partition of India in 1947, saw heavy conflict in the Punjab between Sikh and Muslims, which saw the effective religious migration of Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus from West Punjab which mirrored a similar religious migration of Punjabi Muslims in East Punjab. The 1960s saw growing animosity and rioting between Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus in India, as the Punjabi Sikhs agitated for the creation
History of Sikhism
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a few stray incidents, armed rebellions against the British rulers did not occur before the beginning of the 20th century. The Indian revolutionary underground began gathering momentum through the first decade of the 20th century, with groups arising in Bengal, Maharashtra, Odisha, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, and the Madras Presidency including what is now called South India. More groups were scattered around India. Particularly notable movements arose in Bengal, especially around the Partition of Bengal in 1905, and in Punjab after 1907. In the former case, it was the educated, intelligent and dedicated youth of the urban middle class "Bhadralok"
Indian independence movement
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amongst the Punjabi Hindu Bhati Rajputs and originate from the Rajput clans of Rajasthan in Ajmer and migrated to the Punjab later in their history. When the Muslim country of Pakistan was created in 1947 with the partition of India, most of the Nischals living in West Punjab migrated to India. Several Nischal families before having to migrate to India after Indian Partition can trace their origins to Adamke Village, which is located in Daska Tehsil of Sialkot District in West Punjab, which was in former Undivided India but now in Pakistan. Today, Nischals live in numerous regions within India,
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is done brilliantly touching many things that are common to the modern nations of India and Pakistan, starting from the Indus valley civilisation. Directed by Anil Sharma, "" (2001), is an Indian movie about the Partition; notable for shocking scenes of riot and massacre. It was a major hit. Directed by Sabiha Sumar, "Khamosh Pani" (Silent Waters) (2003), depicts the partition ironically and shows the situation of Jihadis in 1979 Pakistan. "Pinjar" was a 2003 film, adapted from the novel by same name by Amrita Pritam, and had Urmila Matondkar in the role of the protagonist, "Puro". Directed by Vic
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that his actions led to the Partition of India which in turn led to the inflammation of sectarian strife between Pakistan's Muslims and India's Hindus. In an interview with "Rediff.com" in 1998, he reiterated that he never regretted Gandhi's killing. He hated what he called Gandhi's "appeasement" of Muslims. According to Godse, what triggered the assassination was a bomb explosion on 20 January 1948 at Gandhi's prayer meeting in Delhi, just 50 meters away from Gandhi. The failed explosion for which Madan Lal Pahwa was caught, heightened the urgency-the Godse brothers wanted to finish it before the police caught them.
Gopal Godse
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Partition of Bengal (1905) The decision to effect the Partition of Bengal () was announced on 19 July 1905 by the Viceroy of India, Lord Curzon. The partition took place on 16 October 1905 and separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas. The Hindus of West Bengal who dominated Bengal's business and rural life complained that the division would make them a minority in a province that would incorporate the province of Bihar and Orissa. Hindus were outraged at what they recognised as a "divide and rule" policy, where the colonisers turned the native population
Partition of Bengal (1905)
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Maitree Express The Maitree Express or Moitree Express is the name of the first modern international passenger train service connecting Bangladesh to the Indian state of West Bengal. The name "Maitree Express" means the "Friendship Express", denoting the significance of the train service to the foreign relations between India and Bangladesh. Train services between the two countries existed before the partition of India – the "Maitree Express" re-established this connection between the Bangladeshi capital of Dhaka with Kolkata, the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, in 2008 after being closed for 43 years. In 2017 a second service,
