who was involved in the ww1 christmas truce
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Christmas truce The Christmas truce (; ) was a series of widespread but unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front of World War I around Christmas 1914. The Christmas truce occurred during the relatively early period of the war (month 5 of 51). Hostilities had entered somewhat of a lull as leadership on both sides reconsidered their strategies following the stalemate of the Race to the Sea and the indecisive result of the First Battle of Ypres. In the week leading up to the 25th, French, German, and British soldiers crossed trenches to exchange seasonal greetings and talk. In some areas,
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One famous truce was the Christmas truce between British and German soldiers in the winter of 1914 on the front near Armentières. German soldiers began singing Christmas carols and soon soldiers left their trenches. The soldiers exchanged gifts and stories, and played several games of football. The commanders of the warring nations disapproved of this cease fire, and the British court-martialed several of their soldiers. Roughly 100,000 British and German troops were involved in the unofficial cessations of hostility along the Western Front. The first truce started on Christmas Eve 1914, when German troops decorated the area around their trenches
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gently into more festive activity; in early December, Sir Edward Hulse of the Scots Guards wrote that he was planning to organise a concert party for Christmas Day, which would "give the enemy every conceivable form of song in harmony" in response to frequent choruses of "Deutschland Über Alles". Roughly 100,000 British and German troops were involved in the unofficial cessations of hostility along the Western Front. The first truce started on Christmas Eve 1914, when German troops decorated the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium and particularly in Saint-Yvon (called Saint-Yves, in Plugstreet/Ploegsteert – Comines-Warneton),
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Christmas truce The Christmas truce (; ) was a series of widespread but unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front of World War I around Christmas 1914. The Christmas truce occurred during the relatively early period of the war (month 5 of 51). Hostilities had entered somewhat of a lull as leadership on both sides reconsidered their strategies following the stalemate of the Race to the Sea and the indecisive result of the First Battle of Ypres. In the week leading up to the 25th, French, German, and British soldiers crossed trenches to exchange seasonal greetings and talk. In some areas,
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of several stories about it. One is about how he first heard the story of the Christmas Truce from a janitor he swapped stories with before a concert. He also tells of performing the song at a small festival in Denmark, in a town close to its border with Germany, and seeing a group of old men gathered at each concert, who turned out to be German veterans who had experienced the Christmas Truce. Most recently he tells of being taken to meet Frank Buckles, the last surviving American World War I veteran. Christmas in the Trenches "Christmas in the
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Christmas in the Trenches "Christmas in the Trenches" is a ballad from John McCutcheon's 1984 album "Winter Solstice". It tells the story of the 1914 Christmas Truce between the British and German lines on the Western Front during the Great War from the perspective of a fictional British soldier. Although Francis Tolliver is a fictional character, the event depicted in the ballad is true. McCutcheon met some of the German soldiers involved in this Christmas story when he toured in Denmark. The ballad is a first person narrative by Francis Tolliver, a fictional British soldier from Liverpool. He is relating
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Bertie Felstead Bertie Felstead (28 October 1894 – 22 July 2001) was a British soldier, World War I veteran and centenarian who gained fame at the end of his life as (or was believed so at the time to be) the last surviving soldier to have taken part in the Christmas truce of 1914. Felstead, who was born in London in October 1894, was called to action earlier in 1915 and went to the battlefields of France with the 15th (London Welsh) Battalion, Royal Welsh Fusiliers. On Christmas Day that year, he took part in the famous truce with German
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soldiers.’ Gustave Berthier wrote: ‘On Christmas day the Boches made a sign showing they wished to speak to us. They said they didn’t want to shoot... They were tired of making war, they were married like me, they didn’t have any differences with the French but with the English.’ In sections of the front where German and Belgian troops faced each other in December 1914, there was at least one such instance when a truce was achieved at the request of Belgian soldiers who wished to send letters back to their families, over the German-occupied parts of their own country.
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where Capt. Bruce Bairnsfather described the truce. The Germans placed candles on their trenches and on Christmas trees, then continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols. The British responded by singing carols of their own. The two sides continued by shouting Christmas greetings to each other. Soon thereafter, there were excursions across No Man's Land, where small gifts were exchanged, such as food, tobacco and alcohol, and souvenirs such as buttons and hats. The artillery in the region fell silent. The truce also allowed a breathing spell where recently killed soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by burial
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young Jews have sprung up, and become popular, on Christmas Eve. These include the Matzo Ball, The Ball, and a number of local events organized by Jewish communities and local Jewish Federations in North America. A number of historical events have been influenced by the occurrence of Christmas Eve. During World War I in 1914 and 1915 there was an unofficial Christmas truce, particularly between British and German troops. The truce began on Christmas Eve, 24 December 1914, when German troops began decorating the area around their trenches in the region of Ypres, Belgium, for Christmas. They began by placing
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to go between the lines and recover wounded or dead comrades, while in others, there would be a tacit agreement not to shoot while men rested, exercised or worked in full view of the enemy. The Christmas truces were particularly significant due to the number of men involved and the level of their participation—even in very peaceful sectors, dozens of men openly congregating in daylight was remarkable—and are often seen as a symbolic moment of peace and humanity amidst one of the most violent events of human history. During the first five months of World War I, the German attack
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parties. Joint services were held. In many sectors, the truce lasted through Christmas night, continuing until New Year's Day in others. On Christmas Day, Brigadier-General Walter Congreve, then commanding 18 Infantry Brigade, stationed near Neuve Chapelle, wrote a letter recalling the Germans initiated by calling a truce for the day. One of his brigade's men bravely lifted his head above the parapet and others from both sides walked onto no man's land. Officers and men shook hands and exchanged cigarettes and cigars, one of his captains "smoked a cigar with the best shot in the German army", the latter no
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taking part in the Battle of the Aisne. They were stationed near Neuve Chapelle when his men took part in the 1914 Christmas truce. In a letter written on Christmas Day itself, Brigadier-General Congreve wrote recalling how the Germans opposite his lines initiated by calling a truce earlier the same day, how one of his men got out over the parapet to meet in no man's land, and how officers and men exchanged cigars and cigarettes. Congreve admitted he was reluctant to personally witness the scene of the truce for fear he would be a prime target for German snipers.
