congress has formally declared war times in u.s. history
five
2606413
times, each upon prior request by the President of the United States. Four of those five declarations came after hostilities had begun. James Madison reported that in the Federal Convention of 1787, the phrase "make war" was changed to "declare war" in order to leave to the Executive the power to repel sudden attacks but not to commence war without the explicit approval of Congress. Debate continues as to the legal extent of the President's authority in this regard. Public opposition to American involvement in foreign wars, particularly during the 1930s, was expressed as support for a Constitutional Amendment that
Declaration of war by the United States
2606415
the five wars in which the United States has formally declared war against eleven foreign nations. The only country against which the United States has declared war more than once is Germany, against which the United States has declared war twice (though a case could be made for Hungary as a successor state to Austria-Hungary). In World War II, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. Germany and Italy, led respectively by Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini, declared war on the United States, and the U.S. Congress responded in kind. In other instances, the United States has engaged
Declaration of war by the United States
2606412
was declared against Axis-allied Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania, because President Franklin Roosevelt thought it was improper to engage in hostilities against a country without a formal declaration of war. Since then, every American president has used military force without a declaration of war. This article will use the term "formal declaration of war" to mean Congressional legislation that uses the phrase "declaration of war" in the title. Elsewhere, this article will use the terms "authorized by Congress," "funded by Congress" or "undeclared war" to describe other such conflicts. The United States has formally declared war against foreign nations five separate
Declaration of war by the United States
10083569
Resolution, which requires the President to receive congressional approval for all new hostilities after sixty days. President Nixon vetoed the resolution, which Congress overwhelmingly overrode on November 7, 1973. This case is significant because it challenges the legality of being able to operate the military on a "neutral" site. This case emphasizes the proper role of the judiciary to refrain from deciding political questions that are for the President and Congress to decide. Congress has only declared war five times in the nation's history, although the United States have had over 240 imperfect wars which were not declared and these
Schlesinger v. Holtzman
428007
be established by Congress. Congress has several powers related to war and the armed forces. Under the War Powers Clause, only Congress may declare war, but in several cases it has, without declaring war, granted the President the authority to engage in military conflicts. Five wars have been declared in United States' history: the War of 1812, the Mexican–American War, the Spanish–American War, World War I and World War II. Some historians argue that the legal doctrines and legislation passed during the operations against Pancho Villa constitute a sixth declaration of war. Congress may grant letters of marque and reprisal.
Article One of the United States Constitution
4708150
witnessed "U-53" sink the liner with her deck gun. In total, 226 survivors from "U-53"s five victims were rescued by the destroyer flotilla; "McDougal" rescued 6 of "Blommersdijk"s men. "McDougal" returned to the Caribbean for exercises during the first three months of 1917, and then returned to New York and Newport to prepare for distant service. Soon after the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917, "McDougal" departed for Europe as a part of the first U.S. destroyer division sent overseas during the war. Steaming with , the division's flagship, under the command of Joseph K. Taussig,
USS McDougal (DD-54)
10307264
as the transfer removed the merchant marine training role from the Coast Guard, the service assumed the role of licensing seamen and inspecting merchant vessels. The Atlantic Ocean was a major strategic battle zone during World War II ("the Battle of the Atlantic") and when Germany declared war on the US, the East Coast offered easy pickings for German U-Boats (referred to as the "Second happy time"). After a highly successful foray by five Type IX long-range U-boats, the offensive was maximised by the use of short-range Type VII U-boats, with increased fuel stores, replenished from supply U-boats or ""Milchkuh"".
Maritime history of the United States (1900–99)
4730796
the Holland-America Line cargo ship . Shortly after, "U-53" stopped the British passenger ship . After Rose had given passengers and crew aboard both ships adequate time to abandon them, he sank the pair. In total, 226 survivors from "U-53"s five victims were rescued by the destroyer flotilla. After finishing out the rest of 1916 at Newport, "Cushing" again joined in exercises in the Caribbean for the first three months of 1917. After the United States declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917 entering World War I, "Cushing" was put to sea from New York on 15 May 1917
USS Cushing (DD-55)
3044485
five times. Cannon first entered the national spotlight in 1999, when as a member of the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Commercial and Administrative Law, he was one of 13 House "managers" who prosecuted the case against President Bill Clinton in the impeachment trial in the U. S. Senate. Cannon was named Chairman of the Commercial and Administrative Law Subcommittee at the beginning of the 108th Congress in January 2003, and has served as its ranking Republican from 2007 – 2009. He also served on the Judiciary Subcommittee on Courts, the Internet, and Intellectual Property. Cannon was also a member of
Chris Cannon
13695492
World War II in a similar U-boat war against the British Empire. On 6 August 1914, two days after Britain had declared war on Germany, the German U-boats , , , , , , , , , and sailed from their base in Heligoland to attack Royal Navy warships in the North Sea in the first submarine war patrols in history. The U-boats sailed north, hoping to encounter Royal Navy squadrons between Shetland and Bergen. On 8 August, one of "U-9"s engines broke down and she was forced to return to base. On the same day, off Fair Isle, "U-15"
Atlantic U-boat campaign of World War I
9404300
territories formally organized by an Organic Act. When Hawaii was admitted as a state in 1959, the Hawaii Admission Act specifically excluded Palmyra Island which had been part of the Territory of Hawaii, and Palmyra remains today as the only incorporated U. S. territory, the United States Territory of Palmyra Island. Although it still has private landowners, Palmyra is uninhabited, and no Palmyra Island government has been organized under an act of Congress. Palmyra is currently governed as a territory by the United States Department of the Interior. All other U. S. territories except Palmyra are unincorporated (meaning that they
Organized incorporated territories of the United States
1194338
538 in 1940. Before and during World War II, the town's bars and gambling establishments attracted soldiers from nearby Fort Smith, Arkansas and Camp Chaffee. The U. S. Army declared Moffett "off limits" during the war, and kept the ban in place until the mid-1970s. The town began a long decline after World War II. The 1960 census counted 357 residents, and the decline has continued to the present. Moffett's history has included several damaging floods. The most notable of these occurred in 1943, 1957, 1986, and 1990. In 2007 the town filed for Chapter 9 bankruptcy after Oklahoma's attorney
Moffett, Oklahoma
459302
law and proclaimed it the next day. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history. The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991, while not a formal declaration of war, was a closer vote. None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war; critics of war subsequently referred to it as "Mr. Madison's War." Earlier in London on May 11, an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval, which resulted
