when did the development of nuclear science begin
1898
1820371
more powerful fusion weapons known as "hydrogen bombs". In the first decades of the 20th century, physics was revolutionised with developments in the understanding of the nature of atoms. In 1898, Pierre and Marie Curie discovered that pitchblende, an ore of uranium, contained a substance—which they named radium—that emitted large amounts of radioactivity. Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed. H. G. Wells was inspired to write about
History of nuclear weapons
13795555
by President Reagan, on September 25, 1981, Sandra Day O'Connor broke the gender barrier on the U.S. Supreme Court, when she was sworn in as the first female justice. 1985 saw the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, the nation's largest nuclear power plant, begin electrical production. Conceived in 1980, the Arizona Science Center, located in "Heritage and Science Park", opened in 1984. 1987 saw visits by Pope John Paul II and Mother Teresa. The new 20 story City Hall opened in 1992, The development of the Sunnyslope area with low-cost housing is noticed by local refugee resettlement centers, which promote
History of Phoenix, Arizona
4138663
fallout from radioactive bombs, Marsden came to oppose testing and the development of nuclear weapons. While Marsden had a significant role in establishing and encouraging nuclear science in New Zealand, this role of speaking out against nuclear weapons development and testing - which he only did after the British nuclear testing program was complete - is less known. In 1966, the same year France began testing nuclear bombs in the Pacific, Marsden suffered a stroke which left him confined to a wheelchair. He later died at his home in Lowry Bay, Lower Hutt on the shores of Wellington Harbour in
Ernest Marsden
2952626
on October 3, 1952, which had a yield of 25 kilotons. Despite major contributions to the Manhattan Project by both Canadian and British governments, the U.S. Congress passed the Atomic Energy Act of 1946, which prohibited multi-national cooperation on nuclear projects. The McMahon Act fueled resentment from British scientists and Winston Churchill, as they believed that there were agreements regarding post-war sharing of nuclear technology, and led to Britain developing its own nuclear weapons. Britain did not begin planning the development of their own nuclear weapon until January 1947. Because of Britain’s small size, they decided to test their bomb
Nuclear arms race
15453262
country, which confirmed the necessity of nuclear energy. Also in 1968, the government issued a secret "National Strategic Concept" arguing that the acquisition of nuclear science and technology was a means to overcome Brazil's peripheral position in world affairs. According to this perspective, Brazil could not accept the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), an international accord perceived by Brazil as an instrument to curtail the national development of nuclear energy in non-nuclear weapon countries, which did not solve the problem of nuclear weapons. Propelled by a staggering economic growth rate, Brazil invited different companies and consortiums to present projects for the
Nuclear activities in Brazil
198619
organize conferences within their regions: The African Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology (AFRA): Cooperative Agreement for Arab States in Asia for Research, Development and Training related to Nuclear Science and Technology (ARASIA): Regional Cooperative Agreement for Research, Development and Training Related to Nuclear Science and Technology for Asia and the Pacific (RCA): Cooperation Agreement for the Promotion of Nuclear Science and Technology in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARCAL): International Atomic Energy Agency The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of
International Atomic Energy Agency
473937
correctly assessed the situation as a false alarm, and hence did not report his finding to his superiors. It is quite possible that his actions prevented "World War III", as the Soviet policy at that time was immediate nuclear response upon discovering inbound ballistic missiles. The world came unusually close to nuclear war when the Soviet Union thought that the NATO military exercise Able Archer 83 was a ruse or "cover-up" to begin a nuclear first strike. The Soviets responded by raising readiness and preparing their nuclear arsenal for immediate use. Soviet fears of an attack ceased once the exercise
Nuclear warfare
2064
Einstein did not return to Germany. He settled in the United States and became an American citizen in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential development of "extremely powerful bombs of a new type" and recommending that the US begin similar research. This eventually led to the Manhattan Project. Einstein supported the Allies, but he generally denounced the idea of using nuclear fission as a weapon. He signed the Russell–Einstein Manifesto with British philosopher Bertrand Russell, which highlighted the danger of nuclear weapons. He was
Albert Einstein
8268674
that is now recognized as an early (possibly the first) electrostatic generator, but he did not recognize it primarily as an electrical device or conduct electrical experiments with it. By the end of the 17th Century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction with an electrostatic generator, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity. The first usage of the word "electricity" is ascribed to Sir Thomas Browne in his 1646 work, "Pseudodoxia Epidemica". The first
History of electromagnetic theory
12784969
through the conductors as ionization occurs at the point when an electric field is present, such as happens when thunderclouds are overhead. In the United States, the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) does not currently endorse a device that can prevent or reduce lightning strikes. The NFPA Standards Council, following a request for a project to address Dissipation Array[tm] Systems and Charge Transfer Systems, denied the request to begin forming standards on such technology (though the Council did not foreclose on future standards development after reliable sources demonstrating the validity of the basic technology and science were submitted). The theory
Lightning rod
5073283
Leland Bradford and Ronald Lippitt. Crosby, worked closely with Mr. Wallen from 1968 to 1975, co-leading several National Training Laboratories T-groups during that time. When Crosby founded the Leadership Institute of Seattle (LIOS) Applied Behavioral Science Graduate Program he made T-groups a core requirement of the curriculum, and he did the same when founding and leading the ALCOA Corporate leadership program from 1990 to 2005. Throughout Crosby's Organization Development career he has used T-groups in numerous business culture change and performance improvement initiatives, most famously during the PECO Nuclear turnaround following the shutdown of Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station for
T-groups
4225412
sites for weapons research. In the early summer of 1940 Nishina met Lieutenant-General Takeo Yasuda on a train. Yasuda was at the time director of the Army Aeronautical Department's Technical Research Institute. Nishina told Yasuda about the possibility of building nuclear weapons. However, the Japanese fission project did not formally begin until April 1941 when Yasuda acted on Army Minister Hideki Tōjō's order to investigate the possibilities of nuclear weapons. Yasuda passed the order down the chain of command to Viscount Masatoshi Ōkōchi, director of the RIKEN Institute, who in turn passed it to Nishina, whose Nuclear Research Laboratory by
Japanese nuclear weapon program
2377397
what a full nuclear war might be like. ECAS was also very vocal in its opposition of the development of the first hydrogen bomb. ECAS was active for four years, until 1950 when it was gradually disbanded, although most of the members continued to campaign against nuclear war, and participated in the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs. Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists The Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists (ECAS) was founded by Albert Einstein and Leó Szilárd in 1946. Its aims were to warn the public of the dangers associated with the development of nuclear weapons, promote the
Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists
18538648
Begin, as he was "[his] kind of Jew". Eshkol, Meir and Rabin did not trust Abba Eban, Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel from 1966-1974. Eshkol even called him a "knowledgeable fool". He also said of him, "Eban never gives the right solution, only the right speech." Avner wrote that he was unhappy with his service under Peres. During the Yom Kippur War (1973), European social democratic governments did not help Israel and eventually Meir rebuked them during a Socialist International meeting after the war. When Begin ordered the 1981 bombing on the under construction nuclear reactor "Osirak" in Iraq, US
The Prime Ministers
6424311
Vice-President of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and honorary Chairman of the China Association for Science and Technology. Qian made outstanding contributions to the establishment of nuclear science in the People's Republic of China and to the development of the PRC's atomic and hydrogen bombs. Qian Sanqiang Qian Sanqiang (; October 16, 1913 – June 28, 1992) was a Chinese nuclear physicist. Due to his central role in the development of China's nuclear industry and nuclear weapons program, he is referred to as China's "father of the atomic bomb." A native of Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, China, Qian was born in
Qian Sanqiang
10521992
elite arose in developing countries such as India, Pakistan, Brazil, and Iraq who had been educated as scientists in the industrialized world. They spearheaded the development of science in these countries, presuming that by pushing for Manhattan project-type enterprises in nuclear power, electronics, pharmaceuticals, or space exploration they could leapfrog the dismally low level of development of science establishments in their countries. India, for example, started a nuclear energy program that mobilized thousands of technicians and cost hundreds of millions of dollars but had limited success. Though China, North Korea, India and Pakistan have been successful in deploying nuclear weapons
Science in newly industrialized countries
16108470
International Conference on the Physics of Nuclear Science and Technology, the U.S. Civilian Research and Development Foundation for the Independent States of the Former Soviet Union Grant Program, the American Society of Engineering Education, and the National Science Foundation. He has also served on panels and teams, at both the national and international level, including the United States/Russian Technical Specialists Team on Water Reactors for Fissile Materials Disposition, the Department of Energy Nuclear Engineering Research Grant Program Review Panel, the National Science Foundation Review Panel, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Nuclear Energy Agency Criticality Safety Working Party.
