when did the name of persia change to iran
1935
5648524
Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both
Name of Iran
192327
Persian Legation in Berlin, the Tehran government, on the Persian New Year, Nowruz, March 21, 1935, substituted "Iran" for "Persia" as the official name of the country." Opposition to the name change led to the reversal of the decision, and Professor Ehsan Yarshater, editor of "Encyclopædia Iranica", propagated a move to use "Persia" and "Iran" interchangeably. Today, both "Iran" and "Persia" are used in cultural contexts, while "Iran" remains irreplaceable in official state contexts. Historical and cultural usage of the word "Iran" is not restricted to the modern state proper. "Greater Iran" ("Irānzamīn" or "Irān e Bozorg") refers to territories
Iran
5648537
many Iranians in the West who prefer "Persia" and "Persian" as the English names for the country and nationality, similar to the usage of "La Perse/persan" in French. According to Hooman Majd, the popularity of the term "Persia" among the Persian diaspora stems from the fact that Persia' connotes a glorious past they would like to be identified with, while 'Iran' since 1979 revolution... says nothing to the world but Islamic fundamentalism." Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi
Name of Iran
5648530
later parts of the Bible, where this kingdom is frequently mentioned (Books of Esther, Daniel, Ezra and Nehemiah), it is called ' (), or sometimes ' (), i.e. "Persia and Media". The Arabs used to likewise refer to Iran and the Persian (Sassanian) Empire as "" (), i.e. "Lands of Persia", which would become the popular name for the region in Muslim literature. The exonym "Persia" was the official name of Iran in the Western world before March 1935, but the Iranian people inside their country since the time of Zoroaster (probably circa 1000 BC), or even before, have called
Name of Iran
5648533
the name "Iran" instead of "Persia" for all purposes. In the British House of Commons the move was reported upon by the United Kingdom Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs as follows: The decree of Reza Shah Pahlavi affecting nomenclature duly took effect on 21 March 1935. To avoid confusion between the two neighboring countries Iran and Iraq, which were both involved in WWII and occupied by the Allies, Winston Churchill requested from the Iranian government during the Teheran Conference for the old and distinct name "Persia to be used by the United Nations [i.e., the Allies] for the duration
Name of Iran
12379937
operations in 1936. In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of APOC to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). In 1947, British Petroleum Chemicals was incorporated as a joint venture of AIOC and The Distillers Company. In 1956, the company was renamed British Hydrocarbon Chemicals. Following World War II, nationalistic sentiments were on the rise in the Middle East; most notable being Iranian nationalism, and Arab Nationalism. In Iran, the AIOC and the pro-western Iranian government led by Prime Minister Ali Razmara resisted nationalist calls to revise
BP
6985922
there were hundreds of Germans involved in every aspect of the state, from setting up factories to building roads, railroads and bridges. Reza Shah went on to ask the international community to use the native name of "Iran" in 1935 to address to his country. Although the country has been known as Iran to the native people themselves for many centuries, Westerners came to know the nation as Persia through ancient Greek accounts. The goal was to distract attention from the traditional Western designation “Persia” (a term Greek in origin). “Persian” was the historical name of one of the ethnic
Germany–Iran relations
10362079
heroin. Some of these drugs are smuggled into Iran and from there to European countries. Afghanistan–Iran relations Afghanistan–Iran relations were established in 1935 during King Zahir Shah's reign and the Pahlavi dynasty of Persia. They have been negatively affected by the 1979 Iranian Revolution and issues related to the 1978–present Afghan conflicts (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, and Taliban), as well as Iran's water dispute, the growing influence of the United States in Afghanistan. Afghanistan shares a relatively long history with Iran (called Persia in the West before 1935). When the Safavid dynasty was founded in Persia, part of what is
Afghanistan–Iran relations
7092820
resulted in Iran ceding Dagestan, Georgia, and most of Azerbaijan to Russia. The Turkmanchey Treaty of 1828 decisively ended centuries of Iranian control of its Caucasian provinces, and made Iran cede what is present-day Armenia, the remainder of Azerbaijan and Igdir (eastern Turkey), and set the modern boundary along the Aras River. On the Nowruz of 1935, the endonym "Iran" was adopted as the official international name of Persia by its ruler Reza Shah Pahlavi. However, in 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both "Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably.
Greater Iran
10362065
Afghanistan–Iran relations Afghanistan–Iran relations were established in 1935 during King Zahir Shah's reign and the Pahlavi dynasty of Persia. They have been negatively affected by the 1979 Iranian Revolution and issues related to the 1978–present Afghan conflicts (i.e. Mujahideen, Afghan refugees, and Taliban), as well as Iran's water dispute, the growing influence of the United States in Afghanistan. Afghanistan shares a relatively long history with Iran (called Persia in the West before 1935). When the Safavid dynasty was founded in Persia, part of what is now Afghanistan was ruled by the Khanate of Bukhara and Babur from Kabulistan. The first
Afghanistan–Iran relations
5648524
Name of Iran In the Western world, Persia (or one of its cognates) was historically the common name for Iran. On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country, in formal correspondence. Since then, in the Western World, the use of the word "Iran" has become more common. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both
Name of Iran
1859561
times under the Achaemenid Empire and Sasanian Empire as well as other Iranian dynasties, hence the somewhat misleading usage of the name Persia (in other countries) up to 1935 when referring to Iran as a whole. Support for the Shah came principally from three sources. The central "pillar" was the military, where the shah had begun his career. The annual defense budget of Iran "increased more than fivefold from 1926 to 1941." Officers were paid more than other salaried employees. The new modern and expanded state bureaucracy of Iran was another source of support. Its ten civilian ministries employed 90,000
Reza Shah
5294750
he discovered in May 1908. This was the first commercially significant find in the Middle East. In 1923, Burmah employed future Prime Minister, Winston Churchill as a paid consultant; to lobby the British government to allow the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to have exclusive rights to Persian oil resources, which were successfully granted. In 1935, Rezā Shāh requested the international community to refer to Persia as 'Iran', which was reflected in the name change of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC) to the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC). Following World War II, Iranian nationalism was on the rise, especially surrounding the Iranian
National Iranian Oil Company
10246826
of kings of Iran, the lord of the Persians”. This title, as well as the title of ""Šāh-e Irān"", was later used by Nader Shah Afshar and Qajar and Pahlavi kings. Since 1935, the name "Iran" has replaced other names of Iran in the western world. Jean Chardin, who travelled in the region between 1673 and 1677, observed that "the Persians, in naming their country, make use of one word, which they indifferently pronounce "Iroun", and "Iran". [...] These names of Iran and Touran, are frequently to be met with in the ancient histories of Persia; [...] and even to
Iran (word)
5648534
