how many languages are recognised by indian constitution
22
1951626
thought to be a violation of the constitution's guarantee of federalism. Later, a constitutional amendment, , allowed for the continuation of English in the Indian government indefinitely until legislation decides to change it. The form of numerals to be used for the official purposes of the Union were supposed to be the international form of Indian numerals, distinct from the numerals used in most English-speaking countries. Despite the misconceptions, Hindi is not the national language of India. The Constitution of India does not give any language the status of national language. The Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution lists 22
Languages of India
8726352
Sahitya Akademi Award The Sahitya Academy Award is a literary honor in India, which the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers of the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the major Indian languages (24 languages, including the 22 listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, along with English and Rajasthani) recognised by the Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. Established in 1954, the award comprises a plaque and a cash prize of ₹ 100000. The award's purpose is to recognize and promote excellence in Indian writing and also acknowledge new trends.
Sahitya Akademi Award
8726365
Sahgal (English), Nirupama Borgohain (Assamese), Rahman Abbas (Urdu), Rahamat Tarikere (Kannada), Rajesh Joshi (Hindi), Sarah Joseph (Malayalam), Srinath DN (Kannada), Surjit Patar (Punjabi), Uday Prakash (Hindi), and Waryam Singh Sandhu (Punjabi). Sahitya Akademi Award The Sahitya Academy Award is a literary honor in India, which the Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters, annually confers on writers of the most outstanding books of literary merit published in any of the major Indian languages (24 languages, including the 22 listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, along with English and Rajasthani) recognised by the Sahitya Akademi, New Delhi. Established
Sahitya Akademi Award
2489022
the Union of India. <section begin=8th Schedule to the Indian constitution /> <section end=8th Schedule to the Indian constitution /> Of the 22 official languages, 15 are Indic, four are Dravidian, two are Tibeto-Burman, and one is Munda. Since 2003, a government committee has been looking into the feasibility of treating all languages in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution as "Official Languages of the Union". The language in which communications between different states, or from the union government to a state or a person in a state, shall be sent is regulated by the Official Languages Act and, for
Languages with official status in India
1951656
Until the Twenty-first Amendment of the Constitution of India in 1967, the country recognised 14 official regional languages. The Eighth Schedule and the Seventy-First Amendment provided for the inclusion of Sindhi, Konkani, Meitei and Nepali, thereby increasing the number of official regional languages of India to 18. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India, as of 1 December 2007, lists 22 languages, which are given in the table below together with the speaking population and the regions where they are used. The individual states, the borders of most of which are or were drawn on socio-linguistic lines, can legislate
Languages of India
191154
castes: 16.6% (2011 census); scheduled tribes: 8.6% (2011 census) See Languages of India and List of Indian languages by total speakers. There are 216 languages with more than 10,000 native speakers in India. The largest of these is Hindi with some 337 million, and the second largest is Bengali with 238 million. 22 languages are recognised as official languages. In India, there are 1,652 languages and dialects in total. India is projected to overtake China as the world's most populous nation by 2030. India's population growth has raised concerns that it would lead to widespread unemployment and political instability. Note
Demographics of India
3416343
by Konkani Bhasha Mandal, and the newer Vishwa Konkani Parishad have laid great stress on uniting all factions of Konkanis. Karnataka MLC Mr. Ivan D'Souza attempted to speak in Konkani at the Karnataka State Legislative Council, but was however stopped by the Chairman D H Shankaramurthy. Even though Mr. D'Souza pleaded that Konkani was amongst the 22 official languages recognised by the Indian Constitution, he was not given permission to continue in Konkani. Even though there is a substantial Konkani Catholic population in Bangalore, and the Karnataka Government recognising Konkani as a state language, efforts to celebrate mass in Konkani
Konkani language
19916832
period. Indian banks have proposed transaction charges on UPI transactions, but there is no information on whether transactions through BHIM will also be charged. BHIM app currently supports 13 languages (including English), though there are 22 official languages of India (excluding English) under 8th Schedule of Constitution of India. In near future BHIM App is expected to support all 22 official languages of India along with other regional languages which were spoken widely next to the scheduled languages. During the Union Budget 2017, Union Finance minister Arun Jaitley said that BHIM is currently being used by over 125 lakh Indian
BHIM
4526137
government and education, 90–95% of the country speak Haitian Creole as the home language while French is learned in school. There is as such no national language of India as declared by the Constitution of India.. Additionally, 22 official languages are accorded official status as mentioned in article 343/1 of the Indian constitution; all these languages carry equal official status and government documents can be in any of them. States of India are free to adopt one or more local languages for official purposes of that state. The official language of Indonesia is Indonesian. Indonesia has more than 700 living
National language
408336
by France it is now being relearnt by students and adults. It is also used by groups of migrants from Sri Lanka and India, Canada (especially Toronto), United States (especially New Jersey and New York City), Australia, many Middle Eastern countries, and some European countries. Tamil is the official language of the Indian state of Tamil Nadu and one of the 22 languages under schedule 8 of the constitution of India. It is one of the official languages of the union territory of Puducherry and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Tamil is also one of the official languages of Singapore.
