he diagnostic and statistical manual for diagnosing psychiatric disorders was first published in
1952
104976
consultation. It circulated an adaptation of Medical 203, the VA system, and the Standard's Nomenclature to approximately 10% of APA members. 46% replied, of which 93% approved, and after some further revisions (resulting in its being called DSM-I), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was approved in 1951 and published in 1952. The structure and conceptual framework were the same as in Medical 203, and many passages of text were identical. The manual was 130 pages long and listed 106 mental disorders. These included several categories of "personality disturbance", generally distinguished from "neurosis" (nervousness, egodystonic). In 1952, the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
4985737
Symptom normality is the current, and assumed most effective, way to assess patient pathology. Psychiatric normality, in a broad sense, states that psychopathology are disorders that are deviations from normality. Normality, as a relative concept, is intrinsically involved with contextual elements. As a result, clinical disorder classification has particular challenges in discretely diagnosing 'normal' constitutions from true disorders. The "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) is the psychiatric profession's official classification manual of mental disorders since its first published version DSM-I in by the APA, 1952. As the DSM evolved into its current version, DSM-5 in late 2013,
Normality (behavior)
16449962
association exactly 30 years after the removal of "homosexuality" from the list of psychiatric disorders in the US (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, published by the American Psychiatric Association), repudiating once and for all the illness model used to limit the rights of gay, lesbian, and bisexual individuals in the US and around the world. Mark Pope (counselor) Mark Pope, Ed.D. (born April 23, 1952 in Saint Louis, Missouri, USA) is professor and chair of the Department of Counseling and Family Therapy at the University of Missouri – Saint Louis (1997–), where he is a colleague to the
Mark Pope (counselor)
983666
is an eclectic concept having only one uniform connotation: societal disapproval. ... The Commission believes that the term drug abuse must be deleted from official pronouncements and public policy dialogue. The term has no functional utility and has become no more than an arbitrary codeword for that drug use which is presently considered wrong. The first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (published in 1952) grouped alcohol and drug abuse under Sociopathic Personality Disturbances, which were thought to be symptoms of deeper psychological disorders or moral weakness. The third edition, published in 1980,
Substance abuse
104976
consultation. It circulated an adaptation of Medical 203, the VA system, and the Standard's Nomenclature to approximately 10% of APA members. 46% replied, of which 93% approved, and after some further revisions (resulting in its being called DSM-I), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was approved in 1951 and published in 1952. The structure and conceptual framework were the same as in Medical 203, and many passages of text were identical. The manual was 130 pages long and listed 106 mental disorders. These included several categories of "personality disturbance", generally distinguished from "neurosis" (nervousness, egodystonic). In 1952, the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
3359345
office of the Surgeon General of the United States Army. He chaired the committee which produced document "Medical 203", a major revision of existing US classification of mental disorders. It was adopted by all the armed services. Following the war, this document strongly influenced the first mental disorders section of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases published in 1949. Its influence could be seen even more on the first "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders," published in 1952. Menninger attained the rank of Brigadier General (O-7) in the U.S. Army. William C. Menninger William Claire Menninger (October 15, 1899
William C. Menninger
112942
diagnostic category in the uniform system adopted for comparative statistical record-keeping in all American mental institutions, "The Statistical Manual for the Use of Institutions for the Insane". Its many revisions served as the official diagnostic classification scheme in America until 1952 when the first edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders", or DSM-I, appeared. Dementia praecox disappeared from official psychiatry with the publication of DSM-I, replaced by the Bleuler/Meyer hybridization, "schizophrenic reaction". Schizophrenia was mentioned as an alternate term for dementia praecox in the 1918 "Statistical Manual". In both clinical work as well as research, between 1918 and
Dementia praecox
367351
of the gay rights activism of the time. Bergler popularised his views in the United States in the 1950s using magazine articles and books aimed at non-specialists. In 1951, the mother who wrote to Freud asking him to treat her son sent Freud's response to the "American Journal of Psychiatry", in which it was published. The 1952 first edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-I) classified homosexuality as a mental disorder. During the three decades between Freud's death in 1939 and the Stonewall riots in 1969, conversion therapy received approval from most of
Conversion therapy
9958552
pathology. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) is a guide to aid doctors in diagnosing a range of psychiatric disorders, and may be helpful in diagnosing dementia. The existence of alcohol-related dementia is widely acknowledged but not often used as a diagnosis, due to a lack of widely accepted, non-subjective diagnostic criteria; more research is needed. Criteria for alcohol-induced persistent dementia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) include the following: There are problems with DSM diagnostic criteria, however. Firstly, they are vague and subjective. Furthermore, the criteria for diagnosis of dementia were inspired
Alcohol-related dementia
104966
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. It is used, or relied upon, by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policy makers together with alternatives such as the , produced by the WHO. The DSM is in its fifth edition, the DSM-5, published on May 18, 2013. The DSM evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, and from a
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
105024
that under the new guidelines, certain responses to grief could be labeled as pathological disorders, instead of being recognized as being normal human experiences. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA), offers a common language and standard criteria for the classification of mental disorders. It is used, or relied upon, by clinicians, researchers, psychiatric drug regulation agencies, health insurance companies, pharmaceutical companies, the legal system, and policy makers together with alternatives such as the , produced by the WHO. The DSM is in its
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
10476314
adopting the RDoC definitions. DSM-5 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are often determined by DSM classifications, so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance. The DSM-5 was published on May 18, 2013, superseding the DSM-IV-TR, which was published in 2000. The development
DSM-5
10476287
DSM-5 The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are often determined by DSM classifications, so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance. The DSM-5 was published on May 18, 2013, superseding the DSM-IV-TR, which was published in 2000. The development of the new edition
DSM-5
1400128
