what were two american documents created based on enlightenment
the United States Constitution the Declaration of Independence
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II of Prussia, tried to apply Enlightenment thought on religious and political tolerance, which became known as enlightened absolutism. Benjamin Franklin visited Europe repeatedly and contributed actively to the scientific and political debates there and brought the newest ideas back to Philadelphia. Thomas Jefferson closely followed European ideas and later incorporated some of the ideals of the Enlightenment into the Declaration of Independence (1776). One of his peers, James Madison, incorporated these ideals into the United States Constitution during its framing in 1787. The most influential publication of the Enlightenment was the "" ("Encyclopaedia"). Published between 1751 and 1772 in
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United States Declaration of Independence, which was primarily written by Jefferson, was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 4, 1776. The text of the second section of the Declaration of Independence reads: Both the Moderate Enlightenment and a Radical or Revolutionary Enlightenment were reactions against the authoritarianism, irrationality, and obscurantism of the established churches. Philosophers such as Voltaire depicted organized Religion as hostile to the development of reason and the progress of science and incapable of verification. An alternative religion was deism, the philosophical belief in a deity based on reason, rather than religious revelation or dogma. It
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an outspoken critic of Presidents Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan and what he viewed as their abuses of presidential power. His principal scholarly works were his 1936 biography of Theodore Parker; his intellectual history "The American Mind: An Interpretation of American Thought and Character since the 1880s" (1950), which focuses on the evolution of liberalism in the American political mind from the 1880s to the 1940s, and his intellectual history "Empire of Reason: How Europe Imagined and America Realized the Enlightenment" (1977). In addition, he edited a widely used compilation, "Documents of American History"; ten editions were
Henry Steele Commager
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Locke, Wollaston, and Berkeley to Colonial British America. Two native-born Americans, Samuel Johnson and Jonathan Edwards, were first influenced by these philosophers; they then adapted and extended their Enlightenment ideas to develop their own American theology and philosophy. Both were originally ordained Puritan Congregationalist ministers who embraced much of the new learning of the Enlightenment. Both were Yale educated and Berkeley influenced idealists who became influential college presidents. Both were influential in the development of American political philosophy and the works of the Founding Fathers. But Edwards based his reformed Puritan theology on Calvinist doctrine, while Johnson converted to the
American philosophy
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of the criticism of the Enlightenment that spread throughout Europe during the Revolutionary period. Barruel’s "Memoirs" is considered one of the founding documents of the right-wing interpretation of the French Revolution. It became popular immediately after it was published and was read and commented on by most of the important literary and political journals of the day. The four volumes of the text were published in a number of languages and created a debate about the role of the philosophes, their ideas, and the Enlightenment in the French Revolution. They remained in print well into the 20th century and contributed
Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
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Enlightenment Foundation Libraries The Enlightenment Foundation Libraries (EFL) are a set of graphics libraries that grew out of the development of Enlightenment, a window manager and Wayland compositor. The project's focus is to make the EFL a flexible yet powerful and easy to use set of tools to extend the capabilities of both the Enlightenment window manager and other software projects based on the EFL. The libraries are meant to be portable and optimized to be functional even on mobile devices such as smart phones and tablets. The libraries were created for version 0.17 of the window manager. EFL is
Enlightenment Foundation Libraries
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9. Maria Schenk Papers. 1975. Includes interview with Fred Cordova. Filipino American National Historical Society The Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is an organization that documents Filipino American history. Founded on 26 November 1982 in Seattle, Washington by Dorothy Laigo Cordova and her husband Fred Cordova, the Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is a community-based organization whose mission is “to promote understanding, education, enlightenment, appreciation, and enrichment through the identification, gathering, preservation, and dissemination of the history and culture of Filipino Americans in the United States” with the goal “...to preserve, document, and present Filipino American history and
Filipino American National Historical Society
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Filipino American National Historical Society The Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is an organization that documents Filipino American history. Founded on 26 November 1982 in Seattle, Washington by Dorothy Laigo Cordova and her husband Fred Cordova, the Filipino American National Historical Society (FANHS) is a community-based organization whose mission is “to promote understanding, education, enlightenment, appreciation, and enrichment through the identification, gathering, preservation, and dissemination of the history and culture of Filipino Americans in the United States” with the goal “...to preserve, document, and present Filipino American history and to support scholarly research and artistic works which reflect that
Filipino American National Historical Society
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role of women in business. In 2016 Kattan opened her Palestinian restaurant Tabun Kitchen in Soho, London. After nearly 20 years she married the writer and director Shamim Sarif. They live in Surrey with their two sons, Ethan and Luca. Hanan Kattan Hanan Kattan (born May 22, 1962) is a Jordanian-born, British-based film producer of Palestinian origin. She is also co-owner of online marketing agency EBS Digital, multi-media entertainment company Enlightenment Productions and a Palestinian restaurant, Tabun Kitchen. Kattan created Enlightenment Productions and EBS Digital in partnership with Shamim Sarif. Enlightenment Productions were Winner of the Kingston Business Excellence Awards
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Verlag GmbH. There have been two English translations: the first by John Cumming (New York: Herder and Herder, 1972) and a more recent translation, based on the definitive text from Horkheimer's collected works, by Edmund Jephcott (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2002). Dialectic of Enlightenment Dialectic of Enlightenment () is a work of philosophy and social criticism written by Frankfurt School philosophers Max Horkheimer and Theodor W. Adorno and first published in 1944. A revised version appeared in 1947. One of the core texts of Critical Theory, "Dialectic of Enlightenment" explores the socio-psychological "status quo" that had been responsible for what
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at Tytell. "How many do you want?" was Tytell's response after Brinkley called. Brinkley bought two, what he described as a lifetime supply. Alger Hiss was convicted of perjury in 1950 based on evidence that extensively relied on claims that documents passed to Soviet agent Whittaker Chambers had been created on a typewriter Hiss and his wife had owned, after the prosecution showed that the typewriter's unique combination of printing pattern and flaws matched those on the documents in question. Hiss's lawyers then hired Tytell to create a typewriter that would be indistinguishable from the one the Hiss's owned. Tytell
Martin Tytell