War of 1812
14740189
the last formal declarations of war by the United States Congress, which in the era of collective security has largely ceded the war power to the President. JOINT RESOLUTION Declaring that a state of war exists between the Government of Bulgaria and the Government and the people of the United States and making provisions to prosecute the same. Whereas the Government of Bulgaria has formally declared war against the Government and the people of the United States of America: Therefore, be it Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That
United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria
20859026
12, 1878) took over from Schriver in 1869. By 1871, the inspectorate was being criticized by many, particularly for its "useless" reports. An anonymous letter written to the "Army and Navy Journal" wrote to criticize "that parasite of the army called the Inspector General's Department." On October 5, 1872, the inspectorate was formally attached to the War Department. In 1874, it was reduced by a law spearheaded by John Logan Chipman. That same year, the Inspector General's Department was formally accepted as existing. On December 12, 1878 Congress declared that the rank of the senior inspector general of the United
History of the Office of The Inspector General of the United States Army
20047892
were held across the state on May 12, but poll in Jayanagar was countermanded following the death of BJP candidate B N Vijayakumar, who was holding the seat. The JDS had earlier pulled out its candidate, formally supporting its coalition partner Congress. This win took the Congress' tally to 79 in the 224 seats assembly and the INC-JD(S) coalition to 118 seats. The elected Congress MLA for Jamkhandi passed away in a road accident on 28 May 2018. The jamkhandi and ramanagar was declared on 5 November 2018. In jamkhandi INC(jd(s)-congress coalition) candidate Ananda nyamagouda(son of Ex MLA:Siddu nyamagouda) was
2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election
15333848
met in the autumn of 1774, the true antecedent of the United S die ss was convened on May 10, 1775 with twelve colonies in attendance. A year later, on July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress declared the thirteen colonies free and independent states, referring to them as the "United States of America." The Second Continental Congress was the national government until March 1, 1781, supervised the war and diplomacy, and adopted the Articles of Confederation before the States ratified it in 1781. One common term for patriot was "Congress Man"—a supporter of Congress against the King. The Congress of
History of the United States Congress
4110981
Nixon to the Congress on Drug Abuse Prevention and Control—during which he declared drug abuse "public enemy number one". That message to the Congress included text about devoting more federal resources to the "prevention of new addicts, and the rehabilitation of those who are addicted", but that part did not receive the same public attention as the term "war on drugs". However, two years prior to this, Nixon had formally declared a "war on drugs" that would be directed toward eradication, interdiction, and incarceration. Today, the Drug Policy Alliance, which advocates for an end to the War on Drugs, estimates
War on drugs
14167959
of the United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in 2018, Lee co-sponsored a resolution, together with Bernie Sanders and Chris Murphy, "that would end U.S. military support for the Saudi-led campaign in Yemen's civil war". Interviewed by "The Hill", he stated: "regardless of what may have happened with Mr. Khashoggi, we are fighting a war in Yemen that we haven’t declared, that has never been declared or authorized by Congress. That’s not constitutional." The Senate voted 60-39 to "formally begin debate on the resolution", which would require the President to "withdraw troops in or "affecting" Yemen within 30 days
Mike Lee (American politician)
9003477
Ibrahim Maaroufi Ibrahim Maaroufi (; born 18 January 1989) is a Moroccan football midfielder who plays for Toulouse Rodéo. He has represented both Morocco U-23's and Belgium U-21's at international level. In October 2007 Maaroufi declared himself for Morocco rather than Belgium. Maaroufi started his career with Belgian team Anderlecht before moving to Dutch side PSV Eindhoven. He was called up to the first team many times by Roberto Mancini, but finally made his first team and Serie A debut against Livorno, 25 October 2006, as a substitute for Dejan Stanković in the 82nd minute, becoming the second youngest player
Ibrahim Maaroufi
19698470
same thing. Congress has forbidden recipients of Head Start funds from using the funds to “assist, promote, or deter union organizing.” 42 U. S. C. §9839(e). It has forbidden recipients of Workforce Investment Act of 1998 funds from using the funds to “assist, promote, or deter union organizing.” 29 U. S. C. §2931(b)(7). And it has forbidden recipients of National Community Service Act of 1990 funds from using the funds to “assist, promote, or deter union organizing.” 42 U. S. C. §12634(b)(1). Could Congress have thought that the NLRA would prevent the States from enacting the very same kinds of
Chamber of Commerce v. Brown
17694623
strings and a string "u", the Brzozowski derivative "u""S" is defined as the set of all rest-strings obtainable from a string in "S" by cutting off its prefix "u" (if possible), formally: "u""S" = { "v" ∈ Σ: "uv" ∈ "S" }, cf. picture. Denis et al. define a residual automaton to be a nondeterministic finite automaton "A" where each state "q" corresponds to a Brzozowski derivative of its accepted language "L"("A"), formally: ∀"q"∈"Q" ∃"u"∈Σ: "L"("A","q") = "u""L"("A"), where "L"("A","q") denotes the language accepted from "q" as start state. They show that each regular language is generated by a uniquely
Induction of regular languages
14165380
S. SUMNER, U. S. V. 6 Brig.-General ADELBERT AMES, U. S. V. 7 Brig.-General WALLACE F. RANDOLPH, U. S. V. 8 Brig.-General CHAMBERS McKIBBIN, U. S. V. 9 Col. THEODORE ROOSEVELT, 1st U. S. Vol. Cav. 10 Lt.-Col. JOHN DAVID MILEY, Inspector-general, U. S. V. (Died at Manila, P. I., September 19, 1899) United Spanish War Veterans Spanish War Service Medal Spanish Campaign Medal Society of the Army of Santiago de Cuba Society of the Army of Santiago de Cuba was an organization, the purpose of which was to record the history and conserve the memory of the events of
Society of the Army of Santiago de Cuba
14166314
under the First Amendment, citing "Kent v. Dulles", 357 U. S. 116, "Cantwell v. Connecticut", 310 U. S. 296 and "Aptheker v. Secretary of State", 378 U.S. 500 and "NAACP v. Alabama", 377 U. S. 288. Restrictions on the right to travel in times of peace should be so particularized that a First Amendment right is not precluded unless some clear countervailing national interest stands in the way of its assertion. Justice Goldberg, in a lengthy dissent, agreed with the Court that Congress had the constitutional power to impose area restrictions on travel, consistent with constitutional guarantees, but rejected the
Zemel v. Rusk
13513910
organized a congress of the rulers of Khalkha and Inner Mongolia in Dolnuur in 1691 at which the Khalkha feudatories (the Khalkha Khanate or Eastern Mongolia) by Zanabazar's decision formally declared allegiance to the emperor. However, Khalkha "de facto" remained under the rule of Galdan Boshugtu Khan. Chakhundorj fought against the Russian invasion of northern Mongolia until 1688. Zanabazar struggled to bring together the Oirats and Khalkhas before the war. Qing forces invaded Khalkha in 1696 and the Oirats were defeated by the outnumbering enemy in a battle at Zuun Mod at the river Terelj. Galdan Boshugtu Khan died in
History of Mongolia
18725979
