the number of shafts provided in heavy duty vehicles gear box is normally
There are usually three shafts
3007925
especially in cars. There are usually three shafts: a mainshaft, a countershaft, and an idler shaft. The mainshaft extends outside the case in both directions: the input shaft towards the engine, and the output shaft towards the rear axle (on rear wheel drive cars. Front wheel drives generally have the engine and transmission mounted transversely, the differential being part of the transmission assembly.) The shaft is suspended by the main bearings, and is split towards the input end. At the point of the split, a pilot bearing holds the shafts together. The gears and clutches ride on the mainshaft, the
Transmission (mechanics)
3046296
gear, and is exceptionally quiet, but results in difficult engagement and unreliable operation. However, many modern transmissions now include a reverse gear synchronizer and helical gearing, especially in applications which use three shafts as part of the transmission implementation instead of the conventional dual input and output shafts (usually to permit a shorter gearbox for the number of gears provided), since the third shaft inherently provides the option to reverse output rotation while still allowing permanently meshing gears. Until the mid-1950s (earlier in Europe and later in the US, on average) vehicles were generally equipped with 3-speed transmissions as standard
Manual transmission
17976859
drive shafts, one to each front hub. This principle of divided drive already being established for the front of the Trado, it was a minor step for van Doorne to divide the drive to the rear wheels as well. The DAF YA-328 used walking beams where the axle was no more than a pivot and the drive was supplied entirely by external longitudinal drive shafts, one on each side. As was usual for heavy vehicles of this period, the final drives and right-angle drive to the stub axles were combined through a worm gear box. This also had he advantage
H-drive
21014481
Portal Gear Lift The portal gear lift is a device installed onto automobiles, utility task vehicles (UTVs), all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), farm equipment, and military vehicles that need to withstand rough conditions but still maintain power. The power created by the vehicles engine that would normally be transferred directly to the wheel by the drive shaft and axles only, is capable of producing a certain amount of torque based on its current gear configuration. The design of the portal gear box allows for additional gear reduction to be placed near each wheel hub thus generating more torque and creating less stress
Portal Gear Lift
21014499
ensure optimal strength, but tests have shown this is not completely necessary. The portal box takes so much pressure off the factory strength axles they are able to manage rough rides. Portal Gear Lift The portal gear lift is a device installed onto automobiles, utility task vehicles (UTVs), all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), farm equipment, and military vehicles that need to withstand rough conditions but still maintain power. The power created by the vehicles engine that would normally be transferred directly to the wheel by the drive shaft and axles only, is capable of producing a certain amount of torque based on
Portal Gear Lift
21014491
the box is also important, it shouldn't be too heavy or too light. Finding the precise balance of weight and strength when designing the portal gear lift is essential to its effectiveness. Today the portal gear lift is used to upgrade many vehicles for different purposes. Farming, military, leisure, and off-road vehicles are all using portal boxes to add lift, and performance. These benefits allow vehicles to perform in the toughest of conditions including war zones and rural farmlands. All-terrain vehicles and utility task vehicles are the most recent type of vehicle to use of the portal gear lift because
Portal Gear Lift
12348056
breeching and the requisite shafts or pole are not needed for a dragged load such as a plow or a log that will not move on its own, nor for a canal boat, which is towed by a long rope from the bank. Historically, additional animals were sometimes used to brake very heavy vehicles on steep downhills, being hitched in harness breeching "behind" the load. This is still done when logging in very steep terrain. Breeching is not normally used for oxen in yokes, where braking is provided by pulling back on the yoke or girth (depending upon the type
Breeching (tack)
9578247
spring-torque shafts (the latter being primarily used for actuation of the spring tabs) to feed control inputs to the relevant flight control surfaces. Power for both the undercarriage and the flaps was provided by a Dowty-built hydraulic pump, driven via a gear box from the Nene engine; fall-back measures included a hand-pump for the flight surfaces and an emergency compressed-air system for the undercarriage. Electrical power was provided by a 1,500-watt HX2 generator, which was against driven via the gear box, which charged a pair of series-connected 12-volt accumulators. Onboard equipment included a two-way radio set, IFF, oxygen tanks, windscreen
Gloster E.1/44
867849
operate with shafts at 90 degrees. Depending on which side the shaft is offset to, relative to the angling of the teeth, contact between hypoid gear teeth may be even smoother and more gradual than with spiral bevel gear teeth, but also have a sliding action along the meshing teeth as it rotates and therefore usually require some of the most viscous types of gear oil to avoid it being extruded from the mating tooth faces, the oil is normally designated HP (for hypoid) followed by a number denoting the viscosity. Also, the pinion can be designed with fewer teeth
Gear
6962968
RPO MT8 & MW3 Shared Features: 1991–1994 RPO MT8 Features: MT8 Gear ratios: 1995–2007 RPO MW3 Features: MW3 Gear ratios: Chrysler Corporation Dodge Truck division used the NV4500 as NVG4500 in "Standard" and "Heavy Duty" applications. Shared Standard Duty & Heavy Duty Features: Standard Duty 1992.5–2005 order code DDP: Heavy Duty 1994–2005 order code DDX: Dodge Gear ratios: New Venture Gear 4500 transmission The New Venture Gear 4500, commonly called NV4500, is a 5-speed manual transmission manufactured by New Venture Gear and used in General Motors and Chrysler products from 1991–2007. The NV4500 is a very popular 5-speed manual conversion
New Venture Gear 4500 transmission
18888883
In 2015, hereinafter is the list of Weichai's brands: Weichai Power Co., Ltd. （HK2338, SZ000338）, founded in 2002 and headquartered in Weifang, Shandong Province, China, its core activities are powertrain (engines, transmissions and axles), vehicle engines, hydraulic control and auto parts. Shaanxi Heavy-duty Motor Co. Ltd., or SHACMAN (陕西重型汽车有限公司), founded in 1968 and headquartered in Xi’An, Shaanxi Province, China, it manufactures commercial vehicles, especially heavy duty-trucks. Shaanxi Fast Auto Drive Group Company, or Fast (陕西法士特齿轮有限责任公司), founded in 1968 (formerly Shaanxi Auto Gear General Works), and headquartered in Xi’An, Shaanxi Province, China, mainly manufactures heavy-duty, auto transmissions, auto gears, forgings and
Weichai Group
17976856
H-drive An H-drive drivetrain is a system used for heavy off-road vehicles with 6×6 or 8×8 drive to supply power to each wheel station. H-drives do not use axles but rather individual wheel stations, usually carried on a punt chassis. A single differential splits the drive into separate left and right drive shafts, which each run fore and aft inside the bottom corners of the chassis. At each wheel station a bevel box drives the half shaft out to the wheel. H-drive is not commonly used for 4 wheel vehicles, as it is relatively complicated for small vehicles. It has
H-drive
13634588
Muncie SM465 transmission The Muncie SM465 is a heavy-duty, four-speed manual transmission built by General Motors for use in light and medium duty trucks from 1968 to 1991. The SM465 can be found in Chevrolet and GMC full-size trucks, Blazers, Suburbans, among other models. Some applications beyond one-ton pickup trucks came with larger input shafts. Favored by off-road drivers, the SM465 has a very low first gear suitable for rock-crawling. The SM465 has developed a reputation as a highly durable transmission. For the 1992 model-year, the SM465 was replaced in 3/4- and 1-ton pickup truck applications by the New Venture
Muncie SM465 transmission
18888889
trucks, buses, construction machinery, marine power, power generation, and agriculture machinery… Vehicles and engines: Subsidiaries as Shacman, AsiaStar, or Shengda Special Vehicles provide Weichai with different vehicles market: Heavy duty automobile, coaches, special vehicles, and commercial vehicles. Key components: Thanks to its subsidiaries, Linde Hydraulics, Torch Sparks Plugs, Zhuzhou Gear, etc., Weichai Power provides different auto parts including hydraulic parts, spark plugs, gears, piston pins, auto lamps… Luxury Yachts: Founded in 1968, Italian Ferretti Group is a luxury yachts manufacturer, and owns the following yacht brands: Ferretti Yachts, Pershing, Itama, Riva, Mochi Craft, CRN, Custom Line. In order to build