Tamil language
18509371
are being published by the publishing house Orient Blackswan. The publications of the survey include the following information: For scheduled languages, the survey also provides a broad cultural overview of each language. The Eighth Schedule of the Constitution of India recognizes 22 scheduled languages, excluding English, and the linguistic policies and funding of the Indian government are organised around this information. However, this information does not adequately convey the linguistic diversity of India. The 1961 Census of India had recorded 1652 languages being in use in India. However, it was decided to exclude languages spoken by less than 10,000 people
People's Linguistic Survey of India
18488252
that "they grow rapidly in richness and become effective means of communicating modern knowledge". In addition, a candidate appearing in an examination conducted for public service is entitled to use any of these languages as the medium in which he or she answers the paper. As per Articles 344(1) and 351 of the Indian Constitution, the eighth schedule includes the recognition of the following 22 languages: Of these languages, 14 were initially included in the Constitution. Subsequently, Sindhi was added in 1967 by 21st constitutional amendment act; Konkani, Manipuri and Nepali were added in 1992 by 71st Constitutional Amendment Act;
Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India
191151
in mothers of different age groups and gestation periods in the United States. 41.03% of the Indians speak Hindi while the rest speak Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Maithili, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Odia, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu and a variety of other languages. There are a total of 122 languages and 234 mother tongues. The 22 languages are Languages specified in the Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution and 100 non-specified languages. The table immediately below excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state due to cancellation of census results. Source: "UN World Population Prospects" Structure of the population
Demographics of India
1774452
for a member of Rajya Sabha are same as for a member of Lok Sabha. Rajya Sabha members are elected by state legislatures rather than directly through the electorate by single transferable vote method. From 18 July 2018, Rajya Sabha MPs can speak in 22 Indian languages in House as the Upper House has facility for simultaneous interpretation in all the 22 official languages of India. Article 84 of the Constitution lays down the qualifications for membership of Parliament. A member of the Rajya Sabha must: In addition, twelve members are nominated by the President of India having special knowledge
Rajya Sabha
13579822
of India (Hindi, English, or a number of local languages such as Bengali, Telugu, Tamil, etc.); how to set up a pluralistic civil service examination system; and how to balance local languages with national languages at different levels of government. He advocated for drafting of the Constitution in Indian languages first. After Indian Independence, from 1950–52, Moturi was a member of the Provisional Parliament of India as an MP. After the Indian Constitution was drafted, Moturi was nominated by the President of India as a Rajya Sabha (Upper House) member. He served twice between 1954 and 1966 (3 April 1954
Moturi Satyanarayana
475946
in some schools as part of the Languages Other Than English programme. Indonesian has been taught in Australian schools and universities since the 1950s. In East Timor, which was occupied by Indonesia between 1975 and 1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese. It is understood by the Malay people of Australia's Cocos Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean, also in some parts of the Sulu area of the southern Philippines and traces of it are to be found among people of
Indonesian language
190197
variety of protected habitats. The name "India" is derived from "Indus", which originates from the Old Persian word "Hindu", equivalent to the Sanskrit word "Sindhu", which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as "Indoi" (""), which translates as "The people of the Indus". The geographical term "Bharat" (; ), which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. It is a modernisation of the historical name "Bharatavarsha", which traditionally referred to the Indian subcontinent and
India
6723587
would be the principal language of deaf education. Venezuelan Sign Language was recognised in the country's constitution on November 12, 1999. The various Zimbabwean sign languages, grouped together as "sign language", are recognised in the 2013 Constitution of Zimbabwe as one of the sixteen "officially recognised languages of Zimbabwe". Legal recognition of sign languages The legal recognition of sign languages differs widely. In some countries, the national sign language is an official state language, whereas in others it has a protected status in certain areas such as education. Extending legal recognition is one of the major concerns of the international
Legal recognition of sign languages
20901799