Naeem M. Abdurrahman
5495985
the year 2011 for his outstanding contributions in the field of nuclear engineering, towards national initiative to open international civil nuclear trade, further development of framework for governance of nuclear power and human resource development. The citation for the award stated, "During a career spanning four decades, Dr. Grover has distinguished himself as an academic, research and development engineer and a science administrator. His knowledge of nuclear engineering and nuclear law has earned him the title 'nuclear diplomat'." Citation says, " He played maximum role in all steps taken by the Government of India towards opening international civil nuclear trade."
Ravi Grover
1266853
immediately. This option expired when the site was actually recommended by the President. On July 23, 2002, President George W. Bush signed House Joint Resolution 87, () allowing the DOE to take the next step in establishing a safe repository in which to store the country's nuclear waste. The DOE was to begin accepting spent fuel at the Yucca Mountain Repository by January 31, 1998 but did not do so because of a series of delays due to legal challenges, concerns over how to transport nuclear waste to the facility, and political pressures resulting in underfunding of the construction. On
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository
2952628
Vulcan, SEPECAT Jaguar, Panavia Tornado and several other Royal Air Force strike aircraft carrying WE.177 gravity bomb provided the air deterrent. France became the fourth nation to possess nuclear weapons on February 13, 1960, when the atomic bomb "Gerboise Bleue" was detonated in Algeria, then still a French colony [Formally a part of the Metropolitan France.] France began making plans for a nuclear-weapons program shortly after the Second World War, but the program did not actually begin until the late 1950s. Eight years later, France conducted its first thermonuclear test above Fangatuafa Atoll. It had a yield of 2.6 megatons.
Nuclear arms race
403769
the end of the 17th century, researchers had developed practical means of generating electricity by friction with an electrostatic generator, but the development of electrostatic machines did not begin in earnest until the 18th century, when they became fundamental instruments in the studies about the new science of electricity. The first usage of the word "electricity" is ascribed to Sir Thomas Browne in his 1646 work, "Pseudodoxia Epidemica". In 1729 Stephen Gray (1666–1736) demonstrated that electricity could be "transmitted" through metal filaments. As an aid to scientific investigation, various tools, measuring aids and calculating devices were developed in this period.
Scientific Revolution
4719355
civilization: in fact, the explicit strategy of the nuclear powers was called Mutual Assured Destruction. Nuclear weapons became synonymous with apocalypse, and as a symbol this resonated through the culture of nations with freedom of the press. Several popular novels—such as "Alas, Babylon" and "On the Beach"—portrayed the aftermath of nuclear war. Several science-fiction novels, such as "A Canticle for Leibowitz", explored the long-term consequences. Stanley Kubrick's film "" satirically portrayed the events and the thinking that could "begin" a nuclear war. Nuclear weapons are also one of the main targets of peace organizations. The CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament)
Nuclear weapons in popular culture
15453325
industrial-scale uranium enrichment capacity and revived the nuclear-propulsion submarine project. Despite Brazil's repeated claims of peaceful nuclear development, in 2003, Science and Technology Minister Roberto Amaral made a controversial statement. During an interview with popular Brazilian daily O Globo, Amaral stated that Brazil should seek to obtain all nuclear knowledge and knowhow; when asked if his description included the knowledge to develop a nuclear bomb, he replied positively. After the statement was disseminated across national and international media, Amaral refuted it and called it a misunderstanding. One year later, Brazil denied IAEA inspectors full visual access to the Resende enrichment
Nuclear activities in Brazil
13649039
studying nuclear energy for power generation as early as 1956. An agreement with the Soviet Union to begin construction of industrial-scale nuclear reactors was reached ten years later, in 1966. Today, more than a third (34.8%) of electricity in the national grid is produced by nuclear reactors at the Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant. Commercial power generation from its two VVER-1000 units is supported by a diverse research, education and engineering capacity spread among several institutions. Sofia University and the Technical University of Sofia train engineers at the Nuclear Engineering and Thermal and Nuclear Power departments, respectively. The Institute for Nuclear
Science and technology in Bulgaria
8895837
"Martin Forster Medal" for the best doctoral thesis submitted to the Indian Institute of Science. Chidambaram is a versatile scholar, interest first in physics. After graduating, his interest in nuclear physics diminished and his research interest in physics did not keep him motivated to contribute in his field. Instead, Chidambaram found himself interested in crystallography and condensed matter physics, writing scientific articles which later played an influential role in the development of modern materials science. His contribution to the enhancement of condensed matter physics and material science led him to be conferred with a D.Sc., in physics by the IISc
Rajagopala Chidambaram
706210
Blowups Happen "Blowups Happen" is a science fiction short story by American writer Robert A. Heinlein. It is one of two stories in which Heinlein, using only public knowledge of nuclear fission, anticipated the actual development of nuclear technology a few years later. The other story is "Solution Unsatisfactory", which is concerned with a nuclear weapon, although it is only a radiological "dirty bomb", not a nuclear explosive device. The story was first published in "Astounding Science Fiction" in 1940, before any nuclear reactors had ever been built, and for its appearance in the 1946 anthology "The Best of Science
Blowups Happen
3868949
the only U.S. gravity nuclear bomb. The Pentagon and NNSA have stated that if B61 refurbishment does not begin by 2019, components in the existing weapons could begin to fail. Tom Collina of the Arms Control Association has said that the new development could complicate arms control efforts with Russia. In 2014 Congress slashed funding for the project and called for alternates to be studied. In January 2014, former Air Force Chief of Staff Norton A. Schwartz confirmed that the B61-12 nuclear bomb upgrade would have enhanced accuracy and a lower yield with less fallout compared to previous versions of
B61 nuclear bomb
7373625
Nuclear Physics Sub-Committee in 1956. When the National Institute for Research in Nuclear Science was founded in 1957, he became one of the initial members of its governing board. He became a member of the Research Grants Committee in 1959, and was chairman of the Council for Scientific Policy from 1965 to 1970. He was knighted for his services in 1960. Rockets had seen enormous development for military purposes during the Second World War, and Massey saw their potential for studying the upper atmosphere. He became a major supporter of space science, and wrote a book on the subject, "History