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with the war spirit that included refusal to fight, unofficial truces, mutinies, strikes, and peace protests. A Christmas truce memorial was unveiled in Frelinghien, France, on 11 November 2008. Also on that day, at the spot where, on Christmas Day 1914, their regimental ancestors came out from their trenches to play football, men from the 1st Battalion, The Royal Welch Fusiliers played a football match with the German Battalion 371. The Germans won 2–1. On 12 December 2014, a memorial was unveiled at the National Memorial Arboretum in Staffordshire, England by Prince William, Duke of Cambridge and the England national
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were several peace initiatives. The Open Christmas Letter was a public message for peace addressed "To the Women of Germany and Austria", signed by a group of 101 British women suffragettes at the end of 1914 as the first Christmas of World War I approached. Pope Benedict XV, on 7 December 1914, had begged for an official truce between the warring governments. He asked "that the guns may fall silent at least upon the night the angels sang." This attempt was officially rebuffed. Fraternisation—peaceful and sometimes friendly interactions between opposing forces—was a regular feature in quiet front-line sectors of the
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No Man's Land was cleared of dead bodies, trenches were repaired and drained, and troops from both sides shared pictures of their families and, in some places, used No Man's Land for friendly games of football. The song even has the initiator correct as it was generally the German soldiers who called over to the British and initiated the truce and, in the song, it is the Red Baron—a German WWI hero—who extends the hand of Christmas friendship to Snoopy. "Snoopy's Christmas" reached the No. 1 position in the New Zealand and Australia singles charts in 1967, and remains a
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many of the pitches were destroyed – out of a total of had been turned into potato fields. After the outbreak of war in 1914, the Swiss national side did not compete again until 1920. The Christmas truce, was a series of brief unofficial cessations of hostilities occurring on Christmas Eve or Christmas Day of 1914 between German and British or French troops in World War I, particularly that between British and German troops stationed along the Western Front. During the truce, a game of football was played between the British and German soldiers. On 6 September 1914, author Arthur
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Snoopy being sent out to hunt his sworn foe. Although fictitious, the song is set against the backdrop of a legitimate historical event. During World War I, in 1914, "The Christmas Truce" was initiated not by German and British commanders, but by the soldiers themselves. The length of the cease-fire varied by location, and was reported to have been as brief as Christmas Day or as long as the week between Christmas and New Year's Day. Trench-bound combatants exchanged small gifts across the lines, with Germans giving beer to the British, who sent tobacco and tinned meat back in return.
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the no man's land. In Italy, the lack of interest in the truce probably depended on the occurrence of other events, such as the Italian occupation of Vlorë, the debut of the Garibaldi Legion on the front of the Argonne and, finally, the earthquake in Avezzano. After Christmas 1914, sporadic attempts were made at seasonal truces; a German unit attempted to leave their trenches under a flag of truce on Easter Sunday 1915, but were warned off by the British opposite them, and later in the year, in November, a Saxon unit briefly fraternised with a Liverpool battalion. In December
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Richard Schirrmann, who was in a German regiment holding a position on the Bernhardstein, one of the mountains of the Vosges, wrote an account of events in December 1915: "When the Christmas bells sounded in the villages of the Vosges behind the lines... something fantastically unmilitary occurred. German and French troops spontaneously made peace and ceased hostilities; they visited each other through disused trench tunnels, and exchanged wine, cognac and cigarettes for Westphalian black bread, biscuits and ham. This suited them so well that they remained good friends even after Christmas was over." He was separated from the French troops
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of the 24th Brigade of the 8th Division, which was then in the process of formation. The battalion was sent to reinforce the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) on the Western Front and landed in France in November 1914. The battalion was involved in the winter operations 1914–1915 and participated in the Christmas truce. Three months after his arrival, Roberts was awarded the Distinguished Service Order while leading a trench raid. He was made his battalion's adjutant and fought in the Battle of Neuve Chapelle, and was promoted to captain on 6 August 1915 He remained as adjutant until October 1916
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more than 18 years old. Congreve admitted he was reluctant to personally witness the scene of the truce for fear he would be a prime target for German snipers. Bruce Bairnsfather, who served throughout the war, wrote: Future nature writer Henry Williamson, then a nineteen-year-old private in the London Rifle Brigade, wrote to his mother on Boxing Day: Captain Sir Edward Hulse reported how the first interpreter he met from the German lines was from Suffolk where he had left his girlfriend and a 3.5 hp motorcycle. Hulse went on to describe a sing-song which "ended up with 'Auld lang
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(2003), Anderson, the last known surviving Scottish veteran of the war, vividly recalled Christmas Day and said: Nor were the observations confined to the British. German Lieutenant Johannes Niemann wrote: "grabbed my binoculars and looking cautiously over the parapet saw the incredible sight of our soldiers exchanging cigarettes, schnapps and chocolate with the enemy." General Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien, commander of the British II Corps, issued orders forbidding friendly communication with the opposing German troops. Adolf Hitler, then a young corporal of the 16th Bavarian Reserve Infantry, was also an opponent of the truce. In the Comines sector of the front
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Sir Iain Colquhoun, 7th Baronet Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Iain Colquhoun, 7th Baronet, KT, DSO & Bar, FRSE (20 June 1887 – 12 November 1948) was a British Army officer during the First World War, a Scottish baronet, a grandfather of an Irish earl and a great-grandfather of a Scottish duke. During the First World War, Colquhoun served in the Scots Guards. In 1914, the opposing troops on the Western Front had unofficially observed a Christmas truce. The following year, however, when the 28-year-old Captain Colquhoun agreed to a German officer's request for a short truce on Christmas Day, lasting about an
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in 1912–1913 in the course of which the [[Balkan League]] (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time. [[File:World War 1.gif|thumb|upright=3.4|center|Various periods of World War I; 1914.07.28 (Tsar Nicholas II of Russia orders a partial mobilization against Austria-Hungary), 1914.08.01 (Germany declares war on Russia), 1914.08.03 (Germany declares war on Russia's ally France), 1914.08.04 (Britain declares war on Germany), 1914.12 (British and German [[Christmas truce]]), 1915.12 (French and German Christmas truce), 1916.12 ([[Battle of
