who made the infamous raid at harper 's ferry in 1859
abolitionist John Brown
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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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would only live there for four months in 1859 at the nearby Kennedy Farm. The Abolitionist John Brown and is cadre of followers would make history on October 16, 1859 with their raid on the U.S. Amory three miles away at Harper’s Ferry. The Sample’s Manor Church of God is thought to have originated about 1850. The cemetery holds generations of ancestors to many who live nearby yet today. Sample’s Manor and the Kennedy Farm were the unlikely site of a major development plan by prominent African Americans in the 1960’s. "John Brown's Farm" included performances by dozens of the
Samples Manor, Maryland
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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally asked Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both of whom he had met in
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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of the events are particularly clear with regard to the Heyward Shepherd monument. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (also known as John Brown's raid or The raid on Harpers Ferry) was an effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in 1859 by taking over a United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's party of 22 was defeated by a company of U.S. Marines, led by First Lieutenant Israel Greene. Colonel Robert E. Lee was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. John Brown had originally
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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Virginia v. John Brown Virginia v. John Brown was a criminal trial held in Charles Town, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia) in October 1859 to prosecute abolitionist John Brown for his involvement in a raid on the United States federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia) on October 16–18, 1859. This event resulted in the death of 14 people and the wounding of nine others. John Brown led 21 armed men, five blacks and 16 whites, on a raid of the railroad town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His goal was to seize the federal arsenal there and
Virginia v. John Brown
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of history and law at the University of Heidelberg. During this period, Rosengarten also met the eminent British jurist James Fitzjames Stephen, and his brother, author and critic Leslie Stephen. In 1857, Rosengarten returned to the United States and began practicing law in Philadelphia. His law partners were Henry Schell Hagert and George Junkin. In 1859, Rosengarten witnessed abolitionist John Brown's famous raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown was attempting to start an armed slave revolt by seizing a United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry. Brown's raid was defeated by a detachment of marines led by then Colonel Robert E.
Joseph George Rosengarten
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1970. It is included in the Chambersburg Historic District. John Brown House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) John Brown House, also known as the Ritner Boarding House, is a historic home located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is a two-story, three-bay wide, hewn-log building covered in clapboard. Abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859) stayed here from June until mid-October 1859, while receiving supplies and recruits for his raid on Harpers Ferry. Following the raid, four of Brown's followers returned to the house to be concealed. It is operated by the Franklin County Historical Society - Kittochtinny, as a historic house museum. It was
John Brown House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania)
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John Brown House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania) John Brown House, also known as the Ritner Boarding House, is a historic home located at Chambersburg in Franklin County, Pennsylvania. It is a two-story, three-bay wide, hewn-log building covered in clapboard. Abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859) stayed here from June until mid-October 1859, while receiving supplies and recruits for his raid on Harpers Ferry. Following the raid, four of Brown's followers returned to the house to be concealed. It is operated by the Franklin County Historical Society - Kittochtinny, as a historic house museum. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in
John Brown House (Chambersburg, Pennsylvania)
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members by year's end. Du Bois founded a magazine, the "Moon", in an attempt to establish an official mouthpiece for the organization. It failed due to a lack of funding after only a few months of publication. A second publication, "The Horizon", was started in 1907 and survived until 1910. The movement's second meeting, the first to be held on U.S. soil, took place at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, the site of abolitionist John Brown's 1859 raid. The three-day gathering, from August 15 to 18, 1906, took place at the campus of Storer College (now part of Harpers Ferry National
Niagara Movement
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Kennedy Farm The Kennedy Farm is a National Historic Landmark property on Chestnut Grove Road in rural southern Washington County, Maryland. It is notable as the place where the radical abolitionist John Brown planned and began his raid on Harpers Ferry, West Virginia in 1859. Also known as John Brown's Headquarters and Kennedy Farmhouse, the log, stone and brick building has been restored to its appearance at the time of the raid. The farm is now owned by a preservation nonprofit, and the grounds surrounding the building are open to the public. The Kennedy Farm is a parcel of under
Kennedy Farm
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John Brown Bell The John Brown Bell, in Marlborough, Massachusetts, is a distinguished American Civil War-era bell that has been called the "second-most important bell in American history", after the Liberty Bell. At one time the bell was kept in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, but since 1892 the John Brown Bell has been in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and is currently located in a special tower built for the bell on Union Common in downtown Marlborough. In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the Harpers Ferry armory, the second armory built in the U.S. Brown had intended to use the
John Brown Bell
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He also taunted the West Virginians with "tough noogies" and "neener neener." John Brown Bell The John Brown Bell, in Marlborough, Massachusetts, is a distinguished American Civil War-era bell that has been called the "second-most important bell in American history", after the Liberty Bell. At one time the bell was kept in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, but since 1892 the John Brown Bell has been in Marlborough, Massachusetts, and is currently located in a special tower built for the bell on Union Common in downtown Marlborough. In 1859, abolitionist John Brown led a raid on the Harpers Ferry armory, the
John Brown Bell
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be purged away; but with Blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed; it might be done. Virginia v. John Brown Virginia v. John Brown was a criminal trial held in Charles Town, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia) in October 1859 to prosecute abolitionist John Brown for his involvement in a raid on the United States federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (since 1863, West Virginia) on October 16–18, 1859. This event resulted in the death of 14 people and the wounding of nine others. John Brown led 21 armed men, five blacks
Virginia v. John Brown
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special grand jury indicted 13 DCPA, SCLC, and SNCC activists for violating the "John Brown" law. This law, passed in 1830 after a slave uprising, made it a serious felony to "...incite the colored population to acts of violence or war against the white population." It became known as the "John Brown" law in 1860 because it was used to convict and hang abolitionist John Brown after his raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. By the end of August, more than 600 protesters had been arrested in Danville on charges of inciting to violence, contempt, trespassing, disorderly conduct, assault, parading
Danville, Virginia
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by the U.S. Army. Industrialization continued in 1833 when the Chesapeake & Ohio Canal reached Harpers Ferry, linking it with Washington, D.C. A year later, the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad began service through the town. On October 16, 1859, the abolitionist John Brown led a group of 21 men in a raid on the arsenal. Five of the men were black: three free black men, one a freed slave and one a fugitive slave. During this time assisting fugitive slaves was illegal under the Fugitive Slave Act. Brown attacked and captured several buildings; hoping to secure the weapons depot and
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
