why are birds such as kiwi and penguin unable to fly
through evolution
3646457
also included here. Flightless bird Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly. There are over 60 extant species including the well known ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi) and penguins. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail (length 12.5 cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) flightless bird, which is also the largest living bird, is the ostrich (2.7 m, 156 kg). Ostriches are farmed for their decorative feathers, meat and their skins, which are used to make leather. Many domesticated birds, such as the domestic chicken and domestic
Flightless bird
3646457
also included here. Flightless bird Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly. There are over 60 extant species including the well known ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi) and penguins. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail (length 12.5 cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) flightless bird, which is also the largest living bird, is the ostrich (2.7 m, 156 kg). Ostriches are farmed for their decorative feathers, meat and their skins, which are used to make leather. Many domesticated birds, such as the domestic chicken and domestic
Flightless bird
3646441
Flightless bird Flightless birds are birds that through evolution lost the ability to fly. There are over 60 extant species including the well known ratites (ostrich, emu, cassowary, rhea and kiwi) and penguins. The smallest flightless bird is the Inaccessible Island rail (length 12.5 cm, weight 34.7 g). The largest (both heaviest and tallest) flightless bird, which is also the largest living bird, is the ostrich (2.7 m, 156 kg). Ostriches are farmed for their decorative feathers, meat and their skins, which are used to make leather. Many domesticated birds, such as the domestic chicken and domestic duck, have lost
Flightless bird
2668524
floor covered in mosses and liverworts.. The abundant vegetation is supported by the high rainfall, but continues to be damaged by introduced species such as red deer and possum. The park is also a significant refuge for many threatened native animals, ranging from dolphins and bats to reptiles, insects, and birds. Among the birds are several endangered species endemic to New Zealand such as the takahē, mōhua (yellowhead), and the critically endangered kakapo, the only flightless parrot in the world. The vulnerable Fiordland crested penguin and southern brown kiwi are also almost exclusively found within the park. The special nature
Fiordland National Park
3667266
of New Zealand are rare or have died out. In 1997, the island was declared rat-free, following an eradication programme, and extirpated birds have been reintroduced to the island. The birds include the South Island saddleback (tieke), yellowhead (mohua) and Stewart Island robin. Other birds on the island that are rare on the mainland include the Stewart Island subspecies of southern brown kiwi (tokoeka), rifleman (Tītitipounamu), yellow-crowned and red-fronted parakeet, and South Island kākā or forest parrot, as well as several other species. The endangered yellow-eyed penguin uses the island for breeding sites. Occasionally rats make their way to the
Ulva Island (New Zealand)
2793803
of the young, varies from 11 days (some small passerines and the black-billed and yellow-billed cuckoos) to 85 days (the wandering albatross and the brown kiwi). In these latter, the incubation is interrupted; the longest uninterrupted period is 64 to 67 days in the emperor penguin. In general smaller birds tend to hatch faster, but there are exceptions, and cavity nesting birds tend to have longer incubation periods. It can be an energetically demanding process, with adult albatrosses losing as much as 83 g of body weight a day. Megapode eggs take from 49 to 90 days depending on the
Egg incubation
13358634
able to continue to thrive because of the relative absence of the cats, rats, stoats, ferrets, weasels and other predators that humans brought to the main islands. There are even more species of birds, including huge colonies of sooty shearwater and other seabirds, on The Snares and the other smaller islands offshore. The birds of Stewart Island include weka, kākā, albatross, the flightless Stewart Island kiwi, silvereyes, fantails, and kererū. The endangered yellow-eyed penguin has a significant number of breeding sites here while the large colonies of sooty shearwaters on the offshore Muttonbird Islands, are subject to muttonbirding, a sustainable
Stewart Island
11559585
using Pākura, another Māori word for the pukeko). They are known to steal eggs from each other and this is an indication of their character. In New Zealand, the pukeko is mentioned in the Māori myth "How the Kiwi lost her wings" in which several birds of the forest are asked to come down from the trees to eat the bugs on the ground and save the forest, but all give excuses except the kiwi who is willing to give up his colours and the ability to fly. The pukeko's excuse is that it looks too damp down there, and
Australasian swamphen
234921
is often referred to as "the kiwi". Kiwi Kiwi ( ) or kiwis are flightless birds native to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx and family Apterygidae. Approximately the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites (which also consist of ostriches, emus, rheas, and cassowaries), and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world. DNA sequence comparisons have yielded the surprising conclusion that kiwi are much more closely related to the extinct Malagasy elephant birds than to the moa with which they shared New
Kiwi
234907
subtropical and temperate podocarp and beech forests, but they are being forced to adapt to different habitat, such as sub-alpine scrub, tussock grassland, and the mountains. Kiwi have a highly developed sense of smell, unusual in a bird, and are the only birds with nostrils at the end of their long beaks. Kiwi eat small invertebrates, seeds, grubs, and many varieties of worms. They also may eat fruit, small crayfish, eels and amphibians. Because their nostrils are located at the end of their long beaks, kiwi can locate insects and worms underground using their keen sense of smell, without actually
Kiwi
726884
answer the question as to why so many modern day mammals retain these nocturnal characteristics even though they are not active at night. The leading answer is that the high visual acuity that comes with diurnal characteristics isn't needed anymore due to the evolution of compensatory sensory systems, such as a heightened sense of smell and more astute auditory systems. In a recent study, recently extinct elephant birds and modern day nocturnal kiwi bird skulls were examined to recreate their likely brain and skull formation. They indicated that olfactory bulbs were much larger in comparison to their optic lobes, indicating
Nocturnality
320840
representative bird species has concluded that penguins are the sister group of Procellariiformes, from which they diverged about 60 million years ago (95% CI, 56.8-62.7). The distantly related puffins, which live in the North Pacific and North Atlantic, developed similar characteristics to survive in the Arctic and sub-Arctic environments. Like the penguins, puffins have a white chest, black back and short stubby wings providing excellent swimming ability in icy water. But, unlike penguins, puffins can fly, as flightless birds would not survive alongside land-based predators such as polar bears and foxes; there are no such predators in the Antarctic. Their
Penguin
12411809
unless it is reset. Traps need to be checked and reset regularly, which makes them labour-intensive. Self-resetting traps, such as the Goodnature trap, are being developed and trialled, and could in the future significantly reduce labour costs and increase the cost-effectiveness of ground control operations. Twenty three species of native birds have been reported as having been killed by leg-hold traps, and many kiwi have suffered leg or beak damage. These traps are now required to be set up off the ground on conservation land where kiwi or weka (which are ground-dwelling birds) live. Biological control has been likened to
1080 usage in New Zealand
234898