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information. Blackbird documents would be stored in what was called Blackbird Data Format (BDF), a structured format based on OLE storage. An SGML-based markup language, Blackbird Markup Language (BML), was also created to help automate the creation of documents, though documents based on markup would be processed into the native data format to be used as OLE objects, so would suffer performance disadvantages. To give developers more flexibility, Microsoft planned to include a utility that would allow conversion between BDF and BML, as well as HTML, in any direction. Additionally, there would be an application resource installer that packaged custom
Blackbird (online platform)
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How the Scots Invented the Modern World How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It (or "The Scottish Enlightenment: The Scots invention of the Modern World") is a non-fiction book written by American historian Arthur Herman. The book examines the origins of the Scottish Enlightenment and what impact it had on the modern world. Herman focuses principally on individuals, presenting their biographies in the context of their individual fields and also in terms of the theme of Scottish contributions to the world. The book was
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Rousseau and made the Enlightenment themes of reason, progress, anti-clericalism and emancipation central to their own revolutionary vocabulary, it created a link that meant any backlash against the Revolution would increase opposition to the Enlightenment. The advent of what Graeme Garrard has called the "continuity thesis" between the Enlightenment and the Revolution – the belief that they were connected in some intrinsic way, as cause and effect- proved damaging to the Enlightenment. For Barruel, the Revolution was not a spontaneous popular uprising expressing a long-suppressed general will. It was instead the consequence of a united minority group who used force,
Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism
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Hanan Kattan Hanan Kattan (born May 22, 1962) is a Jordanian-born, British-based film producer of Palestinian origin. She is also co-owner of online marketing agency EBS Digital, multi-media entertainment company Enlightenment Productions and a Palestinian restaurant, Tabun Kitchen. Kattan created Enlightenment Productions and EBS Digital in partnership with Shamim Sarif. Enlightenment Productions were Winner of the Kingston Business Excellence Awards 2014, Best Creative and Media Sector Business. EBS Digital were Highly Commended in the Kingston Business Excellence Awards 2014 in the section for Best Business for Marketing and Social Media. Kattan has produced three feature films through Enlightenment Productions including
Hanan Kattan
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varied in pace across Europe. The new chemistry was established in Glasgow and Edinburgh early in the 1790s, but was slow to become established in Germany. Eventually the oxygen-based theory of combustion drowned out the phlogiston theory and in the process created the basis of modern chemistry. Science in the Age of Enlightenment The history of science during the Age of Enlightenment traces developments in science and technology during the Age of Reason, when Enlightenment ideas and ideals were being disseminated across Europe and North America. Generally, the period spans from the final days of the 16th and 17th-century Scientific
Science in the Age of Enlightenment
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which there is considered to be one core element to the teachings, the “"hou"”); by executing this Hasshoudou every day and every minute in “what they think” and “what they do,” human beings can break away from the vicious cycle of bitterness and sadness that was created as a cause of one's disharmonious notions and actions, and they can also take the first step to enlightenment, based on this kind of steady everyday practice. Takahashi referred to the sections of the Eightfold Path as "Shouken" (Right View), "Shoushi" (Right Intention), "Shougo" (Right Speech), "Shougyou" (Right Work), "Shoumyou" (Right Livelihood), "Shoujin"
Shinji Takahashi (religious leader)
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Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe. German historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed: "On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges". Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that "although the Masons did promote international and cross-social contacts which were essentially non-religious and broadly in agreement with enlightened values, they can hardly be described as a major radical or reformist network in their own right". Many of the Masons values seemed to greatly appeal to Enlightenment
Age of Enlightenment
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that people can travel backward in time, and that matter is actually thought." Ramtha's School of Enlightenment Ramtha's School of Enlightenment (RSE) is an American spiritual sect near the rural town of Yelm, Washington, U.S. The school was established in 1988 by J. Z. Knight, who claims to channel a 35,000-year-old being called Ramtha the Enlightened One. The school's teachings are based on these channeling sessions. In 1988, J. Z. Knight founded Ramtha's School of Enlightenment (RSE), then called Ramtha's School of Enlightenment: The American Gnostic School, on her estate in Yelm, Washington, U.S. A division of Knight's company JZK,
Ramtha's School of Enlightenment
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Ramtha's School of Enlightenment Ramtha's School of Enlightenment (RSE) is an American spiritual sect near the rural town of Yelm, Washington, U.S. The school was established in 1988 by J. Z. Knight, who claims to channel a 35,000-year-old being called Ramtha the Enlightened One. The school's teachings are based on these channeling sessions. In 1988, J. Z. Knight founded Ramtha's School of Enlightenment (RSE), then called Ramtha's School of Enlightenment: The American Gnostic School, on her estate in Yelm, Washington, U.S. A division of Knight's company JZK, Inc., the school had around 80 staff members . According to RSE's website,
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system. During the Enlightenment period, new theories about what the human was and is and about the definition of reality and the way it was perceived, along with the discovery of other societies in the Americas, and the changing needs of political societies (especially in the wake of the English Civil War, the American Revolution and the French Revolution) led to new questions and insights by such thinkers as Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Montesquieu and John Locke. These theorists were driven by two basic questions: one, by what right or need do people form states; and two, what the best form for
History of political thought
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Department for Popular Enlightenment in 1944. The best known directorate was the Norwegian Press Directorate. The Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK), the National Gallery of Norway, the Norwegian National Academy of Fine Arts and all other non-scientific museums were subordinate to the Pressedirektoratet. The department was modelled after the "Reichskommissariats Hauptabteilung Volksaufklaerung und Propaganda" ("Ministry for Popular Enlightenment and Propaganda"), trying to spread Nazi ideology in Norway. Documents from this department are archived by the National Archival Services of Norway. Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment The Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment () was a government ministry during the German occupation of
Ministry of Culture and Enlightenment
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requires "direct access to the teaching through a personal discovery of one's self. This type of transmission and identification is symbolized by the discovery of a shining lantern, or a mirror." Chan is deeply rooted in the teachings and doctrines of Mahāyāna Buddhism. What the Chan tradition emphasizes is that enlightenment of the Buddha came not through intellectual reasoning, but rather through self-realization in Dharma practice and meditation. Therefore, it is held that it is primarily through Dharma practice and meditation that others may attain enlightenment and become Buddhas as well. A review of the early historical documents and literature
Chan Buddhism