Weichai Group
6451062
live axle is a type of beam axle in which the shaft (or, commonly, "shafts" connected to move as a single unit) also transmits power to the wheels; a beam axle that does not also transmit power is sometimes called a dead axle. While typically used in vehicles with Hotchkiss drive, this suspension system can also be used with other types of power transmission. The principal advantage of the beam axle is its simplicity. This simplicity makes it very space-efficient and relatively cheap to manufacture. They are nearly universally used in buses and heavy-duty trucks. Most light and medium duty
Beam axle
3046270
shifting a non-synchromesh transmission is faster than that of shifting a synchromesh transmission. For racing of production-based transmissions, sometimes half the teeth on the dog clutches are removed to speed the shifting process, at the expense of greater wear. Heavy duty trucks often use unsynchronized transmissions, though military trucks usually have synchronized transmissions, allowing untrained personnel to operate them in emergencies. In the United States, traffic safety rules refer to non-synchronous transmissions in classes of larger commercial motor vehicles. In Europe, heavy duty trucks use synchronized gearboxes as standard. Similarly, most modern motorcycles use unsynchronized transmissions: their low gear inertias
Manual transmission
4182272
MIL-L-2015C), MIL-PRF-2105E and SAE J2360 satisfy the requirements of the API GL-5 service designation. API Category GL-6 (inactive) designates the type of service characteristic of gears designed with a very high pinion offset. Such designs typically require (gear) score protection in excess of that provided by API GL-5 gear oils. The original API GL-6 test equipment is obsolete. API Category MT-1 designates lubricants intended for non-synchronized manual transmissions used in buses and heavy-duty trucks. Lubricants meeting API MT-1 provide protection against the combination of thermal degradation, component wear, and oil seal deterioration which is not provided by lubricants meeting only
Gear oil
16102326
Commercial Vehicles Pvt. Ltd. (DICV) is a 100% subsidiary of Daimler AG, Germany. Its aim is to design, manufacture and sell medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles that cater to the demand of Indian terrain and customers. These vehicles are known by the brand name "BharatBenz". 3 new trucks were launched on 26 September 2012. These include the 2523 R (a 25 tonne Heavy-duty Rigid truck), 2523 C (a 25 tonne Heavy-duty Tipper truck) and the 3123 R (a 31 tonne Heavy-duty Rigid truck). With the launch of the first 3 Heavy-duty models in September 2012 (2523R, 2523C & 3123C) BharatBenz
Daimler India Commercial Vehicles
17976864
Emergency had overtaken the British Army and with an urgent need for their first armoured personnel carrier, protected against guerilla ambush, the FV603 Saracen took priority over the Saladin. Saracen used an almost identical chassis and drivetrain to Saladin, although the engine was relocated from the rear to the front of the vehicle. The transmission used a 5-speed Wilson preselector gearbox with a fluid flywheel. Reverse gear was provided within the transfer box, allowing all five gears in either direction. The centre bevel boxes were included within the transfer box housing and had a slight overdrive to the drive shafts
H-drive
10886488
chassis versions of certain tractor units which enable a ballast box to be fitted. In Europe, manufacturers tend to send some of their products to another company (owned by the parent) to be converted into a special heavy duty version. Most heavy haulage and heavy lift engineering firms employ heavy duty tractor-unit models that can accommodate a ballast box. Countries where modernisation is taking place, such as regions of the Middle East and South Africa, operate larger number of ballast tractors due to the greater frequency of heavy loads (such as power station components). Apart from being used by fairgrounds
Ballast tractor
7709912
system used previously. In September 2018, Mercedes Benz revealed the revised 2019 Actros at the IAA Commercial Vehicles Show in Hannover, Germany. The vehicle now has 2 colour displays (touchscreen and infotainment display behind the steering wheel) replacing the conventional instrument cluster on old Actros models and can be integrated with Android Auto or Apple CarPlay. Its outside mirrors were replaced with a camera and it can do semi-automated driving, using Active Drive Assist. Mercedes-Benz Actros The Mercedes-Benz Actros is a heavy-duty truck introduced by Mercedes-Benz in 1995. It is normally used for long-distance haulage, heavy duty distribution haulage and
Mercedes-Benz Actros
17686042
caused by mismatched tire tread/sizes. Heavy off-road vehicles using 6×6 or 8×8 may use a H-drive drivetrain. These are particularly prone to driveline windup. H-drives do not use axles but rather individual wheel stations, carried on a punt or backbone chassis. A single differential splits the drive into separate left and right drive shafts, which each run fore and aft inside the bottom corners of the chassis. At each wheel station a bevel box drives the half shaft out to the wheel. Unlike a typical transfer box for permanent four-wheel drive, there is no differential action front-to-back. When used for
Driveline windup
16341554
the "SVT Lightning" was introduced, slotting itself in between the Chevrolet 454SS and GMC Syclone. Ford Special Vehicles Team upgraded the Lightning from the regular F-series with heavy-duty suspension and brakes. Powertrain upgrades came from heavy-duty trucks, with a 240 hp version of the 5.8L V8 and the E4OD overdrive transmission normally paired with the 7.3L diesel and 460 7.5L V8s. The F-150, F-250, F-250 HD, F-350, and F-Super Duty were available in many different configurations from chassis cab base models, up to XLT trimmed models with their chrome and plush seating. The trucks came with a variety of gas
Ford F-Series (ninth generation)
2182219
manual). The most popular form found in automobiles is the hydraulic automatic transmission. Similar but larger devices are also used for heavy-duty commercial and industrial vehicles and equipment. This system uses a fluid coupling in place of a friction clutch, and accomplishes gear changes by hydraulically locking and unlocking a system of planetary gears. These systems have a defined set of gear ranges, often with a parking pawl that locks the output shaft of the transmission to keep the vehicle from rolling either forward or backward. Some machines with limited speed ranges or fixed engine speeds, such as some forklifts
Automatic transmission
3046290
normally applies only to the forward gears. The implementation of the reverse gear is usually different, implemented in the following way to reduce the cost of the transmission. Reverse is also a pair of gears: one gear on the countershaft and one on the output shaft. However, whereas all the forward gears are always meshed together, there is a gap between the reverse gears. Moreover, they are both attached to their shafts: neither one rotates freely about the shaft. When reverse is selected a small gear, called an "idler gear" or "reverse idler", is slid between them. The idler has
Manual transmission
4209403
heavy to swim, such as heavy-duty winches, communications shelters that made them top heavy, or radar gear. It was designed to be air-transportable and droppable by parachute. In May 1972 Fort Hood cited the following problems as a result of examining 566 vehicles: Gama Goat The Gama Goat was a six-wheel drive semi-amphibious off-road vehicle originally developed for use by the US military in the Vietnam War. The Goat used an articulated chassis, so that from distance it appears to be a four-wheel drive vehicle pulling a two-wheel trailer, but it is a single six-wheel vehicle with a four-wheel steering
Gama Goat
1650280
to increase the number of available speeds. Modern drill presses can, however, use a variable-speed motor in conjunction with the stepped-pulley system. Medium-duty drill presses such as those used in machine shop (tool room) applications are equipped with a continuously variable transmission. This mechanism is based on variable-diameter pulleys driving a wide, heavy-duty belt. This gives a wide speed range as well as the ability to change speed while the machine is running. Heavy-duty drill presses used for metalworking are usually of the gear-head type described below. Drill presses are often used for miscellaneous workshop tasks other than drilling holes.
