what is the major constituent of a chromosome
centromere
91525
DNA was recently shown in cancer and aging. The word "centromere" () uses combining forms of "centro- and -mere", yielding "central part", describing the centromere's location at the center of the chromosome. Centromere The centromere is the specialized DNA sequence of a chromosome that links a pair of sister chromatids (a dyad). During mitosis, spindle fibers attach to the centromere via the kinetochore. Centromeres were first thought to be genetic loci that direct the behavior of chromosomes. The physical role of the centromere is to act as the site of assembly of the kinetochores – a highly complex multiprotein structure
Centromere
6224564
two primary methods, the "de novo" (bottom-up) and the top-down approach. The minimum constituent parts of a chromosome (centromere, telomere and DNA replication sequences) are assembled This is done by using molecular cloning techniques to construct the desired chromosomal contents "in vitro". Next, the desired contents of the minichromosome must be transformed into a host which is capable of assembling the components (typically yeast or mammalian cells) into a functional chromosome. This approach has been attempted for the introduction of minichromosomes into maize for the possibility of genetic engineering, but the success was limited and questionable. In general, the "de
Minichromosome
19419751
Neocentromere Neocentromeres are new centromeres that form at a place on the chromosome that is usually not centromeric. They typically arise due to disruption of the normal centromere. These neocentromeres should not be confused with “knobs”, which were also described as “neocentromeres” in maize in the 1950s. Unlike most normal centromeres, neocentromeres do not contain satellite sequences that are highly repetitive but instead consist of unique sequences. Despite this, most neocentromeres are still able to carry out the functions of normal centromeres in regulating chromosome segregation and inheritance. This raises many questions on what is necessary versus what is sufficient
Neocentromere
14989600
as Holocentric chromosome. Polycentric chromosome The polycentric chromosome is when more than 1 Centromere are present in a chromosome. Polycentric chromosome is produced by chromosomal aberrations like deletion, duplication and trans location. It is specifically deadly for cell because at the time of anaphase the polycentric chromosome fails to move to the two opposite poles of spindle fiber; as a result the chromosome is fragmented, which causes the death of the cell. In some algae polycentric chromosome are found normally. In those organism the chromosome instead of remaining at specific position remain dispersed throughout the chromosome. This kind of chromosome
Polycentric chromosome
14989599
Polycentric chromosome The polycentric chromosome is when more than 1 Centromere are present in a chromosome. Polycentric chromosome is produced by chromosomal aberrations like deletion, duplication and trans location. It is specifically deadly for cell because at the time of anaphase the polycentric chromosome fails to move to the two opposite poles of spindle fiber; as a result the chromosome is fragmented, which causes the death of the cell. In some algae polycentric chromosome are found normally. In those organism the chromosome instead of remaining at specific position remain dispersed throughout the chromosome. This kind of chromosome is also known
Polycentric chromosome
2218983
the Philadelphia chromosome by cytogenetics is diagnostic for CML. In the late 1960s, Torbjörn Caspersson developed a quinicrine fluorescent staining technique (Q-banding) which revealed unique banding patterns for each chromosome pair. This allowed chromosome pairs of otherwise equal size to be differentiated by distinct horizontal banding patterns. Banding patterns are now used to elucidate the breakpoints and constituent chromosomes involved in chromosome translocations. Deletions and inversions within an individual chromosome can also be identified and described more precisely using standardized banding nomenclature. G-banding (utilizing trypsin and Giemsa/ Wright stain) was concurrently developed in the early 1970s and allows visualization of
Cytogenetics
8934482
as to what the expected outcome for treatment is. There is an increased risk of sudden, unexpected death among children and adults with this syndrome. The full cause is not yet understood but it is generally attributed to SUDEP (Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy). About half of all 'marker' chromosomes are idic(15) but idic(15) in itself is one of the rare chromosome abnormalities. Incidence at birth appears to be 1 in 30,000 with a sex ratio of almost 1:1; however, since dysmorphic features are absent or subtle and major malformations are rare, chromosome analysis may not be thought to be
Isodicentric 15
5431502
hockey, Tier II Junior A became the top tier of hockey in these branches and became Junior A hockey. Junior A (junior AAA in Quebec) hockey is one level below the CHL. Junior A was referred to as Tier II Junior A in the 1970s, until what was called Major Junior A broke away from their regional branches in 1980 and became the Canadian Hockey League and Major Junior hockey, at this time, the term Tier II was dropped from what is now Junior A hockey. It is governed by the Canadian Junior Hockey League, which oversees eleven constituent leagues
Junior ice hockey
18647876
America. Another line may have moved inland, east of the Rocky Mountains, ultimately populating most of what is now the United States and Canada. The y-chromosome is inherited directly through the paternal line from father to son in each generation. Because males have an x-chromosome and a y-chromosome, and females have two x-chromosomes, the y-chromosome can only be inherited from a male's father. Specific mutations on the y-chromosome can be used to trace the paternal lineage of a male individual. Like mtDNA, these mutations can be grouped and categorized into haplogroups. The y-chromosome of Anzick-1 was sequenced, and researchers determined
Anzick-1
17562793
over what gender role they grow into, whether by choosing which parent to imitate, or doing activities such as playing with action figures or dolls. These works added new knowledge to the field of gender psychology. Biological differentiation is fundamental in determining differences in males and females. Males have two different sex chromosomes, an X and a Y. Females have two X chromosomes. The Y chromosome is what determines sexual differentiation. If the Y chromosome is present, growth is along male lines. The SRY is a specific part of the Y chromosome which is the sex-determining gene region of the
Gender psychology
6660982
Chromosome 6 Chromosome 6 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans. People normally have two copies of this chromosome. Chromosome 6 spans more than 170 million base pairs (the building material of DNA) and represents between 5.5 and 6% of the total DNA in cells. It contains the Major Histocompatibility Complex, which contains over 100 genes related to the immune response, and plays a vital role in organ transplantation. The human leukocyte antigen lies on chromosome 6, with the exception of the gene for β2-microglobulin (which is located on chromosome 15), and encodes cell-surface antigen-presenting proteins among
Chromosome 6
9194481
represented in the Constituent Assembly, only the Rastriya Prajatantra Party Nepal (RPP-Nepal) opposed the motion. Koirala said that Nepal was entering a new era and that "the nation's dream has come true", while celebrations took place in Kathmandu; 29 and 30 May were declared to be public holidays by the government. The Constituent Assembly also decided that Gyanendra should leave the Narayanhity Palace within 15 days. Earlier on 28 May, the major parties agreed on the creation of the position of President, while the Prime Minister was to hold executive powers; however, they reached no agreement on exactly what powers
2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election
19731514
and mutations in the Y chromosome during reproduction, then different sex-linked genes are lost. The different combinations of possible sex-related genes that an individual "Silene" can have in one Y chromosome are what creates the rich variation of sexual phenotypes throughout this genus. The system for determining sex in "Silene latifolia" is close to that found in humans because in both cases the Y chromosome determines what reproductive mechanisms will be expressed in the offspring. They differ because there are multiple sex determining genes on the Y chromosome of "S. latifolia", while in humans the presence or absence of the
Sex determination in Silene
8253612
artificial chromosome vectors. The first is to create a small minichromosome by altering a natural human chromosome. This is accomplished by truncating the natural chromosome, followed by the introduction of unique genetic material via the Cre-Lox system of recombination. The second method involves the literal creation of a novel chromosome "de novo". Progress regarding "de novo" HAC formation has been limited, as many large genomic fragments will not successfully integrate into "de novo" vectors. Another factor limiting "de novo" vector formation is limited knowledge of what elements are required for construction, specifically centromeric sequences. A 2009 study has shown additional
Human artificial chromosome
4644761
constituents to what is possible. The word combinations "have sent many things to us" and "many things to us" are shown as constituents in the second tree diagram but not in the first. Which of these two analyses is better is again at least in part a matter of what the tests for constituents can reveal. Constituent (linguistics) In syntactic analysis, a constituent is a word or a group of words that functions as a single unit within a hierarchical structure. The constituent structure of sentences is identified using "tests for constituents". These tests manipulate some portion of a sentence
Constituent (linguistics)
7208795
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y-chromosome (called Y-DNA). Mutations that are shared by many people are called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The human Y-chromosome accumulates roughly two mutations per generation. Y-DNA haplogroups represent major branches of the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree that share hundreds or even thousands of mutations unique to each haplogroup. The Y-chromosomal most recent common ancestor (Y-MRCA, informally known as Y-chromosomal Adam) is the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) from whom all currently living men are descended patrilineally.