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into two halves, the first half being marked by the theology of Reformed Puritan Calvinism influenced by the Great Awakening as well as Enlightenment natural philosophy, and the second by the native moral philosophy of the American Enlightenment taught in American colleges. They were used "in the tumultuous years of the 1750s and 1770s" to "forge a new intellectual culture for the United states", which led to the American incarnation of the European Enlightenment that is associated with the political thought of the Founding Fathers. The 18th century saw the introduction of Francis Bacon and the Enlightenment philosophers Descartes, Newton,
American philosophy
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Fayed's father, Mohammed Al-Fayed, became convinced that their deaths were not accidental, and offered a reward for information leading to the arrest of those responsible. LeWinter, posing as a CIA officer, offered Al-Fayed what he said were CIA documents that showed the British intelligence agency MI6 had assassinated the two. Negotiations for the documents took place in the United States and were conducted between Al-Fayed's security head John Macnamara and an American lawyer and a journalist. When LeWinter demanded $US4 million for the documents and insisted on meeting outside the United States, Al-Fayed suspected fraud and notified the FBI, the
Oswald LeWinter
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of what's going on, most of the time," would only be an extension of what already gave us the Enlightenment, freedom and privacy. By comparison, he asks what the alternative would be: "To pass privacy laws that will be enforced by elites, and trust them to refrain from looking at us?" Brin participated in the opening keynote panel discussion at the 2005 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) Computers, Freedom, and Privacy conference, where 500 sousveillance devices were also created to contextualize and explore this debate further. (Each attendee was given a wearable camera-dome bag which created, in effect, an inverse
The Transparent Society
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colonies in North America, based on his access to the state papers and other documents of what were then termed the plantation records. His work, "Political Annals of the present United Colonies from their Settlement to the Peace of 1763", (1780), was to have formed two volumes; but the second, for the period between 1688 and 1763, never appeared. The first volume traces the original settlement of the different American colonies, and the changes in their constitutions and forms of government, as affected by British politics. Chalmers next wrote "An Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Britain during the Present
George Chalmers (antiquarian)
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her half-sister Fanny. This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley's work. Shelley's first child died in infancy, and when she began composing "Frankenstein" in 1816, she was likely nursing her second child, who would also be dead at "Frankenstein"'s publication. Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the vampire legends he heard while travelling the Balkans, and from this John Polidori created "The Vampyre" (1819), the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Thus two seminal horror tales originated from the conclave. The group talked about Enlightenment and Counter-Enlightenment ideas as well. Shelley believed the
Frankenstein
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but which became the Prado Museum to display paintings and sculpture. As part of the attempt to revitalize the historiography of Spain and Charles III's general centralizing policies, the Archive of the Indies was established in Seville in 1785 to bring together documents pertaining to Spain's overseas empire. Enlightenment in Spain The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment (in Spanish, "Ilustración") came to Spain in the eighteenth century with the new Bourbon dynasty, following the death of the last , Charles II, in 1700. "Like the Spanish Enlightenment, the Spanish Bourbon monarchs were imbued with Spain's Catholic identity." The period
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even before the Spanish Bourbons came to power. The best studied is the University of San Carlos Guatemala, founded in 1676. In Spanish America just as in Spain, the Enlightenment had some aspects of anticlericalism, but many priests were in favor of science and scientific thinking and were practitioners themselves. Some clergy were proponents of the Enlightenment as well as independence. Enlightenment texts circulating in Spanish America have been linked to the intellectual underpinnings of Spanish American independence. Works by Enlightenment philosophers were owned and read in Spanish America, despite restrictions on the book trade and their inclusion on the
Spanish American Enlightenment
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Revolution was Marquis de Lafayette, an ardent supporter of the American constitutional principles. The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen was mainly based on Lafayette’s draft of this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition. Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. The philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment – Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried
Protestant culture
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galleries and Oval Lawn are available for weddings, conferences, and other events. The Millennium Gate Museum is not only a work of art, but also an educational tool. The museum tells Georgia's story through interactive technology, film, and exhibitions. Beginning with pre-Columbian Native American history and 16th century Spanish settlement of the coast, the 18th Century Georgia Pioneer Gallery focuses on General James Oglethorpe's creation of the Colony of Georgia and the enlightenment ideals that were so instrumental in its inception. The gallery contains documents and historical artifacts from the Native Indian, Spanish, British Colonial, and American Revolutionary periods that
Millennium Gate Museum
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La Plata territory to seems to be inspired more in the Anglosaxon enlightenment than from the French The ideology Artigas is partially taken from the U.S. legal texts. The American political liberalism exerted strong influence on Artigas. Other Hispanic independence leaders, however, were more influenced by the French Revolution and the authors of France. Some historians such as Eugenio Petit Muñoz and Ariosto González, have shown that some paragraphs of the artiguist documents were taken directly from ""The independence of the mainland justified by Thomas Paine, thirty years ago"" published by Paine in Philadelphia in 1811 and translated immediately into
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that "he found himself like one at once emerging out of the glimmer of twilight into the full sunshine of open day." He now considered what he had learned at Yale "nothing but the scholastic cobwebs of a few little English and Dutch systems that would hardly now be taken up in the street." Johnson was appointed tutor at Yale in 1716. He began to teach the Enlightenment curriculum there, and thus began the American Enlightenment. One of his students for a brief time was a fifteen-year-old Jonathan Edwards. "These two brilliant Yale students of those years, each of whom
American philosophy
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and Willie Wind, whose entry won the first design competition. The image used on the emblem is based on a depiction of the menorah on the Arch of Titus. The menorah was used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem and has been a symbol of Judaism since ancient times. It symbolizes universal enlightenment, based on what is written in Isaiah 60: "Nations will come to your light, and kings to the brightness of your dawn". The emblem may also be based on the vision of the biblical prophet Zechariah, chapter 4, where he describes seeing a menorah flanked by two
Emblem of Israel
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concludes with three chapters defending what Pinker sees as Enlightenment values: reason, science, and humanism. Pinker argues that these values are under threat from modern trends such as religious fundamentalism, political correctness, and postmodernism. In an interview about the book published in "Scientific American", Pinker has clarified that his book is not merely an expression of hope—it is a documentation of how much we have gained as a result of Enlightenment values, and how much we have to lose if those values are abandoned. On 29 January Bill Gates tweeted praise for "Enlightenment Now", calling it "my new favorite book".