American Psychiatric Association The American Psychiatric Association (APA) is the main professional organization of psychiatrists and trainee psychiatrists in the United States, and the largest psychiatric organization in the world. Its some 37,800 members are mainly American but some are international. The association publishes various journals and pamphlets, as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The DSM codifies psychiatric conditions and is used worldwide as a guide for diagnosing disorders. The organization has its headquarters in Washington, D.C. At a meeting in 1844 in Philadelphia, thirteen superintendents and organizers of insane asylums and hospitals formed
American Psychiatric Association
105000
have been said to provide important insights into the character and quality of the decisions that led to the production of DSM-IV, and hence the scientific credibility of contemporary psychiatric classification. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the DSM-5, was approved by the Board of Trustees of the APA on December 1, 2012. Published on May 18, 2013, the DSM-5 contains extensively revised diagnoses and, in some cases, broadens diagnostic definitions while narrowing definitions in other cases. The DSM-5 is the first major edition of the manual in twenty years. A significant change
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
7834289
edition of the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-II)" was an unreliable diagnostic tool. They found that different practitioners using the "DSM-II" were rarely in agreement when diagnosing patients with similar problems. In reviewing previous studies of 18 major diagnostic categories, Fleiss and Spitzer concluded that "there are no diagnostic categories for which reliability is uniformly high. Reliability appears to be only satisfactory for three categories: mental deficiency, organic brain syndrome (but not its subtypes), and alcoholism. The level of reliability is no better than fair for psychosis and schizophrenia and is poor for the
Joseph L. Fleiss
3097427
greater connectivity with the parietal cortex and prefrontal cortex circuits that underlie executive functions. The latter suggests a compensation strategy for dysfunctional amygdala processing of anxiety. This is consistent with cognitive theories that suggest the use in this disorder of attempts to reduce the involvement of emotions with compensatory cognitive strategies. The diagnostic criteria for GAD as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-5 (2013), published by the American Psychiatric Association, are paraphrased as follows: No major changes to GAD have occurred since publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (2004); minor changes
Generalized anxiety disorder
1820512
include: The most widely used criteria for diagnosing schizoaffective disorder are from the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5". The DSM-IV schizoaffective disorder definition was plagued by problems of being inconsistently (or unreliably) used on patients; when the diagnosis is made, it doesn't stay with most patients over time; and it has questionable diagnostic validity (that is, it doesn't describe a distinct disorder, nor predict any particular outcome). These problems have been slightly reduced (or "modestly improved") in the DSM-5 according to Carpenter. When psychotic symptoms are confined to an episode of mania or depression (with
Schizoaffective disorder
103357
criteria for diagnosing depressive conditions are found in the American Psychiatric Association's revised fourth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV-TR), and the World Health Organization's "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems" (ICD-10), which uses the name "depressive episode" for a single episode and "recurrent depressive disorder" for repeated episodes. The latter system is typically used in European countries, while the former is used in the US and many other non-European nations, and the authors of both have worked towards conforming one with the other. Both DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 mark out typical (main)
Major depressive disorder
7550057
or SPD (not recognized in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"). In the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", published by the American Psychiatric Association, this type of behavior is described as "stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms" and listed as one of the symptoms of autism. There are numerous ways to reduce or eliminate stereotypic behaviors, including providing alternative forms of stimulation and the use of medication (however, it is not clear whether medication is actually beneficial or restricts the individual from finding relief). The majority of the autistic community opposes attempts to reduce or eliminate stimming,
Stimming
54251
caregiver-scored rating scales, specifically the mother, has been found to be more accurate than teacher and youth report in predicting identifying youths with bipolar disorder. Assessment is usually done on an outpatient basis; admission to an inpatient facility is considered if there is a risk to oneself or others. The most widely used criteria for diagnosing bipolar disorder are from the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the World Health Organization's (WHO) "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems", 10th Edition (ICD-10). The ICD-10 criteria are used more often
Bipolar disorder
4891849
Impulse control disorder Impulse-control disorder (ICD) is a class of psychiatric disorders characterized by impulsivity – failure to resist a temptation, an urge, an impulse, or the inability to not speak on a thought. Many psychiatric disorders feature impulsivity, including substance-related disorders, behavioral addictions, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, conduct disorder and some mood disorders. The fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders" (DSM-5) that was published in 2013 includes a new chapter (not in DSM-IV-TR) on Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders covering disorders "characterized by problems in
Impulse control disorder
2250013
especially during periods of economic decline, and during wartime in particular many patients starved to death. Soldiers received increased psychiatric attention, and World War II saw the development in the US of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disorders, which along with existing systems for collecting census and hospital statistics led to the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) followed suit with a section on mental disorders. Previously restricted to the treatment of severely disturbed people in asylums, psychiatrists cultivated clients with a broader range of problems, and between 1917
History of mental disorders
17483176
most cited in psychiatry). This led through into the Research Diagnostic Criteria developed with Robert Spitzer and others, which ultimately shaped the influential third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association. His wife Lee was also involved in the developments. Eli Robins Eli Robins (1921 Texas - 1994 Washington) was an American psychiatrist who played a pivotal role in establishing the way mental disorders are researched and diagnosed today. Robins finished his medical training and residencies at Harvard, where he worked under biologically-oriented psychiatrist Mandel E. Cohen who would greatly influence
Eli Robins
18042574
risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). PTSD was first included in the third edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the manual classifying mental health disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association, to begin to address the symptoms that Vietnam veterans exhibited after their wartime experiences. As PTSD has developed as a diagnosis, it requires that individuals are either directly exposed to death, threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence, witness it in person, learn about it occurring indirectly to a close relative or friend, or are repeatedly exposed to aversive details of traumatic events. PTSD
Moral injury
20064123