Gangte languages. The Hmar languages has many dialects and languages Hmar languages The Hmar languages belongs to the Kukish branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of the language are also known as Hmar. According to the official 2011 Census of India, there are 30,000 Hmar speakers in Assam, 48,000 in Manipur,1,000 in Meghalaya, 29,000 in Mizoram although Majority of the Hmars in Mizoram speak Duhlian. Hmar is a recognised language in the School curriculum of Assam, Manipur and Mizoram, and also recently recognised as one of the Modern Indian Languages (MIL) at Manipur University. Board of Secondary
Hmar languages
8320630
Pancha-Gauda Brahmin communities. They are also noted for "panjis", the extensive genealogical records maintained for the last twenty-four generations. Rajputs are scattered throughout the region and are divided into various sub-clans with the most prominent being the Gandhawarias who ruled estates mainly in Saharsa and Madhepura. The Rajputs of Mithila maintain social and marital relations with Rajputs of other regions. The common language of Maithil people is Maithili, which is one of the recognised regional languages of India and the second national language of Nepal listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution and the Interim Constitution of Nepal.
Maithils
2293142
other officially recognised languages. There are small groups of speakers of endangered languages, most of which are from the Khoisan family, that receive no official status; however, some groups within South Africa are attempting to promote their use and revival. Members of middle class, who are predominantly white but whose ranks include growing numbers of people of colour, have lifestyles similar in many respects to that of people found in Western Europe, North America and Australia. Indian South Africans preserve their cultural heritage, languages and religious beliefs, being either Christian, Hindu or Muslim and speaking English, with Indian languages like
Culture of South Africa
11568954
Languages of Cyprus The official languages of the Republic of Cyprus are Greek and Turkish. In Northern Cyprus, Turkish was made the only official language by the 1983 constitution. The everyday spoken language (vernacular) of the majority of the population is Cypriot Greek, and that of Turkish Cypriots is Cypriot Turkish. For official purposes, the standard languages (Standard Modern Greek and Standard Turkish) are used. Three "religious groups" are recognised by the constitution; two have their own language: Armenian (the language of Armenian Cypriots) and Cypriot Arabic (the language of Maronite Cypriots). Sometimes "Kurbetcha", the language of the "Kurbet", the
Languages of Cyprus
309934
commonly spoken in Sindh while the Balochi language is dominant in Balochistan. Brahui, a Dravidian language, is spoken by the Brahui people who live in Balochistan. Gujarati community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi. Marwari, a Rajasthani language, is also spoken in parts of Sindh. Various languages such as Shina, Balti, and Burushaski are spoken in Gilgit-Baltistan, whilst languages such as Pahari, Gojri, and Kashmiri are spoken by many in Azad Kashmir. The Arabic language is officially recognised by the constitution of Pakistan. It declares in article 31 No. 2 that ""The State
Pakistan
2717044
and Gallo are officially recognized in Brittany. The Spanish governments have sought to give some official status in the EU for the languages of the autonomous communities of Spain, Catalan/Valencian, Galician and Basque. The 667th Council Meeting of the Council of the European Union in Luxembourg on 13 June 2005, decided to authorise limited use at EU level of languages recognised by member states other than the official working languages. The Council granted recognition to "languages other than the languages referred to in Council Regulation No 1/1958 whose status is recognised by the Constitution of a Member State on all
Languages of the European Union
1566354
Nuer, Anuak, Nyangatom, Majang, Suri, Me'en, and Mursi. English is the most widely spoken foreign language, and is the medium of instruction in secondary schools. Amharic was the language of primary school instruction, but has been replaced in many areas by regional languages such as Oromiffa, Somali or Tigrinya. While all languages enjoy equal state recognition in the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, Amharic is recognized as the official working language of the Federal Government. The various regions of Ethiopia and chartered cities are free to determine their own working languages. Amharic is recognised as the official working language of Amhara
Ethiopia
2312835
Bihari languages Bihari is the western group of Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, mainly spoken in the Indian states of Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh and also in Nepal. Despite the large number of speakers of these languages, only Maithili has been constitutionally recognised in India, which gained constitutional status via the 92nd amendment to the Constitution of India, of 2003 (gaining assent in 2004). Both Maithili and Bhojpuri have constitutional recognition in Nepal. In Bihar, Hindi is the language used for educational and official matters. These languages were legally absorbed under the overarching label Hindi in the 1961 Census.