Drill
1654253
wheels equals the input rotational speed of the drive shaft. An increase in the speed of one wheel is balanced by a decrease in the speed of the other. When used in this way, a differential couples the longitudinal input propellor shaft to the pinion, which in turn drives the transverse ring gear of the differential. This also usually works as reduction gearing. On rear wheel drive vehicles the differential may connect to half-shafts inside an axle housing, or drive shafts that connect to the rear driving wheels. Front wheel drive vehicles tend to have the engine crankshaft and the
Differential (mechanical device)
17802273
a RWD car, this is almost always done by adding a separate overdrive gearbox to the output driven shaft of the gearbox, usually outside the gear casing. Because of the layout of the gearbox, the layshaft is normally mounted low-down in the gearbox casing below the other shafts. The gear lever enters through the top of the casing and so it is more convenient for the sliding components of the dog clutches to be mounted on the driven shaft, rather than the layshaft. The layshaft gear cluster is thus often a simple one-piece component, typically cast iron gears running in
Layshaft
9795115
is the complex shaft arrangement. This problem arises due to the limitation of centre distance between the two shafts and fixed axial dimensions due to the vehicle size limitations. In this type of transmissions the planetary action is used for providing forward or reverse action to the gear box. Here the automatic nature of the gear box takes care of the direction change by either engaging planetary sets or by engaging multi-plate clutches or by some other means. Features of power shuttle transmissions. Power shuttle transmissions were invented for mining and earth moving applications.The needs in the areas were: Power
Power shuttle
5930929
require re-engineering to ensure smooth and safe running, and beams which are seasoned and not cracked. This is a powerful horse mill for four horses; probably English ponies, as modern heavy horses were not yet fully bred in the 1830s. Each of the four heavy oak beams connecting the central axle to the four horse shafts runs from beside the axle to the under-surface of the main gear wheel, and crosses the other three in a grid pattern between the axle and gear wheel, thus supporting the gear wheel and creating a rigid structure at the same time. They project
Horse mill
10569423
Heysen Tunnels The Heysen Tunnels are twin tube road tunnels which carry the South Eastern Freeway under Eagle On The Hill in the Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia. The tunnels were excavated using a tunnelling machine normally used in heavy-duty mining operations which tunnelled through of rock for each tunnel at an average rate of per day. The tunnels were completed in 1998 and officially opened in May 2000. Each tunnel carries 3 lanes of traffic. On average, they carry a total of 45,700 vehicles per day. The maximum height of vehicles permitted in the tunnels is , the
Heysen Tunnels
18262457
Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) is a Microsoft Access database application providing emission factors, i.e. the specific emissions in g/km, for all current road vehicle categories (passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy duty vehicles, buses, and motorcycles). Emission factors are provided for all regulated and the most important non-regulated air pollutants as well as for fuel consumption and CO2. HBEFA is used to estimate road transport emissions on different spatial aggregation levels from national to street level. HBEFA was originally developed on behalf of the Environmental Protection Agencies of Germany (UBA),
Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA)
6879581
heavy duty applications where durability is required. Common real world applications are in agriculture, construction and mining equipment, sports robot combat, axle systems, gear box, engine motors and reducers, propeller shaft, railroad axle-box, differential, wind turbines, etc. Timken Company Tapered roller bearing Tapered roller bearings are rolling element [bearing (mechanical)|bearings]] that can support axial forces (i.e., they are good thrust bearings) as well as radial forces. The inner and outer ring raceways are segments of cones and the rollers are tapered so that the conical surfaces of the raceways, and the roller axes, if projected, would all meet at a
Tapered roller bearing
13879396
number of occupants. In California, for example, the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project (CVRP) was established to promote the production and use of zero-emission vehicles (ZEVs). Eligible vehicles include only new Air Resources Board-certified or approved zero-emission or plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Among the eligible vehicles are neighborhood electric vehicles, battery electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles including cars, trucks, medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles, and zero-emission motorcycles. Vehicles must be purchased or leased on or after March 15, 2010. Rebates initially of up to per light-duty vehicle, and later lowered to up to , are available for individuals
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
4756514
engines while the third was repaired by the in-flight mechanic. Two transmission shafts transferred the power from the gear-box to propeller gear-boxes mounted on the wing struts. Although there were some problems with the clutch system, the gear-box proved to be reliable when properly maintained. The SSW R.1 through the SSW R.VII designs were noted for their distinctive forked fuselage. Several of these aircraft (SSW R.V through the SSW R.VII) fought on the Eastern Front. Although interesting in concept, the cost of these and the R-types from other companies was so great that the air force eventually abandoned the concept
Siemens-Schuckert
3046371
heavy vehicle transmissions do not use it, most medium- and light-duty automotive transmissions do. Because clutches use changes in friction to modulate the transfer of torque between engine and transmission, they are subject to wear in everyday use. A very good clutch, when used by an expert driver, can last hundreds of thousands of kilometres (or miles). Weak clutches, abrupt downshifting, inexperienced drivers, and aggressive driving can lead to more frequent repair or replacement. Manual transmissions are lubricated with gear oil or engine oil in some vehicles, which must be changed periodically in some vehicles, although not as frequently as
Manual transmission
8975795
on the input gear. Applications: The Dana 21 part-time gear system with single-speed case with automatic transmission. The Dana 21 is essentially a Dana 20 without a low range (offering only 2-wheel high and part-time 4-wheel high). Applications: The Dana 300 part-time gear-driven transfer case. That uses a round bolt pattern and has a nearly flat oil pan. It is a heavy-duty, gear-driven transfer case with a 23-spline input shaft. The case is cast iron but the tail housing is aluminum. The ID number C300-15 is stamped on the case. The output for the front drive shaft is on the
AMC and Jeep transmissions
3124062