Harrie Massey
13879743
in September, 2009. The Science Center argued in its lawsuit that current economic conditions had delayed redevelopment, constituting an unforeseeable cause of the apparent default, and therefore should not be grounds for taking back the land. The dispute was ended in April 2012, when the two organizations amended the redevelopment agreement to allow more time for the Science Center to complete the development of its campus. In August 2012, the Science Center announced it was to begin development of its next parcel, a 272,700-square-foot building at the northeast corner of 38th and Market streets, to house outpatient medical facilities, ground-floor
University City Science Center
9760281
Research Institute. The Philippine Atomic Energy Commission of the NSDB explored the uses of atomic energy for economic development. Marcos assisted 107 institutions in undertaking nuclear energy work by sending scientists to study nuclear science and technology abroad, and providing basic training to 482 scientists, doctors, engineers, and technicians. In his Seventh State of the Nation Address on January 24, 1972, he spoke about his major development projects in reforming sectors of education. Such projects included research and development schools, technical institutes, science education centers, and agricultural colleges and vocational high schools. In 1972, he created the National Grains Authority
Science and technology in the Philippines
1425805
The AEC was dissolved, because it was perceived as unduly favoring the industry it was charged with regulating. The NRC was formed as an independent commission to oversee nuclear energy matters, oversight of nuclear medicine, and nuclear safety and security. The U.S. AEC became the Energy Research and Development Administration (ERDA) in 1975, responsible for development and oversight of nuclear weapons. Research and promotion of civil uses of radioactive materials, such as for nuclear non-destructive testing, nuclear medicine, and nuclear power, was split into the Office of Nuclear Energy, Science & Technology within ERDA by the same act. In 1977,
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
2058401
biographers, Salam played an ambiguous role in Pakistan's own integrated atomic bomb project. As late as the 1960s, Salam made an unsuccessful attempt for a proposal for the establishment of nuclear fuel reprocessing plant, but it was deferred the matter on economic grounds by Ayub Khan. According to Rehman, Salam's influence in nuclear development was lessened and diminished as late as 1974, and he became critical of Bhutto's control over science. But Salam personally did not terminate his connection with the scientists working in the theoretical physics division at PAEC. As early as 1972–73, he had been a great advocate
Abdus Salam
7496164
Malaysian Nuclear Agency The Malaysia Nuclear Agency (Agensi Nuklear Malaysia, ANM) is a Malaysian nuclear technology research facility located in Bangi, Selangor. ANM introduces and promotes the application of nuclear science and technology for national development. Established on 19 September 1972, ANM was then known as the Centre for Application of Nuclear Malaysia (CRANE). It was formally named Tun Ismail Atomic Research Centre (PUSPATI). In June 1983, PUSPATI was placed under the patronage of the Prime Minister and was called Nuclear Energy Unit (UTN). It was placed under Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment in October 1990. In August 1994,
Malaysian Nuclear Agency
7119642
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission The Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC; Urdu: ) is an governmental authority and a scientific research institution, concerned with research and development of nuclear power, promotion of nuclear science, energy conservation and the peaceful usage of nuclear technology. Since its establishment in 1956, the PAEC has overseen the extensive development of nuclear infrastructure to support the economical uplift of Pakistan by founding institutions that focus on development on food irradiation and on nuclear medicine radiation therapy for cancer treatment. The PAEC organizes conferences and directs research at the country's leading universities. Since the 1960s, the PAEC
Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission
13655788
The purpose and function of nuclear law is that of all law, namely to promote and to protect; to promote the development of nuclear science and technology and to protect mankind against any hazards possibly connected therewith. On the promotional side of the palette, many kinds of public measures are found, such as outright subsidies for nuclear research and development, tax preferences for nuclear installations and nuclear insurance, indemnity and public coverage schemes for nuclear liability, "channelling" of liability for nuclear damage and other provisions which will be mentioned in the course of lectures to come. On the protective side,
Nuclear law
7723793
headed by Engr. Iqbal Hussain Khan, is an administrative directorate which consists of 3 administrative divisions. The Scientific Information Division (SID), Human Resource Development (HRD), and Management Information System (MIS), are included in this division. Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology The Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (also known as PINSTECH), is a multiprogram science and technology national research institute managed for the Ministry of Science and Technology (Pakistan) by the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC). Located in Nilore, it maintains a broad portfolio in providing post-graduate and post-doctoral research opportunities in supercomputing, Renewable energy, physical, philosophical,
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
8116843
waste repositories and nuclear power plants. Treasurer John Costello wished Morgan's business partner Ron Walker "good luck" after he was informed of their Australian Nuclear Energy venture. When "conservation agreements" were made possible for "nuclear actions" under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act, Morgan flagged how an internationally owned nuclear waste repository could be built. One such a proposal was announced for Aboriginal land during the Howard government but did not proceed. Morgan's nuclear industrial development plans stalled after the Labor party won the 2007 Federal election. In 2015, his company Australian Nuclear Energy was described as being "in
Hugh Morgan (businessman)
10586189
of Kirtland Air Force Base in an old 90 mm anti-aircraft gun repair facility, and named "Sandia Atomic Museum". It was the result of a six-year effort to establish a museum to tell the story of the base and the development of nuclear weapons, and was staffed by United States Air Force (USAF) personnel with help from Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). In 1973, the Museum name changed to "National Atomic Museum", but it did not yet have a national charter. In 1985, the United States Department of Energy (DOE) became responsible for the Museum, and the staff became DOE employees.