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Sylhet from Assam and merge it into East Bengal. The partition, with the power transferred to Pakistan and India on 14–15 August 1947, was done according to what has come to be known as the "3 June Plan" or "Mountbatten Plan". India's independence on 15 August 1947 ended over 150 years of British influence in the Indian subcontinent. East Bengal later became the independent country of Bangladesh after the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War. In 1905, the first partition in Bengal was implemented as an administrative preference, making governing the two provinces, West and East Bengal, easier. While the partition split
Partition of Bengal (1947)
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of a controversy during the partition of India. Sir Cyril Radcliffe created the boundary between India and Pakistan just days before the partition. A draft of the Award was supposedly sent to Evan Jenkins, the provincial governor of Punjab by George Abell, Lord Mountbatten of Burma's private secretary, with a preliminary description of the Punjab boundary. This draft showed the Ferozepur and Zira tehsils being allotted to Pakistan. During partition Zira city had a Muslim majority by 51% Sikhs making up 35% and Hindus 14%. When violence erupted in most Ferozepur Zira area was very quiet because most of the
Zira, Punjab
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recognized to promote the good, and what constitutes a good deed. It was adapted into a Hindi film by the same name by Pamela Rooks in 1998. "Train to Pakistan" (1990). Grove Press; . Penned by Bhisham Sahni and the winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1975, "Tamas" depicted riots in a small Indian town. The novel was later adapted into a TV series by the same name for Doordarshan, and later a one-off four-hour feature film. "Tamas" - Rajkamal Prakashan Pvt. Ltd.. . Salman Rushdie wrote this famous surrealistic fiction full of satirical references to the event of
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Miani, Punjab Miani is a town in Bhera Tehsil of Sargodha District in Punjab (Pakistan). Miani had a substantial population of Hindus and Sikhs, especially Khatri Kukhrans, before the partition of India. The Khatris had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Pre-partition, there were also many Hindu Brahmin families lived in Miani. After formation of Pakistan, these Sikhs and Hindus were migrated to India and Muslims which were migrated from Indian Punjab were settled here. It is about 70 km from Sargodha city. It is situated on the bank of River Jhelum and 16 km
Miani, Punjab
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from Bhera Motorway Interchange. It is just few kilometers away from Khewra Salt Mines, the Pakistan's largest, the world's 2nd largest and the oldest salt mine in the world. Miani, Punjab Miani is a town in Bhera Tehsil of Sargodha District in Punjab (Pakistan). Miani had a substantial population of Hindus and Sikhs, especially Khatri Kukhrans, before the partition of India. The Khatris had to leave their ancestral homes and move to India after partition. Pre-partition, there were also many Hindu Brahmin families lived in Miani. After formation of Pakistan, these Sikhs and Hindus were migrated to India and Muslims
Miani, Punjab
9628349
India before Partition was effected on 14 and 15 August 1947, resulting in formation of the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan as sovereign states. There were no tours to India in the 1947–48 season and the Indian team went to Australia from October to February, playing a series of five Tests in which they were defeated 4–0. The 1947–48 team in Australia included seven of the 1946 team: Amarnath (now the captain), Gul Mohammad, Hazare, Mankad, Nayudu, Sarwate and Sohoni. Gul Mohammad later played for Pakistan. His 1946 colleague Abdul Hafeez, who changed his name to Abdul
Indian cricket team in England in 1946
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the common poetic construction of using his first name as a suffixed pen name. Thus he was known as Ishar Singh ‘Ishar’. In practice, however, he came to be so closely identified with his best known comic creation that the name ‘Bhaiya’ was usually tagged to the end of his full title. He was married to Sita Wanti (died 1975), and had five sons and three daughters, who were all born in the Rawalpindi district. In 1946, a year before the Partition of India created Muslim Pakistan, the entire family – by this time including grandchildren – moved over to
Ishar Singh (poet)
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new port. A new railway line connecting Anjar to Kandla were also laid by Cutch State Railway. After the partition and independence of India and merger of Cutch into Union of India in 1947, in 1950 Kandla Port was selected by the Government of India to be developed as major port to replace the loss of Karachi, which went to Pakistan. The Kandla Railway Station was later renamed Gandhidham after the new town of same name was developed for the re-settlement of Sindhi refugees, who migrated from Pakistan upon Partition. Tuna Port is operated by the Kandla Port Trust. The