Transport Canada's Motor Vehicle Safety Act. The Regulations align emission standards with the U.S. federal standards and apply to light-duty vehicles (e.g., passenger cars), light-duty trucks (e.g., vans, pickup trucks, sport utility vehicles), heavy-duty vehicles (e.g., trucks and buses), heavy-duty engines and motorcycles. The United States has its own set of emissions standards that all new vehicles must meet. In the United States, emissions standards are managed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Under federal law, the state of California is allowed to promulgate more stringent vehicle emissions standards (subject to EPA approval), and other states may choose to follow
Emission standard
12579972
trench. The overall depth of the trench was and the spoil provided an additional cover of about . The body of the machine came in two-halves so that it could be divided for transportation, t he front portion of the body was long, wide and high and weighed about 45 tons; the rear portion was long, wide and high and weighed about 55 tons. The body was driven by two wide tracks and on the surface steering was possible by means of dog clutches on the gear-box output shafts. When digging, only small changes in direction were possible by means
Cultivator No. 6
5273126
synchronized three-speed manual transmission with column shift, 10-in heavy duty clutch, 3.54:1 rear differential gear ratio with manual transmission, 3.07:1 rear differential gear ratio with automatic transmission, electric two-speed wipers, electric washers, rectangular full-length speedometer, electric analog clock, collapsible steering column with built-in ignition switch, luxury custom steering wheel, courtesy lights, cigarette lighter, dashboard ashtray, locking glove box, wide individual front seats (hardtop), front bench seat (sedan), two-point front seatbelts, front and rear side armrests, dual rear ashtrays, single round dome light (sedan), dual C-pillar dome lights (hardtop), dual coat hooks, bright molding package, luxury wheel covers, and driver's side
AMC Matador
16258110
mechanical integrity to the Housing. The upper and lower parts of the housing have a mating surface that seals perfectly the housing to avoid oil leaks and fatigue of the housing. Bathtub Housing: is mage on a single piece and have a top opening for servicing the gear box and side opening to accommodate the bearing housing associated to the gear shafts. Have in general a better leak free performance but is more difficult to assembly and repair. Traditionally, it is made from cast iron or cast aluminium, using methods of permanent mold casting or shell molding. Experimentally, though, composite
Gear housing
8731060
with its own 5 speed manual gearbox and VIASA-JEEP dualrange transfer gearbox for offroad driving and the cars were made in 1984, one of the few road vehicles that VIASA-JEEP made for other firms, after a week evaluation these prototypes became the basis for the then new original HISPARO Todoterreno 4X4. Current HISPARO Todoterreno production models were powered by standard PEGASO TD and PERKINS Diesel 4 cylinder engines, but very soon customers had also the choice of optional EBRO-NISSAN TD or ISUZU TDI modern running gear. Because ENASA produced mainly heavy-duty vehicles, so it was never designed for light and
Portaro
3577420
overdrive unit, though the C6 was still available as an option, mostly in F-250s and F-350s, until 1997. Heavy-Duty models included F-250s and F-350s (along with F-Super Dutys) that were classified as incomplete vehicles only that were produced with no bed, but appeared as tow trucks, box trucks (notably U-Haul), flatbed trucks, dump trucks and other models. Although the F-250s, F-250 HDs (heavy duty), and F-350s were built as a Chassis cab models only from 1987 to 1997, owners can convert the models to pickup trucks. However General Pacheco, Argentina and São Bernardo do Campo, Brazil assemblies were the only
Ford F-Series
16773264
personnel, employment and working conditions. KRAZ (Kremenchuk Automobile Plant or AvtoKrAZ) is a factory that produces trucks and other special-purpose vehicles in Kremenchuk, Ukraine, particularly heavy-duty off-road models. On April 17, 1958 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union ordered the construction of a plant for heavy-duty vehicles production in Kremenchuk. Heavy-duty trucks manufacture was transferred from the Yaroslavl Automobile Plant (today Yaroslavl Motor Plant). In 1961 the plant delivered for export more than 500 vehicles in 26 countries of the world - Argentina, Afghanistan, Bulgaria, China, India, Vietnam and others. In 1986 total output was
Automotive industry in Ukraine
13317130
GAZ Group GAZ Group () is a Russian automotive conglomerate headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. It comprises 18 manufacturing facilities in eight regions of Russia, as well as sales and service organizations. GAZ Group is the leading manufacturer of commercial vehicles in Russia. GAZ Group produces light commercial and medium-duty vehicles (GAZ), heavy-duty trucks (UralAZ), buses PAZ, KAvZ, LiAZ, cars, powertrain (YaMZ and UMZ) and automotive components. The market shares of the company: about 50% in the light commercial vehicles segment, 58% in the segment of medium-duty trucks, 42% in the all-wheel drive heavy-duty trucks segment and about 65% in the
GAZ Group
14048569
the BSIV norms, 2- and 3-wheeler manufacturers will have to fit an evaporative emission control unit, which should lower the amount of fuel that is evaporated when the motorcycle is parked. Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel engines—applicable to vehicles of GVW > 3,500 kg—are listed in Table 3. More details on Euro I–III regulations can be found in the section on EU heavy-duty engine standards. Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ≤ 3,500 kg) are summarised in Table 4. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles; compare the EU light-duty
Bharat Stage emission standards
3700718
of emission and supports alternative forms of transportation: public transit, membership in ride-share or care-share programs (car pool), and/or purchase of a bicycle. Nine things the government is doing to make heavy-duty vehicles cleaner: Ever since the cancellation of AirCare, the government of British Columbia has been working on ways to make heavy-duty vehicles cleaner. They have come up with nine ways. First, the government retrofitted their heavy-duty vehicles and actively promote and use of biodiesel. Second, older models of transit buses were also retrofitted. The transit buses can run up to 30 years of service, even though new and
AirCare (emissions program)
13623730
across the United States and Canada in 2009, bringing their total number of hybrid electric delivery trucks to 327, the largest such fleet in North America. The company has 142 small hybrid electric delivery vehicles on the road. The trucks are powered by Eaton Corporation's hybrid electric drivetrain systems. In 2010, the UPS fleet in Philadelphia has expanded with 50 new hybrid electric trucks. By a voice vote, the United States House of Representatives approved the (for heavy duty plug-in hybrid vehicles) authored by representative James Sensenbrenner. The term advanced heavy duty hybrid vehicle means a vehicle with a gross
Hybrid electric truck
1295933
