where does most of earth 's energy come from
oil
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the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total. Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008, the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil
World energy consumption
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are other derivatives of sunlight. Note that although coal, oil and natural gas are derived from sunlight, they are considered primary energy sources which are extracted from the earth (fossil fuels). Natural uranium is also a primary energy source extracted from the earth but does not come from the decomposition of organisms (mineral fuel). Energy carrier An energy carrier is a substance (energy form) or sometimes a phenomenon (energy system) that contains energy that can be later converted to other forms such as mechanical work or heat or to operate chemical or physical processes. Such carriers include springs, electrical batteries,
Energy carrier
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supported the use of renewable energy saying "I would like to see us kick our current addiction to oil, and adopt clean energy sources..Climate change has now added a new sense of urgency. Our civilisation depends on energy, but we can’t allow oil and coal to slowly bake our planet." Clarke believed "The best proof that there’s intelligent life in outer space is the fact that it hasn’t come here...the fact that we have not yet found the slightest evidence for life — much less intelligence — beyond this Earth does not surprise or disappoint me in the least. Our
Arthur C. Clarke
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non-depletable sources of energy: ...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself. In international public opinion surveys there is strong support for a variety of methods for addressing the problem of energy supply. These methods include promoting renewable sources such
Renewable energy commercialization
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for mitigating greenhouse gases. Fossil fuels are being replaced by clean, climate-stabilizing, non-depletable sources of energy. According to Lester R. Brown: ...the transition from coal, oil, and gas to wind, solar, and geothermal energy is well under way. In the old economy, energy was produced by burning something — oil, coal, or natural gas — leading to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energy in wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself. In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16% to 369,553 MW.
Anti-nuclear movement
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However, nickel-62 is the most tightly bound nucleus in terms of energy of binding per nucleon . (Nickel-62's higher energy of binding does not translate to a larger mean mass loss than Fe-56, because Ni-62 has a slightly higher ratio of neutrons/protons than does iron-56, and the presence of the heavier neutrons increases nickel-62's average mass per nucleon). To reduce the disruptive energy, the weak interaction allows the number of neutrons to exceed that of protons—for instance, the main isotope of iron has 26 protons and 30 neutrons. Isotopes also exist where the number of neutrons differs from the most
Nuclear binding energy
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the only frequency at which it will vibrate, is given approximately, for small displacements, by the equation: where "g" is the acceleration due to gravity (about 9.8 m/s near the surface of Earth), and "L" is the length from the pivot point to the center of mass.(An elliptic integral yields a description for any displacement). Note that, in this approximation, the frequency does not depend on mass. Mechanical resonators work by transferring energy repeatedly from kinetic to potential form and back again. In the pendulum, for example, all the energy is stored as gravitational energy (a form of potential energy)
Mechanical resonance
15727057
right person to make a great "Thor" out of the story they wanted to do." Jenkins had intended to create a film based on the premise of "Romeo and Juliet", where Jane was stuck on Earth with Thor forbidden to come save her. After Thor eventually does travel to Earth, he and Jane would have discovered that Malekith was "hiding the dark energy inside of Earth because he knows that Odin doesn't care about Earth, and so he's using Odin's disinterest in Earth to trick him." Three days later, it was reported that Marvel was looking at Alan Taylor and
Thor: The Dark World
15726114
, it is the most distant quasar yet observed. The quasar emitted the light observed on Earth today less than 770 million years after the Big Bang, about 13 billion years ago. This is 100 million years earlier than light from the most distant previously known quasar. The quasar's luminosity is estimated at solar luminosities. This energy output is generated by a supermassive black hole estimated at solar masses. While the black hole powers the quasar, the light does not come from the black hole itself. Daniel Mortlock, lead author of the paper that announced the discovery of ULAS J1120+0641,
ULAS J1120+0641
486991
spacecraft acceleration if available input power is constant (less momentum per unit of energy given to propellant). Electric propulsion methods like mass drivers are systems where energy does not come from the propellant itself. (Such contrasts to chemical rockets where propulsive efficiency varies with the ratio of exhaust velocity to vehicle velocity at the time, but near maximum obtainable specific impulse tends to be a design goal when corresponding to the most energy released from reacting propellants). Although the specific impulse of an electric thruster itself optionally could range up to where mass drivers merge into particle accelerators with fractional-lightspeed
Mass driver
111116
as Milankovitch cycles. The changing Earth–Sun distance causes an increase of about 6.9% in solar energy reaching Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Because the Southern Hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the Southern Hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. This effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy is absorbed by the higher proportion of water in the Southern Hemisphere.
Earth
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July 4 (for other eras, see precession and Milankovitch cycles). The changing Earth–Sun distance results in an increase of about 6.9% in total solar energy reaching the Earth at perihelion relative to aphelion. Since the southern hemisphere is tilted toward the Sun at about the same time that the Earth reaches the closest approach to the Sun, the southern hemisphere receives slightly more energy from the Sun than does the northern over the course of a year. However, this effect is much less significant than the total energy change due to the axial tilt, and most of the excess energy
Earth's orbit
19524520
ways of liberation. Most commonly they are found in oxidized form, which makes them more soluble in water and thus more mobile. Unlike organic contaminants, however, they cannot be destroyed and must be converted into a stable form or extracted from the environment. The sources of radioactivity are not exclusive of human activity. The natural radioactivity does not come from human sources: it covers up to ¾ of the total radioactivity in the world and has its origins in the interaction of terrestrial elements with high energy cosmic rays (cosmogenic radionuclides) or in the existing materials on Earth since its
Bioremediation of radioactive waste
13684628
50 km of the generation site. The lost energy contributes to turbulence and mixing near the generation sites. It is not clear where the energy that leaves the generation site is dissipated, but there are 3 possible processes: 1) the internal tides scatter and/or break at distant midocean topography, 2) interactions with other internal waves remove energy from the internal tide, or 3) the internal tides shoal and break on continental shelves. Briscoe (1975)noted that “We cannot yet answer satisfactorily the questions: ‘where does the internal wave energy come from, where does it go, and what happens to it along
Internal tide
2720838
of alternate Captains Atom, including Earth-13's Brigadier, the Captain Atom as depicted in the graphic novel "Kingdom Come" (Earth-22), and a Captain in a red/silver variant of the Monarch's costume, one similar to the Charlton Comics Atom (Earth-4), and a Hulked out variant named Attum from an unknown Earth. Several more variants are shown in "Countdown: Arena" #4, including a President Atom, a robot called Quantum Mechanix, Kid Quantum of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Captain Adamma, Quantum Boy, an anthropomorphic wolf version, a from Earth-30, a Doctor Manhattan-lookalike, an energy based-Atom who makes calculations during his attacks, and a giant-sized
Captain Atom