Tuna Port
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"prior" to the actual Partition, it was up to the new governments of India and Pakistan to keep public order. No large population movements were contemplated; the plan called for safeguards for minorities on both sides of the new border. It was a task at which both states failed. There was a complete breakdown of law and order; many died in riots, massacre, or just from the hardships of their flight to safety. What ensued was one of the largest population movements in recorded history. According to Richard Symonds, at the lowest estimate, half a million people perished and twelve
Partition of India
18680074
between Native Americans and Indians from India. It uses photographs of Native Americans from the Nineteenth Century and early Twentieth Century that perpetuated and reinforced stereotypes and finds similarities in how Nineteenth and early Twentieth century photographers of Native Americans looked at what they called the primitive natives, similar to the colonial gaze of the Nineteenth century British photographers working in India. "Open Wound" uses photo animations to explore the turmoil of families impacted by the Partition of India in 1947. It has been 65 years since the Partition, where 12 million people were displaced within three months and over
Annu Palakunnathu Matthew
15011012
Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz (Regd), was a Unani pharmaceutical company established in 1894 at Tijara, India. It was one of the largest manufacturer of many Unani medicine before the partition of India. Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz was a registered Unani polyclinic and pharmaceutical company established in 1894 by Hakim Syed Karam Husain at Tijara, Rajputana, (Alwar). It was a flourishing Dawakhana until 1947. After the partition of India, it was relocated and moved to Jinsi Road, Jahangirabad, Bhopal. In 1975, another branch of the 'Dawakhana' was set up at Aligarh where it lasted till 1994. The main Dawakhana at
Dawakhana Shifaul Amraz
9338503
majority of Chindian offspring in Malaysia are usually classified as "Malaysian Indian" by the Malaysian government. Indians have been living in Hong Kong long before the partition of India into the nations of India and Pakistan. They migrated to Hong Kong as traders, police officers and army officers during colonial rule. 25,000 of the Muslims in Hong Kong trace their roots back to what is now Pakistan. Around half of them belong to 'local boy' families, Muslims of mixed Chinese (Tanka) and Indian/Pakistani ancestry, descended from early Indian/Pakistani male immigrants who took local Chinese wives and brought their children up
Chindian
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in Punjabi and directed by Mehboob Khan. In "Garib", she played the role of Lata and in "Gawandhi" she played heroine opposite Shyam, who played the hero. She became known for her roles in pre-partition Hindi and Urdu films. Her early years in films came with films such as "Najma" (1943), "Phool" (1945) and "Humayun" (1945). Her last film before the Partition of India was "Rajputani" (1946), in which she played a supporting role. She decided to remain in India after the partition, and she acted through the mid-to-late-1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s and early 1980s. She played roles in big
Veena (actress)
765189
the world, with approximately 329.1 million native speakers, and 697.4 million total speakers. The colloquial registers are mostly indistinguishable, and even though the official standards are nearly identical in grammar, they differ in literary conventions and in academic and technical vocabulary, with Urdu adopting stronger Persian and Arabic influences, and Hindi relying more heavily on Sanskrit. Before the partition of India, the terms "Hindustani," "Hindi," and "Urdu" were synonymous; they all covered what would be mostly called Hindi and Urdu today. The term "Hindustani" is still used for the colloquial language and the "lingua franca" of North India and Pakistan,
Hindustani language
17081243
the origin of the name Kalsian is that at the time of settling the forefathers found here black mud which was in Punjabi pronounce as KALI Seehn that afterwards changed to kalsianThe neaerest city from village Kalsian Bhatiian is Khangah Dograh() on the soth, Ajniyyah wala () on the north, and Farooq Abad on the east۔ It is situated between villages Aswah Bhattian (), Takha Bhattian(), Gajiana Nau () and Baka Bhattian () Before the partition of India, in this village lived Muslim, Hindus and Sikh with peacefully. In 1947, all the Hindus and Sikh migrated to India. Kalsian population
Kalsian Bhattian
2706139