Kiwi Kiwi ( ) or kiwis are flightless birds native to New Zealand, in the genus Apteryx and family Apterygidae. Approximately the size of a domestic chicken, kiwi are by far the smallest living ratites (which also consist of ostriches, emus, rheas, and cassowaries), and lay the largest egg in relation to their body size of any species of bird in the world. DNA sequence comparisons have yielded the surprising conclusion that kiwi are much more closely related to the extinct Malagasy elephant birds than to the moa with which they shared New Zealand. There are five recognised species, four
Kiwi
7656156
nine families of birds lack a uropygial gland, mostly the ones unable to fly or the ones that produce powder down for feather maintenance. These include kiwis ("Apterygidae"), emu ("Dromaiidae"), ostriches ("Struthionidae"), rheas ("Rheidae"), cassowaries ("Casuariidae"), mesites ("Mesitornithidae"), bustards ("Otididae"), pigeons and doves ("Columbidae"), amazon parrots ("Psittacidae"), frogmouths ("Podargidae"), and woodpeckers ("Picidae"). These birds typically find other means to stay clean and dry, such as taking a dust bath. Researchers have been unable to correlate the presence or absence of the uropygial gland with factors such as distribution, climate, ecology, or flightlessness. The uropygial gland secretes an oil (preen oil)
Uropygial gland
5405172
have ensured that there is no noticeable difference in behaviour between such birds and rowi growing up fully in the wild. The centre was developed in 2010 and offers behind the scenes tours of its kiwi hatching and rearing facilities and is the only place in New Zealand where one can see rowi in a nocturnal walkthrough area. Okarito kiwi The Okarito kiwi ("Apteryx rowi") also known as the rowi or Okarito brown kiwi, is a member of the kiwi family Apterygidae, described as new to science in 2003. The species is part of the brown kiwi complex, and is
Okarito kiwi
5549399
we know the commonly held belief about birds, 'typically birds fly,' without knowing anything else about tweety, we may reasonably assume the fact that 'Tweety can fly.' As more knowledge of the world is discovered or learned over time, the AI system can revise its assumptions about Tweety using a truth maintenance process. If we later learn that 'Tweety is a penguin' then truth maintenance revises this assumption because we also know 'penguins do not fly'. Commonsense reasoning simulates the human ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day, including time, missing
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence)
9006648
Birds of Macquarie Island The Birds of Macquarie Island are, unsurprisingly for an isolated oceanic island, predominantly seabirds. By far the majority of the breeding species are penguins, petrels and albatrosses. However, the bird list includes many vagrants, including passerines, from New Zealand and Australia. Four species of penguin breed on Macquarie Island. The endemic royal penguin has a population estimated at 850,000. There are also 100,000 breeding pairs of king penguin, the third largest such colony in the world. Gentoo and southern rockhopper penguins also breed there. In the past the penguins, mainly the royal and king penguins, were
Birds of Macquarie Island
234916
often kill or maim kiwi. Habitat destruction is another major threat to kiwi; restricted distribution and small size of some kiwi populations increases their vulnerability to inbreeding. Research has shown that the combined effect of predators and other mortality (accidents etc.) results in less than 5% of kiwi chicks surviving to adulthood. The Māori traditionally believed that kiwi were under the protection of Tane Mahuta, god of the forest. They were used as food and their feathers were used for kahu kiwi—ceremonial cloaks. Today, while kiwi feathers are still used, they are gathered from birds that die naturally or through
Kiwi
5405146
The great spotted kiwi is nocturnal in behaviour. If the kiwis live in an area lacking predators, they will come out in the day. At night, they come out to feed. Like other species of kiwi, they have a good sense of smell, which is unusual in birds. Males are fiercely territorial. At most, four to five kiwis live in a square kilometre. One pair's territory can be in size. It is not known how they defend such a large territory in proportion to their size. They will call, chase, or fight intruders out. Vocalisations of the great spotted kiwi
Great spotted kiwi
5405152
chick takes 2 to 3 days simply to get out of its egg. Kiwi chicks are precocial, and are abandoned by their parents after hatching. After ten days, chicks venture out of the burrow to hunt. Most chicks are killed by predators in the first six months of their life. Great spotted kiwis reach full size at year six. Unlike most birds, female great spotted kiwis have two ovaries. Most birds have only one. Great spotted kiwis are distinguishable from other kiwi species by the fact that they can only produce one egg a year, as it takes so much
Great spotted kiwi
2172718
the national park. Many native birds can be found within the park, and Rakiura offers perhaps the best opportunity anywhere in New Zealand for viewing kiwi in the wild. This is in part due to the absence of stoats and ferrets. Certain coastal areas of this park are breeding areas for the endangered yellow-eyed penguin. Weka, a flightless and curious bird species, can only be found on offshore islands. In the 1970s, kakapo were found in the Tin Range at a time when it was thought that the species was nearly extinct. The kakapo have been transferred to nearby Codfish
Rakiura National Park
2761181
when used to describe the people, is often capitalised, and takes the plural form "Kiwis". The bird's name is spelled with a lower-case "k" and, being a word of Māori origin, normally stays as "kiwi" when pluralised. Thus, "two Kiwis" refers to two people, whereas "two kiwi" refers to two birds. This linguistic nicety is well exemplified by the BNZ Save the Kiwi Conservation Trust, which uses the slogan "Kiwis for kiwi". It is not usually considered to be a derogatory term. In an official context, "Kiwi" has been used in the name of government services and state-owned enterprises, such
Kiwi (people)
234917
road accidents or predation, or from captive birds. Kiwi are no longer hunted and some Māori consider themselves the birds' guardians. In 1813, George Shaw named the genus "Apteryx" in his species description of the southern brown kiwi, which he called "the southern apteryx". Captain Andrew Barclay of the ship "Providence" provided Shaw with the specimen. Shaw's description was accompanied by two plates, engraved by Frederick Polydore Nodder; they were published in volume 24 of "The Naturalist's Miscellany". In 1851, London Zoo became the first zoo to keep kiwi. The first captive breeding took place in 1945. As of 2007
Kiwi
5405168
Okarito kiwi The Okarito kiwi ("Apteryx rowi") also known as the rowi or Okarito brown kiwi, is a member of the kiwi family Apterygidae, described as new to science in 2003. The species is part of the brown kiwi complex, and is morphologically very similar to other members of that complex. It is found in a restricted area of the Okarito forest on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island, and has a population of about only 400 birds. Some Okarito brown kiwi may live up to 100 years. The Okarito kiwi is a monotypic species, i.e. there are
Okarito kiwi
1852282
and "Stumidoecus sturni". Other arthropod parasites include "Ixodes" ticks and mites such as "Analgopsis passerinus", "Boydaia stumi", "Dermanyssus gallinae", "Ornithonyssus bursa", "O. sylviarum", "Proctophyllodes" species, "Pteronyssoides truncatus" and "Trouessartia rosteri". The hen mite "D. gallinae" is itself preyed upon by the predatory mite "Androlaelaps casalis". The presence of this control on numbers of the parasitic species may explain why birds are prepared to reuse old nests. Flying insects that parasitise common starlings include the louse-fly "Omithomya nigricornis" and the saprophagous fly "Camus hemapterus". The latter species breaks off the feathers of its host and lives on the fats produced by
Common starling
5405137
and will also eat plants. Great spotted kiwi breed between June and March. The egg is the largest of all birds in proportion to the size of the bird. Chicks take 75 to 85 days to hatch, and after hatching, they are abandoned by their parents. This large kiwi is one of five species of kiwis residing in New Zealand. The other four are the tokoeka ("Apteryx australis"), Okarito brown kiwi ("Apteryx rowi"), little spotted kiwi ("Apteryx owenii"), and North Island brown kiwi ("Apteryx mantelli"). Great spotted kiwis are related most closely to the little spotted kiwi. The kiwi genus,