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at Jena in 1806. But he was also deeply rooted in the classical spirit of the Age of Enlightenment in his intellectual presuppositions, his use of philological analysis, and his emphasis on both general and particular phenomena in history. He emphasized use of the techniques that philologist had used to study ancient documents, stressing that historical research had to be based primarily on primary sources. The modern academic study of history and methods of historiography were pioneered in 19th-century German universities, especially the University of Berlin and the University of Göttingen. Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886) at Berlin was the pivotal
Historiography of Germany
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a transfer-based approach of translation retains its quality regardless of how close the languages are. The main two bottlenecks of "full-fledged transfer-based systems" are complexity and unreliability of syntactic analysis. "Information Retrieval systems rank documents according to statistical similarity measures based on the co-occurrence of terms in queries and documents". The MLIR system was created and optimised in such a way that facilitates dictionary based translation of queries. This is because of the fact that queries tend to be short, a couple of words, which, despite not providing a lot of context it is a more feasible than translating whole
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long explored the importance of the Scottish Enlightenment, as well as the American Enlightenment, while debating the very existence of the English Enlightenment. English historian Peter Gay argues that the Scottish Enlightenment "was a small and cohesive group of friends – David Hume, Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson, and others – who knew one another intimately and talked to one another incessantly. Education was a priority in Scotland, both at the local level and especially in four universities that had stronger reputations than any in England. The Enlightenment culture was based on close readings of new books, and intense discussions that
Georgian era
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aufklären" = to clear up). However, scholars have never agreed on a definition of the Enlightenment, or on its chronological or geographical extent. Terms like "les Lumières" (French), "illuminism"o (Italian), "ilustración" (Spanish) and "Aufklärung" (German) referred to partly overlapping movements. Not until the late nineteenth century did English scholars agree they were talking about "the Enlightenment". Enlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's "Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie" provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronological list of developments in the
Age of Enlightenment
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Women in the Enlightenment The role of women in the Enlightenment is often debated and frequently overlooked. Women during this era were not considered of equal status to men, and much of their work and effort was suppressed. Salons, coffeehouses, debating societies, academic competitions and print all became avenues for women to socialize, learn and discuss enlightenment ideas. These avenues furthered their roles in society and created stepping stones for future progress. The Enlightenment came to advance ideals of liberty, progress, and tolerance. For those women who were able to discuss and advance new ideals, discourse on religion, political and
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as a new "department" of reason. In the essay "What is Enlightenment?", Michel Foucault proposed a concept of critique based on Kant's distinction between "private" and "public" uses of reason. This distinction, as suggested, has two dimensions: The terms "logic" or "logical" are sometimes used as if they were identical with the term "reason" or with the concept of being "rational", or sometimes logic is seen as the most pure or the defining form of reason. For example in modern economics, rational choice is assumed to equate to logically consistent choice. Reason and logic can however be thought of as
Reason
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Welfare Institute continue to support the program. Ilchi Lee considers the creation of world peace to be the ultimate goal of his training methods. Essentially, they are meant to facilitate a shift in human consciousness toward a more suitable world culture, according to Lee. He stresses a concept of personal enlightenment similar to those found in other Eastern philosophies, but emphasizes the need to take action based on that enlightenment. Appropriate action, according to Lee, should include some sort of action intended for the betterment of the human condition. Based on this notion, he has spearheaded what he calls the
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Monterey, California. She describes her art as "light encoded paintings" and works mostly on commission for either private or corporate parties. She has also created murals for the Ronald McDonald House, Los Angeles County Hospital, Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, and Packard Children's Hospital. Brennan states that painting is "a language for me. Letters are form, and paintings are documents for information. When I mix those two, I'm happy. It gets me out of the normal way, which is what I want to do." Chrisann Brennan Chrisann Brennan (born September 29, 1954) is an American painter and writer who wrote
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What Would You Do? (2008 TV program) What Would You Do?, formerly known as Primetime: What Would You Do? through the program's fifth season, is an American situational hidden camera television program that has been broadcast on ABC since February 26, 2008. It is hosted by news correspondent John Quiñones and was created by Chris Whipple. The program was conceived as a format-based series for ABC's newsmagazine "Primetime", however all on-air references to the parent program were removed from "What Would You Do?" following the discontinuation of "Primetime" as a standalone program by the network in 2010, with subject-based formats
What Would You Do? (2008 TV program)
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was the Roman Catholic Church so that in countries with a large Catholic element, such as France, Italy, Spain and Mexico, much of the ferocity of the political battles involve the confrontation between what Davies calls the reactionary Church and enlightened Freemasonry. Even in France, Masons did not act as a group. American historians, while noting that Benjamin Franklin and George Washington were indeed active Masons, have downplayed the importance of Freemasonry in causing the American Revolution because the Masonic order was non-political and included both Patriots and their enemy the Loyalists. The art produced during the Enlightenment was about
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American Revolution (1775–1783) was the first successful revolt of a colony against a European power. It proclaimed, in the words of Thomas Jefferson, that "all men are created equal," a position based on the principles of the Enlightenment. It rejected aristocracy and established a republican form of government under George Washington that attracted worldwide attention. The French Revolution (1789–1804) was a product of the same democratic forces in the Atlantic World and had an even greater impact. French historian François Aulard says: French intervention in the American Revolutionary War had nearly bankrupted the state. After repeated failed attempts at financial
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source." While the network did not state that the memos were forgeries, CBS News president Andrew Heyward said, Based on what we now know, CBS News cannot prove that the documents are authentic, which is the only acceptable journalistic standard to justify using them in the report. We should not have used them. That was a mistake, which we deeply regret. Dan Rather stated, "if I knew then what I know now — I would not have gone ahead with the story as it was aired, and I certainly would not have used the documents in question." In an interview
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title ("Qu'est-ce que les Lumières?"). Foucault's essay reflected on the contemporary status of the project of enlightenment, inverting much of Kant's reasoning but concluding that enlightenment "still entails work on our limits." Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment? "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?" () is a 1784 essay by the philosopher Immanuel Kant. In the December 1784 publication of the "Berlinische Monatsschrift" ("Berlin Monthly"), edited by Friedrich Gedike and Johann Erich Biester, Kant replied to the question posed a year earlier by the Reverend Johann Friedrich Zöllner, who was also an official in the Prussian government. Zöllner's question was
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documents, and to ensure their reliability, integrity, and usability. Archival records must be what they claim to be; accurately represent the activity they were created for; present a coherent picture through an array of content; and be in usable condition in an accessible location. An archive curator is called an "archivist"; the curation of an archive is called "archive administration". Archival science emerged from diplomatics, the critical analysis of documents. In 1540, Jacob von Rammingen (1510-1582) wrote the manuscript of the earliest known archival manual. He was an expert on "registries" ("Registraturen"), the German word for what later became known
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of independence was sent to all the territories of New Spain, including the Intendencies of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala. Costa Rica joined the other Central American Intendancies in a joint declaration of independence from Spain, the 1821 Act of Independence. On October 13, 1821 the documents arrived at Cartago, and an emergency meeting was called upon by Governor . There were many ideas on what to do upon gaining independence, such as joining Mexico, joining Guatemala or Nueva Granada (today Colombia). A group was declared (Junta de Legados), which created the temporary . Meanwhile, "the clouds clear up"
History of Costa Rica
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International Symposium on Fluid Flow Measurement (ISFFM) is a conference held every three to four years which focuses on fluid flow measurement. CEESI served as the secretariat for the ISFFM in 1999, 2002, 2006, 2009, 2012, and 2015. CEESI created the "CEESI Technical Library" in October 2007 which is a web-based collection of documents and references to papers related to fluid flow measurement. Bibliographic references and thousands of papers, available for free in PDF format, were collected and indexed by CEESI. CEESI made agreements with the American School of Gas Measurement Training, American Gas Association, and the Natural Gas Sampling
Colorado Engineering Experiment Station, Inc.