However, this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the land of Hindus. They insisted that the new Dominion of India should be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'. Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India, whereas 'Bharat' was adopted as an official name. It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially. Hindustan Hindustan () is the Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, which later became an endonym. After the Partition of India, it
Hindustan
4993431
in strength. The partition was expected to weaken what was perceived as the nerve centre of Indian nationalism. Though affected in 1905, the partition proposals had come onto the public domain as early as 1903. Therefore, since 1903, the ground for the launch of the Swadeshi movement had been prepared. In the official note, Risley, the Home Secretary to the Government of India said, "Bengal united is power; Bengal divided will pull several different ways". The partition of the state intended to curb Bengali influence by not only placing Bengalis under two administrations, but by reducing them to a minority
Swadeshi movement
4195610
authority of the British Government could not be inherited by the Interim Government. Patel took offence at what he called the "cold, official touch-me-not attitude" and asked to let the "daylight to shine" on the Kashmir government. He in turn rejected the notion of complete independence for Kashmir. Kak's initiative having ended in failure, the British Resident in Kashmir reported that Kashmir was likely to stay out of the Indian Union. Thus, on the eve of the Partition of India, the relations between Kak and the Congress were frigid. After the Partition of India was decided in June 1947, the
Ram Chandra Kak
16301096
The Train Has Reached Amritsar The Train Has Reached Amritsar (Hindi original: "Amritsar Aa Gaya Hai") is a short story by Hindi author and playwright, Bhisham Sahni set during the Partition of India. In the story a group of refugees are travelling from what has now become Pakistan towards Amritsar, the first border town in India, and the horrors and destruction they witness on the journey. Sahni also wrote his epic novel "Tamas" (Darkness, 1974) around partition, which was later adapted to a television film, by Govind Nihalani. An English translation by Ashok Bhalla, was also part of the anthology,
The Train Has Reached Amritsar
16922536
Nawab of Junagarh Nawab of Junagarh or Junagadh refers to the now defunct ex- lineage of rulers of the princely Junagadh State in British Raj, nowadays Junagadh district in the state of Gujarat in India. There are still several forts and palaces in India which were owned by princely Junagarh family but after Partition of India property claimed by the Indian Government. Given below is the list of Nawabs who ruled in the princely Junagadh State before the Partition of India. After the independence of India and Pakistan in 1947, the title of Nawab of Junagarh has no official status.
Nawab of Junagarh
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Toba Tek Singh (film) Toba Tek Singh is an Indian film based on Saadat Hassan Manto's short story of the same name. The short film is written and directed by Ketan Mehta and produced by Shailja Kejriwal. It stars Pankaj Kapoor and Vinay Pathak. It was released digitally on the video on-demand platform ZEE5 on 24 August, 2018. The story takes place just before the India-Pakistan partition in one of the oldest mental asylums in undivided India. Situated in Lahore, it was home to Hindu, Muslim and Sikh patients who were left behind by their uncaring families. Friendships were thick
Toba Tek Singh (film)
13717130
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence Jinnah: India-Partition-Independence is a book written by Jaswant Singh, a former Finance Minister of India and an External Affairs Minister, on Pakistan's founder Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the politics associated with the Partition of India. It is currently the latest book written by an Indian politician on the life of Jinnah. The book was released on 17 August 2009 and soon became the subject of controversy, subsequently leading to Singh's expulsion from the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). It contains controversial opinions of Singh, claiming that Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru's centralised policy was responsible for partition, and
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
1919127
this question I shall give you complete assurance. I shall see to it that there is no bloodshed and riot. I am a soldier and not a civilian. Once the partition is accepted in principle, I shall issue orders to see that there are no communal disturbances anywhere in the country. If there should be the slightest agitation, I shall adopt the sternest measures to nip the trouble in the bud. Jagmohan has stated that this and what followed shows the "glaring" "failure of the government machinery". On 3 June 1947, the partition plan was accepted by the Congress Working