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
9755716
Marker chromosome A marker chromosome (mar) is a small fragment of a chromosome which generally cannot be identified without specialized genomic analysis due to the size of the fragment. The significance of a marker is variable as it depends on what material is contained within the marker. Marker chromosomes occur sporadically about 70% of the time, with the remainder being inherited from a parent. About 50% of cases involve mosaicism, which affects severity of the condition. The frequency is approximately 3-4 per 10,000 people, and 1 in 300 people with mental retardation. Marker chromosomes typically occur in addition to the
Marker chromosome
898541
Chromosome 15q partial deletion Chromosome 15q partial deletion is a rare human genetic disorder, caused by a chromosomal aberration in which the long ("q") arm of one copy of chromosome 15 is deleted, or partially deleted. Like other chromosomal disorders, this increases the risk of birth defects, developmental delay and learning difficulties, however, the problems that can develop depend very much on what genetic material is missing. If the mother's copy of the chromosomal region 15q11-13 is deleted, Angelman syndrome (AS) can results. The sister syndrome Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) can result if the father's copy of the chromosomal region 15q11-13
Chromosome 15q partial deletion
3402072
passed down with only minor mutations through the maternal line. The other is the Y chromosome, that is present only in males and passed down with only minor mutations through the paternal line. Both can show from what part of the world a matrilineal or patrilineal ancestor of a person came from, but one can have in mind that they are only a fraction of the human genome, and reading ancestry from Y chromosome and mtDNA only tells 1/23rd the story, since humans have 23 chromosome pairs in the cellular DNA. Analysing the Y chromosome, which comes from male ancestors
Afro-Brazilians
14015348
circular chromosomes can sometimes remain interlinked or tangled, and they must be resolved so that each cell inherits one complete copy of the chromosome during cell division. Bacterial chromosome replication is best understood in the well-studied bacteria "Escherichia coli" and "Bacillus subtilis". Chromosome replication proceeds in three major stages: initiation, elongation and termination. The initiation stage starts with the ordered assembly of "initiator" proteins at the origin region of the chromosome, called oriC. These assembly stages are regulated to ensure that chromosome replication occurs only once in each cell cycle. During the elongation phase of replication, the enzymes that were
Circular bacterial chromosome
18052469
in susceptibility genes of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM). This analysis verifies that eighteen different genome regions are predisposed to insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus(IDDM). There are 18 different symbols of genome region, which is labeled from IDDM1 to IDDM18. The MHC HLA gene (IDDM1) and the insulin gene INS (IDDM2) are the major genetic candidates in the development of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus(IDDM), which are located on the chromosome 6p21.3 and chromosome 11p15 respectively. IDDM3, IDDM4, IDDM5 IDDM7 reside in chromosome 15q26, chromosome 11q13, chromosome 6q25 and 2q31 respectively.IDDM11 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus 11) is one of the
IDDM11
7208796
Y-chromosomal Adam is estimated to have lived roughly 236,000 years ago in Africa. By examining other bottlenecks most Eurasian men are descended from a man who lived 69,000 years ago. Other major bottlenecks occurred about 5,000 years ago and subsequently most Eurasian men can trace their ancestry back to a dozen ancestors who lived 5,000 years ago. Y-DNA haplogroups are defined by the presence of a series of Y-DNA SNP markers. Subclades are defined by a "terminal SNP", the SNP furthest down in the Y-chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major Y-DNA haplogroups
Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
7118228
chromosome may be repeated over and over again, resulting in an unusually wide, dark band (known as a homogeneously staining region). Some chromosomal aberrations have been linked to cancer and inherited genetic disorders, and the chromosomes of many tumor cells exhibit irregular bands. To understand more about what causes these conditions, scientists hope to determine which genes and DNA sequences are located near these unusual bands. Chromosome microdissection is a specialized way of isolating these regions by removing the DNA from the band and making that DNA available for further study. To prepare cells for chromosome microdissection, a scientist first
Chromosome microdissection
17180126
A major shift in understanding of the Haplogroup "A" tree came with the publication of . Initial sequencing of the human y-chromosome suggested that first split in the Y-Chromosome family tree occurred with the M91 mutation that separated Haplogroup A from Haplogroup BT. However, it is now known that deepest split in the Y-chromosome tree is found between two previously reported subclades of Haplogroup A, rather than between Haplogroup A and Haplogroup BT. Subclades A1b and A1a-T now descend directly from the root of the tree. The rearrangement of the Y-chromosome family tree implies that lineages classified as Haplogroup A
Haplogroup A-L1085
5644085
the "Zhivotovski method", which is heavily criticised by DNA-genealogists for its falsehood. The eusocial wasp "Angiopolybia pallens "presents with 8 haplogroups depending on its location. This displays the idea of genetic drift. Human Y chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups are named from A to T, and are further subdivided using numbers and lower case letters. Y chromosome haplogroup designations are established by the Y Chromosome Consortium. Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to the male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Major Y-chromosome haplogroups, and their geographical regions of occurrence (prior to
Haplogroup
4496858
practice of animism among the major religions, but this is not recorded by the census. There are 6 main Y-chromosome haplogroups in Western New Guinea; Y-chromosome haplogroup M is the most common, with Y-chromosome haplogroup O2a as a small minority in second place and Y-chromosome haplogroup S back in third position across the mountain highlands; while D, C2 and C4 are of negligible numbers. In 2012, the Tampoto tribe in Skow Mabo village, Jayapura, was on the brink of extinction, with only a single person (a man in his twenties) still living; the Dasem tribe in Waena area, Jayapura, also
Western New Guinea
16280026
b-trees, no movement is involved. Instead, information about the extraposed constituent is passed along the path marked in red. This path extends from the extraposed constituent to what can be viewed as the governor of the extraposed constituent. The words in red in the dependency tree qualify as a concrete unit of syntax; they form a catena. Extraposition Extraposition is a mechanism of syntax that alters word order in such a manner that a relatively "heavy" constituent appears to the right of its canonical position. Extraposing a constituent results in a discontinuity and in this regard, it is unlike shifting,
Extraposition
7965687
of ellipsis (e.g. the subscripted material above) often does not qualify as a constituent, the constituent being the fundamental unit of syntactic analysis associated with phrase structure grammars. What this means is that formal accounts of ellipsis must seek some way of accounting for the fact that many of the ellipsis mechanisms enumerated above can elide word combinations that do not qualify as any recognizable unit of (phrase structure) syntax. One widespread approach to the challenge is to assume movement (or some notion akin to movement). What happens is that remnants are moved out of a greater constituent first so