at the Center for Studies of Schizophrenia, Psychiatric Assessment Section of the National Institute of Mental Health, and at the Chestnut Lodge Sanitarium. He was a Resident at Boston Psychoanalytic Institute between 1969 and 1980. Gunderson has made extensive studies on borderline personality disorder and has published and edited many books and papers regarding borderline and other personality disorders. According to Massachusetts General Hospital, through his academical success he has been called the "father" of borderline personality disorder. He led the academic group that described personality disorders in the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
John G. Gunderson
1407234
gender as masculine or feminine." The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (302.85) has five criteria that must be met before a diagnosis of gender identity disorder can be made, and the disorder is further subdivided into specific diagnoses based on age, for example gender identity disorder in children (for children who experience gender dysphoria). The concept of gender identity appeared in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders in its third edition, DSM-III (1980), in the form of two psychiatric diagnoses of gender dysphoria: gender identity disorder of childhood (GIDC), and transsexualism (for adolescents and adults). The
Gender identity
18756648
term, and denied that homosexuality exists, saying, "" (There is only one sexuality and biologically-loser people who refuse it). With regard to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders she also said:The APA, American Psychiatric Association, rules the world using a statistical diagnostic manual without which you can not make an official diagnosis or expertise. The DSM (Diagnostic Statistical Manual) costs lots of money and has the same ethical and scientific value that had the various posters on race. In 2013, De Mari wrote an open letter to Pope Francis, urging him to defend persecuted Christians rather than pursue
Silvana De Mari
19701054
mental disorders as natural kinds is a good one it is unlikely to be successful in real-world practice. In 2007, Cooper published "Psychiatry and the Philosophy of Science" with Acumen. In the book, she explores the continuities and discontinuities between psychiatry and other scientific disciplines which are more established. In 2014, her "Diagnosing the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" was published with Karnac. This book explored the fifth edition of the "DSM", discussing philosophical issues it raises. The same year, she co-edited, with Havi Carel, the Routledge collection "Health, Illness and Disease: Philosophical Essays". , Cooper is a
Rachel Cooper (philosopher)
16421665
leading to diagnoses that are not stable over time, have poor cross-rater agreement and high comorbidity suggesting that they do not reflect distinct disorders. In contrast the dimensional approach has been shown to predict and reflect current diagnostic criteria, but also add to them. It has been argued to be especially useful in explaining comorbidity which is often high for patients diagnosed with a personality disorders. Following from these claims, the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) incorporates a combined categorical-dimensional approach to diagnosing personality disorders based on the degree to which a person
Dimensional models of personality disorders
105021
or consumer of services. Some individuals are relieved to find that they have a recognized condition that they can apply a name to and this has led to many people self-diagnosing. Others, however, question the accuracy of the diagnosis, or feel they have been given a "label" that invites social stigma and discrimination (the terms "mentalism" and "sanism" have been used to describe such discriminatory treatment). Diagnoses can become internalized and affect an individual's self-identity, and some psychotherapists have found that the healing process can be inhibited and symptoms can worsen as a result. Some members of the psychiatric survivors
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
9350446
included in the third revision of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-III) in 1980. In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association published the DSM-IV-TR, revising the text of DSM-IV to no longer require that symptoms of tic disorders cause distress or impair functioning. The fifth revision of the DSM (DSM-5) was published in 2013: it defined tic disorders in the motor disorders chapter of the neurodevelopmental disorders, and removed the word "stereotyped" from the description of tics; replaced transient tic disorder with provisional tic disorder; differentiated motor and vocal chronic tic disorder; removed the use of stimulants as
History of Tourette syndrome
6233405
Tic disorder Tic disorders is defined in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) based on type (motor or phonic) and duration of tics (sudden, rapid, nonrhythmic movements). Tic disorders are defined similarly by the World Health Organization (ICD-10 codes). ICD10 diagnosis codes are: In the fourth revision of the DSM (DSM-IV-TR), tic disorders were classified as follows: DSM-5 was published in 2013, updating DSM-IV-TR, which was published in 2000. The following changes were made: The fifth revision of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5), published in May 2013, classifies Tourette's and tic disorders as
Tic disorder
204875
in the collection, processing, classification, and presentation of these statistics. Like the analogous "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (which is limited to psychiatric disorders and almost exclusive to the United States), the ICD is a major project to statistically classify all health disorders, and provide diagnostic assistance. The ICD is a core statistically based classificatory diagnostic system for health care related issues of the WHO Family of International Classifications (WHO-FIC). The ICD is revised periodically and is currently in its 10th revision. ICD-10, as it is therefore known, is from 1992 and the WHO publishes annual minor updates
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
20506606
as a disorder. In the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), published by the American Psychiatric Association in 2013, "Internet Gaming Disorder" is defined as a "condition warranting more clinical research and experience before it might be considered in the main book as a formal disorder." However, in 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) included gaming disorder alongside gambling disorder under "Disorders Due to Addictive Behaviors" in its diagnostic International Classification of Diseases. For gaming disorder to be diagnosed, the behavior pattern must be of sufficient severity to result in significant impairment in personal,
Gaming disorder
12752486
Love addiction Love addiction is a proposed model of pathological passion-related behavior involving the feeling of being in love. A medical review of related behaviors in animals and humans concluded that current medical evidence does not support an addiction model for maladaptive passion-related behaviors. There has never been a reference to love addiction in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM), a compendium of mental disorders and diagnostic criteria published by the American Psychiatric Association. The modern history of the concept of the love addict – ignoring such precursors as Robert Burton's dictum that 'love extended is mere
Love addiction
105011
Dr. Allen Frances being an outspoken critic of the DSM-5 states that "normality is an endangered species," for the reason of "fad diagnoses" and an "epidemic" of over-diagnosing, and suggests that the "DSM-5 threatens to provoke several more [epidemics]." Some researchers state that changes in diagnostic criteria reduce thresholds for a diagnosis, which results in increases in prevalence rates following each published version of the DSM for ADHD and autism spectrum disorder. Bruchmüller suggests that as a factor that may lead to overdiagnosis can be also situations when the diagnostician's clinical judgment regarding a diagnose (ADHD) is affected by heuristics.