Partition of India
1919105
had visited India four years before. The objective of the mission was to arrange for an orderly transfer to independence. In early 1946, new elections were held in India. With the announcement of the elections the line had been drawn for Muslim voters to choose between a united Indian state or Partition. Earlier, at the end of the war in 1945, the colonial government had announced the public trial of three senior officers of Subhas Chandra Bose's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although it never supported the INA,
Partition of India
16917905
western Punjab after the Partition of India in 1947. Some of these speakers are settled in Andhra Pradesh who went and settled there before the partition because of their pastoral and nomadic way of life, and these are Muslims. Out of these total speakers of the language, 56,096 persons report their dialect as Mūltānī and by 11,873 individuals report their dialect as Bahāwalpurī. One dialects of Saraiki that is spoken by Indian Saraikis is "Derawali", spoken by Derawals in Derawal Nagar, Delhi who migrated to India during the partition. Other dialects spoken by Indian Saraikis include "Jafri", "Saraiki Hindki", "Jhangi",
Saraiki diaspora
3596585
stationed in India returned to the United Kingdom or were posted to other stations outside India and Pakistan. During the transition period after partition, Headquarters British Troops in India, under then Major General Lashmer Whistler, controlled the departing British units. The last British unit, 1st Battalion, Somerset Light Infantry, left on 28 February 1948. Equipment from most British units was retained by the Indian Army, as only a single infantry division, the 7th Indian Infantry Division, had been stationed in Pakistan before partition. Most of the remainder of the Indian Army's Muslim personnel proceeded to join the newly created Pakistan
British Indian Army
10106627
is populated mostly by citizens of East-Bengal (Before Partition of India Bangladesh was called East Bengal) though traditionally it was primarily a West-Bengali ('ghoti' in Bengali) settlement. Settlement in the area dates back to the 1797, but its urbanization is relatively recent. Population growth started in Behala after the partition of India. The Sabarna Roychoudhury's 'Aath-chala' could be regarded as the most prominent historical structure (though mostly ruined presently) of the city of Kolkata. It is the structure, sitting under which the British East India Company signed the rights of the villages- Kalikata, Gobindapur and Sutanuti (which later merged to
Sarsuna
12112468
Fatehpur Thakiala Fatehpur Thakiala, also known as Nakyal, is one of the three "tehsils" of the Kotli District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. Fatehpur Thakiala was part of the Mendhar subdivision of Poonch before the partition of Kashmir in 1947. Fatehpur Thakiala is bounded by the Line of Control—the boundary between Indian and Pakistan administered Kashmir—on its north and east sides. The 1947–48 war between India and Pakistan divided it into two parts; one part went to Pakistan and the other became part of India. After the separation from Mendhar, it became a "tehsil" of the Kotli District. The original name
Fatehpur Thakiala
6813354
won the first All-of-India squash championship in Bombay, and successfully defended this title for the next two years. When Pakistan became an independent state, he was appointed a squash professional at the Pakistan Air Force, and won the first Pakistani squash championship in 1949. In 1950, Abdul Bari, a distant relative of Khan's who had chosen to remain in Bombay after the Partition of India in 1947, and who Hashim had beaten in several tournaments in India before partition, was sponsored by the Indian Government to play at the British Open where he finished runner-up to the Egyptian player Mahmoud
Hashim Khan
3036492
was a social activist. The original surname of his family is Srivastava, Bachchan being the pen name used by his grandfather. However, when Amitabh entered films, he did so under his father's pen name. Bachchan is of Awadhi Kayastha heritage on his father's side, Bengali from his mother's side and Punjabi from his paternal grandmother's sidewho moved from Faisalabad to Mumbai before the partition of India. Abhishek attended Jamnabai Narsee School and Bombay Scottish School in Mumbai, Modern School, Vasant Vihar, New Delhi, and Aiglon College in Switzerland. He then attended Boston University but did not obtain any degree from
Abhishek Bachchan
6816288
