in which form is sumer is icumen in set
round or rota
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dampe, And dripth the wud thru. Bludie hel, boo-hoo! Thawth drain, and runneth bath; Saw sawth, and scruth scru; Bull-kuk squirteth, leake spurteth; Wurry springeth up anew, Boo-hoo, boo-hoo. Tom Pugh, Tom Pugh, well plumbes thu, Tom Pugh; Better job I naver nu. Therefore will I cease boo-hoo, Woorie not, but cry pooh-pooh, Murie sing pooh-pooh, pooh-pooh, Pooh-pooh! </poem> Sumer Is Icumen In "Sumer Is Icumen In" (also called the Summer Canon and the Cuckoo Song) is a medieval English round or rota of the mid-13th century. The title translates approximately to "Summer Has Come In" or "Summer Has Arrived"
Sumer Is Icumen In
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Sumer Is Icumen In "Sumer Is Icumen In" (also called the Summer Canon and the Cuckoo Song) is a medieval English round or rota of the mid-13th century. The title translates approximately to "Summer Has Come In" or "Summer Has Arrived" . The song is composed in the Wessex dialect of Middle English. Although the composer's identity is unknown today, it may have been W. de Wycombe. The manuscript in which it is preserved was copied between 1261 and 1264 . This rota is the oldest known musical composition featuring six-part polyphony . It is sometimes called the Reading Rota
Sumer Is Icumen In
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dampe, And dripth the wud thru. Bludie hel, boo-hoo! Thawth drain, and runneth bath; Saw sawth, and scruth scru; Bull-kuk squirteth, leake spurteth; Wurry springeth up anew, Boo-hoo, boo-hoo. Tom Pugh, Tom Pugh, well plumbes thu, Tom Pugh; Better job I naver nu. Therefore will I cease boo-hoo, Woorie not, but cry pooh-pooh, Murie sing pooh-pooh, pooh-pooh, Pooh-pooh! </poem> Sumer Is Icumen In "Sumer Is Icumen In" (also called the Summer Canon and the Cuckoo Song) is a medieval English round or rota of the mid-13th century. The title translates approximately to "Summer Has Come In" or "Summer Has Arrived"
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status...In "Robin Hood", Little John's performance of 'Sumer is icumen in' locates him socially as a contented, lower class male, a symbol of the romanticized ideal of the medieval peasant" . The rendition sung in the climax of the 1973 British film "The Wicker Man" is a mixed translation by Anthony Shaffer : <poem> Sumer is Icumen in, Loudly sing, cuckoo! Grows the seed and blows the mead, And springs the wood anew; Sing, cuckoo! Ewe bleats harshly after lamb, Cows after calves make moo; Bullock stamps and deer champs, Now shrilly sing, cuckoo! Cuckoo, cuckoo Wild bird are you;
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pausac"i"ones sc"r"iptas "et"/n"on" alibi, spacio unius longe note." "Sumer Is Icumen In" in modern notation: The celebration of summer in "Sumer Is Icumen In" is similar to that of spring in the French poetic genre known as the "reverdie" (lit. "re-greening"). However, there are grounds for doubting such a straightforward and naïve interpretation. The language used lacks all of the conventional springtime-renewal words of a "reverdie" (such as "green", "new", "begin", or "wax") except for "springþ", and elements of the text, especially the cuckoo and the farmyard noises, are susceptible of double meanings. "It is the wrong bird, the wrong
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Be never still, cuckoo! </poem> In the children's television programme "Bagpuss", the mice sing a song called "The Mouse Organ Song: We Will Fix It", to a tune adapted from "Sumer Is Icumen In" . This piece was parodied as "Ancient Music" by the American poet Ezra Pound ("Lustra", 1916): <poem> Winter is icumen in, Lhude sing Goddamm, Raineth drop and staineth slop, And how the wind doth ramm! Sing: Goddamm. Skiddeth bus and sloppeth us, An ague hath my ham. Freezeth river, turneth liver, Damm you; Sing: Goddamm. Goddamm, Goddamm, 'tis why I am, Goddamm, So 'gainst the winter's
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and perhaps the oldest recorded folk song in Europe, is a rota: a setting of 'Sumer Is Icumen In' ('Summer is a-coming in'), from the mid-thirteenth century, possibly written by W. de Wycombe, precentor of the priory of Leominster in Herefordshire, and set for six parts. Although few are recorded, the use of rotas seems to have been widespread in England and it has been suggested that the English talent for polyphony may have its origins in this form of music. Polyphonic votive antiphons emerged in England in the fourteenth century as a setting of a text honouring the Virgin
Music in Medieval England
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composed music in the British Isles, and perhaps the oldest recorded folk song in Europe, is a rota: a setting of 'Sumer Is Icumen In' ('Summer is a-coming in'), from the mid-13th century, possibly written by W. de Wycombe, precentor of the priory of Leominster in Herefordshire, and set for six parts. Although few are recorded, the use of rotas seems to have been widespread in England and it has been suggested that the English talent for polyphony may have its origins in this form of music. Polyphonic votive antiphons emerged in England in the 14th century as a setting
Early music of the British Isles
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balm. Sing goddamm, damm, sing goddamm, Sing goddamm, sing goddamm, DAMM. </poem> The song is also parodied by "P. D. Q. Bach" (Peter Schickele) as "Summer is a cumin seed" for the penultimate movement of his Grand Oratorio "." The song is also referenced in "Carpe Diem," by The Fugs on their 1965 debut album, "The Fugs First Album." <poem> Carpe diem, Sing, cuckoo sing, Death is a-comin in, Sing, cuckoo sing. death is a-comin in. </poem> Another parody is "Plumber is icumen in" by A.Y. Campbell : <poem> Plumber is icumen in; Bludie big tu-du. Bloweth lampe, and showeth
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The ewe is bleating after her lamb, The cow is lowing after her calf; The bullock is prancing, The billy-goat farting, Sing merrily, cuckoo! Cuckoo, cuckoo, You sing well, cuckoo, Never stop now. Sing, cuckoo, now; sing, cuckoo; Sing, cuckoo; sing, cuckoo, now! </poem> The translation of "bucke uerteþ" is uncertain. Some translate the former word as "buck-goat" and the latter as "turns" or "cavorts," but the current critical consensus is that the line is the stag or goat "farts" (; ). Beneath the Middle English lyrics in the manuscript , there is also a set of Latin lyrics which
Sumer Is Icumen In
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season, and the wrong language for a "reverdie", unless an ironic meaning is intended" . <poem> Svmer is icumen in Lhude sing cuccu Groweþ sed and bloweþ med and springþ þe wde nu Sing cuccu Awe bleteþ after lomb lhouþ after calue cu Bulluc sterteþ bucke uerteþ murie sing cuccu Cuccu cuccu Wel singes þu cuccu ne swik þu nauer nu Sing cuccu nu • Sing cuccu. Sing cuccu • Sing cuccu nu </poem> <poem> Summer has arrived, Sing loudly, cuckoo! The seed is growing And the meadow is blooming, And the wood is coming into leaf now, Sing, cuckoo!