vehicles in use in the world. This figure represents the number of cars, trucks (light, medium and heavy duty), and buses, but does not include off-road vehicles or heavy construction equipment. The world vehicle population passed the 500 million-unit mark in 1986, from 250 million motor vehicles in 1970. Between 1950 and 1970, the vehicle population doubled roughly every 10 years. Two US researchers estimate that the world's fleet will reach 2 billion motor vehicles by 2020, with cars representing at least 50% of all vehicles. China’s and India’s automobile fleets are expected to grow at an annual rate of
Motor vehicle
9142374
temperature or wear. An idler wheel is usually used for this purpose, on order to avoid having to move the power-transfer shafts. An idler gear is a gear wheel that is inserted between two or more other gear wheels. The purpose of an idler gear can be two-fold. Firstly, the idler gear will change the direction of rotation of the output shaft. Secondly, an idler gear can assist to reduce the size of the input/output gears whilst maintaining the spacing of the shafts. An idler gear does not affect the gear ratio between the input and output shafts. Note that
Idler-wheel
6844333
solely by compression. This is the predecessor to the modern diesel engine used in automobiles, but more specifically, heavy duty vehicles such as semi-trucks. Petrol engines quickly became the choice of manufacturers and consumers alike. Despite the rough start, noisy and dirty engine, and the difficult gear shifting, new technologies such as the production line and the advancement of the engine allowed the standard production of the gas automobiles. This is the start, from the invention of the gas automobile in 1876, to the beginning of mass production in the 1890s. Henry Ford’s Model T drove down the price of
Automotive engine
18918442
remain stationary to the endframe. All trailer loading and unloading is done through the end frame of the trailer, which takes the most abuse. The top horizontal member is called a header. The bottom is referred to as the sill. The end frame is the action part of the trailer. The rest of the trailer is made up of the box that sits on the chassis, and includes the floor and running gear (wheels, brakes, lights, etc.). Lockrods come in different lengths and thickness (rod diameter) depending on the use they will be put to. Heavy-duty models are one-inch in
Lockrods
16748503
Volvo LV66-series The Volvo LV66-70 was a truck produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1931 and 1936. Volvo introduced its first heavy truck in 1931. Unlike its smaller sibling, who used some elements from Volvo’s passenger cars, the LV66-series components were built exclusively for truck use. These included a new overhead valve engine, a heavy duty four-speed gear box, steel rims and four-wheel hydraulic brakes. The truck was built in two weight classes: the smaller LV68 and LV69 with a payload of 3.25 tonnes and the heavier LV66 and LV67 with a payload of 3.5 tonnes. From 1933 the LV66
Volvo LV66-series
2221979
north-bound heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) are sign-posted to stay in a low gear and often brake continuously through the turn. South-bound HGVs are normally substantially reduced in speed as they make the incline. M90 motorway The M90 is a motorway in Scotland. It runs from junction 1a of the M9, south of the Queensferry Crossing, to Perth, passing Dunfermline and Kinross on the way. It is the most northerly motorway in the United Kingdom, the northernmost point being a spur into the western suburbs of Perth at Broxden. The first section of the M90 opened in 1964 to coincide with
M90 motorway
16748504
and LV67 could be delivered with a trailing axle which increased the payload to 5.25 tonnes. The long wheelbase LV70 was primarily equipped with bus bodies. From 1933 the LV66-series were sold with a Hesselman engine as an alternative. Volvo LV66-series The Volvo LV66-70 was a truck produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1931 and 1936. Volvo introduced its first heavy truck in 1931. Unlike its smaller sibling, who used some elements from Volvo’s passenger cars, the LV66-series components were built exclusively for truck use. These included a new overhead valve engine, a heavy duty four-speed gear box, steel rims
Volvo LV66-series
14183351
up to 2700 lbs. There were many ratios offered over the lifetime of the Dana 35/AMC 15. 35c is a little bit newer version of dana35. C stands for a Custom as the axle was delivered to the end user without axle brackets. The axle is C clip, which holds the axle shafts in the carrier. It uses a centre pin to lock the shafts in. Gear Ratio: 3.55 || 11:39 4.11 || 9:37 The AMC 15 saw use in many AMC model vehicles. Front Axle Dodge Ford Rear Axle Jeep Dana 35 The Dana/Spicer Model 35 is an automotive
Dana 35
1381409
high development costs and are shelving the project until a partnership can be arranged. Another form of hybrid vehicle are human power-electric vehicles. These include such vehicles as the Sinclair C5, Twike, electric bicycles, and electric skateboards. In a parallel hybrid vehicle an electric motor and an internal combustion engine are coupled such that they can power the vehicle either individually or together. Most commonly the internal combustion engine, the electric motor and gear box are coupled by automatically controlled clutches. For electric driving the clutch between the internal combustion engine is open while the clutch to the gear box
Hybrid vehicle
7747689
Gear stick A gear stick (rarely spelled "gearstick"), gear lever (both, UK English), gearshift or shifter (US English) is a metal lever attached to the shift assembly in a manual transmission-equipped automobile and is used to change gears. In an automatic transmission-equipped vehicle, a similar device is known as a gear selector. A gear stick will normally be used to change gear whilst depressing the clutch pedal with the left foot to disengage the engine from the drivetrain and wheels. Automatic transmission vehicles, semi-automatic transmissions, and those with continuously variable transmission gearboxes do not require a clutch pedal. Gear sticks
Gear stick
6086631
where his carriage created a sensation. While heavy-duty vehicles had used double-railed frames before, passenger vehicles had normally used a single rail. The elegant but durable style was widely copied and named "berline" after the city from which the carriage had come. It was more convenient than other carriages of the time, being lighter and less likely to overturn. The berline began to supplant the less practical and less comfortable state coaches and gala coaches in the 17th century. British and American sources mention a separate hooded rear seat for a footman detached from the body in their definitions of
Berlin (carriage)
10884839
Shell Rotella T Shell Rotella T is a line of heavy duty engine lubrication products produced by Royal Dutch Shell. The line includes engine oils, gear oils and coolants. The oil carries both the American Petroleum Institute (API) diesel "C" rating as well as the API gasoline engine "S" rating. Ratings differ based on the oil. Rotella oils like T3 15w-40 meets both the API CJ-4 and SM specifications, and may be used in both gasoline and diesel engines. However, it is formulated specifically for vehicles without catalytic converters, containing phosphorus levels beyond the 600-800ppm range. Therefore, Rotella is not