Great spotted kiwi
6361280
her feet and sleeps at night. When the birds grow, they learn to fly. When Stellaluna and the birds are out playing, it gets dark and the birds go home without her because they will not be able to see in the dark. Stellaluna keeps flying, but when Stellaluna's wings hurt, she stops to rest. When she does, she hangs by her thumbs. Soon another bat comes to ask why Stellaluna is hanging by her thumbs. As she tells the other bats her story, Mother Bat reunites with her and Stellaluna finally understands why she is so different. Excited about
Stellaluna
1396425
rhea, large fast-running birds of the Pampas. The larger American rhea grows to about tall and usually weighs . The smallest ratites are the five species of kiwi from New Zealand. Kiwi are chicken-sized, shy, and nocturnal. They nest in deep burrows and use a highly developed sense of smell to find small insects and grubs in the soil. Kiwi are notable for laying eggs that are very large in relation to their body size. A kiwi egg may equal 15 to 20 percent of the body mass of a female kiwi. The smallest species of kiwi is the little
Ratite
2090030
love of birds would eventually lead him to study ornithology in college – only to find out that he knew more about birds than most of his professors did. In some versions, Cobblepot turns to crime after his mother dies and the bird shop and birds are repossessed to pay her debts. In others, he is an outcast in his high-society family and their rejection drives him to become a criminal. In-keeping with his aristocratic origins, the Penguin pursues his criminal career with wearing formal attire such as a top hat, monocle, and tuxedo, especially of the "white-tie-and-tails" design. He
Penguin (character)
723969
is, their trachea were up to 1 metre (3 ft) long and formed a large loop within the body cavity. These are the only ratites known to exhibit this feature, which is also present in several other bird groups including swans, cranes, and guinea fowl. The feature is associated with deep, resonant vocalisations that can travel long distances. Research published starting in 2010 has found that the moa's closest cousins are small terrestrial South American birds called the tinamous which can fly. Previously, the kiwi, the Australian emu, and cassowary were thought to be most closely related to the moa.
Moa
882114
their ropes, the faster he bustled to meet them. He was extremely angry with a man who went and saved him from a very sudden end, clinging to his trousers with his beak, and furiously beating his shins with his flippers.… It was not an uncommon sight to see a little Adélie penguin standing within a few inches of the nose of a dog which was almost frantic with desire and passion. Cherry-Garrard held the birds in great regard. "Whatever a penguin does has individuality, and he lays bare his whole life for all to see. He cannot fly away.
Adélie penguin
2761175
a special significance for the indigenous Māori people, who used its skin to make feather cloaks ("kahu kiwi") for chiefs. The bird first came to European attention in 1811 when a skin ended up in the hands of a British Museum zoologist, George Shaw, who classified it as a type of penguin and portrayed it as standing upright. After early sightings by Europeans the kiwi was regarded as a curiosity; in 1835 the missionary William Yate described it as "the most remarkable and curious bird in New Zealand". In the early 1900s cartoonists began to use the kiwi as a
Kiwi (people)
234906
there is no evidence of similarly complex behaviour. Before the arrival of humans in the 13th century or earlier, New Zealand's only endemic mammals were , and the ecological niches that in other parts of the world were filled by creatures as diverse as horses, wolves and mice were taken up by birds (and, to a lesser extent, reptiles, insects and gastropods). The kiwi's mostly nocturnal habits may be a result of habitat intrusion by predators, including humans. In areas of New Zealand where introduced predators have been removed, such as sanctuaries, kiwi are often seen in daylight. They prefer
Kiwi
3646447
more species of flightless birds (including the kiwi, several species of penguins, the takahe, the weka, the moa, and several other extinct species) than any other such location. One reason is that until the arrival of humans roughly a thousand years ago, there were no large land predators in New Zealand; the main predators of flightless birds were larger birds. Ratites belong to the superorder Palaeognathae birds, which include the volant tinamou, and are believed to have evolved flightlessness independently multiple times within their own group. Some birds evolved flightlessness in response to the absence of predators, for example on
Flightless bird
9469633
is important for flying at slower speeds (swifts, though capable of flying very fast, actually must fly relatively slowly to intercept airborne insects). In fact, swifts have bodies so well adapted for flying that they are unable to perch on branches or land on the ground, and so they nest and roost on precipices such as rocky cliffs, behind waterfalls (as the black swift of North America and the great dusky swift of South America are known to do) or in chimneys, as in the case of the chimney swift. Bill size and shape is also important. Compared to the
Hawking (birds)
4127237
bats and no native amphibians. The vertebrates are dominated by reptiles and birds. Today the island has 21 endemic species of birds, including one endemic family, the Rhynochetidae, represented by one living species, the kagu. The island is also home to the unusual tool-using New Caledonian crow. The separation of the Gondwana islands before the mammalian expansion that allowed the radiation of flightless birds (moa, kiwi, sylviornis, cagous) and Mesozoic reptilian forms such as the tuatara of New Zealand. Endemic species comprise 62 of 69 total. No crocodiles or terrestrial turtles remain on the islands. Two species of snake are
Biodiversity of New Caledonia
882123
are capable. This ability is present regardless of ontogeny in Adélie penguins, meaning that both adults and juveniles are capable of extreme levels of salt ion concentration. However, chicks do possess a greater ability to concentrate chloride ions in their cloacal fluids. Salt glands also play a major role in the excretion of excess salts. In aquatic birds such as the Adelie penguin, nasal salt glands excrete an extremely concentrated sodium chloride solution, reducing the load on their kidneys. These excretions are crucial in the maintenance of Antarctic ecosystems. Penguin rookeries can be home to thousands of penguins, all of
Adélie penguin
1728828
also prey on chicks that are unable to fly. As of 2012, the Hawaiian crow's current population is 114 birds, the vast majority of which are in Hawaiian reserves. The omnivorous Hawaiian crow is a generalist species, eating various foods as they become available. The main portion of their diet, and 50% of their feeding activity is spent foraging on trunks, branches, and foliage for invertebrates such as isopods, land snails, and arachnids. They feed in a woodpecker fashion, flaking bark and moss from trunks or branches to expose hidden insects, foraging mostly on ohia and koa, the tallest and
Hawaiian crow
5405157
they prefer other habitats or they simply need a larger territory to support themselves in these areas. Little spotted kiwis eat grubs and other small insects that are found underground, and occasionally eat berries. Hence the sharp talons and long beak, it digs into the ground with its talons then shoves its long beak down the soft ground. Since they can't fly to get to insects or food on trees and their eyesight is very poor they depend on a keen sense of smell, long beak and talons. They nest in an excavated burrow, dug by both birds and sometimes
Little spotted kiwi
234909
to each other at night, and meet in the nesting burrow every three days. These relationships may last for up to 20 years. They are unusual among other birds in that, along with some raptors, they have a functioning pair of ovaries. (In most birds and in platypuses, the right ovary never matures, so that only the left is functional.) Kiwi eggs can weigh up to one-quarter the weight of the female. Usually, only one egg is laid per season. The kiwi lays the biggest egg in proportion to its size of any bird in the world, so even though
Kiwi
13660082