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
1756083
of biological factors. In general, prenatal caloric malnutrition, premature birth and a low birth weight are risk factors for being afflicted by mental disorders and may contribute to the development of schizoid personality disorder as well. Those who have experienced traumatic brain injury may be also at risk of developing features reflective of schizoid personality disorder. Other researchers had hypothesized excessively perfectionist, unloving or neglectful parenting could play a role. The "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" is a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders. DSM- 5 still includes schizoid personality disorder with the same criteria as in
Schizoid personality disorder
17404554
case, in which it is not possible to speak about a single disease associated to the clinical course of the patient. While the term "medical condition" generally includes mental illnesses, in some contexts the term is used specifically to denote any illness, injury, or disease except for mental illnesses. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the widely used psychiatric manual that defines all mental disorders, uses the term "general medical condition" to refer to all diseases, illnesses, and injuries except for mental disorders. This usage is also commonly seen in the psychiatric literature. Some health insurance policies
Heterogeneous condition
675363
alter the underlying DNA sequence. They are heritable while also may occur throughout the lifespan, and are potentially reversible. Dysregulation of dopaminergic neurotransmission due to epigenetic mechanisms has been implicated in various eating disorders. One study has found that "epigenetic mechanisms may contribute to the known alterations of ANP homeostasis in women with eating disorders." Other candidate genes for epigenetic studies in eating disorders include leptin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Eating disorders are classified as Axis I disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders (DSM-IV) published by the American Psychiatric Association. There are
Eating disorder
12752490
the dynamics of love addiction have become further popularized in the 1990s and 2000s by multiple authors. Love addiction Love addiction is a proposed model of pathological passion-related behavior involving the feeling of being in love. A medical review of related behaviors in animals and humans concluded that current medical evidence does not support an addiction model for maladaptive passion-related behaviors. There has never been a reference to love addiction in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM), a compendium of mental disorders and diagnostic criteria published by the American Psychiatric Association. The modern history of the concept
Love addiction
104984
of the DSM was made, and Robert Spitzer was selected as chairman of the task force. The initial impetus was to make the DSM nomenclature consistent with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), published by the World Health Organization. The revision took on a far wider mandate under the influence and control of Spitzer and his chosen committee members. One goal was to improve the uniformity and validity of psychiatric diagnosis in the wake of a number of critiques, including the famous Rosenhan experiment. There was also a need to standardize diagnostic practices within the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
2707261
cases of Tourette syndrome are not severe. The treatment for the spectrum of tic disorders is similar to the treatment of Tourette syndrome. While many tics, such as throat clearing and eye blinking, are normal across populations, some tics represent disordered behavior from a psychiatric perspective. The fifth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5), published in May 2013, reclassified Tourette's and tic disorders as motor disorders listed in the neurodevelopmental disorder category, removed the word "stereotyped" from the definition of "tic" to better distinguish between stereotypies and tics, replaced transient tic disorder with provisional tic
Tic
12275646
at the University of Illinois College of Medicine. He served as the Veterans Administration psychiatric research chief and psychiatric evaluation project chief from 1949 to 1961. He then was appointed professor and child psychiatry division chief at the University of Iowa. He was on the committee which oversaw the second edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders." In later life he co-edited several books and self-published a volume of poems. Jenkins died in Iowa City, Iowa of a cerebral hemorrhage. Richard L. Jenkins Richard Leos Jenkins (3 June 1903 – 30 December 1991) was an American psychiatrist
Richard L. Jenkins
4572027
themselves. Relieving dysphoria is therefore a priority of psychiatric treatment. One may treat underlying causes such as depression or bipolar disorder as well as the dysphoric symptoms themselves. The "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5) categorizes specific dysphoria in the obsessive–compulsive spectrum. Body integrity identity disorder is referred to as "Body integrity dysphoria" in the ICD-11. Gender dysphoria is discomfort, unhappiness, or distress due to one's gender or physical sex. The current edition (DSM-5) of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" uses the term "gender dysphoria" where it previously referred to "gender identity disorder", making it
Dysphoria
2637003
defences. Robert Plutchik's (1979) theory views defences as derivatives of basic emotions, which in turn relate to particular diagnostic structures. According to his theory, reaction formation relates to joy (and manic features), denial relates to acceptance (and histrionic features), repression to fear (and passivity), regression to surprise (and borderline traits), compensation to sadness (and depression), projection to disgust (and paranoia), displacement to anger (and hostility) and intellectualization to anticipation (and obsessionality). The "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV)" published by the American Psychiatric Association (1994) includes a tentative diagnostic axis for defence mechanisms. This classification is largely based
Defence mechanisms
13150729
abuse in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, or DSM—the widely used guide for diagnosing mental disorders. Edward L. King reviewed the book from a Freemason's perspective. He pointed out that Noblitt and Perskis cite cases that were known as frauds before the first edition of "Cult and Ritual Abuse", such as Michael Warnke's claims to have been involved satanism (debunked in 1991) and the Taxil hoax from the 1890s, without qualification or noting that these examples were faked. King also pointed to the dubiousness of Noblitt's qualifications and certifications, concluding that what "[Noblit and Perskin] consider "research"
Cult and Ritual Abuse
1621039
failure when diagnosing ASPD. He states that the possibility of diagnosing and coercing a patient into prescribing medication to someone without ASPD, but is diagnosed with it could be potentially disastrous, but the possibility of not diagnosing it and seeing a patient go untreated because of a lack of sufficient evidence of cultural or environmental influences is something a psychiatrists must ignore, and in his words, "play it safe". The APA's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision (DSM IV-TR) defines antisocial personality disorder as: The essential features of a personality disorder are impairments in personality
Antisocial personality disorder
12989503
said to provide a rationale for private therapists to diagnose some personality disorders more broadly and provide ongoing treatment for them. Personality disorder Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions may vary somewhat, according to source. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) and the of the
Personality disorder
10485089
more frequently in males than in females. Although some prefer to use the person-first terminology "person with autism", most members of the autistic community prefer "autistic person" or "autistic" in formal English, to stress that autism is a part of their identity rather than a disease they have. In addition, phrases like "suffers from autism" are objectionable to many people. The autistic community has developed abbreviations for commonly used terms, such as: Autism spectrum disorders; DSM-V; Diagnostic criteria-Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) classification and diagnostic
Societal and cultural aspects of autism
4827752
disabilities, mental retardation, allergies) that may be associated with ADHD-like behaviors. United States medical and mental health professionals follow the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association; the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) is often used by health professionals elsewhere. Periodic updates incorporate changes in knowledge and treatments. For example, under DSM-IV (published in 1994, with corrections and minor changes in 2000), the diagnostic criteria for ADHD in adults broadly follow the same as in children, but the proposed revision for the DSM-5 differentiates the presentation of
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
104985
US and with other countries after research showed psychiatric diagnoses differed between Europe and the US. The establishment of these criteria was an attempt to facilitate the pharmaceutical regulatory process. The criteria adopted for many of the mental disorders were taken from the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC) and Feighner Criteria, which had just been developed by a group of research-orientated psychiatrists based primarily at Washington University in St. Louis and the New York State Psychiatric Institute. Other criteria, and potential new categories of disorder, were established by consensus during meetings of the committee, as chaired by Spitzer. A key aim
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
7129675
developed by a steering committee composed by Vittorio Lingiardi (Editor), Nancy McWilliams (Editor), and Robert S. Wallerstein (Honorary Chair). Guilford Press received a manuscript for PDM-2 in September 2016, and the current release date is set for June 2017. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006. The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
4412462
(alphabetical). Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Top Cluster A (odd or eccentric) Cluster B (dramatic, emotional, or erratic) Cluster C (anxious or fearful) NOS Top DSM-IV codes DSM-IV codes are the classification found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, also known as "DSM-IV-TR", a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that includes all currently recognized mental health disorders. The DSM-IV codes are thus used by mental health professionals to describe the features of a given mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be
DSM-IV codes
4412460
DSM-IV codes DSM-IV codes are the classification found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, also known as "DSM-IV-TR", a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that includes all currently recognized mental health disorders. The DSM-IV codes are thus used by mental health professionals to describe the features of a given mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems. The coding system utilized by the DSM-IV is designed to correspond with codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, commonly referred to as
DSM-IV codes
11912175
However, Whitely has received praise for his advocacy from prominent American psychiatrist Professor Allen Frances who lead the development of the DSMIV on behalf of the American Psychiatric Association. Whitely was also prominent in Australian efforts to prevent the official recognition of ‘Psychosis Risk Disorder’ in the influential American Psychiatric Association's, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM5) published in 2013. Psychosis Risk Disorder (officially termed Attenuated Psychosis Syndrome) was removed from the draft of the DSM5 after its inclusion lost the support of former prominent advocates including former Australian of the Year, psychiatrist Professor Patrick McGorry.