National Museum of Nuclear Science & History
1487603
Agency for Industrial Science and Technology to begin nuclear power research. Nakasone rose through the LDP's ranks, becoming Minister of Science in 1959 under the government of Nobusuke Kishi, then Minister of Transport in 1967, head of the Agency of Defense in 1970, Minister of International Trade and Industry in 1972 and Minister of Administration in 1981. As the head of the Self-Defence Force, Nakasone argued for an increase in defence spending from less than 1% GDP to 3% of GDP. He was also in favour of Japan having tactical nuclear weapons. He was labelled "the weathervane" in 1972 because
Yasuhiro Nakasone
20242930
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) is a government agency under the Department of Science and Technology mandated to undertake research and development activities in the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, institute regulations on the said uses, and carry out the enforcement of said regulations to protect the health and safety of radiation workers and the general public. The Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI) is an agency of the government that is authorized to regulate the safe and peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology in the Philippines. Under Executive Order 128, the PNRI is mandated
Philippine Nuclear Research Institute
4785700
a nonprofit organization, and while its tasks include the development of nuclear energy, the growth of enterprises of the nuclear fuel cycle, and the fulfillment of the functions assigned to it by the state, it also ensures national security (nuclear deterrence), nuclear and radiation safety, as well as development of applied and fundamental science. In addition, the state corporation is authorized on behalf of the state to fulfill Russia's international obligations in the field of the use of nuclear energy and of non-proliferation of nuclear materials. Rosatom is also involved with large-scale projects such as ITER and FAIR. As of
Rosatom
8172658
achievements in nuclear science and its military and industrial applications. At the same time, the United States invested heavily in advancing its own nuclear research and development activities through a system of National laboratories managed by the newly formed Atomic Energy Commission in collaboration with the University of California, Berkeley and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. This era of competition in science and weapons development was known as the arms race. In October 1957, the Soviet Union's successful launch of Sputnik spurred a strong reaction in the United States and a period of competition between the two new world superpowers
History of science policy
15878544
in 1949 as the "National Reactor Testing Station" by the Atomic Energy Commission. INL is the location of the historic Experimental Breeder Reactor Number I (EBR-I), which was the first nuclear reactor to generate usable electrical power. INL is a science-based, applied engineering laboratory dedicated to supporting DOE's research programs in nuclear energy, national and homeland security and clean energy. Work at INL has included initial development and testing of nuclear reactor designs, developing prototype reactors for use by the U.S. Navy and developing technologies to manage nuclear waste. INL is conducting research supporting the fuel cycle development and nuclear
Office of Nuclear Energy
18369644
School, Kolkata and graduated in Mechanical Engineering from Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, University of Mumbai in 1974. After completion of one year of BARC Training School programme in nuclear science and engineering, he took up the responsibility of the development of nuclear submarine propulsion plant. He continues to guide the Indian nuclear propulsion programme for the sea-going versions. He had also been proactively engaged in the design, development, construction and operation of nuclear recycle plants at Tarapur, Maharashtra and Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, involving reprocessing and nuclear waste management. His efforts are credited with bringing perfection in technology, which provided major
Sekhar Basu
13052900
research. It was intended to serve as the "brain" that would mastermind the nuclear energy projects that the two groups were planning. At the time, Sorin did not have ambitions in the medical field. However, in the decade following its founding, it accumulated significant technological knowhow in all of the major areas of science. This was because nuclear energy requires expertise in many areas, from electronics to chemistry, materials technology and even experimental physics. After 10 years in business, Sorin had become a repository of knowledge and skills that were important for the country as a whole. When the nuclear
Sorin Group
17160023
Germs", has been described as "one of his most appalling stories". Although science fiction had been published before the 1920s, it did not begin to coalesce into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of "Amazing Stories", a pulp magazine published by Hugo Gernsback. After 1931, when "Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories" was launched, no new science fiction magazines appeared until August 1938, when Abraham and Martin Goodman, two brothers who owned a publishing company with multiple imprints, launched "Marvel Science Stories". The Goodmans' magazines included several "weird-menace" pulps—a genre known for incorporating sex and sadism, with story
Uncanny Stories (magazine)
507075
development of new nuclear weapon designs. To sustain existing warheads for the indefinite future, a science-based Stockpile Stewardship Program (SSP) was defined that emphasized the development and application of greatly improved technical capabilities to assess the safety, security, and reliability of existing nuclear warheads without the use of nuclear testing. Confidence in the performance of weapons, without nuclear testing, is maintained through an ongoing process of stockpile surveillance, assessment and certification, and refurbishment or weapon replacement. With no new designs of nuclear weapons, the warheads in the U.S. stockpile must continue to function far past their original expected lifetimes. As
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
8212582
Chairs in the Faculty of Science. Many discoveries have been made at McMaster University such as the development of neutron spectroscopy by Bertram Brockhouse which earned him a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1994. Under the presidency of Dr. H.G. Thode in the 1960s, scientific research at McMaster was intensive and yielded important discoveries in the areas of science and engineering. In 1959, McMaster's Nuclear Reactor was built for the purpose of nuclear and medical radiation research. McMaster is the only Canadian university that safely contains a nuclear reactor in their campus. Scientific research at McMaster University earned the university
McMaster Faculty of Science
17877270
five primary authors were Richard L. Garwin (a nuclear physicist who played a key role in the development of the first hydrogen bomb and who was described by "The New York Times" as "among the last living physicists who helped usher in the nuclear age"); Robert J. Goldston (Director of the Princeton Program on Science and Global Security and former director of the Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory); R. Scott Kemp (an MIT professor of Nuclear Science and Engineering and a former science advisor for nonproliferation and arms control at the State Department); Rush D. Holt (a physicist and former U.S.
Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action
7723791
working on important non-nuclear fields, which are crucial for the development of science and technology in the country. PINSTECH has particle accelerators and also operates two small nuclear research reactors, a reprocessing plant and another experimental neutron source based on: The PINSTECH four research directorates and each directorate is headed by an appointed Director-Generals. The following PINSTECH Divisions are listed below: Physics Research Division (RPD) The directorate of science consists of four division, and each divisions are headed by deputy director-generals. In 2004, the PINSTECH administration had brought together all of the groups, and were merged into one single Division,
Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology
297071
home country. Efforts to conclude an international agreement to limit the spread of nuclear weapons did not begin until the early 1960s, after four nations (the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and France) had acquired nuclear weapons (see List of states with nuclear weapons for more information). Although these efforts stalled in the early 1960s, they renewed once again in 1964, after China detonated a nuclear weapon. In 1968, governments represented at the Eighteen Nation Disarmament Committee (ENDC) finished negotiations on the text of the NPT. In June 1968, the U.N. General Assembly endorsed the NPT with
Nuclear proliferation
13605716
high civilian awards and honours. After retirement Iyengar served in various positions such as member of the Atomic Energy Commission, scientific advisor to the Government of Kerala, on the board of the Global Technology Development Centre, president of the Indian Nuclear Society, and a member of the Inter-governmental Indo-French Forum, besides serving on various national committees. Iyengar’s later interests focused on advances in nuclear technology for nuclear applications, issues of nuclear policy and national security, science education and the application of science in nation-building. He participated in various international meetings on non-proliferation issues. Most recently, as a founder trustee of
P. K. Iyengar
7055976
India was close to developing an atomic bomb, under its nuclear programme. Partially in response, defence expenditure and funding of science under then-Prime Minister Bhutto increased by 200%. In the initial years, Abdus Salam, a Nobel laureate, headed the nuclear weapons program as he was the prime minister's science adviser. He is also credited with recruiting hundreds of Pakistani scientists, engineers, and mathematicians to the nuclear weapons development program; he later formed and headed the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG), the special weapons division of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) that developed the designs of the nuclear weapons. Throughout that
Military history of Pakistan
10472603
serves as a source for journalists seeking information about the nuclear-industry labour market and promotes careers in science and engineering in schools, colleges and universities. The UK's objectives are based on those established by the European Nuclear Societies, which are to: - personal networks - exchange of experience - exchange of best practice across companies - development of nuclear technology - recruitment and job opportunities - career development. Young Generation Network The Young Generation Network, or YGN, is a branch of the Nuclear Institute founded in 1996. It is a British version of the European Young Generation Network created earlier
Young Generation Network
20196106
the support of the National Nuclear Security Administration within the U.S. Department of Energy. Development of new detectors for detecting the ionizing rays and expansion of radiation instrument making based on them in our country have been carried out. O. Samadov is the head of the National INIS (International Nuclear Information System) Centre of Azerbaijan of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).He has been the winner of several projects of Science Development Fund under the president of Azerbaijan Republic, Science and Technology Center in Ukraine and these projects have been completed successfully. He has been selected a member of Organizing
Ogtay Samadov
15454156
generations of nuclear engineers and scientists in the Kingdom in addition to provide irradiation services for the industrial, agricultural and medical sectors. In March 2013, Jordan received approval to begin construction on the Jordan Research and Training Reactor at the Jordan University of Science and Technology. The approximate cost of the reactor is $130 million, with at least $70 million being loaned by the South Korean government. In 2018, the Commission announced that Jordan was in talks with multiple companies to build the country's first commercial nuclear plant, a Helium-cooled reactor that is scheduled for completion by 2025. Jordan has
Nuclear energy in Jordan
16542140
at this time that led to the "Revolt of the Admirals". The demand for a nuclear-capable carrier bomber led to the development of the Blackburn Buccaneer. It required a small warhead, which drove the development of the Red Beard. The Defence Research Policy Committee (DRPC) considered the prospect of arming submarines with nuclear missiles, but its March 1954 report highlighted technical problems that it did not expect to be resolved for many years. Studies of nuclear reactors for nuclear marine propulsion commenced in December 1949, but research at the Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE) at Harwell was directed towards development
Polaris (UK nuclear programme)
7723293
billion and each unit will produce 1,100 MW and total of 2,200 MW. On 26 November 2013, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif ceremonially broke ground on a new governmental power project at the Karachi Nuclear Power Complex for the construction of two ACP1000 (Hualong One) nuclear reactors. Dr. Ansar Pervaiz, the Chairman of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, said that KANUPP-2 would begin commercial operations by 2019 and KANUPP-3 by 2020. The reactor design has been upgraded to the Hualong One, a development of the ACP1000, with commercial operation now planned for 2021 and 2022. KANUPP-4 is a planned commercial nuclear
Karachi Nuclear Power Complex
5410365
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre The Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) is India's premier nuclear research facility headquartered in Trombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra. BARC is a multi-disciplinary research centre with extensive infrastructure for advanced research and development covering the entire spectrum of nuclear science, engineering and related areas. BARC's core mandate is to sustain peaceful applications of nuclear energy, primarily for power generation. It manages all facts of nuclear power generation, from theoretical design of reactors to, computerised modelling and simulation, risk analysis, development and testing of new reactor fuel materials, etc. It also conducts research in spent fuel processing, and safe
Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
3219898
the features, science and idea behind the American Fat Man implosion-type nuclear weapon. He broke down the development tasks required to replicate it, identifying outstanding questions that required further research on nuclear weapons. On 3 October 1952, under the code-name "Operation Hurricane", the first British nuclear device was successfully detonated in the Monte Bello Islands off the west coast of Australia. The Sputnik crisis and the development of the British hydrogen bomb led to the Atomic Energy Act being amended in 1958, and to a resumption of the nuclear Special Relationship between America and Britain under the 1958 US–UK Mutual
Tube Alloys
297344
directing scrutiny on the US portion of the nuclear arms race. Moreover, it goes on to express the belief that if Soviet officials did begin to take nuclear winter seriously, it would probably make them demand exceptionally high standards of scientific proof for the hypothesis, as the implications of it would undermine their military doctrine – a level of scientific proof which perhaps could not be met without field experimentation. The un-redacted portion of the document ends with the suggestion that substantial increases in Soviet Civil defense food stockpiles might be an early indicator that Nuclear Winter was beginning to
Nuclear winter
18664444
"don’t pose a radioactive threat." The discussion followed the Government of South Australia's announcement that a Nuclear Fuel Cycle Royal Commission would commence in March 2015, with a report to be delivered to the Government by May 2016. When Lockheed Martin announced a "major breakthrough" in fusion power in October 2014, Lincoln described the process of nuclear fusion for the Australian Science Media Centre. He expressed some reservations about the alleged break-through, noting that achieving an energy output greater than the required energy input had limited fusion power development since the 1950s. He said "It is unclear from the Lockheed