Ellipsis (linguistics)
6935426
what point in development these mutations occur. Males typically have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome in each diploid cell of their bodies. Females typically have two X chromosomes. XX males that are SRY-positive have two X chromosomes, with one of them containing genetic material from the Y chromosome, making them phenotypically male but genetically female. The SRY gene plays an important role in sex determination by initiating testicular development. In most XX males the SRY gene is present. The tip of the Y chromosome contains the SRY gene and, during recombination, a translocation occurs in which the SRY
XX male syndrome
10105762
Haplogroup G-M377 Haplogroup G2b-M377 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup and is defined by the presence of the M377 mutation. It is a branch of Haplogroup G2, which in turn is defined by the presence of the M201 mutation. G2b is a major Y chromosome haplogroup, and yet unique. It was found among Pashtuns, who are classified as Iranic and on much lower scale among all major Jewish groups, Palestinians, Lebanese and Syrians(See also page covering Jews with Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)) G2b presents more mysteries regarding its origin and distribution than virtually any other major Y haplogroup. Haplogroups that are rare in
Haplogroup G-M377
4945570
qualify as a subtree, it is not a constituent. What this means based upon the criterion of configurationality is that this dependency structure (like all dependency structures) is non-configurational. The distinction between configurational and non-configurational has hence disappeared entirely, all languages being non-configurational in the relevant sense. Note, however, that while the finite VP is not a constituent in the tree, the non-finite VP "have a finite VP constituent" is a constituent (because it qualifies as a subtree). Dependency grammars point to the results of standard constituency tests as evidence that finite VP does not exist as a constituent While
Non-configurational language
81397
having 28 (tetraploid) and 42 (hexaploid) chromosomes, compared to the 14 (diploid) chromosomes in the wild wheat. Prokaryote species generally have one copy of each major chromosome, but most cells can easily survive with multiple copies. For example, "Buchnera", a symbiont of aphids has multiple copies of its chromosome, ranging from 10–400 copies per cell. However, in some large bacteria, such as "Epulopiscium fishelsoni" up to 100,000 copies of the chromosome can be present. Plasmids and plasmid-like small chromosomes are, as in eukaryotes, highly variable in copy number. The number of plasmids in the cell is almost entirely determined by
Chromosome
10817977
Natronococcus In taxonomy, Natronococcus is a genus of the Halobacteriaceae. This haloalkaliphilic archaeon is in the same family as microorganisms like "Halobacterium". Study of "Natronococcus" continues to explore what enzymes are present in order to survive in these conditions, especially since there has not been much literature about enzymes of haloalkaliphiles. The G + C content for the major chromosome is 64.0% while the minor component has a 55.7% content. The approximate size of the plasmid is 144 kbp. "Natronococcus" is a heterotrophic, aerobic organism that can use sugars as a nitrogen source to stimulate growth. Specifically it can fix
Natronococcus
11816688
brain and testis, though in adult males, it is expressed primarily in the testis. Studies on Ant4-deficient mice reveal increased apoptosis in the testis leading to infertility, thus indicating that Ant4 is required as for spermatogenesis. In this case, the anti-apoptotic function for ANT4 is attributed to its importing of cytosolic ATP into the mitochondria. In other cells, the isoform ANT2 carries out this role; however, since sperm lack the X chromosome on which the "ANT2" gene resides, survival of the sperm is dependent on ANT4. The SLC25A31 enzyme is an important constituent in apoptotic signaling and oxidative stress, most
SLC25A31
81401
living relatives to modern humans, have 48 chromosomes as do the other great apes: in humans two chromosomes fused to form chromosome 2. Chromosomal aberrations are disruptions in the normal chromosomal content of a cell and are a major cause of genetic conditions in humans, such as Down syndrome, although most aberrations have little to no effect. Some chromosome abnormalities do not cause disease in carriers, such as translocations, or chromosomal inversions, although they may lead to a higher chance of bearing a child with a chromosome disorder. Abnormal numbers of chromosomes or chromosome sets, called aneuploidy, may be lethal
Chromosome
397464
Speciation may also be induced artificially, through animal husbandry, agriculture, or laboratory experiments. Whether genetic drift is a minor or major contributor to speciation is the subject matter of much ongoing discussion. Rapid sympatric speciation can take place through polyploidy, such as by doubling of chromosome number; the result is progeny which are immediately reproductively isolated from the parent population. New species can also be created through hybridisation followed, if the hybrid is favoured by natural selection, by reproductive isolation. In addressing the question of the origin of species, there are two key issues: (1) what are the evolutionary mechanisms
Speciation
11348105
XIST Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X inactivation process. It is a component of the "Xic" – X-chromosome inactivation centre – along with two other RNA genes ("Jpx" and "Ftx") and two protein genes ("Tsx" and "Cnbp2"). The Xist RNA, a large (17 kb in humans) transcript, is expressed on the inactive chromosome and not on the active one. It is processed in a similar way to mRNAs, through splicing and polyadenylation. However, it remains untranslated. It has been suggested that
XIST
2732212
in butterflies and heterostyly in angiosperms are good examples. There is a long-standing debate as to how this situation could have arisen, and the question is not yet resolved. Whereas a gene family (several tightly linked genes performing similar or identical functions) arises by duplication of a single original gene, this is usually not the case with supergenes. In a supergene some of the constituent genes have quite distinct functions, so they must have come together under selection. This process might involve suppression of crossing-over, translocation of chromosome fragments and possibly occasional cistron duplication. That crossing-over can be suppressed by
Polymorphism (biology)
18783158
body. Xist will be continuously created to maintain a condensed and silenced Barr body. In embryonic development, when the zygote is still composed of just a few cells, each cell of the zygote will randomly chose an X-chromosome to condense and silence. From then on, the daughter cells of that cell will always silence the same X-chromosome as the parent cell it propagated from. This creates what is known as the “mosaic effect,” in which differential X-chromosome expression creates differing genotypes throughout a single organism. This may or may not be evident in females, depending on how the genes of
Epigenetics of human development
9938912
X chromosome. In the absence of other influences, such as color inhibition that causes white fur, the alleles present in those orange loci determine whether the fur is orange or not. Female cats, like all female placental mammals, normally have two X chromosomes. In contrast, male placental mammals, including chromosomally stable male cats, have one X and one Y chromosome. Since the Y chromosome does not have any locus for the orange gene, there is no chance that an XY male could have both orange and non-orange genes together, which is what it takes to create tortoiseshell or calico coloring.