Sumer Is Icumen In
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outside the summer season, later accepted by Pliny the Elder in his "Natural History". Aristotle rejected the claim, observing in his "History of Animals" that cuckoos do not have the predators' talons or hooked bills. These Classical era accounts were known to the Early Modern English naturalist, William Turner. The 13th century medieval English round, "Sumer Is Icumen In", celebrates the cuckoo as a sign of spring, the beginning of summer, in the first stanza, and in the chorus: <poem> Svmer is icumen in Lhude sing cuccu Groweþ sed and bloweþ med and springþ þe wde nu Sing cuccu </poem>
Common cuckoo
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which the speaker meets Ireland lamenting her woes. Harmon, William. "A Handbook to Literature". Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2005. . Reverdie The reverdie is an old French poetic genre, which celebrates the arrival of spring. Literally, it means "re-greening". Often the poet will encounter Spring, symbolized by a beautiful woman. Originating in the troubadour ballads of the early Middle Ages, reverdies were very popular during the time of Chaucer. English examples from that era include "Sumer is icumen in" and "Lenten ys come with love to toune". T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" and William Carlos Williams' "Spring and
Reverdie
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Sumer is icumen in, which was first written down in the abbey about 1240, is the earliest known six part harmony from Britain. The original document is held in the British Library. Reading Abbey was frequently visited by kings and others, most especially by Henry III who often visited three or four times a year staying several weeks on each visit. It also hosted important state events, including the meeting between Henry II and the Patriarch of Jerusalem in 1185, the wedding of John of Gaunt in 1359 and a meeting of Parliament in 1453. The abbey was largely destroyed
Reading Abbey
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because the earliest known copy of the composition, a manuscript written in mensural notation, was found at Reading Abbey; it was probably not drafted there, however . The British Library now retains this manuscript . A rota is a type of round, which in turn is a kind of partsong. To perform the round, one singer begins the song, and a second starts singing the beginning again just as the first got to the point marked with the red cross in the first figure below. The length between the start and the cross corresponds to the modern notion of a
Sumer Is Icumen In
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in fragments. Some of his work appears in the Worcester Fragments, a collection of 59 manuscript leaves which represents about a third of the total surviving polyphony from England in the 13th century. Each of Wycombe's alleluias is in four sections. The second and fourth contain the solo respond and verse sections, while the first and third consist of free polyphony. Stylistically they are similar to the Reading Rota itself ("Sumer is icumen in"), emphasizing tonic and supertonic, and showing the English preference for the harmonic interval of the third. W. de Wycombe W. de Wycombe (Wicumbe, and perhaps Whichbury)
W. de Wycombe
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Reverdie The reverdie is an old French poetic genre, which celebrates the arrival of spring. Literally, it means "re-greening". Often the poet will encounter Spring, symbolized by a beautiful woman. Originating in the troubadour ballads of the early Middle Ages, reverdies were very popular during the time of Chaucer. English examples from that era include "Sumer is icumen in" and "Lenten ys come with love to toune". T. S. Eliot's "The Waste Land" and William Carlos Williams' "Spring and All" are both considered to be modern examples of the genre. The reverdie forms the basis of the Irish aisling, in
Reverdie
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to 1800), and a specialized use of the word "canon", in 17th- and 18th-century England designating rounds with religious texts . The oldest surviving round in English is "Sumer Is Icumen In" , which is for four voices, plus two bass voices singing a ground (that is, a never-changing repeating part), also in canon. However, the earliest known rounds are two works with Latin texts found in the eleventh fascicle of the Notre Dame manuscript Pluteo 29.1. They are "Leto leta concio" (a two-voice round) and "O quanto consilio" (a four-voice round). The former dates from before 1180 and may
Round (music)
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to the tune of the English folksong "Early One Morning," which derived from a much later period than the series. The poem was a humorous summary vignette of what could be expected in the episode. An actor portraying the Minstrel would use the same melody at the final fade to black before the end credits for 1st run CBS sponsored screenings in the USA, letting viewers know that the sponsor "now begs a word with you." "Sumer Is Icumen In"--an English ballad actually sung in the 12th century--is featured throughout the series. At times it is heard as background music
The Adventures of Robin Hood (TV series)
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for several years, but eventually recovered. He acted as honorary treasurer of the Ballad Society, for which he edited three volumes of the "Roxburgh Ballads" (London, 1869 &c. 8vo). He was also an active member, and for a time treasurer, of the Camden Society. He gave most important assistance in the publication of Coussemaker's "Scriptores de Musica" (4 tom. Paris, 1863–76). The celebrated double canon, "Sumer is icumen in," whose existence in a thirteenth-century manuscript is the most inexplicable phenomenon in the history of music, was long studied by Chappell; a facsimile in colours served as the frontispiece of his
William Chappell (writer)
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music, and in some cases provided lyrics which would be appropriate to spring pagan festivals. Other songs on the soundtrack come from a later folk tradition, for example, "Corn Riggs", by Scotland's national bard, Robert Burns, accompanies Howie's arrival on Summerisle. The lyrics of this song were taken directly from the Burns song "The Rigs of Barley", but Giovanni used a very different tune. Burns' tune was based on "Corn Riggs", and altered to match his lyrics. The song sung by the cultists of Summerisle at the end of the film, "Sumer Is Icumen In", is a mid-13th-century song about
The Wicker Man
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what the new object was; someone (usually Madeleine) would tell a story related to the object (shown in an animated thought bubble over Bagpuss's head), often with a song, accompanied by Gabriel on the banjo (which often sounded a lot more like a guitar), and then the mice, singing in high-pitched squeaky harmony to the tune of "Sumer Is Icumen In" as they worked, mended the broken object. There was much banter between the characters, with the pompous Yaffle constantly finding fault with the playful mice: his complaint, 'Those mice are never serious!' became his main catchphrase. However, peace was
Bagpuss
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to have been a sub-deacon of the cathedral priory as listed in the Worcester Annals or possibly a monk at St Andrew's in Worcester. Wycombe left a number of documents with his signature, including a collectarium, a precentor's workbook, two rotuli (scrolls) containing music, a summary and treatise on music, a history to which Winchecumbe added music, and also other books. His name also appears in a Reading manuscript including the rota "Sumer is icumen in", and on one of seven sets of four-part compositions in the Wintonia collection. Two of these compositions are partially preserved and parts of others
W. de Wycombe
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starting in the 14th century ; the best known is Sumer Is Icumen In (composed around 1250), called a "rota" ("wheel") in the manuscript source (; ). Canons featured in the music of the Italian Trecento and the 14th-century ars nova in France. An Italian example is "Tosto che l'alba" by Gherardello da Firenze. In both France and Italy, canons were often used to illustrate hunting songs. The Italian word for hunting is "caccia", the Medieval French word "chace" (modern spelling: "chasse"). A well-known French chace is the anonymous "Se je chant mains". Richard describes "Se je chant mains" as