Bihari languages
4526138
languages, making it the second most linguistically diverse country after Papua New Guinea. These 700+ languages, however, are without official status, and some are in danger of extinction. The largest local language is Javanese. Persian (or Farsi) is recognised as the national language of Iran. Irish is recognised by the Constitution of Ireland as the national language and first official language of Ireland, and the English language is recognised as a second official language. Hebrew became the only official and national language of Israel with the adoption of the Nation-State Bill in 2018. Arabic, formerly also an official language, became
National language
739960
although the state constitution does not specify an official language, laws are published in English and Spanish, and government materials and services are legally required (by Act) to be made accessible to speakers of both languages as well as Navajo and various Pueblo languages. New Mexico also has its own dialect of Spanish, which differs from Spanish spoken in the rest of Latin America. Native American languages are official or co-official on many of the U.S. Indian reservations and pueblos. In Oklahoma before statehood in 1907, territory officials debated whether or not to have Cherokee, Choctaw, and Muscogee languages as
Languages of the United States
1951674
second most prevalent language of Nepal. Tirhuta was formerly the primary script for written Maithili. Less commonly, it was also written in the local variant of Kaithi. Today it is written in the Devanagari script. In 2003, Maithili was included in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution as a recognised regional language of India, which allows it to be used in education, government, and other official contexts. In 2004, the Government of India declared that languages that met certain requirements could be accorded the status of a "Classical Language in India".. Over the next few years, several languages were
Languages of India
2158884
that students can choose to learn Sindhi. Sindhi is an optional third language in the Indian states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh. Rajasthan Sindhi Academy has been set up for the promotion of Sindhi Language in Rajasthan. The language is included as one of the official languages into Indian Constitution by Government of India in the 21st Amendment in 1967. The Sindhi language and other native languages of Pakistan are struggling to be officially given the status of national language in Pakistan. Before the inception of Pakistan, Sindhi was the national language of Sindh. There are many Sindhi language
Sindhi language
9617172
in use in the State or Hindi as the language or languages to be used for all or any of the official purposes of that State: Provided that, until the Legislature of the State otherwise provides by law, the English language shall continue to be used for those official purposes within the State for which it was being used immediately before the commencement of this Constitution". Language rights in Ireland are recognised in the Constitution of Ireland and in the Official Languages Act. Irish is the national and first official language according to the Constitution (with English being a second
Linguistic rights
258516
recognised as public holidays. According to one estimate Mauritians spend an average of more than 700 hours per year engaging in religious activities. The Mauritian constitution makes no mention of an official language. The Constitution only mentions that the official language of the National Assembly is English; however, any member can also address the chair in French. English and French are generally considered to be de facto national and common languages of Mauritius, as they are the languages of government administration, courts, and business. The constitution of Mauritius is written in English, while some laws, such as the Civil code,
Mauritius
8970460
Turkmen/Turkoman dialect of Turkish (referred to as respectively "Syriac" and "Turkmen" in the constitution) are recognised regional languages. In addition, any region or province may declare other languages official if a majority of the population approves in a general referendum. According to the Iraqi constitution: The Arabic language and the Kurdish language are the two official languages of Iraq. The right of Iraqis to educate their children in their mother tongue, such as Turkmen, Assyrian, and Armenian shall be guaranteed in government educational institutions in accordance with educational guidelines, or in any other language in private educational institutions. Religions in
Iraq
7908949
on the aborigines, in cultural and linguistic terms, providing fertile soil for Igbo denial. The same phenomenon may apply to the Ukwuani but, by virtue of less proximity with Edo State, to a lesser extent. Although many Ika and Ukwuani people maintain distinct cultural identities, they yet speak Igbo languages. The term Igbo itself has been conceived by many as a linguistic classification, encompassing all bia-speaking clans and with ethnic identity falling secondary to linguistic designation.In Nigeria constitution they are officially recognised as part and parcel of the Igbo Nation. Chief Epiphany Azinge, a Professor and a Senior Advocate of
Anioma people
17093940