Stephen Lincoln
19589964
Gran Sasso Science Institute The Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) is an international school for advanced studies located in L'Aquila, Italy. Founded in 2012 as a research institute and superior graduate school dependent on the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), the academic institution has been made autonomous in 2016. The institute was first proposed after the earthquake in L'Aquila of 2009, when the Ministry of Economy and Finance and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) organized several meetings to plan the economic revitalization of the area. A proposal was made to establish an educational institution for the
Gran Sasso Science Institute
19589969
attractive research centers in Europe. Gran Sasso Science Institute The Gran Sasso Science Institute (GSSI) is an international school for advanced studies located in L'Aquila, Italy. Founded in 2012 as a research institute and superior graduate school dependent on the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN), the academic institution has been made autonomous in 2016. The institute was first proposed after the earthquake in L'Aquila of 2009, when the Ministry of Economy and Finance and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) organized several meetings to plan the economic revitalization of the area. A proposal was made to establish
Gran Sasso Science Institute
12695919
Atomic Energy Corporation. The main functions of NECSA are to undertake and promote research and development in the field of nuclear energy and related technologies; to process and store nuclear material and other restricted material; and to co-ordinate with other organisations in matters falling within these spheres. The project is currently being dismantled. The following South African universities offer courses in nuclear engineering: South Africa built six nuclear bombs in the 1980s, which were subsequently dismantled. Nuclear programme of South Africa As a member of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty, South Africa uses nuclear science for peaceful means. South Africa's nuclear
Nuclear programme of South Africa
297157
enough to ensure deterrence, and thus concluded that the spread of nuclear weapons could increase international stability. Some very prominent neo-realist scholars, such as Kenneth Waltz, Emeritus Professor of Political Science at UC Berkeley and Adjunct Senior Research Scholar at Columbia University, and John Mearsheimer, R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor of Political Science at the University of Chicago, continue to argue along the lines of Gallois in a separate development. Specifically, these scholars advocate some forms of nuclear proliferation, arguing that it will decrease the likelihood of war, especially in troubled regions of the world. Aside from the majority
Nuclear proliferation
17082970
Engineering, Corrosion, X-rays analysis, Electron microscope, Exercise: Mathematics, Physical Engineering. He was awarded The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science Prizes (Giuliano Preparata medal) in 2004 from The International Society for Condensed Matter Nuclear Science (ISCMNS). The ISCMNS is the organizer of a conference and a workshop on cold fusion and related topics. Electrochemical, metallurgy, nuclear reaction in condensed matter, elucidation of the peculiar behavior of hydrogen in the metal, hydrogen penetration in metals, hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen production, hydrogen separation and purification, power conversion of hydrogen, elucidation of hydrogen behavior, development of unique methods using hydrogen isotopes, studying the
Tadahiko Mizuno
20178271
Jessica Lovering Jessica Lovering is an American astrophysicist, researcher and Director of Energy at the Breakthrough Institute. She supports the innovative development of new nuclear power plants in response to climate change. She also sits on the Advisory Committee of the Nuclear Innovation Alliance, and was a speaker at Nuclear Innovation Bootcamp at the University of California, Berkley in 2016. Her biography at ClimateOne states that Lovering "works to change how people think about energy and the environment". Her written work has featured in various publications, including journals "Issues in Science and Technology", "Science and Public Policy", "Foreign Affairs" and
Jessica Lovering
10866223
develop the Indian space program and advance nuclear power in India even after the first nuclear test explosion by India on 18 May 1974 at Pokhran. India accounts for about 10% of all expenditure on research and development in Asia and the number of scientific publications grew by 45% over the five years to 2007. However, according to former Indian science and technology minister Kapil Sibal, India is lagging in science and technology compared to developed countries. India has only 140 researchers per 1,000,000 population, compared to 4,651 in the United States. India invested US$3.7 billion in science and technology
Science and technology in India
4245829
are US$39M each but French fighters are only US$35M each. Also, the French Medium Tank functions exactly the same as the other dealers' Heavy Tanks. Weapons purchased will usually be available by the next turn, except from the private dealer, which usually takes 1-2 turns to ship. The private dealer's advantage is the ability to sell arms to the player if an arms embargo is imposed on Israel. Another factor in the game is the development of nuclear weapons. Each country (except Jordan and Lebanon) can begin and maintain a nuclear weapon development program. One of the main ways to
Conflict: Middle East Political Simulator
20498408
Science and technology in Vietnam Science and technology in Vietnam represents the wide scientific and technological advances Vietnam has made and has been developing. The main managing agency responsible for science and technology (S&T) in Vietnam is the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). MOST's responsibilities include scientific research, technology development and innovation activities; development of science and technology potentials; intellectual property; standards, metrology and quality control; atomic energy, radiation and nuclear safety; and state management on public services in fields under the Ministry’s management as stipulated by law. This article describes trends and developments in science and technology in
Science and technology in Vietnam
8056162
and may be widely reproduced in accordance with WNN's copyright policy. The WNA reactor database contains information on past, present and future nuclear power reactors across the world. The WNA is engaged in a number of other initiatives to promote the peaceful development of nuclear power. These include the World Nuclear University (WNU), which is a global partnership between the WNA, the International Atomic Energy Agency, The OECD Nuclear Energy Agency and the World Association of Nuclear Operators committed to enhancing international education and leadership in the peaceful applications of nuclear science and technology. It runs a series of programmes
World Nuclear Association
18147635
bill would make appropriations for FY2015 to the United States Department of Energy (DOE) for energy and science programs, including: (1) energy efficiency and renewable energy, (2) electricity delivery and energy reliability, (3) nuclear energy, (4) fossil energy research and development, (5) naval petroleum and oil shale reserves, (6) the Elk Hills School Lands Fund, (7) the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) and the Northeast Home Heating Oil Reserve, (8) the Energy Information Administration, (9) non-defense environmental cleanup, (10) the Uranium Enrichment Decontamination and Decommissioning Fund, (11) science activities, (12) Nuclear Waste Disposal, (13) the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E), (14)
Energy and Water Development and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015
15437024
Nuclear energy in Ghana There is only one nuclear reactor in Ghana, the Ghana Research Reactor, located in Accra. The Ghana Atomic Energy Commission has been investigating the use of nuclear power and is a member of the International Nuclear Library Network. The commission is working with the International Atomic Energy Agency to implement nuclear power in Ghana as part of a wider project, Sustainable Energy Development for Sub-Saharan Africa. Ghana also has a Graduate School of Nuclear and Allied Sciences which trains undergraduate and postgraduate students in the techniques of nuclear science application in such areas as agriculture, medicine,
Nuclear energy in Ghana
2957755
and another that served with distinction in World War II). The Westinghouse Corporation was assigned to build its reactor. After the submarine was completed at the Electric Boat Company, First Lady Mamie Eisenhower broke the traditional bottle of champagne on "Nautilus" bow, and she was commissioned , on 30 September 1954. On 17 January 1955, she departed Groton, Connecticut to begin sea trials. The submarine was long, and cost about $55 million. The Soviet Union soon followed the United States in developing nuclear-powered submarines in the 1950s. Stimulated by the U.S. development of "Nautilus", Soviet work on nuclear propulsion reactors