Canon (music)
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arrives at its end it can begin again, in a "perpetuum mobile" fashion; e.g., "Three Blind Mice". Such a canon is also called a round or, in medieval Latin terminology, a rota. "Sumer is icumen in" is one example of a piece designated rota. Additional types include the spiral canon, accompanied canon, and double or triple canon. A double canon is a canon with two simultaneous themes, a triple canon has three. In a mirror canon (or canon by contrary motion), the subsequent voice imitates the initial voice in inversion. They are not very common, though examples of mirror canons
Canon (music)
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In the score for a catch the different voices are usually labelled "1", "2", "3", etc. This indicates that voice "1" sings its part first and continues to part 2. When part 1 has been completed it is sung by voice "2" and so on. A common mistake in performance is for all parts to start together as though the score were to indicate a part song. The earliest secular round is the thirteenth century "Sumer is icumen in". Other early survivals are in manuscripts devoted to topics other than music, and though there may well have been many more
Catch (music)
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W. de Wycombe W. de Wycombe (Wicumbe, and perhaps Whichbury) (late thirteenth century) was an English composer and copyist of the Medieval era. He was precentor of the priory of Leominster in Herefordshire. It is possible that he was the composer of the most famous tune from medieval England, "Sumer is icumen in". Wycombe is variously identified as W de Wyc, Willelmus de Winchecumbe, Willelmo de Winchecumbe or William of Winchcomb. He appeared to have been a secular scribe and precentor employed for about four years at the priory of Leominster in Herefordshire during the 1270s. He is also thought
W. de Wycombe
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consider the sacrifice of the Crucifixion of Jesus: written "" in the manuscript (see Christogram). In the 1938 film, "The Adventures of Robin Hood", Little John (Alan Hale, Sr.) is whistling the melody of the song just before he first meets Robin Hood played by Errol Flynn . According to Lisa Colton, "Although it appears only this once, in that fleeting moment the tune serves to introduce the character through performance: the melody was presumably sufficiently recognisable to be representative of medieval English music, but perhaps, more importantly, the fact that Little John is whistling the song emphasizes his peasant
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since that species is a predator, the mimicry gives the female time to lay her eggs without being seen to do so. The species' binomial name is derived from the Latin "cuculus" (the cuckoo) and "canorus" (melodious; from "canere", meaning to sing). The cuckoo family gets its common name and genus name by onomatopoeia for the call of the male common cuckoo. The English word "cuckoo" comes from the Old French "cucu" and it first appears about 1240 in the poem "Sumer Is Icumen In" - "Summer has come in / Loudly sing, Cuckoo!" in modern English. The scientific name
Common cuckoo
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attempt to be offensive, the word is still considered vulgar, but it remains a mild example of such an insult. This usage dates back to the Medieval period, where the phrase 'not worth a fart' would be applied to an item held to be worthless. Whilst being accused of farting may be offensive, other phrasal descriptions of flatulent discharge, in phrases such as, "Have you dropped your guts?", "Have you blown one off" or "Who shit?" are certainly no less so. The word "fart" in Middle English occurs in "Sumer Is Icumen In", where one sign of summer is "bucke
Fart (word)
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including Beck's "Puttin It Down". Double tonic patterns may be classified as beginning on the lower ("Sumer is Icumen in", "The Woods so Wild", "The Irish Washerwoman") or upper (most Scottish tunes, passamezzo antico, "Roun' de Corn, Sally", "Shallow Brown", "Mkwaze mmodzi") note and may repeat open endedly, though they are often closed through a tonic close, as in : They are also often varied through a binary scheme ending on the dominant then tonic, as in: or, A variation of this last progression is the passamezzo antico. Double tonic A double tonic is a chord progression, melodic motion, or
Double tonic
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adding voices. In the 13th century, the technique was used by English composers of the Worcester school as a structural device. In the genre rondellus, as described by the theorist Walter Odington (c. 1300), the central part of the piece was based entirely on voice exchange. Ordinarily, but not always, the text is exchanged along with the melody. It also appears in the lower parts ("pes") of "Sumer Is Icumen In", while the upper parts always include a new melodic phrase instead of a true voice exchange. Voice exchange gradually died out after 1300, due to the gradual separation of
Voice exchange
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track list cover a roughly thousand-year period, 1068–2001, starting with "Sumer Is Icumen In". The most recent song included on the album is Britney Spears' hit "Oops!... I Did It Again". The songs, arranged for play on a single guitar, are played by Thompson, vocalist Judith Owen, and percussionist Michael Jerome, when needed. A DVD with the same name was released in 2006. This was recorded sometime later during a different tour, has a slightly different track listing and features Debra Dobkin replacing Michael Jerome on percussion and vocals. 1000 Years of Popular Music 1000 Years of Popular Music is
1000 Years of Popular Music
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Present", comes to a climax when the entire chorus joins in a wordless, full-throated waltz representing the May revellers fortified by wine and ale (borne out by some rather unexpected modulations). The climax of the movement is the moment when the children’s voices, accompanied by unison French horns, re-enter the scene and sing the 13th century round "Sumer is icumen in". The simple tune, sung in 2/4 time over the unyielding 3/4 waltz of the rest of the ensemble, finally achieves dominance. Eventually the celebrations subside, and the Maylord then offers a final blessing with the proclamation: "And so, my
Spring Symphony
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year at Bishop's University, as well as in French at the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Sherbrooke. In 1983, Kinsman reapplied to Bishop's University as a special undergraduate, now for the second time, taking history, classics, and language courses. Kinsman also began a masters of English from McGill University. Kinsman's thesis was centred around medieval studies, particularly about the canon "Sumer is icumen in," "as she wished to prove, by John of Fornsett." Kinsman was awarded the MA from McGill University in 1987 at the age of 78. Afterwards, Kinsman continued studies at Bishop's University, leading to a second BA in
Kay Kinsman
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progressions to shape phrases and define tonality". Similarly, in modal music, "... relentless, repetitive character help to establish and confirm the modal center". Their popularity may also be justified by their ease as well as range of use, though, "... ostinato must be employed judiciously, as its overuse can quickly lead to monotony". Ostinato patterns have been present in European music from the Middle Ages onwards. In the famous English canon "Sumer Is Icumen In", the main vocal lines are underpinned by an ostinato pattern, known as a "pes":] Later in the medieval era, Dufay’s 15th century chanson "Resvelons Nous"
Ostinato
