name for british soldiers during the revolutionary war
redcoats
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In the middle of the eighteenth century, the Army's uniforms were highly elaborate, and manoeuvres were ponderous and slow, with "innumerable words of command." Experience of the conditions and terrain in North America during the French and Indian War prompted changes to its tactics and dress. In battle the redcoats usually formed in two ranks rather than three, to increase mobility and firepower. The Army further adapted this formation during the American Revolution by forming and fighting in looser ranks, a tactic that was known as ""loose files and American scramble"". Soldiers stood at a greater distance apart and three
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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of Culloden, the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the Peninsular War (1808–1815), the War of 1812 (1812–1814), and the Waterloo campaign (1815). British regulars saw action during the American Revolutionary War. One notable use of the term was when Paul Revere, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott in the early morning hours of April 19th, 1775. British Regulars Commonly used to describe the Napoleonic era British foot soldiers, the British Regulars were known for their distinct red uniform and well-disciplined combat performance. Known famously in British folklore as the "Red Coats", these hardened soldiers were the backbone
British Regulars
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Brunswick Troops in the American Revolutionary War Brunswick Troops in the American Revolutionary War served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War, in accordance with the treaty of 1776 between Great Britain and the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. Four regiments of foot, one regiment of dragoons, one grenadier battalion, and one light battalion with a Jäger company were dispatched to British America. Most of the Brunswick troops fought at the Battles of Saratoga, where they were forced to surrender as part of British General John Burgoyne's army. A total of 5,723 soldiers were sent overseas, and 2,708
Brunswick Troops in the American Revolutionary War
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Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War, in accordance with the treaty of 1776 between Great Britain and the small principality of Hesse-Hanau. One regiment of foot, one artillery company, one ranger corps, and one light infantry corps served in British America. A total of 2,422 soldiers were sent, and 1,441 returned, the remainder either not surviving or choosing to remain in America. As compensation the reigning count of Hesse-Hanau received a total of 343,110 pound sterling from the British government.
Hesse-Hanau Troops in the American Revolutionary War
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to leave it in the 1960s. The Munsee Indians were the first to inhabit the valley. In 1683, Stephanus Van Cortlandt, bought the land in the area from the Haverstraw Indians. In April 1762, Ithiel June purchased 72 acres, from the Tomkins family who were already living there. The name is said to derive from the Dutch "Dooddel", or "dead valley", with the "town" suffix added later by English-speaking settlers. The settlement was a crossroads for soldiers during the Revolutionary War during battles at Bear Mountain's Fort Montgomery when many hundreds of British soldiers marched through the tiny settlement prior
Doodletown, New York
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States. Hessian (soldier) Hessians ( or ) were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. The Hessians were contracted by Great Britain and others as mercenaries in several 18th century European wars, but are most widely associated with the American Revolution, where around 30,000 German soldiers fought for the British during the war, forming a quarter of the troops sent to British America. The term "Hessians" is used by Americans to refer to all German troops fighting on the British side, a form of synecdoche as 65% of the German troops came
Hessian (soldier)
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Hessian (soldier) Hessians ( or ) were German soldiers who served as auxiliaries to the British Army during the American Revolutionary War. The Hessians were contracted by Great Britain and others as mercenaries in several 18th century European wars, but are most widely associated with the American Revolution, where around 30,000 German soldiers fought for the British during the war, forming a quarter of the troops sent to British America. The term "Hessians" is used by Americans to refer to all German troops fighting on the British side, a form of synecdoche as 65% of the German troops came from
Hessian (soldier)
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belongings. The British attempted to negotiate and failed. Eventually, the British needed to do something to accommodate the misplaced soldiers and their families; in 1783, land was surveyed along the St. Lawrence River surrounding present-day Prescott to be divided amongst the Loyalists as land grants for their loyalty the Crown. Edward Jessup, born in Stamford, Connecticut in 1735, forfeited 500,000 acres of property near Albany, New York by taking up arms for the King during the Revolutionary War. During the war, he founded the Jessup's Loyal Rangers who served the British. It is this group of soldiers who first settled
Prescott, Ontario
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Siege of Fort Motte The Siege of Fort Motte was a military operation during the American Revolutionary War. A force of Patriots led by General Francis "Swamp Fox" Marion and Lt. Colonel "Light Horse" Harry Lee set out to capture the British post at Fort Motte, the informal name of a plantation mansion fortified by the British for use as a depot because of its strategic location at the confluence of the Congaree and Wateree rivers. The British garrisoned roughly 175 British soldiers under Lt. Daniel McPherson at the fort. Marion and Lee learned that Lord Rawdon was retreating towards
Siege of Fort Motte
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for wear by their military forces. English armies issued ankle high boots at least as early as the English Civil War, and brogans may have been worn by some soldiers among both American and British forces during the American Revolutionary War. Both sides in the American Civil War issued them to their soldiers, and the U.S. Army issued hob-nailed brogans known as "trench boots" to U.S. soldiers during the First World War. These replaced the 1904 Russet Service Shoe, a brogan of a construction unsuitable to trench warfare or field duty in general. An improved version of the trench boot,
Brogan (shoes)
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and training reforms in the early 1800s. British soldiers in the eighteenth century A redcoat soldier in the British Army during the 18th century would have faced war in a number of theatres throughout the European continent, the Americas and the colonies of the British Empire; the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Seven Years' War between 1756–63, the American War of Independence between 1775–83, and the French Revolutionary Wars between 1792–1802. At the start of the 19th century, and as part of an army going through extensive gradual reform, he would face the ensuing Napoleonic Wars from 1803–15. Life for
British soldiers in the eighteenth century
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British soldiers in the eighteenth century A redcoat soldier in the British Army during the 18th century would have faced war in a number of theatres throughout the European continent, the Americas and the colonies of the British Empire; the Jacobite rising of 1745, the Seven Years' War between 1756–63, the American War of Independence between 1775–83, and the French Revolutionary Wars between 1792–1802. At the start of the 19th century, and as part of an army going through extensive gradual reform, he would face the ensuing Napoleonic Wars from 1803–15. Life for a redcoat soldier was often tough and
British soldiers in the eighteenth century
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rural day labourers had a very unsecure labour market. The best they could hope for was an employment as a farm hand for a full year, or for the summer season. A social analysis of British troops in North America during the French and Indian War shows that Scots and Irish were overrepresented among the rank and file. About a third of the soldiers had been common labourers in civilian life, while almost a fifth had been handweavers, a tenth cobblers, and a twentieth tailors. Another analysis, this time of British soldiers stationed in North America during American Revolutionary War,