Nuclear submarine
15616726
the only American aircraft to carry an operational nuclear reactor. The scientific work carried out for the project did have some lasting value however, including methods for handling liquid metals and fused salts, which aided the development of nuclear generators and reactors used by NASA. Convair NB-36H The Convair NB-36H was an experimental aircraft that carried a nuclear reactor. It was also known as the "Crusader". It was created for the Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion program, or the ANP, to show the feasibility of a nuclear-powered bomber. Its development ended with the cancellation of the ANP program. The Aircraft Nuclear Propulsion
Convair NB-36H
2726735
it. The car did not show and Wilson claimed that it had been sabotaged. A later court case found that he was a fraud and there was no nuclear-powered car. Despite the shielding problem, through the late 1940s and early 1950s debate continued around the possibility of nuclear-powered cars. The development of nuclear-powered submarines and ships, and experiments to develop a nuclear-powered aircraft at that time kept the idea alive. Russian papers in the mid-1950s reported the development of a nuclear-powered car by Professor V P Romadin, but again shielding proved to be a problem. It was claimed that its
Nuclear propulsion
20059435
when the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals have taken over from the Millennium Development Goals in 2016. It has been suggested that countries could begin by encouraging their scientists to focus more on attaining local goals for sustainable development, rather than on publishing in high-profile international journals on topics that may be of lesser local relevance. The difficulty with this course of action is that the key metrics for recognizing scientific quality are publications and citation data. The answer to this dilemma most likely lies in the need to recognize the global nature of many local development problems. 'We are
Science and technology in Pacific Island countries
17161451
Asimov, Jack Vance, and L. Sprague de Camp, among others. In the opinion of science fiction historian Joseph Marchesani, the quality of the second incarnation of the magazine was superior to the first, but it was unable to compete with the new higher-quality magazines that had appeared in the interim. Although science fiction (sf) had been published before the 1920s, it did not begin to coalesce into a separately marketed genre until the appearance in 1926 of "Amazing Stories", a pulp magazine published by Hugo Gernsback. After 1931, when "Miracle Science and Fantasy Stories" was launched, no new sf magazines
Marvel Science Stories
5145228
Edward Condon Edward Uhler Condon (March 2, 1902 – March 26, 1974) was a distinguished American nuclear physicist, a pioneer in quantum mechanics, and a participant in the development of radar and nuclear weapons during World War II as part of the Manhattan Project. The Franck–Condon principle and the Slater–Condon rules are co-named after him. He was the director of the National Bureau of Standards (now NIST) from 1945 to 1951. In 1946, Condon was president of the American Physical Society, and in 1953 was president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. During the McCarthy period, when
Edward Condon
16023782
Chemistry of Water in 1986. He has also been active as a consultant to developing countries with regard to their nuclear power development programs. He has served as an advisor to the National Science Council and the Institute of Nuclear Energy Research of the Republic of China (ROC), and the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) of the Republic of Korea on the matter of nuclear power planning and development in the respective countries since 1972. In 2006 and 2008, Chen was the organizer and U.S. Chairman of the first and second Joint Symposia on Neutron Sciences and Technology in
Sow-Hsin Chen
9640324
scientists to contribute to joint weapon development programs like the Brahmos and Barak-II. India is also developing long range cruise missiles similar to the Tomahawk class of missiles called Nirbhay. There are reports of India developing an intercontinental ballistic missile beyond the range of ten thousand kilometers. India is self-reliant in missile technology. India has possessed nuclear weapons since 1974, when it did the Pokharan I nuclear tests, and the means to deliver them over long distances. However, India is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (on grounds of security concerns and that India condemns the NPT as
India as an emerging superpower
11174437
in heavy industry. In 1954 China and the Soviet Union set up the Joint Commission for Cooperation in Science and Technology, which met annually until 1963 and arranged cooperation on over 100 major scientific projects, including those in nuclear science. When the Chinese Academy of Sciences completed a draft twelve-year plan for scientific development in 1956, it was referred to the Soviet Academy of Sciences for review. In October 1957 a high-level delegation of Chinese scientists accompanied Mao Zedong to Moscow to negotiate an agreement for Soviet cooperation on 100 of the 582 research projects outlined in the twelve-year plan.
History of science and technology in the People's Republic of China
1004365
an ore processing plant and a fuel rod fabrication plant. North Korea's nuclear weapons program dates back to the 1980s. Focusing on practical uses of nuclear energy and the completion of a nuclear weapon development system, North Korea began to operate facilities for uranium fabrication and conversion, and conducted high-explosive detonation tests. In 1985 North Korea ratified the NPT but did not include the required safeguards agreement with the IAEA until 1992. In early 1993, while verifying North Korea's initial declaration, the IAEA concluded that there was strong evidence this declaration was incomplete. When North Korea refused the requested special
North Korea and weapons of mass destruction
4352913
Stanton T. Friedman Stanton Terry Friedman (born July 29, 1934) is a retired nuclear physicist and professional ufologist who resides in Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada. He is the original civilian investigator of the Roswell incident. He worked on research and development projects for several large companies. Friedman graduated from Linden High School and the University of Chicago, earning a Bachelor of Science in 1955 and a Master of Science degree in nuclear physics in 1956. Friedman was employed for 14 years as a nuclear physicist for such companies as General Electric (1956–1959), Aerojet General Nucleonics (1959–1963), General Motors (1963–1966), Westinghouse
Stanton T. Friedman
6128394
water heats up to approximately 55 degrees Celsius. Inside the test facilities though, high temperatures and pressures can be produced. It is essential to test out different materials before they are used in the construction of a nuclear generating station. The fundamental knowledge gained from NRU enabled the development of the CANDU reactor, and is the foundation for the Canadian nuclear industry. National Research Universal reactor The National Research Universal (NRU) reactor was a 135 MW nuclear research reactor built in the Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario, one of Canada’s national science facilities. It was a multipurpose science facility that served
National Research Universal reactor
415665
Notable producers (above 2 million tonnes) and their ranks among top steel producing companies. TÜBİTAK is the leading agency for developing science, technology and innovation policies in Turkey. TÜBA is an autonomous scholarly society acting to promote scientific activities in Turkey. TAEK is the official nuclear energy institution of Turkey. Its objectives include academic research in nuclear energy, and the development and implementation of peaceful nuclear tools. Turkish government companies for research and development in military technologies include Turkish Aerospace Industries, Aselsan, Havelsan, Roketsan, MKE, among others. Turkish Satellite Assembly, Integration and Test Center is a spacecraft production and testing
Economy of Turkey
20498420
least one international co-author, which is common in developing countries. Science and technology in Vietnam Science and technology in Vietnam represents the wide scientific and technological advances Vietnam has made and has been developing. The main managing agency responsible for science and technology (S&T) in Vietnam is the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). MOST's responsibilities include scientific research, technology development and innovation activities; development of science and technology potentials; intellectual property; standards, metrology and quality control; atomic energy, radiation and nuclear safety; and state management on public services in fields under the Ministry’s management as stipulated by law. This