to Motutapu Island via a causeway. Motuihe Island has a mixture of Waitemata sandstone, with Parnell Grit in the headlands, greywacke at the south, and even a coastal section with flaggy limestone on the west coast. It is also a bird sanctuary, with kiwi, saddleback, dotterel, oyster catcher, heron, and more common birds such as the fantail, tui, and pukeko. Tiritiri Matangi Island is a rugged island composed of greywacke. It also a bird sanctuary, with rare birds, including saddleback, takahē, parakeet, North Island robin, kōkako, whitehead, little spotted kiwi, stitchbird and brown teal. Waiheke Island is mostly composed of
Geology of the Auckland Region
9133472
featuring a "one-way in, one-way out" construction. The Penguin Beach was built in 2014 and features African penguins and multiple species of duck including the Long-tailed duck, Baer's Pochard, Spectacled eider and the Harlequin Duck. This is an outdoor exhibit with a little overhead bridge and an underwater viewing area. This exhibit has produced multiple offspring since its opening. Located from the right of the Historic Carousel & north from the playground, this exhibit was built during the aquarium renovation to house kiwi but has also an outdoor viewing of many birds, especially gamebirds including the Elliot's pheasant, Green junglefowl,
Toledo Zoo
10783460
is a cage-less room where birds fly free. Species in the exhibit include the Caribbean flamingo, scarlet ibis, rhinoceros hornbill, Bali mynah, king vulture, rockhopper penguin, Gentoo penguin, red-billed hornbill, the whooping crane, Inca tern and sunbittern, as well as various pigeons and herons. This indoor building features a large troop of bonobos and gorillas. For many years, Samson, the largest gorilla in captivity, was showcased in the Apes of Africa building. The zoo maintains a bonobo breeding program with one of the largest collections of captive bonobos in the world. Both species have access to indoor and outdoor exhibits.
Milwaukee County Zoo
320862
described as hailing from the Falklands. Opus was a comical, "existentialist" penguin character in the cartoons "Bloom County", "Outland" and "Opus". He was also the star in the Christmas show "A Wish for Wings That Work". In the mid-2000s, penguins became one of the most publicized species of animals that form lasting homosexual couples. A children's book, "And Tango Makes Three", was written about one such penguin family in the New York Zoo. Penguin Penguins (order Sphenisciformes, family Spheniscidae) are a group of aquatic, flightless birds. They live almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere, with only one species, the Galapagos
Penguin
1668444
bleaching, fixing, softening, dyeing and drying. The flax fibre, called muka, is laboriously washed, pounded and hand wrung to make soft for the skin. The cords (muka whenu) form the base cloth for intricate cloaks or garments (kākahu) such as the highly prized traditional feather cloak (kahu huruhuru). Different type of cloaks, such as kahu kiwi and kahu kākā, were produced by adorning them with colourful feathers from different native birds, such as kiwi, kākā (parrot), tui, huia and kererū (woodpigeon). Fibres of various strengths were used to fashion eel traps (hinaki), surprisingly large fishing nets (kupenga) and lines, bird
Flax in New Zealand
4225269
native reptiles and birds (including the kokako, blue duck and brown kiwi), while imported plants such as old man’s beard, banana passionfruit and gorse can take over from indigenous species. Finally grazing by goats and possums can eradicate others such as kamahi, kaikawaka ("Libocedrus bidwillii") and mountain tōtara. Therefore, smaller islands off the coast of Wellington have been used as a refuge for North Island birds and reptiles whose habitats may be threatened now or in the future. Also the Volcanic Plateau region has the largest area of man made forest in the Southern Hemisphere. Nearly all the trees are
North Island Volcanic Plateau
16995665
and greatly improved their sense of hearing. All mammals of today are shaped by this origin. Primates later re-evolved color-vision. During the Paleocene and Eocene, most mammals remained small (under 20 kg). Cooling climate in the Oligocene and Miocene, and the expansion of grasslands favored the evolution of larger mammalian species. Ratites run, and penguins swim and waddle: but the majority of birds are rather small, and can fly. Some birds use their ability to fly to complete epic globe-crossing migrations, while others such as frigate birds fly over the oceans for months on end. Bats have also taken flight,
Evolution of tetrapods
2147244
lineage arose, "Aepyornis" has been thought to have dispersed and become flightless and gigantic "in situ". More recently, it has been deduced from DNA sequence comparisons that the closest living relatives of elephant birds are New Zealand kiwi. Elephant birds are actually part of the mid-Cenozoic Australian ratite radiation; their ancestors flew across the Indian Ocean well after Gondwana broke apart. The existence of possible flying palaeognaths in the Miocene such as "Proapteryx" further supports the view that ratites did not diversify in response to vicariance. Gondwana broke apart in the Cretaceous and their phylogenetic tree does not match the
Elephant bird
14420466
townsonii and the mountain neinei (D. traversii). The alpine plants found here including Celmisia dallii occur as these peaks, along with Fiordland at the southern end of the island, were a high-altitude refuge from the effects of the last ice age. The forests are home to a number of endemic species including two flightless birds that no longer survive in the lowland areas of the island, these are the western weka and the largest kiwi, the great spotted kiwi. The varied habitats in the region support a mixture of other birds found here include the kea, the New Zealand kaka
Nelson Coast temperate forest
2270776
eye. The rockhopper penguin complex is confusing. Many taxonomists consider all three rockhopper penguin forms subspecies. Some split the northern subspecies ("moseleyi") from the southern forms ("chrysocome" and "filholi"). Still others consider all three distinct. The subspecies recognized for the southern rockhopper penguin complex are: The northern rockhopper penguin lives in a different water mass than the western and eastern rockhopper penguin, separated by the Subtropical Front, and they are genetically different. Therefore, northern birds are sometimes separated as "E. moseleyi". The rockhopper penguins are closely related to the macaroni penguin ("E. chrysolophus") and the royal penguin ("E. schlegeli"), which
Southern rockhopper penguin
15409477
small birds, that are not used to flying, could survive long migrations over vast, stormy oceans. "Miracles of Evolution" was filmed with animated penguins for the occasion of April Fools' Day, and to promote the BBC iPlayer. MSN included "The BBC's flying penguins" as one of their twelve "hoaxes of the decade." The film features Adélie penguins that live in Antarctica. Adélie penguins are one of the most southern seabirds in the world. The film claims that long and extremely cold Antarctic winters forced some groups of Adélies to adapt by (re)gaining the ability to fly. In the film the
Flying penguin hoax
10072025
where "H. maculifrons" is carnivorous, "H. maia" is omnivorous, eating fruit and invertebrates. Other ground weta species however have been shown to be mainly herbivorous, eating apricots and various grass species. There are approximately 40 undescribed New Zealand species of this genus, with about 11 described species. These species of "Hemiandrus" are eaten by native species such as the wattle birds, kiwi, but also by introduced species such as mice, stoats, and hedgehogs. Of the described species in this genus, half have a restricted range, but most are common and widespread, and are not thought to be endangered (as per
Hemiandrus
2903704
Magellanic penguin The Magellanic penguin ("Spheniscus magellanicus") is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands, with some migrating to Brazil where they are occasionally seen as far north as Rio de Janeiro. It is the most numerous of the "Spheniscus" penguins. Its nearest relatives are the African, the Humboldt penguin and the Galápagos penguins. The Magellanic penguin was named after Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who spotted the birds in 1520. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the IUCN. Magellanic penguins are medium-sized penguins which grow to be tall and weigh between .