Social background of officers and other ranks in the British Army, 1750–1815
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When Florida was ceded to Spain in the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War, Hamilton quashed talks of mutiny among the Loyalist soldiers and residents of British Florida, who sought to remain there under British rule and were then evacuated to Nova Scotia. In the course of his service in the Revolutionary War, Hamilton was wounded three times. General Charles Cornwallis, who had at one point during the war called Hamilton a "blockhead", would later commend Hamilton for his conduct and service to the British Army. The Royal North Carolina Regiment was disbanded in November 1783, and
John Hamilton (American Revolution)
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designated a New York City Scenic Landmark in 1983. The park was an ancillary site of the American Revolutionary War Battle of Fort Washington, fought on November 16, 1776, between 2,900 American soldiers and 8,000 invading Hessian troops hired by Great Britain. Margaret Corbin became the first woman to fight in the war and was wounded during the battle. Subsequently, the southern entrance to the park bears her name. The actual site of Fort Washington is less than a mile south at Bennett Park. After the British victory, the outpost was named after Sir William Tryon, the last British Governor
Fort Tryon Park
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a barracks for wounded and ill soldiers; this is probably the source of the name "Fort Recovery". The Fort was later abandoned when the Territory fell into decline after the British seized control of the islands in 1672. However, during the turbulent colonial era commencing with the American Revolutionary War and extending to the Napoleonic wars the fort was rebuilt in its current form. When the British rebuilt the fort, the Martello Tower was clearly added to try to compensate for the lack of elevation of the cannon at the Fort. The fort fell into disrepair again in the early
Fort Recovery, Tortola
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States is committed to continue fighting against the Axis Powers, as it did the British in the U.S. Revolutionary War. The poster was analyzed by members of the National World War II Museum. They argued that the poster demonstrated transfer propaganda, or an attempt to transfer the belief that Americans fought for liberty during the Revolutionary War to the then-ongoing Second World War. Americans Will Always Fight for Liberty Americans will always fight for liberty is the title of a poster frequently displayed throughout the United States during World War II. The poster depicts three American soldiers from 1943 marching
Americans Will Always Fight for Liberty
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Lady Washington Lady Washington is a ship name shared by at least four different 80-100 ton-class Sloop-of-war and merchant sailing vessels during two different time periods. The original sailed during the American Revolutionary War and harassed British shipping. Post war, the vessel was used as a merchant trading vessel in the Pacific. A somewhat updated modern replica was created in 1989. The replica has appeared in numerous films and television shows, standing in as other real or fictional ships. The original "Lady Washington", or more commonly, "Washington", was a 90-ton brig. Her early history is documented in the "Massachusetts Soldiers
Lady Washington
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deserted from the British side during the war, in part because of American propaganda. Franklin also produced a newspaper report purporting to describe the transmittal of scalps of soldiers, settlers, women and children to the Royal Governor of Canada by Britain's Indian allies. The Indian transmittal letter indicated that a certain mark on scalps indicated they were those of women who "were knocked dead or had their brains beat out." Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War Like many wars, much of the American Revolutionary War was fought by means other than combat. Politics and espionage played their roles. For
Intelligence operations in the American Revolutionary War
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near Bergen Square bear both the Tuers and Van Reypen family name. Jane Tuers Jannetje Van Reypen Tuers was a patriot during the American Revolutionary War and had a role in confirming information about a British conspiracy with Benedict Arnold to take over West Point. Jane Tuers and her husband Nicholas lived as farmers in Bergen Township, New Jersey (now known as Jersey City). While selling farm goods in British-occupied Manhattan, she spoke with Samuel Fraunces, the owner of the Fraunces Tavern. He informed Tuers that British soldiers were in his tavern toasting General Benedict Arnold who was to deliver
Jane Tuers
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in cultural memory with the British soldiers who fought against the Patriots during the American Revolutionary War: the Library of Congress possesses several examples of the uniforms the British Army used during this time. Most soldiers that fought the Patriots wore the red coat though the Hessian mercenaries and some locally recruited Loyalist units had blue or green clothing. Accounts of the time usually refer to British soldiers as "Regulars" or "the King's men", however, there is evidence of the term "red coats" being used informally, as a colloquial expression. During the Siege of Boston, on 4 January 1776, General
Red coat (military uniform)
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was known for his historical military subjects, in particular scenes of the American Revolutionary War. Lybaert inquired about the details of the uniforms worn by soldiers during the American Revolutionary War. In his response, Trego prepared 18 drawings of American revolutionary soldiers with annotations. In addition to the outfit of the soldiers he also added details on the gear of the revolutionar soldiers such as their knapsacks, cartridge boxes, etc. Lybaert clearly used the detailed information provided to him by Trego in his American Revolutionary War subjects including in . In a final period starting from the 1910s he developed
Théophile Lybaert
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The Frogs and the Lobsters The Frogs and the Lobsters (a.k.a. The Wrong War) is an episode of the television program "Hornblower". It is set during the French Revolutionary Wars and very loosely based on the chapter of the same name in C.S. Forester's novel "Mr. Midshipman Hornblower" and on the actual ill-fated Quiberon expedition of 1795. The main title is based on the often derogatory term for the French used by the British (as well as other English speakers) and on the red coats of the British soldiers. The secondary title deals with Horatio's own duty to the Crown
The Frogs and the Lobsters
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War on the North American front) and with the British during the American Revolutionary War, in part due to their strong trading ties and cultural links. After the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) and British victory, the colonial government granted some of its soldiers land in the region, which was ceded to Britain by the French. It was not until 1785, after the American Revolutionary War, when most of the Iroquois allies went to Upper Canada with the Loyalists, that the first European-American permanent settlement was made here. At the time, local Native Americans still hunted in the
Moriah, New York
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1795, by 38 years. Before his death, Tarleton had achieved the military rank of General, equal to that held by the overall British Commanders during the American Revolution, and became a baronet and a member of the British Parliament. "The Patriot" was criticized for misrepresenting atrocities during the Revolutionary War, including the killing of prisoners of war and wounded soldiers and burning a church filled with townsfolk. While atrocities occurred during the war, the most striking of the film's depictions of British atrocities—the burning of a church full of unarmed colonial civilians—had virtually no factual basis nor parallel in the
The Patriot (2000 film)
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addition to many of the church's founding members, soldiers from the American Revolutionary War, the War of 1812, and the American Civil War are also interred there. The church cemetery contains a monument to "Daddy Ben," a slave who, during the Revolutionary War, refused to tell the British where his master was hiding, and survived three hanging attempts by the British Army. Zion Presbyterian Church (Columbia, Tennessee) The Zion Presbyterian Church is a historic building in Maury County, Tennessee. The church was built between 1847 and 1849 of brick in the Greek Revival style. President James K. Polk attended a