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and surround it, singing the Middle English folk song "Sumer Is Icumen In." Inside the wicker man, a terrified Howie recites Psalm 23, and prays to Christ. He curses the islanders as he burns to death. The wicker man collapses in flames, revealing the setting sun. In the early 1970s, the actor Christopher Lee was a Hammer Horror regular, best known for his roles in a series of successful films, beginning with "The Curse of Frankenstein" (as the monster, 1957). Lee wanted to break free of this image and take on more interesting acting roles. He met with screenwriter Anthony
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two pieces by Max Reger has been released on CD. Cyril Scott's 1912 realisation of "Sumer Is Icumen In" was dedicated to Edward Goll. The musicologist Elina Yasumoto has written a memoir titled "Edward Goll: A Light in Dark Times". Edward Goll Edward Goll (4 February 188411 January 1949) was a Bohemian pianist who settled in Australia in his late 20s and became a noted piano teacher at the Melbourne University Conservatorium of Music. His students included Margaret Sutherland, Waldemar Seidel and Dot Mendoza. He was also the target of anti-German feeling during World War I, despite having become a
Edward Goll
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"Heloise and Abelard" are respectively the names of the family's dog and cat. Also cited are the "Sleeping Beauty" and "Hansel and Gretel". Stephen plagiarises from numerous poets in an attempt to impress Cassandra, including Algernon Charles Swinburne, then tries to imitate Robert Herrick in his first attempts at original verse. John Keats, G. K. Chesterton, Thomas Nashe and Percy Shelley are also quoted. Cassandra also mentions Chaucer and William Langland and the round Sumer is icumen in when, during an impromptu luncheon in the village with Simon, Neil and Rose, school children begin singing it. At a dinner party
I Capture the Castle
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folk band in the film included Michael Cole (Bassoon and concertina) and Ian Cutler (Violin). This mix of songs contributes to the film's atmosphere, contrasting rabble-rousing songs that depict the island's community like "The Landlord's Daughter" and the child-sung "Maypole" with the sinister "Fire Leap" and the erotic "Willow's Song" before culminating in the islanders' rendition of the Middle English "Sumer Is Icumen In". The opening music and "Corn Rigs" are arrangements of the Robert Burns ballads "The Highland Widow's Lament" and "Rigs O' Barley", respectively. The instrumental parts of the score are based on traditional Scottish, Irish, and English
The Wicker Man (soundtrack)
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bar, and the main verse comprises six phrases spread over twelve such bars. In addition, there are two lines marked "Pes", two bars each, that are meant to be sung together repeatedly underneath the main verse. These instructions are included (in Latin) in the manuscript itself: "Hanc rotam cantare possunt quatuor socii. A paucio/ribus autem q"u"am a tribus u"e"l saltem duobus no"n" debet/ dici pret"er" eos qui dicu"n"t pedem. Canit"ur" aute"m" sic. Tacen/tibus ceteris unus inchoat cu"m" hiis q"u"i tene"n"t pede"m". Et cu"m" uenerit/ ad p"r"imam notam post cruce"m", inchoat alius, "et" sic de ceteris./ Singuli de "ue"ro repausent ad
Sumer Is Icumen In
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- ("anér, andr-", meaning man) and ("gunē, gyné", meaning woman) through the , The older word form "androgyne" is still in use as a noun with an overlapping set of meanings. Androgyny among humans – physical, psychological, and cultural – is attested to from earliest history and across world cultures. In ancient Sumer, androgynous and hermaphroditic men were heavily involved in the cult of Inanna. A set of priests known as "gala" worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations. "Gala" took female names, spoke in the "eme-sal" dialect, which was traditionally reserved for women, and appear to
Androgyny
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Batwara Batwara is a 1989 Bollywood film directed by J.P. Dutta. The film stars Dharmendra, Vinod Khanna, Dimple Kapadia, Amrita Singh, Poonam Dhillon, Shammi Kapoor, Mohsin Khan and Amrish Puri. Vikram and Sumer are two close friends, whose close bond is well known in the village. Vikram belongs to upper cast Thakurs, who are landlords. Sumer belongs to lower caste and serves as a cop. The film is set post-independence and a new land sealing law is drafted by the Government, which states that individuals cannot own land beyond a certain limit. This is a big blow to the Thakurs,
Batwara
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form. The recorded chronology of rulers over Uruk includes both mythological and historic figures in five dynasties. As in the rest of Sumer, power moved progressively from the temple to the palace. Rulers from the Early Dynastic period exercised control over Uruk and at times over all Sumer. In myth, kingship was lowered from heaven to Eridu then passed successively through five cities until the deluge which ended the Uruk period. Afterwards, kingship passed to Kish at the beginning of the Early Dynastic period, which corresponds to the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Sumer. In the Early Dynastic
Uruk
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not possible to create an exhaustive list of religious texts, because there is no single definition of which texts are recognized as religious. One of the oldest known religious texts is the Kesh Temple Hymn of Ancient Sumer, a set of inscribed clay tablets which scholars typically date around 2600 BCE. The Epic of Gilgamesh from Sumer, although only considered by some scholars as a religious text, has origins as early as 2150-2000 BCE, and stands as one of the earliest literary works that includes various mythological figures and themes of interaction with the divine. The Rig Veda of ancient
Religious text
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Urals. Ural-batyr perishes in his final grapple with the "devs", as he is forced to drink up a whole lake where they had hidden from him, but he leaves his sons to continue his initiative. The poem, originally existing solely in the oral form of a song, was set in the written form by the Bashkir folk poet Mukhamedsha Burangulov in 1910. This story is very ancient, and reminds of some of stories from Babylon and Sumer. The epos reproduces some pre-Biblical story about Kain and Abel. There are traces of Iranian civilization in Bashkort and Tatar cultures, as some
Ural-batyr
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earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady of the Mountains", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. At an early stage, following the dawn of recorded history, Nippur, in central Mesopotamia, replaced Eridu in the south as the primary temple city, whose priests exercised political hegemony on the other city-states. Nippur retained this status throughout the Sumerian period. Sumerians believed in an anthropomorphic polytheism, or the belief in many gods in human form. There was no common set of gods; each city-state had
Sumer
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which causes miscarriage. This infuriates Sumer and he attacks the police station, kills all the cops and assumes that Hanumant has also died, but he survives. He loots the arsenal from the police and distributes it to the villagers. Now Sumer also turns a bandit and joins with the rival gang of Vikram. This gives rise to a game of cat and mouse. Sumer loots the granary of the Thakurs and Vikram loots the money they earned after selling the produce in the market. In response, Sumer loots the Haveli (Mansion) of the Thakurs. At this point, Rajendra is restored
Batwara
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it turned out that Sumer was already married (and had a son with his wife Bindya). Sumer hadn't told anyone. On the day of his proposed marriage to Simran, Sumer runs away to get Bindiya and tells Vikramaditya everything. Simran follows Sumer to tell him that she respects his decision and she does not want to marry him if he is already married. Simran is heartbroken as she has loved Sumer since her childhood but she swallows her pain in order to make him happy. Balwant and Vikramaditya reach the train station, where Simran and Sumer are standing. A car