official national languages with the Constitution of 2013. Zimbabwean sign languages Several Zimbabwean sign languages developed independently among deaf students in different Zimbabwean schools for the deaf starting in the 1940s. It is not clear how many languages they are, as little research has been done; Masvingo School Sign is known to be different from that of other schools, but each school apparently has a separate sign language, and these are different from the community language or languages used outside of the schools. American Sign Language is reported to be used, but it is not clear to what extent. "Sign
Zimbabwean sign languages
345803
of the Chinese community, but fewer people speak these languages as younger generations start to converse in French. The number of speakers of Indian languages (mostly Urdu and Gujarati) is also dropping sharply. Arabic is taught in mosques and spoken by a small community of Arabs. Ethnic groups present include people of European, African, Malagasy, Indians and Chinese origin as well as many of mixed race. Local names for these are used: Yabs, Cafres, Malbars and Zarabes (both ethnic groups of Indian origin) and Chinois. The proportion of people of each ethnicity is not known exactly, since the 1958 constitution
Demographics of Réunion
20901797
Hmar languages The Hmar languages belongs to the Kukish branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of the language are also known as Hmar. According to the official 2011 Census of India, there are 30,000 Hmar speakers in Assam, 48,000 in Manipur,1,000 in Meghalaya, 29,000 in Mizoram although Majority of the Hmars in Mizoram speak Duhlian. Hmar is a recognised language in the School curriculum of Assam, Manipur and Mizoram, and also recently recognised as one of the Modern Indian Languages (MIL) at Manipur University. Board of Secondary Education, Assam has also included Hmar as an MIL in
Hmar languages
7661616
1999, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese. Indonesia is constitutionally a secular state and the first principle of Indonesia's philosophical foundation, Pancasila, is "belief in the one and only God". A number of different religions are practised in the country, and their collective influence on the country's political, economic and cultural life is significant. The Indonesian Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. However, the government recognises only six official religions (Islam, Protestantism, Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Confucianism). Although based on data collected
Indonesians
6723570
sign language." The European Parliament unanimously approved a resolution about Deaf Sign Languages on June 17, 1988 (available online here ). The resolution asks all member countries for recognition of their national sign languages as official languages of the Deaf. The EP issued another resolution in 1998 with more or less the same content as in 1988, (see RESOLUTION on sign languages for the deaf, Official Journal C 187, 18/07/1988 P. 0236 Finnish Sign Language was recognised in the constitution in August 1995. Icelandic Sign Language was recognised by law in education in 2004. On May 27, 2011, the Icelandic
Legal recognition of sign languages
19370993
Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize. National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film. No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible. Best Feature Film in Each of the Language Other Than Those Specified In the Schedule VIII of the Constitution Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of
64th National Film Awards
6723578
South African Sign Language is not specifically recognised as a Language of South Africa by the country's constitution, instead it contains the phrase "sign language" in the generic sense. There is a process underway in parliament to investigate the possibility of upgrading the status of SASL to become the country's 12th official language. On December 31, 2015, the "South Korean National Assembly passed legislation to recognize Korean Sign Language as one of Korea’s official languages." On June 28, 2007, Spanish and Catalan Sign Languages were recognised by the Spanish Parliament to be official languages in Spain. This recent legal development
Legal recognition of sign languages
15609022
is Creole. Other languages spoken in Mauritius include Telugu,Tamil, Bhojpuri, Hindi, , Marathi, Odia, Urdu and Chinese, which is an amalgamation of several Indian languages spoken by the early Indian settlers. Most Mauritians are at least bilingual, if not trilingual. The earliest builders brought by the French were of Indian origin, who were employed to build Port Louis, the capital. Arabic is taught in mosques around Mauritius. Languages of Mauritius The Constitution of Mauritius mentions no official language. It only contains a statement in Article 49 that "The official language of the Assembly shall be English but any member may
Languages of Mauritius
2489001
speakers is about 25% of the total Indian population; however, including dialects of Hindi termed as Hindi languages, the total is around 44% of Indians, mostly accounted from the states falling under the Hindi belt. Other Indian languages are each spoken by around 10% or less of the population. States specify their own official language(s) through legislation. The section of the Constitution of India dealing with official languages therefore includes detailed provisions which deal not just with the languages used for the official purposes of the union, but also with the languages that are to be used for the official
Languages with official status in India
4580863