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public opinion in the North demanded that the Union move "On to Richmond!" The successes of Robert E. Lee in defending Richmond are a central theme of the military history of the war. The White House of the Confederacy, located a few blocks north of the State Capitol, became home to the family of Confederate leader, former Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis. On October 16, 1859, the radical abolitionist John Brown led a group of 22 men in a raid on the Federal Arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. U.S. troops, led by Robert E. Lee, responded and quelled the raid. Subsequently,
Virginia in the American Civil War
9011518
to God). S. Green died at Charleston, Va., Dec. 16, 1859, age 23 years. J. A. Copeland died at Charleston, Va., Dec. 16, 1859, age 25 years. L. S. Leary died at Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct 20, 1859, age 24 years. Lewis Sheridan Leary Lewis Sheridan Leary (March 17, 1835 – October 20, 1859), an African-American harnessmaker from Oberlin, Ohio, joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, where he was killed. He was the first husband of Mary Patterson. By her second marriage to Charles Henry Langston, she became the future maternal grandmother of poet Langston Hughes. Leary's father was
Lewis Sheridan Leary
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Enfield Lock, England. Here, Burton was responsible for setting up new production machinery purchased in the United States, much of it from Ames. Burton returned briefly to Harpers Ferry in June 1859 to marry Eugenia Harper Mauzy. The wedding took place in the Harpers Ferry Presbyterian Church on Shenandoah Street in the Lower Town. Just four months later, after their return to England, James and Eugenia Burton learned the startling news of John Brown's Raid in a series of emotional letters from Eugenia's parents, George and Mary Mauzy. The sectional divisiveness brought about by John Brown's Raid soon affected the
James H. Burton
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tributaries), traveled to Harpers Ferry during the summer of 1785 to determine the need for bypass canals. In 1794, Washington's familiarity with the area led him to propose the site for a new United States armory and arsenal. Some of Washington's family moved to the area; his great-great-nephew, Colonel Lewis Washington, was held hostage during John Brown's raid in 1859, and George's brother Charles Washington founded the nearby Jefferson County town of Charles Town. In 1796, the federal government purchased a parcel of land from the heirs of Robert Harper. Construction began on the United States Armory and Arsenal at
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
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Southern slaveholder who was pursuing his property in Christiana, Pennsylvania according to rights granted to him by the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Goodridge also conducted Osborne Perry Anderson, first lieutenant of John Brown, in his escape to Canada following the failed 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry. Both the Christiana Resistance and the raid on Harpers Ferry were significant events leading up to the Civil War. William C. Goodridge was born in 1806 in Baltimore, Maryland. The son of an African American woman and a white man, Goodridge was a slave at birth. His grandmother was owned by Charles Carroll
William C. Goodridge
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Revels who was mixed Croatan Indian and black. Sally's father was Aaron Revels, and both Aaron Revels and Jeremiah Leary were veterans of the American Revolutionary War. Julia's father was born in Guadaloupe. Leary had at least three siblings, Lewis Sheridan Leary, Henrietta, and Michael Leary, Jr. Lewis was killed taking part in John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. Through Revels, Leary was a cousin to Hiram Rhodes Revels, the first African-American to serve in the United States Senate. Matthew Leary, Sr. was one of the wealthiest mixed-race individuals both before and after the American Civil War. His
John S. Leary
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American terrorism." His famous raid in October, 1859, involved a band of 22 men who seized the Federal armory at Harper's Ferry, West Virginia (then part of Virginia), knowing it contained tens of thousands of weapons. Brown believed the South was on the verge of a gigantic slave uprising and that one spark would set it off. Brown's supporters George Luther Stearns, Franklin B. Sanborn, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, Theodore Parker, Samuel Gridley Howe, and Gerrit Smith were all abolitionists, members of the Secret Six who provided financial backing for Brown's raid. Brown's raid, says historian David Potter, "was meant to
Abolitionism in the United States
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A Plea for Captain John Brown A Plea for Captain John Brown is an essay by Henry David Thoreau. It is based on a speech Thoreau first delivered to an audience at Concord, Massachusetts on October 30, 1859, two weeks after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, and repeated several times before Brown's execution on December 2, 1859. It was later published as a part of "Echoes of Harper's Ferry" in 1860. John Brown, a radical abolitionist, and 21 other men seized the federal armory at Harper's Ferry, the holding place for approximately 100,000 rifles and muskets, hoping to arm
A Plea for Captain John Brown
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Ferry, Virginia, in hopes of initiating a slave revolt. Brown's plan failed miserably, and the majority of his party was killed or captured. In the aftermath of the attack, Republican leaders denied any connection to Brown, who was executed in December 1859 by the state of Virginia. Though few leaders in the North approved of Brown's actions, Southerners were outraged, and many accused Republican leaders such as Seward of having masterminded the raid. In his December 1859 annual message to Congress, Buchanan characterized the raid as part of an "open war by the North to abolish slavery in the South,"
Presidency of James Buchanan
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Shields Green Shields Green (1836?-1859), also known as "Emperor," was an ex-slave who participated in John Brown's unsuccessful raid on Harpers Ferry. Though he had a chance to escape capture, he returned to the fighting and was captured with Brown. For their parts in the raid, Green and John A. Copeland were hanged on December 16, 1859, in Charles Town, West Virginia (then part of Virginia). Green may also have been known as "Esau Brown." Shields Green was born into slavery in South Carolina, where he was called Emperor. He escaped from slavery a little over a year before the
Shields Green
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February 6, 1833, as the eighth of eleven children to Archibald and Elizabeth Letcher Pannill Stuart. He attended Emory and Henry College in Southwest Virginia before receiving an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York. Stuart graduated 13 of 46 in 1854 and spent seven years in the United States Army, mainly in Kansas in the First U. S. Cavalry. Stuart was present at John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859 before resigning in May 1861 to fight for the Confederate States of America. Stuart rose in rank to Major General commanding the cavalry
Laurel Hill Farm
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and Douglass advised him against it. Kagi was killed by militia forces during the Harper's Ferry raid as he tried to escape across the Shenandoah River from Hall's Rifle Works. In 1899 the remains of Kagi and nine other raiders were reinterred in a common grave near John Brown's grave at North Elba, New York. As a character in the novels: John Henry Kagi John Henry Kagey, also spelled John Henrie Kagi (March 15, 1835 – October 17, 1859), was an American attorney, abolitionist and second in command to John Brown in Brown's failed raid on Harper's Ferry. He bore
John Henry Kagi
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1871. Lewis William Washington inherited several relics of George Washington, including a sword allegedly given by Frederick the Great to Washington and a pair of pistols given by Lafayette. John Cook, who served as John Brown's advance party at Harpers Ferry, befriended Washington and noted the relics, as well as the slave population at Beall-Air. Brown was fascinated with the Washington relics. During Brown's October 16, 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry a detachment from his force led by Cook seized the sword and pistols along with Washington at Beall-Air, taking along three of Washington's slaves. The hostages were taken to
Lewis Washington
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death of John Thomas Allstadt in 1923, the last survivor of John Brown's Raid. The property was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. The house's chief historic significance came in 1859, when John Brown launched his raid on Harpers Ferry. Brown ordered a detachment of his forces under John Cook to go to Beall-Air and take hostage the owner, Colonel Lewis Washington, and three of his slaves. On their return to Harpers Ferry with Washington the party stopped at Allstadt's and took Allstadt, his son John Thomas, and seven slaves as "prisoner." All survived the siege.