Zion Presbyterian Church (Columbia, Tennessee)
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due to an even split of the congregation between Revolutionary and Loyalist sympathies, the building was closed and the congregation disbanded during the American Revolutionary War. During this time, the building was used as a hospital and the churchyard was a burial ground for Hessian soldiers fighting to retain British control of the American Colonies. Reverend William Frazer, who had been a Tory during the American Revolution, was permitted to resume his duties as rector at St. Michael's after the war. Frazer also ran a school, where his students in the early 1790s included the two oldest sons of Alexander
St. Michael's Church (Trenton, New Jersey)
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Calais and later appearing in Scotland. The Whitehills emigrated to the United States in the mid 18th century. A James Whitehill fought in the Revolutionary war against the British. Camphill, Pennsylvania was originally called Whitehill, but changed its name during the American Civil War in respect to a group of soldiers who had camped there. Whitehill Whitehill is a family surname, appearing both in literature and in historical references. As fictional family, the Whitehills are featured in the short stories of Brazilian writer Rita Maria Felix da Silva. The first reference to them was Lord Douglas Whitehill in "San Juan
Whitehill
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during the American Revolutionary War. In July 18–21, 1775, Patriots led by Robert Howe, Cornelius Harnett, and John Ashe attacked Fort Johnston while Captain Collett and Governor Joshia Martin watched from the "Cruizer." The following spring of 1776, British soldiers from the Royal Navy ship "Cruizer" attacked Brunswick Town. The soldiers, led by Captain Collett, burned most of the town's structures including Russellborough and more than likely Saint Phillips Church . Later, under orders from General Clinton and General Cornwallis, British soldiers burned parts of the town again. After the war, two or three families returned to Brunswick. The port
Brunswick Town, North Carolina
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four percent of the Patriots' numbers. Of the 9,000 black soldiers, 5,000 were combat troops. Notably, the average length of time in service for an African American soldier during the war was four and a half years (due to many serving for the whole eight-year duration), which was eight times longer than the average period for white soldiers. Meaning that while they were only four percent of the manpower base, they comprised around a quarter of the Patriots' strength in terms of man-hours. Crispus Attucks, shot dead by British soldiers in the Boston Massacre in 1770, is considered an iconic
African Americans in the Revolutionary War
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of the 18th century. Gradually, the Seneca began to ally with their trading partners, the Dutch and British, against France’s ambitions in the New World. By 1760 during the Seven Years' War, they helped the British capture Fort Niagara from the French. The Seneca had relative peace from 1760 to 1775. In 1763 a Seneca war party ambushed a British supply train and soldiers in Battle of Devil's Hole, also known as the Devil's Hole massacre, during Pontiac's Rebellion. After the American Revolutionary War broke out between the British and the colonists, the Seneca at first attempted to remain neutral
Seneca people
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the Continental Army in January 1776. Small all-black units were formed in Rhode Island and Massachusetts; many slaves were promised freedom for serving. Some of the men promised freedom were sent back to their masters, after the war was over, out of political convenience. Another all-black unit came from Saint-Domingue with French colonial forces. At least 5,000 black soldiers fought for the Revolutionary cause. Tens of thousands of slaves escaped during the war and joined British lines; others simply moved off in the chaos. For instance, in South Carolina, nearly 25,000 slaves (30% of the enslaved population) fled, migrated or
American Revolutionary War
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classes at the local community college, and took up playing the bassoon in the community orchestra. He also tried his hand at writing a novel. In Peckham's 1974 work, "The Toll of Independence", he painstakingly counted American military wartime casualties in the Revolutionary War and added them to the number of American soldiers who died while prisoners of war in British captivity. Peckham's investigation revealed that the number of deaths was much greater than previously assumed, which now totaled about 25,000 American deaths, a significant loss for a population that during the Revolutionary War numbered fewer than three million. At
Howard Henry Peckham
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leaders. He died from wounds in 1780. The standard uniform of the British army consisted of the traditional red coat with cocked hats, white breeches and black gaiters with leather knee caps. Hair was usually cut short or fixed in plaits at the top of the head. As the war progressed many line regiments replaced their cocked hats with slouch hats. The full "marching order" a line infantryman was expected to carry on campaign was extensive, and British soldiers often dropped much of their equipment before battle. Soldiers were also issued with greatcoats to be worn in adverse conditions, which
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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Stockbridge Militia The Stockbridge Militia was a Patriot, American military unit from Stockbridge, Massachusetts which served in the American Revolutionary War. This Massachusetts militia unit was composed of American Indians, mostly Mahican, Wappinger, and Munsee from the Stockbridge area. While most northeastern tribes, such as Joseph Brant's Mohawks, aligned themselves with the British, the Stockbridge tribes cast their lot with the colonies. Led by Jehoiaikim Mtohksin and Abraham Nimham, they were the first American Indian, Patriot soldiers to fight against the British, during the American Revolutionary War. In 1774, as the revolution began to get under way in Massachusetts, members
Stockbridge Militia
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north of the river, nearer to the Quapaw villages. Many of these settlers arrived as refugees from the Revolutionary War. On 17 April 1783, James Colbert, a British Indian trader and partisan, conducted a raid with fellow partisans and their Chickasaw allies against Spanish forces controlling Arkansas Post. This was part of a small British campaign against the Spanish on the Mississippi River during the American Revolutionary War, when power was shifting in North America. The Spanish defended it with their soldiers, Quapaw allies, and settlers acting as Indians to scare off the partisans. With deterioration of Fort San Carlos
Arkansas Post
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British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I began from its initial roots in the late-19th century and ultimately came to span in extent from Asia through Europe to the West Coast of the United States and Canada. It was effective in thwarting a number of attempts for insurrection in British India during World War I and ultimately in controlling the Indian revolutionary movement both at home and abroad. During World War I, although Indian political bodies and populace largely came to support the British war
British counter-intelligence against the Indian revolutionary movement during World War I
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was eventually sent back to New York City, the command center for British forces during the war. After the war, the soldiers of the Maryland Loyalists, along with many other American loyalists, were transported by the British Government as refugees to Nova Scotia. In the fall of 1783, a ship carrying the exiled battalion was shipwrecked off the Nova Scotia coast. The survivors made up the first British American citizens of the new Canadian province of New Brunswick. The Maryland Loyalist Battalion is also a Revolutionary War reenacting unit based in Baltimore, Maryland. One of the more dramatic persons to
Maryland Loyalists Battalion