of the common War". His request was approved immediately by the Iranian Foreign Ministry. The American side, however, continued using "Iran" as it had at the time little involvement in Iraq to cause any such confusion. In the summer of 1959, following concerns that the native name had, as one politician put it, "turned a known into an unknown", a committee was formed, led by noted scholar Ehsan Yarshater, to consider the issue again. They recommended a reversal of the 1935 decision, and Mohammad Reza Shah approved this. However, the implementation of the proposal was weak, simply allowing "Persia" and
Name of Iran
3864041
Imperial Bank of Persia The Imperial Bank of Persia (; Bank-e Šâhanšâhi-ye Irân) was a British bank that operated as the state bank and bank of issue in Iran (formerly known as Persia until 1935) between 1889 and 1929. It was established in 1885 with a concession from the Persian government to Baron Julius De Reuter (born Israel Beer Josaphat) a German–Jewish banker and businessman who later became a Christian and a British subject. The bank was the first modern bank in Iran and introduced European banking ideas to a country in which they were previously unknown. The legal centre
Imperial Bank of Persia
5544005
to the fact that, in the Western world, Iran was known as "Persia". On the Nowruz of 1935, Reza Shah Pahlavi asked foreign delegates to use the term Iran, the endonym of the country used since the Sasanian Empire, in formal correspondence. Since then the use of the word "Iran" has become more common in the Western countries. This also changed the usage of the terms for Iranian nationality, and the common adjective for citizens of Iran changed from "Persian" to "Iranian". In 1959, the government of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Reza Shah Pahlavi's son, announced that both "Persia" and
Iranian Americans
16305823
Iran (Persia) and the Arabian Peninsula. According to the book "Documents on the Persian Gulf's Name, the Eternal Heritage of Ancient Time": the term "Persian Gulf" and its equivalents have been used continuously since 400 BC in all languages specially in the Arabic language. In 1964 the Arab League ratified a change of the name to the Arabian Gulf (Al khaleej Al Arabi), apparently a change accepted by many Arab-speaking countries. After the Iran–Iraq War, the decision was realised. The act angered Iran/Iranians, especially when the Arabs used the new appellation in the English mass media. While historical documents show
Persian Gulf National Day
5648535
"Iran" to be used interchangeably. Nowadays both terms are common; "Persia" mostly in historical and cultural contexts, "Iran" mostly in political contexts. In recent years most exhibitions of Persian history, culture and art in the world have used the exonym "Persia" (e.g., "Forgotten Empire; Ancient Persia", British Museum; "7000 Years of Persian Art", Vienna, Berlin; and "Persia; Thirty Centuries of Culture and Art", Amsterdam). In 2006, the largest collection of historical maps of Iran, entitled "Historical Maps of Persia", was published in the Netherlands. In the 1980s, Professor Ehsan Yarshater (editor of the "Encyclopædia Iranica") started to publish articles on
Name of Iran
10246827
this very day, the king of Persia is call'd "Padsha Iran" ["padshah"='king'], and the great vizier, "Iran Medary" [i.e. "medari"='facilitator'], the Pole of Persia"". Since the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the official name of the country is "Islamic Republic of Iran". Iran (word) The modern Persian name of Iran () derives immediately from 3rd-century Sassanian Middle Persian (Pahlavi spelling: "ʼyrʼn"), where it initially meant "of the Iranians", but soon also acquired a geographical connotation in the sense of "(lands inhabited by) Iranians". In both geographic and demonymic senses, "ērān" is distinguished from its antonymic "anērān", meaning "non-Iran(ian)". In the geographic
Iran (word)
5300549
Zia'eddin Tabatabaee Seyyed Zia'eddin Tabatabaee (June 1889 – August 29, 1969; ) was an Iranian politician and the Prime Minister of Iran (Persia) from February to May 1921 under Ahmad Shah, the last Shah of the Qajar dynasty. Born in Shiraz, Tabatabaee came to power in a coup d'état with the help of Reza Khan Mirpanj, who later became the Shah of Persia (which then came to be formally recognized as Iran by the international community), as Reza Shah Pahlavi. When Tabatabaee became prime minister, he was 33 years old. His career did have an early start, however. In Shiraz,
Zia'eddin Tabatabaee
20478367
Iran–Poland relations Iran–Poland relations is historical and bilateral relationship between Iran and Poland. Iran has an embassy in Warsaw, while Poland has an embassy in Tehran. Their relationship is characterized as close because of historical concepts. When Iran was still under Qajar dynasty and named as Persia, the Partitions of Poland at 1795 by Prussia, Austria and Russia was condemned by Persia and Persia rejected the partitions, together with the Ottoman Empire. Under the circumstance, Persia welcomed Polish refugees fleeing from partitioned Poland. During World War II, after the invasion of Poland by Soviet Union, a lot of Poles had
Iran–Poland relations
5648532
Achaemenids in the Middle Persian book of Arda Viraf refers to the invasion of Iran by Alexander the Great in 330 BC. The Proto-Iranian term for Iran is reconstructed as *Aryānām (the genitive plural of the word *Arya); the Avestan equivalent is "Airyanem" (as in Airyanem Vaejah). The internal preference for "Iran" was noted in some Western reference books (e.g. the Harmsworth Encyclopaedia, "circa" 1907, entry for Iran: "The name is now the official designation of Persia.") but for international purposes, "Persia" was the norm. In the mid 1930s, the ruler of the country, Reza Shah Pahlavi, moved towards formalising
Name of Iran
6985923
groups in Iran. With the reforms Reza Shah was implementing, the adoption of a new name for the country was seen as restoring Iran’s historical legacy. While Persia had fallen victim to imperialism, Iran would be free from foreign control. The Iranian government did not support the antisemitism of Nazis. Iran argued that Iranians including its Jewish population, which was the largest in the Middle East, were immune to the racial Nuremberg Laws on the grounds that they were of Aryan descent. Iranian embassies in occupied European capitals by Germans rescued over 1,500 Jews and secretly granted them Iranian citizenship,
Germany–Iran relations
1859560
Persian is the name of one of the ethnic groups of Iran, Persia (locally known as Pars) is the name of one of Iran's significant cultural provinces and the Persian language Although (internally) the country had been referred to as Iran throughout much of its history since the Sasanian Empire, many countries including the English-speaking world knew the country as Persia, a legacy of the Greeks who referred to the entire country after the province of Pars. While Persians are only one of several ethnic groups in Iran, their home province Pars was a center of political power in ancient
Reza Shah
745505
the Aegean Sea. Modern agriculture in Iran dates back to the 1820s when Amir Kabir undertook a number of changes to the traditional agricultural system. Such changes included importing modified seeds and signing collaboration contracts with other countries. Polyakov's "Bank Esteqrazi" was bought in 1898 by the Tzarist government of Russia, and later passed into the hands of the Iranian government by a contract in 1920. The bank continued its activities under the name of "Bank Iran" until 1933 when incorporating the newly founded Keshavarzi Bank. The Imperial Bank of Persia was established in 1885, with offices in all major
Economy of Iran
13091728
Persian Constitutional Revolution The Persian Constitutional Revolution ( "Mashrūtiyyat", or "Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh"), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911. The revolution led to the establishment of a parliament in Persia (Iran) during the Qajar Dynasty. The Revolution opened the way for cataclysmic change in Persia, heralding the modern era. It saw a period of unprecedented debate in a burgeoning press. The revolution created new opportunities and opened up seemingly boundless possibilities for Persia’s future. Many different groups fought to shape the course of the Revolution, and all sections of society were ultimately to
Persian Constitutional Revolution