Calico cat
4515313
correlated these prehistoric remains to any modern breed. What has been studied are Y-chromosomes (Y-DNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) obtained from Exmoor ponies. The Y-chromosome is passed on through the male line, and worldwide shows very little genetic variation in horses, except for a second Y-chromosome haplotype found in China, suggesting that a very limited number of stallions contributed to the original genome of the domestic horse. The Exmoor pony shares this general Y-chromosome haplotype. In contrast, mitochondrial DNA is passed on though the female line, and shows far more variation than Y-DNA, indicating that a large number of wild
Exmoor pony
13960826
were represented in the creation of the YCC Tree. 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011 2012 2013 2014 Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Men in the same haplogroup share a set of differences, or markers, on their Y-Chromosome, which distinguish them from men in other haplogroups. These UEPs, or markers used to define haplogroups, are SNP mutations. Y-Chromosome Haplogroups all form "family trees" or "phylogenies", with both branches or sub-clades diverging from a common haplogroup ancestor,
Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
13960823
Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Men in the same haplogroup share a set of differences, or markers, on their Y-Chromosome, which distinguish them from men in other haplogroups. These UEPs, or markers used to define haplogroups, are SNP mutations. Y-Chromosome Haplogroups all form "family trees" or "phylogenies", with both branches or sub-clades diverging from a common haplogroup ancestor, and also with all haplogroups themselves linked into one family tree which traces back ultimately to the most
Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups
9597992
also suffer intellectual disabilities (approx. 75% of recorded cases do) ranging from mild to severe – mental development during childhood may therefore progress more slowly. Prolidase deficiency is the result of mutations on the PEPD gene, located on chromosome 19 and coding for the prolidase enzmye, also known as peptidase-D. At least 19 different mutations in the PEPD gene have been identified in individuals affected by the disorder. Prolidase is involved in the degradation of certain iminodipeptides (those containing C-terminal proline or hydroxyproline) formed during the breakdown of collagen, recycling the constituent amino acids (proline and hydroxyproline) and making them
Prolidase deficiency
1344208
of visible major chromosomal arms per set of chromosomes. Thus, FN ≤ 2 x 2n, the difference depending on the number of chromosomes considered single-armed (acrocentric or telocentric) present. Humans have FN = 82, due to the presence of five acrocentric chromosome pairs: 13, 14, 15, 21, and 22 (the human Y chromosome is also acrocentric). The fundamental autosomal number or autosomal fundamental number, "FNa" or "AN", of a karyotype is the number of visible major chromosomal arms per set of autosomes (non-sex-linked chromosomes). Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell. Aneuploidy is the condition
Karyotype
17831940
will lack the Y chromosome. All the cells created from the cells that have not lost the Y chromosome will be XY. The 46,XY cells will continue to multiply at the same time as the 45,X cells multiply. The embryo, then the fetus and then the baby will have what is called a 45,X/46,XY constitution. This is called a mosaic karyotype because, like tiles in mosaic floors or walls, there is more than one type of cell. There are many chromosomal variations that cause the 45,X/46,XY karyotype, including malformation (isodicentricism) of the Y chromosomes, deletions of Y chromosome or translocations
45,X/46,XY mosaicism
16487655
its distribution on chromosomes of octodontids is absolutely necessary to define exactly what heterochromatin fraction is responsible for the large genomes of the red viscacha rat. In comparative cytogenetics, chromosome homology between species was proposed on the basis of similarities in banding patterns. Closely related species often had very similar banding pattern and after 40 years of comparing bands it seems safe to generalize that karyotype divergence in most taxonomic groups follows their phylogenetic relationship, despite notable exceptions. The conservation of large chromosomal segments makes comparison between species worthwhile. Chromosome banding has been a reliable indicator of chromosome homology overall,
Genome diversity and karyotype evolution of mammals
16721044
increased risk of developing colorectal cancers. Up to 10% of invasive cancers are related to radiation exposure, including both non-ionizing radiation and ionizing radiation. Unlike chemical or physical triggers for cancer, ionizing radiation hits molecules within cells randomly. If it happens to strike a chromosome, it can break the chromosome, result in an abnormal number of chromosomes, inactivate one or more genes in the part of the chromosome that it hit, delete parts of the DNA sequence, cause chromosome translocations, or cause other types of chromosome abnormalities. Major damage normally results in the cell dying, but smaller damage may leave
Causes of cancer
2890475
the short arm of the chromosome, "q" indicating the long arm, and the numbers after p or q refers to regions, bands and subbands seen when staining the chromosome with a staining dye. See also the definition of a genetic locus. The translocation is the mechanism that can cause a gene to move from one linkage group to another. In 1938, Karl Sax, at the Harvard University Biological Laboratories, published a paper entitled "Chromosome Aberrations Induced by X-rays", which demonstrated that radiation could induce major genetic changes by affecting chromosomal translocations. The paper is thought to mark the beginning of
Chromosomal translocation
17298329
to the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), FAM149A is similar to cDNA FLJ32604 (98% query cover), which is found in stomach tissue and has no known function. FAM149A is also similar to cDNA FLJ58677 (86% query cover), which is found in fetal kidney tissue with no known function. Information acquired from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ FAM149A consists of 2721 base pairs and 482 amino acids and is located on chromosome 4q35.1. It runs on the positive strand of chromosome 4. Other genes are also found nearby on the same chromosome, including TLR3, CYP4V2, FLJ38576, ORAOV1P1, and SORBS2. FAM149A possess one major paralog,
FAM149A
114111
family Tombusviridae and unclassified oomycete-infecting viruses. The name Cruciviridae has been proposed for this group. The families "Bidnaviridae" and "Parvoviridae" have linear genomes while the other families have circular genomes. The "Bidnaviridae" have a two part genome and infect invertebrates. The "Inoviridae" and "Microviridae" infect bacteria; the "Anelloviridae" and "Circoviridae" infect animals (mammals and birds respectively); and the "Geminiviridae" and "Nanoviridae" infect plants. In both the "Geminiviridae" and "Nanoviridae" the genome is composed of more than a single chromosome. The "Bacillariodnaviridae" infect diatoms and have a unique genome: the major chromosome is circular (~6 kilobases in length): the minor chromosome
DNA virus
8841043
HLA region of chromosome 6p21.3, in what was classically known as the "D" antigen region. This region encoded the subunits for DP,-Q and -R which are the major MHC class II antigens in humans. Each of these proteins have slightly different functions and are regulated in slightly different ways. DQ is made up of two different subunits to form an αβ-heterodimer. Each subunit is encoded by its own "gene" (a coding locus). The DQ α subunit is encoded by the HLA-DQA1 gene and the DQ β subunit is encoded by the HLA-DQB1 gene. Both loci are variable in the human
HLA-DQ
11323614