Magellanic penguin
11577353
it), stone blocks (which cannot be moved by the player, but occasionally move on their own), and tubes for either the egg or the player to pass through. Gangows are polar bear-like enemies that will attack both the player and the egg. If they back the egg into a corner or land on the egg, it will break. Cameels are birds that fly by if the egg is not moved after a set time. They will drop a brick which can crack the egg. Also included are point and time bonuses, egg shields, springs that let you jump higher, and
Penguin Land
234903
invisible under the bristly, hair-like, two-branched feathers. While most adult birds have bones with hollow insides to minimise weight and make flight practicable, kiwi have marrow, like mammals and the young of other birds. With no constraints on weight due to flight requirements, brown kiwi females carry and lay a single egg that may weigh as much as . Like most other ratites, they have no uropygial gland (preen gland). Their bill is long, pliable and sensitive to touch, and their eyes have a reduced pecten. Their feathers lack barbules and aftershafts, and they have large vibrissae around the gape.
Kiwi
9736654
national television network, RAI, 1997–1999. Vronsky was the Queens Park/Toronto Bureau Chief at "E-Press", Canada's first online news streaming service, 2000 and the Broadband Content Specialist, "Canada-Invest.com", financial news streaming service, 2000–2001. He was the Director of Photography on the feature-length music documentaries, "Life Could Be A Dream" (Bravo Television, 2002) and "I'll Fly Away Home" (Bravo Television, 2004). He authored two crime history books, "Serial Killers The Method and Madness of Monsters" (Berkley-Penguin Books, 2004) and "Female Serial Killers: How and Why Women Become Monsters" (Berkley-Penguin Books, 2007). Vronsky returned to the University of Toronto as a full-time student
Peter Vronsky
20159683
information about its environment. "Hemideina femorata" tend to be vegetarians and can survive eating leaves or carrots but if a freshly killed caterpillar, grasshopper or even another weta comes across their path, they will eat it. These weta eat "fresh leaves off a variety of trees shrubs and weeds", they are particularly fond of karamu ("Coprosma robusta") and mahoe ("Melicytus ramiflorus"). Major threats to weta include short tailed bats, birds, and reptiles such as lizards and tuataras. Birds that tend to eat this weta include the kiwi, robin, tomtit and ruru. Other introduced threats include cats, hedgehogs, rats and mustelids.
Hemideina femorata
1396443
including insects and other small animals. Cassowaries have nearly the shortest tracts at . Finally, kiwi have the shortest tracts and eat earthworms, insects, and other similar creatures. Moas and elephant birds were the largest native herbivores in their faunas, far larger than contemporary herbivorous mammals in the latter's case. Some extinct ratites might have had odder lifestyles, such as the narrow-billed "Diogenornis" and "Palaeotis", compared to the shorebird-like lithornithids, and could imply similar animalivorous diets. Ratites are different from the flying birds in that they needed to adapt or evolve certain features to protect their young. First and foremost
Ratite
5908071
Matsue Vogel Park Shimane Vogel Park, or Matsue Vogel Park (松江フォーゲルパーク), is an aviary park in Shimane Prefecture, on the Sea of Japan. Amid pleasant green hills on the North shore of Lake Shinji, it has paved walkways between four aviaries holding tropical birds - mostly toucans, turacos, hornbills and ibises. The park is also home to various birds from around the world, including rare and exotic birds. There are also a number of waterfowl to be found in the aquatic birds aviary. Vogel Park also includes such birds as Emus and Penguin. An owl flight show is exhibited four
Matsue Vogel Park
2424925
possibly show paths this evolution may have taken. One of the biggest birds to have ever existed was the terror bird, which proliferated after dinosaurs vanished and stood up to 2.5 metres tall. By comparison, the ostrich, while not closely related, is the largest and heaviest living bird. It was probably the evasion of predators that drove most birds into the air, so their flightless cousins evolved because they had few enemies. Accordingly, such species are more likely to be found on islands, and Attenborough visits New Zealand to observe its great variety, most especially the kiwi. Also depicted is
The Life of Birds
12367949
of its size. Birds have avoided the problem of losing heat through their feet by not attempting to maintain them at the same temperature as the rest of their bodies, a form of adaptive insulation. The emperor penguin has dense plumage, a downy under layer, an air insulation layer next the skin and various thermoregulatory strategies to maintain its body temperature in one of the harshest environments on Earth. Being ectotherms, reptiles are unable to live in cold deserts but are well-suited to hot ones. In the heat of the day in the Sahara, the temperature can rise to .