4612432
This was in the 26th year of the reign of Nasereddin Shah Qajar, 22 years after Amir Kabir founded the Dar ul-Funun school in Tehran, and 33 years before the Constitutional Revolution in Persia (as it was known back then; later it became "Iran" during the Reza Shah Era). When Dr. Samuel Jordan arrived in Persia in 1898, he instituted change; subsequently, Alborz became a 12-year elementary and secondary school, with its share of college courses. Thereafter, the institution came to be known as the American College of Tehran. Dr. Jordan remained president of Alborz for 42 years (1899–1940). During
Alborz High School
6796481
Safi of Persia Sam Mirza (), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi () was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Safi was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah Abbas I, and Dilaram Khanum, a Georgian wife. In 1615, Abbas had Mohammed Baqir killed, fearing he was plotting against his life. Over the next few years, the suspicious Abbas killed or blinded his other sons, leaving his grandson Safi heir to the throne. Safi was crowned
Safi of Persia
6796486
(and Russia) and making the Duke's newly-founded town of Friedrichstadt into a European trade terminus. Safi died on 12 May 1642 as a result of excessive drinking, and was buried in Qom. He was succeeded by his son Abbas II. Safi I married numerous times; Sons Daughters Safi of Persia Sam Mirza (), better known by his dynastic name of Shah Safi () was the sixth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1629 to 1642. Safi was given the name Sam Mirza when he was born. He was the son of Mohammad Baqer Mirza, the eldest son of Shah
Safi of Persia
17213090
known when it was weaved together but some of the old rugs back in 19th & 20th century show that the similar type design were used such as hunting scene in Isfahan or Qum carpet as well as floral design in Isfahan and Tabriz carpet. Also picturesque scenes from ancient Persia showing the king and his wife is another example. After the 1979 revolution in Iran, the whole industry started to change and many of the original patterns which were famous in Iran were exported to many countries which they have started producing similar products with much lower quality such
Pictorial carpet
16135405
Diocese of Iran The Diocese of Iran is one of the four dioceses of the Anglican Province of Jerusalem and the Middle East. The diocese was established in 1912 as the Diocese of Persia and was incorporated into the Jerusalem Archbishopric in 1957. The current bishop is Azad Marshall. His title is Bishop in Iran, rather than the often expected Bishop "of" Iran. The beginnings of the Anglican Diocese of Iran were in 1883 when Valpy French, an Episcopal bishop, came to Lahore and traveled through Persia. In 1912, Charles Stileman became the first bishop of the new diocese. James
Diocese of Iran
7082260
of the Asian Clearing Union, controls gold and capital flows overseas, represents Iran in the International Monetary Fund and internationally concludes payment agreements between Iran and other countries. The first attempt at introducing paper currency in Iran occurred during the Mongol Ilkhanate of the 13th century CE. The innovation, developed in Song Dynasty China, did not take hold in Iran, and paper currency did not return to Iran in any significant manner for several centuries. In 1889, the British-owned Imperial Bank of Persia ("Bānk-e Šāhī") was founded and it was given the exclusive right to issue bank notes in Iran.
Central Bank of Iran
7543721
visited Persia between 1673 and 1680. Numerous trade contacts continued to occur between Persia (modern Iran) and France. In 1705, Louis XIV dispatched an Ambassador Extraordinary in the person of Jean-Baptiste Fabre, accompanied by a party including Jacques Rousseau, uncle of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and a woman named Marie Petit, who owned a gaming house, probably also a brother, in Paris. Fabre died in Persia, but negotiations were taken over by Pierre-Victor Michel, leading to a largely ineffective signed in September 1708. Prior to that he had to sideline Marie Petit who, "in the name of the Princesses of France", tried
France–Iran relations
17159795
borderline of Iran was drawn by the Treaty of Zuhab. During Afsharid and Qajar dynasties of Persia, Ottomans fought against Persia numerous times with relatively little changes in the gained and lost territories except during the reign of Nader Shah, when large territories were abandoned to Persia but were recovered upon his death. At the end of the wars, with the last one ending in 1823, the border line drawn was almost the same as that of the Treaty of Zuhab. (Present Turkey-Iran and Iraq-Iran border lines.) In 1538, Suleyman I sent a navy to the Indian Ocean. Although Hadım
Ottoman wars in Asia
745506
cities of Persia. Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1925–41) improved the country’s overall infrastructure, implemented educational reform, campaigned against foreign influence, reformed the legal system, and introduced modern industries. During this time, Iran experienced a period of social change, economic development, and relative political stability. Reza Shah Pahlavi, who abdicated in 1941, was succeeded by his son, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1941–79). No fundamental change occurred in the economy of Iran during World War II (1939–45) and the years immediately following. However, between 1954 and 1960 a rapid increase in oil revenues and sustained foreign aid led to greater investment
Economy of Iran
8946093
amounts to 100,000 hectares per year. The cutting of trees is rigidly controlled by the government, which also has a reforestation program. Agriculture has a long history and tradition in Iran. As early as 10,000 BCE, the earliest known domestication of the goat had taken place in the Iranian plateau. By 5000BCE, wine was being fermented in Iran, and by as early as 7th century CE, the windmill had been invented in Persia for the first time in history. Fruits such as the peach first found their way into Europe from Persia, as indicated by their Latin name, persica, from
Agriculture in Iran
901635
name, there is no proven connection between the city of Shiraz and the modern-day red grape variety "Shiraz", planted in Australia, South Africa, Canada, the United States, and some other countries. Shiraz wine Shiraz wine refers separately to two different well-known wines. Historically, the name refers to the wine produced around the city of Shiraz in Persia/Iran. In the current era, "Shiraz" is a marketing term for Syrah produced in Australia and South Africa. The modern "Shiraz" grape is identical to Syrah and originating in southeast France with no established connection to Persia (Iran). By the ninth century, the city
Shiraz wine
20031473
the word was in use to refer to the Safavid ruler since the time of the dynasty's founder, Ismail I (r. 1501-1524). An extensive number of references to Persia and its "Sophy" in European literature start with the reign of Abbas I and onwards. William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night" (published 1602) is noted as being amongst the early attestments to this. Sophy (Safavid Empire) The Sophy, also spelled Sofi, Sophie, Sophi, or Soffi, was a reference to the ruler of the Safavid dynasty of Iran. Even though Iran remained known in the West by the exonym Persia (see Name of Iran),
Sophy (Safavid Empire)
8946094
which (by way of the French) we have the English word "peach." As did Tulips, which were also first cultivated in ancient Persia and spinach, the word Spinach itself derived from the Persian word اسفناج Esfenaj. The Chinese referred to it in 647CE as 'the herb of Persia'. In 400BCE, a form of ice cream was in use in Persia, and the ancestor of the cookie is said to have come from Persia (from the Persian koolucheh) in the 7th century according to many sources. Fifth century BCE Persia was even the source for introduction of the domesticated chicken into
Agriculture in Iran
12894082