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around Christmas 1914, during the World War I. Frank Wrentmore Frank Wrentmore (birth registered during fourth ¼ 1884 in Pontypridd) was a Welsh rugby union, and professional rugby league footballer who played in the 1900s. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Penygraig RFC, and club level rugby league (RL) for Mid-Rhondda, he served with the Somerset Light Infantry with the British Expeditionary Force in World War I. Frank Wrentmore scored a try in Mid-Rhondda's 6–20 defeat by Australia at King George's Park, Tonypandy (Athletic Ground), Tonypandy. Frank Wrentmore participated in the Christmas truce, a series of widespread unofficial
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that fraternising with the enemy constituted treason, and in early January an official statement on the truce was published, claiming it had happened on restricted sectors of the "British" front, and amounted to little more than an exchange of songs which quickly degenerated into shooting. The press of then-neutral Italy published a few articles on the events of the truce, usually reporting the articles of the foreign press. On 30 December 1914, "Corriere della Sera" printed a report about a fraternization between the opposing trenches. The Florentine newspaper "La Nazione" published a first-hand account about a football match played in
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Anne Dawson (secret agent) Anne Dawson MBE (29 October 1896 - 8 October 1989) was a British spy in occupied Belgium in WW1. She worked for GHQ Army in its Wallinger London unit in 1917-18, reporting to (Sir) Ivone Kirkpatrick who was based in Rotterdam. Anne Dawson was one of only two known British female agents operating behind German lines in Flanders, the other being Edith Cavell who had been a long time resident of Belgium prior to WW1. Anne Dawson was born in Camberwell County, London on 29 October 1896. Her birth certificate shows her (Dutch) given names to
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Aubrey Herbert and others on 24 May, to bury the dead lying in no man's land, which led to a camaraderie between the armies, much like the Christmas truce of 1914 on the Western Front. The truce was not repeated formally. The British advantage in naval artillery diminished after the battleship was torpedoed on 13 May by . A German submarine, , sank on 25 May and on 27 May. More British reconnaissance patrols were flown around Gallipoli and "U-21" was forced to leave the area but ignorant of this, the Allies withdrew most of their warships to Imbros, where
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and donations, and in 1912 he opened the first youth hostel in the recently reconstructed Altena castle. Schirrmann described a Western Front Christmas Truce in December 1915: "When the Christmas bells sounded in the villages of the Vosges behind the lines .. something fantastically unmilitary occurred. German and French troops spontaneously made peace and ceased hostilities; they visited each other through disused trench tunnels, and exchanged wine, cognac and cigarettes for Westphalian black bread, biscuits and ham. This suited them so well that they remained good friends even after Christmas was over. Schirrmann served in a regiment holding a position
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warnings and linked by deeper communication trenches. Obstacles of barbed wire up to high, fencing and knife rests were to be kept ready, to keep French patrols out of the trenches. Attacks from by the 53rd Division were defeated, despite a chronic shortage of artillery ammunition, which led many appeals for fire support to go unanswered. On 21 December, artillery-fire was available to repulse an attack on the village, in which troops were captured and many more killed; a local truce was observed for the French to recover their wounded and dead but on Christmas Day there was no truce
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residence at the castle until 16 January 1945. Von Rundstedt who was to command Operation "Wacht am Rhein" set up his headquarters near Limburg, close enough for the generals and Panzer Corps commanders who were to lead the attack to visit the castle that evening. Von Rundstedt ran through the plans, that at 05:00 on December 15, envisaged the attack of three German armies consisting of over 250,000 men. Shortly after Christmas, Göring arrived and took up residence in the castle. After an extremely downbeat briefing, Göring privately suggested to Hitler that a truce be sought via his Swedish contacts.
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a friendly visit from a German sergeant one morning "to see how we were getting on". Relations between French and German units were generally more tense, but the same phenomenon began to emerge. In early December, a German surgeon recorded a regular half-hourly truce each evening to recover dead soldiers for burial, during which French and German soldiers exchanged newspapers. This behaviour was often challenged by junior and senior officers; the young Charles de Gaulle wrote on 7 December of the "lamentable" desire of French infantrymen to leave the enemy in peace, while the commander of 10th Army, Victor d'Urbal,
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there was an early fraternization between German and French soldiers in December 1914, during a short truce, and there are at least two other testimonials, from French soldiers, of similar behaviours in sectors where German and French companies opposed each other. Gervais Morillon wrote to his parents: ‘The Boches waved a white flag and shouted "Kamarades, Kamarades, rendez-vous." When we didn’t move they came towards us unarmed, led by an officer. Although we are not clean they are disgustingly filthy. I am telling you this but don’t speak of it to anyone. We must not mention it even to other
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classes, of which only 50 billion gold marks was required to be paid). Meanwhile, the industrialists of Germany's Ruhr Valley, who had lost their factories in Lorraine (Germany had seized Lorraine in 1870 and it went back to France after WW1), demanded hundreds of millions of marks as compensation from the German government. Despite having large obligations under the Versailles Treaty, the German government paid the Ruhr Valley industrialists for their losses. This contributed significantly to the hyperinflation that followed. During the first five years after WW1, coal was scarce in Europe. France sought coal for its steelmakers from Germany.
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by a narrow No Man's Land and described the landscape as: "Strewn with shattered trees, the ground ploughed up by shellfire, a wilderness of earth, tree-roots and tattered uniforms." Military discipline was soon restored, but Schirrmann pondered over the incident, and whether "thoughtful young people of all countries could be provided with suitable meeting places where they could get to know each other." He went on to found the German Youth Hostel Association in 1919. Many accounts of the truce involve one or more football matches played in no-man's land. This was mentioned in some of the earliest reports, with
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events of the truce were not reported for a week, in an unofficial press embargo which was eventually broken by "The New York Times", published in the then-neutral United States, on 31 December. The British papers quickly followed, printing numerous first-hand accounts from soldiers in the field, taken from letters home to their families, and editorials on "one of the greatest surprises of a surprising war". By 8 January pictures had made their way to the press, and both the "Mirror" and "Sketch" printed front-page photographs of British and German troops mingling and singing between the lines. The tone of
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was doing his job. His account of the Christmas Truce was the first to be published by a soldier who was not an officer. In 1936, he published a second memoir, "Old Soldier Sahib", covering his time in the British Army of India. Private Frank Richards aka "Big Dick" features in Captain J. C. Dunn's "The War The Infantry Knew 1914-1919". Frank Richards (author) Frank Richards a.k.a. Francis Philip Woodruff DCM, MM (June 1883 – August 1961) was a World War I soldier and author. Born in Monmouthshire, he was orphaned at the age of nine, and was then brought