Martin Whitely
104981
diagnostic tool. They found different practitioners using the DSM-II rarely agreed when diagnosing patients with similar problems. In reviewing previous studies of eighteen major diagnostic categories, Fleiss and Spitzer concluded "there are no diagnostic categories for which reliability is uniformly high. Reliability appears to be only satisfactory for three categories: mental deficiency, organic brain syndrome (but not its subtypes), and alcoholism. The level of reliability is no better than fair for psychosis and schizophrenia and is poor for the remaining categories". As described by Ronald Bayer, a psychiatrist and gay rights activist, specific protests by gay rights activists against the
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and Uta Frith translated Asperger's paper to English in 1991. Sets of diagnostic criteria were outlined by Gillberg and Gillberg in 1989 and by Szatmari "et al." in the same year. AS became a standard diagnosis in 1992, when it was included in the tenth edition of the World Health Organization's diagnostic manual, "International Classification of Diseases" (ICD-10); in 1994, it was added to the fourth edition of the American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic reference, "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV). Hundreds of books, articles and websites now describe AS and prevalence estimates have increased dramatically for ASD, with
Asperger syndrome
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overlap. The American Psychiatric Association's definitions of these terms can be found in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). Affective spectrum The affective spectrum is a spectrum of affective disorders (mood disorders). It is a grouping of related psychiatric and medical disorders which may accompany bipolar, unipolar, and schizoaffective disorders at statistically higher rates than would normally be expected. These disorders are identified by a common positive response to the same types of pharmacologic treatments. They also aggregate strongly in families and may therefore share common heritable underlying physiologic anomalies. Affective spectrum disorders include: The following may
Affective spectrum
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and Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Since the 1980s, psychologist Paula Caplan has had concerns about psychiatric diagnosis, and people being arbitrarily "slapped with a psychiatric label". Caplan says psychiatric diagnosis is unregulated, so doctors aren’t required to spend much time understanding patients situations or to seek another doctor’s opinion. The criteria for allocating psychiatric labels are contained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which can "lead a therapist to focus on narrow checklists of symptoms, with little consideration for what is causing the patient’s suffering". So, according to Caplan, getting a psychiatric diagnosis and label often hinders
Classification of mental disorders
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"e.g." neuroticism is often described as the personal level of minor psychiatric symptoms. The "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) is an guideline for the diagnosis and understanding of mental disorders. It serves as reference for a range of professionals in medicine and mental health in the United States particularly. These professionals include psychologists, counselors, physicians, social workers, psychiatric nurses and nurse practitioners, marriage and family therapists, and more. Examples of mental disorders classified within the DSM include: Some scholars have argued that field should switch from the DSM categorical approach of mental disorders to the Research Domain
Psychopathology
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Personality disorder Personality disorders (PD) are a class of mental disorders characterized by enduring maladaptive patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience, exhibited across many contexts and deviating from those accepted by the individual's culture. These patterns develop early, are inflexible, and are associated with significant distress or disability. The definitions may vary somewhat, according to source. Official criteria for diagnosing personality disorders are listed in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM) and the of the "International Classification of Diseases" (ICD). Personality, defined psychologically, is the set of enduring behavioral and mental traits that distinguish individual humans.