Sultan Ali Beg, who was the brother of the Iranian ambassador Husain Ali Beg. Don Juan of Persia Uruch Beg, later known by his baptized name of Don Juan (1560–1604) was a late 16th and early 17th century Iranian figure in Iran and Spain. He is also known as "Faisal Nazary". A native of Iran, and from the Bayat Qizilbash clan, he later moved westward, settled in Spain, and became a Roman Catholic. There he wrote an account of Iran, his involvement there with Shah Abbas I, and his journey to Spain in the Persian embassy to Europe (1599-1602). He
Don Juan of Persia
12894081
Don Juan of Persia Uruch Beg, later known by his baptized name of Don Juan (1560–1604) was a late 16th and early 17th century Iranian figure in Iran and Spain. He is also known as "Faisal Nazary". A native of Iran, and from the Bayat Qizilbash clan, he later moved westward, settled in Spain, and became a Roman Catholic. There he wrote an account of Iran, his involvement there with Shah Abbas I, and his journey to Spain in the Persian embassy to Europe (1599-1602). He was killed in 1604 during a street fight. Don Juan was the son of
Don Juan of Persia
3430969
separatist groups in Iran. Hersh mentions that part of the covert activities include "the support of the minority the Ahwazi Arab and Baluchi groups and other dissident organizations". Iran (then called Persia) traditionally was governed over the last few centuries in a fairly decentralised way with much regional and local autonomy. In particular, weaker members of the Qajar dynasty often did not rule much beyond the capital Tehran, a fact exploited by the imperial powers Britain and Russia in the 19th century. For example, when British cartographers, diplomats, and telegraph workers traveled along Iran's southern coast in the early 19th
Ethnic minorities in Iran
2471335
hesitate to use underhanded methods to overthrow a democratically elected government to suit its own economic and strategic interests", the Agence France-Presse reported. United States Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, who visited Iran both before and after the coup, wrote that "When Mosaddegh and Persia started basic reforms, we became alarmed. We united with the British to destroy him; we succeeded; and ever since, our name has not been an honored one in the Middle East." When the Shah returned to Iran after the coup, he was greeted by a cheering crowd. He wrote in his memoirs that while
1953 Iranian coup d'état
5648529
"Pārsa" – the name of the people from whom Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty stemmed and over whom he first ruled (before he inherited or conquered other Iranian Kingdoms). Thus, the term "Persian" is an exonym and Iranians never historically referred to Iran by that exonym. The Pars tribe gave its name to the region where they lived (the modern day province is called Fars/Pars) but the province in ancient times was smaller than its current area. In Latin, the name for the whole empire was "Persia", while the Iranians knew it as "Iran" or "Iranshahr". In the
Name of Iran
3504862
Persis Persis (), better known as Persia (Old Persian: "Parsa"; , "Pars"), or "Persia proper", was originally a name of a region near the Zagros mountains at Lake Urmia. The country name Persia was derived directly from the Old Persian "Parsa". Over time, the area of settlement shifted to the southwest of modern Iran (now Fars). The ancient Persians were present in the region from about the 10th century BC, and became the rulers of the largest empire the world had yet seen under the Achaemenid dynasty which was established in the late 6th century BC, at its peak stretching
Persis
20152736
to the ground by a police-led mob on the pretext that during a performance of "Tartuffe" a female actor had been on stage whilst in Tehran the Patriotic Women's Society was stoned and their library burnt down. A minor group of the same name emerged in 1944 when radical members of the Comrades Party broke from that group over its failure to support striking workers in Isfahan. Founded in the midst of the Gilan Revolution, the Young Communist League of Persia was a communist youth organization in Persia set up following the July 31, 1920 split between the communist and
Socialism in Iran
6890536
Infantry Brigade arrived in Iraq on 26 July. The British, having secured first the Iraqi oilfields and then Syria, now focused their concern on Persia (now Iran) where it had been estimated there were some 3,000 German nationals working as technicians, commercial agents and advisors. The division first saw shots fired in anger during the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran in August 1941 when 24th Brigade made a night-time amphibious assault across the Shatt al Arab to capture the oil refinery at Abadan in South Persia. Meanwhile, 18th Brigade had crossed into Persia between Basra and Abadan to take Khorramshahr and
8th Infantry Division (India)
13862235
Iran, and Turkey, all regional rivals. Cultural links between France and Persia, although gradually developing through this period, suffered at times because of ruptures in diplomatic commercial relations. However, relations picked up intensely with the advent of Napoleon and the Qajar dynasty in Persia. Despite the hostility of Russian Empress Catherine the Great towards both neighbouring rival Persia and the French Revolution, the ascendancy of the new monarchy in Persia represented by the Qajar dynasty did not at once led to closer relations between the two, except for the scientific mission of the physicians Jean-Guillaume Bruguières and Guillaume-Antoine Olivier. However,
France–Asia relations
19710589
that we do away with monarchy, and raise the people to power. For the people are all in all." Otanes seems to find democracy inherently more equitable: "the rule of many has first a name attaching to it which is the fairest of all names, that is to say 'Equality.'" Popular government ensures moderate rule, he suggests. The book "The Archaic Smile of Herodotus" notes that "in arguing that democracy will be good for Persia, Otanes contradicts himself, for he proposes to change the traditional form of government. This violation of ancient custom is just the practice of which he
History of democracy in classical Iran
3268789
Mespilus germanica Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar or common medlar, (Mazandarani:کِنِس) is a large shrub or small tree, and the name of the fruit of this tree. The fruit has been cultivated since Roman times, and is unusual in being available in winter, and in being eaten when bletted. It is eaten raw and in a range of dishes. When the genus "Mespilus" is included in the genus "Crataegus", the correct name for this species is Crataegus germanica (Kuntze). Despite its Latin name, which means German or Germanic medlar, it is indigenous to Persia (Iran), southwest Asia and also
Mespilus germanica
2312479
Iranian province of Khorasan were formally defined in the late nineteenth century and the province was divided into three separate administrative divisions in 2004. The name "Khorāsān" (lit. "sunrise"; "East"; or "land of the rising sun") was originally given to the eastern province of Persia during the Sassanian period. The old Iranian province of Khorasan roughly formed the western half of the historical Greater Khorasan, a region which included parts that are today in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Some of the main historical cities of Persia are located in the older Khorasan: Nishapur and Tus (now in Iran);
Khorasan Province
1408550
seen as a deliberate change allowing Chariton "to resurrect her for adventures abroad". Chariton's Artaxerxes represents Artaxerxes II of Persia. Since Hermocrates died in 407 BC and Artaxerxes did not come to the throne until 404 BC, Chariton is anachronistic in having Hermocrates alive during Artaxerxes' reign. The hero Chaereas is not a historical figure, although his name recalls Chabrias, an Athenian general who fought in an Egyptian revolt against Persia in about 360 BC. His capture of Tyre may be based on that by Alexander the Great in 332 BC. Despite the liberties Chariton took with historical fact, he
Chariton
8284924