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naval bases. He posted the 15th, 28th, and 55th Foot and 1,500 gunners at Saint Kitts. The 27th, 35th, and 49th Foot and 1,600 gunners defended Saint Lucia. Meanwhile, the royal dockyard at Antigua was held by an 800-man garrison of the 40th and 60th Foot. Grant also reinforced the fleet with 925 soldiers. Although Britain lost other islands, his dispositions provided the basis for the British successes in the Caribbean during the final years of the war. In 1778 British forces began attacking French enclaves in India, first capturing the French port of Pondicherry, and seizing the port of
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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of Independence contributed to the early difficulties experienced by the British army during the French Revolutionary Wars. British Army during the American Revolutionary War The British Army during the American Revolutionary War served for eight years in campaigns fought around the globe. Defeat at the Siege of Yorktown to a combined Franco-US force ultimately led to the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in eastern North America, and the concluding Treaty of Paris deprived Britain of many of the gains achieved in the Seven Years' War. However several victories elsewhere meant that much of the British Empire remained intact. In 1775
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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Philipps, to fortify Canso. The Acadians in this region left in the Acadian Exodus during Father Le Loutre's War. Those that remained would have been removed during the French and Indian War. British settlers renamed the town Guysborough after Sir Guy Carleton, commander of the British forces and Governor General of Canada in the 1780s. Led by Thomas Brownspriggs, Guysborough was settled by Black Loyalists in the early 18th century. Land in the area was granted to soldiers of disbanded British regiments and Black Loyalists following the American Revolutionary War and the population grew. Guysborough was also settled by Loyalists
Guysborough, Nova Scotia (community)
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Native communities. They fought in entirely integrated units, unlike the African-American soldiers who fought for their country from the Revolutionary period through World War II. There is no evidence of official discrimination for Native American soldiers. They received equal pay and treatment as their white counterparts. That is a direct contrast to unit segregation in the Civil War, for instance. African-American soldiers fought in segregated units, such as the 54th Massachusetts Regiment under Col. Robert Gould Shaw. They were initially paid less than their white counterparts. Soldiers of Native American origin fought in several significant battles during the Revolutionary War
Praying Indian
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joint attack, the siege was abandoned, and the British remained in control of Savannah until July 1782, near the end of the war. In 1779, more than 500 recruits from Saint-Domingue (the French colony which later became Haiti), under the overall command of French nobleman Charles Hector, Comte d'Estaing, fought alongside American colonial troops against the British Army during the siege of Savannah. This was one of the most significant, foreign contributions to the American Revolutionary War. This French-colonial force had been established six months earlier and included hundreds of soldiers of color in addition to white soldiers and a
Siege of Savannah
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those days Molly Pitcher followed her husband from Carlisle Pennsylvania back to New Jersey. She not only carried water to the thirsty soldiers, she also tended to wounds, cleaned clothes, and many other important tasks. There is even a story saying that her husband had fainted during battle and Pitcher took over his cannon during the battle. Molly Pitcher was a very popular woman due to her heroic work during the Revolutionary War. The location of the hotel compared to where the war actually took place makes using the iconic name Molly Pitcher a perfect name for a hotel. The
Molly Pitcher Inn
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"Brunswickers." The combined forces from Braunschwieg and Hesse-Hanau accounted for nearly half of Burgoyne's army. The Jagers were greatly prized by British commanders, their skill in skirmishing and scouting meant they continued to serve in the Southern campaigns under Cornwallis until the end of the war. Soldiers from Hanover also formed part of the garrisons at Gibraltar and Minorca, and two regiments participated in the Siege of Cuddalore. Other than mercenary troops, the Company army serving in India consisted of regular British troops alongside native Indian Sepoys. Foreigners were also present among the regular British officer corps. The Swiss-born Major-General
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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York, was born in Arlington. During the American Revolutionary War, the Patriot soldiers, of the Green Mountain Boys, rallied, against Loyalist opposition, in the town. British Loyalist citizens, in Arlington, united under the leadership of Dr. Samuel Adams, organized an independent, military unit, Adams' Rangers, to support the British war effort, in the region. In 1777, Adams' men saw action, fighting for British General John Burgoyne, at the Battle of Saratoga, in the Province of New York and were soundly defeated. Arlington lies in the Valley of Vermont between the Taconic Range to the west and the Green Mountains to
Arlington, Vermont
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but were exchanged for British soldiers captured during the Canadian campaign eight days later. With the ending of the enlistments of the soldiers the regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1777 at Coos, New Hampshire. State Builders: An Illustrated Historical and Biographical Record of the State of New Hampshire. State Builders Publishing Manchester, NH 1903 Bedel's Regiment Bedel's Regiment was first raised as a single company of rangers in Coos, New Hampshire on May 26, 1775 under the command of Timothy Bedel for the protection of northern New Hampshire during the early days of the American Revolutionary War. Between July
Bedel's Regiment
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Albemarle Barracks Albemarle Barracks was a prisoner-of-war camp for British prisoners during the American Revolutionary War. Following Gen. John Burgoyne's defeat at the Battle of Saratoga, in 1777, several thousand British and German (Hessian and Brunswickian) troops, of what came to be known as the Convention Army, were marched to Cambridge, Massachusetts. For various reasons, the Continental Congress desired to move them south. One of Congress' members, Col. John Harvie/Harvey, Sr. and sons offered some of his lands outside of Charlottesville, Virginia. The remaining soldiers (some 2,000 British, upwards of 1,900 German, and roughly 300 women and children) marched south
Albemarle Barracks
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his escape at Cherry Valley. Cherry Valley massacre The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the village of Cherry Valley in eastern New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It has been described as one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war. A mixed force of Loyalists, British soldiers, Seneca and Mohawks descended on Cherry Valley, whose defenders, despite warnings, were unprepared for the attack. During the raid, the Seneca in particular targeted non-combatants, and reports state that 30 such individuals were slain, in addition
Cherry Valley massacre
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Cherry Valley massacre The Cherry Valley massacre was an attack by British and Iroquois forces on a fort and the village of Cherry Valley in eastern New York on November 11, 1778, during the American Revolutionary War. It has been described as one of the most horrific frontier massacres of the war. A mixed force of Loyalists, British soldiers, Seneca and Mohawks descended on Cherry Valley, whose defenders, despite warnings, were unprepared for the attack. During the raid, the Seneca in particular targeted non-combatants, and reports state that 30 such individuals were slain, in addition to a number of armed
Cherry Valley massacre
495115
in complete military formations to Great Britain to fight in North America during the American Revolutionary War, 1776–1783. These soldiers, commonly known as Hessians, fought under the British flag. The British used the Hessians in several conflicts, including in the Irish Rebellion of 1798. For further revenue, the soldiers were loaned to other places as well. Most were conscripted, with their pay going to the Landgrave. The ruler of Hesse-Kassel was elevated to the status of Prince-Elector in 1803, but this remained without effect, as the Holy Roman Empire was disbanded in 1806. The territory was annexed by Napoleon to