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significant technical challenges, because the planet orbits so much closer to the Sun than does the Earth. A Mercury-bound spacecraft launched from Earth must travel 91 million kilometers into the Sun’s gravitational potential well. Starting from the Earth’s orbital speed of 30 km/s, the change in velocity (delta-v) the spacecraft must make to enter into a Hohmann transfer orbit that passes near Mercury is large compared to other planetary missions. The potential energy liberated by moving down the Sun's potential well becomes kinetic energy; requiring another large delta-"v" to do anything other than rapidly pass by Mercury. In order to
Geology of Mercury
5300720
more energy, typically moving with respect to the sun, when in our vicinity, at about the square root of two times the speed of the earth. This comes to 42 km/s, or a specific energy of 882 MJ/kg. The speed relative to the earth may be more or less, depending on direction. Since the speed of the earth around the sun is about 30 km/s, a comet's speed relative to the earth can range from 12 to 72 km/s, the latter corresponding to 2592 MJ/kg. If a comet with this speed fell to the earth it would gain another 63
Specific energy
1370502
on the earth) when 300 km above the Earth's surface. This is obtained by adding to the specific kinetic energy the square of the speed (7.73 km/s) of this low Earth orbit (that is, the depth of Earth's gravity well at this LEO). The column "Δv from LEO" is simply the previous speed minus 7.73 km/s. Note that in most cases, Δ"v" from LEO is less than the Δ"v" to enter Hohmann orbit from Earth's orbit. To get to the Sun, it is actually not necessary to use a Δ"v" of 24 km/s. One can use 8.8 km/s to go
Hohmann transfer orbit
5300721
MJ/kg, yielding a total of 2655 MJ/kg with a speed of 72.9 km/s. Since the equator is moving at about 0.5 km/s, the impact speed has an upper limit of 73.4 km/s, giving an upper limit for the specific energy of a comet hitting the earth of about 2690 MJ/kg. If the Hale-Bopp comet (50 km in diameter) had hit the earth, it would have vaporized the oceans and sterilized the surface of the earth. Specific energy Specific energy is energy per unit mass. (It is also sometimes called "energy density," though "energy density" more precisely means energy per unit
Specific energy
3653231
propulsion and the Oberth effect. According to Marsden and Ross, "The energy levels of the Sun–Earth and points differ from those of the Earth–Moon system by only 50 m/s (as measured by maneuver velocity)." We may apply the formula (where μ = GM is the standard gravitational parameter of the sun, see Hohmann transfer orbit) to calculate the Δ"v" in km/s needed to arrive at various destinations from Earth (assuming circular orbits for the planets, and using perihelion distance for Pluto). In this table, the column labeled "Δ"v" to enter Hohmann orbit from Earth's orbit" gives the change from Earth's
Delta-v budget
81008
effects of travel through the atmosphere, the lowest impact velocity with an object from space is equal to the gravitational escape velocity of about 11 km/s. The fastest impacts occur at about 72 km/s in the "worst case" scenario in which an object in a retrograde near-parabolic orbit hits Earth. (Because kinetic energy scales as velocity squared, Earth's gravity only contributes 1 km/s to this figure, not 11 km/s). The median impact velocity on Earth is about 20 km/s. However, the slowing effects of travel through the atmosphere rapidly decelerate any potential impactor, especially in the lowest 12 kilometres where
Impact crater
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heat generated within the Earth/geothermal energy. The most common fuel used in conventional nuclear fission power stations, uranium-235 is "non-renewable" according to the Energy Information Administration, the organization however is silent on the recycled MOX fuel. Similarly, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory does not mention nuclear power in its "energy basics" definition. In 1987, the Brundtland Commission (WCED) classified fission reactors that produce more fissile nuclear fuel than they consume (breeder reactors, and if developed, fusion power) among conventional renewable energy sources, such as solar and falling water. The American Petroleum Institute likewise does not consider conventional nuclear fission as
Nuclear power proposed as renewable energy
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can avoid searching a larger region of the sky. Most asteroids rated 1 on the Torino Scale are later downgraded to 0 after more observations come in. Risk assessments were calculated based on a diameter of 130 meters. It was estimated that, if it were ever to impact Earth, it would enter the atmosphere at a speed of 19.2 km/s and would have a kinetic energy equivalent to 150 megatons of TNT. Assuming the target surface is sedimentary rock, the asteroid would impact the ground with the equivalent of 40 megatons of TNT and create a impact crater. Asteroids of
2007 VK184
3776008
Also, where formula_17 is the asymptotic velocity at infinite distance. Spacecraft's velocity approaches formula_17 as it is further away from the central object's gravity. MAVEN, a Mars-bound spacecraft, was launched into a trajectory with a characteristic energy of 12.2 km/s with respect to the Earth. When simplified to a two-body problem, this would mean the MAVEN escaped Earth on a hyperbolic trajectory slowly decreasing its speed towards formula_19. However, since the Sun's gravitational field is much stronger than Earth's, the two-body solution is insufficient. The characteristic energy with respect to Sun was negative, and MAVEN – instead of heading to
Characteristic energy
19142785
a function of energy, and possibly to unveil the nature of dark matter. Such sources seem to be able to accelerate particles to energies far higher than scientists can achieve on Earth using the largest accelerators. Understanding how nature does this is important to space travel and has possible applications here on Earth. The CALET Principal Investigator is Shoji Torii from the Waseda University, Japan; John Wefel is the co-principal investigator for the US team; Pier S. Marrocchesi, is the co-investigator from the Italy team. Unlike optical telescopes, CALET operates in a scanning mode. It records each cosmic ray event
Calorimetric Electron Telescope
16855857
steep reef slopes at depths of between . "Scolymia lacera" contains single-celled symbiotic algae called zooxanthellae in its tissues. These are photosynthetic and use energy from the sun to produce organic compounds from which the coral also benefits. Much of its energy needs are supplied in this way but it also extends its ring of short "tentacle"s to catch plankton, feeding mostly at night. "Scolymia lacera" is an aggressive coral that attacks neighbouring corals that might deprive it of light. It does this by extruding filaments several centimetres long from its mesenteries. When these come in contact with another coral
Scolymia lacera
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much of commercial crop fertilizers. In the industrialized West, most food production and manufacturing is performed far from, and generally abstracted away from the consumer. The author further argues that alternative sources of energy will be insufficient. As petroleum sources become scarce, environmentally harmful or risky technologies such as coal and nuclear will become necessary but not sufficient for our energy needs. Hydroelectric, solar, and wind power, even in combination with coal and nuclear, will also be far from sufficient. Kunstler does not consider hydrogen to be a true energy source since one cannot drill into the earth and obtain
The Long Emergency
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extensively studied. While historical energy transitions were generally protracted affairs, unfolding over many decades, this does not necessarily hold true for the present energy transition, which is unfolding under very different policy and technological conditions. Solving the global warming problem is regarded as the most important challenge facing humankind in the 21st century. The capacity of the earth system to absorb greenhouse gas emissions is already exhausted, and under the Paris climate agreement, current emissions must be fully stopped until 2040 or 2050. Barring a breakthrough in carbon sequestration technologies, this requires an energy transition away from fossil fuels such
Energy transition
14757938
only in 2010 that the star was recognised as the most massive and luminous star known. Previous estimates had placed the luminosity as low as . At around , R136a1 is the most luminous star known, radiating more energy in four seconds than the Sun does in a year. If it replaced the Sun in the Solar System, it would outshine the Sun by 94,000 times (M = −7.6) and would appear from Earth at magnitude −39. Its brightness at a distance of 10 parsecs, the absolute visual magnitude, is −7.6, three magnitudes brighter than Venus ever appears from Earth.