Allstadt House and Ordinary
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Fort was the only building to survive the destruction wrought upon it by the Confederates and the Union. The building was named after John Brown for his notorious raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859. The building was the armory's fire engine and guard house. Due to the degree of damage to the armory during the Civil War, the U.S. government decided not to re-establish the armory at Harpers Ferry, instead focusing the quickly developing areas west of the Mississippi River. Today the site is mostly covered by railroad track embankments. Harpers Ferry Armory Harpers Ferry Armory, more formally
Harpers Ferry Armory
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Philippine-American War. He was also a painter, inventor and poet. The son of Edward Otho Cresap Ord, II and grandson of Edward Ord was James Garesche Ord, who commanded the 28th Infantry Division and was Chairman of the Joint U.S.-Brazil Defense Commission in World War II. In 1859, while attending artillery school at Fort Monroe, Virginia, Ord was summoned by Secretary of War John B. Floyd to quell John Brown's raid on the Harpers Ferry Federal arsenal. However, Col. Robert E. Lee reached Harpers Ferry first, and Colonel Lee telegraphed to Captain Ord that the situation was under control and
Edward Ord
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Nishnabotna Ferry House The Nishnabotna Ferry House is an historic building located in Lewis, Iowa, United States. The 1½ story, frame, Greek Revival structure was the home of Samuel Harlow Tefft who operated the cable ferry across the East Nishnabotna River from 1857 to 1859. The road that the ferry served was originally an Indian trail that became a primary route used by western bound emigrants, a stage coach and mail route, the Underground Railroad, a later Mormon Trail, and the Mormon handcart companies. The first ferry at this location was operated by Wm. S. Townsend in 1850. A toll
Nishnabotna Ferry House
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with points west also went through Harpers Ferry. Historically, Harpers Ferry is best known for John Brown's raid in 1859, in which he attempted to use the town and the weapons in its Federal Armory (munitions plant) as the base for a slave revolt, planned to expand south into Virginia. At that time and until 1863, it was part of Virginia. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the Appalachian Trail Conservancy (ATC) headquarters is in Harpers Ferry. The Appalachian Trail passes directly through town, which some consider the psychological midpoint of the trail, although the exact physical midpoint is further
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
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Harper's Ferry" giving an account of the incident from a prisoner's standpoint. In 1873, Daingerfield moved into a home currently maintained at its original location in Heritage Square with his wife Matilda and their four children. Their son, Elliot Daingerfield became a celebrated painter of North Carolina. John E.P. Daingerfield John E.P. Daingerfield served as a clerk at the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859 during John Brown’s raid. Daingerfield received his rank of captain on June 10, 1861 and transferred to Fayetteville as munitions and equipment were moved to the Fayetteville Arsenal from Harpers Ferry that same year. Maj. John
John E.P. Daingerfield
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by a 'sham coffin.'" As a direct result, many Southern medical students and professors left Philadelphia "en masse" on December 21, 1859, for Southern medical schools, never to return. In the North, large memorial meetings took place, church bells rang, minute guns were fired, and famous writers such as Emerson and Thoreau joined many Northerners in praising Brown. On December 14, 1859, the U.S. Senate appointed a bipartisan committee to investigate the Harpers Ferry raid and to determine whether any citizens contributed arms, ammunition or money to John Brown's men. The Democrats attempted to implicate the Republicans in the raid;
John Brown (abolitionist)
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Newby, his mother and his siblings were later freed by his father when he moved them across the Ohio River into Bridgeport, Ohio. John Fox, who died in 1859, apparently did not attempt to retrieve Elsey, Dangerfield, or any of his siblings. Dangerfield's wife and their seven children remained in bondage. A letter found on his body revealed some of his motivation for joining John Brown and the raid on Harpers Ferry. Dangerfield Newby's wife, Harriet Newby, was the slave of Jesse Jennings, of Arlington or Warrenton, Virginia. She and her children were sold to Louisiana after the raid. Newby
Dangerfield Newby
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judge soon after being admitted to the bar. At age 32, he was elected to a term in the Connecticut Senate representing the 12th District. He then served as the State's Attorney for Fairfield County from 1856 to 1859. Ferry was a member of the Toleration Party, but in 1856 became a Republican. After joining the party, he campaigned for John C. Frémont. In 1857, Ferry was nominated to serve in the United States House of Representatives, but lost the election. In 1859, he was again nominated, and this time he won. During his time in Congress, Ferry was known
Orris S. Ferry
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clouds of war loomed, Cleveland's newspapers reflected divisions in the city. For example, "The Cleveland Herald and Gazette" and "The Cleveland Leader", both largely Republican papers, argued that Southern injustices had driven John Brown to raid Harpers Ferry in October 1859. "The Plain Dealer", a largely Democratic publication, blamed Brown and abolitionist Republicans for the raid. Republican leader Abraham Lincoln spoke in the city during the 1859 gubernatorial election, and won 58% of the vote in 9 of 11 wards for the Presidency in 1860. As the secession crisis loomed closer, the partisan rhetoric of Cleveland newspapers became more and
Cleveland in the American Civil War
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member of the Hampshire County bar. Prior to the American Civil War, White was enrolled as a member of the Romney Literary Society. In 1860, following John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in October 1859, a Virginia uniformed volunteer military company known as the Frontier Riflemen was formed with White as commanding officer in the rank of Captain. Following the outbreak of the Civil War, Governor John Letcher ordered the Frontier Riflemen to report to Lieutenant General Stonewall Jackson at Harpers Ferry. White and his unit marched to Harpers Ferry on May 18, 1861. He and his unit traveled north
Robert White (attorney general)
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he lived in Winchester, Massachusetts (at that time Woburn), from the early 1850s onward in the octagonal Edward A. Brackett House. In October 1859, after the raid on Harper's Ferry, Brackett traveled to the jail there, where he made sketches and measurements of John Brown's head, which he subsequently cast as a bust. After serving one year in the Civil War, he turned to horticulture and the scientific breeding of fish. In 1869 he was appointed to a state commission supervising inland fisheries, and became its head in 1873. From 1894 until his death he served as head of the
Edward Augustus Brackett
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John Anthony Copeland Jr. John Anthony Copeland Jr. (1834–1859) was born a free black in Raleigh, North Carolina. In 1843 when he was a child, his family moved north to Oberlin, Ohio, where he later attended Oberlin College. He became involved in abolitionist and antislavery activities, and participated in the successful Oberlin-Wellington Rescue. Copeland joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, was captured, convicted of murder and conspiracy to incite slaves to rebellion, and hanged on December 16, 1859. Copeland's parents were John Anthony Copeland, who was born into slavery in 1808, near Raleigh, North Carolina, and Delilah Evans, born
John Anthony Copeland Jr.