Personality disorder
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variation of an impulse control disorder, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder or eating disorders. According to the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" fourth edition (DSM IV-TR), a frequent and widely used guide for the diagnosis of mental disorders, the following symptoms and characteristics are the diagnostic criteria for kleptomania: Skeptics have decried kleptomania as an invalid psychiatric concept exploited in legal defenses of wealthy female shoplifters. During the twentieth century, kleptomania was strongly linked with the increased prevalence of department stores, and "department store kleptomaniacs" were a widely held social stereotype that had political implications. Kleptomania seems to be
Kleptomania
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Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual The Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual (PDM) is a diagnostic handbook similar to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) or the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). The PDM was published on May 28, 2006. The information contained in the PDM was collected by a collaborative task force which includes members of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the International Psychoanalytical Association, the Division of Psychoanalysis (Division 39) of the American Psychological Association, the American Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, and the National Membership Committee on Psychoanalysis in Clinical Social Work. Although it
Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual
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1985, he published the first edition of the "Clinical handbook of psychological disorders: A step-by-step treatment manual", explicating evidence based practices. Aggregating his ideas from this period of extensive research, Barlow published what the "American Psychologist" deemed as his "most influential book", "Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic". From 1984 to 1994, Barlow served on work groups for the third (revised) edition and on the task force for the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, (abbreviated to DSM-III-R and DSM-IV, respectively). He was instrumental in developing the criteria for
David H. Barlow
1998157
triggered by events in the lives of those who are predisposed to OCPD. These events could include parenting styles that are over-involved and/or overly protective, as well as trauma faced during childhood. Traumas that could lead to OCPD include physical, emotional, or sexual abuse, or other psychological trauma. Under the environmental theory, OCPD is a learned behavior. Further research is needed to determine the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors. The fifth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5), a widely used manual for diagnosing mental disorders, defines obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (in Axis II Cluster
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
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diagnosis. It was argued {Henrik Walter} that a science of psychiatry can only advance if diagnosis is reliable. If clinicians and researchers frequently disagree about the diagnosis of a patient, then research into the causes and effective treatments of those disorders cannot advance. Hence, diagnostic reliability was a major concern of DSM-III. When the diagnostic reliability problem was thought to be solved, subsequent editions of the DSM were concerned mainly with "tweaking" the diagnostic criteria. Unfortunately, neither the issue of reliability or validity was settled. However, most psychiatric education post DSM-III focused on issues of treatment—especially drug treatment—and less on
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" published by the American Psychiatric Association, in the 2013 edition (DSM-V) internet addiction disorder was recommended for further study within an appendix of the manual, demonstrating the addictive qualities of technology as warranting further medical and academic research. It is clear that, whilst still debated, the potential for internet or digital devices to have addictive qualities is an emerging concern. In recent years particular attention has been paid to how the over-use of technology may be affecting the younger generation. With an influx of technology designed for day-to-day use, many children are becoming
Digital addict
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Many psychological tests are limited in their use to psychologists, as psychiatrists are unlikely receive substantial training in test administration and interpretation. However, being medical professionals, psychiatrists have skills and a knowledge base not typically available to psychologists. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—now in its fourth edition (DSM-IV-TR, American Psychiatric Association, 2000)—will soon be updated by a fifth edition slated for publication in 2013 (see Young and First, 2010, for a critique). This Manual is prepared under the aegis of the American Psychiatric Association, but psychologists contribute to this process by participating in its working groups. Rehabilitation
Psychological injury
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Ruhr. In the 1950s, he began work with concentration camp survivors. He investigated and documented the particular characteristics of their reactions, coining the term "survivor syndrome" in 1961. He later worked with the Vietnam Veteran Working Group in restoring the concept of post-traumatic stress disorders to the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III) in 1980. 2. "Psychiatric Status of Holocaust Survivors" NIEDERLAND, Wm. G. Am J Psychiatry. 1982; 139: 1646 William Guglielmo Niederland William Guglielmo Niederland (29 August 1904 – 30 July 1993) was a German-American psychoanalyst and a pioneer in the scholarly field of
William Guglielmo Niederland
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is primarily concerned with the signs and symptoms of mental disorders, rather than the underlying causes. It claims to collect them together based on statistical or clinical patterns. As such, it has been compared to a naturalist's field guide to birds, with similar advantages and disadvantages. The lack of a causative or explanatory basis, however, is not specific to the DSM, but rather reflects a general lack of pathophysiological understanding of psychiatric disorders. As DSM-III chief architect Robert Spitzer and DSM-IV editor Michael First outlined in 2005, "little progress has been made toward understanding the pathophysiological processes and cause of
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Mental disorders in film Many films have portrayed mental disorders or used them as backdrops for other themes. This is a list of some of those films, sorted by disorder, regardless of whether or not the disorder is portrayed accurately. For instance, though "50 First Dates" presents a case of anterograde amnesia, the type depicted does not actually exist. Also, of the "mental disorders" listed below, "sadistic personality disorder", "self-injury", and "suicide"—while referring to undesirable "behaviors"—are "not" mental disorders recognized in the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual". Similarly, dissociative identity disorder, formerly called "multiple identity disorder", is one
Mental disorders in film
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On August 8, 2014, President Barack Obama signed the bill into law. The "autism spectrum" or "autistic spectrum" describes a range of conditions classified as neurodevelopmental disorders in the fifth revision of the American Psychiatric Association's "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition" (DSM-5). The DSM-5, published in 2013, redefined the autism spectrum to encompass the previous (DSM-IV-TR) diagnoses of autism, Asperger syndrome, pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), childhood disintegrative disorder, and Rett syndrome. These disorders are characterized by social deficits and communication difficulties, stereotyped or repetitive behaviors and interests, and in some cases, cognitive delays.