Hesse
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during peacetime without their consent. Requested by several states during the Constitutional ratification debates, the amendment reflected the lingering resentment over the Quartering Acts passed by the British Parliament during the Revolutionary War, which had allowed British soldiers to take over private homes for their own use. The Fourth Amendment (1791) protects people against unreasonable searches and seizures of either self or property by government officials. A search can mean everything from a frisking by a police officer or to a demand for a blood test to a search of an individual's home or car. A seizure occurs when the
United States Constitution
1171944
1770s by James Bonner on his land and was known as Forks of the Tar. In 1776, it was renamed Washington. During the American Revolutionary War, Washington served as a supply port while all major neighboring ports were under British siege. Washington was attack by the Union Army during the American Civil War, until shelling by Confederates ships from the Tar River forced the Union soldiers out. Both Union and Confederate soldiers burned many buildings as they retreated. The Bank of Washington, West End Branch, Beaufort County Courthouse, Bowers-Tripp House, North Market Street Historic District, Rosedale, Washington Historic District, and
Washington, North Carolina
2835
with Britain. British returns in 1783 listed 43,633 rank and file deaths across the British Armed Forces. A table from 1781 puts total British Army deaths at 9,372 soldiers killed in battle across the Americas; 6,046 in North America (1775–1779), and 3,326 in the West Indies (1778–1780). In 1784, a British lieutenant compiled a detailed list of 205 British officers killed in action during the war, encompassing Europe, the Caribbean and the East Indies. Extrapolations based upon this list puts British Army losses in the area of at least 4,000 killed or died of wounds. Approximately 7,774 Germans died in
American Revolutionary War
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colonials and American rebels, having pardoned some of the Regulators. However, it was not enough. During the American Revolutionary War, Montagu began recruiting American prisoners for the Duke of Cumberland's Regiment to fight for the British war with Spanish forces, who were on the colonists side. Charles was captured recruiting soldiers on British prison ships in New York but was released by General Nathanael Greene. Charles even tried to convince American General William Moultrie to join his regiment, but failed. Charles and his recruits made up the Duke of Cumberland's army regiment, and the outfit was discharged in 1783. Charles
Lord Charles Montagu
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and the other by Ebenezer Learned, were ordered to the area in October 1778. Newspaper reports of the period and a contemporaneous journal kept by an officer of the 1st New Hampshire Regiment indicate that American soldiers camped at this location from October 15-21, 1778. The area was thereafter used as a military hospital. Revolutionary War Campsite The Revolutionary War Campsite is a historic archaeological site in West Hartford, Connecticut. It was the site of a 1778 encampment of Continental Army soldiers during the American Revolutionary War. The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.
Revolutionary War Campsite
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British Army during the American Revolutionary War The British Army during the American Revolutionary War served for eight years in campaigns fought around the globe. Defeat at the Siege of Yorktown to a combined Franco-US force ultimately led to the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in eastern North America, and the concluding Treaty of Paris deprived Britain of many of the gains achieved in the Seven Years' War. However several victories elsewhere meant that much of the British Empire remained intact. In 1775 the British Army was a volunteer force. The army had suffered from lack of peacetime spending and
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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explain the history of the term Tar Heel. According to this legend, the troops of British General Cornwallis during the American Revolutionary War were fording what is now known as the Tar River between Rocky Mount and Battleboro when they discovered that tar had been dumped into the stream to impede the crossing of British soldiers. When they finally got across the river, they found their feet completely black with tar. Thus, the soldiers observed that anyone who waded through North Carolina rivers would acquire "tar heels." In the third volume of Walter Clark's "Histories of the Several Regiments from
Tar Heel
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of individuals. The practice of billetting evacuees was widespread in Britain during World War II, particularly during the Blitz, when children and other non-essential persons in major cities were sent to rural areas for safety. In European countries since the formation of regular forces the Quartermaster was an occupation and a rank of the individuals responsible for provision of sleeping quarters as well as other provisions for regular time troops. One of the major grievances of the American colonists against the British government which led to the American Revolutionary War was the quartering of soldiers in civilian homes. As a
Billet
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a symbol of the Franco-American, war alliance, made in honor and recognition of the All Black Patriot, militia company. Bucks of America The Bucks of America was a Patriot Massachusetts Militia company, during the American Revolutionary War, that was composed of African-American soldiers. Few records survive about the unit, most of its history is constructed from eyewitness accounts. Also, no official military records exist or have survived, for the Bucks of America. When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, black soldiers—both slaves and freemen—served with white soldiers in integrated militia units in the New England colonies. Later that year,
Bucks of America
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Revolutionary War, they provided also comfort for their owners who were far from home. While fighting, both British and American soldiers adopted stray dogs and other animals as they traveled. George Washington, the first President and the Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army, was integral to the Revolutionary War. While at Mount Vernon, Washington inspected the dog kennels twice a day and visited with his hounds. He was an avid hunter and maintained kennels of foxhounds for this purpose. Though most of his dogs were used for hunting and breeding, he brought along his favorite dog, Sweet Lips, with him when
Dogs in the American Revolutionary War
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historians consider the episode a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India. During World War I, British India contributed to the British war effort by providing men and resources. Millions of Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while both the Indian administration and the princes sent large supplies of food, money, and ammunition. However, Bengal and Punjab remained sources of anticolonial activities. Revolutionary attacks in Bengal, associated increasingly with disturbances in Punjab, were significant enough to nearly paralyse the regional administration. Of these, a pan-Indian mutiny in the British Indian Army
Jallianwala Bagh massacre
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Adams' Rangers Adams' Rangers, also known as Adams’ Company of Rangers, were a British Loyalist local volunteer corps and independent military company raised to support the British Army during the American Revolutionary war. Led by Dr. Samuel Adams of Arlington, New Hampshire Grants (now Vermont), the Rangers made their most significant contribution to the British war effort by serving with the ill-fated Burgoyne Expedition in the Saratoga campaign of 1777. The soldiers of Adams's Rangers were recruited primarily from the region of the New Hampshire Grants (also known by the Patriots as the Republic of Vermont), with the largest number
Adams' Rangers