gulags. In his 1973 testimony before the U. S. Senate Internal Security Subcommittee, Shifrin described three concentration camps with thousands of prisoners, and in one camp was an atomic reactor used in radiation experiments on live prisoners. American prisoners of war may have been on Wrangell. The Russians are reputed to have taken American and other military prisoners from World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War to Siberian slave labor camps. Even the famed World War II hero Raoul Wallenberg (who was declared an honorary U. S. citizen along with Winston Churchill) was seen in a camp
Avraham Shifrin
20014067
Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516 The Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516 was a conflict in the 16th century between the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U. After the Reconquest of Arakan, the Kingdom of Mrauk was established as a Bengali protectorate. By the 16th century, Mrauk U challenged Bengali hegemony and declared independence several times. Southeastern Bengal, including the port of Chittagong, often fell under Arakanese rule. Alauddin Husain Shah, the Sultan of Bengal, invaded the region in the 1510s. The war persisted for four years until 1516, when Mrauk U recognized
Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516
3088476
in the war until Congress formally declared war on Japan following the attack on Pearl Harbor. From September 1939 to June 1940, when it joined the war with Germany, Italy was a non-belligerent. Although officially Ireland declared itself neutral in World War II, it can be disputed whether it was a non-belligerent or not, as The Cranborne Report drew up by the Viscount Cranborne to the British War Cabinet noted regarding Irish-British collaboration. An example of such collaboration was the permission for Allied use of Irish airspace for military means. While Sweden did not officially participate in the Winter War,
Non-belligerent
20750320
Mexican declaration of war on Germany, Italy, and Japan Mexico formally declared war on the Axis Powers in support of the Allies on May 22, 1942, following losses of oil ships in the Gulf of Mexico, most notably the "Potrero del Llano" and the "Faja de Oro", to German submarine attacks. After its declaration of war, Mexico was active in convincing other latin American states to support the allies. THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES DECREES: ARTICLE I. It is declared that as of May 22, 1942, there exists a state of war between the United Mexican States and
Mexican declaration of war on Germany, Italy, and Japan
6845433
forces would be removed once the war is over. The amendment, pushed through at the last minute by anti-imperialists in the Senate, made no mention of the Philippines, Guam, or Puerto Rico. Congress formally declared war on April 25. The Senate and House passed the amendment April 19, McKinley signed the joint resolution on April 20, and the ultimatum was forwarded to Spain. War was declared on April 20/21, 1898. “It's been suggested that a major reason for the U.S. war against Spain was the fierce competition emerging between Joseph Pulitzer's "New York World" and William Randolph Hearst's "New York
Cuban War of Independence
12792136
peoples largely held allegiance to the Serbian Orthodox Church, which directly influenced the establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1697. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, one of the most historic rulers of the theocratic Montenegrin Prince-Bishopric, composed literature which would later be considered the backbone of the history of Serbian literature. After Congress of Berlin formally recognized the independence of the "de facto" sovereign states, relations were improving until officially established in 1897. The Kingdom of Montenegro was Serbia's closest ally in World War I until surrendering to Austria-Hungary in 1916. Montenegro was annexed and subsequently declared under governance of the
Montenegro–Serbia relations
4175000
the firing had been against his orders. According to Aguinaldo, Otis replied, "The fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end." The Philippines declared war against the United States on June 2, 1899, with Pedro Paterno, President of the Congress of the First Philippine Republic, issuing a Proclamation of War. As the First Philippine Republic was never recognized as a sovereign state, and the United States never formally declared war, the conflict was not concluded by a treaty. On July 2, 1902, the United States Secretary of War telegraphed that since the insurrection against the United States had
Philippine Revolution
14138904
just as German U-boats started sinking American merchant ships in the North Atlantic. Wilson then asked Congress for "a war to end all wars" that would "make the world safe for democracy", and Congress voted to declare war on Germany on April 6, 1917. On December 7, 1917, the U.S. declared war on Austria-Hungary. U.S. troops began arriving on the Western Front in large numbers in 1918. After the war began in 1914, the United States proclaimed a policy of neutrality despite president Woodrow Wilson's antipathies against Germany. Early in the war, the United States started to favor the British
United States in World War I
20014068
Bengali sovereignty over Chittagong and northern Arakan. As a result of the conflict, Mrauk U again became a vassal of the Bengal Sultanate. Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516 The Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516 was a conflict in the 16th century between the Bengal Sultanate and the Kingdom of Mrauk U. After the Reconquest of Arakan, the Kingdom of Mrauk was established as a Bengali protectorate. By the 16th century, Mrauk U challenged Bengali hegemony and declared independence several times. Southeastern Bengal, including the port of Chittagong, often fell under Arakanese rule. Alauddin Husain
Bengal Sultanate–Kingdom of Mrauk U War of 1512–1516
14740190
the state of war between the United States and the Government of Bulgaria which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby formally declared; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire naval and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Government of Bulgaria; and, to bring the conflict to a successful termination, all the resources of the country are hereby pledged by the Congress of the United States. United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria On June 5, 1942, the United States
United States declaration of war upon Bulgaria
20750322
Federal District, on the 1st day of June 1942. (sgd.) Manuel Avila Camacho Mexican declaration of war on Germany, Italy, and Japan Mexico formally declared war on the Axis Powers in support of the Allies on May 22, 1942, following losses of oil ships in the Gulf of Mexico, most notably the "Potrero del Llano" and the "Faja de Oro", to German submarine attacks. After its declaration of war, Mexico was active in convincing other latin American states to support the allies. THE CONGRESS OF THE UNITED MEXICAN STATES DECREES: ARTICLE I. It is declared that as of May 22,
Mexican declaration of war on Germany, Italy, and Japan
20647675
Haitian citizens. Congress refused but a few days later adopted a resolution condemning unrestricted submarine warfare and empowering the president to break off diplomatic relations with Germany if that country refused reparations and guarantee for the future. Haiti eventually declared war, at the time the only Western country to do so. Haiti during World War I Following the United States declaration of war on Germany (1917), the Haitian government protested against the heavy German U-boat submarine activity in the area, and officially declared war on July 12, 1918. The United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915, when
Haiti during World War I
4027167
date. It also exposes them to the risk of an additional or prolonged combat deployment. For opponents of a current armed conflict, the public perception of "involuntary extension" is contrary to the notion of voluntary service and undermines popular support for the conflict. In a campaign speech in 2004, then-presidential candidate John Kerry described stop-loss as a "backdoor draft." The use of stop-loss has been criticized by activists and some politicians as an abuse of the spirit of the law, on the basis that Congress has not formally declared war. During August 2007, Iraq Veterans Against the War, an activist