R136a1
798331
it is commonly less energy efficient, in terms of heating needs. This is one of the reasons why atrium designs are classically applied to warmer climates. However, the atrium does tend to trap air within it which is then heated by the sun and helps reduce heat loss. Earth sheltering is often combined with solar heating systems. Most commonly, the utilization of passive solar design techniques is used in earth shelters. In the Northern Hemisphere, a south facing structure with the north, east, and west sides covered with earth is the most effective application for passive solar systems. A large
Earth sheltering
628334
the Counter-Earth during the first half of 2007. The separation of the STEREO spacecraft from Earth would give them a view of the L3 point during the early phase of the mission. If a Counter-Earth had an electromagnetic energy signature similar to that of Earth's, it would be able to be detected by astronomers since the signature would extend well beyond the surface of an Earth-like planet. The Sun's "wobbling" motion around its "barycenter" would prevent it from blocking all signs of that energy from Earth, at least for part of the year. The Sun does not remain stationary—relative to
Counter-Earth
7693787
the energy flow shifts, it can create what appears to be the transformation of one instinct into its opposite (61–62). Where does this neutral energy come from? The answer may lie in sexuality—in a “narcissistic reservoir of libido... [that is] desexualized Eros.” This process of desexualization occurs, according to Freud, when libidinal energy passes from the id (its origin) into the ego—which (through a process called “sublimation”) abandons the original sexual aims and utilizes the energy to fuel thought and self-interested motility (62). The libido is, therefore, transformed into energy that can be applied toward creative or destructive aims. This
The Ego and the Id
4301134
Moon for seismic studies. The most likely explanation appears to be the S-IVB third stage for Apollo 12. NASA had originally planned to direct the S-IVB into a solar orbit, but an extra long burn of the ullage motors meant that venting the remaining propellant in the tank of the S-IVB did not give the rocket stage enough energy to escape the Earth–Moon system, and instead the stage ended up in a semi-stable orbit around the Earth after passing by the Moon on November 18, 1969. It is thought that J002E3 left Earth orbit in June 2003, and that it
J002E3
10836859
old English and French name for dragon, and the Wagnerian equivalent is 'Wurm'. Revelation, chapter 12 tells how the great red dragon is thrown down to earth, and v. 9 gives some of its names: dragon, serpent, devil, Satan. "Do not come between the dragon and his wrath," says Lear several times during the film. One of the most famous cinematic dragons is perhaps the scene-stealing star of Part I of "Die Nibelungen". The film featured in "Histoire(s) du cinéma", Godard's next huge project after "King Lear": "Short of fusing himself into the celluloid, Godard does what he can to
King Lear (1987 film)
15650428
grounds are placed around the areas to be protected so that the magnetic field will encounter these conductors first. Energy from the magnetic field creates currents in the halo and ring ground, and this current is then safely shunted into the earth so that it does not harm equipment inside the protected building. Since most of the energy in the magnetic field is used up in the creation of these currents, very little energy is left over to create damaging currents inside the protected building. Ring ground A ring ground is a type of electrical ground that is used to
Ring ground
9562880
to lift it into orbit in the first place. In astrodynamics, this energy expenditure is defined by the net change in the spacecraft's velocity, or delta-v. The energy needed to reach Jupiter from an Earth orbit requires a delta-v of about 9 km/s, compared to the 9.0–9.5 km/s to reach a low Earth orbit from the ground. Gravity assists through planetary flybys (such as by Earth or Venus) can be used to reduce the energetic requirement (i.e. the fuel) at launch, at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration to reach a target such as Jupiter when compared to
Exploration of Jupiter
7084450
but doing so is not its sole or primary purpose. The Paper proposes that the organising principle of our effort should be the raising up of human dignity via three overarching objectives: ensuring energy access for all; ensuring that we develop in a manner that does not undermine the essential functioning of the Earth system; ensuring that our societies are adequately equipped to withstand the risks and dangers that come from all the vagaries of climate, whatever their cause may be. It explains radical and practical ways to reduce non-CO2 human forcing of climate. It argues that improved climate risk
Nico Stehr
8707080
the goddess - Parvati, an incarnation embodying Mother Earth with all her terrifying force. In the Hindu pantheon, however, the original mother form of the Maha Sakthi is the Primal Source of All Energy - from where everything - all matter and energy comes. The Sakthi is credited with the creation of Brahma, Vishnu and Siva, the three main gods of creation, sustenance and destruction. The word Mariamman come from two words: "Mari" meaning "power" and "amman" meaning "mother". "Maha" stands for "great". So this Mahamariamman temple tells you, it houses the great powerful mother. And some Indians considers Sri
Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang
11799956
stop most particles, measuring their energy. A set of scintillation counters was placed between the electro-magnetic and hadronic calorimeters: one of their functions was to help in recognising and rejecting signals coming from cosmic ray muons, very highly energetic particles which come from the space and can disturb the measurement. The outermost layer contained the magnet that generated, inside the detector, a magnetic field about 10000 times the average field on the surface of the Earth. This field deflected the charged particles which crossed it and the curvature of this deflection was a way of reconstructing the energy of the
L3 experiment
3421046
who, it was revealed, he had actually come to Earth to obtain. When Megatron was buried in the ruins of the pyramid following a failed attempt to steal the orb from the Autobots, he underwent his most startling transformation of all, as the energies of the pyramid resurrected him as the vampiric Galvatron, able to enhance his own strength by draining the life energy from others, starting with the Predacon Trio. Upon arriving in Metro City, he claimed that Megatron was dead and that he was a new person, claiming to now be a Decepticon. Galvatron drained the energy of
Galvatron