Tujh Sang Preet Lagai Sajna (2008 TV series)
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of the latter ..." This view, however, is strongly contested by other scholars. Dreyer's findings at Tomb UJ at Abydos in Upper Egypt clearly show place names written in hieroglyphs (up to four in number) recognizable as signs, which persisted and were employed during later periods and which are written and read phonetically. The tomb is dated to c. 3250 BC and demonstrates that such writing (on bone and ivory labels) is a more advanced form of writing than was evident in Sumer at that date. It is argued, therefore, that the Egyptian writing system, which is in any case
History of writing
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dating to the early 3rd millennium BCE. Ziggurat designs ranged from simple bases upon which a temple sat, to marvels of mathematics and construction which spanned several terraced stories and were topped with a temple. An example of a simple ziggurat is the White Temple of Uruk, in ancient Sumer. The ziggurat itself is the base on which the White Temple is set. Its purpose is to get the temple closer to the heavens, and provide access from the ground to it via steps. The Mesopotamians believed that these pyramid temples connected heaven and earth. In fact, the ziggurat at
Ziggurat
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Sumer Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and one of the first civilizations in the world along with Ancient Egypt and the Indus Valley. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers were able to grow an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus of which enabled them to settle in one place. Proto-writing in the prehistory dates back to c. 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr and date back
Sumer
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Enshakushanna Enshakushanna (or En-shag-kush-ana, Enukduanna, En-Shakansha-Ana) was a king of Uruk around the mid-3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian king list, which states his reign to have been 60 years. He conquered Hamazi, Akkad, Kish, and Nippur, claiming hegemony over all of Sumer. He adopted the Sumerian title "en ki-en-gi lugal kalam-ma", which may be translated as "lord of Sumer and king of all the land" (or possibly as ""en" of the region of Uruk and "lugal" of the region of Ur"), and could correspond to the later title "lugal ki-en-gi ki-uri" "King of Sumer and Akkad"
Enshakushanna
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B. Mutlu Sumer B. Mutlu Sumer (born 15 November 1945) is a Turkish scientist and engineer. He is known for his studies on seabed and structure interaction including scour and soil liquefaction. He was previously Professor at the Technical University of Denmark (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Section for Fluid Mechanics, Coastal and Maritime Engineering) until he retired in 2015. He held a Professor-Emeritus position between June 2015 and June 2017 at the same university. He was Professor of Hydraulics at Istanbul Technical University before he moved to Denmark in 1984. B. Mutlu Sumer relocated to Turkey, his native country, in
B. Mutlu Sumer
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of a mother goddess in the form of anthill or "Santer". The Anthill is called "Roen"(Konkani:रोयण), which is derived from the Austric word "Rono," meaning with holes. The later Indo-Aryan and Dravidian settlers also adopted anthill worship, which was translated into Prakrit "Santara". They also worshipped the mother earth by the name of "Bhumika" in Prakrit. Anthill worship still continues in Goa. The theocratic democracy of Sumer was transformed into the oligarchic democracy of village-administration in Goa known as "Gaumkari", when it overlapped with the practices of the locals. The agricultural land was jointly owned by the group of villagers,
History of Goa
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Shagun learned that Sumer loved another girl. She went to that girl to explain her to leave sumer but she denies and Shagun announces her a war. One day Sumer wants to marry to that girl and at the spot shagun was there explaining sumer their relationship but sumer denies.Suddenly stones were falling and fire was lit up everywhere,that girl went away leaving sumer alone and shagun saved him.At home sumer realises his mistake and accepts shagun.They were living very well but sumer step-moter and her son planned sumer death.He was saved everytime by shagun and shagun learned about her
Solhah Singaarr
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Belt wrestling Belt Wrestling is a form of wrestling that is one of the oldest historically recorded sports. It involves contestants aiming to knock each other over by grappling with a belt. Gilgamesh engages in a form of belt wrestling with Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh written around 2000 BC about a king of Sumer who lived around 2800 to 2600 BC. One of the oldest recorded illustrations of wrestling is a bronze statuette, dated to around 2600 BC, found in 1938 at Khafaji, near Baghdad and now stored in the National Museum of Iraq. In the 11th Century
Belt wrestling
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Lament for Sumer and Ur The lament for Sumer and Urim or the lament for Sumer and Ur is a poem and one of five known Mesopotamian "city laments"—dirges for ruined cities in the voice of the city's tutelary goddess. The other city laments are: In 2004 BCE, during the last year of King Ibbi-Sin's reign, Ur fell to an army from the east. The Sumerians decided that such a catastrophic event could only be explained through divine intervention and wrote in the lament that the gods, "An, Enlil, Enki and Ninmah decided [Ur's] fate" The literary works of the
Lament for Sumer and Ur
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Temple was built. The White Temple could be seen from a great distance across the plain of Sumer, as it was elevated 21m and covered in gypsum plaster which reflected sunlight like a mirror. For this reason it is believed the White Temple is a symbol of Uruk's political power at the time. In addition to this temple the Anu Ziggurat had a monumental limestone-paved staircase, which was used in religious processions. A trough running parallel to the staircase was used to drain the ziggurat. Although it had been a thriving city in Early Dynastic Sumer, especially Early Dynastic II,
Uruk
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Sumerians were widely translated (e.g. by the Hittites, Hurrians and Canaanites), and the world-renowned expert in Sumerian history, Samuel Noah Kramer, wrote that later Greek as well as Hebrew texts "were profoundly influenced by them." Contemporary scholars have drawn parallels between the lament and passages from the bible (e.g. "the Lord departed from his temple and stood on the mountain east of Jerusalem (Ezekiel 10:18-19)." Lament for Sumer and Ur The lament for Sumer and Urim or the lament for Sumer and Ur is a poem and one of five known Mesopotamian "city laments"—dirges for ruined cities in the voice
Lament for Sumer and Ur
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the recognition by Enlil’s priesthood could claim the title “king of Sumer and Akkad”, which implied a symbolic overlordship of the entire region of southern Mesopotamia. The ideological importance of Nippur would make it an attractive prize for Gungunum, and there is considerable evidence pointing towards his eventual success in wresting the holy city from Isin and incorporating it in his own domains. Apart from the above-mentioned year name’s reference to Enlil, there is a royal inscription made by Gungunum only two years after his defeat of Malgium in which he claims the title “king of Sumer and Akkad” (while
Gungunum
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Hammurabi (c. 1792–1750 BC), unified the territories of the former kingdoms of Sumer and Akkad. During the early centuries of what is called the "Amorite period", the most powerful city states were Isin and Larsa, although Shamshi-Adad I came close to uniting the more northern regions around Assur and Mari. One of these Amorite dynasties was established in the city-state of Babylon, which would ultimately take over the others and form the first Babylonian empire, during what is also called the Old Babylonian Period. Assyria was an Akkadian (East Semitic) kingdom in Upper Mesopotamia, that came to rule regional empires