Khokhra Par, Karachi Khokhrapar () is located inside Malir Town Karachi, Sindh, origin of the name "Khokhra par" goes back to the days when Mohajirs (immigrants) from partition time came to this place, most of them crossed the border of India to newly founded country of Pakistan from Khokhra Par, Sindh and found this area significantly resembling with original Khokhra Par because its dry and desert like surroundings were quite similar in nature to what they earlier came across during their exodus, therefore they ended up naming it the same, latter it was attempted to officially renamed as "Azam Colony"
Khokhra Par, Karachi
13717133
Library on 1 January 1918, when India was still undivided and ruled by the British Empire. Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence Jinnah: India-Partition-Independence is a book written by Jaswant Singh, a former Finance Minister of India and an External Affairs Minister, on Pakistan's founder Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the politics associated with the Partition of India. It is currently the latest book written by an Indian politician on the life of Jinnah. The book was released on 17 August 2009 and soon became the subject of controversy, subsequently leading to Singh's expulsion from the Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP). It contains
Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence
7380578
Artistic depictions of the partition of India The partition of India and the associated bloody riots inspired many creative minds in India and Pakistan to create literary/cinematic depictions of this event. While some creations depicted the massacres during the refugee migration, others concentrated on the aftermath of the partition in terms of difficulties faced by the refugees in both side of the border. Even now, more than 60 years after the partition, works of fiction and films are made that relate to the events of partition. Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Khushwant Singh's "Train to
Artistic depictions of the partition of India
7374819
of the British empire. It was planned to be an agricultural business hub or "mandi" ("wholesale market"). It was a planned town, developed after canals were built for agricultural purposes and a railway line was established. Even today, the railway station at Sillanwali is known as "Sillanwali Mandi" in railway records. Before the Partition of India in 1947, Sillanwali was well known for the production of cotton. Most of the population were Hindu Khatris. After partition the Hindus migrated to India and their property was taken over by the Muslim Sheikhs (having Khatri Origin), most of whom had migrated from
Sillanwali
14176373
the 18th century, flood destroyed the entire village and after the said catastrophe, Zakhi was sub-divided into four new villages namely, Zakhi-Miana, Zakhi-Qabristan, Zakhi-Kona and Zakhi-Charbagh. All these four village's names come from old Persian language and it is still unclear that what is the real meaning of Zakhi. Probably the name Zakhi is older than Pashtun arrival to this area. Currently 99.9% Muslim Sunni Pashtun people are living in Zakhi villages . Akbarpura and the surrounding area was the home to Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, and Christians, living peacefully until the Partition of India. The people of Zakhi supported Khan
Zakhi
6258896
'illegal immigrants' who cross over the border and pan out across the sub-continent, looking for work and a new home, setting in metropolitan centres as far off as Delhi and Mumbai, keeping the question of the Partition alive today. " A massive population transfer began immediately after partition. Millions of Hindus migrated to India from East Bengal. The majority of them settled in West Bengal. A smaller number went to Assam, Tripura and other states. However the refugee crisis was markedly different from Punjab at India's western border. Punjab witnessed widespread communal riots immediately before partition. As a result, population
Partition of Bengal (1947)
18748765
Nazir Ahmed Khan (politician) Chaudhry Nazir Ahmed Khan () is a politician. He is a former member of the All India Muslim League, who served as a Member of the National Assembly of Pakistan (1990-1993). During the pre- and post-partition of the subcontinent, Nazir Ahmed Khan played a significant role in political parties such as the All India Muslim League (Pre-Partition) and Jamaat-e-Islami Pakistan. Nazir Ahmed Khan was born in 1923 to a Muslim Rajput family in the Tehsil Batala of District Gurdaspur. His great-grandfather accepted Islam and changed his name from Kesar Singh to Kesar Khan. Keser Khan was
Nazir Ahmed Khan (politician)
19313563
Flying Mail The Flying Mail was a train in India that operated between Delhi and Amritsar and, prior to India's partition, between Delhi and Karachi. The train began service in 1853 and was discontinued in 2001. Before the partition of India the Flying mail ran from Karachi (now in Pakistan) to Delhi via Lahore and was the fastest train between two cities. The train shared a rake with the Sarayu Yamuna Express between Delhi and Amritsar until 2001 when the Sarayu Yamuna Express was renamed the Shaheed Express and extended to Amritsar. Today the Shaheed Express operates between Amritsar and