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candles on trees, then continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols, most notably "Stille Nacht" ("Silent Night"). The British troops in the trenches across from them responded by singing English carols. The two sides shouted Christmas greetings to each other. Soon there were calls for visits across the "No man's land" when small gifts were exchanged. The truce also allowed a breathing space during which recently killed soldiers could be brought back behind their lines by burial parties. Funerals took place as soldiers from both sides mourned the dead together and paid their respects. At one funeral in No Man's
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taken place was near the village of Messines: "There are two references to a game being played on the British side, but nothing from the Germans. If somebody one day found a letter from a German soldier who was in that area, then we would have something credible." In fact, there is a German reference. Lieutenant Kurt Zehmisch of Germany's 134th Saxons Infantry Regiment said that the English "brought a soccer ball from their trenches, and pretty soon a lively game ensued. How marvelously wonderful, yet how strange it was". In 2011, Mike Dash concluded that "there is plenty of
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Christmas Carol" adapted and directed by Nick Hennegan. In 2018, Masterson presented a WW1 Commemorative Season at the Adelaide Fringe Festival bannered Lest We Forget. At Edinburgh 2018, his 25th consecutive season, Masterson presented his new play"The Marilyn Conspiracy", co-written with Vicki McKellar, to widespread critical acclaim. Guy Masterson Guy Alexander Masterson (Mastroianni; born 10 August 1961) is a British actor, writer, theatre director, producer and playwright widely known for his solo theatre performances of "Under Milk Wood", "Animal Farm", and "Shylock" by Gareth Armstrong. He is a regular producer at the annual Edinburgh Fringe Festival and responsible for several
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roundly abused by all the elders of the kingitanga. Te Puea's support base was mainly with the lower Waikato tribes initially-she was a minor figure for up river iwi such as Maniapoto. Because of Waikato's anti government stance on conscription during WW1 and Te Puea's personal involvement in hiding conscripts, she was not a popular figure with government or local pakeha after WW1. Because of the German background of her father Te Puea was often accused of being a traitor. After WW1, farmers were reluctant to offer Kingites work and during the Royal visit of the Prince of Wales the
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of 109. The last known World War I veteran to have fought in the trenches (Englishman Harry Patch) died on 25 July 2009 aged 111, and the last World War I veteran of any kind from any country (Florence Green) died on 4 February 2012 aged 110. Bertie Felstead Bertie Felstead (28 October 1894 – 22 July 2001) was a British soldier, World War I veteran and centenarian who gained fame at the end of his life as (or was believed so at the time to be) the last surviving soldier to have taken part in the Christmas truce of
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to land and offers Snoopy a holiday toast. Afterward, Snoopy and the Red Baron fly their separate ways, "each knowing they'd meet on some other day". The release begins with an unknown chorus singing the German yuletide classic "O Tannenbaum" ("O Christmas Tree"), and the middle of the song is bridged by chimes ringing out a phrase from "Hark the Herald Angels Sing". The chimes can also can be heard during the fade-out at the end of the song. The album version of the song has a simulated radio news report of failed efforts at a Christmas truce, leading to
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a French soldier moves out with some grenades to infiltrate the German line. Some Scottish soldiers start singing. Nikolaus responds with a Christmas song ("Silent Night"), soon the Scottish bagpiper starts to accompany him, and Nikolaus raises a Christmas tree on the bunker. The Christmas truce starts as the lieutenants agree to stop fighting until the morning. The soldiers come out and the French soldier returns without using his grenades. The soldiers intermingle, talk, and exchange provisions. Anna appears. Father Palmer conducts a mass. Anna sings of peace. Jonathan, however, finds the body of his brother and vows to take
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that month, on August 23, he was wounded. In Flanders, he experienced the Christmas truce, where German and British front soldiers spontaneously fraternized, celebrating Christmas together. He was decorated several times during the war. In May 1915 he was awarded the Iron Cross First Class, and in June 1917 he earned the Knight's Cross of the House of Hohenzollern. In 1918 he received the Lippe War Merit Cross, the Hanseatic Cross and the Silver Wound Badge. After leaving the army, Stennes held positions as a police captain and also as a leader of the "Freikorps", the volunteer paramilitary units made
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in the region of Ypres, Belgium and particularly in Saint-Yvon (called Saint-Yves, in Plugstreet/Ploegsteert – Comines-Warneton). The Germans placed candles on their trenches and on Christmas trees, then continued the celebration by singing Christmas carols. The British responded by singing carols of their own. The two sides continued by shouting Christmas greetings to each other. Soon thereafter, there were excursions across No Man's Land, where small gifts were exchanged, such as food, tobacco and alcohol, and souvenirs such as buttons and hats. The artillery in the region fell silent. The truce also allowed a breathing spell where recently killed soldiers
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Joyeux Noël Joyeux Noël (Merry Christmas) is a 2005 epic war drama film based on the Christmas truce of December 1914, depicted through the eyes of French, Scottish, and German soldiers. It was written and directed by Christian Carion. It was screened out of competition at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. The film, which included one of the last appearances of Ian Richardson before his death, was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards. It is a fictionalised account of an actual event that took place in December 1914 when Wilhelm, German Crown Prince, sent the
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Rock Art (album) Rock Art is the 11th studio album by the English rock band Magnum and was released in 1994 by EMI. It was the last album released by the band's first incarnation. The album got its name because Tony Clarkin watched a documentary about cave paintings from the stone age. Two singles were released from the album, "The Tall Ships" and "Back In Your Arms Again". However, they were only distributed in Germany. "On Christmas Day" is a reflection on the World War I Christmas truce in December 1914, involving French, Scottish and German soldiers. The album charted
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a letter written by a doctor attached to the Rifle Brigade, published in "The Times" on 1 January 1915, reported "a football match... played between them and us in front of the trench". A wide range of similar stories have been told over the years, often naming specific units or a precise score. Some accounts of the game bring in elements of fiction by Robert Graves, a British poet and writer (and an officer on the front at the time) who reconstructed the encounter in a story published in 1962; in Graves's version, the score was 3–2 to the Germans.