History of Iraq
9602283
passes, as they are sensitive to the radiation emitted by quiescent coronal loops. All of the above space missions have been highly successful in observing strong plasma flows and highly dynamic processes in coronal loops. For example, SUMER observations suggest flow velocities of 5–16 km/s in the solar disk, and other joint SUMER/TRACE observations detect flows of 15–40 km/s. Very high velocities have been detected by the Flat Crystal Spectrometer (FCS) on board the Solar Maximum Mission, where plasma velocities were found in the range of 40–60 km/s. Coronal loop Coronal loops form the basic structure of the lower corona
Coronal loop
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today's Persian Gulf region, before it was flooded at the end of the Ice Age. Sumerian civilization took form in the Uruk period (4th millennium BC), continuing into the Jemdet Nasr and Early Dynastic periods. During the 3rd millennium BC, a close cultural symbiosis developed between the Sumerians, who spoke a language isolate, and Akkadians, which gave rise to widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and "vice versa") is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological convergence. This has prompted scholars to refer to Sumerian and Akkadian in the
Sumer
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when the Proto-Elamite tablets first appear in the record. Subsequently, Susa became the centre of Elam civilization. Ambiguous reference to Elam (Cuneiform; NIM) appear also in this period in Sumerian records. Susa enters history during the Early Dynastic period of Sumer. A battle between Kish and Susa is recorded in 2700 BCE. In the Sumerian period, Susa was the capital of a state called Susiana (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory of modern Khūzestān Province centered on the Karun River. Control of Susiana shifted between Elam, Sumer, and Akkad. Susiana is sometimes mistaken as synonymous with Elam but, according
Susa
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its impact on marine structures), and Turbulence Theory, among others, supported by his books on these subjects. He supervised 22 Ph.D. students, 69 Master’s students, and 22 visiting research associates/postdocs. He delivered many keynote addresses and invited lectures in scientific meetings, and gave lectures and seminars at universities and other academic institutions in different countries, and published over 200 scientific papers. His awards include: B. Mutlu Sumer B. Mutlu Sumer (born 15 November 1945) is a Turkish scientist and engineer. He is known for his studies on seabed and structure interaction including scour and soil liquefaction. He was previously Professor
B. Mutlu Sumer
7999272
Muslim countries. Same-sex intercourse officially carries the death penalty in several Muslim nations: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Mauritania, northern Nigeria, Sudan, and Yemen. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, during his 2007 speech at Columbia University, asserted that there were no gay people in Iran. However, the probable reason is that they keep their sexuality a secret for fear of government sanction or rejection by their families. In ancient Sumer, a set of priests known as "gala" worked in the temples of the goddess Inanna, where they performed elegies and lamentations. "Gala" took female names, spoke in the "eme-sal" dialect, which was traditionally
Homosexuality
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literary merit due to their vividness of portrayal and expression. Since the 2000s, Yun has closely studied the Sumer civilization, based on which she wrote "Sumerian" (수메리안, 2005), "Gilgamesh" (길가메시, 2007), and "Sumer" (수메르, 2010). "Flower Petals in That Wind". Dongminmunhwasa, 1972. "Winds Filled with Patterns". Oryun, 1973. "Still There Is Sunshine on the Fields". Bumwoosa, 1973. "On the Road of Life’s Journey". Goyreomunhwasa, 1973. "Ode of the Thirteenth Month". Jiphyeongak, 1975. "The Child on Gwanghwamun Street." Seoeumchulpansa, 1976. "Relationship". Seoeumchulpansa, 1977. "Viper's Wedding". Jisorim, 1978. "Your Maturity Is False". Sanha, 1980. "Night Road." Moonye Books, 1983. "Island". Hanmadang, 1983.
Yun Jeong-mo
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of Sumer, some cities in Mari, and then went to war with northern Syria. Many Assyrian and Babylonian palace walls were decorated with the pictures of the successful fights and the enemy either desperately escaping or hiding amongst reeds. City-states of Mesopotamia created the first law codes, drawn from legal precedence and decisions made by kings. The codes of Urukagina and Lipit Ishtar have been found. The most renowned of these was that of Hammurabi, as mentioned above, who was posthumously famous for his set of laws, the Code of Hammurabi (created c. 1780 BC), which is one of the
Mesopotamia
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1980s, of computer-based score writer programs for notating music. Music notation has been adapted to many kinds of music, including classical music, popular music, and traditional music. The earliest form of musical notation can be found in a cuneiform tablet that was created at Nippur, in Sumer (today's Iraq), in about 1400 BC. The tablet represents fragmentary instructions for performing music, that the music was composed in harmonies of thirds, and that it was written using a diatonic scale. A tablet from about 1250 BC shows a more developed form of notation. Although the interpretation of the notation system is
Musical notation
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Gutian dynasty of Sumer The Gutian dynasty (Sumerian: , gu-ti-um) was a dynasty that came to power in Mesopotamia "c." 2135—2055 BC after displacing the "Sargonic" dynasty. It ruled for roughly one century; however, some copies of the "Sumerian King List" ("SKL") vary between 4 and 25 years. The end of the Gutian dynasty is marked by the accession of Ur-Nammu (founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, which "fl." "c." 2112 BC or 2055 BC ). The Gutian people (Guti) were native to "Gutium", presumably in the central Zagros Mountains, though almost nothing is known about their origin. The
Gutian dynasty of Sumer
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of archaeological looting at Zabala broke out after the 2003 War in Iraq. Zabala (Sumer) Zabala (also Zabalam, modern Tell Ibzeikh, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) was a city of ancient Sumer in what is now the Dhi Qar governorate in Iraq. Zabala was at the crossing of the ancient Iturungal and Ninagina canals. The city's deity was Inanna of Zabala. The first mentions of Zabala are in seals from the Jemdet Nasr period including a list of early sites - Ur, Nippur, Larsa, Uruk, Kes, and Zabalam. The earliest historical record, a bowl inscription, indicates that Zabala was under the
Zabala (Sumer)
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BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. Finally, the Sumerians ushered in domestication with intensive agriculture and irrigation. Emmer wheat, barley, sheep (starting as mouflon), and cattle (starting as aurochs) were foremost among the species cultivated and raised for the first time on a grand scale. Sumer Sumer () is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia, modern-day southern Iraq, during the Chalcolithic and Early Bronze ages, and
Sumer
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the "King of Sumeria" game" with additional features. The French version of the game, however, despite being listed as "Sumer (French)", described itself not as a translation of the original game, but as a translation of ""Hamurabi" ("The Sumer Game")", due to another version of the game which was already released by then. Around 1971, DEC employee David H. Ahl had written a version of "The Sumer Game" in the BASIC programming language. Unlike FOCAL, BASIC was run not just on mainframe computers and minicomputers, but also on personal computers, then termed microcomputers, making it a much more popular language.