of this gene, on the chromosome, is located on the cytogenetic band at 19q13.2. This the long arm (q) of the chromosome 19 at 13.2. Looking at the molecular location, the base pairs 41,397,789 to 41,425,005 are on chromosome 19. The cellular localization of this gene is within the mitochondrion matrix. The second major step in the catabolism of the branched-chain amino acids, isoleucine, leucine, and valine, is catalyzed by the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex (BCKD; EC 1.2.4.4), an inner-mitochondrial enzyme complex that consists of 3 catalytic components: a heterotetrameric (alpha2, beta2) branched-chain alpha-keto acid decarboxylase (E1), a homo-24-meric
BCKDHA
15666650
occasionally found in pediatric ependymomas. "MMP2" and "MMP14" appear to also play a role in tumor growth and progression in intracranial cases. Two candidate genes, "TPR" and "CHIBBY", have been identified on commonly altered chromosome regions in pediatric ependymomas, chromosomes 1q25 and chromosome 22q12-q13. Expression of two additional candidate genes, "S100A6" and "S100A4" on chromosome 1q have also been found to correspond to supratentorial tumor development and tumors occurring before the age of 3 years old, though it is unclear exactly what role these genes play in the etiology. Ependymomas have been suggested to arise from radial glial cells, suggesting
Pediatric ependymoma
8393549
Down syndrome research Research of Down syndrome-related genes is based on studying the genes located on chromosome 21. In general, this leads to an overexpression of the genes. Understanding the genes involved may help to target medical treatment to individuals with Down syndrome. It is estimated that chromosome 21 contains 200 to 250 genes. Recent research has identified a region of the chromosome that contains the main genes responsible for the pathogenesis of Down syndrome, located proximal to 21q22.3. The search for major genes involved in Down syndrome characteristics is normally in the region 21q21–21q22.3. Some suspected genes involved in
Down syndrome research
17567828
better describe the observed genetic clustering and inhomogeneity of Y chromosome patterns. For a global reference database the "major language group" criterion seems most appropriate to group data by taking the ancestry into account and produce subdatabases with respect to genetic similarity. The reasoning in doing so is twofold: first, language is an inherited cultural trait and thus the language phylae often correlate with genetic traits not the least to Y chromosome polymorphisms. Second, since languages are well examined by science and mostly understood by the public due to the long tradition of language research, the linguistic terminology is in
Y Chromosome Haplotype Reference Database
13927224
constituent and should therefore be shown as one in the corresponding IC-representation, which it is in both trees. Consider next what these tests tell us about the verb string "is happy": The star * indicates that the sentence is not acceptable English. Based on data like these, one might conclude that the finite verb string "is happy" in the example sentence is not a constituent and should therefore not be shown as a constituent in the corresponding IC-representation. Hence this result supports the IC-analysis in the dependency tree over the one in the constituency tree, since the dependency tree does
Immediate constituent analysis
8706693
58 major arms (2n = 52, FN = 58). The non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) are mostly acrocentric, having a long and a short arm, or telocentric, having only one arm, but there are also three large metacentric pairs, which have two major arms, and a small metacentric pair. The Y chromosome is metacentric and the X chromosome is variable, ranging from nearly metacentric to acrocentric in five specimens studied. "Lundomys molitor" has been found as a living animal only in Uruguay and nearby Rio Grande do Sul; records of live specimens from eastern Argentina and Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, have not
Lundomys
9510490
two normal copies of chromosome 22 and extra genetic material from the der(22) chromosome. As a result of the extra chromosome, people with Emanuel syndrome have three copies of some genes in each cell instead of the usual two copies. The excess genetic material disrupts the normal course of development, leading to intellectual disability and birth defects. Researchers are working to determine which genes are included on the der(22) chromosome and what role these genes play in development. Emanuel syndrome can be diagnosed with a karyotype, FISH or a chromosomal microarray analysis. Emanuel syndrome does not have a cure, but
Emanuel syndrome
9049799
the short arm of chromosome 6 and encodes the larger, α-chain, constituent of HLA-A. Variation of HLA-A α-chain is key to HLA function. This variation promotes genetic diversity in the population. Since each HLA has a different affinity for peptides of certain structures, greater variety of HLAs means greater variety of antigens to be 'presented' on the cell surface, enhancing the likelihood that a subset of the population will be resistant to a given foreign invader. This decreases the likelihood that a single pathogen has the capability to wipe out the entire human population. Each individual can express up to
HLA-A
3727387
arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Current interpretation of Y-chromosome and mtDNA data suggests that modern-day Portuguese trace a significant amount of these lineages to the paleolithic peoples who began settling the European continent between the end of the last glaciation around 45,000 years ago. Northern Iberia is believed to have been a major Ice-age refuge from which Paleolithic humans later colonized Europe. Migrations from what is now Northern Iberia during the Paleolithic and Mesolithic, links modern Iberians to the populations of much of Western Europe and particularly the British Isles and Atlantic
Portuguese people
2384266
depending on view, one pluricentric language or three mutually intelligible languages. On a dialectal level, Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks speak a variety of Shtokavian dialects which have fixed phonetic, morphological and lexical minor differences. The question of standard language is resolved in such a way that three constituent ethnic groups have their educational and cultural institutions in their respective native or mother tongue languages: Bosnian, Croatian and Serbian. A Y chromosome haplogroups study published in 2005 found that "three main groups of Bosnia-Herzegovina, in spite of some quantitative differences, share a large fraction of the same ancient gene pool distinctive
Ethnic groups in Bosnia and Herzegovina
12562369
HLA B7-DR15-DQ6 HLA B7-DR15-DQ6 is a multigene haplotype that covers a majority of the human major histocompatibility complex on chromosome 6. A multigene haplotype is set of inherited alleles covering several genes, or gene-alleles, common multigene haplotypes are generally the result of descent by common ancestry (share a recent common ancestor for that segment of the chromosome). Chromosomal recombination fragments multigene haplotypes as the distance to that ancestor increases in number of generations. HLA B7-DR15-DQ6 is a representation(by serotype) of a common HLA haplotype found in Western Eurasia. The haplotype can be written in an extended form covering the major
HLA B7-DR15-DQ6
1467899
the stipulated time. This led to dissolution of the Constituent Assembly to pave way for new elections to strive for a new political mandate. In opposition to the theory of separation of powers, then Chief Justice Khil Raj Regmi was made the chairman of the caretaker government. Under Regmi, the nation saw peaceful elections for the constituent assembly. The major forces in the earlier constituent assembly (namely CPN Maoists and Madhesi parties) dropped to distant 3rd and even below. In February 2014, after consensus was reached between the two major parties in the constituent assembly, Sushil Koirala was sworn in
Nepal
305211