Ariana (name) Ariana is a feminine Persian name, popular in many languages. Arianna and Ariane are the two most common variations. The name "Ariana" has the several possible following origins. Ariana, the Latinized form of (Greek: ἡ 'Αρειανή/Arianē), was also a general geographical term used by some Greek and Roman authors of antiquity for an extensive territory in Central Asia, east of Persia and west of India, broadly covering modern Pakistan and Afghanistan. The name of Iran (Persia) originates from the Sanskrit word Aryānā (Ariana) meaning "The Land of the Aryans". The name "Arianna" is also the Latinized form of
Ariana (name)
12231906
may be less dangerous than "H. mantegazzianum" with respect to phototoxicity. Known ways to fight Tromsø palm are the constant cutting of new shoots. When cutting down, protective equipment is recommended, and metal cutting tools should be cleaned after use because the juice is oxidizing. Heracleum persicum Heracleum persicum, commonly known as Persian hogweed or simply hogweed, is a polycarpic perennial herbaceous flowering plant in the carrot family Apiaceae, originally native to the region of Iran (Persia). It grows wild in humid mountainous regions in Iran, as well in some adjacent areas. As a spice, its common name in English
Heracleum persicum
5041146
route to be developed to supply Soviet needs. English-language official documents from the Persian Corridor period continue to make the word "Persia" interchangeable with the name of Iran. In correspondence by the government of the United Kingdom, usage of "Persia" over "Iran" was chosen by Winston Churchill to avoid possible confusion with neighbouring Iraq. Following Germany's invasion of the USSR in June 1941, Britain and the Soviet Union became allies. Britain and the USSR saw the newly opened Trans-Iranian Railway as an attractive route to transport supplies from the Persian Gulf to the Soviet Union. Britain and the USSR used
Persian Corridor
901630
Shiraz wine Shiraz wine refers separately to two different well-known wines. Historically, the name refers to the wine produced around the city of Shiraz in Persia/Iran. In the current era, "Shiraz" is a marketing term for Syrah produced in Australia and South Africa. The modern "Shiraz" grape is identical to Syrah and originating in southeast France with no established connection to Persia (Iran). By the ninth century, the city of Shiraz had already established a reputation for producing the finest wine in the world, and was Iran's wine capital. The export of Shiraz wine by European merchants in the 17th
Shiraz wine
9072536
was a well-established and influential Jewish community in Persia. Persian Jews have lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V conquered the (Northern) Kingdom of Israel (722 BC) and sent the Israelites (the Ten Lost Tribes) into captivity at Khorasan. In 586 BC, the Babylonians expelled large populations of Jews from Judea to the Babylonian captivity. Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. The Persian Jewish communities include the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still-extant) communities not only of Iran,
History of the Jews in Iran
2033010
Iran in return for help against the Ottomans. But the stumbling block of Hormuz remained, a port that had fallen into Spanish hands when the King of Spain inherited the throne of Portugal in 1580. The Spanish demanded Abbas break off relations with the English East India Company before they would consider relinquishing the town. Abbas was unable to comply. Eventually Abbas became frustrated with Spain, as he did with the Holy Roman Empire, which wanted him to make his 400,000+ Armenian subjects swear allegiance to the Pope but did not trouble to inform the shah when the Emperor Rudolf
Abbas I of Persia
15422445
dark blue glass found in the Cheonmachong Tomb, one of Silla's royal tombs unearthed in Gyeongju. An exotic golden sword found in Gyerim-ro, a street also located in Gyeongju. These are all relics that are presumed to be sent to Silla from ancient Iran or Persia through the Silk Road. It was only the Koryeo Dynasty during King HyeonJong's reign when trade with Persia was officially recorded in Korean history. But in academic circles, it is presumed that both countries had active cultural exchanges during the 7th century Silla era which means the relationship between Korea and Iran began more
Iran–South Korea relations
14088689
the inscribed names of the 12 imams on the Safavid coinage, but his attempt came to nothing. Shiism did not become fully established until the reign of Abbas I of Persia (1587–1629). Abbas hated the Sunnis, and forced the population to accept Twelver Shiism. Thus by 1602 most of the formerly Sunnis of Iran had accepted Shiism. A significant number, however, did not accept Safavid rule, prompting Abbas to institute a number of administrative changes in order to further transform Iran into a Twelver Shia state. Under the guidance of Muhammad Baqir Majlisi (1616–98, one of the most important Shiite
Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
7440329
Hautes Etudes. He specializes in the history and culture of Ancient Persia. He is he editor of the "Name-ye Iran-e Bastan", "The International Journal of Ancient Iranian Studies", "DABIR: Digital Ar", as well as the director of "Sasanika Project", a project on the history and culture of Sasanians. His most famous publications include "Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire" and "Sasanian Iran (224-651 CE): Portrait of a Late Antique Empire". Most recently he has written a book on Iranian history from the Pre-historic era to modern history. He is known for his unwavering support of Iran's former
Touraj Daryaee
10489525
after Persia (modern Iran) was invaded, "Iraq Command" was renamed "Persia and Iraq Force" (PAI Force). "PAI Force" was still commanded by Quinan and he still reported to India Command. "Iraqforce" was variously part of India Command, Middle East Command and then Persia and Iraq Command. "Sabine Force" was despatched from Karachi by GHQ India to seize the port of Basra and to supplement the British Forces in Iraq at RAF Shaibah and RAF Habbaniya. British Prime Minister Winston Churchill saw Basra as a major supply base in the future for material from the United States. Churchill did not recognise
Iraqforce
10393666
diplomat, Perkins, and later missionaries acted much as did provincial consular officers at later times. He described his experiences in "A Residence of Eight Years in Persia among the Nestorian Christians with Notices of the Muhammedans" (1841), and "Missionary Life in Persia" (1861). Justin Perkins Justin Perkins (Holyoke, Massachusetts, March 5, 1805-Chicopee, Massachusetts, December 31, 1869) was an American Presbyterian missionary and linguist. He was the first citizen of the United States to reside in Iran, and he became known for his work among the people there as an "apostle to Persia". He was born in the Ireland Parish of
Justin Perkins
7289203
Intellectual movements in Iran Intellectual movements in Iran involve the Iranian experience of modernity and its associated art, science, literature, poetry, and political structures that have been changing since the 19th century. Long before the European Renaissance generated the radical ideas that eventually reshaped Europe and the United States, Persian statesmen, artists, and intellectuals had formulated ideas that strikingly anticipate those of modernity. Since more than thousand years ago there has been a conflict in Persia between the search for modernity and the forces of religious obscurantism. Some twenty-five hundred years ago, when Herodotus was writing his "Histories", Persia was
Intellectual movements in Iran
8855054
Hamistagan As described in the 9th century Zoroastrian text "Dadestan-i Denig" ("Religious Decisions"), hamistagan or is a neutral place or state for the departed souls of those whose good deeds and bad deeds were equal in life. Here these souls await Judgment Day. Meanwhile, those who did mostly good experience bliss and those who did mostly evil suffer torment. "Religious Decisions" was written in Persia (modern day Iran) when Islam was replacing Zoroastrianism as the majority religion. Hamistagan can be compared to Roman Catholic purgatory because it occupies a position between heaven and hell, but hamistagan is a place of
Hamistagan
5648525