Hamurabi (video game)
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Zabala (Sumer) Zabala (also Zabalam, modern Tell Ibzeikh, Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq) was a city of ancient Sumer in what is now the Dhi Qar governorate in Iraq. Zabala was at the crossing of the ancient Iturungal and Ninagina canals. The city's deity was Inanna of Zabala. The first mentions of Zabala are in seals from the Jemdet Nasr period including a list of early sites - Ur, Nippur, Larsa, Uruk, Kes, and Zabalam. The earliest historical record, a bowl inscription, indicates that Zabala was under the control of Lugalzagesi of Lagash. In the Sargonic Period, Shar-kali-sharri and Naram-Sin both
Zabala (Sumer)
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Middle Bronze Age. The Semites ended up prevailing in Mesopotamia by the time of Hammurabi of Babylon, who founded the Babylonian Empire, and the language and name of Sumer gradually passed into the realm of antiquarian scholars. Nevertheless, Sumerian influence on Babylonia, and all subsequent cultures in the region, was undeniably great. During the third millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism. The influence of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological
History of Sumer
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Kish (Sumer) Kish (Sumerian: Kiš; transliteration: Kiš; cuneiform: ; Akkadian: kiššatu) was an ancient "tell" (hill city) of Sumer in Mesopotamia, considered to have been located near the modern Tell al-Uhaymir in the Babil Governorate of Iraq, east of Babylon and 80 km south of Baghdad. Kish was occupied from the Jemdet Nasr period (c. 3100 BC), gaining prominence as one of the pre-eminent powers in the region during the early dynastic period. The Sumerian king list states that Kish was the first city to have kings following the deluge, beginning with Jushur. Jushur's successor is called Kullassina-bel, but this
Kish (Sumer)
609873
in dialect, but the phonological development leading to the Akkadian term "šumerû" is uncertain. Hebrew "Shinar", Egyptian "Sngr", and Hittite "Šanhar(a)", all referring to southern Mesopotamia, could be western variants of "Shumer". In the late 4th millennium BC, Sumer was divided into many independent city-states, which were divided by canals and boundary stones. Each was centered on a temple dedicated to the particular patron god or goddess of the city and ruled over by a priestly governor (ensi) or by a king (lugal) who was intimately tied to the city's religious rites. The five "first" cities, said to have exercised
Sumer
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mother new life. She had found that her mother first lover was her small uncle and her mother also loved him.she tried a lot to remarry her mother to his uncle by going against the rules,priests and her grandmother order.she also gets marry to sumer(eldest son of chaturvedis) by forgetting her love Abhimanyu.Going to her in laws, she got a new name Shagun and she got to know that sumer does not love her and in sumer horoscope there is death.She tried a lot to deny the death of sumer.Sumer loved another girl but that girl loves his money.One day
Solhah Singaarr
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a kudurru (discovered in Sippar) which confirmed the name of the site. The site itself has been heavily damaged by water over the centuries and was considered not worth excavating. Der (Sumer) Der (Sumerian: Di-e-ir, 𒌷𒂦𒀭𒆠 BAD.AN) was a Sumerian city-state at the site of modern Tell Aqar near al-Badra in Iraq's Wasit Governorate. It was east of the Tigris River on the border between Sumer and Elam. Its name was possibly Durum. Der was occupied from the Early Dynastic period through Neo-Assyrian times. The local deity of the city was named Ishtaran, represented on Earth by his minister, the
Der (Sumer)
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noted that the debates did not feature in either as they were more complex in form. The Decad is shown below. Decad (Sumerian texts) The Decad is a name given to a standard sequence of ten scribal training compositions in ancient Sumer. The grouping of compositions known as the Decad is attested in several literary catalogues of tablets dating to Mesopotamia's Old Babylonian period. Sumerian literary catalogues were lists of literary compositions recorded by their initial lines or incipits. While literary catalogues were normally used for administration of a library, the Decad is argued to have been written on curricular
Decad (Sumerian texts)
91911
The Debate between sheep and grain is an example of an even earlier form of "ex nihilo" creation myth from ancient Sumer. In most of these stories the world is brought into being by the speech, dream, breath, or pure thought of a creator but creation ex nihilo may also take place through a creator's bodily secretions. The literal translation of the phrase "ex nihilo" is "from nothing" but in many creation myths the line is blurred whether the creative act would be better classified as a creation "ex nihilo" or creation from chaos. In "ex nihilo" creation myths the
Creation myth
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to the east, held the kingship in Sumer for a brief period, based in the city of Awan. Enshakushanna was a king of Uruk in the later 3rd millennium BC who is named on the Sumerian king list, which states his reign to have been 60 years. He was succeeded in Uruk by Lugal-kinishe-dudu, but the hegemony seems to have passed briefly to Eannatum of Lagash. Following this period, the region of Mesopotamia seems to have come under the sway of a Sumerian conqueror from Adab, Lugal-Ane-mundu, ruling over Uruk, Ur, and Lagash. According to inscriptions, he ruled from the
History of Sumer
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great work has been done by historians and scientists, with the help of religious scholars and translators, to re-construct a working knowledge of the religious history, customs, and the role these beliefs played in everyday life in Sumer, Akkad, Assyria, Babylonia, Ebla and Chaldea during this time. Mesopotamian religion is thought to have been an influence on subsequent religions throughout the world, including Canaanite, Aramean, and ancient Greek. Mesopotamian religion was polytheistic, worshipping over 2,100 different deities, many of which were associated with a specific state within Mesopotamia, such as Sumer, Akkad, Assyria or Babylonia, or a specific Mesopotamian city,
Ancient Mesopotamian religion
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except for circa 2100 via the Babylonian Epic of Gilgamesh. The area of land known as Sumer, within Mesopotamia, had a settled population within the 5th millennia BCE. A seal from Sumer, (of "Mudgala," "Lord of Edin," "Minister to Uruas" ) shows the word Azu, which meant water-divinator (lit. water knower), and additionally, physician. Lord Mudgala was the son of Uruas the Khad, who was the first dynasty of Sumeria (via Phoenicia) of the fourth millennium BCE. Another artifact from Sumerian culture, a death amulet seal, shows the name Uzu-as' and is a resurrection amulet for the slave and seer
Mesopotamian divination
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V. Ivanov, the Gutian language was close to the Tocharian languages of the Indo-European family. Gutian dynasty of Sumer The Gutian dynasty (Sumerian: , gu-ti-um) was a dynasty that came to power in Mesopotamia "c." 2135—2055 BC after displacing the "Sargonic" dynasty. It ruled for roughly one century; however, some copies of the "Sumerian King List" ("SKL") vary between 4 and 25 years. The end of the Gutian dynasty is marked by the accession of Ur-Nammu (founder of the Third Dynasty of Ur, which "fl." "c." 2112 BC or 2055 BC ). The Gutian people (Guti) were native to "Gutium",
Gutian dynasty of Sumer
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in Ancient Greek literature, are believed to have appeared in this Gemini age probably in Sumer (Mesopotamia). (Gemini is not only associated with the archetype of 'twins' and 'duality' but also 'multiplicity') Symbol for Taurus: When the March equinox used to occur in Taurus; "The Age of Earth, Agriculture, and the Bull" This age is claimed to have occurred approximately around the time of the building of the Pyramids in Egypt. Bull worshiping cults began to form in Assyria, Egypt, and Crete during this mythological age. Symbol for Aries: When the March equinox used to occur in Aries; "The Age
Astrological age
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Nippur de Lagash Nippur de Lagash () is an Argentine historic comic series, published between 1967 and 1998. It is set in the 23rd century BC (according to the short chronology), about a fictional homonym warrior of Sumer, created by Paraguayan comic scriptwriter Robin Wood, and illustrated by Argentine artist Lucho Olivera. It was published by Columba Publishing in the magazine "D'Artagnan" and later "Nippur Magnum" comic books from 1967 to 1998, and is considered one of the most important Argentine comics. Some of the authors and artists who worked on this comic are, among many, Sergio Mulko, Néstor Barrón,
Nippur de Lagash
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Lament A lament or lamentation is a passionate expression of grief, often in music, poetry, or song form. The grief is most often born of regret, or mourning. Laments can also be expressed in a verbal manner, where the participant would lament about something they regret or someone they've lost, usually accompanied by wailing, moaning and/or crying. Laments constitute some of the oldest forms of writing and examples are present across human cultures. Many of the oldest and most lasting poems in human history have been laments. The Lament for Sumer and Ur dates back at least 4000 years to
Lament
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Slave raiding Slave raiding is a military raid for the purpose of capturing people and bringing them out of the raid area to serve as slaves. Sometimes seen as a normal part of warfare, it is nowadays widely considered a crime. Slave raiding has occurred since antiquity. Some of the earliest surviving written records of slave raiding come from Sumer (in present-day Iraq). The act of slave raiding involves an organized and concerted attack on a settlement with the purpose of taking the areas' people. The collected new slaves are often kept in some form of slave pen or depot.