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soldiers it sent – they were decisive in the great victory at Yorktown in 1781. Second, he provided leadership of troops against the main British forces in 1775–77 and again in 1781. He lost many of his battles, but he never surrendered his army during the war, and he continued to fight the British relentlessly until the war's end. Washington worked hard to develop a successful espionage system to detect British locations and plans. In 1778, he formed the Culper Ring to spy on enemy movements in New York City. In 1780 it discovered Benedict Arnold was a traitor. The
American Revolutionary War
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and centrally-placed Stone of Remembrance with inscription ("Their name liveth for evermore"), and short-cut lawns. The entrance is formed of three limestone arches with wrought iron gates. As with the other British war cemeteries in Germany, the cemetery at Heerstrasse is administered by the CWGC. The majority of those interred there were members of the Royal Air Force who were killed during attacks on Berlin, alongside British soldiers who died in captivity in Germany and some civilian members of the post-1945 British occupation forces. As well as Britons, there are soldiers from other Commonwealth realms, soldiers of unknown nationalities and
Berlin 1939–1945 Commonwealth War Graves Commission Cemetery
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a secret password and led them to the camp, General Grey and the British launched the successful attack on the unsuspecting men of the Pennsylvania regiment, stabbing them to death as they slept. It was also alleged that the British soldiers took no prisoners during the attack, stabbing or setting fire to those who tried to surrender. Before it was over, nearly 200 Americans were killed or wounded. The Paoli Massacre became a rallying cry for the Americans against British atrocities for the rest of the Revolutionary War. The Battle of Paoli occurred in the town; the site of the
Paoli, Pennsylvania
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New Jersey Volunteers The New Jersey Volunteers, also known as Jersey Volunteers, "Skinners", Skinner's Corps, and Skinner's Greens (due to their green wool uniform coats), were a British provincial military unit of Loyalists, raised for service by Cortlandt Skinner, during the American Revolutionary War. In 1776, American loyalist soldiers, formed the New Jersey Volunteers, which was raised in Province of New York, first, as three battalions and eventually as six, of 500 men each. The New Jersey Volunteers saw their first combat at the Battle of Long Island, during the British New York Campaign offensive and following the defeat and
New Jersey Volunteers
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crimes during the conflict. Three members of the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) were found guilty of various human rights abuses, which included the recruitment of children for use in combat. Child soldiers in Sierra Leone During the decade-long civil conflict which took place in Sierra Leone between 1991 and 2002, the Revolutionary United Front (RUF), state forces and state-supported militias conscripted children for use in combat. Although the use of children in combat is not new to Sierra Leone, the use of child soldiers became widespread during the civil war. The RUF, kidnapped and forced children to fight from
Child soldiers in Sierra Leone
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1795. It is likely this area was called Guinea after being used as a landing site for importation of slaves from that area. At one time, the name was thought to have derived from the period of the American Revolutionary War. Loyalists quartered Hessian mercenaries here who were attached to Cornwallis' army; they were paid one guinea per day. The Hessians were thought to have occupied lower Gloucester during the closing days of the Revolutionary War, or to have settled here after deserting the British. Cornwallis sent British troops and cavalry to occupy Gloucester in October 1781; Hessians may have
Gloucester County, Virginia
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Third Amendment to the United States Constitution The Third Amendment (Amendment III) to the United States Constitution places restrictions on the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the owner's consent, forbidding the practice in peacetime. The amendment is a response to Quartering Acts passed by the British parliament during the buildup to the American Revolutionary War, which had allowed the British Army to lodge soldiers in private residences. The Third Amendment was introduced in Congress in 1789 by James Madison as a part of the United States Bill of Rights, in response to Anti-Federalist objections to the new Constitution.
Third Amendment to the United States Constitution
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were often formed from the grenadier companies of line regiments. Grenadiers were historically chosen from the tallest soldiers, but as with light infantry companies, were often selected from among the most proficient soldiers in their parent units. At the Battle of Vigie Point in 1778 a force of British infantry who were veterans of colonial fighting inflicted heavy casualties on a far larger force of regular French troops who advanced in columns. Clayton describes how ""...the use of light infantry, well led by their officers and NCOs, was of key importance in advance as skirmishers fired on French columns from
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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to take place in New Jersey during the Revolutionary War (and for the rest of the history of New Jersey) was the Battle of Springfield. Baron von Knyphausen, the Hessian general, hoped to invade New Jersey and expected support from colonists of New Jersey who were tired of the war. He hoped to secure Hobart Gap, from which he could attack the American headquarters in Morristown. On June 23, 1780, the British attacked soldiers under the command of Nathanael Greene. General Greene successfully stopped a two-pronged attack from entrenchments held across the Raritan River, preventing the British invasion. New Jersey
History of New Jersey
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soldiers, who recorded their disapproval of British conduct towards the colonists, such as the destruction of property and the execution of prisoners. The presence of Hessian soldiers caused considerable anxiety among the colonists, both Patriot and Loyalist, who viewed them as brutal mercenaries. British soldiers were often contemptuous in their treatment of Hessian troops, despite orders from General Howe that "the English should treat the Germans as brothers". The order only began to have any real effect when the Hessians learned to speak a minimal degree of English, which was seen as a prerequisite for the British troops to accord
American Revolutionary War
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Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels The Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels was the name given by Australian soldiers to Papua New Guinean war carriers who, during World War II, were recruited to bring supplies up to the front and carry injured Australian troops down the Kokoda trail during the Kokoda Campaign. "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" was originally used by British soldiers in the 19th century as a name for Hadendoa warriors on the Red Sea coast of the Sudan, and referred to their elaborate butter-matted hairstyles. The Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels were named for both their frizzy hair and helpful role. In 1942, during the Pacific invasion, the
Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels
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rear, and began beating their march at the same time as us. From that minute we saw them no more until the action was over, and only one man of them was wounded, by a random shot which came over us."" The Hessians served in some capacity in most of the major battles of the war. Duke Karl I provided Great Britain with almost 4,000 foot soldiers and 350 dragoons under General Friedrich Adolf Riedesel. These soldiers were the majority of the German regulars under General John Burgoyne in the Saratoga campaign of 1777, and were generally referred to as
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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Gibraltar and the successful Franco-Spanish campaign to capture Minorca, had by 1783 involved over 100,000 men, and hundreds of guns and ships. In September 1782 the ""Grand Assault"" on the besieged Gibraltar garrison took place, which was the largest single battle of the war, involving over 60,000 soldiers, sailors and marines. France also twice unsuccessfully attempted to capture the British channel island of Jersey, first in 1779 and again in 1781. Following the Treaty of Paris, the British army began withdrawing from its remaining posts in the Thirteen Colonies. In mid-August 1783, General Guy Carleton began the evacuation of New