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Miles felt that the regulation of the trade should be a state function and that the national ban was an insult to Southern honor. This stance was considered too radical even by his friends, such as Trescott, who felt, since it could never be supported by the majority of the nation, that Miles' stance was simply a guise to force disunion. John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry sent a shock wave across the South. When the Thirty-sixth Congress met in December 1859 the first order of business was the selection of a speaker. Already in turmoil over the Brown raid,
William Porcher Miles
209043
($81,400 in 2010 dollars). Booth was strongly opposed to the abolitionists who sought to end slavery in the U.S. He attended the hanging of abolitionist leader John Brown on December 2, 1859, who was executed for leading a raid on the Federal armory at Harpers Ferry in present-day West Virginia. Booth had been rehearsing at the Richmond Theatre when he abruptly decided to join the Richmond Grays, a volunteer militia of 1,500 men traveling to Charles Town for Brown's hanging, to guard against an attempt by abolitionists to rescue Brown from the gallows by force. When Brown was hanged without
John Wilkes Booth
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John E.P. Daingerfield John E.P. Daingerfield served as a clerk at the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859 during John Brown’s raid. Daingerfield received his rank of captain on June 10, 1861 and transferred to Fayetteville as munitions and equipment were moved to the Fayetteville Arsenal from Harpers Ferry that same year. Maj. John C. Booth, commanding officer at the Fayetteville Arsenal, appointed him military paymaster and storekeeper, prestigious jobs in the Army. Daingerfield served in the 2nd Battalion Local Defense Troops, commonly referred to as the Arsenal Guard. In June 1885, "The Century" published Captain Daingerfield's article "John Brown at
John E.P. Daingerfield
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at Talladega. The Medical College, a branch of the University of Alabama, was established at Mobile. Moore advocated state aid supplemented by Federal land grants to promote railroad construction, and he particularly favored efforts of the Alabama and Alabama River Railroad to connect the northern and southern areas of the state. Considered a moderate on the slavery issue, Moore defeated the extremist William F. Samford in the gubernatorial election of 1859. Although he became more concerned with the defense of states rights after John Brown's raid on the U.S. Arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, Moore continued to
Andrew B. Moore
2238267
founded Republican Party. Summoned from his mill at Coralville and still coated in flour dust, Kirkwood gave a rousing speech at the founding meeting of the Iowa Republican Party in February 1856. Many people credited Kirkwood’s speech and subsequent work with the success of the Republican Party in Iowa; that year he was elected to the Iowa Senate serving from 1856 to 1859. In 1859 Kirkwood was nominated for governor and defeated Augustus C. Dodge after a bitter campaign which focused on the slave issue. In 1860, Kirkwood’s first year in office, the John Brown raid on Harpers Ferry further
Samuel J. Kirkwood
1200488
its active community of free and enslaved blacks and sympathetic whites was a stop on the Underground Railroad. Several schools taught black children, although such was illegal in Virginia and slave states further south. John Brown stayed in an upstairs room at Mary Ritner's boarding house between June and October, 1859 while preparing for his raid on Harpers Ferry (then in Virginia). Several of his fellow raiders stayed in the house as well, and four of them escaped capture and briefly visited the house after the raid. The house still stands at 225 East King Street. While in Chambersburg, Brown
Chambersburg, Pennsylvania
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in 1858. Edgerton began his House term in 1859. As an abolitionist, he was at risk of attack; when his term began, he purchased a sword for his defense. The sword was held, secretly, inside a walking cane. As an ardent anti-slavery member of the House of Representatives, Edgerton made numerous speeches about its abolition. After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Edgerton was asked by Brown's family to come and settle his affairs. This was very dangerous, as Edgerton was anti-slavery. Edgerton went by train, and was joined by Congressman Alexander Boteler and Congressman H. G. Blake. While on
Sidney Edgerton
454498
the premier rock climbing destinations in the eastern U.S., the New River Gorge/Fayetteville area draws rock climbers as well as whitewater rafting enthusiasts, and the Monongahela National Forest is popular with hikers, backpackers, hunters, and anglers. In addition to such outdoor recreation opportunities, the state offers a number of historic and cultural attractions. Harpers Ferry National Historical Park is a historic town situated at the confluence of the Shenandoah and Potomac rivers. Harpers Ferry was the site of John Brown's 1859 slave revolt and raid on the US Armory and Arsenal. Located at the approximate midpoint of the Appalachian Trail,
West Virginia
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"to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness." Gue sent an anonymous letter dated August 20, 1859 to Secretary of War John B. Floyd. The letter said that ""old John Brown,"' late of Kansas," was planning to organize a slave uprising in the South. It said that Brown had a secret agent "in an armory" in Maryland. The letter said that Brown was stockpiling weapons at a secret location in Maryland. Gue warned that Brown planned to leave Maryland and enter Virginia at Harpers Ferry. Gue acknowledged that he was afraid to disclose his identity but asked Floyd
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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John Henry Kagi John Henry Kagey, also spelled John Henrie Kagi (March 15, 1835 – October 17, 1859), was an American attorney, abolitionist and second in command to John Brown in Brown's failed raid on Harper's Ferry. He bore the title of "Secretary of War" in Brown's "provisional government." At age 24, Kagi was killed during the raid. He had also been active in fighting on the abolitionist side in 1856 in "Bleeding Kansas". John Henry Kagi was born in Bristolville, Ohio, in 1835, the second child of blacksmith Abraham Neff Kagy (as spelled on his gravestone) and Anna Fansler,
John Henry Kagi
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busy during this time, giving talks to abolitionist audiences and tending to her relatives. In the autumn of 1859, as Brown and his men prepared to launch the attack, Tubman could not be contacted. When the raid on Harpers Ferry took place on October 16, Tubman was not present. Some historians believe she was in New York at the time, ill with fever related to her childhood head injury. Others propose she may have been recruiting more escaped slaves in Ontario, and Kate Clifford Larson suggests she may have been in Maryland, recruiting for Brown's raid or attempting to rescue
Harriet Tubman