Desert
2903715
the colonies as well as increase prey availability, reduce foraging distance, and increase feeding frequency. Magellanic penguin The Magellanic penguin ("Spheniscus magellanicus") is a South American penguin, breeding in coastal Argentina, Chile and the Falkland Islands, with some migrating to Brazil where they are occasionally seen as far north as Rio de Janeiro. It is the most numerous of the "Spheniscus" penguins. Its nearest relatives are the African, the Humboldt penguin and the Galápagos penguins. The Magellanic penguin was named after Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who spotted the birds in 1520. The species is listed as Near Threatened by the
Magellanic penguin
8229564
other modern birds. Archaeospheniscus lowei Archaeospheniscus lowei is the type species of the extinct penguin genus "Archaeospheniscus". It stood approximately 85–115 cm high, between a modern king penguin and an emperor penguin in size. It is known from bones of a single individual (Otago Museum C.47.20) and possibly some additional material such as the OM C.47.27 femur, all recovered from the Late Oligocene Kokoamu Greensand Formation (27-28 MYA) at Duntroon, New Zealand. The species' binomen was given in honor of Percy Lowe, who researched prehistoric penguins and proposed a theory (now considered erroneous) that these birds were derived from reptiles
Archaeospheniscus lowei
20931762
Ngā Manu Nature Reserve Ngā Manu Nature Reserve is a nature and wildlife reserve in Waikanae, New Zealand, on the Kapiti Coast of the North Island. In addition to offering a sanctuary for native birds and other animals, the reserve preserves the largest remnant of coastal lowland swamp forest on the Kapiti Coast. Ngā Manu contains aviaries housing native birds such as kākā, kākāriki, scaup, whio and kea, enclosures with tuatara, and a nocturnal house with kiwi and morepork. Bird life in the reserve comprises over 50 different bird species, the most visible being common local birds such as kereru,
Ngā Manu Nature Reserve
19746778
Feather development Feather development occurs in the epidermal layer of the skin in birds. It is a complicated process involving many steps. Once the feathers are fully developed, there are six different types of feathers: contour, flight, down, filoplumes, semiplumes, and bristle feathers. Feathers were not originally meant for flight. The exact reason why feathers evolved is still unknown. Birds are thought to be descendants of dinosaurs and new technology using melanosomes found in dinosaur fossils has shown that certain dinosaurs that could not fly had feathers. Feathers are products of the epidermis and keratinizing system. They are non-vascular and
Feather development
17649039
he does not place a tag around his neck with “ICHIZO” and inform all the birds of his new name he will kill him. Nighthawk sadly contemplates why all the birds dislike him so much – all just because of his appearance. He flies out to the clouds where some insects fly into his mouth awkwardly and realizes that he too, is killing them just as the hawk plans to kill him. He thinks he should starve, stop killing insects and decides to fly far away. He bids farewell to his younger brother, the Kingfisher and asks him to convey
The Nighthawk Star
9629605
Some sponsor a kiwi, so they can follow its progress since the release. They participate in the LEOTC (Learning experiences Outside the Classroom) education programme, giving them the chance to see the kiwi and to learn about environmental problems facing New Zealand. The second biggest mission of the centre is to welcome tourists and to educate them about environmental things and the protection of the wildlife. There are about 50,000 visitors per year. There are several tourist facilities: a café, aviaries to discover the native birds and the nocturnal house where they can see the shy kiwi. There are guided
Mount Bruce Wildlife Centre
2860413
a foraging trip is spent diving. Birds have been calculated as catching from 4 to 16 krill or 40 to 50 amphipods per dive. Macaroni penguin The macaroni penguin ("Eudyptes chrysolophus") is a species of penguin found from the Subantarctic to the Antarctic Peninsula. One of six species of crested penguin, it is very closely related to the royal penguin, and some authorities consider the two to be a single species. It bears a distinctive yellow crest, and the face and upperparts are black and sharply delineated from the white underparts. Adults weigh on average and are in length. The
Macaroni penguin
6176069
Adrian Zackheim Adrian Zackheim is the founder and publisher of Portfolio, a business book imprint at Penguin Random House, and Sentinel. Both imprints are a division of Penguin Books. At Portfolio, Zackheim has published bestselling books, such as "" by Seth Godin, "Start With Why" by Simon Sinek, and "The Smartest Guys in the Room" by Bethany McLean and Peter Elkind. Zackheim is also publisher of Sentinel, a conservative imprint within Penguin. There, he has published "George Washington’s Secret Six" by Brian Kilmeade and Don Yaeger; and "Do the Right Thing" and "A Simple Christmas" by Mike Huckabee. Previously, Zackheim
Adrian Zackheim
5405145
, and in 2000 an estimated 22,000 adult birds remained. They have been trending down about 5.8% a year. The main threat is from invasive predators including mustelids, brush-tailed possum "Trichosurus vulpecula", feral cats, dogs and pigs The most threatened populations are in the southern areas of the species' range. Less than 16,000 great spotted kiwis remain. Movements for saving the kiwi are in place, and sanctuaries for the great spotted kiwi have been made. Thanks to intensive trapping and poisoning efforts the chick survival rate has been raised to about 60% in areas where mammalian pest control is undertaken.
Great spotted kiwi
38806
and movements to "fly" through the water, as do auks, shearwaters and dippers. Most birds are diurnal, but some birds, such as many species of owls and nightjars, are nocturnal or crepuscular (active during twilight hours), and many coastal waders feed when the tides are appropriate, by day or night. are varied and often include nectar, fruit, plants, seeds, carrion, and various small animals, including other birds. Because birds have no teeth, their digestive system is adapted to process unmasticated food items that are swallowed whole. Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of
Bird
1635452
evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of . Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below and almost none above . Bird migration is not limited to birds that can fly. Most species of penguin (Spheniscidae) migrate by swimming. These routes can cover over . Dusky grouse "Dendragapus obscurus" perform altitudinal migration mostly by walking. Emus "Dromaius novaehollandiae" in Australia have been observed to undertake long-distance movements on foot during droughts. While participating
Bird migration
16356870
first of the concept node of all animals, then of all animals that can fly, and finally of a bird that is the most stereotypical of the class; for example, a robin. A penguin would be less likely to be retrieved because a penguin is less typical of the class. This may be the reason why it is more difficult to make decisions about abstract, non-hierarchical concepts like time and money. It is easy to envision a pencil but more difficult to decide what to do with a sum of money or how to spend the next three hours of
Memory and decision-making
9971283
Kiwi! Kiwi! is a 2006 computer-generated animation created by Dony Permedi, a student in the New York City School of Visual Arts, as his Master's Thesis Animation, with music composed and performed by Tim Cassell. The animation's story of a kiwi that aspires to fly created a major Internet phenomenon after it was hosted on the video sharing site YouTube. Unofficial versions of the video pair it with Mad World by Gary Jules. These versions became popular viral videos. The video itself centers around a kiwi bird who is mysteriously seen to be nailing an array of trees to the
Kiwi!