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was designed based on design documents by Kitahara, with her lithe physique and bow ribbon reflecting her nickname of "Adelle the Cat". The character Cid—the first non-human version in the "Final Fantasy" series—went through multiple revisions as Ito created designs based on Kitahara's directions. He first designed him to be very thin, then based his next design on an American bison. His final design blended the bison design with other elements, with his clothing using a cowboy style and common South American colors. Lezaford's design used a staff and cloak to convey his status as a wise mage, which his
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fiercely debated throughout the mid-1990s and early 2000s. At the heart of this debate is the conflict between liberal representative democracy, based on the Anglo-American political tradition, the English Glorious Revolution and the American Revolution, and the Scottish enlightenment, which is favoured by the Liberals; and conceptions of direct democracy, based on the Jacobin traditions of the French Revolution, the French enlightenment, in particular Rousseau and the Maoist socialist-democratic concept of the mass line. In 2008, a group of workers and students formed the political party Maoist Communist Party of China, a underground, non-recognized political party that opposed the government
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this document. The United Nations Declaration and Universal Declaration of Human Rights also echo the American constitutional tradition. Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment – Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Toland, David Hume, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Christian Wolff, Immanuel Kant, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau – had Protestant backgrounds. For example, John Locke, whose political thought was based on "a set of Protestant Christian assumptions", derived
Protestantism
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and other ephemera created by women physicians. Bass wrote essays and histories based on her collection which now resides at the Matas Medical Library. The collection itself also "documents the obstacles women had to overcome to become physicians." Elizabeth Bass Mary Elizabeth Bass (April 5, 1876 - January 26, 1956) was an American physician, educator and suffragist. She was the first of two women to become faculty members at the medical school of Tulane University along with Edith Ballard. Bass worked to promote the efforts of women as physicians. She worked at Tulane for thirty years. Bass was born on
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pleased with his new start that he can even poke fun at his quest on the title track. 'I'm in the here and now and I'm meditating/And still I'm suffering but that's my problem,' he sings. 'Enlightenment, don't know what it is' – and he doesn't sound disturbed at all." Enlightenment (Van Morrison song) "Enlightenment" is a single written by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison and included on his 1990 album "Enlightenment". Biographer Brian Hinton comments "'Enlightenment' is actually the opposite of what it sounds: it is full of doubt, not affirmation. 'I'm meditating and still I'm suffering.' He seems
Enlightenment (Van Morrison song)
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liberal philosophy, he says, enshrined in the Enlightenment thought of John Locke—that a just society could be based upon self-interest alone, coupled by the emergence of relativism in American thought—had led to this crisis. For Bloom, this created a void in the souls of Americans, into which demagogic radicals as exemplified by 1960s student leaders could leap. (In the same fashion, Bloom suggests, that the Nazi brownshirts once filled the gap created in German society by the Weimar Republic.) In the second instance, he argued, the higher calling of philosophy and reason understood as freedom of thought, had been eclipsed
Allan Bloom
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had didactic and secular themes rather than religious. Spanish American Enlightenment The ideas of the Spanish Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, science, practicality, clarity rather than obscurantism, and secularism, were transmitted from France to the New World in the eighteenth century, following the establishment of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain. In Spanish America, the ideas of the Enlightenment affected educated elites in major urban centers, especially Mexico City, Lima, and Guatemala, where there were universities founded in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In these centers of learning, American-born Spanish intellectuals were already participants in intellectual and scientific discourse, with Spanish American
Spanish American Enlightenment
19689965
Spanish American Enlightenment The ideas of the Spanish Enlightenment, which emphasized reason, science, practicality, clarity rather than obscurantism, and secularism, were transmitted from France to the New World in the eighteenth century, following the establishment of the Bourbon monarchy in Spain. In Spanish America, the ideas of the Enlightenment affected educated elites in major urban centers, especially Mexico City, Lima, and Guatemala, where there were universities founded in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In these centers of learning, American-born Spanish intellectuals were already participants in intellectual and scientific discourse, with Spanish American universities increasingly anti-scholastic and opposed to “untested authority”
Spanish American Enlightenment
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Education Ministries were "experimenting on students" with their continuous innovations on the educational system, causing the dissatisfaction of then Minister Gerasimos Arsenis, who was pushing substantial changes in secondary education at the time. Christodoulos frequently criticized the principles and values of what he characterized ""the atheist" Enlightenment", and which he contrasted to Christian values. Christodoulos created a major controversy in 2003 when he denounced proposals to let Turkey enter the European Union, calling the Turks "barbarians". Despite the fact a number of Greeks are also opposed to Turkey's entrance (as, indeed, are many other Europeans), Christodoulos' statements were seen as
Christodoulos of Athens
123073
councils were, from the beginning, bureaucratic exercises. Written documents were circulated, speeches made and responded to, votes taken, and final documents published and distributed. A large part of what is known about the beliefs of heresies comes from the documents quoted in councils in order to be refuted, or indeed only from the deductions based on the refutations. Most councils dealt not only with doctrinal but also with disciplinary matters, which were decided in "canons" ("laws"). Study of the canons of church councils is the foundation of the development of canon law, especially the reconciling of seemingly contradictory canons or
Ecumenical council
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this period were collected in the volume "The Age of Secularization." Del Noce argued that Western history after 1945 was marked by a particular interpretation of the historical period between the two World Wars. According to this “progressive” interpretation, Nazism and Fascism were symptoms of a general collapse of European civilization, which must be replaced by a new civilization based on science and on the rejection of all metaphysical doctrines. This has led to a type of new Enlightenment, which however is an Enlightenment after Marx, inasmuch it preserves all of Marx’s metaphysical negations. Del Noce maintained that the outcome
Augusto Del Noce
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they are in the Netherlands, they should not have to deal with such a situation. They testify about their experiences before a Commission of the Dutch House of Representatives. Boris van der Ham, president of the Dutch Humanist Association, conducts conversations with them about what should be done about the situation. He also takes them on a visit to the Amsterdam City Archives, where they read documents about the Dutch Enlightenment philosopher Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677), who was evicted from the Jewish community in 1656 because of his lack of faith. Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run
Non-believers: Freethinkers on the Run
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out" - to combine meditation methods with the structure of an interpersonal workshop. The first experimental Enlightenment Intensive was held soon afterwards in the Californian desert with Charles and Ava Berner. Bill Savoie, in an unpublished book, The Bridge to One, writes that “in May 1968 Charles announced we would have a 5 day Enlightenment Intensive. We would just go for it and see what would happen. Charles had a community of about 150 people who would stay connected with his teachings. At that first Enlightenment Intensive there were 26 people. Both Peggy and I were there." “The Enlightenment Intensive
Enlightenment Intensive
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2004, in response to a Historisch Nieuwsblad survey, which asked members of the Royal Netherlands Historical Society what were the classic works about Dutch history, "The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806" came in second place. ("Radical Enlightenment" (2001), "Enlightenment Contested" (2006), and "Democratic Enlightenment" (2011) constitute a monumental trilogy on the history of the Radical Enlightenment and the intellectual origins of modern democracy. "A Revolution of the Mind" (2009) is a shorter work on the same theme.) The list above is complete . Jonathan Israel Jonathan Irvine Israel (born 26 January 1946) is a British writer and
Jonathan Israel
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or kiss the boy on the cheek, causing sparks to shoot between the two children in what was dubbed the ‘electric kiss‘. Such marvels would certainly have entertained the audience, but the demonstration of physical principles also served an educational purpose. One 18th-century lecturer insisted on the utility of his demonstrations, stating that they were “useful for the good of society.” Increasing literacy rates in Europe during the course of the Enlightenment enabled science to enter popular culture through print. More formal works included explanations of scientific theories for individuals lacking the educational background to comprehend the original scientific text.