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USA. However, after Ebert criticised the rating, the MPAA officially changed the rating to PG-13. Wins Nominations Joyeux Noël Joyeux Noël (Merry Christmas) is a 2005 epic war drama film based on the Christmas truce of December 1914, depicted through the eyes of French, Scottish, and German soldiers. It was written and directed by Christian Carion. It was screened out of competition at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. The film, which included one of the last appearances of Ian Richardson before his death, was nominated for Best Foreign Language Film at the 78th Academy Awards. It is a fictionalised account
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football team manager Roy Hodgson. The "Football Remembers" memorial was designed by a ten-year-old schoolboy, Spencer Turner, after a UK-wide competition. The Midway Village in Rockford, Illinois has hosted re-enactments of the Christmas Truce. Christmas truce The Christmas truce (; ) was a series of widespread but unofficial ceasefires along the Western Front of World War I around Christmas 1914. The Christmas truce occurred during the relatively early period of the war (month 5 of 51). Hostilities had entered somewhat of a lull as leadership on both sides reconsidered their strategies following the stalemate of the Race to the Sea
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in troops. The Americans found few VC, killing 11. Navigability of the Kinh Xang Canal was improved during the process when engineers removed a major canal obstruction. The operation was concluded late on 22 December and the MRF returned to base to conduct maintenance and prepare for Christmas truce operations. The MRF was instructed that only defensive actions should be taken during Christmas period and that they could fire on groups of VC who "seemed to be trying to breed contact" or who were more than "platoon-size" in number. The truce ran for 24 hours starting from 1800 on 24
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was sacrificed on Temple Mount was Ishmael and not Isaac as believed in Judaism. it is expressed in the line "?That kid on the mountain, what was his name?". The song is written from the point of view of one brother (Isaac) who writes a letter that forgives the other brother (Ishmael) for becoming enemies. The lyrics of the song Let the Truce Be Known was inspired from the story of the Christmas truce in World War I which in it the soldiers celebrated together Christmas and the day after, they returned to kill each other. The song was composed
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1915, there were explicit orders by the Allied commanders to forestall any repeat of the previous Christmas truce. Individual units were encouraged to mount raids and harass the enemy line, whilst communicating with the enemy was discouraged by artillery barrages along the front line throughout the day. The prohibition was not completely effective, however, and a small number of brief truces occurred. An eyewitness account of one truce, by Llewelyn Wyn Griffith, recorded that after a night of exchanging carols, dawn on Christmas Day saw a "rush of men from both sides... [and] a feverish exchange of souvenirs" before the
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early in the afternoon and the killing started again. It was a short peace in a terrible war. Bertie Felstead, who died in August 2001 at the age of 106, was originally believed to have been the last survivor of the Christmas Truce. However, it later emerged that Alfred Anderson had participated in the Christmas Truce, and he outlived Felstead by four years. The following year the 1/5th Battalion fought at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle and Loos. He became batman to his platoon commander Lieutenant Ian Bruce Gardyne MC, and also briefly to Captain Fergus Bowes-Lyon, brother to Queen
Alfred Anderson (veteran)
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(Edward) Dominick Spring Rice in 1919 after her first husband Captain (Charles) Edward Coursolles Jones was killed during WW1. Edward and Margery divorced in 1936. After WW1, Spring Rice became involved with the inception of the League of Nations working as first Secretary to the League of Nations Society (later to become part of the League of Nations Union). Later she would work as Hon. Treasurer of the Women's National Liberal Federation. In 1924 Spring Rice became involved with the issues of poverty and access to birth control within the borough of North Kensington through the instigation of a friend
Margery Spring Rice
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Christmas Peace Christmas Peace (, ) is a tradition based on old Scandinavian legislation created by Birger Jarl in the 13th century, extending the tradition of the Truce of God. Offenders who committed crimes on religious holidays like Christmas were given harsher punishments. Today it is a tradition to recommend that people behave in a respectful and peaceful manner at Christmas. The Declaration of Christmas Peace has remained in Finland where it is an essential part of the Christmas tradition. Declaration of Christmas Peace is announced in several Finnish cities on Christmas Eve. The oldest and most popular event is
Christmas Peace
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The truce was to last until 6 January 889. After the truce with Guy was signed, Arnulf of Germany endeavoured to invade Italy through Friuli. Berengar, in order to prevent a war, sent dignitaries (leading men) ahead to meet Arnulf. He himself then had a meeting, sometime between early November and Christmas, at Trent. He was allowed to keep Italy, as Arnulf's vassal, but the "curtes" of Navus and Sagus were taken from him. Arnulf allowed his army to return to Germany, but he himself celebrated Christmas in Friuli, at Karnberg. Early in 889, their truce having expired, Guy defeated
Berengar I of Italy
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men from both sides ventured into no man's land on Christmas Eve and Christmas Day to mingle and exchange food and souvenirs. There were joint burial ceremonies and prisoner swaps, while several meetings ended in carol-singing. Men played games of football with one another, giving one of the most memorable images of the truce. Peaceful behaviour was not ubiquitous; fighting continued in some sectors, while in others the sides settled on little more than arrangements to recover bodies. The following year, a few units arranged ceasefires but the truces were not nearly as widespread as in 1914; this was, in
Christmas truce
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to know what on earth we were doing here fighting them." The truce in that sector continued into Boxing Day; he commented about the Germans, "The beggars simply disregard all our warnings to get down from off their parapet, so things are at a deadlock. We can't shoot them in cold blood... I cannot see how we can get them to return to business." On Christmas Eve and Christmas Day (24 and 25 December) 1914, Alfred Anderson’s unit of the 1st/5th Battalion of the Black Watch was billeted in a farmhouse away from the front line. In a later interview
Christmas truce
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Austro-Hungarian Empire and before any World Wars had taken place. He was referred to publicly as an idiot who registered as a soldier when there was a greater chance of WW1 breaking out. Here he survives frequent hair-raising adventures that drive some of the people he meets into desperation. Wolfgang Liebeneiner also directed Die Schatzinsel, which was broadcast as a four-part series around Christmas. Through its success and because he had also filmed "Schwejks Flegeljahre" (English: Schweijk's years of being a brat) with Peter Alexander in the leading role, Liebeneiner was encouraged to produce the series. It was a foregone
Die Abenteuer des braven Soldaten Schwejk
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contrasts pastoral, acoustic textures with her golden, golden voice" The next single, "Rebel Without A Cause", was released in May 2014, with remixes by Anushka, who are signed to Gilles Peterson's Brownswood Recordings, and Mr Hudson. The single "They Sang Silent Night" was released in 2014 as a peacetime/Christmas song, marking the 100 year anniversary of the Christmas Truce ceasefire when enemy troops united in peace to sing Silent Night across the trenches. A live version of the song aired on Christmas Day on national ABC radio in Australia, featuring Fiona accompanied by Jeremy Marou from Busby Marou on guitar.