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(PDF 630KB ), published on April 5, 2007 by the Energy Watch Group (EWG), which reports to the German Parliament, found that global coal production could peak in as few as 15 years. Reporting on this Richard Heinberg also notes that the date of peak annual energetic extraction from coal will likely come earlier than the date of peak in quantity of coal (tons per year) extracted as the most energy-dense types of coal have been mined most extensively. A second study, "The Future of Coal" by B. Kavalov and S. D. Peteves of the Institute for Energy (IFE), prepared
Sustainability measurement
10473307
on 5 April 2007 by the Energy Watch Group (EWG) found that global coal extraction could peak in as few as 15 years. However, the graphs in their 2013 report show a peak in 2020. Reporting on this, Richard Heinberg also notes that the date of peak annual energetic extraction from coal will likely come earlier than the date of peak in quantity of coal (tons per year) extracted as the most energy-dense types of coal have been mined most extensively. "The Future of Coal" by B. Kavalov and S. D. Peteves of the Institute for Energy (IFE), prepared for
Peak coal
2775588
where the atom is fully ionised. During internal conversion, the atomic number does not change, and thus (as is the case with gamma decay) no transmutation of one element to another takes place. Since an electron is lost from the atom, a hole appears in an electron shell which is subsequently filled by other electrons that descend to that empty, lower energy level, and in the process emit characteristic X-ray(s), Auger electron(s), or both. The atom thus emits high-energy electrons and X-ray photons, none of which originate in that nucleus. The atom supplied the energy needed to eject the electron,
Internal conversion
2775590
inner shell electron (usually an "s" electron) is said to penetrate the volume of the atomic nucleus. When this happens, the electron may couple to an excited energy state of the nucleus and take the energy of the nuclear transition directly, without an intermediate gamma ray being first produced. The kinetic energy of the emitted electron is equal to the transition energy in the nucleus, minus the binding energy of the electron to the atom. Most internal conversion (IC) electrons come from the K shell (the 1s state), as these two electrons have the highest probability of being within the
Internal conversion
17712297
Frankenstein's Monster (video game) Frankenstein's Monster is a platform game developed for the Atari 2600 video game console, based on Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein". It was released by Data Age in 1983. The player character has to "make his way through the ghoulish castle of Dr. Frankenstein," where he "must prevent him from completing his creation." The player must "gather stones from the dungeon and bring them to the tower where [he] must build a barricade around "Frankenstein's monster" before he has accumulated enough energy to come alive," which he does using the so-called "Power Probe," a device absorbing energy from
Frankenstein's Monster (video game)
5150868
two cities, Erebus and Ark Home, Hank is granted full military suppression by Commander Sato to any hostiles of both parties. Steel is blocked by The Flash, Power Girl, and Huntress. Following a small argument, the conflict is ended as Green Lantern re-purposes his power ring to become Earth 2's energy supply. Steel is among those who come into conflict with Fury and Aquawoman following the Amazonian's suggestion to use an artifact known as the Pandora Vessel to recreate the Earth back to its original state. The World Army cabinet is attacked by Ultra-Humanite's soldiers and Steel is gravely injured
Commander Steel
6856069
This was followed by a cooling phase, where the magma would freeze and become solid rock again, causing Earth to shrink. In 1888 Ivan Osipovich Yarkovsky suggested that some sort of aether is absorbed within Earth and transformed into new chemical elements, forcing the celestial bodies to expand. This was connected with his mechanical explanation of gravitation. Also the theses of Ott Christoph Hilgenberg (1933, 1974) and Nikola Tesla (1935) were based on absorption and transformation of aether-energy into normal matter. After initially supporting continental drift, the late Australian geologist S. Warren Carey advocated expansion from the 1950s (before the
Expanding Earth
16612001
on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES); the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS); and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGR). The Earth Negotiations Bulletin archives link to all of the processes and ENB reports covered by IISD RS. "Earth Negotiations Bulletin" The IISD Global Subsidies Initiative (GSI) supports international processes, national governments and civil society organizations to align subsidies with sustainable development. GSI does this by promoting transparency on the nature and size of energy subsidies; evaluating the economic, social and environmental impacts of energy subsidies; and, where necessary, advising on how inefficient and
International Institute for Sustainable Development
12015186
level. After working in D.C.'s Adams-Morgan neighborhood, Karl disappeared from the Washington scene. A stone's throw from his old life, Karl and his wife Theresa settled near Martinsburg, West Virginia in their hand-built, energy-efficient, earth-insulated home. Hess was fascinated by the possibilities of "appropriate technology" to empower communities and individuals. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Karl taught a summer-long course at Goddard College. This hands-on experience included building and operating solar and wind energy systems, aquacultural and organic farming. His energy, his life experience, his take on the times, and most of all his sense of humor made
Karl Hess: Toward Liberty
17081182
Costing the Earth Costing the Earth is a programme on BBC Radio 4 about the environment. According to the programme´s website, it looks at man's effect on the environment and how the environment reacts, questioning accepted truths, challenging those in charge and reporting on progress towards improving the world. The programme reports on all matters relating to the environment. The most recent series has covered topics as diverse as the impact of having a baby on the environment and Germany's energy revolution. Notably the series worked with BBC2's Newsnight programme and the BBC World Channel's Our World to produce a
Costing the Earth
7533259
Immortals was made in the theatrical version of "" (1991), which revealed that Immortals are aliens from the planet Zeist. This was edited out of the 1995 director's cut, "", in which the Immortals are from Earth, but from a distant past. Neither of the two versions is mentioned in later movies or the . In either version of "Highlander II", Immortals themselves do not know where they come from or for what purpose they exist. In "Highlander", the Immortal mentor Ramírez, when asked by newly Immortal Connor MacLeod about their origins, answers, "Why does the sun come up? Or
Immortal (Highlander)
15687207