Stop-loss policy
15433648
War, the Army continued to use both soldier and civilian artists. They have covered such peacetime activities as summer training for Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) West Point cadets, Army National Guard annual training, and tank gunnery training in Europe. The Army Art Collection has also acquired depictions of the Army's operations in Panama and Operations DESERT SHIELD and DESERT STORM." In 2003, former Vietnam soldier-artist James Pollock gave a presentation entitled "U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Art Program" about Vietnam Era soldier artists at Mary Pickford Theater, U. S. Library of Congress at which he said: "On January 14,
Vietnam Combat Artists Program
14786701
Italy This occurred during the Phoney War, before Italy had formally entered the war against Britain and France. She was damaged during an air raid while docked in Liverpool on the night of on 21/22 December 1940. While sailing as a troopship, the "Llangibby Castle" was torpedoed on 16 January 1942 by the German submarine "U-402", under the command of Siegfried von Forstner, during "U-402"s second patrol in the Bay of Biscay. The torpedo hit the "Llangibby Castle"s stern, killing 26 people and blowing away her after gun and the rudder. Her engines were still operational and she was able
MV Llangibby Castle
17381103
nominally declared war. Cuba declared war in December 1941 and actively helped in the defense of the Panama Canal. It did not send forces to Europe. Mexico declared war on Germany in 1942 after u-boats sank Mexican tankers carrying crude oil to the United States. It sent a 300-man fighter squadron to the war against Japan in 1945. Brazil declared war against Germany and Italy on 22 August 1942 and sent a 25,700-man infantry force that fought mainly on the Italian front, from September 1944 to May 1945. Its Navy and Air Force acted in the Atlantic Ocean. Argentina hosted
Diplomatic history of World War II
229113
used in unofficial contexts, along with the term ""Han" (Korean) War" () more commonly used in regions such as Hong Kong and Macau. In the U.S., the war was initially described by President Harry S. Truman as a "police action" as the United States never formally declared war on its opponents and the operation was conducted under the auspices of the United Nations. It has been referred to in the English-speaking world as "The Forgotten War" or "The Unknown War" because of the lack of public attention it received both during and after the war, and in relation to the
Korean War
10708479
President of the Congress. So far there was no popular Congress minded English daily news paper published in the Central Provinces and Berar. With this in view Pandit Shukla formed a Limited Company and started " Nagpur Times" to propagate Congress views of national importance. This paper had to later face ire of the Government in subsequent years of Andolan. The paper was severely penalised several times and had to face difficult financial situation, but undauntingly it maintained its propagation of national policy of Congress. On 1 September 1939 Germany declared war on Poland. Within two days this war took
Ravishankar Shukla
1833609
the obvious map that takes the value "x" on the stalk of "F" over "x" ∈ "X". The topology of "E" is defined as follows. For each element "s" of "F"("U") and each "x" in "U", we get a germ of "s" at "x". These germs determine points of "E". For any "U" and "s" ∈ "F"("U"), the union of these points (for all "x" ∈ "U") is declared to be open in "E". Notice that each stalk has the discrete topology as subspace topology. Two morphisms between sheaves determine a continuous map of the corresponding étalé spaces that is
Sheaf (mathematics)
2844110
France were at a low point and the U.S.'s ability to wage war had been reduced. In response to continued British interference with American shipping (including the practice of impressment of American sailors into the British Navy), and to British aid to American Indians in the Old Northwest, the Twelfth Congress—led by Southern and Western Jeffersonians—declared war on Britain in 1812. Westerners and Southerners were the most ardent supporters of the war, given their concerns about defending national honor and expanding western settlements, and having access to world markets for their agricultural exports. New England was making a fine profit
History of the United States (1789–1849)
14139689
U. S. A. Vice-Presidents—Rear-Admiral George C. Remey, U. S. N.; George Richards, U. S. Marine Corps, Registrar—Major Henry Leonard, U. S. Marine Corps. Secretary and Treasurer—Col. Henry O. S. Heistand, U. S. A., War Department, Washington, D. C. 1916 President, Secretary and Treasurer, Col. HOS Heistand, USA Army, Fort Myer, Va. China Relief Expedition Medal China Campaign Medal Military Order of the Carabao Military Order of the Dragon The Military Order of the Dragon. The purpose was to record the history and conserve the memory of the military campaign in China in the year 1900. Provision being made for admitting
Military Order of the Dragon
19594124
which became an instant "New York Times" bestseller. General (Ret.) David H. Petraeus declared, "Certain to be recognized as the classic work on Grant, American Ulysses is a monumental examination of one of the most compelling figures in American history." Jon Meacham wrote, "In this thorough and engaging new book, Ronald C. White restores U. S. Grant to the pantheon of great Americans." Presidential historian Richard Norton Smith stated, "Employing a perspective as fresh as his newly tapped sources, White at last solves the Grant Enigma—reconciling in character and ability the hero of Appomattox with the (allegedly) failed President. It
Ronald C. White
13488954
375 U.S. 96, 103, ... (1963), that 'the purpose of Congress is the ultimate touch-stone' in every pre-emption case."] Second, "[i]n all pre-emption cases, and particularly in those in which Congress has 'legislated ... in a field which the States have traditionally occupied', ... we 'start with the assumption that the historic police powers of the States were not to be superseded by the Federal Act unless that was the clear and manifest purpose of Congress'." "Lohr", 518 U. S., at 485 (quoting "Rice v. Santa Fe Elevator Corp.", 331 U. S. 218, 230 (1947) ). See also "Reilly", 533
Federal preemption
10545228
before the Battle of Boyacá, representatives of Venezuela (now Venezuela), New Granada (now Colombia and Panama) and Quito (now Ecuador) met in Angostura, Venezuela. This meeting, called the Congress of Angostura, worked on the development of a "Fundamental Law" (constitution). Representatives from Quito were few since that province was still under Spanish control. These were the decisions taken initially: After the Battle of the Marsh of Vargas and the Battle of Boyacá, on December 17, 1819 the Congress of Angostura declared the Republic of Colombia formally created. At the end of the sessions the Congress decided that it would meet
Constitutional history of Colombia
20447405
Derrick Smith. He usually races in a tongue-tie. He was sired by War Front who won the Alfred G. Vanderbilt Handicap in 2006. Since retiring War Front has also sired War Command, Declaration of War and Air Force Blue. U S Navy Flag's dam Misty For Me was an outstanding racemare whose wins included the Moyglare Stud Stakes, Prix Marcel Boussac, Irish 1000 Guineas and Pretty Polly Stakes. As a broodmare, she has also produced U S Navy Flag's full sister Roly Poly. Misty For Me's dam Butterfly Cove was a half-sister to Fasliyev. U S Navy Flag began his
U S Navy Flag
13314157
ensued, between the merchant's aft gun (manned by officer Ciocaș Mihail) and the submarine's deck gun. Eventually, a shell from the merchant's gun fell 50 meters away from the submarine, prompting the U-boat to submerge and retreat. On 3 February, in response to the new submarine campaign, President Wilson severed all diplomatic relations with Germany, and the US Congress declared war on 6 April. The new policy of unrestricted submarine warfare was initially a success. In January 1917, prior to the campaign, Britain lost 49 ships; in February, after it opened, 105; and in March, 147. In March a full