Vaiphei, Simte, Kom and Gangte languages. Hmar language The Hmar language belongs to the Kukish branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of the language are also known as Hmar. According to the official 2011 Census of India, there are 50,561 Hmar speakers in Assam, 48,375 in Manipur, 69,175 in Tripura, 1,700 in Meghalaya, 29,587 in Mizoram although Majority of the Hmars in Mizoram speak Duhlian. Hmar is a recognised language in the School curriculum of Assam, Manipur and Mizoram, and also recently recognised as one of the Modern Indian Languages (MIL) at Manipur University. Board of Secondary
Hmar language
2489006
exact extent to which, and the areas in which, the Union government uses Hindi and English, respectively, is determined by the provisions of the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, the Official Languages Rules, 1976, and statutory instruments made by the Department of Official Language under these laws. The Indian constitution draws a distinction between the language to be used in Parliamentary proceedings, and the language in which laws are to be made. Parliamentary business, according to the Constitution, may be conducted in either Hindi or English. The use of English in parliamentary proceedings was to be phased out at
Languages with official status in India
7967220
shall affect the operation of any existing law or prevent the State from making any further law regulating or restricting any economic, financial, political or other secular activity that may be associated with religious practice, or providing for social welfare and reform. The constitution guarantees the right to life and personal liberty, which in turn cites specific provisions in which these rights are applied and enforced: The constitution of India guarantees every single citizen of India both rights to culture and education by the articles 29 and 30 of the Indian constitution. As India is a country of many languages,
Fundamental rights in India
964172
Lang, admitted formally that for more than two centuries, the political powers of the French government had repressed regional languages. He announced that bilingual education would, for the first time, be recognised, and bilingual teachers recruited in French public schools to support teaching these other languages. In French schools, pupils are expected to learn at least two foreign languages, the first of which is typically German or English. A revision of the French constitution creating official recognition of regional languages was implemented by the Parliament in Congress at Versailles in July 2008. France is a secular country where freedom of
Culture of France
2056659
The judiciary enjoys full supremacy over the other organs of the state. About national languages, Urdu was declared as national languages, and English as official language; all other languages were preserved by the Constitution. Many key ideas on regarding the role of Islam in the State that were mentioned in 1956 Articles were made part of the Constitution: The individual Articles of the Constitution are grouped together into the following Parts: Schedules are lists in the Constitution that categorise and tabulate bureaucratic activity and policy of the Government. Unlike the previous documents, the Constitution cannot be changed, instead constitutional amendments
Constitution of Pakistan
11799628
of Zimbabwe's Indian population, most of whom are of Gujarati, rather than Hindustani, origin. The Indian presence in what is now Zimbabwe dates back to 1890, when Indian plantation workers emigrated from South Africa into Southern Rhodesia. Indian immigration was restricted in 1924 when Southern Rhodesia attained self-government, but the Indian community still grew. Many Indian Zimbabweans left the country following the country's economic downturn that began around 2000. As of October 2016, an estimated 9,000 Zimbabwean citizens were of Indian origin (it is unclear how many of these, if any, are Hindi speakers. An additional 500 Indian citizens were
Languages of Zimbabwe
2047613
the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The language has been far less influenced by Sanskrit than the other Dravidian languages, and preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English. Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents
Tamils
7810971
Languages of Ireland There are a number of languages used in Ireland. Since the late eighteenth century, English has been the predominant first language, displacing Irish. A large minority claims some ability to use Irish, and it is the first language for a small percentage of the population. In the Republic of Ireland, under the Constitution of Ireland, both languages have official status, with Irish being the national and first official language. Northern Ireland has no official language, but English is the "de facto" official language of the United Kingdom and Irish and Ulster-Scots are recognised regional languages. The earliest
Languages of Ireland
2717063
using a sign language as their first language. None of these languages are recognised as an official language of an EU member state, and only two states (Finland and Portugal) refer to sign languages in their constitution. Several NGOs exist which support signers, such as the European Union of the Deaf and the European Sign Language Centre. The European Commission has also supported some initiatives to produce digital technologies that can better support signers, such as Dicta-Sign and SignSpeak. The sign languages in use in the EU are more difficult to classify into language families than the spoken languages, because