an ecosystem functions as a unit. From a practical point, it does not make sense to assess a terrestrial ecosystem by considering the full column of air above it as well as the great depths of Earth below it. While an ecosystem often has no clear boundary, as a working model it is practical to consider the functional community where the bulk of matter and energy transfer occurs. Nutrient cycling occurs in ecosystems that participate in the "larger biogeochemical cycles of the earth through a system of inputs and outputs." Ecosystems are capable of complete recycling. Complete recycling means that
Nutrient cycle
18369128
10 watts, equal to an absolute bolometric magnitude of -31.5. If the quasar were at a distance of 280 light-years from Earth, it would give out as much energy per square meter as the Sun does at Earth, despite being 18 million times more distant. The quasar's luminosity is therefore about 3 × 10 (300 trillion) times the Sun, or over 25,000 times as luminous as all the 100 to 400 billion stars of the Milky Way Galaxy combined, making it one of the most powerful objects in the observable universe. However, because of its huge distance of 12.1 billion
S5 0014+81
3957228
modify the brightness, or apparent luminosity, of a moving object is determined by the equation describing the relativistic Doppler effect (which is why relativistic beaming is also known as Doppler beaming). The simplest model for a jet is one where a single, homogeneous sphere is travelling towards the Earth at nearly the speed of light. This simple model is also an unrealistic one, although it does illustrate the physical process of beaming quite well. Relativistic jets emit most of their energy via synchrotron emission. In our simple model the sphere contains highly relativistic electrons and a steady magnetic field. Electrons
Relativistic beaming
9491632
and Health where work on energy poverty in India is listed. Domestic energy poverty refers to a situation where a household does not have access or cannot afford to have the basic energy or energy services to achieve day to day living requirements. These requirements can change from country to country and region to region. The most common needs are lighting, cooking energy, domestic heating or cooling. There is little information available on specific measure on the basic energy requirement, but many countries have identified that provision of 1 unit of electricity per day per household as a basic energy
Energy poverty
2823639
and the Northeast of the US. African countries with small scale electrical grids have a correspondingly low annual per capita usage of electricity. One of the most powerful power grids in the world supplies power to the state of Queensland, Australia. Wireless power transfer is a process whereby electrical energy is transmitted from a power source to an electrical load that does not have a built-in power source, without the use of interconnecting wires. Currently available technology is limited to short distances and relatively low power level. Orbiting solar power collectors would require wireless transmission of power to Earth. The
Energy development
1444288
buried. In theory, the amount of radioactive nuclear fallout would be reduced from that of a standard, air-burst nuclear detonation because they would have relatively low explosive yield. However, because such weapons necessarily come into contact with large amounts of earth-based debris, they may, under certain circumstances, still generate significant fallout. Warhead yield and weapon design have changed periodically throughout the history of the design of such weapons. An underground explosion releases a larger fraction of its energy into the ground, compared to an explosion at or above the surface which releases most of its energy into the atmosphere. In
Bunker buster
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of years' energy conservation aboard our Spaceship Earth. These energy savings have been put into our Spaceship's life-regeneration-guaranteeing bank account for use only in self-starter functions. United Nations Secretary-General U Thant spoke of Spaceship Earth on Earth Day March 21, 1971 at the ceremony of the ringing of the Japanese Peace Bell: "May there only be peaceful and cheerful Earth Days to come for our beautiful Spaceship Earth as it continues to spin and circle in frigid space with its warm and fragile cargo of animate life." Spaceship Earth is the name given to the 50 m diameter geodesic sphere
Spaceship Earth
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any physical process within an isolated system, total energy and angular momentum are conserved. Effectively, energy and angular momentum are transferred from the rotation of Earth to the orbital motion of the Moon (however, most of the energy lost by Earth (−3.321 TW) is converted to heat by frictional losses in the oceans and their interaction with the solid Earth, and only about 1/30th (+0.121 TW) is transferred to the Moon). The Moon moves farther away from Earth (+38.247±0.004 mm/y), so its potential energy (in Earth's gravity well) increases. It stays in orbit, and from Kepler's 3rd law it follows
Tidal acceleration
3584165
pole the Negative Energy Plane, and at the middle four points lie the Elemental Planes (based on the four classical elements): Air opposite Earth, Fire opposite Water. They were an important part of the Planescape setting. Each edge is also either a para-elemental or quasi-elemental plane of its own. The four Elemental Planes are the planes of Air, Fire, Water and Earth. 2nd edition also included the Para-Elemental and Quasi-Elemental Planes. The Para-Elemental Planes are produced where the Elemental Planes come into contact with each other: Smoke (Air and Fire), Ice (Air and Water), Ooze (Earth and Water), and Magma
Inner Plane
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lower cost of providing goods from the Moon might be attractive. In the long term, the Moon will likely play an important role in supplying space-based construction facilities with raw materials. Zero gravity in space allows for the processing of materials in ways impossible or difficult on Earth, such as "foaming" metals, where a gas is injected into a molten metal, and then the metal is annealed slowly. On Earth, the gas bubbles rise and burst, but in a zero gravity environment, that does not happen. The annealing process requires large amounts of energy, as a material is kept very
Colonization of the Moon
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and to the contribution of self-energy to a body's gravity (encoded in the nonlinearity of Einstein's equations). Relativistic precession has been observed for all planets that allow for accurate precession measurements (Mercury, Venus, and Earth), as well as in binary pulsar systems, where it is larger by five orders of magnitude. In general relativity the perihelion shift σ, expressed in radians per revolution, is approximately given by: where: According to general relativity, a binary system will emit gravitational waves, thereby losing energy. Due to this loss, the distance between the two orbiting bodies decreases, and so does their orbital period.