Shell Rotella T
18262462
and light commercial vehicles only). Excess emissions are given as a difference between the total emissions after the engine start (at ambient conditions) and the emission at operating temperature. The factors are available for typical, country-specific temperature distributions and behavioural parameters (such as trip length distributions and parking time distributions). For petrol vehicles only (hydrocarbon emissions for diesel vehicles are negligible), consisting of: HBEFA provides emission factors for passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, heavy duty vehicles (rigid and articulated trucks; truck and trailers), urban buses, coaches and motorcycles. Emission factors are provided by reference year, i.e. by varying country specific
Handbook Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA)
17976867
that after travelling some miles on firm ground, the vehicle should be bounced over a kerb or railway sleeper to lift wheels clear of the ground, one-by-one, so allowing them to spring back and release the windup. Excess windup could easily lead to a broken gear in the bevel or hub gearboxes. To indicate this, white lines were painted across the ends of the hubs. Normally the lines should be parallel but as windup occurred they would become misaligned, indicating the need to release this. H-drive An H-drive drivetrain is a system used for heavy off-road vehicles with 6×6 or
H-drive
14300199
of a spring-loaded stack of thin disks on a central shaft. Around this are arranged other stacked disk packs on a number of planetary shafts, usually three. These shafts are mounted on swinging arms, so that they may be moved in and out together. The central disks are thin, with a thickened rim. The planet disks are tapered across their radius, at an included angle of around 3°. When the disks are intermeshed, they thus only contact at the rim of the central pack, no matter what the spacing of the shafts. These planetary disk packs have a gear meshing
Beier variable-ratio gear
6294633
in St Albans, England, are some of these shafts, supposed to have been taken from the old Saxon church. Norman bases and capitals have been added, together with plain cylindrical Norman shafts. Balusters are normally separated by at least the same measurement as the size of the square bottom section. Placing balusters too far apart (to save money) diminishes their aesthetic appeal. Balustrades normally terminate in columns, building walls or more properly in heavy newel posts because otherwise they will not be structurally strong enough. Balusters may be formed in several ways. Wood and stone can be shaped on the
Baluster
4714734
accessories have been published. A continual epic storyline runs throughout all of the game's material, with new publications moving chronologically along the timeline. "Heavy Gear" is best known for its humanoid combat vehicles (or mecha): the 'Gears' and 'Striders' used by the military forces in the setting. "Heavy Gear" is set on a distant, fictional planet called Terra Nova around 4,000 Earth Standard Years from now (AD 6132). Terra Nova was once the pride of the United Earth Government's colonies. However, an economic collapse forced the UEG government to abandon Terra Nova and all its other colonies centuries before the
Heavy Gear
2567728
applied to both heavy vehicles as well as light passenger vehicles. When referring to heavy vehicles the term is increasingly applied to mean "permanent multiple-wheel drive" on 2×2, 4×4, 6×6 or 8×8 drive train systems that include a differential between the front and rear drive shafts. This is often coupled with some sort of anti-slip technology, increasingly hydraulic-based, that allows differentials to spin at different speeds but still be capable of transferring torque from a wheel with poor traction to one with better. Typical AWD systems work well on all surfaces, but are not intended for more extreme off-road use.
Four-wheel drive
11404390
They have excellent tensile strength to contain items but not much stacking strength. A skid box is a wood, corrugated fiberboard, or metal box attached to a heavy duty pallet or platform on a skid (parallel wood runners) ASTM standards: Wooden box A wooden box is a container made of wood for storage or as a shipping container. Construction may include several types of wood; lumber (timber), plywood, engineered woods, etc. For some purposes, decorative woods are used. Wooden boxes are often used for heavy duty packaging when Boxes and crates are not the same. If the sheathing of the
Wooden box
9355322
were sold between January 2014 and March 2016. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks. These figures only include vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies. , the Chinese stock of plug-in electric vehicles consist of 366,219 all-electric vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 plug-in hybrids (27.1%). , China is the world's largest electric bus market, and by 2020, the country was expected to account for more than 50% of the global electric bus market. China also is the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses, plug-in trucks, particularly
Automotive industry in China
6950760
front seat and the left side rear passenger seat. The performance of the Mopar edition Charger is improved with the Super Track Pack, a 3.91 final drive gear ratio, a 3 mode traction control, heavy duty brakes, larger stability bars, front and rear strut tower bars, and a sport tuned steering rack. 9,688 2011 and 2012 Dodge Charger police vehicles were recalled for overheated lighting harness connector causing low beams to fail, and an overheated power distribution center could result in a loss of the vehicle's anti-lock braking and stability control systems. On May 7, 2012, a recall announcement was
Dodge Charger (LX/LD)
6886826
to vehicles under 10,000 pounds. For heavy duty vehicles (Classes 7 and 8, gross vehicle weight [GVW] greater than 26,000 pounds), most of the above-mentioned systems don't work well, requiring the development of other systems. The US Department of Transportation has commissioned several studies to find systems that work on the heavy duty market specifying some goals that were needed in this market. The SAE has tried to disseminate best practices, since legal regulations for heavy vehicles has been lagging. One problem is lack of standardization. Tires are often purchased in bulk and moved between tractors over time, so a
Tire-pressure monitoring system
3124078
Australian emission standards are based on European regulations for light-duty and heavy-duty (heavy goods) vehicles, with acceptance of selected US and Japanese standards. The current policy is to fully harmonize Australian regulations with United Nations (UN) and Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) standards. In November 2013, the first stage of the stringent Euro 5 emission standards for light vehicles was introduced, which includes cars and light commercial vehicles. The development of emission standards for highway vehicles and engines is coordinated by the National Transport Commission (NTC) and the regulations—Australian Design Rules (ADR)—are administered by the Department of Infrastructure and Transport.