Flying Mail
15142150
spirit of the neo-Bengal school throughout India. The political and religious developments in the Indian subcontinent were a major influence during the life of Manishi Dey. Just shortly before his birth, Bengal was partitioned into an Eastern and Western part, known as the Partition of Bengal (1905). The area was divided a second time in 1947, known as the Partition of Bengal (1947). It was only after the death of Manishi Dey that Bengal became an independent country in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War. These political changes during the colonization and decolonization of India were a major influence on
Manishi Dey
2123866
without a legislature, in November 1956 and an elected ministry was installed in July 1963. The geographic partition that coincided with the independence of India resulted in major economic and infrastructural setbacks for the state, as road transport between the state and the major cities of India had to follow a more circuitous route. The road distance between Kolkata and Agartala before the partition was less than , and increased to , as the route now avoided East Pakistan. The geo-political isolation was aggravated by an absence of rail transport. Some parts of the state were shelled by the Pakistan
Tripura
8201965
Partition of 1905. He chose to oppose partition, working closely with other anti-partition activists such as Surendranath Banerjee and Rabindranath Tagore. Datta joined the Indian National Congress from Mymensingh District and was first elected to the Bengal Legislative Council in 1937. He was arrested by the British rulers of India for his participation in the Quit India movement of 1942. Datta firmly opposed the creation of Pakistan and partition of India on religious lines; but when it became clear that partition of Bengal was inevitable and that his home district of Comilla would be in the new Muslim majority state,
Dhirendranath Datta
4895520
is a description of the British summertime capital Shimla in the Himalayas and how supplies were carried up steep mountains by porters each year. On the theme of partition, the book relates that the crucial maps setting the boundary separating India and Pakistan were drawn that year by Cyril Radcliffe, who had not visited India before being appointed as the chairman of the Boundary Commission. It depicts the fury of both Hindus and Muslims, misled by their communal leaders, during the partition, and the biggest mass slaughter in the history of India as millions of people were uprooted by the
Freedom at Midnight
18919371
Nalini Malani Nalini Malani (born 1946, in Karachi, undivided India) is a contemporary Indian artist, who extends the concept of "painting beyond the frame" into video plays and video/shadow plays. Her body of work includes painting, video, and installation art. Much of her work is about the middle area between two points, such as being between two places or between two identities. Born in Karachi in 1946, Malani moved to India as a refugee after the Partition of India. Malani moved to the eastern Indian city of Calcutta, now known as Kolkata, shortly before partition. She and her family settled
Nalini Malani
18156836
The 1947 Partition Archive The 1947 Partition Archive is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit oral history organization in Berkeley, California and a registered trust in Delhi, India, that collects, preserves and shares firsthand accounts of the Partition of India in 1947. The organization started in 2010 when Dr. Guneeta Singh Bhalla began recording video interviews with elder Partition witnesses throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, and was formalized in 2011. The creation of the 1947 Partition Archive was inspired by the Hiroshima Peace Memorial and the work of various Holocaust memorials. The 1947 Partition Archive crowd-sources the collection of Partition witness interviews
The 1947 Partition Archive
4113045
Mountbatten quickly became aware if Britain were to avoid involvement in a civil war, which seemed increasingly likely, there was no alternative to partition and a hasty exit from India. Law and order had broken down many times before Partition with much bloodshed on both sides. A massive civil war was looming by the time Mountbatten became Viceroy. After the Second World War, Britain had limited resources, perhaps insufficient to the task of keeping order. Another viewpoint is that while Mountbatten may have been too hasty he had no real options left and achieved the best he could under difficult
Islam in India
378614