General relativity
3387337
Erebor, Balin fears that Thorin might succumb to the same dragon-sickness as his grandfather, and he is seen weeping openly when his fears come true. When Bilbo departs after the Battle of the Five Armies, Balin personally bids him farewell. Balin (Middle-earth) Balin is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. He is an important supporting character in "The Hobbit", and is mentioned in "The Fellowship of the Ring". Balin is the only dwarf of Thorin's company whose name does not come directly from the Old Norse poem "Völuspá", part of the "Poetic Edda". The name does appear
Balin (Middle-earth)
12681
the energy of orbital above the energy of the s-orbital in the next higher shell; when formula_35 the energy is pushed into the shell two steps higher. The filling of the 3d orbitals does not occur until the 4s orbitals have been filled. The increase in energy for subshells of increasing angular momentum in larger atoms is due to electron–electron interaction effects, and it is specifically related to the ability of low angular momentum electrons to penetrate more effectively toward the nucleus, where they are subject to less screening from the charge of intervening electrons. Thus, in atoms of higher
Atomic orbital
8782710
the Moon in the traditional , and allow for a doubling of payload. Robert Farquhar had described a 9-day route from low earth orbit to lunar capture that takes 3.5 km/s. Belbruno's routes from low Earth orbit require a 3.1 km/s burn for trans lunar injection, a delta-"v" saving of not more than 0.4 km/s. However, the latter require no large delta-"v "change after leaving low Earth orbit, which may have operational benefits if using a departure stage with limited restart or in-orbit endurance capability, which would require the spacecraft to have a separate main propulsion system for capture. For
Low-energy transfer
578339
than a year, the Earth "falls behind" the bean a little more each year, and so from our point of view, the circuit is not quite closed, but rather like a spiral loop that moves slowly away from the Earth. After many years, the Earth will have fallen so far behind that Cruithne will then actually be "catching up" on the Earth from "behind". When it eventually does catch up, Cruithne will make a series of annual close approaches to the Earth and gravitationally exchange orbital energy with Earth; this will alter Cruithne's orbit by a little over half a
3753 Cruithne
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epilespy, her own ill health, and importantly, and her husband Diego Rivera's not wanting children, as evidenced by the abandonment of several women who had his children. Indeed, in a discussion with two mother's of Diego's children, they and Kahlo come to the conclusion that he himself is like a child, a conclusion clearly depicted in this work. However, that does not mean she was uninterested in fertility, and the roles of women in being fertile, and nurturing, and seeing that as an allegory to the earth's fertility and nurturing qualities, as depicted in the Earth (Mexico)'s lactating breasts, and
The Love Embrace of the Universe, the Earth (Mexico), Myself, Diego, and Señor Xolotl
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energy of the collision. The energy liberated during the reaccreation of material in orbit around Earth would have been sufficient to melt a large portion of the Moon, leading to the generation of a magma ocean. The newly formed Moon orbited at about one-tenth the distance that it does today, and spiraled outward because of tidal friction transferring angular momentum from the rotations of both bodies to the Moon's orbital motion. Along the way, the Moon's rotation became tidally locked to Earth, so that one side of the Moon continually faces toward Earth. Also, the Moon would have collided with
Origin of the Moon
10647059
and that percentage is increasing with time. Social psychologist Craig Foster compares climate change denialists to flat-earth believers and the reaction to the latter by the scientific community. Foster states, "the potential and kinetic energy devoted to counter the flat-earth movement is wasteful and misguided... I don't understand why anybody would worry about the flat-earth gnat while facing the climate change mammoth... Climate change denial does not require belief. It only requires neglect." In 2016, Aaron McCright argued that anti-environmentalism—and climate change denial specifically—has expanded to a point in the US where it has now become "a central tenet of
Climate change denial
5672602
However, she was banished from Earth by the Wizards, who imprisoned her on Ithrea (a very lenient punishment, as she had a whole world to herself, though she was isolated from her sister Witches). She found a way to circumvent the Wizards' ban, and snatched the most magical children from the Earth. When she was defeated, her soul made a journey back to the Witches' home world, where it told Heebra and Calen of Earth, Rachel, and Eric, prompting the Witches to come to Earth to learn more about the magical children. She has four sets of teeth and a
The Doomspell Trilogy
6944196
of the earth). This last expression comes from equating the kinetic energy gained, formula_2, with the potential energy lost, "mgh" , and solving for "v". The law was discovered (though not in this form) by the Italian scientist Evangelista Torricelli, in 1643. It was later shown to be a particular case of Bernoulli's principle. Under the assumptions of an incompressible fluid with negligible viscosity, Bernoulli's principle states that: where "v" is fluid speed, "g" is the gravitational acceleration (9.81 m/s), "h" is the fluid's height above a reference point, p is pressure, and "ρ" is density. Define the opening to
Torricelli's law
3852419
a zero-temperature pressure given by where formula_21 is the volume and formula_22 is the total energy, the derivative performed at temperature and chemical potential constant. This pressure is called the electron degeneracy pressure and does not come from repulsion or motion of the electrons but from the restriction that no more than two electrons (due to the two values of spin) can occupy the same energy level. This pressure defines the compressibility or bulk modulus of the metal This expression gives the right order of magnitude for the bulk modulus for alkali metals and noble metals, which show that this
Free electron model
10788784
Captains down to help him rescue the survivors. Breach assembles a team of his many counterparts including Earth-13's Brigadier Atom, Earth-22's "Kingdom Come", Earth-4's Charlton Comics Captain Atom, Earth-30's Soviet Atom, a Doctor Manhattan-lookalike, President Atom, the robotic Quantum Mechanix, Quantum Boy, Captain Addama, a Hulked out "Attum", and many others. The Bat and the two Captains are confronted by Monarch and his army of soldiers. Monarch shares that he had planted the teleporter for Earth-33's Ted Kord to assemble (although Monarch seemingly mistakenly refers to him as a native of Earth-6) to give the group false hope. Monarch also
Countdown: Arena
5331389
He also noted that Adamski appeared to have grown increasingly paranoid by that time. The film's iconic flying saucer design (a static central cabin with an outer rotating ring with slotted vanes) matches descriptions given to Maj. Donald Keyhoe of flying disc sightings in his best-selling flying saucer book. From contemporary reviews, "Earth vs. the Flying Saucers" was reviewed in "Variety", where the reviewer noted that the special effects were the real stars of the film. "This exploitation programmer does a satisfactory job of entertaining in the science-fiction class. The technical effects created by Ray Harryhausen come off excellently in
Earth vs. the Flying Saucers
3621168
style that has been used in productions like "Sakura Wars". The modern notion of the giant robot genre can be traced back to the 1970s. The works of Go Nagai ("Mazinger", "Getter Robo") created the genre and the debut of Yoshiyuki Tomino's "Mobile Suit Gundam" in 1979 solidified it. In this genre, the mecha is the focal point of the action. But for a genre anime, "Giant Robo" does not feature many giant robot battles; instead, it is the human characters who do the fighting. Most of the "Experts" featured in "The Day the Earth Stood Still" come from Yokoyama's