Emission standard
9142375
in a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain, except to change the direction of rotation of the final gear. (That is, each intermediate gear changes the sign of the gear ratio.) Likewise, the size of an idler wheel in a non-geared friction drive system does not affect the gear ratio between the input and output shafts. The surface speed of the input shaft is transferred directly to the surface
Idler-wheel
21014484
will not make it up the hill. In off-roading vehicles with the portal box, they are essentially downshifting when going through rough terrain. This allows the vehicle to push through rough terrain while still maintaining optimal speed and torque. Portal Gear Lifts have been around for many years. The design was first used in the German military but has since expanded to use in agriculture, racing, and recreational vehicles. Portal use in off-road recreation vehicles like utility task vehicles (UTVs) and Jeeps is becoming increasingly popular today. Portal boxes were first used on automobiles in WWII. The Volkswagen Type 82
Portal Gear Lift
21014488
substantial technological advancements in the industry. One of these advancements, Portal gear boxes, are aftermarket additions used to lift the vehicle and increase torque and power for off-roading purposes. The portal gear lift also became necessary to relieve stress on drive shafts and axles from the extra weight riders were adding due to bigger tires and other upgrades to their machines. Major advancements have occurred in UTV portal gear lift technology since their invention. The first prototypes made by leaders in the ATV/ UTV industry were bulky and chain driven. Making them incredibly loud, heavy, and impractical. After more prototypes
Portal Gear Lift
12450200
Volvo F88 The Volvo F88/F89 was a series of heavy-duty trucks produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1965 and 1977. Volvo presented the forward control F88 in 1965. The truck was the first part of the company's export-oriented "System 8", which served as basis for the truck giant Volvo is today. The F88 sold well internationally and began a reputation for durable cab-over trucks. The F88 cab had already been introduced on the predecessor Titan Tiptop in 1964, but the rest of the truck was redesigned. This included a new engine, a new eight-speed gear box and stronger chassis and
Volvo F88
13879473
heavy-duty AFVs started on July 1, 2015. Medium-duty hybrid electric vehicles also qualify. Eligible medium-duty AFVs with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) between qualify for a credit of up to , while heavy-duty AFVs with a GVWR over qualify for a credit of up to . The credit is capped at per taxpayer. Qualified AFVs must be purchased before June 30, 2017, remain registered in Georgia for at least five years, and accumulate at least 75% of their annual mileage in Georgia. Up to in total credits will be available each fiscal year. The definition of alternate fuel vehicle
Plug-in electric vehicles in the United States
8975794
case in place. This is a heavy-duty, gear-driven part-time transfer case with a 26-tooth input gear. The output for the front drive shaft is on the right side and the rear output is in line with the input. This enables 2-wheel High to be direct-drive, which is quieter. Otherwise the Dana 20 offers the same drive modes as the Dana 18. Its low range has a ratio of 2.03:1. The Dana 20 is generally compatible with the "big hole" Dana 18. One exception is the version used with the THM400 in full-size Jeep trucks, which used a different spline number
AMC and Jeep transmissions
10901363
other heavy duty vehicles. The HLA system is a so-called parallel hydraulic hybrid. In parallel systems the original vehicle drive-line remains, allowing the vehicle to operate normally when the HLA system is disengaged. When the HLA is engaged, energy is captured and released during deceleration and acceleration respectively. This is in contrast to so-called series hydraulic hybrid systems which replaces the entire traditional drive-line to provide power transmission in addition to regenerative braking functions. Hydraulic hybrids are said to be power dense, while electric hybrids are energy dense. This implies that electric hybrids, while able to deliver large amounts of
Hydraulic Launch Assist
21014487
used in creating such a stable vehicle became known as the Unimog Principle. This principle included gear reduction technology. Mopar portal boxes are a similar technology which have been used in Jeeps to provide sturdy off-roading. Jeeps are known to be one of the most popular all-terrain vehicles today. The use of portal box technology provides clearance and gear reduction in a simpler, bolt-on style kit. Utility task vehicles (UTVs) and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) have grown in popularity since the 2000s. With Polaris, Can-Am and, Yamaha leading the market in sales. The increase in vehicle popularity has also led to
Portal Gear Lift
5930930
for many feet beyond the main gear wheel, and require wooden stretchers to stabilise them. From the ends of these beams hang the horse shafts. The bottom ends of these shafts are quite low, which may indicate the use of ponies rather than early heavy horses. A horse gin is on display at the Nottingham Industrial Museum. It was constructed in 1841 to sink the Langton Colliery shaft and moved in 1844 to Pinxton Green Colliery. It was still working in 1950 and it was erected in the museum in 1967. It was used at a pit head to raise
Horse mill
8873994
transmitted by rotating shafts. These were mounted in ball-bearing brackets fastened to the support plates. Most corners were at right angles, facilitated by miter gears in 1:1 ratio. The Mk. 47, which was modularized into six sections on heavy-duty slides, connected the sections together with shafts in the back of the cabinet. Shrewd design meant that the data carried by these shafts required no manual zeroing or alignment; only their movement mattered. The aided-tracking output from an integrator roller is one such example. When the section was slid back into normal position, the shaft couplings mated as soon as the
Rangekeeper
16700891
a torque-rod as well as by radius-rods. The live shafts inside the back axle take none of the weight of the car. All road wheels have ball-bearings. The frame is pressed steel, narrowed at the front, raised at the rear to clear the axle. Its side members are formed of one piece with the under-frame carrying engine and gear-box. All road wheels as well as the easily adjusted steering gear and the steering-heads have ball-bearings. There is no mention of suspension or braking systems. The omission of a mention of brakes was remedied in the advertisement displayed below - there
Austin 15/20
19005443
each with two composite, ground adjustable blades and uses a 3.7:1 gear box type reduction drive. The two propellers are powered by two meshing and counter-rotating shafts, powered by helical gear wheels running in an oil bath. The gap between and the pitch of the two propellers must be exactly right. Neudorfer explains, "when the setting is not exactly right, the air stream from the second propeller meets the retrograde air stream from the first propeller at the wrong angle and all this does is to produce more noise and more turbulence. The correct agreement of the setting angle and
Coax-P
2253473
helix angle of the hob; if a helical gear is being produced then the angle must be increased by the same amount as the helix angle of the helical gear. The two shafts are rotated at a proportional ratio, which determines the number of teeth on the blank; for example, for a single-threaded hob if the gear ratio is 40:1 the hob rotates 40 times to each turn of the blank, which produces 40 teeth in the blank. If the hob has multiple threads the speed ratio must be multiplied by the number of threads on the hob. The hob
Hobbing
21014485
Kübelwagen, designed and created by Ferdinand Porsche, was used by the German military for light work. The intent behind this vehicle was to create a car that could drive slow enough to match the tempo of the marching soldiers while still being reliable for off-roading. The design included portal gear hub reduction technology. This technology was used to give lift and gear reduction to military vehicles. There is a long history of this technology being used in automobiles and in recent years the technology was applied to off-roading vehicles. The portal box design increased vehicle capability by giving them more
Portal Gear Lift
16136664
Hardstand A hardstand is a paved area for parking heavy vehicles. Hardstand are found at airports, military facilities, freight terminals, and other facilities where heavy vehicles need to be parked for significant periods of time. Heavy vehicles can sometimes be parked on areas of unpaved compacted earth for short periods of time. But if left parked in these areas for extended periods of time, heavy vehicles can sink into the soil and become mired. Hardstands are paved with materials including concrete heavy duty pavers which give a lot of maintenance flexibility over other products as well as strength for the
Hardstand
3046308