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Jefferson came to the town he remarked, while viewing the gap from Jefferson Rock on the ridge above the town, that "the view was worth a trip across the Atlantic." In 1859, Robert E. Lee, leading a detachment of Marines, passed through the gap en route to Harpers Ferry to put down John Brown's raid. During the American Civil War, the gap was used frequently by both Confederate and Union Armies to pass through the mountains and was the scene of fighting at the Battle of Harpers Ferry. Today, like the town, the gap, in addition to a thoroughfare, is
Potomac Water Gap
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suit Brown was hung in after the failure of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in November 1859. Wagoner felt strongly that America was his home and he should work for its improvement. He reacted angrily when the "Chicago Tribune" falsely reported in 1859 that he and other families intended to emigrate soon to Haiti and did not generally favor emigration. He was in correspondence with Benjamin Coates and wrote to him in opposition to his work with the American Colonization Society in 1859, although Wagoner soon after wrote in favor of emigration in the "Douglass' Monthly". Other Chicagoans with
Henry O. Wagoner
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and, in the spring of 1859, he sold to Jerome Dutton, who continued to operate it until the spring of 1865, when the land on the Clinton County side was sold to J. W. S. Robinson and James Dumphy, Mr.Dutton still owning the lands on the Scott County side, and the ferry was discontinued. This had been one of the most profitable ferries on the Wapsie for many years, and particularly during the Pike's Peak excitement in 1859, but the erection of the Rothstein Bridge destroyed its value. Lyman Alger also had a ferry in this township for many years
Olive Township, Clinton County, Iowa
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them). Rt.Rev. Meade fought against Virginians who threatened secession after the election of President Abraham Lincoln, preaching at Millwood against the looming civil war on June 13, nearly two months after Virginia's secession. Still, Meade believed in state's rights and acquiesced in his beloved Commonwealth's ultimate decision to secede. Although near retirement (John Johns having become his suffragan decades earlier), Meade became a leading figure in the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America. In 1859, shortly after John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (not very far down the historic Shenandoah Valley road from Meade's familial home and
William Meade
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means necessary. He started a newspaper, "The Ram's Horn", in the 1840s, which soon drew him into collaboration with John Brown, the antislavery zealot who would famously go on to raid Harpers Ferry, Virginia in 1859. During the Civil War, Hodges served as a scout for the Union Army and used his knowledge of Princess Anne County and the surrounding area to assist Federal forces in its occupation. At the conclusion of the war, Hodges returned to his boyhood home and was chosen to represent Virginia at the constitutional convention of 1867-1868. The conventions of this period, mandated by the
Willis Augustus Hodges
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and Gettysburg. The group is currently trying to gain entrance in the Antietam National Battlefield and other places. The unit currently belongs to the 10th Battalion ANV. Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry, locally designated the Berkeley Border Guards, was an antebellum Virginia militia company and then a company of the 2nd Virginia Infantry, a Confederate infantry unit during the American Civil War. This pre-war militia unit was present at the execution of John Brown, a famous abolitionist leader who, in 1859, led a raid on the United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West
Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry
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Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry, locally designated the Berkeley Border Guards, was an antebellum Virginia militia company and then a company of the 2nd Virginia Infantry, a Confederate infantry unit during the American Civil War. This pre-war militia unit was present at the execution of John Brown, a famous abolitionist leader who, in 1859, led a raid on the United States Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). The unit's original leader was Captain John Quincy Adams Nadenbousch. They were stationed around Martinsburg, in what is now West Virginia. During the Civil War, the
Company D, 2nd Virginia Infantry
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John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in October 1859 thrust the issue of slavery back to the forefront. While the pro-Union faction of the legislature was increasingly outnumbered, Wisener provided persistent opposition to secessionist initiatives throughout most of his term. In late November 1859, he attempted to amend a House resolution condemning Northern Republicans for destabilizing the Union to extend the blame to "disunionists" and "secessionists," arguing they were equally at fault. He "occupied nearly the whole of the morning session" on December 1 speaking in favor of this amendment, but it was eventually tabled. In January 1860, Wisener opposed
William H. Wisener
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co-conspirators lived here, planning an attack on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in a bid to incite a slave rebellion. During that time he assembled his group of family members and followers, as well as a small arsenal of weapons. The raid, which began October 16, 1859, was an abject failure in achieving Brown's objective. Some of his band were killed, and Brown himself was arrested, tried, convicted, and hanged for the action. However, the raid had the effect of hardening and galvanizing pro and anti-slavery positions in the United States prior to the outbreak of the American Civil
Kennedy Farm
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national discussion. Two participants in the Oberlin–Wellington Rescue: Lewis Sheridan Leary and John A. Copeland, along with Oberlin resident Shields Green, went on to join John Brown's Raid on Harper's Ferry in 1859. Leary was killed during the attack on October 20, 1859. Copeland and Green were captured and tried with John Brown. They were convicted of treason and executed on December 16, 1859 (two weeks after Brown). Oberlin–Wellington Rescue The Oberlin–Wellington Rescue of 1858 in Lorain County, Ohio was a key event and "cause celèbre" in the history of the abolitionist movement in the United States shortly before the
Oberlin–Wellington Rescue
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John Brown's Fort John Brown's Fort was originally constructed in 1848 for use as a guard and fire engine house by the federal Harpers Ferry Armory in Harpers Ferry, West Virginia, then a part of Virginia. An 1848 military report described the building as ""An engine and guard-house 35 1/2 x 24 feet, one story brick, covered with slate, and having copper gutters and down spouts…"" The building achieved notoriety during John Brown's Raid on the Harpers Ferry Armory in 1859. John Brown planned to capture the armory and the associated arsenal and use them to supply an army of