Giant Robo: The Day the Earth Stood Still
735891
asteroids that have not been studied by radar or infrared can generally only be estimated within about a factor of two based on the asteroid brightness. The density is generally assumed because the diameter and mass are also generally estimates. Due to Earth's escape velocity, the minimum impact velocity is 11 km/s with asteroid impacts averaging around 17 km/s on the Earth. The most probable impact angle is 45 degrees. Impact conditions such as asteroid size and speed, but also density and impact angle determine the kinetic energy released in an impact event. The more energy is released, the more
Impact event
6221314
that this scene makes the anime deserve credits for "one of the biggest 'I am a total bastard' moments in anime history". Mania Entertainment's Bryce Coulter noted that such episode "makes you [viewers] want to hate Aizen" due to how he controlled the character's actions in previous episodes and how he now easily defeats most of them. Aizen's English voice actor, Kyle Hebert, describes Aizen as a "mysterious, calm, cool character"" and that gives an air of "where does this guy come from?". Nik Freeman of Anime News Network tried to summarize why "Bleach"s popularity declined between 2005 and 2015
Sōsuke Aizen
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for cells to derive energy from the Sun. Most of the life that covers the surface of the Earth depends directly or indirectly on photosynthesis. The most common form, oxygenic photosynthesis, turns carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight into food. It captures the energy of sunlight in energy-rich molecules such as ATP, which then provide the energy to make sugars. To supply the electrons in the circuit, hydrogen is stripped from water, leaving oxygen as a waste product. Some organisms, including purple bacteria and green sulfur bacteria, use an anoxygenic form of photosynthesis that uses alternatives to hydrogen stripped from water
History of Earth
2216656
velocity of 7.29×10 rad/s. The Earth has a moment of inertia, I = 8.04×10 kg·m. Therefore, it has a rotational kinetic energy of 2.138×10 J. Another example of actually using earth's rotational energy is the locating of opportune spaceports. The European spaceport in French Guiana (Guiana Space Centre) is within about 5 degrees of the equator, so space rocket launches (for primarily geo-stationary satellites) from here to the east obtain nearly all of the full rotational speed of the earth at the equator (about 1,000 mph, sort of a "sling-shot benefit). Rocket launches easterly from Kennedy (USA) on the other
Rotational energy
18251950
the current receptacle of . Old Man Spider-Man, Spider-Man of Earth-70105, and Spider-Woman of Earth-65 appear. Daemos snaps Spider-Man of Earth-70105's spine and the others escape through a portal. On Earth-13, a large group of Spider-Men are gathered. Cosmic Spider-Man tells Spider-Man this is a world where he never lost the Enigma Force and the Inheritors would be foolish to come here. However, he cannot leave his world or the Enigma Force would stay behind. Spider-UK says there is a war coming and Peter is the greatest of them all. On Earth-001, at a dinner-table laden with crippled Spider-Totems, Brix,
Spider-Verse
4450919
to date been powered by specially tuned amorphous silicon (aSi)a technology most used in Solar Calculators. In recent years new PV technologies have come to the forefront in Energy Harvesting such as Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC). The dyes absorbs light much like chlorophyll does in plants. Electrons released on impact escape to the layer of TiO and from there diffuse, through the electrolyte, as the dye can be tuned to the visible spectrum much higher power can be produced. At a DSSC can provide over per cm². The piezoelectric effect converts mechanical strain into electric current or voltage. This
Energy harvesting
901517
number. It may take on 2"l"+1 values from -"l" to +"l". The number "n" is the "radial order number". It means the wave with "n" zero crossings in radius. For spherically symmetric Earth the period for given "n" and "l" does not depend on "m". Some examples of spheroidal oscillations are the "breathing" mode S, which involves an expansion and contraction of the whole Earth, and has a period of about 20 minutes; and the "rugby" mode S, which involves expansions along two alternating directions, and has a period of about 54 minutes. The mode S does not exist because
Seismic wave
20319258
Noah Diffenbaugh Noah S. Diffenbaugh is an American geoscientist at Stanford University, where he is the Kara J Foundation Professor of Earth System Science and Kimmelman Family Senior Fellow at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, and an affiliate at the Precourt Institute for Energy. He is also the editor-in-chief of "Geophysical Research Letters". He is known for his research on the climate system, including the effects of global warming on extreme weather and climate events such as the 2011-2017 California drought. Diffenbaugh received his Ph.D. in Earth Sciences from the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2003. His
Noah Diffenbaugh
3776009
infinity – entered an elliptical orbit around the Sun. But the maximal velocity on the new orbit could be approximated to 33.5 km/s by assuming that it reached practical "infinity" at 3.5 km/s and that such Earth-bound "infinity" also moves with Earth's orbital velocity of about 30 km/s. The InSight mission to Mars launched with a maximum C of 14.3 km/s. The Parker Solar Probe (via Venus) plans a maximum C of 154 km/s. C3 (km/s) from earth to get to various planets : Mars 12, Jupiter 80, Saturn or Uranus 147. To Pluto (with its orbital inclination) needs about
Characteristic energy
596463
is still many times the mass-energy equivalent of the Earth (about 5.5 × 10 J). This is comparable to the energy released in a bright type Ib/c supernova and within the range of theoretical models. Very bright supernovae have been observed to accompany several of the nearest GRBs. Additional support for focusing of the output of GRBs has come from observations of strong asymmetries in the spectra of nearby type Ic supernova and from radio observations taken long after bursts when their jets are no longer relativistic. Short (time duration) GRBs appear to come from a lower-redshift (i.e. less distant)
Gamma-ray burst
15695576
power could be advantageous to rural and agricultural areas. Wind power would also be beneficial in Southeast with wind power potentials higher than 4 m/s, and in the North where wind speeds reach up to 6 m/s at a 10 hub height. Initiatives such as Nigeria's National Renewable Energy Plan are beginning to set forth goals in wind turbine implementation. However, with insufficient data and its status as a relatively new technology, development overall has been slow and challenging. Energy in Nigeria Nigeria's primary energy consumption was about 108 Mtoe in 2011. Most of the energy comes from traditional biomass
Energy in Nigeria
695718
a staff is an ancient representation of Kundalini physiology. The staff represents the spinal column with the snake(s) being energy channels. In the case of two coiled snakes, they usually cross each other seven times, a possible reference to the seven energy centers called chakras. In Ancient Egypt, where the earliest written cultural records exist, the serpent appears from the beginning to the end of their mythology. Ra and Atum ("he who completes or perfects") became the same god, "Atum", the "counter-Ra," was associated with earth animals, including the serpent: Nehebkau ("he who harnesses the souls") was the two headed
Serpent (symbolism)
6227706
has come" is correct and "I invited five friends but none have come" is incorrect. Actual usage evidence does not support this view. "None" has been used for hundreds of years with both a singular and a plural verb, according to the context and the emphasis required. Some of the English indefinite pronouns above have possessive forms. These are made as for nouns, by adding " 's", or just an apostrophe following a plural "-s" (see English possessive). The most commonly encountered possessive forms of the above pronouns are: Note that most of these forms are identical to a form