"Persia" and "Iran" could officially be used interchangeably. However the issue is still debated today. The name "Irān" is first attested in the Avesta as "airyānąm" (the text of which is composed in Avestan, an old Iranian language spoken in northeastern Greater Iran, or in what are now Turkmenistan and Tajikistan). The Modern Persian word "Īrān" () derives immediately from Middle Persian "Ērān" (Pahlavi spelling: "ʼyrʼn"), first attested in an inscription that accompanies the investiture relief of the first Sassanid king Ardashir I at Naqsh-e Rustam. In this inscription, the king's Middle Persian appellation is "ardašīr šāhān šāh ērān" while
Name of Iran
11944993
South Persia Rifles The South Persia Rifles (Persian: تپانچه‌داران جنوب پارس), also known as SPR, was a Persian military force recruited by the British in 1916 and under British command. They participated in the Persian Campaign of World War I. The British formed the South Persia Rifles in response to German influence in southern Iran in 1915 and early 1916. The German agents influenced tribal groups who were already in rebellion against the British. As a result, the British had to divert troops to Iran rather than Ottoman Iraq. The South Persia Rifles was a measure to use locally raised
South Persia Rifles
6337663
lived in the territories of today's Iran for over 2,700 years, since the first Jewish diaspora when Shalmaneser V conquered the (Northern) Kingdom of Israel (722 BC) and sent the Israelites into captivity at Khorasan. In 586 BC, the Babylonians expelled large populations of Jews from Judea to the Babylonian captivity. Jews who migrated to ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. The Jewish Bible's Ketuvim ends in Second Chronicles with the decree of Cyrus, which returned the exiles to the Promised Land from Babylon along with a commission to rebuild the temple. 'Thus saith Cyrus, king of Persia:
Iran–Israel relations
2142776
one of Silla's royal tombs unearthed in Gyeongju. An exotic golden sword was found in Gyerim-ro, a street also located in Gyeongju. These are all relics that are presumed to be sent to Silla from ancient Iran or Persia through the Silk Road. It was only during the Goryeo Dynasty during King HyeonJong's reign when trade with Persia was officially recorded in Korean history. But in academic circles, it is presumed that both countries had active cultural exchanges during the 7th century Silla era which means the relationship between Korea and Iran began more than 1500 years ago."In a history
Silla
6796794
Suleiman of Persia Sam Mirza (), later known by his first dynastic name of Safi II (), and thereafter known by his more famous second dynastic name of Suleiman I (), was the eighth Safavid shah (king) of Iran, ruling from 1 November 1666 to 29 July 1694. Sam Mirza was born in February 1648 (or March); he was the elder son of the previous shah Abbas II and Circassian slave Nakihat Khanum. Sam Mirza had a younger brother named Hamza Mirza, as well as two other brothers named Ismail Mirza and Mirza Ali Naqi. He also had two unnamed
Suleiman of Persia
19642743
The term is believed to convey an exaggerated expression of remoteness. The contextual meaning of "Persia/Iran" may be mistaken by contemporary readers as modern Iran; however, a fuller comprehension of the Hadith requires an understanding of the Hadith Historicity context and definitions of its terminology regarding what was meant by "Persia". Possibilities include: Hadith of Persian Men Hadith of Persian Men ( ) refers to a Hadith, an IslamIc "report", "account," or "narrative" about the people of Iran (Persia). The central Hadith of Persian Men is understood to concern three concepts: Iman (faith), Deen (Religion) and Ilm (knowledge). The Hadith
Hadith of Persian Men
7092822
of as being between Persia and the Indian subcontinent. However, this is a Greek pronunciation of the name Haroyum/Haraiva (Herat), which the Greeks called 'Aria'. A land listed separately from the homeland of the Aryans. While up until the end of the Parthian period in the 3rd century CE, the idea of "Irān" had an ethnic, linguistic, and religious value, it did not yet have a political import. The idea of an "Iranian" empire or kingdom in a political sense is a purely Sasanian one. It was the result of a convergence of interests between the new dynasty and the
Greater Iran
7418968
texts to and from China, India, Greece, and Persia led to attempts to develop extensive lists of all medical practices, including abortion, and the practice is described in detail in texts from many different regions. One text, written by physician and jurist Hakim Esmail Jorjani (1042-1137 AD), gives instruction for the appropriate use of natural abortifacients, with the caveat that these instructions are meant only for "a very young mother who fears she may die...or when there is disease in the uterus". For a long time, abortion in Persia (and then Iran) was a legal gray area, which may explain
Abortion in Iran
3690115
is considered by many the masterpiece of Persian literature. Approximately 10%-15% of all Persian names are from Shahnameh. A few examples are Abtin, Ardeshir, Armeen, Arzhang, Babak (Papak), Bijan, Bizhan, Bozorgmehr, Darab, Dariush (Darius), Esfandiar, Esfandyar, Javid, Faramarz, Farhad, Fariborz, Farshid, Farzad, and Yazdan. Prior to 1919, the people of Persia (Iran) did not use surnames. An act of the Vosough od-Dowleh government in 1919 introduced the use of surnames, and the practice expanded during the reign of Reza Shah (r. 1925–1941). Prior to that, a person was often distinguished from others by a combination of prefixes and suffixes attached
Persian name
18511022
Muslim conquest of Northern Persia Northern Persia at the time when the Muslim conquests started included Tabaristan, the greater portion of historic Armenia, Caucasian Albania, and Iberia. Sassanid Albania fell to the Islamic conquest of Persia in the mid-7th century and was incorporated into the Rashidun Caliphate. King Javanshir of Albania, the most prominent ruler of Mihranid dynasty, fought against the Arab invasion of caliph Uthman on the side of Sassanid Iran. Facing the threat of the Arab invasion on the south and the Khazar offensive on the north, Javanshir had to recognize the caliph's suzerainty. The Arabs then reunited
Muslim conquest of Northern Persia
5900339
Peugeot Pars The Peugeot Pars () also known as "Peugeot Persia" is an Iran Khodro product. After 10 years of manufacturing Peugeot 405 in Iran Khodro company, Peugeot Persia was designed as a facelift of the 405. Peugeot Persia was soon renamed to Peugeot Safir and eventually Peugeot Pars because of local copyright problems. Peugeot Pars had been made in 3 models Pars, Pars 16V, and Pars ELX. The 16V and ELX models use a more powerful PSA 16 valve engine and a few extra facilities. The PSA-borrowed engine is XU7JP (code LFZ, known as L3 in Iran) 1.8 L
Peugeot Pars
14088681
how scarce Twelver Shiism was then to be found in Iran, a chronicler tells us that only one Shia text could be found in Ismail's capital Tabriz. Thus it is questionable whether Ismail and his followers could have succeeded in forcing a whole people to adopt a new faith without the support of the Arab Shiite scholars. The rulers of Safavid Persia also invited these foreign Shiite religious scholars to their court in order to provide legitimacy for their own rule over Persia. Abbas I of Persia, during his reign, also imported more Arab Shia Ulama to Iran, built religious
Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam
3714831
manifested itself in several facets throughout the history of Iran as well as the Caucasus, Central Asia, Anatolia, and Mesopotamia. The article uses the words "Persian" and "Iranian" interchangeably, sometimes referring to the language and its speakers, and other times referring to the name of pre-20th century Iran, a nomenclature which survives from western explorers and orientalists. They are not the same and the cultures of the peoples of Greater Persia are the focus of this article. Iran has one of the richest art heritages in world history and encompasses many disciplines including architecture, painting, weaving, pottery, calligraphy, metalworking and
Culture of Iran
7543725