Science in the Age of Enlightenment
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books. He offered what he called "The New Learning", which included the works and ideas of Francis Bacon, John Locke, Isaac Newton, Boyle, Copernicus, and literary works by Shakespeare, Milton, and Addison. Enlightenment ideas were introduced to the colonists and diffused through Puritan educational and religious networks especially through Yale College in 1718. Enlightened Founding Fathers, especially Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and George Washington, fought for and eventually attained religious freedom for minority denominations. According to the founding fathers, the United States should be a country where peoples of all faiths could live in peace and mutual benefit.
American Enlightenment
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of ordering and fulfilment system. EPP is based on XML - a structured, text-based format. The underlying network transport is not fixed, although the only currently specified method is over TCP. The protocol has been designed with the flexibility to allow it to use other transports such as BEEP, SMTP, or SOAP. The first protocol drafts were published as IETF individual submission Internet-Draft documents by Scott Hollenbeck of Verisign in November 2000: The individual submission documents were adopted by the IETF "Provisioning Registry" ("provreg") working group, which was created after a BoF session was held at IETF-49 in December 2000.
Extensible Provisioning Protocol
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a part of NVEEE's Anti-Bullying Campaign where communities students, teachers, community leaders and politicians nationwide are asked to get involved in the efforts to end school violence by not being a bystander. National Voices for Equality, Education and Enlightenment National Voices for Equality, Education and Enlightenment (NVEEE) established in October 2009, is a community-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to prevent bullying, violence, and suicide among youth, families and communities through direct service, mentoring and prevention education. Locally in South Florida, NVEEE has created partnerships with: The NVEEE family consists of mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters, who are not
National Voices for Equality, Education and Enlightenment
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National Voices for Equality, Education and Enlightenment National Voices for Equality, Education and Enlightenment (NVEEE) established in October 2009, is a community-based 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization whose mission is to prevent bullying, violence, and suicide among youth, families and communities through direct service, mentoring and prevention education. Locally in South Florida, NVEEE has created partnerships with: The NVEEE family consists of mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters, who are not simply "concerned" about today’s youths, but who have taken the first step in refusing to be bystanders - instead leaders. NVEEE's goal is to prevent bullying and victimization, whether it is by
National Voices for Equality, Education and Enlightenment
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document text so that typesetting software could format the text according to the editor's specifications. It was a trial and error iterative process to get a document printed correctly. Availability of WYSIWYG ("what you see is what you get") publishing software supplanted much use of these languages among casual users, though serious publishing work still uses markup to specify the non-visual structure of texts, and WYSIWYG editors now usually save documents in a markup-language-based format. Another major publishing standard is TeX, created and refined by Donald Knuth in the 1970s and '80s. TeX concentrated on detailed layout of text and
Markup language
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microcredit, and what he argues is a financial bubble created by the two. He teaches at Middlebury College. David Stoll David Stoll is an American anthropologist. In his book "Rigoberta Menchú and the Story of All Poor Guatemalans", Stoll documents the contrast between the testimony of Nobel Peace Prize laureate Rigoberta Menchú, to anthropologist Elizabeth Burgos in 1982, and how her neighbors and relatives remember their history. Stoll also criticized solidarity scholars for using Menchú's story to ignore other indigenous perspectives that do not fit their political agenda. "The New York Times" confirmed his findings about Menchú's personal history in
David Stoll
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the authenticity of several memos purporting to document irregularities in George W. Bush's National Guard service record. (See Killian documents and Killian documents authenticity issues.) CBS news anchor Dan Rather presented the memos as authentic in a September 8, 2004 report on "60 Minutes Wednesday", two months before the vote. Days after the broadcast, Johnson alleged the documents, supposedly typewritten in 1973, could have been created easily on a modern computer using Microsoft Word. Charles Foster Johnson Charles Foster Johnson (born April 13, 1953) is an American blogger, software developer, and former jazz guitarist. He has played on 29 albums.