Fiona Bevan
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soldiers which took place in the form of Christmas songs and then a game of football. When Felstead died in July 2001 at the age of 106, he was reported to be the last surviving veteran of the truce. His death also made the News of the World football annual's obituary section when it was published a year later, a rare occurrence for someone who was never employed in football or football journalism. After Felstead's death, however, it was reported that Alfred Anderson (another participant of the truce) was still living. Anderson died on 21 November 2005 at the age
Bertie Felstead
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the "ball". One recent writer has identified 29 separate reports of football, though does not give substantive details. Colonel J. E. B. Seely recorded in his diary for Christmas Day that he had been "Invited to football match between Saxons and English on New Year's Day", but this does not appear to have taken place. A separate manifestation of the Christmas truce in December 1914 occurred on the Eastern front, where the first move originated from the Austro-Hungarian commanders, at some uncertain level of the military hierarchy. The Russians responded positively and soldiers eventually met in no man’s land. The
Christmas truce
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the reporting was strongly positive, with the "Times" endorsing the "lack of malice" felt by both sides and the "Mirror" regretting that the "absurdity and the tragedy" would begin again. Coverage in Germany was more muted, with some newspapers strongly criticising those who had taken part, and no pictures published. In France, meanwhile, the greater level of press censorship ensured that the only word that spread of the truce came from soldiers at the front or first-hand accounts told by wounded men in hospitals. The press was eventually forced to respond to the growing rumours by reprinting a government notice
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he and Noel were “all good”, tweeting that Noel had "reached out" to him. He added in an interview that despite having no plans to reform Oasis, he was going to "try to see Noel at Christmas". However, in January 2018, the truce seemingly came to an end when Liam took offence to Noel criticizing him and several other singers, among them Richard Ashcroft (who is a friend of Liam) and Ed Sheeran, for collaborating with multiple co-songwriters. However in February, Liam revealed that the truce did not actually happen and that it was "in his head" after having a
Liam Gallagher
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The dead from this action were buried during the Christmas truce. During the first half of 1915, the brigade was involved in the Battles of Neuve Chapelle (10–13 March), Aubers Ridge (9 May – in reserve), Festubert (15–19 May) and Givenchy (15–16 June). When the Guards Division was formed in August 1915, 20 Bde's two Guards battalions left to join it, being replaced by two 'New Army' battalions sent from England, the 8th and 9th Battalions Devonshire Regiment. The new battalions were 'blooded' at the Battle of Loos. For the Battle of Loos, the composition of 20 Bde (with casualties
20th Brigade (United Kingdom)
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in 1 Corinthians 12:28, “...mediums who speak in various foreign languages’’.” Johannes Greber Johannes Greber (1874–1944) born in Wenigerath, Germany, was ordained a Catholic priest who later became a medium and involved in a variety of spiritualist activities. In Germany, he was ordained in 1900 and served a church in the poor area of Hunsrueck. Many in the area suffered from tuberculosis, even ‘’organizing nurses to treat large numbers of tuberculosis’’. During WW1, he also helped thousands of children escape the war by fleeing into Holland. In 1923, he attended a séance and his life was changed. He renounced his
Johannes Greber
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part, due to strongly worded orders from the high commands of both sides prohibiting truces. Soldiers were no longer amenable to truce by 1916. The war had become increasingly bitter after devastating human losses suffered during the battles of the Somme and Verdun, and the use of poison gas. The truces were not unique to the Christmas period, and reflected a mood of "live and let live", where infantry close together would stop overtly aggressive behaviour and often engage in small-scale fraternisation, engaging in conversation or bartering for cigarettes. In some sectors, there would be occasional ceasefires to allow soldiers
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in Residence for the 2010–11 season. The residency included supported touring, radio co-hosting, and international broadcasts via "Performance Today". In recent seasons, Cantus has been featured with the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra, Boston Pops, and on "A Prairie Home Companion" with Garrison Keillor. 2014 marked the final year of the group's critically acclaimed collaboration with Theater Latte Da, All Is Calm: The Christmas Truce of 1914, which tells the true story of the Christmas Truce of 1914, when World War I soldiers set down their arms to celebrate the holidays with the enemy. Jacob Christopher, tenor Zachary Colby, tenor Alberto
Cantus (vocal ensemble)
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Orthodox troops of opposing sides on the Eastern front. The Bulgarian writer Yordan Yovkov, serving as an officer near the Greek border at the Mesta river, witnessed one such truce. It inspired his short story "Holy Night", translated into English in 2013 by Krastu Banaev. Although the popular tendency has been to see the December 1914 Christmas Truces as unique and therefore of romantic rather than political significance, they have also been interpreted as part of the widespread non-co-operation with the war spirit and conduct by serving soldiers. In his book on trench warfare, historian Tony Ashworth describes what he
Christmas truce
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1889 who died September 6, 1911 of TB at age 20 (nineteen days before her father), Charles, who served in WW1 as a pilot and who died of stomach cancer in 1967 at age 72 he had no children and the youngest Victor Henry, who served in the trenches during WW1 where he was gassed but survived and died in 1994 at age 96. He had two children Victor B. Rivers and Timothy C. Rivers who both survive. Maud's father was Charles Fuller Gildersleeve, originally a lawyer but became general manager of the Northern Navigation Company. Victor Brereton Rivers Lieutenant
Victor Brereton Rivers
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Johannes Greber Johannes Greber (1874–1944) born in Wenigerath, Germany, was ordained a Catholic priest who later became a medium and involved in a variety of spiritualist activities. In Germany, he was ordained in 1900 and served a church in the poor area of Hunsrueck. Many in the area suffered from tuberculosis, even ‘’organizing nurses to treat large numbers of tuberculosis’’. During WW1, he also helped thousands of children escape the war by fleeing into Holland. In 1923, he attended a séance and his life was changed. He renounced his vows and left the Catholic church. He emigrated to the USA
Johannes Greber
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December if Hanoi agreed to a 3 January meeting in Paris. Opposition to the Christmas bombing was extensive among American politicians. In the Senate 45 Senators responding to a poll opposed the bombing as compared to 19 who supported it. After a Christmas truce, the U.S. conducted the largest B-52 raid of the war utilizing 120 B-52s. The U.S. lost 2 airplanes. 215 civilians were killed by bombs dropped on a heavily populated area of Hanoi. North Vietnam proposed a resumption of peace talks on January 8. The last bombs of Operation Linebacker II fell near Hanoi, although the U.S.