John Brown's Fort
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Raid on Combahee Ferry The raid on Combahee Ferry was a military operation during the American Civil War conducted on June 1 and June 2, 1863, by elements of the Union Army along the Combahee River in Beaufort and Colleton counties in the South Carolina Lowcountry. Harriet Tubman, who had escaped from slavery in 1849 and guided many others to freedom, was working for the Union Army. The Union ships transported more than 750 slaves freed by the raid, many of whom joined the Union Army. Following the first shots of the Civil War at Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor,
Raid on Combahee Ferry
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in 1859. Bliss built a temporary toll bridge with two boats and planking in 1872. In 1873, John Sutherland purchased Bliss's interest in both the ferry and the bridge and built a permanent bridge that year. On December 26, 1873, Tiburcio Vásquez and his bandit gang made a bold raid, robbing the entire village. Reportedly 35 or more men were tied up and over $2,000 in loot was hauled away. Subsequently, the town declined and by the 1890s Kingston was abandoned. Oliver Bliss' livery stable was the last remaining building and stood until 1930. The site of the town is
Kingston, California
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1858. Brown was achieving prominence as a lawyer in Richmond, Virginia before the Civil War. He had two brothers, Henry Peronneau Brown (1832–1894) and John Willcox Brown (1833–1914), who was a first lieutenant in the 12th Virginia Infantry, received a medical discharge in February 1863 but joined an artillery unit at Richmond later that year, eventually becoming a lieutenant colonel in 1865. The Richmond Howitzers were organized in 1859 in response to John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia and expanded from volunteers not added to the First Regiment of Virginia Artillery in 1861. Captain (Major as of May 9,
J. Thompson Brown
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sacrifice their security to defend it. In the 1859 gubernatorial elections, 73% of Cooke County residents voted for Unionist Sam Houston, who downplayed the fires and posed himself as a moderate against Democrat Hardin Runnels, whose border security policies Houston decried as a failure. As in the rest of the Antebellum South however, John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry and the election of Abraham Lincoln eliminated backlash against secession in Texas. In North Texas, slaveholders began holding secessionist rallies in late 1860, though the sentiment was not unanimous in Cooke County or the governments of Texas and United States. The
Great Hanging at Gainesville
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create an African-American community in North Elba, New York, he was involved in the temperance movement and, later in life, the colonization movement. A staunch abolitionist, he was a member of the Secret Six who financially supported John Brown's raid at Harpers Ferry, West Virginia. Brown's farm, in North Elba, was on land he bought from Smith. Smith was born in Utica, New York to Peter Gerrit Smith (1768–1837) and Elizabeth (Livingston) Smith (1773–1818), daughter of Col. James Livingston (1747–1832) and Elizabeth (Simpson) Livingston (1750–1800). Smith's maternal aunt, Margaret Livingston, was married to Judge Daniel Cady (1773–1859). Their daughter Elizabeth
Gerrit Smith
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wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States." On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, Brown left four of his men behind as a rear-guard: his son, Owen Brown, Barclay Coppock, and Frank Meriam; he led the rest into the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown detached a party under John Cook Jr. to capture Colonel Lewis Washington, great-grandnephew of George Washington, at his nearby Beall-Air estate, some of his slaves, and two relics of George Washington: a sword allegedly presented to Washington by Frederick the Great and two pistols given by Marquis de Lafayette,
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
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Phillips Exeter Academy. This was followed by enrollment at Harvard, from which he graduated in 1855. Sanborn was active in politics as a member of the Free Soil Party in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. In 1856, he became secretary of the Massachusetts Kansas Commission and came into close touch with John Brown. Sanborn was one of six influential men who supplied Brown with support for the raid on Harper's Ferry on October 16–18, 1859. This group was later termed the Secret Six. Although Sanborn disavowed advance-knowledge of the attack, he would defend Brown to the end of his life, assist
Franklin Benjamin Sanborn
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George H. Steuart (militia general) George Hume Steuart (1790–1867) was a United States general who fought during the War of 1812, and later joined the Confederate States of America during the Civil War. His military career began in 1814 when, as a captain, he raised a company of Maryland volunteers, leading them at both the Battle of Bladensberg and the Battle of North Point, where he was wounded. After the war he rose to become major general and commander-in-chief of the First Light Division, Maryland Militia. During John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, Steuart personally led a detachment
George H. Steuart (militia general)
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slave Caroline Branham. Custis died in 1857 and was buried at Arlington alongside his wife, Mary Lee Fitzhugh Custis, who had died four years earlier. Custis's will provided that: Custis' death impacted the careers of Robert E. Lee and his two elder sons on the cusp of the American Civil War. Then-Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee, named as the will's executor, took a two-year leave from his army post in Texas to settle the estate. During this period Lee was ordered to lead troops to quash John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. By 1859, Lee's eldest son, George Washington Custis
George Washington Parke Custis
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Lewis Sheridan Leary Lewis Sheridan Leary (March 17, 1835 – October 20, 1859), an African-American harnessmaker from Oberlin, Ohio, joined John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, where he was killed. He was the first husband of Mary Patterson. By her second marriage to Charles Henry Langston, she became the future maternal grandmother of poet Langston Hughes. Leary's father was a free born African-American harnessmaker. Lewis Leary was born at Fayetteville, North Carolina. His paternal grandparents were an Irishman, Jeremiah O'Leary, who fought in the American Revolution under General Nathanael Greene, and his wife of African, European and Native American descent.