Charles Foster Johnson
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Council of the Cultural Revolution by Ali Khamenei's official order. He became the overseer of the Mausoleum of Khomeini. He spoke against America, Israel and what he called "exploitative Iranian capitalists," on several occasions. During the Iran hostage crisis, he had a "prominent role" and made "tough anti-American statements". According to the hostages, after Ahmad's visit to the then taken over embassy, he greeted the students and congratulated them for their action. Emphasizing on that some of the hostages were CIA agents based on the discovered documents, he repeated his father's threat "to put some of the captives on trial
Ahmad Khomeini
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heavily influenced the American colonists. In general, the English ruling classes of the 18th century vehemently opposed republicanism, typified by the attacks on John Wilkes, and especially on the American Revolution and the French Revolution. French and Swiss Enlightenment thinkers, such as Baron Charles de Montesquieu and later Jean-Jacques Rousseau, expanded upon and altered the ideas of what an ideal republic should be: some of their new ideas were scarcely traceable to antiquity or the Renaissance thinkers. Concepts they contributed, or heavily elaborated, were social contract, positive law, and mixed government. They also borrowed from, and distinguished republicanism from, the
Republicanism
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to become the "enlightened one." Among scholars, two opposing schools of thought persist on this issue. However, Zen adherents tend to favor the former view: that Śākyamuni attained enlightenment during his time in the mountains. This would suggest that Śākyamuni is portrayed as a bodhisattva, forestalling nirvana and descending from the mountain to assist others on the path to enlightenment. In light of this reading, Śākyamuni's subsequent meditation and what is conventionally understood as his enlightenment under the bodhi tree at Gaya then also poses an interpretive challenge to scholars. Although "Shussan Shaka" paintings indeed present viewers with the emaciated
Shussan Shaka
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visa requirements for citizens of the Central Asian Turkic republics. The Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) has formed an alliance of trade between Turkey and the Central Asian states. Turkey is even working on developing solid relations with the other nations of the region, namely Afghanistan and Tajikistan. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk created a radical shift in Turkish domestic and foreign policy by instituting a strong tradition of secular democracy, which had its roots in the West. Atatürk was an admirer of Enlightenment in many ways and made numerous reforms to modernize Turkey, based on the principles of positivist and rationalist Enlightenment,
Foreign relations of Turkey
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out by Moheyan: yet, a principal point of Moheyan's teaching is that according to Moheyan, the root cause of samsara is the creation of false distinctions, "vikalpa-citta". As long as these false distinctions are being created, one is bound to samsara. According to Buton Rinchen Drub, Moheyan taught that carrying out good or evil acts binds one to transmigration. Moheyan's point is that the concept of good or false is itself still conceptual thinking, which obscures enlightenment. If all thought, good or bad, obscures enlightenment, then all actions must be based on the simplest principles of conduct. To achieve proper
Moheyan
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republican ideas were and would continue to be embraced by creoles outside the Mexico City elite. These came out of Bourbon reforms in Europe that were based on the Enlightenment. Attacks on the Church by liberals in Spain and elsewhere in Europe would be repeated in Mexico during the La Reforma period. Ideals of the Constitution of Cadiz would find expression in the 1824 Constitution of Mexico. An interesting fact is that this constitution would influence political thought on both sides of the Mexican political spectrum, with even Iturbide bending to it when he created the first congress of an
Agustín de Iturbide
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Version 3.0 of gOS solves the problem, as it is actually based on Ubuntu 8.04. Good OS claims that new versions of gOS won't use Ubuntu's upgrading repositories, to prevent the problem from happening again. A Live USB of gOS can be created manually or with UNetbootin. GOS (operating system) gOS or "good OS" was an Ubuntu-based Linux distribution created by Good OS LLC, a Los Angeles-based corporation. Its CIO David Liu described that after meeting Enlightenment and open source people, he realized that his dream to bring Web 2.0 applications into mainstream use could be achieved by creating a
GOS (operating system)
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originated during the Renaissance. Many of the leading universities associated with Enlightenment progressive principles were located in northern Europe, with the most renowned being the universities of Leiden, Göttingen, Halle, Montpellier, Uppsala and Edinburgh. These universities, especially Edinburgh, produced professors whose ideas had a significant impact on Britain's North American colonies and later the American Republic. Within the natural sciences, Edinburgh's medical school also led the way in chemistry, anatomy and pharmacology. In other parts of Europe, the universities and schools of France and most of Europe were bastions of traditionalism and were not hospitable to the Enlightenment. In France,
Age of Enlightenment
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tools can effectively be applied to integration of "shallow ontologies". The evaluation dataset was extracted from Google, Yahoo and Looksmart web directories. The way these ontology pairs were created was to rely on a reference interpretation for nodes, constructed by looking at their use. The assumption was that the semantics of nodes could have been derived from their pragmatics, namely from analysing, which documents were classified under which nodes. The basic idea was therefore to compute the relationship hypotheses based on the co-occurrence of documents. The specific characteristics of the dataset were: In the directory track only 6 systems have
DSSim
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Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the State Department that the uranium "allegations were unequivocally wrong and based on forged documents." Kristof added, "The envoy's debunking of the forgery was passed around the administration and seemed to be accepted—except that President Bush and the State Department kept citing it anyway." Two months later, Ambassador Joseph C. Wilson IV came forward publicly and published a now-famous op-ed in "The New York Times" titled "What I Didn't Find in Africa". This set off a series of events which resulted in what become known as "Plamegate": the disclosure by journalist Robert Novak of the –
Nicholas Kristof
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Joseph Priestley, the oxygen scientist. Doctor Samuel Johnson called Lord Edward Herbert the "father of English Deism". American Enlightenment The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the 17th to 18th century, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. The American Enlightenment was influenced by the 17th-century European Enlightenment and its own native American philosophy. According to James MacGregor Burns, the spirit of the American Enlightenment was to give Enlightenment ideals a practical, useful form in the life of the nation and its people. The Enlightenment applied
American Enlightenment
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American Enlightenment The American Enlightenment was a period of intellectual ferment in the thirteen American colonies in the 17th to 18th century, which led to the American Revolution, and the creation of the American Republic. The American Enlightenment was influenced by the 17th-century European Enlightenment and its own native American philosophy. According to James MacGregor Burns, the spirit of the American Enlightenment was to give Enlightenment ideals a practical, useful form in the life of the nation and its people. The Enlightenment applied scientific reasoning to politics, science, and religion. It promoted religious tolerance and restored literature, arts, and music
American Enlightenment
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open. One of the members of the Academy released a pamphlet reprimanding misogynist opinions. Though there were many women who participated, only winning a prize competition ensured publication. Women in the Enlightenment The role of women in the Enlightenment is often debated and frequently overlooked. Women during this era were not considered of equal status to men, and much of their work and effort was suppressed. Salons, coffeehouses, debating societies, academic competitions and print all became avenues for women to socialize, learn and discuss enlightenment ideas. These avenues furthered their roles in society and created stepping stones for future progress.