Science and technology in Vietnam
1971895
Institute of Machinery and Materials (KIMM), Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), Marine and Ocean Engineering Research Institute, Institute of Information Technology Advancement (IITA), Korea Institute of Geosciences and Mineral Resources, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Agency for Defense Development (ADD), Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Korea Institute of Nuclear Non-proliferation and Control, National Institute for Mathematical Sciences (NIMS), Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS), Rare Isotope Science Project (RISP), and the National Security Research Institute. Among the
Daejeon
392139
1965, Shastri faced another war with Pakistan. Shastri appointed physicist Vikram Sarabhai as the head of the nuclear programme but because of his Gandhian beliefs Sarabhai directed the programme toward peaceful purposes rather than military development. In 1967, Indira Gandhi became the prime minister and work on the nuclear programme resumed with renewed vigour. Homi Sethna, a chemical engineer, played a significant role in the development of weapon-grade plutonium while Ramanna designed and manufactured the whole nuclear device. The first nuclear bomb project did not employ more than 75 scientists because of its sensitivity. The nuclear weapons programme was now
Smiling Buddha
16308027
Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences (INMAS) is a laboratory of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO). Located in New Delhi, it is involved in Nuclear medicine research and responding to nuclear accidents and explosions. The department of nuclear medicine under the institute offers a two-year diploma in radiation medicine since 1968, making it the first formal training program in nuclear medicine in the world. The origin of the institute can be traced back to the establishment of a Radiation Cell in 1956 at Defence Science Laboratory, Delhi. The initial assignment
Institute of Nuclear Medicine & Allied Sciences
17725541
Critical Mass (Arthur C. Clarke short story) "Critical Mass" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke, first published in 1949. This comic story describes the relationship between a village and a nuclear research facility located near it. On the day that the story takes place, a truck carrying a mysterious cargo has an accident, and the driver flees. The terrified villagers are about to begin an evacuation, when the narrator discovers that the cargo were merely hives of bees. The piece was later published as the fifth story in Clarke's collection" Tales from the White
Critical Mass (Arthur C. Clarke short story)
17725542
Hart" (1957). Critical Mass (Arthur C. Clarke short story) "Critical Mass" is a science fiction short story by British writer Arthur C. Clarke, first published in 1949. This comic story describes the relationship between a village and a nuclear research facility located near it. On the day that the story takes place, a truck carrying a mysterious cargo has an accident, and the driver flees. The terrified villagers are about to begin an evacuation, when the narrator discovers that the cargo were merely hives of bees. The piece was later published as the fifth story in Clarke's collection" Tales from
Critical Mass (Arthur C. Clarke short story)
8487043
began to slowly recover. He was therefore kept in a secret medical facility, isolated from the world so that the cover-up would not be discovered. When his condition began to deteriorate again, Chief Judge Solomon had him cryogenically frozen in suspended animation until such time as medical science could cure him. By 2070 President Robert Linus Booth was in the White House, having illegally rigged the voting computers to win the 2068 presidential election, and murdered one of his aides who threatened to expose the fraud. Booth pursued an aggressive foreign policy, openly stating that he would begin a nuclear
Origins (Judge Dredd story)
7737344
China National Nuclear Corporation The China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC; ) is a state-owned entity founded in 1955 in Beijing. CNNC's president and vice-president are appointed by the Premier of the State Council. However the CNNC is a self-supporting economic corporation, not a government administrative body. It oversees all aspects of China's civilian and military nuclear programs. According to its own mission statement, it "is a main part of the national nuclear technology industry and a leading element of national strategic nuclear forces and nuclear energy development." CNNC is a nationwide industrial conglomerate integrating science, technology, industry, and international trade.
China National Nuclear Corporation
433642
These discoveries led numerous countries to begin working on the development of nuclear weapons and nuclear power. On 2 December 1942, as part of the Manhattan Project, another team led by Enrico Fermi was able to initiate the first artificial self-sustained nuclear chain reaction, Chicago Pile-1. An initial plan using enriched uranium-235 was abandoned as it was as yet unavailable in sufficient quantities. Working in a lab below the stands of Stagg Field at the University of Chicago, the team created the conditions needed for such a reaction by piling together 400 short tons (360 metric tons) of graphite, 58
Uranium
11229232
August 1949. The United States Atomic Energy Commission, directed by David E. Lilienthal until 1950, was in charge of designing and building nuclear weapons. The policy was 100% civilian control. The U.S. had only 9 atomic bombs in 1946, but the stockpile grew to 650 by 1951. Lilienthal wanted to give high priority to peaceful uses, especially nuclear power plants, but coal was cheap and the power industry was not interested. Construction of the first nuclear plant would not begin until 1954. In early 1950, Truman authorized the development of thermonuclear weapons, a more powerful version of atomic bombs. Truman's
Presidency of Harry S. Truman
10772153
outside world, and led to international collaborations. To that end, establishing the Atomic Research Board in the form of study (Irani 1987). His work during the triennium (1948–1950) focuses on two aspects. On the one hand, begin to train abroad the first Spanish experts on nuclear issues. On the other hand, begins the search for uranium to serve as raw material for the development of the first investigations. Studies conducted by the Board, lead by Decree-Law on 22 October 1951 to the Nuclear Energy Board, which aims to provide new knowledge in the process of energy production. In 1963, two
Nuclear power in Spain
16666891
elements. Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy Reaktor Serba Guna–Gerrit Augustinus Siwabessy (RSG-GAS) "(Multipurpose Reactor–Gerrit Augustinus Siwabessy)" is a research reactor located in the Serpong neighborhood of South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia. The reactor plays an important role in the Centre for Nuclear Industry Development, at Puspiptek, Serpong to serve other supporting laboratories, namely, radioisotope production, nuclear material science, reactor fuel element development, reactor safety, waste treatment, radio-metallurgy and nuclear-mechano laboratories. The reactor was constructed through a $50 million contract with Interatom Internationale Atomreaktorbau GmbH, a unit of the West German steelmaker Kraftwerke Union, which was awarded in 1981. The reactor's fuel
Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy
16666889
Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy Reaktor Serba Guna–Gerrit Augustinus Siwabessy (RSG-GAS) "(Multipurpose Reactor–Gerrit Augustinus Siwabessy)" is a research reactor located in the Serpong neighborhood of South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia. The reactor plays an important role in the Centre for Nuclear Industry Development, at Puspiptek, Serpong to serve other supporting laboratories, namely, radioisotope production, nuclear material science, reactor fuel element development, reactor safety, waste treatment, radio-metallurgy and nuclear-mechano laboratories. The reactor was constructed through a $50 million contract with Interatom Internationale Atomreaktorbau GmbH, a unit of the West German steelmaker Kraftwerke Union, which was awarded in 1981. The reactor's fuel rods
Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy
14610549
Affair occurred in 1938: three leading physicists of the Kharkiv Institute (Lev Landau, Yuri Rumer and Moisey Korets) were arrested by the Soviet secret police. The Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology was the "Laboratory no. 1" for nuclear physics, and was responsible for the first development of a nuclear bomb in the former USSR. Science and education institutions in Pyatykhatky. Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology The National Science Center Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology (KIPT) (, formerly Ukrainian Institute of Physics and Technology) is the oldest and largest physical science research centre in Ukraine. Today it is
Kharkiv Institute of Physics and Technology