Lewis Sheridan Leary
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dress uniform worn by the company was a dark grey swallowtail coat, white lafayette pants and chapeau for the head dress. The cadets so distinguished themselves that the company was made a permanent organization of the college. However, the company was disbanded in 1856 when a riot between the students and the Columbia police almost descended into bloodshed. After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859, the students unsuccessfully petitioned for the reorganization of the cadet company. As the secession movement picked up pace after the election of Abraham Lincoln in the fall of 1860, the Board of Trustees
South Carolina College Cadets
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Harper Mausoleum and George W. Harper Memorial Entrance The Harper Mausoleum and George W. Harper Memorial Entrance are a pair of funerary structures in the village cemetery at Cedarville, Ohio, United States. Commemorating one of Cedarville's wealthiest nineteenth-century citizens, they have together been named a historic site because of their distinctive Egyptian-style design. George W. Harper was born in 1825 into a family who had emigrated from Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1812. Upon reaching the age of eighteen, after attending the common schools, Harper entered into business dealing cattle in Illinois and became wealthy. Having united into marriage in 1860,
Harper Mausoleum and George W. Harper Memorial Entrance
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gap in the mountains along the Potomac River). Harper recognized the potential for industry, given the power the two rivers could generate, and the traffic he could ferry across the Potomac River. Harper paid Stephens 30 British guinea for what was essentially Stephens' squatting rights, since the land actually belonged to Lord Fairfax. In April 1751, Harper purchased 126 acres of land from Lord Fairfax. In 1761, the Virginia General Assembly granted Harper the right to establish and maintain a ferry across the Potomac River (even though a ferry had been functioning successfully in the area before and after Harper
Harpers Ferry, West Virginia
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a sword that Frederick the Great had given George Washington. He was captured by an armed military force under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Robert E. Lee. He was tried for treason to the Commonwealth of Virginia and hanged on December 2, 1859. On his way to the gallows, Brown handed a jailkeeper a note, chilling in its prophecy, predicting that the "sin" of slavery would never be cleansed from the United States without bloodshed. The raid on Harper's Ferry horrified Southerners who saw Brown as a criminal, and they became increasingly distrustful of Northern abolitionists who celebrated Brown as
History of the United States (1849–1865)
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South who owned slaves valued and respected their good qualities as no one else ever did or will do. Heyward Shepherd monument The Heyward Shepherd memorial was erected in 1931, after decades of controversy, by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and to a lesser extent by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. It commemorates Heyward (sometimes spelled "Hayward" or "Heywood") Shepherd (1825–October 16, 1859), a free black man, who was the first person killed during John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. The monument was intended to document the Lost Cause allegation that there were happy, unrebelious slaves (the UDC
Heyward Shepherd monument
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of place in cemetery visitors. The properties are one of two Cedarville locations on the National Register, along with the village opera house on Main Street downtown. Harper Mausoleum and George W. Harper Memorial Entrance The Harper Mausoleum and George W. Harper Memorial Entrance are a pair of funerary structures in the village cemetery at Cedarville, Ohio, United States. Commemorating one of Cedarville's wealthiest nineteenth-century citizens, they have together been named a historic site because of their distinctive Egyptian-style design. George W. Harper was born in 1825 into a family who had emigrated from Harper's Ferry, Virginia in 1812. Upon
Harper Mausoleum and George W. Harper Memorial Entrance
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by the federal government in 1859. He operated an early rope ferry twelve miles (19 km) east of Columbus, Nebraska for emigrants following the Platte River. Established in 1859 near the town of Savannah, Nebraska in Butler, then county seat, Shinn’s Ferry provided an alternative to both the Loup Fork ferry and the often frustrating ford at Fort Kearney. Thousands of wagons crossed at Shinn's Ferry between 1859 and 1872. Shinn reportedly held daily services for travelers using the ferry. After a bridge was built downriver at Schyler, Nebraska in 1872, the ferry closed. The town of Savannah lost the
Moses F. Shinn
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AME church. As a bishop, Campbell set up both the Louisiana and California conferences in 1865. From 1864 to 1867, he worked primarily in Indiana, Missouri, California, and Louisiana. Campbell also set up the Ocean Grove Conference in New Jersey sometime in the 1880s. After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry (1859), Rev. Campbell requested in a letter the bodies of two persons, Shields Green and John Copeland, in the event that they would be hanged, from the Governor of Virginia. He condemned the raid as reckless, disapproving of violence in order to obtain freedom for the enslaved. Campbell and
Jabez Pitt Campbell
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and fall of 1861 investigated Floyd's actions as Secretary of War. All of his records of orders and shipments of arms from 1859 to 1860 were examined. It is recorded that in response to John Brown's raid on Harper's Ferry, he bolstered the Federal arsenals in some Southern states by over 115,000 muskets and rifles in late 1859. He also ordered heavy ordnance to be shipped to the Federal forts in Galveston Harbor, Texas, and the new fort on Ship Island off the coast of Mississippi. In the last days of his term, he apparently had an intention to send
John B. Floyd
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personal liberty law. Although he did not run for reelection, Andrew gained popularity as his actions became known in the state Republican party. He was selected to chair the 1858 state Republican convention. In anticipation of gaining a higher elected office, Andrew refused Governor Banks' offer of a seat on the Superior Court bench in 1859. Following John Brown's 1859 raid on Harpers Ferry, Virginia, Andrew helped organize legal aid for Brown. He expressed sympathy with Brown's position, if not his deeds. Andrew's efforts on behalf of Brown brought him statewide notice, and also drew the attention of Southern interests
John Albion Andrew
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had been unable to purchase the freedom of his wife and seven children. Their master raised the price after Newby had saved the $1,500 that had previously been agreed on. Because all of Newby's other efforts had failed he hoped to free them by force. Harriet's poignant letters, found on his body, proved instrumental in advancing the abolitionist cause. Newby was six foot two. On 17 October 1859, the citizens of Harpers Ferry set to put down the raid. Harpers Ferry manufactured guns but the citizens had little ammunition, so during the assault on the raiders they fired anything they
Dangerfield Newby
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differences between North and South. As election year approached and impending clouds of war loomed, rhetoric of Cleveland's local newspapers became increasingly divided. For example, "The Cleveland Herald and Gazette" and "The Cleveland Leader", both largely Republican papers argued that southern actions had driven John Brown to raid Harpers Ferry on October 1859. "The Plain Dealer", a largely Democratic publication blamed Brown and abolitionist Republicans for the raid. When Abraham Lincoln won 58% of the vote in 9 of 11 wards for the presidency and as the secession crisis loomed closer, the partisan rhetoric of Cleveland newspapers became more and
History of Cleveland
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Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell, the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court's decision in "Dred Scott v. Sandford" – which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories – and insisted that John Brown's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality"
John C. Breckinridge
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funds, and their words carried more weight. To throw Forbes off the trail and invalidate his assertions, Brown returned to Kansas in June, and remained in that vicinity for six months. There he joined forces with James Montgomery, who was leading raids into Missouri. On December 20, Brown led his own raid, in which he liberated 11 slaves, took captive two white men, and looted horses and wagons. (See Battle of the Spurs.) On January 20, 1859, he embarked on a lengthy journey to take the liberated slaves to Detroit and then on a ferry to Canada. While passing through
John Brown (abolitionist)
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apparent to them that the raid was a failure they both retreated to Pennsylvania. Hazlett was later captured and hanged. After the failed raid, Anderson went on to write an account of the events, which he named "A Voice From Harper’s Ferry". The book describes the conditions that were present at the Harpers Ferry raid, including the training, the supplies that were available, and the events that led up to and followed the raid. Though Anderson did not name the friends who aided his escape in his account, later analysis concluded that William C. Goodridge, a conductor on the Underground
Osborne Perry Anderson
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the region dates back to at least 8,000 years ago. The Tuscarora people were the last of the native peoples known to inhabit the area in large numbers, essentially vanishing in the early 18th century. One of these European immigrants, Robert Harper, obtained a patent for the land from the Virginia legislature in 1751. Note that prior to 1863, West Virginia was still a part of Virginia. The town was originally known as Shenandoah Falls at Mr. Harper's Ferry (1763) due to the ferry business Robert Harper managed and operated. Today, the original house built by Robert Harper is the
Harpers Ferry National Historical Park
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670 slave owners holding 5,501 slaves in the county of 21,774 inhabitants (there were also 1,252 free blacks). Only 50% of slaveholders in the county owned more than five slaves, and only 2% had more than 20. 71% of farmers in the county owned no slaves. Ties between Loudoun and the American Civil War began with the involvement of the county in the suppression of John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry, just from its border, in 1859. The county militia was called into service, and two companies were sent to Harpers Ferry and later Charles Town to assist with the
Loudoun County in the American Civil War
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and co-editor with A. F. Leonard of the "Southern Argus", a Norfolk newspaper. He entered local politics and was elected a delegate to the Democratic National Convention in 1956; in 1860 he was a Presidential elector on Democratic ticket of Breckinridge and Lane. Lamb was active in the state militia and commanded the Woodis Rifles, a militia company raised in Norfolk, Virginia in 1858 and named after Hunter Woodis, the city mayor. It was sent in 1859 to Harpers Ferry during John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. On 24 September 1861, he was commissioned major and appointed quartermaster on the
William Lamb (Confederate States Army officer)
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Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel) Fire on the Mountain is a 1988 novel by the American author Terry Bisson. It is an alternate history describing the world as it would have been had John Brown succeeded in his raid on Harper's Ferry and touched off a slave rebellion in 1859, as he intended. The difference from actual history starts with the participation of Harriet Tubman in Brown's uprising in 1859; her sound tactical and strategic advice helps Brown avoid mistakes which in real history led to his downfall. As a result, instead of the American Civil War, the U.S.
Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)
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uncaptured member of the party assembled for John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry. Owen led a party of five escapees from the failed raid to safety in the north. On or about the night of October 23, 1859 these men ascended the slope of South Mountain after circling around Turner's Gap to avoid the men and dogs lying in wait for them in the mountain pass. To their astonishment, there on the crest of the mountain was an odd stone tower. Owen Brown retold the experience during his only known interview in 1873, both he and the interviewer then still
Washington Monument State Park
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whose actions escalated tensions between North and South before the start of the American Civil War, Frederick Douglass later eulogized Brown saying if he "did not end the war that ended slavery, he at least began the war that ended slavery". In the 19th and early 20th centuries he remained an exceedingly infamous figure regarded by the public both as a martyr and a terrorist for his raid on Harpers Ferry in an attempt to start a slave revolt. Brown was also a historic figure in Springfield as it was there that Brown had first organized the militant underground railroad
The Puritan (Springfield, Massachusetts)
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to 1860. He served on the Harper's Ferry Expedition, to suppress John Brown's Raid in October 1859. He then served as Recorder of the Board to "Revise the Programme of Instruction at the Military Academy," from January 12 to April 24, 1860. He then served in garrison at Baton Rouge, Louisiana in 1860 and on frontier duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas from 1860 to 1861. He then was in garrison, commanding a battery of light artillery, at Washington, D. C. in early 1861. In July 1861 he served as chief of staff to Brigadier General Irvin McDowell at the First
James Barnet Fry
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very strong), or had parents who had been born in that state. Aside from a few foreign-born residents, the other whites in town had also been born in Florida or other Southern states. Another factor was fear of blacks. Blacks, mostly slaves, were a majority of the population in Alachua County (although there were few in Gainesville itself). John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 frightened the whites in Gainesville, leading them to organize a militia company called the Gainesville Minutemen. The Gainesville Minute Men were incorporated into the First Florida Regiment soon after Florida seceded from the Union.
History of Gainesville, Florida
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he became involved with politics. In Canada, he became friends with John Brown and supported his raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859. In 1860, Bell moved to San Francisco where he continued activism and wrote poetry on the themes of abolition. Bell became one of the most well-known American black poets of the nineteenth century. Bell moved to Toledo, Ohio in 1865, and continued fighting for civil rights. Bell died in 1902. James Madison Bell James Madison Bell (April 3, 1826 – 1902) was an African-American poet, orator, and political activist who was involved in the abolitionist movement against slavery.
James Madison Bell
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the South. The effect of bloody slave rebellions, such as the Vesey revolt of 1822 and John Brown's massacre at Harper's Ferry in 1859, was to reduce moderate abolitionists to silence, particularly in the South. These events inflamed fears and galvanized Southerners into an anti-abolitionist stance that effectively ended reasoned debate on the issue. South Carolinians had earlier tolerated slavery as a necessary evil. In an evolving concept, they came to proclaim slavery a positive good, a civilizing benefit to the enslaved, and a proper response to the "natural" differences between whites and blacks. Apologists such as Thomas Harper argued
Antebellum South Carolina
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body of Copeland was not there, but I was startled to find the body of another Oberlin neighbor whom I had often met upon our streets, a colored man named Shields Greene." Likewise the body of Watson Brown was also "claimed" by Winchester Medical College as a teaching cadaver for students. The College was later burned to the ground by Union troops in the Civil War. Watson Brown was reburied beside his father in 1882. Shields Green Shields Green (1836?-1859), also known as "Emperor," was an ex-slave who participated in John Brown's unsuccessful raid on Harpers Ferry. Though he had
Shields Green
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southern Washington County, Maryland. That property was the site where John Brown had trained his troops in anticipation of his raid on Harpers Ferry in 1859 that begat the Civil war and the abolition of slavery. The Elks purchased the property as a memorial to Brown and built several buildings on the 235 acre property, including a 50' by 124' auditorium that was used as a meeting place for Elks gatherings of up to three thousand persons on Fourth of July and Labor Day weekends. The auditorium was rented on summer weekends by a local black entrepreneur, John Bishop, who
Improved Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks of the World
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Heyward Shepherd monument The Heyward Shepherd memorial was erected in 1931, after decades of controversy, by the United Daughters of the Confederacy (UDC) and to a lesser extent by the Sons of Confederate Veterans. It commemorates Heyward (sometimes spelled "Hayward" or "Heywood") Shepherd (1825–October 16, 1859), a free black man, who was the first person killed during John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry. The monument was intended to document the Lost Cause allegation that there were happy, unrebelious slaves (the UDC had a "Faithful Slave Memorial Committee"). There is no evidence that Shephard was born a slave; there is also
Heyward Shepherd monument