U-boat Campaign (World War I)
7594715
the sinking of seven US merchant ships by submarines and the publication of the Zimmermann telegram, Wilson called for war on Germany on 2 April 1917, which the US Congress declared 4 days later. The United States was never formally a member of the Allies but became a self-styled "Associated Power". The United States had a small army, but, after the passage of the Selective Service Act, it drafted 2.8 million men, and, by summer 1918, was sending 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every day. In 1917, the US Congress granted US citizenship to Puerto Ricans to allow them to
World War I
1945830
he had framed. In their stead, he had the pages photocopied so that the manuscripts would be "complete". On August 16, 1998, the "Los Angeles Times" published an article about Peikoff, including a joke he made about "stealing" the pages from the Library of Congress. The Library demanded that he deliver the pages to them, deeming them to be U. S. government property. A complaint from the U. S. Department of Justice followed in October 2000, claiming over a million dollars in damages unless Peikoff turned over the pages. After consulting his lawyer, Peikoff released the pages to a representative
Leonard Peikoff
13198676
in the museum was that of the World War II U. S. Navy heavy cruiser, the USS Louisville (CA-28). The 18-foot model was loaned to Jacksonville by its builder, Ray Arthur, then given to the Frazier Museum after the museam declared it surplus to its needs. Jacksonville Maritime Museum The Jacksonville Maritime Museum (JMM) - which became known as the Jacksonville Maritime Heritage Center - told the maritime history of Jacksonville, Florida, United States, and the First Coast through its connection to the St. Johns River and the Atlantic Ocean. Its collection included large scale models of ships from the
Jacksonville Maritime Museum
5336694
boycott British goods (the Continental Association) starting December 1, 1774 and provided for a Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia. On May 10, 1775, the Second Continental Congress assembled at the Pennsylvania State House after the Battles of Lexington and Concord marked the beginning of the American Revolutionary War. Congress adopted the Olive Branch Petition in July 1775, which affirmed American loyalty to Great Britain and entreated King George III to prevent further conflict. The petition was rejected—in August 1775, the King's Proclamation of Rebellion formally declared the colonies to be in a state of rebellion. In February 1776, colonists received
Independence National Historical Park
6710352
the Maryland State House in Annapolis on January 14, 1784. This formally ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain and the thirteen former colonies, which on July 4, 1776, had declared independence. In December 1783, General George Washington, commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, journeyed to Annapolis after saying farewell to his officers (at Fraunces Tavern) and men who had just reoccupied New York City after the departing British Army. On December 23, at the Maryland State House, where the Congress met in the Old Senate Chamber, he addressed the civilian leaders and delegates of Congress and returned to them
Congress of the Confederation
9003482
the match against Serbia in March 2007. He played his last Belgian U-21 cap against Austria U-21, on 7 September 2007. Mararoufi said originally he would accept a call up to Morocco Under 23's only if he was made captain. He then accepted call-up from Morocco Olympics team again, for 2008 CAF Men's Pre-Olympic Tournament in October 2007, verse Cameroon. In October 2007 Maaroufi declared himself for Morocco rather than Belgium. Ibrahim Maaroufi Ibrahim Maaroufi (; born 18 January 1989) is a Moroccan football midfielder who plays for Toulouse Rodéo. He has represented both Morocco U-23's and Belgium U-21's at
Ibrahim Maaroufi
20684424
to go. She gave an oral history interview for the Library of Congress conducted by Emilye Crosby in Washington, D.C. on June 30, 2013. Her story is now featured in the National Museum of African American History and Culture at the Smithsonian in Washington, D.C. The interview was authorized by the U. S. Congress on May 12, 2009 in the Civil Rights History Project Act of 2009 (Public Law 111-19). The exhibit was created as a part of a 5-year initiative to survey existing oral history collections with relevance to the Civil Rights movement and record new interviews with people
Cecilia Suyat Marshall
6758511
of September 8, 1939. It resulted in fantastic growth for all Navy activities in the Norfolk area. The combat support role began on October 21, 1939, when a -wide Neutrality Zone was declared around the American coast. Four Norfolk-based patrol squadrons, VP-51, US VP-52, VP-53 and VP-54 were among the first units to enforce the zone. After war was formally declared following Pearl Harbor, Germany began a U-boat offensive, "Operation Drumbeat", against shipping along the Atlantic coast. The Eastern Sea Frontier, a command headquartered in New York, directed the American response. Locally, Fleet Air Wing 5 units flew under its
Naval Station Norfolk Chambers Field
9125271
invited to speak at the U. S. Library of Congress several times as both a mystery writer and an Asian American writer. He has also been invited to speak at numerous writer's and mystery conventions. Furutani lives near Seattle, Washington, but spends considerable time in Japan. He has lived in Japan for up to three years at a time. Dale Furutani Dale Furutani (born December 1, 1946, in Hilo, Hawaii) is the first Asian American to win major mystery writing awards. He has won the Anthony Award and the Macavity Award and has been nominated for the Agatha Award. His
Dale Furutani
18294629
policies by the Damascus government. In the course of the Syrian Civil War, Damascus government forces pulled back from the region in spring 2012 to give way to autonomous self-administration within the Rojava framework, which was formally declared on 29 January 2014, and the territory of Afrin Region has virtually never seen civil war combat. It has however at various times been the target of artillery shelling by Islamist rebel groups as well as by Turkey. In response, Russian military troops have reportedly stationed themselves in Afrin as part of an agreement to protect the YPG from further Turkish attacks.
Afrin Region
12587575
SM U-115 SM "U-115" was a German Type U 115 U-boat ("Projekt 43") of the Imperial German Navy built at Schichau-Werke, Elbing. As her sister ship , she was never completed and ultimately broken up in Danzig after the armistice. Her main engines were used in M/S "Adolf Sommerfeld" ex . Both boats had been offered to the IGN free of charge by Schichau in an attempt to gain experience in building submarines. When construction of the two boats began to lag behind due to shortages in raw materials and lack of experience in submarine construction they were declared "war
SM U-115
16636547
German submarine U-119 (1942) German submarine "U-119" was a Type XB minelaying U-boat of Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. She was laid down at the Germaniawerft in Kiel on 15 May 1940 as yard number 624. She was launched on 6 January 1942 and commissioned under "Kapitänleutnant" Alois Zech on 2 April 1942, he was replaced by "Kptlt." Horst-Tessen von Kameke on 1 February 1943, who remained in command until her loss. "U-119"s service career began with the 4th U-boat Flotilla on 2 April 1942 where she underwent training. She was declared operational on 1 February 1943 when
German submarine U-119 (1942)
18047142
can be obtained as derivatives of "R" with respect to string of length below "d". Furthermore, there is a complete deterministic finite automaton with "d" states which recognises the regular language given by "R", as laid out by the Myhill–Nerode theorem. Brzozowski derivative In theoretical computer science, in particular in formal language theory, the Brzozowski derivative "u""S" of a set "S" of strings and a string "u" is defined as the set of all strings obtainable from a string in "S" by cutting off a prefixing "u", formally: "u""S" = { "v" ∈ Σ: "uv" ∈ "S" }, cf. picture.