racing cars equipped with a double-clutch transmission, there are typically two input shafts and two countershafts, one for the odd numbered gears and one for the even numbered gears. This allows the next gear to be pre-engaged and selected by de-clutching one input shaft clutching the other. This results in no interruption of power driven through to the output shaft. Some automotive manual transmissions had freewheeling capability in the 1930s through 1960s. In all vehicles using a transmission (virtually all modern vehicles), a coupling device is used to separate the engine and transmission when necessary. This is because most internal-combustion
Manual transmission
10805971
or shafts they cannot provide any braking effort. Wheelers and leaders in a team usually have somewhat different harness: wheelers usually have breeching so they can pull back on the shafts or pole; leaders do not need breeching, and nor do animals pulling a dragged load such as a plow (where all the animals are effectively leaders). Wheelers may not need breeching in very light vehicles, or those with efficient brakes. Historically, very heavy loads were sometimes controlled downhill by additional pairs hitched behind the vehicle. Such additional pairs were often hired to passing vehicles to help them either up
Driving (horse)
16110777
and sliding shafts for steering systems. Continued expansion in the steering product market followed with the introduction in 1995 of the Pailton Mitre box or Bevel box, a device to allow 90 degree changes in direction of the steering input shaft with low backlash and no universal joint phasing allowing the steering box to be positioned in a place more favourable to the steering gear for actuation, while still placing the steering column in the best position for the driver. As Pailton were growing their product range so was the market reach, due to the opening in 1999 of Pailton
Pailton Engineering Ltd
16881716
500,000 unit milestone in March 2016, including heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and making the country the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment. This figure only includes vehicles manufactured in the country as imports are not subject to government subsidies. A total of about 507,000 new energy vehicles were sold in 2016, up 51.3% year-on-year, consisting of 409,000 pure electric vehicles, up 65.2% year-on-year, and 98,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles, up 17.2% from the same period the previous year. Sales growth through September was lower than expected due to the government's inquiry about extensive fraud cases regarding
New energy vehicles in China
16748573
tilting cab. In 1965 Volvo introduced its "System 8". As part of the changes Volvo presented a successor to the Titan, called N88. The new truck retained the Titan's cab, but underneath it the conventional N88 sported all the new features of the forward control F88. These included a new engine, a fully synchronized eight-speed gear box and improved chassis and suspension. Volvo Titan The Volvo Titan was a heavy duty truck produced by Swedish automaker Volvo between 1951 and 1973. In the autumn of 1951 Volvo introduced its largest truck L395 Titan, with a payload capacity of up to
Volvo Titan
16881700
sales also overtook Europe, making the country the global leader in the light-duty plug-in vehicle segment. , sales of domestically produced new energy passenger cars since 2010 totaled 632,371 units. IHS Automotive predicted Chinese annual plug-in car sales will reach 1 million in 2019, four years before the United States. , China listed as the world's leader in the plug-in heavy-duty segment, including electric buses and plug-in trucks, the latter, particularly sanitation/garbage trucks. Over 160,000 heavy-duty new energy vehicles have been sold between 2011 and 2015, of which, 123,710 (77.2%) were sold in 2015. Sales of commercial new energy vehicles
New energy vehicles in China
8975791
auxiliary transmission that connects the front and rear axles. It also commonly provides a selectable secondary gear reduction. AMC and Jeep vehicles have used several different transfer cases in their various models. Jeep has used three different transfer cases made by the Spicer Division of [[Dana Holding Corporation|Dana]dana 35 c355]. They are the 18, 20, and 300 models. The Dana 18 is a gear driven part-time transfer case. Both the front and rear output shafts are offset towards the passenger side of the vehicle. Drive modes offered include 2-wheel high, part-time 4-wheel high, and part-time 4-wheel Low. All Dana 18
AMC and Jeep transmissions
5210168
design that debuted in 1999. The added thickness only marginally helped increase strength, it was still the weakest frame of any Heavy Duty. The 2011 Ford F-Series Super Duty was awarded Truckin's "Topline Pulling Power" award for 2011. It also won Popular Mechanics best workhorse of 2011, and the best "Gear of the Year" in the trucks category. The F-450 is able to tow and has a maximum payload of . The F350 has a maximum of towing capacity and of payload. Each engine is mated to a 6R140 heavy-duty TorqShift six-speed automatic transmission. The Ford F-250, the F-350 and
Ford Super Duty
1295943
These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, which represent about 11% of the total stock. China is also the world's largest electric bus market, reaching about 385,000 units by the end of 2017. The number of cars and motorcycles in China increased 20 times between 2000 and 2010. This explosive growth has allowed China to become the world's largest new car market, overtaking the US in 2009. Nevertheless, ownership per capita is 58 vehicles per 1000 people, or a ratio of 1:17.2 vehicles to people, still well below the rate of motorization of developed countries. Japan
Motor vehicle
3418168
from either heavy-duty military trucks or road vehicles such as school buses, and are modified to have a planetary gear reduction at the hub to help turn the tires. All trucks have hydraulic steering in both the front and the rear (four wheel steering), with the front wheels controlled by the steering wheel and the rear wheels by a toggle switch. The tires are typically "Terra" tires used on fertilizer spreaders, and are of size 66"×43"-25", nominally 66" diameter, 43" width, to fit 25" rims (168×109-63 cm). Most trucks utilize a modified and/or custom designed automatic transmission, such as a
Monster truck
10475836
dis-engaging the clutch by pressing the clutch pedal only part way, enough to pull the transmission out of gear, re-engaging the clutch in neutral (between gears by letting the clutch pedal all the way back out) to let the engine revolutions decelerate enough for the idle sprockets to shift, and free gear shafts to slow their revolutions per minute (RPM), then dis-engage the clutch again (by pressing the clutch pedal only part way to the floor) a second time, and float the higher gear into engaging the drive coupling and flywheel and engaging the clutch plates. Professional operators of heavy
Non-synchronous transmission
5981788
Ford C4 transmission The Ford C4 is a three-speed, medium-duty automatic transmission introduced on 1964 model year vehicles and produced through 1981. The C4 was designed to be a lighter and more simple replacement for the original Ford-O-Matic two speed transmission being used in smaller, less powerful cars. Ford used the term "SelectShift" because placing the gear selector in second gear forced the transmission to start and remain in second gear only, regardless of engine revolutions, or torque being sent to the unit. If the transmission was placed in third gear, the transmission would start in first gear, then shift
Ford C4 transmission
10881207
and Reinvestment Act for state and local governments and transit authorities to expand the nation's fleet of clean, sustainable vehicles and the fueling infrastructure necessary to support them. The Clean Cities Alternative Fuel and Advanced Technology Vehicles Pilot Program will support at least 30 projects involving alternative fuels or advanced vehicles. Technologies eligible to be funded include a number of different light- and heavy-duty vehicles, including hybrid, plug-in hybrid electric, hydraulic hybrid, electric, fuel cell, and compressed natural gas vehicles. In addition, projects can support refueling infrastructure for alternative fuels, including biofuels and natural gas. Other efforts eligible for funds
Clean Cities
15851965
leading global designer and assembler of customized position and motion control systems and other industrial products to various transportation and other niche markets. The vehicle systems product lines (Power-Packer, Gits and Power Gear brands) are sold to the truck, automotive, off-highway and specialty vehicle markets. Products include hydraulic cab-tilt and latching systems sold to global heavy duty truck OEMs such as Volvo, Iveco, Scania AB and CNHTC and electro-hydraulic convertible top latching and actuation systems. The automotive systems are utilized on both retractable soft and hard top vehicles manufactured by OEMs such as Daimler, Audi, Volkswagen, Renault, BMW, Volvo, and
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