Slave raiding
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is immortal. To survive in a changing environment, she gained the ability to take on the characteristics of any creature that she devoured. Over time, Yidhra split herself into different aspects, though each part shares her consciousness. Yidhra is served by devoted cults found in such widely separated places as Myanmar, Chad, Laos, Sumer, New Mexico, and Texas. Members of Yidhra's cult can gain immortality by merging with her, though they become somewhat like Yidhra as a consequence. Those who serve her are also promised plentiful harvests and healthy livestock. She usually conceals her true form behind a powerful illusion,
Cthulhu Mythos deities
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conferred kingship. As heaven's grand patriarch, he dispensed justice and controlled the laws known as the "meh" that governed the universe." In inscriptions commemorating his conquest of Sumer, Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian Empire, proclaims Anu and Inanna as the sources of his authority. A hymn from the early second millennium BC professes that "his utterance ruleth over the obedient company of the gods". Anu's original name in Sumerian is "An"; "Anu" is a Semiticized form of it. Anu was also identified with the Semitic god "Ilu" or "El" from early on. The functions of Anu and
Anu
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married secondly, on 23 May 1918, Umrao Kanwarji Sahiba (d. 30 November 1949), the daughter of Thakur Shri Suraj Malji, of Sointra, under Jodhpur Marwar. By his first wife, Sumer Singh had one daughter: The Maharaja returned to Jodhpur in early 1918, but died on 3 October from pneumonia at the Ratanada Palace. He was cremated at Mehrangarh. As he had only left a daughter at his death, he was succeeded by his younger brother Umaid Singh. Sumer Singh of Jodhpur Maharaja Sir Sumer Singh (14 January 1898 – 3 October 1918) was Maharaja of Jodhpur from 20 March 1911
Sumer Singh of Jodhpur
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Sumer Singh of Jodhpur Maharaja Sir Sumer Singh (14 January 1898 – 3 October 1918) was Maharaja of Jodhpur from 20 March 1911 to 3 October 1918, succeeding his father, Maharaja Sardar Singh. Sumer Singh was born on 14 January 1898 at Mehrangarh, Jodhpur, the eldest son of Maharaja Sir Sardar Singh, GCSI by his first wife, the Maharani Shri Lakhsman Kanwarji Maji Sahiba. In March 1911 at the age of 13, he succeeded to the Jodhpur "gadi" upon the death of his father, and served as a page of honour to George V at the Delhi Durbar that year.
Sumer Singh of Jodhpur
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debated. There are scholars today who confidently identify Meluhha with the Indus Valley Civilization (modern South Asia) on the basis of the extensive evidence of trading contacts between Sumer and this region. Sesame oil was probably imported from the Indus River region into Sumer: the Sumerian word for this oil is "illu" (Akkadian: "ellu"). One theory is that the word is of proto-Dravidian origin: in Dravidian languages of South India, "el" or "ellu" stands for sesame. An alternative, proposed by Michael Witzel, is that it derived from a "para-Munda" language spoken in the Indus Valley Civilization. There is extensive presence
Meluhha
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was similarly known as "Gu-gubba" (Akkadian "Kisad tamtim") "bank of the sea." A more comprehensive name of southern Mesopotamia was "Kengi", "the land," or "Kengi Sumer", "the land of Sumer". Sumer has been supposed to be the original of the Biblical Shinar and the Sankhar of the Amarna letters. Opposed to Kengi and Sumer were Urra (Un) and Akkad or northern Babylonia. The original meaning of Urra was perhaps "clayey soil," but it came to signify "the upper country" or "highlands," "kengi" being "the lowlands." In Semitic times, Urra was pronounced Un and confounded with "uru", "city" as a geographical
Geography of Mesopotamia
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the third millennium. This was the most centralized bureaucratic state the world had yet known. Concerning the earlier centuries, the Sumerian King List provides a tentative political history of ancient Sumer. So far evidence for the earliest periods of the Early Bronze Age in Mesopotamia is very limited. Mesannepada is the first king mentioned in the Sumerian King List, and appears to have lived in the 26th century BC. That Ur was an important urban centre already then seems to be indicated by a type of cylinder seal called the City Seals. These seals contain a set of proto-cuneiform signs
Ur
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clay tablets written in cuneiform script. Sumerian writing is considered to be a great milestone in the development of humanity's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature, both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures—that is, hieroglyphs—were used first, cuneiform and then ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal and business letters,
Sumer
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is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants. The ancient Sumerian king list includes the early dynasties of several prominent cities from this period. The first set of names on the list is of kings said to have reigned before a major flood occurred. These early names may be fictional, and include some legendary and mythological
Sumer
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their dogs to bring the concealed prey out in the open, after which a cheetah would be set upon it to kill it. A Sumerian seal dating back to nearly 3000BC, featuring a leashed animal resembling a cheetah, has fuelled speculation that the cheetah might have been first domesticated and used for hunting in Sumer (Mesopotamia). However, Thomas T. Allsen (of The College of New Jersey) argues that the depicted animal might not be a cheetah given its largely dog-like features; moreover, the background gives an impression of a montane area, which the cheetah does not typically inhabit. Mainly two
Cheetah
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list is one record of the political history of the period. It starts with mythological figures with improbably long reigns, but later rulers have been authenticated with archaeological evidence. The first of these is Enmebaragesi of Kish, c. 2600 BC, said by the king list to have subjected neighboring Elam. However, one complication of the Sumerian king list is that although dynasties are listed in sequential order, some of them actually ruled at the same time over different areas. Enshakushanna of Uruk conquered all of Sumer, Akkad, and Hamazi, followed by Eannatum of Lagash who also conquered Sumer. His methods
History of Mesopotamia