Great Britain and Persia over the Iranian city of Herat. Great Britain would remove its military and diplomatic missions from Persia, occupy Kharg island, and attack Bushehr. Mohammad Shah Qajar would in turn resume diplomatic relations with France, and send a diplomatic mission to Louis-Philippe under Mirza Hossein Khan to obtain military help. In response, a group of French officers was sent to Persia with the returning ambassador. France had close economic collaboration with Iran during the Pahlavi era, especially with numerous contracts related to public works. Following the 1979 Islamic Revolution, France refused to continue to provide Iran with
France–Iran relations
4267327
from the Pahlavi scripts to a modified version of the Arabic alphabet. Today Persian is spoken officially in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. The Arab conquest of Persia led to a period of extreme urbanisation in Iran, starting with the ascension of the Abbasid dynasty and ending in the 11th century CE. This was particularly true for the eastern parts of the country, for regions like Khorasan and Transoxiana. During this period, Iran saw the development of massive metropolises, some reaching population numbers of up to 200,000 people. Before this period, the important Persian cities had been situated outside of Persia
Muslim conquest of Persia
7543718
France–Iran relations French–Iranian relations are the international relations between France and Iran. Iran has generally enjoyed a friendly relationship with France since the Middle Ages. The travels of Jean-Baptiste Tavernier are particularly well known to Safavid Persia. France has an embassy in Tehran and Iran has an embassy in Paris. Recently however, relations have soured over Iran's refusal to halt uranium enrichment and France supporting the referral of Iran to the United Nations Security Council. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Persia tried to obtain support among European nations against the expansionism of the Portuguese and the neighbouring Ottoman Empire.
France–Iran relations
5146482
Dictionary of Iran" puts the number at 1 million. Iranian Arabs form 1-2% of Iran's population. Iranian Arabs Iranian Arabs ( "ʿArab Īrān"; "Arabhāye Irān") refers to the citizens or residents of Iran who are ethnically Arab. Iranian Arabs form around 2% of Iran's population which is around 1.5 million people. The Arab presence in Iran did not begin with the Arab conquest of Persia in 633 AD. For centuries, Iranian rulers had maintained contacts with Arabs outside their borders, dealt with Arab subjects and client states (such as those of Iraq and Yemen), and settled Arab tribesmen in various
Iranian Arabs
6565442
Communist Party of Persia The Communist Party of Iran (or Communist Party of Persia) was an Iranian communist party founded in June 1920 in Bandar-e Anzali, Gilan Province. Originally established as the Justice Party () in 1917 by the former social democrats who supported Baku-based Bolsheviks, it participated in Third International in 1919 and was renamed to the "Communist Party of Iran" in 1920. Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli, one of the leaders of the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, was elected as its general secretary. Its foundation came about as a result of the establishment of the Soviet Republic of Gilan,
Communist Party of Persia
16097265
1867 when Bahá'ís wrote a petition to the US Congress because it held no attachment to the present oppressive conditions in Persia. Bahá'u'lláh did himself address the "Rulers of America and the Presidents of the Republics" saying in part "Bind ye the broken with the hands of justice, and crush the oppressor who flourisheth with the rod of the commandments of your Lord…." Bahá'ís also used diplomatic means to seek redress or relief. When the American community was only at most roughly 2000, in 1901 American Bahá'ís approached then US Ambassador to Iran Herbert W. Bowen in Paris concerning the
Bahá'í Faith in the United States
4353763
massacre was the newly appointed ambassador to Persia, Aleksander Griboyedov, a celebrated Russian playwright. Griboyedov had previously played an active role in negotiating the terms of the treaty. Treaty of Turkmenchay The Treaty of Turkmenchay (, ) was an agreement between Persia (Iran) and the Russian Empire, which concluded the Russo-Persian War (1826–28). It was signed on 10 February 1828 in Torkamanchay, Iran. By the treaty, Persia ceded to Russia control of several areas in the South Caucasus: the Erivan Khanate, the Nakhchivan Khanate, and the remainder of the Talysh Khanate. The boundary between Russian and Persia was set at
Treaty of Turkmenchay
10246815
(1.94.2) describes Zoroaster as one of the "Arianoi". The terms "ērān"/"ērānšahr" had no currency for the Arabic-speaking Caliphs, for whom Arabic "al-'ajam" und "al-furs" ("Persia") to refer to Western Iran (i.e. the territory initially captured by the Arabs and approximately corresponding to the present-day country of Iran) had greater traction than indigenous Iranian usage. Moreover, for the Arabs "ērān"/"ērānšahr" were tainted by their association with the vanquished Sassanians, for whom being Iranian was also synonymous with being "mazdayesn", i.e. Zoroastrian. Accordingly, while the Arabs were generally quite open to Iranian ideas if it suited them, this did not extend to
Iran (word)
4756778
a survey in 1968. The dig continued for several seasons until 1978, when the Iranian Revolution intervened. Most recently, Tal-i Malyan was excavated by Kamyar Abdi in 1999. A further 6 week dig was conducted in 2004 by the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran and Dartmouth College. Anshan (Persia) Anshan ( "Anzan"), modern Tall-i Malyan (), was an ancient city. The site is located 46 km north of Shiraz, in the Beyza/Ramjerd plain, in the province of Fars in the Zagros Mountains, south-western Iran. It was one of the early capitals of Elam from the late 4th millennium BC. Later,
Anshan (Persia)
739135
2015, and marked a significant breakthrough in the 12-year history of negotiations with Iran over its nuclear programme. When Donald Trump was campaigning to become President of the US, he repeatedly said he would abandon the Iran nuclear deal. After he was appointed president, the USA announced to withdraw from the agreement on the 8th of May 2018. History of Iran The history of Iran, commonly also known as Persia in the Western world, is intertwined with the history of a larger region, also to an extent known as Greater Iran, comprising the area from Anatolia, the Bosphorus, and Egypt
History of Iran
6985918
Germany–Iran relations German–Iranian relations refer to bilateral relations between Germany and Iran. While official diplomatic relations between Iran and post-WW2 Germany began in 1952 when Iran opened its first diplomatic mission office in Bonn, the two countries have enjoyed diplomatic relations since the 19th century. Unofficial relations between the German Reich and Iran date to the early 19th century. Goethe's dedication of his "West-östlicher Divan" (West-Eastern Divan) to Hafez in 1819 is an illustration of how far back such cultural ties went. During the Qajar era, with the growing unpopularity of world powers in Persia such as Russia and Great
Germany–Iran relations
20031472
Sophy (Safavid Empire) The Sophy, also spelled Sofi, Sophie, Sophi, or Soffi, was a reference to the ruler of the Safavid dynasty of Iran. Even though Iran remained known in the West by the exonym Persia (see Name of Iran), which had been coined in "the days of the ancient Greeks", from the time of king Abbas I (r. 1588-1629), the ruler of the nation came to be known as the "Sophy", itself a corruption of the word "Safavi" - the dynasty to which Abbas I belonged. Though the usage of "Sophy" gained much more prominence during Abbas I's rule,
Sophy (Safavid Empire)
7879849
Samuel M. Jordan Dr. Samuel Martin Jordan (1871 – 1952) was an American presbyterian missionary in Persia (Iran). He is sometimes referred to as the "father of modern education in Iran". After graduating first from Lafayette College and then from the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1898, he moved to Tehran and spent 43 years as a missionary in Iran. Under his direction, the establishment that later took the name of Alborz High School was upgraded to the "American College of Tehran" and received a permanent charter from the Board of Regents of the State University of New York in 1932.