Indefinite pronoun
7623285
easily trap condensation moisture and mold), rigid or semi-rigid plastic, plastic-coated metal pipes or plastic pipes coated with inner antimicrobial layers, buried underground where the ambient earth temperature is typically all year round in the temperate latitudes where most humans live. Ground temperature becomes more stable with depth. Smaller diameter tubes require more energy to move the air and have less earth contact surface area. Larger tubes permit a slower airflow, which also yields more efficient energy transfer and permits much higher volumes to be transferred, permitting more air exchanges in a shorter time period, when, for example, you want
Ground-coupled heat exchanger
6864228
largely incomplete (Atens) or totally incomplete (Inner-Earth Objects). Most search programs concentrate their efforts near the opposition region where it is difficult if not impossible to find these objects. Aten asteroids are also very important because numerical simulations have shown that they have the highest frequency of close encounters with the Earth. Sometimes Atens can evolve into orbits completely inside that of the Earth and vice versa. Thus, there are bodies that can come very close to the Earth, but are very difficult to observe from the ground. The second goal of CINEOS is to provide rapid astrometric data for:
Campo Imperatore Near-Earth Object Survey
11123444
their existing relationships. New relationship energy is generally considered desirable, perhaps nearly indispensable in forming deep emotional bonds, but it can also temporarily distort perceptions and judgements and this must be taken into account. These distortions of perception do not automatically imply that the attraction is unreal or will not last (indeed most lasting romantic bonds do begin with NRE, although this does not mean that most relationships that begin with NRE would lead to lasting romantic bonds because of the complications that can come with the end of NRE), only that the magnitude of these positive feelings is greater
New relationship energy
595665
its cosmic reserves shortly before her death at the hands of Xorn. The Phoenix Force would return to Earth during the mini-series "", where it resurrected Jean Grey from her grave. It is not long before she remembers what she has come for — Scott Summers (a.k.a. Cyclops). She needs to feed from the energy from his optic blasts, and confused by Jean's emotions thinks she's in love with Scott. She realizes Scott is in love with Emma Frost (former White Queen of the Hellfire Club and headmistress of the Xavier Institute for Higher Learning). Through a number of incidents,
Phoenix Force (comics)
7809376
l = 2, the increase in energy of the orbital becomes large enough to push the energy of orbital above the energy of the s-orbital in the next higher shell; when l = 3 the energy is pushed into the shell two steps higher. The filling of the 3d orbitals does not occur until the 4s orbitals have been filled. The increase in energy for subshells of increasing angular momentum in larger atoms is due to electron–electron interaction effects, and it is specifically related to the ability of low angular momentum electrons to penetrate more effectively toward the nucleus, where
Core electron
14982743
"Recurring Dream", but has been revised to include two songs from their 2007 album "Time on Earth" ("Don't Stop Now" and "Pour Le Monde"). Also included are two songs from 1993's "Together Alone" ("Fingers of Love" and "Nails in My Feet") and "Chocolate Cake" from 1991's "Woodface", which were omitted from the previous compilation. Four early Crowded House singles, "World Where You Live", "When You Come", "Into Temptation" and "I Feel Possessed", which featured on "Recurring Dream", have not been included on this new album. "Everything Is Good for You", one of three tracks specially recorded for the 1996 compilation,
The Very Very Best of Crowded House
5544777
geosynchronous orbit has an average altitude of 36,000 km. As well as allowing continuous communication with ground stations, a geosynchronous orbit also allows a larger portion of the sky to be viewed continuously. Because the distance from Earth is greater, the Earth occupies a much smaller portion of the sky as seen from the satellite than it does from low Earth orbit. A launch into a geosynchronous orbit requires much more energy for a given weight of payload than a launch into low Earth orbit. This meant that the telescope had to be relatively small, with a 45 cm primary
International Ultraviolet Explorer
505794
spacecraft, or delta-v. Entering a Hohmann transfer orbit from Earth to Jupiter from low Earth orbit requires a delta-v of 6.3 km/s which is comparable to the 9.7 km/s delta-v needed to reach low Earth orbit. Gravity assists through planetary flybys can be used to reduce the energy required to reach Jupiter, albeit at the cost of a significantly longer flight duration. Beginning in 1973, several spacecraft have performed planetary flyby maneuvers that brought them within observation range of Jupiter. The Pioneer missions obtained the first close-up images of Jupiter's atmosphere and several of its moons. They discovered that the
Jupiter
1638461
the North or South pole at high altitudes, where this type of radiation is maximal. Cosmic rays also include high-energy gamma rays, which are far beyond the energies produced by solar or human sources. Most materials on Earth contain some radioactive atoms, even if in small quantities. Most of the dose received from these sources is from gamma-ray emitters in building materials, or rocks and soil when outside. The major radionuclides of concern for terrestrial radiation are isotopes of potassium, uranium, and thorium. Each of these sources has been decreasing in activity since the formation of the Earth. All earthly
Ionizing radiation
13427052
Psycho Armor Govarian The Garadain Empire has exhausted the primary resources of their native planet, so they send different space expeditions to find a new world where to live. One of their main objectives is planet Earth. However, Zeku Alba, an alien scientist, decides to rebel against the imperial rule and flees towards the Earth, where he gathers a group of youngs gifted with the power of "psychogenesis", an ability that consists in creating solid matter from mental energy. The most gifted of the squadron is Isamu, a young orphan whose family was killed in the first attack of the
Psycho Armor Govarian
3175593
interaction with a proton or neutron on Earth, with most of the energy remaining in the form of kinetic energy of the products of the interaction. The effective energy available for such a collision is , where "E" is the particle's energy and "mc" is the mass energy of the proton. For the Oh-My-God particle, this gives , roughly 60 times the collision energy of the Large Hadron Collider. While the particle's energy was higher than anything achieved in terrestrial accelerators, it was still about times lower than the Planck energy. Particles of such energy would be required in order
Oh-My-God particle
15561029
platforms (referred to in the book as "Battle Stars"), and armored robotic battle suits for infantrymen that run on solar power. In addition, the Earth will come to be powered by solar energy collected from satellites beaming the energy down in the form of radiation to receiving stations on Earth, which will end dependence on hydrocarbons, and dramatic advances in robotics and genetic science will lead to a great increase in labor productivity, unemployment as robots make human work obsolete, and significant increases in human longevity. It also hints at more widespread nuclear proliferation, claiming that Japan, Turkey, and Poland
The Next 100 Years: A Forecast for the 21st Century
193583
Iron Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ) and atomic number 26. It is a metal in the first transition series. It is by mass the most common element on Earth, forming much of Earth's outer and inner core. It is the fourth most common element in the Earth's crust. Its abundance in rocky planets like Earth is due to its abundant production by fusion in high-mass stars, where it is the last element to be produced with release of energy before the violent collapse of a supernova, which scatters the iron into space. Like the other
Iron