British Army during the American Revolutionary War
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Black Company of Pioneers The Black Company of Pioneers, also known as the Black Pioneers and Clinton's Black Pioneers, were a British Provincial military unit raised for Loyalist service during the American Revolutionary War. The Black Loyalist company was raised by General Sir Henry as a non-combatant replacement force for the disbanded Ethiopian Regiment in Philadelphia in late 1777 or early 1778. Pioneers were soldiers employed to perform engineering and construction tasks. Clinton refused to allow black and white soldiers to serve together as integrated Loyalist military units. In 1778, the Pioneers merged into the Guides and Pioneers, led by
Black Company of Pioneers
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motivations of soldiers of the U.S. Army in World War II to Continental soldiers stationed at Valley Forge, drawing a connection between the soldiers from the Revolutionary War and the soldiers engaged in combat against the Axis powers. The poster was displayed throughout the United States in public areas such as schools, libraries, post offices and factories. It helped to instill patriotism during the Second World War and has been called one of the most recognized and enduring posters produced during the World War II era. The poster in underlining the word "always" also attempts to demonstrate that the United
Americans Will Always Fight for Liberty
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the Adam design. Shortly after completing the construction, Col. James was captured by the British army during the Revolutionary War and paroled. However, after learning of many British soldiers breaking their parole, he too broke his and re-enlisted in the American Army. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. In a local legend associated with the home, General Cornwallis used Harmony Hall as his headquarters for a time during his march to Wilmington, North Carolina. According to the legend, one night he and his staff were planning their campaign against General Greene in an upstairs
Harmony Hall (White Oak, North Carolina)
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Bucks of America The Bucks of America was a Patriot Massachusetts Militia company, during the American Revolutionary War, that was composed of African-American soldiers. Few records survive about the unit, most of its history is constructed from eyewitness accounts. Also, no official military records exist or have survived, for the Bucks of America. When the American Revolutionary War began in 1775, black soldiers—both slaves and freemen—served with white soldiers in integrated militia units in the New England colonies. Later that year, these New England militia units became the nucleus of the newly created Continental Army, the national army of the
Bucks of America
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Brant's Volunteers Brant's Volunteers also known as Joseph Brant's Volunteers were irregular British Loyalist volunteers, raised during the American Revolutionary War by pro-British Mohawk chief, Joseph Brant (Mohawk: "Thayendanegea"), who fought on the British side in the Province of New York. Being military associators, they were not provided soldiers' uniforms, weapons, or pay by the British government, and survived by foraging, robbery, and looting of the battlefields. The initial size of Brant's guerrilla company was approximately 100 men, comprising 20% Mohawk allies of the British, and 80% white, New York Loyalists. The Loyalists were mostly of English, Scottish, and Irish
Brant's Volunteers
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Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1771) Lieutenant-General Sir Henry Clinton (9 March 1771 – 11 December 1829) was a British Army officer and a general officer during the Napoleonic Wars. He came from a family of soldiers. His elder brother was General Sir William Henry Clinton (1769–1846), his father was General Sir Henry Clinton (1730–1795), the British Commander-in-Chief in North America during the American Revolutionary War, and his grandfather was Admiral of the Fleet George Clinton (1686–1761). Clinton first went to sea as a midshipman in 1786 in with Captain Erasmus Gower who was flag captain to Commodore John
Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1771)
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medal, that was awarded only to three militiamen from New York state. They received it for the capture of John André, a British officer and spy connected directly to General Benedict Arnold during the American Revolutionary War. The capture saved the fort of West Point from the British Army. The first formal system for rewarding acts of individual gallantry by American soldiers was established by George Washington when he issued a field order on August 7, 1782, for a Badge of Military Merit to recognize those members of the Continental Army who performed "any singular meritorious action". This decoration is
Medal of Honor
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the combined trail fords the river. The fort was a significant stronghold of the fur trade at the southern end of Lake Michigan. Prior to the French and Indian War (also known as the Seven Years' War), the post had a French garrison of 10 soldiers, a commandant, blacksmith, Catholic priest, interpreter, and 15 additional households. With their victory in the war, the British took over the fort and maintained it for the fur trade. During the American Revolutionary War, they used it to supply their American Indian allies against the rebellious Continentals. The Spanish raided the fort in 1781
Fort St. Joseph (Niles, Michigan)
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off the shores of Brooklyn, New York as a place of incarceration for many thousands of American soldiers and sailors during about 1776-1783. These prisoners of war were harassed and abused by guards who, with little success, offered release to those who agreed to serve in the British Navy. Over 10,000 American prisoners of war died from neglect. Their corpses were often tossed overboard, though sometimes they were buried in shallow graves along the eroding shoreline. Many of the remains became exposed or were washed up and recovered by local residents over the years and later interred nearby in the
Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War
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Clark's Grant Clark's Grant was a tract of land granted to George Rogers Clark and the soldiers who fought with him during the American Revolutionary War by the state of Virginia in honor of their service. The tract was and located in present-day Clark County, Indiana, and parts of the surrounding counties. During the American Revolutionary War, George Rogers Clark led the militia of Virginia in capturing a large part of the Illinois Country as part of the Illinois Campaign. Land was offered as an incentive to adventurers to sign up as soldiers and join the expedition. After the war
Clark's Grant
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recognition was too little, too late. Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels The Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels was the name given by Australian soldiers to Papua New Guinean war carriers who, during World War II, were recruited to bring supplies up to the front and carry injured Australian troops down the Kokoda trail during the Kokoda Campaign. "Fuzzy-Wuzzy" was originally used by British soldiers in the 19th century as a name for Hadendoa warriors on the Red Sea coast of the Sudan, and referred to their elaborate butter-matted hairstyles. The Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels were named for both their frizzy hair and helpful role. In
Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels
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American Regiment settled there; some were among the first colonists of the newly formed province of New Brunswick. Reenactors have recreated Robinson's unit wearing green coats, the standard issue for loyalist soldiers at the beginning of the war. Loyal American Regiment The Loyal American Regiment was a British Provincial regiment raised in 1777 for Loyalist service during the American Revolutionary War. The regiment fought in many engagements throughout the war and the men were among the thousands of loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, after the regiment disbanded in 1783. The "Loyal American Regiment" was raised in mid-March 1777 by
Loyal American Regiment