1972 in the Vietnam War
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World War I women should stay behind the front lines, but still be supportive of those at war. In his review of the film, Leonard Maltin said this was "DeMille's first historical epic is nicely mounted, spotlighting the heroism and sacrifice of Joan of Arc (a miscast Farrar) as she evolves from peasant girl to saintlike figure and becomes involved with Englishman Reid. Fashioned as an accolade to France, with the story bookended by sequences set during WW1 involving a soldier who is inspired by Joan's bravery. Some of the effects are in color." In 1917 three men were arrested
Joan the Woman
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lexicographer William Craigie lived at Christmas Common for more than 20 years in his retirement, until his death in 1957. Christmas Common Christmas Common is a hamlet in Watlington civil parish, Oxfordshire about south of Thame in Oxfordshire, close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire. The hamlet is above sea level on an escarpment of the Chiltern Hills. Because of its elevation, Christmas Common has two radio masts that are prominent local landmarks. The hamlet's unusual toponym is of uncertain origin. It is variously ascribed to a 1643 Christmas Day truce between combatants in the English Civil War, local holly tree
Christmas Common
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Christmas Common Christmas Common is a hamlet in Watlington civil parish, Oxfordshire about south of Thame in Oxfordshire, close to the boundary with Buckinghamshire. The hamlet is above sea level on an escarpment of the Chiltern Hills. Because of its elevation, Christmas Common has two radio masts that are prominent local landmarks. The hamlet's unusual toponym is of uncertain origin. It is variously ascribed to a 1643 Christmas Day truce between combatants in the English Civil War, local holly tree coppices, or the Christmas family, which had local connections. Watlington Park is a private park and country house about southwest
Christmas Common
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the Italian Army early in WW1 when she went to the authorities to try to visit him. Lina Cavalieri Natalina "Lina" Cavalieri (25 December 18747 February 1944) was an Italian operatic soprano, actress, and monologist. Lina Cavalieri was born on Christmas Day at Rieti, some north of Rome. She lost her parents at the age of fifteen and became a ward of the state, sent to live in a Roman Catholic orphanage. The vivacious young girl was unhappy under the strict discipline of the nuns, and at the first opportunity she ran away with a touring theatrical group. At a
Lina Cavalieri
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months prior. Nine citizens from Delphi, called Theoroi, were sent to all Greek cities to announce the beginning of the games in order to attract athletes, as well as to declare the period of the Sacred Truce (Hierominia), aiming at protecting not only the Theoroi and the athletes who travelled to Delphi, but also the temple of Apollo itself. If a city was involved in armed conflict or in robberies during that period, its citizens were forbidden to enter the Sanctuary, participate at the games, or consult the Oracle. At the same time, the truce allowed the Amphictyony to focus
Pythian Games
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won the Presidency again in 2014 as Sanchez Ceren (the Vice President in the Funes administration) took office. Ceren's administration quickly demonstrated their intention to depart with Funes’ strategies by rejecting the truce and prosecuting officials who were involved in the process. The political change from Funes to Ceren led to a shift back to more aggressive methods of combating gang violence by implementing policies reminiscent of the "Mano Dura" years. The resurgence of the “iron fist” approach to policing gang activity was part of Ceren’s plan, “El Salvador Seguro”. With the truce abandoned in 2014, violence was rising again;
National Civil Police of El Salvador
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Lee in "The Wedding", the most recent episode, and involved a gun. Mack also announced that the special would not be filmed before a studio audience, unlike past episodes, and that he had written its first scenes. The Christmas special aired on 24 December 2015, where the regular cast were involved in an armed robbery in a department store. Frank was working as an elf in the Christmas department, when Lee, Lucy and Daisy were with Toby and Anna who had sent their son away over Christmas. The two security guards were attacked by the armed robber who locked them
Not Going Out
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on August 31, 1994, and ended on February 9, 1996, with the Docklands bombing. Another ceasefire was declared in July 1997 after negotiations were reopened. The IRA traditionally called a Christmas truce. ETA has declared several ceasefires during its long running campaign against the Spanish state. A ceasefire declared in March 2006, was broken on December 30, 2006, when a car bomb exploded in Madrid killing two people. On 5 September 2010 ETA declared a ceasefire. Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War. Ceasefire A ceasefire (or truce), also called cease fire, is a
Ceasefire
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shown at No. 1 on a specialty list called "Best Bets For Christmas". "Cash Box" magazine peaked the song at No. 10. The publication. "Record World", peaked the song at No. 17. The song, which references the Christmas truce of World War I, subsequently appeared on the album "Snoopy and His Friends". A followup to their earlier "Snoopy vs. the Red Baron", the song is about how Snoopy had to go out and fight the Red Baron on Christmas Eve. The Baron has Snoopy at his mercy after a long dogfight but, instead of shooting him down he forces Snoopy
Snoopy's Christmas
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a return of 20% for a 60-day investment in off-shore whisky sales. This referred to the illicit sale of alcohol to the USA during the Prohibition Years. The scheme involved Hartwell buying consignments of whisky and transporting these across the Atlantic where they were to be sold off-shore to dealers who operated from smaller boats. Hartwell used the ocean going steam yacht "Istar", formerly named "Nahma", a luxury 300ft vessel originally built for the New York property millionaire, Robert Walton Goelet and used by the US Navy during WW1. Later under examination Hartwell said that he had made seven voyages,
Brodrick C. D. A. Hartwell
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Land, soldiers from both sides gathered and read a passage from Psalm 23. The truce occurred in spite of opposition at higher levels of the military command. Earlier in the autumn, a call by Pope Benedict XV for an official truce between the warring governments had been ignored. On 24 December 1968, in what was the most watched television broadcast to that date, the astronauts Bill Anders, Jim Lovell and Frank Borman of Apollo 8 surprised the world with a reading of the Creation from the Book of Genesis as they orbited the moon. Madalyn Murray O'Hair, an atheist activist,
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they were awfully sick of the war." In the evening, according to Robert Keating, another eyewitness, "The Germans were sending up star lights and singing – they stopped, so we cheered them & we began singing Land of Hope and Glory – Men of Harlech et cetera – we stopped and they cheered us. So we went on till the early hours of the morning." In an adjacent sector, a short truce to bury the dead between the lines led to official repercussions; a company commander, Sir Iain Colquhoun of the Scots Guards, was court-martialled for defying standing orders to
Christmas truce
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carnival rides, sideshow alley and fireworks and has run continuously for 105 years since 1912 with only one exception during WW1. The Harvest Festival is generally held in October, around the 20th of the month, as a celebration of the end of sugar crushing at the mill. It includes carnival rides at Les Stagg Oval and a parade with floats through the Main Street. The Proserpine Rotary Christmas Fair is an annual event held on 16 December. The Main Street is closed off in the late afternoon and stall holders and carnival rides take the place of cars. Most businesses
Proserpine, Queensland