makes up almost half of the Earth's crust. Dioxygen is used in cellular respiration and many major classes of organic molecules in living organisms contain oxygen, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and fats, as do the major constituent inorganic compounds of animal shells, teeth, and bone. Most of the mass of living organisms is oxygen as a component of water, the major constituent of lifeforms. Oxygen is continuously replenished in Earth's atmosphere by photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to produce oxygen from water and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is too chemically reactive to remain a free element in
Oxygen
20112035
acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The "ACSL6" gene encodes a protein, CSL6 acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 6 (or ACSL6 protein). This protein is a Long-chain-fatty-acid—CoA ligase that plays a major role in fatty acid metabolism (particularly in the brain) by charging fatty acids with Coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA. This function can not only alter fatty acid metabolism but also modulate the function of protein kinase Cs and nuclear thyroid hormone receptor. The gene is located on human chromosome 5 at position q31.1. Chromosome translocations between "ETV6" and "ACSL6" at different chromosome break points create various t(5:12)(q31;p13) "ETV6-ACSL6" fusion genes encoding
Clonal hypereosinophilia
10542495
hind feet length of 34 mm. The specimens captured by Sanborn on Mount Data have a mean skull length of 39.2 mm (37.0 to 40.6 mm with a standard deviation of 1.1 mm). The Luzon montane forest mouse's holotype has a skull length of 39.9 mm; that of "A. major" has a length of 38.4 mm. The animal has a karyotype of 2n=44 and FN=54, which consists of five pairs of four-armed chromosomes and sixteen pairs of two-armed (telocentric) chromosomes. The X-chromosome is a large, and the Y-chromosome a small telocentric chromosome. This karyotype has much in common with that
Luzon montane forest mouse
17687226
citizens and those who serve on their behalf in government. Article One leverages Twilio, Google Speech and Amazon Web Services to translate constituent communications into understandable, useful and actionable information for elected officials and government staff. The product is designed to help government better handle the skyrocketing volume of constituent telephone calls and other forms of communications, more effectively hear what their constituents are saying, and become more responsive to those they represent. Article One integrates directly with existing government communications infrastructure and constituent management software; for example, in the U.S. Congress Article One is integrated directly with constituent management
OpenGov Foundation
17126802
cloning techniques allowed for generation of clones of limited size (up to 240kb), and cytogenetic techniques allowed for mapping such clones to a small region of a particular chromosome to a resolution of around 5-10Mb. Therefore, a major gap remained in resolution between available technologies, and no methods were available for mapping larger areas of the genome. This technique is an extension of “chromosome walking” that allows for larger “steps” along the chromosome. If we desire to take steps of length N kb, we first require very high molecular weight DNA. Once isolated, we partially digest it with a frequent-cutting
Jumping library
5520571
C4-2 sublines contained most of the marker chromosomes, with the M subline being most similar to the parental LNCaP cells. C4, C5 and C4-2 are only minutely distinct from LNCaP and the M subline with the addition of a marker chromosome resulting from a segment addition to chromosome 6. A Y chromosome is not present in most C4, C5 and C4-2 cells, suggesting major chromosomal alterations. C4, C5, and C4-2 sublines grow well under identical tissue culture conditions as LNCaP with similar growth rates. Parental LNCaP, M, C4, and C5 subline have similar baseline gene expression levels of ornithine decarboxylase
LNCaP
16844010
the bracketed strings are shown as what most theories of syntax take to be non-constituents. In contrast, the shared material of most examples of RNR in English does qualify as a constituent. There are exceptions to this observation, however. The shared material of certain instances of RNR does not qualify as a constituent, e.g. Given a traditional left-branching analysis of the VPs in these examples, the shared material (in bold) fails to qualify as a constituent. That the shared material need not qualify as a constituent is perhaps more visible in other languages, for instance in German: The shared material
Right node raising
2899128
there can be genetic recombination events. Parts of the chromosome 2 DNA gained from one parent (red) will swap over to the chromosome 2 DNA molecule that received from the other parent (green). Notice that in mitosis the two copies of chromosome number 2 do not interact. It is these new combinations of parts of chromosomes that provide the major advantage for sexually reproducing organisms by allowing for new combinations of genes and more efficient evolution. However, in organisms with more than one set of chromosomes at the main life cycle stage, sex may also provide an advantage because, under
Cell growth
14015360
the completed chromosomes joined as ‘catenanes’ or topologically interlinked circles. The circles are not covalently linked, but cannot be separated because they are interwound and each is covalently closed. The catenated circles require the action of topoisomerases to separate the circles [decatanation]. In E.coli, DNA topoisomerase IV plays the major role in the separation of the catenated chromosomes, transiently breaking both DNA strands of one chromosome and allowing the other chromosome to pass through the break. There has been some confusion about the role DNA gyrase plays in decatenation. To define the nomenclature, there are two types of topoisomerases: type
Circular bacterial chromosome
8227724
Subclades are defined by a "terminal SNP", the SNP furthest down in the Y chromosome phylogenetic tree. The Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC) developed a system of naming major human Y-DNA haplogroups with the capital letters A through T, with further subclades named using numbers and lower case letters (YCC longhand nomenclature). YCC shorthand nomenclature names Y-DNA haplogroups and their subclades with the first letter of the major Y-DNA haplogroup followed by a dash and the name of the defining terminal SNP. Y-DNA haplogroup nomenclature is changing over time to accommodate the increasing number of SNPs being discovered and tested, and
Subclade
10789619
Royal College Street Royal College Street is a major thoroughfare in London, England in the Borough of Camden. The street is home to the London headquarters of Parcel Force and the London campus of the Royal Veterinary College, a constituent college of the University of London. Camden Road railway station is located at the junction of Royal College Street and Camden Road. The nearest underground station to Royal College Street is Camden Town which is about 5 minutes to the south-west along Camden Road. in 1824 Charles Dickens lived in what is now the upper part of College Place, Camden
Royal College Street
10770397
Paper battery A paper battery is an electric battery engineered to use a spacer formed largely of cellulose (the major constituent of paper). It incorporates [nanoscopic scale] structures to act as high surface-area electrodes to improve conductivity. In addition to being unusually thin, paper batteries are flexible and environmentally-friendly, allowing integration into a wide range of products. Their functioning is similar to conventional chemical batteries with the important difference that they are non-corrosive and do not require extensive housing. The composition of these batteries is what sets them apart from traditional batteries. Paper is abundant and self-sustaining, which makes paper
Paper battery
530027