1733722
Female emperors who failed to find a mate to breed with, or have lost their own chick may attempt to steal the chick of another female. The mother of the chick and neighboring females will fight to protect the chick or reclaim it, if it has been successfully stolen. These fights among several birds often result in the chick being smothered or trampled to death. These adopted chicks are quickly abandoned once again, as the female is unable to feed and care for the chick alone. These orphans will attempt to seek food and protection from other adults, but they
Emperor penguin
9629604
the threat these animals pose to native birds in particular. Bird releases started in 1996 with nine kākā, a kind of parrot. There are now approximately 160 kākā in the forest, and the goal is to have a population of 600 in a few years. North Island brown kiwi and North Island kōkako translocations followed in 2003. Over 15 kiwi are currently living in the forest and two in the nocturnal house, including some chicks. For the breeding programme, they incubate kiwi eggs to protect chicks and thus give them the chance to become adult. Many schools visit the centre.
Mount Bruce Wildlife Centre
18306377
fur seals and rabbits which have been specifically observed on the inner island. As Penguin Island has been historically accessible by foot at low water, it is possible that local Aboriginal people may have used the island as a source of food, particularly sea birds such as little penguins and silver gulls. Penguin Island was first described by Baudin in 1802 possibly in respect to its relevance as a source of danger to navigation: It ends in a fitting cape [Cape Martin], at the tip of which there lies a small island [Penguin Island], reaching about half a league out
Penguin Island (South Australia)
5300469
the zoo's birds were captured for the purpose of being exhibited, but were rather rescued after sustaining injuries from vehicles or electrical lines and are thus unable to fly; the majority of the other specimens are also non-releasable and unable to survive in the wild due to being orphaned or having been confiscated as illegal pets from their former owners. Starting in 2008, the zoo's then 30-year-old Discovery Center was renovated and redesigned to bring it in line with modern zoo standards; apart from displaying the majority of the park's invertebrates, it also incorporates a display with traditional Navajo stories
Navajo Nation Zoological and Botanical Park
734378
particular species provides evidence for the time since death, and sometimes other details such as the place of death, when species are confined to particular habitats such as woodland. Some species of maggots such as blowfly larvae (gentles) and bluebottle larvae (casters) are bred commercially; they are sold as bait in angling, and as food for carnivorous animals (kept as pets, in zoos, or for research) such as some mammals, fishes, reptiles, and birds. It has been suggested that fly larvae could be used at a large scale as food for farmed chickens, pigs, and fish. However, consumers are opposed
Fly
282811
isolation, and this has resulted in a dynamic evolutionary ecology with examples of very distinctive plants and animals as well as populations of widespread species. Evergreens such as the giant kauri and southern beech dominate the forests. It also has a diverse range of birds, several of which are flightless such as the kiwi (a national icon), the kakapo, the takahē and the weka, and several species of penguins. Around 30 bird species are currently listed as endangered or critically endangered. Conservationists recognised that threatened bird populations could be saved on offshore islands, where, once predators were exterminated, bird life
Geography of New Zealand
13208114
Arno Press (1978) and Borgo Press (1980). Dan Prescott, an American adventurer, discovers the hidden valley of Sobul in a mountainous region of Afghanistan, inhabited by a strange race of winged people known as the "Ibandru". He falls in love with one of them, Yasma, and they marry in a scene of general celebration. When fall comes, however, the Ibandru abandon their valley to fly south with the birds for the winter. Unable to bear the loss of Yasma, Prescott pleads with her to remain with him rather than participate in the traditional migration, with tragic consequences for his marriage.
When the Birds Fly South
1396431
then kiwi splitting from emus and cassowaries. In a recent study, elephant birds were shown to be most closely related to the New Zealand kiwi. These studies share branching dates which suggest that, while ancestral moas may have been present in New Zealand since it split off from Gondwana, the ancestors of kiwi appear to have arrived there from Australia more recently, perhaps by island-hopping and possibly by powered flight. A recent extensive morphological comparison makes South American and Australian ratites a clade, with three successively more distant sister groups consisting of ostriches, elephant birds, and a clade of New
Ratite
1617328
unknown. Some scientists suggest it may act as a baffle, slowing down or diffusing airflow into the nares (and thus allowing the bird to continue breathing without damaging its respiratory system) during high-speed dives, but this theory has not been proved experimentally. Not all species that fly at high speeds have such tubercules, while some species which fly at low speeds do. The nares of some birds are covered by an operculum (plural "opercula"), a membraneous, horny or cartilaginous flap. In diving birds, the operculum keeps water out of the nasal cavity; when the birds dive, the impact force of
Beak
12758754
being cited, as this is not the case with all them, but only with a few, such as the Humboldt penguin, the Macaroni penguin, the Rockhopper penguin and the Yellow-eyed penguin. Gus and Waldo's subspecies is not identified). The book ends happily as the loving birds decide that as ‘Fighting's Neither Fun Nor Clever/Gus and Waldo Love Each Other Forever!’ (As the book contains a two-page spread of the penguins in non-explicit fetish wear, it is probably not suitable for young children). Foreign language editions: Finland: "Gus & Waldo Sillä Siivellä" (WSOY, 2007); Brazil: "Gus & Waldo O Livro Do
Gus & Waldo
8100108
the beak described by Leguat. Strickland was unable to classify the bird further, but noted similarities with the dodo ("Raphus cucullatus") and kiwi ("Apteryx"), based on unidentified birds from Mauritius illustrated by the travellers Pieter van den Broecke and Sir Thomas Herbert, which he thought related. Strickland also noted similarities with a bird from Mauritius, which would later be identified as the red rail ("Aphanapteryx bonasia"). In 1874, the French zoologist Alphonse Milne-Edwards connected Leguat's account with three subfossil bones (a sternum, a tarsometatarsus, and a fragmentary skull) found in a cave on Rodrigues. He recognised their similarity to those
Rodrigues rail
1405157
very high biological diversity and as such has a long history of human exploration and scientific research, with some datasets going back over 150 years. The Ross Sea is home to at least 10 mammal species, half a dozen species of birds, 95 species of fish, and over 1,000 invertebrate species. Some species of birds that nest in and near the Ross Sea include the Adélie penguin, emperor penguin, Antarctic petrel, snow petrel, and south polar skua. Marine mammals in the Ross Sea include the Antarctic minke whale, killer whale, Weddell seal, crabeater seal, and leopard seal. Antarctic toothfish, Antarctic
Ross Sea
15019161
Jungle Fury". He has performed in "Goodbye Pork Pie", "Pictures", "Send a Gorilla", "Feathers of Peace", "Fly" (Best Actor in a Short Film), "Treasure Island Kids" (x3), "Love Birds" in 2010 (with Sally Hawkins and Rhys Darby), and many TV series and films including "Close to Home", "Pioneer Women", "Roche", "Moynihan", "221B Baker Street", "Xena – Amazon High" (with Selma Blair and Karl Urban), "The Man Who Lost His Head" (with Martin Clunes), and "Bliss" (2010). He has also directed many works for television including "Shortland Street", "The Tribe", "Epitaph", "Taonga", and "The Kiwi Who Saved Britain" (2010). He has