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Worcester's "Annales Rerum Anglicorum", John Neville himself obtained a Commission of Array from Richard of York to raise 8,000 men to fight on York's side under the Earl of Westmoreland. Having gathered this force and enticed York to leave the castle to rendezvous with him, John Neville then defected to the Lancastrians. Another suggestion was that York and Somerset had agreed a truce during over Christmas until 6 January, the Feast of Epiphany, but the Lancastrians had no intention of honouring the truce. On three successive days, they sent heralds to provoke York into premature action with insulting messages and
Battle of Wakefield
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truce did not end the fighting. IRA members later recalled, "The Truce was not observed by either side in the north", while McCorley said the truce in Belfast "lasted six hours only". While the IRA was involved in the violence, it did not control the actions of the Catholic community. An IRA officer reported that "the Catholic mob is almost beyond control". Tuesday 12 July saw the Orange Order's yearly Twelfth marches pass off peacefully and there were no serious disturbances in the city. However, sporadic violence resumed on Wednesday, and by the end of the week 28 people in
Bloody Sunday (1921)
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England was regaining ground, and both Strathbogie and Robert Stewart surrendered to Edward III, Strathbogie so enthusiastically that he was later known for his tyranny against the loyalists. The remaining loyalists gathered at Dumbarton Castle, with the sole remaining regent, Sir Andrew Murray. To discuss terms, Murray and Edward III established a truce, which ultimately lasted from mid-October through Christmas, but the truce did not govern Balliol or Balliol's followers. When Strathbogie lay siege against Murray's wife at Kildrummy Castle, Murray went after him, and with the assistance of the recently ransomed William Douglas, Lord of Liddesdale, killed Strathbogie and
Second War of Scottish Independence
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the clubs foundation year (1965). The club has a loyal following in the city. Their ultras are known as ‘Tarzanlar’, named after a local hero known as ‘Manisa Tarzanı’ (Tarzan of Manisa). He was a veteran of WW1 decorated with military honors who gave up his privileges, giving all his money to the poor, to commit his life to the reforrestation of Manisa after most of the city's trees and green areas were burned down during WW1. Manisaspor Manisaspor is a professional Turkish football club located in the city of Manisa. Originally formed in 1931 as Sakaryaspor, the club changed
Manisaspor
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settlement blocks were established in Birdwoodton and Merbein West during and after WW1 and many streets were named after local soldiers who died in WW1. The district's horticulture and viticultural industries also attracted many European immigrants to the area. Kenny, known as the 'Father of Merbein', died suddenly in 1925 and his contribution to the success of the settlement was acknowledged with the naming of Kenny Park. Today, Merbein continues to be an irrigation district, diversifying from the growing of dried grapes and citrus to a wide variety of wine and table grapes, asparagus, almonds, mushrooms and vegetables. As well
Merbein
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Nethertown railway station Nethertown Railway Station is spectacularly-located on the coast, and serves the nearby village of Nethertown in Cumbria, England. Nethertown railway station is a request stop on the Cumbrian Coast Line north west of Barrow-in-Furness. It is operated by Northern who provide all passenger train services. In 1914 at the start of WW1 the passing loop was expanded to cater for the increased length of trains and to help with the extended length of trains brought about by WW1. In May 1916 the shunting neck was extended and an additional 90 yards of sidings were provided. The station
Nethertown railway station
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was a joyful participant in the Christmas truce of 1914 and was commissioned. In mid-January 1915 he was summoned to meet Fritz Haber, who explained their plan to break the trench deadlock with chlorine gas. After brief training in Berlin together with James Franck and Gustav Hertz, Hahn was sent to Flanders to scout for a site for the first attack, which he did not witness because he and Franck were off selecting a position for the next attack. Transferred to Poland, on 12 June 1915 he witnessed the death agonies of Russians they had poisoned. He was transferred to
Otto Hahn
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syne' which we all, English, Scots, Irish, Prussians, Württenbergers, etc, joined in. It was absolutely astounding, and if I had seen it on a cinematograph film I should have sworn that it was faked!" Captain Robert Patrick Miles, King's Shropshire Light Infantry, who was attached to the Royal Irish Rifles recalled in an edited letter that was published in both the "Daily Mail" and the "Wellington Journal & Shrewsbury News" in January 1915, following his death in action on 30 December 1914: Of the Germans he wrote: "They are distinctly bored with the war... In fact, one of them wanted
Christmas truce
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gang truce collapsed. This murder rate was 52% higher than that of the same time period the prior year. There were also allegations that the police was involved in extrajudicial killings of alleged gang members, following the fracturing of gangs and a radicalization of the security forces in an attempt to tackle the gang problem after the 2012 truce collapsed. The year before, in 2014, several gangs had offered a new truce as "a second chance for the country to achieve peace." However, President Salvador Sanchez Ceren had rejected the gangs' offer. The administration of President Ceren launched a crackdown
Crime in El Salvador
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than ever. It was widely rumoured that Lancaster was guilty of treason, as the raiders appeared to exempt his lands from destruction. Hugh Despenser, the king's new favourite, even alleged that it was Lancaster who had told the Scots of the queen's presence in York. To make matters worse, no sooner had the royal army disbanded than Douglas came back over the border and carried out a destructive raid into Cumberland and Westmorland. Edward had little choice but to ask Robert for a truce, which was granted shortly before Christmas. Battle of Myton The Battle of Myton, nicknamed the Chapter
Battle of Myton
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and features Harket's wife, Camilla. In Germany, the song was re-titled to "Burning Out Again (A Kind of Christmas Card)". The lyrics of "A Kind of Christmas Card" were written by the Norwegian poet Håvard Rem. During a visit to Los Angeles with Harket, they met with a friend of Harket's, who told them the true story of a Norwegian girl who had moved to Los Angeles to become a film star, but got involved in pornography and drugs. Speaking to Robert Sandall of VH1, Harket said: A Kind of Christmas Card A Kind of Christmas Card is a song
A Kind of Christmas Card
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the context of the conflict between Duke Charles and Sigismund, King of Sweden and Poland (War against Sigismund). Charles agitated the peasants to revolt against the nobility of Finland, who supported Sigismund in the conflict. An uprising began on Christmas Eve 1595 and was initially successful, but shortly thereafter was crushed by cavalry. In December 1596, the Cudgel War began. The peasants won a number of encounters with infantry. Klaus Fleming began negotiating a truce that required the surrender of peasant leader Jaakko Ilkka. Ilkka fled to avoid being handed over and the peasant army scattered, pursued by the soldiers.
Cudgel War
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reign of his weak father, Berenguer Ramon. Another major contributor was the Church acting through the institution of the Peace and Truce of God. This established a general truce among warring factions and lords in a given region for a given time. The earliest extant date for introducing the Truce of God in Western Europe is 1027 in Catalonia, during the reign of his father, Berenguer Ramon. While still married to his second wife Blanca, he became involved with the wife of the Count of Toulouse, Almodis de La Marche, countess of Limoges. Both quickly married and were consequently excommunicated
Ramon Berenguer I, Count of Barcelona