line"). According to Banga and other scholars, the Sikhs had strongly opposed the Muslim League demands and saw it as "perpetuation of Muslim domination" and anti-Sikh policies in what just a 100 years before was a part of the Sikh Empire. During the discussions with the colonial authorities, Tara Singh emerged as an important leader who campaigned to prevent the partition and for the recognition of Sikhs as the third community. In 1940, a few Sikhs such as the victims of Komagata Maru in Canada proposed the idea of Khalistan as a buffer state between Pakistan and India. These leaders,
Sikhism
16634382
women recovered from India had been 16,545. Of them 11,129 were from Punjab, 4,934 from Patiala and East Punjab Union and after 21 January 1949 the number of Muslim women recovered from Jammu and Kashmir was 482. The number of Muslim women recovered from Delhi was 200. Violence against women during the partition of India During the Partition of India, violence against women was an extensive issue. It is estimated that during the partition between 75,000 and 100,000 women were kidnapped and raped. The rape of women by males during this period is well documented, with women also being complicit
Violence against women during the partition of India
1360784
the British, the region around Punjab had been ruled by the confederacy of Sikh Misls founded by Banda Bahadur ruled over the entire Punjab from 1767 to 1799, until their confederacy was unified into the Sikh Empire by Maharajah Ranjit Singh from 1799 to 1849. The Sikhs have traditionally been concentrated in Punjab region of undivided India although not in a majority. Before the partition of India in 1947, Sikhs were not in majority in any of the districts of pre-partition British Punjab Province other than Ludhiana.The districts in the region had a majority of either the Hindus or Muslims
Khalistan movement
8135988
to the Partition of India in 1947. The Radcliffe Line, the border recommended by departing British colonial authorities, divides natural resources, houses, and people. The Satluj River, which is a common source of water, is a border between the two countries. Before partition, 50% of Fazilka's population was Muslim. All of them left India for Pakistan in 1947. Most of the villages around Fazilka are dominated by Muslim families, mainly the Bodla, Watto, Sahoo Rajpoot, Kalya Rajpoot and Chistis clans. Many people from Fazilka pay an annual visit to Katasraj — a Hindu holy city in Pakistan — usually in
Fazilka
6346237
of Akbar. The Pathania clan of Rajput derived its name from ancient name of Pathankot which was Paithan at that time. After the independence of India, Pathankot, has developed as an important township in many aspects. The strategic point of location has prompted the establishment of an army presence and air force station for the defence of India. The Indian army and Indian air force have successfully defended the territory of India in times of war. Traders supplying the army's needs have also increased their business. After the partition of India, as in most other North Indian cities a huge
Pathankot
200331
part of the British Raj have been annexed by India since it gained its independence from the British Empire. An example of such territories was the 1961 Indian annexation of Goa. An example of annexation of a territory from the British Raj was the Indian integration of Junagadh. Akhand Bharat, literally Undivided India or Whole India, is an irredentist call to reunite Pakistan and Bangladesh (and for some Sri Lanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan) with India to form an "Undivided India" as it existed before partition in 1947 during the British Raj (and before that, during other periods of political
Irredentism
2706128
Hindustan Hindustan () is the Persian name for India, broadly the Indian subcontinent, which later became an endonym. After the Partition of India, it continues to be used as a historic name for the Republic of India. A secondary meaning of Hindustan is as a geographic term for the Indo-Gangetic Plain in northern India. Hindustan is derived from the Persian word "Hindū" cognate with the Sanskrit "Sindhu". The Proto-Iranian sound change "*s" > "h" occurred between 850–600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. Hence, the Rigvedic "sapta sindhava" (the land of seven rivers) became "hapta hindu" in the Avesta. It was
Hindustan
6300250
in 2015. Kumar was born in Abbottabad, a town in the North-West Frontier Province, Pakistan, then part of pre-partition India. His original birth name was Harikishan Giri Goswami. When he was 10, his family had to migrate from Jandhyala Sher Khan to Delhi due to the Partition. His family lived as refugees in Vijay Nagar, Kingsway Camp and later moved to Old Rajendra Nagar area of New Delhi. After graduating from Hindu College, University of Delhi, he decided to enter the film industry. As a youngster, he admired Dilip Kumar, Ashok Kumar and Kamini Kaushal and decided to name himself
Manoj Kumar