Brzozowski derivative
18047139
Brzozowski derivative In theoretical computer science, in particular in formal language theory, the Brzozowski derivative "u""S" of a set "S" of strings and a string "u" is defined as the set of all strings obtainable from a string in "S" by cutting off a prefixing "u", formally: "u""S" = { "v" ∈ Σ: "uv" ∈ "S" }, cf. picture. It is named after the computer scientist Janusz Brzozowski who investigated their properties and gave an algorithm to compute the derivative of a generalized regular expression. Given a finite alphabet "A" of symbols, a generalized regular expression denotes a possibly infinite
Brzozowski derivative
4686176
Congress of Philosophy had taken place in Amsterdam in August 1948. In 1947 the Foundation for Special Chairs in Calvinistic Philosophy came into existence, with Vollenhoven as chairman. Among the persons appointed to chairs, some were former students of Vollenhoven. At the Vrije Universiteit itself, S. U. Zuidema was appointed, in part to relieve Vollenhoven of the introduction to philosophy course, which, with the growth of the student population after the War, had become quite demanding. He could now apply himself almost entirely to the history of philosophy. He chose to remain the chairperson of the Association for Calvinistic Philosophy
D. H. Th. Vollenhoven
20659783
was equipped and sent to the Western Front (World War I). Mario Garcia Menocal (December 17, 1866 - September 7, 1941) served as President of Cuba from 1913 until 1921. Supported by the USA and an economic boom, he maintained his office when World War I broke out. President Woodrow Wilson and the USA entered the war on April 6, 1917. With strong ties to its neighbours and put under preassure by New York Times reports of German U-boats resupplying in Cuba, the later followed suit an declared war on April 7. Because of the total submarine warfare declared by
Cuba during World War 1
20496028
century. The area around Afrin, today's Afrin Canton, over the centuries developed as the center of a distinctive Sufi "Kurdish Islam". In modern post-independence Syria, the Kurdish society of the canton was subject to heavy-handed Arabization policies by the Damascus government. In the course of the Syrian Civil War, Damascus government forces pulled back from the canton in spring 2012 to give way to autonomous self-administration within the Rojava framework, which was formally declared on 29 January 2014, and the territory of Afrin Canton has virtually never seen civil war combat. It has however at various times been the target
Afrin Canton
10949411
to turn his attentions to this problem and tried diplomatic negotiations. But Galdan ended up with attacking the Khalkha lands, and Kangxi's responded by personally leading Eight Banner contingents with heavy guns into the field against Galdan's forces, eventually defeating the latter. In the mean time Kangxi organized a congress of the rulers of Khalkha and Inner Mongolia in Duolun in 1691, at which the Khalkha khans formally declared allegiance to him. The war against Galdan essentially brought the Khalkhas to the empire, and the three khans of the Khalkha were formally inducted into the inner circles of the Qing
Mongolia under Qing rule
7420384
and France has fully "integrated" most of its former colonies as fully constituent "departments" of France. The United States of America declared independence from Great Britain on July 2, 1776 (although the event is now commemorated on July 4, the date when the Declaration of Independence was officially adopted by Congress), in so doing becoming the first independent, foreign-recognized nation in the Americas and the first European colonial entity to break from its mother country. Britain formally acknowledged American independence in 1783 after its defeat in the American Revolutionary War. Although initially occupying only the land east of the Mississippi
Decolonization of the Americas
20090340
October, the Slavs in both portions of what remained of Austria-Hungary proclaimed the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. They also declared their ultimate intention was to unite with Serbia and Montenegro in a large South Slav state that in 1929 was renamed Yugoslavia.. On the same day, the Czechs and Slovaks formally proclaimed the establishment of Czechoslovakia as an independent state. Diplomatic history of World War I The Diplomatic history of World War I covers the non-military interactions among the major players during World War I. For the domestic histories see Home front during World War I. For a
Diplomatic history of World War I
434157
described the American response as a "police action". According to "Time" magazine in 1970, "U.S. presidents [had] ordered troops into position or action without a formal congressional declaration a total of 149 times." In 1993, Michael Kinsley wrote that "Congress's war power has become the most flagrantly disregarded provision in the Constitution," and that the "real erosion [of Congress's war power] began after World War II." Disagreement about the extent of congressional versus presidential power regarding war has been present periodically throughout the nation's history." Congress can establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of
United States Congress
4290366
Liberty Congress (co-headed by William Monroe Trotter.) The latter was the major wartime protest effort of African Americans. The Liberty Congress pushed demands against discrimination and racial segregation in the United States. It submitted a petition to the U. S. Congress for federal anti-lynching legislation, which the NAACP did not demand at that time. Harrison commented on domestic and international aspects of the war, writing: "During the war the idea of democracy was widely advertised, especially in the English-speaking world, mainly as a convenient camouflage behind which competing imperialists masked their sordid aims... [however] those who so loudly proclaimed and
Hubert Harrison
1273056
which formally ended the American Revolutionary War, Great Britain yielded this region to the United States. However, the Confederation Congress faced numerous problems gaining control of the land; these included: the unsanctioned movement of American settlers into the Ohio Valley, violent confrontations with the region's indigenous peoples, and an empty U.S. treasury. The ordinance superseded the Land Ordinance of 1784 (which declared that states would one day be formed within the region) and the Land Ordinance of 1785 (which described how the Confederation Congress would sell the land to private citizens). Designed to serve as a blueprint for the development
Northwest Ordinance
6223401
the territorial expansion. On the first of June 1812, President James Madison gave a speech to the U.S. Congress, recounting American grievances against Great Britain, though not specifically calling for a declaration of war. After Madison's speech, the House of Representatives quickly voted (79 to 49) to declare war, and the Senate by 19 to 13. The conflict formally began on 18 June 1812 when Madison signed the measure into law. This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation, and the Congressional vote would prove to be the closest vote to declare war
Origins of the War of 1812
4877306