Samuel M. Jordan
16135407
was installed on 5 August 2007 in St Paul's Church in Tehran by Mouneer Anis, Bishop of Egypt and Presiding Bishop of the ECJME. Diocese of Iran The Diocese of Iran is one of the four dioceses of the Anglican Province of Jerusalem and the Middle East. The diocese was established in 1912 as the Diocese of Persia and was incorporated into the Jerusalem Archbishopric in 1957. The current bishop is Azad Marshall. His title is Bishop in Iran, rather than the often expected Bishop "of" Iran. The beginnings of the Anglican Diocese of Iran were in 1883 when Valpy
Diocese of Iran
2625324
and Mirza Malkom Khan. Khan also addressed a need for a change in Persian poetry in literary terms as well, always linking it to social concerns. The new Persian literary movement cannot be understood without an understanding of the intellectual movements among Iranian philosophical circles. Given the social and political climate of Persia (Iran) in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which led to the Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1906–1911, the idea that change in poetry was necessary became widespread. Many argued that Persian poetry should reflect the realities of a country in transition. This idea was propagated by
Persian literature
8414066
Quest of Persia Quest of Persia is a Persian action-adventure video game series. The first Game of the series “The End of Innocence” has been released in September 2005. "Lotfali Khan Zand" has been released in May 2008. Quest of Persia: The End of Innocence () is the first game of the series which was released in September 2005 in Iran. It was developed and published by Persian studio Puya Arts. The story begins with Iraq attacking Iran from the air, sea and land. Arashk who is an engineer working in Petrochemical plant, gets caught in the attacks, and has
Quest of Persia
4927734
religion, and the city of Semnan was once again brought under the reign of Persian customs and traditions. After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the religion of Islam was established within the city of Semnan. Though, unlike modern day Semnan, the people of the city originally practiced Sunni Islam, similar to the rest of early Islamic Persia. However, the institution of Sunni Islam did not last very long. The Alavids of Tabaristan had established a Shi'a Islamic emirate and upon conquering Semnan, brought the Zaidi Shi'a sect of Islam. Then, in the year 427 AH, the Seljuq Turks invaded and
Semnan, Iran
2327554
were produced between 1977 and 1987 in Iran. It appears that these models were basically the same as those built in the U.S. from 1975 to 1979 (Islamic Revolution). It is said that in 1978, the Iranian Chevrolet Nova and Buick Skylark cars had order backlogs of 13 months. GM Iran changed its name to Pars Khodro (meaning "Pars Automobile" in Iranian; 'Pars' being the ancient, original name of Persia) after 1979. The production continued from 1979 to 1987 on a part-time basis. Since the spare parts and the assembly-line equipment were not used between 1979 and 1986. GM ceased
Buick Skylark
16055315
warāʼ an-Nahr" (Land Beyond the River) passed into Persian literary usage and stayed on until post-Mongol times. The region was one of the satrapies (provinces ) of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia under the name Sogdiana. It was defined within the classical world of Iran to distinguish it from Iran proper, especially its northeastern province of Khorasan—a term originating with the Sasanians,—although early Arab historians and geographers tended to subsume the region within the loosely defined term "Khorasan" designating a much larger territory. The name Transoxiana stuck in Western consciousness because of the exploits of Alexander the Great, who extended
Transoxiana
6930197
some Al-Mazeedi family members migrated to Yemen a few hundred years ago and settled in the region of Hadhramaut where there are still Sunni families who belong to the original Mazeedi's of Iraq. Their tribal name is supposedly Al-Mazyad. also many of them went to Persia Iran and established a city in north of Iran called MazeedChall and they converted into Shia Muslims. but the city was destroyed by Turkmen people and now they live in Golestan Province and Kermanshah Province in Iran. Al-Mazeedi Banu Al-Mazeedi (المزيدي), or Banu Mazyad, an Arabic tribe in Iraq, were the descendants of Adnan.
Al-Mazeedi
4693894
Zāl was the son of Sām and the grandson of Nariman, both heroes of ancient Persia and protectors of "Motherland Iran" ("Iran-zamin"). Because of his defect, Zāl was rejected by his father, who blamed the evil spirit, Ahriman, for the appearance of his son. Zāl was abandoned when only an infant in the Alborz Mountain, which has the highest geographic peak in Iran. The mythical simurgh (a very large and wise bird which darkens the sky when flying, said to be related to the phoenix) found the baby and took him to her nest. Then after a time, passing caravans
Zāl
13514656
Nader Shah Nader Shah Afshar (; also known as "Nader Qoli Beyg" or "Tahmāsp Qoli Khan" ) (August 1688 – 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of the nation, ruling as Shah of Iran (Persia) from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion. Because of his military genius as evidenced in numerous martial encounters throughout his campaigns, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Kirkuk, Yeghevard, Khyber Pass, Karnal and Kars, some historians have described him as the "Napoleon of Persia", "Sword of Persia", or the "Second Alexander".
Nader Shah