Women in the Enlightenment
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quickly. Richard A. Russell, Deputy Assistant Director of National Intelligence for Information Sharing Customer Outreach (ISCO) said it was created so "analysts in different agencies that work X or Y can go in and see what other people are doing on subject X or Y and actually add in their two cents worth ... or documents that they have. ... What we're after here is 'decision superiority', not 'information superiority'. ... We have to get inside the decision cycle of the enemy. We have to be able to discover what they're doing and respond to it effectively." In September 2007,
Intellipedia
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said to have been in Western culture for "time immemorial". Machiavelli is said to have realized that a fear of youth is what kept the city of Florence from keeping a standing army. Ancient Venice and ancient Greece are also said to have had floundering public policy because of their fear of youth. Early American Puritanism has been seen as reliant on a fear of youth, who were seen as embodying adventure and enlightenment, and therefore were viewed as susceptible to "decadent morality". During the Industrial Revolution, Western European and North American popular media was particularly driven to propagate the
Ephebiphobia
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was bound to occur when these land grants were reviewed under United States control. Title to some grants under United States control were rejected based on questionable documents especially when with predated documents, that could have been created post-United States occupancy in January 1847. After agriculture, cattle, sheep and horses were established by the Missions, Friars, soldiers and Mission Indians, the Rancho owners dismissed the Friars and the soldiers and took over the Mission land and livestock starting in 1834—the Mission Indians were left to survive however they could. The rancho owners tried to live in a grand style they
Californio
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the Women's Institute for Freedom of the Press (WIFP). WIFP is an American nonprofit publishing organization. The organization works to increase communication between women and connect the public with forms of women-based media. Jessie Bernard characterized her own work as a movement towards contemporary feminism or what she also referred to as "the feminist enlightenment". Since the mid-1940s, Jessie's focus was to increase understanding of the effects of sexism on women's experience of marriage, parenting, education and economic life. This ultimately formed the largest part of her contributions to sociology and feminist theory. To sum up her contribution to sociology
Jessie Bernard
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pages, from the following sources: The Pinochet File The Pinochet File is a National Security Archive book written by Peter Kornbluh covering over approximately two decades of declassified documents, from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), White House, and United States Department of State, regarding American covert activities in Chile. It is based on more than 24,000 previously classified documents that were released as part of the Chilean Declassification Project during the Clinton administration, between June 1999 and June 2000. "The Pinochet File" was selected as one of "The Best Books of 2003" in the nonfiction category
The Pinochet File
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The Pinochet File The Pinochet File is a National Security Archive book written by Peter Kornbluh covering over approximately two decades of declassified documents, from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA), White House, and United States Department of State, regarding American covert activities in Chile. It is based on more than 24,000 previously classified documents that were released as part of the Chilean Declassification Project during the Clinton administration, between June 1999 and June 2000. "The Pinochet File" was selected as one of "The Best Books of 2003" in the nonfiction category by the "Los Angeles Times".
The Pinochet File
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circles. Based on a broad variety of methods, e.g. historical documents, analysis of trade relations, floodplain sediments, pollen, tree-ring and further archaeometric analyses and population studies, Alfred Thomas Grove and Oliver Rackham's work on "The Nature of Mediterranean Europe" challenges this common wisdom of a Mediterranean Europe as a "Lost Eden", a formerly fertile and forested region, that had been progressively degraded and desertified by human mismanagement. The belief stems more from the failure of the recent landscape to measure up to the imaginary past of the classics as idealised by artists, poets and scientists of the early modern Enlightenment.
Mediterranean Sea
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Modern Greek Enlightenment and the development of Greek nationalism, names from antiquity became popular again. Family names may be patronymic in origin or else based on occupation, location, or personal characteristic. These origins are often indicated by prefixes or suffixes. Traditionally a woman used a feminine version of her father's family name, replacing it with a feminine version of her husband's family name on marriage. In modern Greece, a woman keeps her father's family name for life but may use a husband's name. In official documents in modern Greece, people are given three names: a given name, a patronymic and
Greek name
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Originally intended to be included in "Cryptonomicon", Stephenson instead used the material as the foundation for "Quicksilver", the first volume of the "Baroque Cycle". The research for the sprawling historical novel created what Stephenson called "data management problems", and he resorted to a system of notebooks to record research, track characters, and find material during the writing process. In "Quicksilver", Stephenson places the ancestors of the "Cryptonomicon"'s characters in Enlightenment Europe alongside a cast of historical individuals from Restoration England and the Enlightenment. Amongst the cast are some of the most prominent natural philosophers, mathematicians and scientists (Newton and Leibniz),
Quicksilver (novel)
17074051
Zen Buddhism two main views on the way to enlightenment are discernible, namely sudden and gradual enlightenment. Early Chán recognized the ""transcendence of the body and mind"", followed by ""non-defilement [of] knowledge and perception"", meaning sudden insight into the true nature followed by gradual purification of intentions. In the 8th-century the Ch'an-history was effectively re-fashioned by Shenhui, who created a dichotomy between the so-called "Northern School", led by Yuquan Shenxiu, and his own line of teaching, which he called the "Southern school". Shenhui placed Hui-neng into prominence as the sixth Chán-patriarch, and emphasized "sudden enlightenment", as opposed to the concurrent
Doctrinal background of Zen
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formation of the Ku Klux Klan. The reviewer for "The National Interest" noted that Herman's study falls short of explaining why the Scottish Enlightenment ended and why "Scotland had declined into a backwater by the end of the 19th century". How the Scots Invented the Modern World How the Scots Invented the Modern World: The True Story of How Western Europe's Poorest Nation Created Our World & Everything in It (or "The Scottish Enlightenment: The Scots invention of the Modern World") is a non-fiction book written by American historian Arthur Herman. The book examines the origins of the Scottish Enlightenment
How the Scots Invented the Modern World
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own reason and to speak in his own person." Staying on the religious theme, Kant asks whether a religious synod or presbytery should be entitled to “commit itself by oath to a certain unalterable set of doctrines.” He answers that a contract like this prevents “all further enlightenment of mankind forever.” It is impossible and immoral that the people of one generation could restrict the thoughts of the next generation, to prevent the extension and correction of previous knowledge, and stop all future progress. Based on this, later generations are not bound by the oaths of preceding generations. With freedom,
Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?
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The Lazy Man's Guide to Enlightenment The Lazy Man’s Guide To Enlightenment is a 1971 philosophical essay by American author Thaddeus Golas. Originally started as a letter for friends, the book itself began as a mimeographed pamphlet which Golas handed out on the streets of San Francisco in 1971. It was first published as a book in 1971 by Joe E. Casey, but was then taken over by the Palo Alto, California based Seed Center in 1972. The book was an underground bestseller, and in 1979, was published by Bantam Books. In 1995, Gibbs Smith, Publisher, of Utah, issued a
The Lazy Man's Guide to Enlightenment
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Diplomacy Monitor Diplomacy Monitor was a free Internet-based tool created in 2003 to monitor diplomacy documents (communiqués, official statements, interview transcripts, etc.) published in various diplomacy-related websites, including official sources from governments (head of state websites, consulates, foreign ministries) all over the world. Diplomacy Monitor addressed the emerging Internet-based public diplomacy, whereby the growing number of governments embraces the power of internet to communicate with public worldwide. The core of the Monitor was a web crawler which operated on the websites of interest. After the crawler identified documents of potential interest, they were reviewed and processed by the editorial staff
Diplomacy Monitor