Autism CARES Act of 2014
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area of considerable controversy. Diagnosing pathological lying can be difficult. Psychologists are trained to understand the issues this diagnosis presents as a disorder. It is listed in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", third edition. It is a stand-alone disorder as well as a symptom of other disorders such as psychopathy and antisocial, narcissistic, and histrionic personality disorders, but people who are pathological liars may not possess characteristics of the other disorders. It has been shown through lie detector tests that PF ("pseudologia fantastica") patients exhibit arousal, stress, and guilt from their deception. This is different from psychopaths,
Pathological lying
2250016
of "official" diagnoses saw a large expansion, although homosexuality was gradually downgraded and dropped in the face of human rights protests. Different regions sometimes developed alternatives such as the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorders or Latin American Guide for Psychiatric Diagnosis. DSM-IV and previous versions of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" presented extremely high comorbidity, diagnostic heterogeneity of the categories, unclear boundaries, that have been interpreted as intrinsic anomalies of the criterial, neopositivistic approach leading the system to a state of scientific crisis. Accordingly, a radical rethinking of the concept of mental disorder and the need of
History of mental disorders
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and Treating Co-Dependence: A Guide for Professionals". In the book and an article published in the Journal of Psychoactive Drugs (Volume 18, Issue 1, 1986), Cermak argued (unsuccessfully) for the inclusion of codependency as a separate personality disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R; American Psychiatric Association, 1987). Cermak's book paved the way for a Twelve-step take-off program, called Co-Dependents Anonymous. The first Co-Dependents Anonymous meeting was held October 22, 1986. Mainstream psychological scientists have questioned the validity of the codependency construct as a form of pseudoscientific "psychobabble" , and its scientific status remains uncertain. Codependency
Codependency
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and was viewed as an attack on the efficacy of psychiatric diagnosis. Although the APA was closely involved in the next significant revision of the mental disorder section of the ICD (version 8 in 1968), it decided to go ahead with a revision of the DSM. It was published in 1968, listed 182 disorders, and was 134 pages long. It was quite similar to the DSM-I. The term "reaction" was dropped, but the term "neurosis" was retained. Both the DSM-I and the DSM-II reflected the predominant psychodynamic psychiatry, although they also included biological perspectives and concepts from Kraepelin's system of
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general Belgian population demonstrated a substantial prevalence of BDSM fantasies and activities; 12.5% of the population performed one of more BDSM-practices on a regular basis. Reflecting changes in social norms, modern medical opinion is now moving away from regarding BDSM activities as medical disorders, unless they are nonconsensual or involve significant distress or harm. In the past, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the American Psychiatric Association's manual, defined some BDSM activities as sexual disorders. Following campaigns from advocacy organizations including the National Coalition for Sexual Freedom, the current version of the DSM, DSM-5, excludes consensual BDSM
BDSM
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The American Psychiatric Association (APA) published the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM); it was revised in 1968, 1980/7, 1994, 2000 and 2013. The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant iproniazid was discovered. Russian-born physiologist Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of Chicago discovered Rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research. French psychiatrist Jacques Lacan broke with the IPA over his variable-length sessions, and founded the Société Française de Psychanalyse. James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discovered the brain reward system. Roger Sperry of Caltech began split-brain research. On the recommendation of the Bhore
Timeline of psychiatry
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he noted a variant of manic depression (bipolar disorder) that he identified and named "secondary mania". He published his findings in the Archives of General Psychiatry. He also co-authored a path-finding study on the epidemiology of mania. In 1978, Krauthammer relocated to Washington, DC, to direct planning in psychiatric research under the Carter administration. He began contributing articles about politics to "The New Republic" and, in 1980, served as a speechwriter to Vice President Walter Mondale. He contributed to the third edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders". In 1984, he was board certified in psychiatry by
Charles Krauthammer
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(NIH), a group of agencies that fund and perform biomedical research. NIMH supports neuroscience and the knowledge needed to understand, diagnose, and treat brain disorders. He has worked, more recently to open psychiatric classifications, including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases, Mental and Behavioral Disorders to fundamental rethinking including the incorporation of neuroscience and genetics the recognition that many mental disorders are quantitative deviations from health rather than categorically different. Hyman is a Past-President (2014–2015) of the Society for Neuroscience which has approximately 40,000 members. He is a member of the
Steven Hyman
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Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist) Robert Leopold Spitzer (May 22, 1932 – December 25, 2015) was a psychiatrist and professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major force in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). Spitzer was born in White Plains, New York, in 1932. He received his bachelor's degree in psychology from Cornell University in 1953 and his M.D. from New York University School of Medicine in 1957. He completed his psychiatric residency at New York State Psychiatric Institute in 1961 and graduated from Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic
Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist)
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Anxiety Disorders and member of the International Advisory Board for the chapter on mental disorders of the International Classification of Diseases, 11th edition (ICD-11), and has been member of the Work Group on Mood Disorders for the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5). As a researcher, Mario Maj is especially known for his contributions in the area of bipolar disorder, including the clinical characterization of rapid cycling, mixed states, and psychotic depression, and the study of the determinants of response to prophylaxis with lithium salts. He has also produced widely quoted editorials on
Mario Maj
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Polysubstance Polysubstance was used in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV 1994) to refer to three or more drugs (including alcohol) to which an individual has become dependent (i.e., meets the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence). The criteria were changed in the DSM-5. In the DSM-IV nosology, polysubstance dependence (diagnostic code 304.80) indicated that the use of any one of the substances did not meet the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence while the combined use of the drugs did meet substance dependence diagnostic criteria. Two research studies sought to determine if polysubstance dependence patients
Polysubstance
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Commission. Coprophilia Coprophilia (from Greek "κόπρος, kópros—excrement" and "φιλία, philía—liking, fondness"), also called scatophilia or scat (Greek: "σκατά, skatá-feces"), is the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from feces. In the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, it is classified under 302.89 – Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) and has no diagnostic criteria other than a general statement about paraphilias that says "the diagnosis is made if the behavior, sexual urges, or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning". Furthermore, the DSM-IV-TR notes,
Coprophilia
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Coprophilia Coprophilia (from Greek "κόπρος, kópros—excrement" and "φιλία, philía—liking, fondness"), also called scatophilia or scat (Greek: "σκατά, skatá-feces"), is the paraphilia involving sexual arousal and pleasure from feces. In the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM), published by the American Psychiatric Association, it is classified under 302.89 – Paraphilia NOS (Not Otherwise Specified) and has no diagnostic criteria other than a general statement about paraphilias that says "the diagnosis is made if the behavior, sexual urges, or fantasies cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning". Furthermore, the DSM-IV-TR notes, "Fantasies,
Coprophilia
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emotional regulation. The formulation of narcissistic personality disorder in the American Psychiatric Association's (APA) "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) was criticised for failing to describe the range and complexity of the disorder. Critics said it focuses overly on "the narcissistic individual's external, symptomatic, or social interpersonal patterns—at the expense of ... internal complexity and individual suffering", which they argued reduced its clinical utility. The Personality and Personality Disorders Work Group originally proposed the elimination of NPD as a distinct disorder in DSM-5 as part of a major revamping of the diagnostic criteria for