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the time scattered his name amidst the influx of new town applications, which is why several towns in the Northeast bear the name. Amherst was a hero of the French and Indian War who, according to popular legend, singlehandedly won Canada for the British and banished France from North America. Popular belief has it that he supported the American side in the Revolutionary War and resigned his commission rather than fight for the British. Baron Amherst actually remained in the service of the Crown during the war—albeit in Great Britain rather than North America—where he organized the defense against the
Amherst, Massachusetts
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for "Jacks and Whites", reflecting their multiracial ancestry. In part because of the people's multiracial ancestry, the outside community assumed they were descendants of runaway and freed slaves ("Jacks" in slang) and whites. Over time, the latter were believed to have included Dutch settlers (reflected in surnames common among the people) and later, Hessian soldiers, German mercenaries who had fought for the British during the American Revolution; that is, people who were considered suspect by the dominant British Americans. The people supposedly fled to frontier areas of the mountains after the end of the Revolutionary War. Thousands of escaped slaves
Ramapough Mountain Indians
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Princeton Battlefield The Princeton Battlefield in Princeton, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States, is where American and British troops fought each other on January 3, 1777 in the Battle of Princeton during the American Revolutionary War. The battle ended when the British soldiers in Nassau Hall surrendered. This success, shortly after Washington's crossing of the Delaware River and capturing the troops at the Old Barracks in Trenton, helped improve American morale. Part of the battlefield is now a state park, while other portions remain under threat of development. For several years, the Institute for Advanced Study has been attempting to
Princeton Battlefield
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They were disbanded there in October. King's American Dragoons The King's American Dragoons were a British provincial military unit, raised for Loyalist service during the American Revolutionary War. They were founded by Colonel Benjamin Thompson, later Count Rumford, in 1781. They were initially formed from the remnants of other British Loyalist units, including Black Loyalist soldiers. The King's American Dragoons primarily served on Long Island in 1782 and early 1783, where they earned local notoriety for destroying a church and burial ground in order to erect Fort Golgotha in Huntington. They were evacuated from New York and resettled in St.
King's American Dragoons
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King's American Dragoons The King's American Dragoons were a British provincial military unit, raised for Loyalist service during the American Revolutionary War. They were founded by Colonel Benjamin Thompson, later Count Rumford, in 1781. They were initially formed from the remnants of other British Loyalist units, including Black Loyalist soldiers. The King's American Dragoons primarily served on Long Island in 1782 and early 1783, where they earned local notoriety for destroying a church and burial ground in order to erect Fort Golgotha in Huntington. They were evacuated from New York and resettled in St. John, New Brunswick, in July 1783.
King's American Dragoons
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Jane Tuers Jannetje Van Reypen Tuers was a patriot during the American Revolutionary War and had a role in confirming information about a British conspiracy with Benedict Arnold to take over West Point. Jane Tuers and her husband Nicholas lived as farmers in Bergen Township, New Jersey (now known as Jersey City). While selling farm goods in British-occupied Manhattan, she spoke with Samuel Fraunces, the owner of the Fraunces Tavern. He informed Tuers that British soldiers were in his tavern toasting General Benedict Arnold who was to deliver West Point to the British. Tuers informed her brother Daniel Van Reypen
Jane Tuers
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of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some 1.4million Indian and British soldiers of the British Indian Army took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the Middle East. Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a of the League of Nations in 1920 and participated, under the name, "Les Indes Anglaises"
British Raj
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Queens, like the rest of what became New York City and Long Island, remained under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in 1776 and was occupied throughout most of the rest of the Revolutionary War. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used, as barracks, the public inns and uninhabited buildings belonging to Queens residents. Even though many local people were against unannounced quartering, sentiment throughout the county remained in favor of the British crown. The quartering of soldiers in private homes, except in times of war, was banned by the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution. Nathan
Queens
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principle of civilian supremacy in military affairs by voluntarily resigning his commission and disbanding his army when the war was won, rather than declaring himself monarch. He also helped to overcome the distrust of a standing army by his constant reiteration that well-disciplined professional soldiers counted for twice as much as poorly trained and led militias. African Americans—slave and free—served on both sides during the war. The British recruited slaves belonging to Patriot masters and promised freedom to those who served by act of Lord Dunmore's Proclamation. Because of manpower shortages, George Washington lifted the ban on black enlistment in
American Revolutionary War
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Revolutionary War. Another 20,000 died in captivity, from disease, or for other reasons. Estimates of deaths aboard the New York prison ships vary around 8,000. Prisoner exchanges were hardly possible for two reasons: the British often captured far more prisoners than the Americans did, and George Washington did not favor exchanging veteran British soldiers for ragtag American troops, as it would only put his army at a greater disadvantage. Accounts of imprisonment on HMS "Jersey" are American Heritage Magazine (August 1970/Volume 21/#5) and on prison ships American Heritage Magazine (April/May 1980/Volume 31/#3). During October 1902 as the keel of the
HMS Jersey (1736)
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offices and established the singular fiscal position of State Treasurer and elected Hunt to fill the post. He took office on January 1, 1784, at a salary of 500 pounds per year. During his term in office, he unwittingly honored fraudulent claims for military service stemming from the Revolutionary War (paying too generously soldiers who had fought in the Revolutionary War, and in some cases, paying soldiers who had not fought at all), which resulted in both litigation and hearings by the General Assembly. While he was not charged with malfeasance, he was defeated for re-election in 1787 by John
Memucan Hunt
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the colonies during the American Revolutionary War through privateering. When the 13 colonies declared independence, the Continental Navy had only 31 ships. To support their efforts Letters of Marque were issued to private merchant ships to authorize them to attack enemy merchant ships. George Washington's Army numbered 11,000 men; there were 11,000 privateers at sea in the Atlantic, Caribbean, and between Ireland and England. One of the goals was to obtain gunpowder, outlawed for import by the British. Over 2 million pounds of gunpowder and saltpeter were brought in by the privateers and merchantmen. They also prevented British soldiers and
Salem Harbor
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also a plaque next to the monument in honor of the African-American soldiers who died defending them. 1st Rhode Island Regiment "For the Civil War and Spanish–American War units see 1st Rhode Island Infantry." The 1st Rhode Island Regiment (also known as Varnum's Regiment, the 9th Continental Regiment, the Black Regiment, and Olney's Battalion) was a regiment in the Continental Army from Rhode Island during the American Revolutionary War (1775–83). It was one of the few units in the Continental Army to serve through the entire war. The unit went through several incarnations and name changes, like most regiments of
1st Rhode Island Regiment