John Callen
19945827
of birds display allofeeding during courtship. Additionally, courtship allofeeding in some birds species is hypothesized to strengthen the bond between pairs. A parent feeding a non-biological chick via bill-to-bill interactions is a form of allofeeding. Parental allofeeding occurs in all altricial species of birds to ensure proper growth, development, and to prevent starvation of their offspring. This form of allofeeding has been shown to be a form of parental care in some species, such as in King Penguins ("A. patagonicus"). King Penguins are pelagic seabirds. King Penguin chicks form dense groups called crèches during winter for social thermoregulation when food
Allofeeding
3646442
the ability to fly for extended periods, although their ancestral species, the red junglefowl and mallard, respectively, are capable of extended flight. A few particularly bred birds, such as the Broad Breasted White turkey, have become totally flightless as a result of selective breeding; the birds were bred to grow massive breast meat that weighs too much for the bird's wings to support in flight. Flightlessness has evolved in many different birds independently. There were also other families of flightless birds, such as the now extinct Phorusrhacidae, that evolved to be powerful terrestrial predators. Taking this to a greater extreme,
Flightless bird
6123196
been created on the island, connected via tramping tracks cut through the bush. The removal of stoats will provide significant protection for native species already present on the island, such as the Fiordland crested penguin, New Zealand falcon, kaka, kiwi and kākāriki. Becoming a stoat-free sanctuary would also allow the re-introduction of other species no longer found on the mainland, such as the Fiordland skink and kākāpō. The absence of rodents allows an abundant population of native invertebrates to thrive, including the critically endangered knobbled weevil. In 2008, 25 New Zealand rock wrens were translocated onto Secretary Island, with excellent
Secretary Island
6481007
"seaweed flies" or "kelp flies" ("Fucellia") are examples. Others are scavengers in such places as birds' nests; yet other species are leaf miners; the family also includes inquilines, commensals, and parasitic larvae. Some species in the family are significant agricultural pests, particularly some from the genus "Delia", which includes the onion fly ("D. antiqua"), the wheat bulb fly ("D. coarctata"), the turnip root fly ("D. floralis"), the bean seed fly ("D. platura"), and the cabbage root fly ("D. radicum"). For terms see Morphology of Diptera<br> These flies are small or moderate in size. Hypopleural bristles found on the sides of
Anthomyiidae
7961487
wars potentially occurring within the game. Also, the "Caste system" between those who had membership and exclusive items and those who lacked full membership (and therefore were unable to own the "coolest" items) could lead to players having a difficult time attracting friends. One criticism came from Caitlin Flanagan in "The Atlantic Monthly": in relation to the safety procedures, she noted that "Club Penguin" was "certainly the safest way for unsupervised children to talk to potentially malevolent strangers—but why would you want them to do that in the first place?" While views of the strength of this criticism might vary,
Club Penguin
320853
can last days and even weeks as one member of the pair feeds at sea. Penguins generally only lay one brood; the exception is the little penguin, which can raise two or three broods in a season. Penguin eggs are smaller than any other bird species when compared proportionally to the weight of the parent birds; at , the little penguin egg is 4.7% of its mothers' weight, and the emperor penguin egg is 2.3%. The relatively thick shell forms between 10 and 16% of the weight of a penguin egg, presumably to reduce the effects of dehydration and to
Penguin
6885771
during conception. In recent years we have witnessed cases of male birds...who are unable to fly at all. The offspring of a boozer and a lesbian is the Hlynur...an unusually slow developer that can't fly... and remains with his mother for the first 30 years. The Hlynur is defensive by nature, but harmless." The film progresses as Hlynur comes to terms with his mother's love for Lola and his own feelings of inadequacy with her. The announcement that Lola is pregnant pushes him to the brink, making living under the same roof next to impossible for all three; but after
101 Reykjavík
2708358
Plain holds over 100,000 breeding pairs and the colony at St. Andrew's Bay over 100,000 birds. Because of the very long breeding cycle, colonies are continuously occupied year-round with both adult birds and chicks. The king penguin feeds its chicks by eating fish, digesting it slightly and regurgitating the food into the chick's mouth. Because of their large size, king penguin chicks take 14–16 months before they are ready to go to sea. This is markedly different from smaller penguins, who rear their chicks through a single summer when food is plentiful. King penguins time their mating so the chicks
King penguin
14833310
compositing video of the birds in their harnesses with video of the gliders in flight. Birds (advertisement) "Birds" is an award-winning television commercial for the Washington Lottery; it won a Silver Lion at the 2009 Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, and "Best in Show" at the 2009 National ADDY Awards. "SHOOT" magazine placed it on their Top 10 list for Summer 2008. First broadcast in June 2008, it depicts three flightless birds—a penguin, a chicken, and an emu—being taken hang-gliding (the chicken and the penguin are shown wearing harnesses strapped to the chest of the glider pilots; the emu's harness
Birds (advertisement)
14833309
Birds (advertisement) "Birds" is an award-winning television commercial for the Washington Lottery; it won a Silver Lion at the 2009 Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, and "Best in Show" at the 2009 National ADDY Awards. "SHOOT" magazine placed it on their Top 10 list for Summer 2008. First broadcast in June 2008, it depicts three flightless birds—a penguin, a chicken, and an emu—being taken hang-gliding (the chicken and the penguin are shown wearing harnesses strapped to the chest of the glider pilots; the emu's harness is suspended between two gliders). The images of the birds in mid-air were produced by
Birds (advertisement)
7702541
idea of visually scaring birds. This method doesn't work so well with all species, considering that some species frequently perch on scarecrows. Many species of bird are also naturally afraid of predators such as birds of prey. "Hawk kites" are designed to fly from poles in the wind and hover above the field to be protected. They are shaped to match the silhouette of a bird of prey. The Helikite bird scarer is a lighter-than-air combination of a helium balloon and a kite. Helikites fly up to 200vft in the air with or without wind. Although they do not look
Bird scarer
7576253
to actual historic events). Ominously, the 'Red' penguin leaders are moving strategic assets in a war room, focusing their attention to the West. The 'Capitalist' penguins (with ties) are oblivious to the world outside their lives. A derelict penguin (sans tie) is begging for spare fish. One penguin finally shows pity and gives a walrus tooth to the homeless penguin. The video closes out with a protest (which mirrors an earlier protest by Red Penguins). Both sets of protesters ironically want the same thing, as many of the signs for both have the same message ("Let us Fly" and "Free
So Says I
3404137
the Fly II." Although he still had the ship's computer for company, the exile evidently didn't do Baxter's mind any good, as he steadily began to act more and more like a fly, being fascinated by bright lights, craving sugar, being unable to focus on complicated tasks, and not even being able to remember exactly who it was he wanted revenge on, or why. With the computer's help and guidance, he was able to return to Earth through a small rift in the fabric of space-time, and captured the Turtles in order to lure Shredder into combat. Unable to bear
Baxter Stockman