Narcissistic personality disorder
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the illness can attain a higher quality of life. Although paranoid schizophrenia is defined by those two symptoms, it is also defined by a lack of certain symptoms (negative symptoms). The following symptoms are not prominent: “disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior and flat or inappropriate affect.” Those symptoms are present in another form of schizophrenia, disorganized-type schizophrenia. The criteria for diagnosing paranoid schizophrenia must be present from at least one to six months. This helps to differentiate schizophrenia from other mental disorders, such as bipolar disorder. Paranoid schizophrenia is defined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,
Paranoid schizophrenia
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2000 to 2003. She submitted her PhD thesis, entitled "Classifying Madness: A Philosophical Examination of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", to the University of Cambridge in January 2002. A book based on the PhD thesis, and of the same name, was published by Springer in 2005 as volume 86 of their Philosophy and Medicine series. By the time of the book's publication, Cooper was based at Lancaster University. In "Classifying Madness", Cooper offers an analysis of the fourth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" ("DSM"), arguing that while the "DSM" goal of classifying
Rachel Cooper (philosopher)
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of Mental Disorders" called this sexual disorder by the name "frottage" until the third edition (DSM III-R), but changed to "frotteurism" in the fourth edition, and now uses "frotteuristic disorder" in the fifth edition. Nevertheless, the term "frottage" still remains in some law codes where it is synonymous with the term "frotteurism". The professional handbook of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", fifth edition, lists the following diagnostic criteria for "frotteuristic disorder". If the individual has not acted on their interest and experiences no distress or impairment, they are considered to have a
Frotteurism
509303
such a causal link. In addition, studies rarely control for the many disorders comorbid with DID, or family maladjustment (which is itself highly correlated with DID). The popular association of DID with childhood abuse is relatively recent, occurring only after the publication of "Sybil" in 1973. Most previous examples of "multiples" such as Chris Costner Sizemore, whose life was depicted in the book and film "The Three Faces of Eve", disclosed no history of child abuse. The fourth, revised edition of the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) diagnoses DID according to the diagnostic criteria
Dissociative identity disorder
104997
five dimensions (axes) relating to different aspects of disorder or disability: Mental/Psychiatric/Behavioral/Learning conditions include, but are not limited to: depression, anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and schizophrenia. Personality Disorders include, but are not limited to: paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, schizotypal personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, narcissistic personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder; and organic intellectual disabilities. Common medical/physical conditions or diseases that may result in and/or exacerbate some of the aforementioned mental/psychiatric conditions OR that may be aggravated by the
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differ in any important ways from patients with a single-drug substance dependence but each study defined polysubstance dependence differently, making comparisons difficult. Polysubstance Polysubstance was used in the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-IV 1994) to refer to three or more drugs (including alcohol) to which an individual has become dependent (i.e., meets the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence). The criteria were changed in the DSM-5. In the DSM-IV nosology, polysubstance dependence (diagnostic code 304.80) indicated that the use of any one of the substances did not meet the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence while
Polysubstance
19952482
makes the case that this supposition has come to be accepted uncritically — even though that supposition is fundamental to current clinical theory and practice, and forms the core of the psychiatric classification system of the "DSM" (the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders"), which has become today’s diagnostic authority. "Normality Does Not Equal Mental Health" questions and rejects this central assumption. Among the author's objections to this assumption is the reification by the "DSM" of syndromes (i.e., equating mere syndromes with real disease entities) despite the absence of an organic basis for the majority of alleged medical disorders.
Steven James Bartlett
1621020
Antisocial personality disorder Antisocial personality disorder is defined in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM). Dissocial personality disorder (DPD), a similar or equivalent concept, is defined in the "International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems" (ICD), which includes antisocial personality disorder in the diagnosis. Both manuals provide similar criteria for diagnosing the disorder. Both have also stated that their diagnoses have been referred to, or include what is referred to, as psychopathy or sociopathy, but distinctions have been made between the conceptualizations of antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy, with many researchers arguing that psychopathy is
Antisocial personality disorder
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third version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1980), which relied heavily on findings from studies conducted in psychiatric in- and out-patient settings, required at least 14 days duration for a diagnosis of depression. No diagnostic category was allocated a depressive episode of shorter duration. Thus, intermittent depressive disorder, included in the Research Diagnostic Criteria (1975) was considered to identify minor versions of major depression ("minor depression") and not included in the DSM-III. However, based on data from epidemiological studies, the Swiss psychiatrist and researcher, Jules Angst, coined the concept "recurrent brief depression" (RBD) and provided diagnostic
Recurrent brief depression
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cause distress and a decrease in functioning. This is what causes mixed anxiety-depressive disorder to be classified as its own distinct psychological disorder. The symptoms of anxiety and depression disorders can be very similar. A diagnosis of mixed anxiety–depressive disorder as opposed to a diagnosis of depression or an anxiety disorder can be difficult. "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders IV" has defined certain requirements for diagnosing mixed anxiety–depressive disorder: Risk factors for mixed anxiety-depressive disorder often overlap with risk factors for anxiety and depression. These risk factors can include The risk factors tend to point to
Mixed anxiety–depressive disorder
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of autism are contained in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-5) published by the American Psychiatric Association, and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) coding system published by the World Health Organization. The criteria defined for categorizing an individual’s autism are broken down by three levels of severity according to DSM-5. “Level 3” would describe a person with low-functioning autism. The specific criteria for diagnosis of a person with Level 3 autism include severe deficits in communication skills (verbal and nonverbal), inflexibility of behavior, extreme difficulty coping with change, and extreme difficulty with shifting focus and attention.
Low-functioning autism
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In 2010 he was named a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association. In 2008, Kafka was selected to be a member of the American Psychiatric Association's Work Group on Sexual and Gender Identity Disorder for the development of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" Fifth Edition (2013) Kafka was the only American in a panel of eight non-Catholic scientists commissioned by the church to prepare a report on Catholic sex abuse cases. His article questioned whether "Catholic clerical education and socialization could be associated with an increased risk of expressing or experimenting with socially immature but
Martin Kafka
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revision of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-III-R) from 1984 to 1989. He received a Presidential Citation from the City of Baltimore in 1996 and was named a distinguished fellow of the American Psychiatric Association in 2003. In 2009 he was invited to testify before the Senate Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs on the subject of sexually disordered sexual offenders including those with pedophilia. Memberships include the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Medical Association, the American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children, the American Psychiatric Association, and the Association for
Fred Berlin
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he served a residency in psychiatry at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston from 1971-1974. In 1982 Abraham served as consultant to the Institute of Medicine's report "Marijuana and Health," as well as to the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Third Edition, of the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-III-R)." His research led to the recognition of hallucinogen persisting perception disorder (HPPD), and its inclusion in the diagnostic lexicon of psychiatry. He joined the faculty at Tufts in 2008. Prior to that, he taught for three years at Brown University School of Medicine in Providence, Rhode Island and was on the
Henry David Abraham