chaos which occurred during the "Titanic" disaster had demonstrated the need for a government-owned wireless system. Outside of Congress, socialists were able to influence a number of progressive reforms (both directly and indirectly) on a local level. The socialists met harsh political opposition when they opposed American entry into World War I (1914-1918) and tried to interfere with the conscription laws that required all younger men, including socialists, to register for the draft. On April 7, 1917, the day after Congress declared war on Germany, an emergency convention of the Socialist Party took place in St. Louis. It declared the
History of the socialist movement in the United States
2405985
New York for William Jennings Bryan, the Democratic candidate for President in 1900. Returning to Texas, he ran as a Populist candidate for the 6th Congressional District in 1898, but lost because the party was already in decline. He served as a delegate to the Populist convention that year, but in 1899, formally joined the Democratic Party. After marrying Nina Kay in December 1900, the Gores moved to Lawton, in Oklahoma Territory. In 1902, he entered and won an election for the Oklahoma Territorial Senate. He declined an opportunity to run as a territorial representative for the U. S, Congress,
Thomas Gore
14900746
journalist showing Nazi Germany in an ideal light and contributing on this theme to the "National Geographic Magazine". From April 1941, Chandler broadcast Nazi propaganda from Berlin for the Reichs-Rundfunk-Gesellschaft, German State Radio, working as a commentator in its U. S. A. Zone. When the United States declared war on Nazi Germany on December 11, 1941, American citizens were repatriated by the U. S. Government but Chandler chose to stay on. Chandler broadcast to the United States under the pseudonym "Paul Revere". His programs began with the sound of clattering hooves and the song Yankee Doodle and were mainly anti-Roosevelt
Douglas Chandler
1964085
countries continued to deteriorate. American public opinion overwhelmingly favored China and denounced Japan. The United States formally declared war on Japan in December 1941 following the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor. The Roosevelt administration gave massive amounts of aid to Chiang's beleaguered government, now headquartered in Chungking. Madame Chiang Kai-shek, who had been educated in the United States, addressed the US Congress and toured the country to rally support for China. Congress amended the Chinese Exclusion Act and Roosevelt moved to end the unequal treaties by establishing the Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China. However, the perception
China–United States relations
11919516
to provide emergency food relief. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort; however, it now took the view that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. Hindus not affiliated with the Congress typically supported the war. The two major Sikh factions, the Unionists and the Akali Dal, supported Britain and successfully urged large numbers of Sikhs to volunteer for
History of the British Raj
6065076
Treaty, Peruvian President Juan Antonio Pezet was forced out of office. He was replaced by his vice president, General Pedro Diez Canseco. General Diez Canseco also tried to avoid war with Spain, and that similarly led to his downfall only 20 days later. On November 26, General Mariano Ignacio Prado, leader of the nationalist movement, deposed Canseco. The new government immediately declared its solidarity with Chile and its intention to declare war on Spain and to restore Peru's national honor. Chile and Peru formally signed an alliance against Spain on December 5, 1865. The Peruvian Congress ratified this alliance on
Chincha Islands War
13511646
allegedly leaked online, depicting a snowy alpine setting as well as apparent character sketches from the title. On 19 November 2018, the United States Patent and Trademark Office declared the "Agent" trademark to have been abandoned. Agent (video game) Agent is an upcoming stealth action video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. Announced in July 2007 and formally revealed in June 2009, little has been made public about the game, except for its 1970's Cold War setting. All trademarks for the game were abandoned by November 2018. The game is set during the Cold War and
Agent (video game)
12376428
city was creating a "dangerous situation." Leslie Cagan, who heads the anti-war group United for Peace and Justice, has endorsed the planned demonstrations in Denver. Code Pink stated it would participate in the rallies, hoping to pressure Democratic majorities in the U. S. Congress to do more to end the then ongoing war in Iraq. Denver city officials met with the groups leaders in late June 2008, hoping to minimize conflict, and considered a resolution created by the group, guaranteeing their first amendment rights during the convention week. Some left wing political pundits criticized the group and its planned activities,
Recreate 68
8626564
4 appearances for the U-21's. He has played 60 times for what is referred to as the A youth and 6 times for the B youth scoring on 3 occasions in total on both levels. His first ever national team goal was in a game against the Northern Ireland U-17's in a European championship qualifier match. The goal came in the 74th minute with the Turkish U-17's going on to win the game 5–2 in Northern Ireland. Oğuz Sabankay Oğuz Sabankay (born August 7, 1987 in Akhisar) is a Turkish footballer who plays as a midfielder. He is currently playing
Oğuz Sabankay
2470594
former president to their home on S Street NW in Washington, D.C., nursing him until his death three years later. In subsequent years, she headed the Woman's National Democratic Club's board of governors when the club opened formally in 1924, and published her memoir in 1939. On December 8, 1941, one day after Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor, Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war, taking pains to draw a link with Wilson's April 1917 declaration of war. Edith Bolling Wilson was present during Roosevelt's address to Congress. Twenty years later, in 1961, Edith Bolling Wilson attended the inauguration
Edith Wilson
8936271
other Midwestern tribes, as well as the recently settled "Unassigned Lands" and the Neutral Strip) were formally constituted by Congress on May 2, 1890 in the Oklahoma Organic Act. An "Organic Act" is a statute used by the U.S. Congress to create organized incorporated territories in anticipation of them being admitted to the Union as state(s). The following 16 years saw Congress pass several laws whose purpose was to join Oklahoma and Indian territories into a single State of Oklahoma. In 1893, the government purchased the rights to settle the Cherokee Outlet, or Cherokee Strip, from the Cherokee Nation. The
History of Oklahoma
14740061
as required by diplomatic traditions. The United Kingdom declared war on Japan nine hours before the US did, partially due to Japanese attacks on the British colonies of Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong; and partially due to Winston Churchill's promise to declare war "within the hour" of a Japanese attack on the United States. President Roosevelt formally requested the declaration in his Infamy Speech, addressed to a joint session of Congress and the nation at 12:30 p.m. on December 8. The declaration was quickly brought to a vote; it passed the Senate, and then passed the House at 1:10 p.m.