or her, then he or she is unlikely to recover from the traumatic event in a positive way. As stated by E. E. Maccoby, "the family has continued to be seen as a major—perhaps "the" major—arena for socialization". There have been recent studies looking into the possibility that an abnormality with one's chromosomes could be the trigger for serial killers. Two serial killers, Bobby Joe Long and Richard Speck, came to attention for reported chromosomal abnormalities. Long had an extra X chromosome. Speck was erroneously reported to have an extra Y chromosome; in fact, his karyotype was performed twice and
Serial killer
559209
Plagioclase in hand samples is often identified by its polysynthetic crystal twinning or 'record-groove' effect. Plagioclase is a major constituent mineral in the Earth's crust, and is consequently an important diagnostic tool in petrology for identifying the composition, origin and evolution of igneous rocks. Plagioclase is also a major constituent of rock in the highlands of the Earth's moon. Analysis of thermal emission spectra from the surface of Mars suggests that plagioclase is the most abundant mineral in the crust of Mars. The composition of a plagioclase feldspar is typically denoted by its overall fraction of anorthite (%An) or albite
Plagioclase
11080415
length is , averaging ; tail length is , averaging ; hindfoot length is , averaging ; ear length is , averaging ; and weight is , averaging . The karyotype includes 34 chromosomes with a fundamental number of 40 major arms (2n = 34, FN = 40). The autosomes includes three large and one very small pairs of metacentrics, with two long arms, and twelve small to medium-sized acrocentric pairs, which have a long and a very short arm. The X chromosome is medium-sized and subtelocentric, with a long and a short arm, and the Y chromosome is very
Akodon caenosus
300062
over which a cluster disrupts depends on its initial stellar density, with more tightly packed clusters persisting for longer. Estimated cluster half lives, after which half the original cluster members will have been lost, range from 150–800 million years, depending on the original density. After a cluster has become gravitationally unbound, many of its constituent stars will still be moving through space on similar trajectories, in what is known as a stellar association, moving cluster, or moving group. Several of the brightest stars in the 'Plough' of Ursa Major are former members of an open cluster which now form such
Open cluster
13182293
Unit) is the usually polysyllabic phonological word. A robust finite/non-finite asymmetry underlies Galo grammar, and clause chaining and nominalization are both rampant. No synchronic verb-serialization appears to exist, although what seems to have been proto-verb-serialization has developed into a very large and productive system of derivational suffixes to bound verbal roots. Major (non-derived) lexical classes are noun, adjective and verb. Other grammatical features include postpositions, relator nouns, classifiers, an extremely large system of aspectual suffixes, and a rich set of constituent-final particles coding functions related to epistemological status (such as evidentiality), discourse/pragmatic status, modality, and other related functions. Case-marking is
Gallong language
4742548
established 1896, covered those areas on the east coast of the peninsula, i.e. the provinces Songkhla, Nakhon Si Thammarat and Phatthalung. Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (Kingdom of Ligor) () was one of the major constituent city states ("mueang") of the Siamese kingdoms of Sukhothai and later Ayutthaya and controlled a sizeable part of the Malay peninsula. Its capital was the eponymous city of Nakhon Si Thammarat in what is now Southern Thailand. Most historians identify the Tambralinga kingdom of Chinese records (existing c. 7th to 14th century) with a precursor of Nakhon Si Thammarat. During the
Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom
15162606
this is where the sexual determining factor on the Y chromosome (SRY) is transferred to the X chromosome due to an unequal crossing over, this gene indicated what gender the individual should be and causes the development of testes, causing the individual to be phenotypically male but genotypically female, the resulting individual is (information needed). Economic uses of sterility include: Sterility (physiology) Sterility is the physiological inability to effect sexual reproduction in a living thing, members of whose kind have been produced sexually. Sterility has a wide range of causes. It may be an inherited trait, as in the mule;
Sterility (physiology)
12495501
a functional relationship into its constituent parts in such a way that the original function can be reconstructed from those parts by function composition. In general, this process of decomposition is undertaken either for the purpose of gaining insight into the identity of the constituent components, or for the purpose of obtaining a compressed representation of the global function, a task which is feasible only when the constituent processes possess a certain level of "modularity". Functional decomposition has a prominent role in computer programming, where a major goal is to "modularize" processes to the greatest extent possible. For example, a
Function model
12532601
have a dense protein core, surrounded by a halo of radiating fibers. Mutations on chromosome 4 can cause Parkinson's disease. This gene produces a protein known as a-synuclein. This protein which is normally found in the presynaptic terminals and is thought to be involved in synaptic transmission in dopaminergic neurons. The mutation produces what is known as a toxic gain of function because it produces a protein that results in effects that are toxic to the cell. Parkinson's disease can also be caused by a mutation on chromosome 6. This gene has been named parkin. This mutation causes a loss
Antiparkinson medication
13927220
in which words are structured). The process is, however, much different in dependency grammars, since many individual words do not end up as constituents in dependency grammars. IC-analysis is much different in dependency grammars. Since dependency grammars view the finite verb as the root of all sentence structure, they cannot and do not acknowledge the initial binary subject-predicate division of the clause associated with phrase structure grammars. What this means for the general understanding of constituent structure is that dependency grammars do not acknowledge a finite verb phrase (VP) constituent and many individual words also do not qualify as constituents,
Immediate constituent analysis
10928768
and Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. (PDVSA), which is currently being run by Major Manuel Quevedo. These additional sanctions were due to the continuous allegations of public corruption, the persecution of violence against political opponents, as well as the establishment of what the United States considers the illegitimate Constituent Assembly. This executive order prohibits transactions made by a citizen of the United States or within the United states from the following; dealing new debt from PDVSA older than 90 days; dealing new debt or new equity older than 30 days from the Government of Venezuela (PDVSA not included); and the remittance
Venezuelan National Guard
1337246
likely to be repaired. Somatic mutations cannot be passed down from parent to offspring, but these mutations can propagate in cell lines within an organism. Radiation damage can also cause chromosome and chromatid aberrations, and their effect depends on what stage of the mitotic cycle the cell is currently in when the irradiation occurs. If the cell is in interphase, while it is still a single strand of chromatin, the damage will be replicated during the S1 phase of cell cycle, and there will be a break on both chromosome arms. Then the damage will be apparent in both daughter
Acute radiation syndrome
16816737
change across the canonical and inverted variants. The following trees illustrate this alternative account. The first two trees illustrate the analysis in an unorthodox phrase structure grammar that rejects the presence of the finite VP constituent, and the second two trees illustrate the analysis in a dependency grammar. Dependency grammar rejects the presence of a finite VP constituent. Because there is no finite VP constituent in these trees, the basic hierarchy of constituents remains consistent. What changes is just the linear order of the constituents. The following trees illustrates the "flat" dependency-based analysis of the marijuana-example. Due to the lack
Subject–verb inversion in English
7781659
full Watson-Crick winding, but rather "wants", increasingly, to be "underwound". Since there is less and less strain to be relieved by superhelical winding, the superhelices therefore progressively disappear as the pH increases. At a pH just below 12, all incentive for superhelicity has expired, and the chromosome will appear as a relaxed, open circle. At higher pH still, the chromosome, which is now denaturing in earnest, tends to unwind entirely, which it cannot do so (because L is covalently locked in). Under these conditions, what was once treated as "underwinding" has actually now become "overwinding". Once again there is strain,
DNA supercoil
12316342
Contiguous gene syndrome A contiguous gene syndrome (CGS), also known as a contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a clinical phenotype caused by a chromosomal abnormality, such as a deletion or duplication that removes several genes lying in close proximity to one another on the chromosome. The combined phenotype of the patient is a combination of what is seen when any individual has disease-causing mutations in any of the individual genes involved in the deletion. While it can be caused by deleted material on a chromosome, it is not, strictly speaking, the same entity as a segmental aneuploidy syndrome. A segmental
Contiguous gene syndrome
6783555
Genetic representation In computer programming, genetic representation is a way of representing solutions/individuals in evolutionary computation methods. Genetic representation can encode appearance, behavior, physical qualities of individuals. Designing a good genetic representation that is expressive and evolvable is a hard problem in evolutionary computation. Difference in genetic representations is one of the major criteria drawing a line between known classes of evolutionary computation. Terminology often comes by analogy with natural genetics. The block of computer memory that represents one candidate solution is called an individual. The data in that block is called a chromosome. Each chromosome consists of genes. The
Genetic representation
12316345
WAGR syndrome (caused by deletions on 11q13 encompassing "PAX6" and "WT1".) Contiguous gene syndrome A contiguous gene syndrome (CGS), also known as a contiguous gene deletion syndrome is a clinical phenotype caused by a chromosomal abnormality, such as a deletion or duplication that removes several genes lying in close proximity to one another on the chromosome. The combined phenotype of the patient is a combination of what is seen when any individual has disease-causing mutations in any of the individual genes involved in the deletion. While it can be caused by deleted material on a chromosome, it is not, strictly
Contiguous gene syndrome
11152137
Myocilin Myocilin, trabecular meshwork inducible glucocorticoid response, also known as MYOC, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the "MYOC" gene. Mutations in "MYOC" are a major cause of glaucoma. The cytogenetic location of human "MYOC" gene is on the long (q) arm of chromosome 1, specifically at position 24.3 (1q24.3). The gene’s molecular location starts at is 171,635,417 bp and ends at 171,652,63 bp on chromosome 1 (Annotation: GRCh38.p12) (assembly). Myocilin is a protein with a weight of 55 kDa (504 amino acid) and an overall acidic property is the first gene that has been linked to
Myocilin
11811066
widely used for prostate cancer. Although the gene has been reported to be on chromosome 10, this sequence appears to be from a cluster of genes on chromosome 11 that includes mammaglobin 2. SCGB1D2 expression is high in mammary tissue, and is sometimes used for identification and detection of disseminated breast cancer cells. SCGB1D2 Secretoglobin family 1D member 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "SCGB1D2" gene. The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the lipophilin subfamily, part of the uteroglobin superfamily, and is an ortholog of prostatein, the major secretory glycoprotein of
SCGB1D2
11324935
pair 50,384,290 to base pair 50,418,018 on chromosome 19. The mouse orthologue maps to mouse chromosome 7. In humans, the major POLD1 transcript (NM_002691.3) contains 27 exons and translates into the 1107 amino acids of the p125 or A subunit. A longer isoform has been reported with a 26 amino acid in-frame insertion after amino acid 592 (NP_001295561.1). A pseudogene (LOC100422453) has been reported on the long arm of chromosome 6. Table 1 provides gene names and chromosomal locations for the various subunits of Polδ in humans, mice, budding yeast ("S. cerevisiae") and fission yeast ("S. pombe"). The "POLD1" gene
POLD1
9194485
would not press its claim to the presidency and that it would instead favor having a member of civil society become President. The party expressed continued opposition to a proposal that would allow the Prime Minister to be dismissed by a simple majority vote of the Constituent Assembly.< Despite the Maoist desire to have a neutral figure as President, the Nepali Congress proposed Koirala for the position. The Constituent Assembly held its second sitting on 5 June; due to the three major parties' deadlock, this sitting was very brief, lasting less than a half-hour, and took no major decisions. On
2008 Nepalese Constituent Assembly election
899799
formed when both carbons have the same stereochemistry, whereas a β-glycosidic bond occurs when the two carbons have different stereochemistry. One complicating issue is that the alpha and beta conformations were originally defined based on the relative orientation of the major constituents in a Haworth projection. In this case, for -sugars, a beta conformation would see the major constituent at each carbon drawn above the plane of the ring (nominally the same conformation), while alpha would see the anomeric constituent below the ring (nominally opposite conformations). For -sugars, the definitions would then, necessarily, reverse. This is worth noting as these
Glycosidic bond
10739092
Orthodox synagogues across Great Britain. Perhaps the best known rabbi of New West End Synagogue was Louis Jacobs, whose ties with the synagogue were severed in what became known as the Jacobs affair, and went on to found the Masorti movement. In August 2007, the New West End Synagogue was declared a national monument. The New West End Synagogue is a constituent of the United Synagogue (Orthodox) and serves the Jewish communities of Bayswater, Notting Hill, Kensington, Hammersmith and West London. Opened in 1879, it has in recent years enjoyed a major communal renaissance under the leadership of Rabbi Geoffrey
New West End Synagogue
11348121
maturing XX primordial germ cells, Xist is downregulated and X reactivation occurs once again. Mutations in the XIST promoter cause familial skewed X inactivation. XIST (gene) has been shown to interact with BRCA1. XIST Xist (X-inactive specific transcript) is an RNA gene on the X chromosome of the placental mammals that acts as a major effector of the X inactivation process. It is a component of the "Xic" – X-chromosome inactivation centre – along with two other RNA genes ("Jpx" and "Ftx") and two protein genes ("Tsx" and "Cnbp2"). The Xist RNA, a large (17 kb in humans) transcript, is
XIST
18733860
discovered through multiple sources that linked the C3orf70 gene to a “Genome-wide association study of major depressive disorder”. A microdeletion has been identified from 3q26.33-3q27.2. Mandrille et al. associates this discovered microdeletion with a possible clinical syndrome characterized by clinical features related to brain development. C3orf70 C3orf70 also known as Chromosome 3 Open Reading Frame 70, is a 250aa protein in humans that is encoded by the C3orf70 gene. The protein encoded is predicted to be a nuclear protein; however, its exact function is currently unknown. C3orf70 can be identified with known aliases: Chromosome 3 Open Reading Frame 70, AK091454,
C3orf70