United States declaration of war on Japan
12955812
native 1st Lt. Edwin Ramsey, successfully charged their mounts at a far superior Japanese force of armor-supported infantry, surprising and scattering them. This lightly-armed, 27-man force of U. S. Horse Cavalry, under heavy fire, held off the Japanese for several crucial hours. Ramsey earned a Silver Star and Purple Heart for this action, and the 26th was immortalized in U. S. Cavalry history. In Europe, the American forces fielded only a few cavalry and supply units during the war. George S. Patton lamented their lack in North Africa and wrote that "had we possessed an American cavalry division with pack
Horses in World War II
7940802
the war, he married to Mary E. C. Brown, daughter of Franklin Brown. They had three children; Dr. John R. Neal, Jr., Professor of Law at the University of Tennessee, and Scopes Trial attorney; Commander George F. Neal, U. S. N. and D. S. O. from King George V for distinguished service during World War I for sinking a German submarine, and Navy Cross from Congress for loyal service; and Amanda Neal Wheelock. During the Civil War, Neal enlisted in the Confederate Army and was elected captain of a Cavalry troop, which afterward became a part of the 16th Battalion,
John R. Neal
17981626
Republic. The Barracks became the headquarters this short-lived insurrection later known as the Bear Flag Revolt. Believing that war with Mexico had been declared, ships of the U.S. Pacific Squadron took over Monterey on July 7 and Yerba Buena (now San Francisco) on July 9, 1846. The U. S. flag was raised at the Barracks that same day - ending the California Republic and the Bear Flag Revolt. After that, the Barracks was used by U.S. forces until 1852.<ref name="S/PSHPA">S/PSHPA</ref> Throughout the Mexican–American War and the subsequent California Gold Rush these forces continued to confront Native Americans hostile to invaders
Sonoma Barracks
7899650
a Democrat to the Seventy-third and the two succeeding Congresses, Beiter was U. S. Representative for the forty-first district of New York from March 4, 1933 to January 3, 1939; and was chairman of the Committee on War Claims during the Seventy-fifth Congress. An unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1938 to the Seventy-sixth Congress, he was assistant to the United States Secretary of the Interior in 1939 and 1940. He was then elected to the Seventy-seventh Congress and served from January 3, 1941 to January 3, 1943, but was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1942 to the Seventy-eighth Congress.
Alfred F. Beiter
1689634
to a claimed need of the executive branch of government to maintain the secrecy of information. The Supreme Court ruled that the First Amendment did protect the right of "The New York Times" to print the materials. By 1971, the United States, although never having declared war, had been engaged in a conflict with North Vietnam for six years. At this point, 59,000 American soldiers had died and the government was facing widespread dissent from large portions of the American public. In 1967 Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara commissioned a “massive top-secret history of the United States role in
New York Times Co. v. United States
15455487
Vietnam Combat Artists Program was exhibited in "THE ART OF COMBAT: Artists and the Vietnam War, Then and Now", mounted by the Indianapolis Art Center in Indiana. In 2003 James Pollock presented a lecture about the U. S. Army Vietnam Combat Artists Program at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. sponsored by the Library of Congress Professional Association (LCPA) Veterans Forum in the Mary Pickford Theater. This was the first public presentation where the historical collection of Vietnam war art was presented in the context of individual artists and their particular teams and time frames. In 2010 the National
James Pollock (artist)
399756
the Ottoman army and Serbs in Belgrade in 1862, and under pressure from the Great Powers, by 1867 the last Turkish soldiers left the Principality, making the country "de facto" independent. By enacting a new constitution without consulting the Porte, Serbian diplomats confirmed the "de facto" independence of the country. In 1876, Serbia declared war on the Ottoman Empire, proclaiming its unification with Bosnia. The formal independence of the country was internationally recognized at the Congress of Berlin in 1878, which formally ended the Russo-Turkish War; this treaty, however, prohibited Serbia from uniting with Bosnia by placing Bosnia under Austro-Hungarian
Serbia
9813064
first declared the PDP candidate but later was replaced by Alhaji Saidu Dakingari. When Dakingari went on to be elected, the rival parties disputed the validity of the election on the basis that he had been filed as a candidate on 5 February 2007 but had not formally joined the party until 10 February 2007. In the January 2011 PDP primary election in Zuru for Senatorial candidate for Kebbi South, Magoro defeated the incumbent, Senator Tanko Ayuba. Mogoro won the election on 9 April 2011 with 125,940. The runner-up was Abubakar S. Yelwa of the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC),
Mohammed Magoro
6415125
US had declared its intention to create a Navy "second to none"; the United States Congress had authorized the building of a large number of battleships and battlecruisers. In the aftermath of the First World War, the Japanese government were also embarking on a large programme of warship building. Meanwhile, in Great Britain, the needs of the First World War had led to the pre-war s being followed by the slower and cheaper . Two improved "Revenge"-class hulls were converted during construction into the two s as emergency builds during the war. The only new capital ships laid down in
G3 battlecruiser
2947641
of the crew was declared unfit for duty. On 10 July Sommer was formally relieved by "Oberleutnant zur See" Otto Wermuth. The boat remained in port until 27 August. Decorated veteran "Korvettenkapitän" Günter Kuhnke, Commander of the 10th U-boat Flotilla, took command for her second patrol. "U-853" operated this time in the Western Approaches off the British Isles, but in a period of seven weeks scored no successes. On completion she did not return to Lorient, but continued to Flensburg, arriving 14 October. Kuhnke assumed command of the 33rd U-boat Flotilla upon arriving at Flensburg. He relinquished command of "U-853"
German submarine U-853
20891946
in a rare U-shape, and with an enclosed court. The building includes former hospital wards, a cookhouse and mess shed, plus other later additions. The roof (variously corrugated iron, fibro and concrete) is pitched and the building has a verandah. During the Second World War two wards in the building were converted to air raid shelters. Various other modifications were made at other times. The style is Old Colonial Georgian. The barracks has been modified for different uses at different times during its history. During the Second World War particularly destructive alterations were made. Some inappropriate materials remain, though in
Cockatoo Island Convict Barracks Block
4953374
until his death in 1997. In the 1961 Nyasaland elections, the MCP won all the seats in the legislature and later led Nyasaland to independence as Malawi in 1964. When Malawi became a republic in 1966, the MCP was formally declared to be the only legal party. For the next 27 years, the government and the MCP were effectively one. All adult citizens were required to be party members. They had to carry "party cards" in their wallets at all times. The MCP lost its monopoly on power in a 1993 referendum and was roundly defeated in the country's first
Malawi Congress Party
11694649
their highest active-duty ranks. He was relieved as Naval War College president by Rear Admiral William S. Pye on November 2, 1942. After leaving the Naval War College, he became a member of the General Board of the Navy, a small panel of senior advisors to the Secretary of the Navy. In this capacity, he addressed the Congress of the Daughters of the American Revolution on April 20, 1943, where he declared that Japan and Germany must be restrained by force from future surprise attacks. "We must not let this happen again – Japan has repeatedly attacked nations without warning
Edward C. Kalbfus
20100431
torpedoed off the coast of Ushant in France by the German Uboat SM U-46. 28 passengers were killed, including 10 American crew members. News of her sinking was relayed to Washington by the American embassy in Paris on 2 April, followed by a secondary report on the sinking on 4 April. The news of the torpedoing of the "Aztec" was passed on to the United States Congress as deliberations were ongoing as to the declaration for war on Germany, as President Woodrow Wilson had asked congress to declare war on Germany on 2 April. To commemorate the centennial of "Aztec"'s
SS Aztec