Languages of the European Union
15422914
and Gujarati for Daman and Diu. On 30 May 1987 Goa got statehood with Konkani as the sole official language.The Kendra Sahitya Academy recognised Konkani, in the Devanagari script, as an independent language on 26 February 1975. This paved the way for the decision to include Konkani in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution making Konkani one of the official languages of India. The struggle for Konkani in Goa, did not go unnoticed in Canara and Travancore. The Konkani speakers in Canara (currently Uttara Kannada, Udupi and Dakshina Kannada) and Travancore (currently Cochin and Ernakulam), inspired by the writings
Konkani language agitation
20094678
prize. Official Name: Rajat Kamal All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize. National Film Awards are also given to the best films in the regional languages of India. Awards for the regional languages are categorised as per their mention in the Eighth schedule of the Constitution of India. Awardees included producers and directors of the film. No films in languages other than those specified in the Schedule VIII of the Constitution were eligible. Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a
65th National Film Awards
2974199
British policies and the continuation of these policies by Pakistani governments. In 1947 upon Pakistan's establishment, English became the de facto official language, a position which was formalised in the Constitution of Pakistan of 1973. Together with Urdu, the two languages are concurrently the official languages of the country. English language continues as the language of power and is also the language with the maximum cultural capital of any language used in Pakistan. It remains much in demand in higher education in Pakistan. Pakistani English (PE) shares many similarities with Indian English, but since the independence of Pakistan, there have
Pakistani English
1880503
Indian English Indian English refers to dialects of the English language characteristic of the Republic of India. The Constitution of India designates the co-official language of the Government of India as English, along with Hindi. Today many regional varieties of English, or Englishes, exist around the globe and are slowly but steadily gaining recognition. Hindi is one of the official languages of the Union Government of India. However, even after 70 years of Indian Independence from Britain, English is still retained as an official language. Only a few hundred thousand Indians, or less than 0.1% of the total population, have
Indian English
4580861
Hmar language The Hmar language belongs to the Kukish branch of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. The speakers of the language are also known as Hmar. According to the official 2011 Census of India, there are 50,561 Hmar speakers in Assam, 48,375 in Manipur, 69,175 in Tripura, 1,700 in Meghalaya, 29,587 in Mizoram although Majority of the Hmars in Mizoram speak Duhlian. Hmar is a recognised language in the School curriculum of Assam, Manipur and Mizoram, and also recently recognised as one of the Modern Indian Languages (MIL) at Manipur University. Board of Secondary Education, Assam has also included Hmar
Hmar language
12580798
other languages. Spoken languages in Burundi include Swahili which is widely spoken in the African Great Lakes region. It is especially used in commerce and in connection with the country's Muslim minority or with immigration from elsewhere in East Africa. Languages of Burundi Since 2014 Burundi has three official languages: Kirundi, French and English. By the same law on languages promulgated in 2014 Kiswahili is mentioned as a fourth language spoken and taught in the country. Of these, only Kirundi is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It is recognised as the national language by the Burundian constitution
Languages of Burundi
2952335
of poetry in the recognised Indian languages, as well as outstanding works of translation of Indian poetry. The award winners for English poetry include Jayanta Mahapatra for "Relationship" (1981), Nissim Ezekiel for "Latter-Day Psalms" (1983), Keki N. Daruwalla for "The Keeper of the Dead" (1984), Kamala Das for "Collected Poems" (1985), Shiv K. Kumar for "Trapfalls in the Sky" (1987), Dom Moraes for "Serendip" (1994), A. K. Ramanujan for "Collected Poems" (1999) and Jeet Thayil for "These Errors are Correct" (1912). Recent Akademi awardees for poetry in other Indian languages include H. S. Shivaprakash (Kannada) and K. Satchidanandan (Malayalam). Other
Indian poetry
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Bihari culture Bihari culture refers to the culture of the Indian state of Bihar. Bihari culture includes Mithila culture, Bhojpuri Culture and the culture of Magadha. Hindi is the official languages of the State. Maithili and Urdu are other recognised languages of the state. Unrecognised languages of the state are Bhojpuri, Angika and Magahi. Bhojpuri and Magahi are sociolinguistically a part of the Hindi Belt languages fold, thus they were not granted official status in the state.The number of speakers of the Bihari languages is difficult to count because of unreliable sources. In the urban region, most educated speakers of
Bihari culture
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the other languages of South India, it is a Dravidian language, unrelated to the Indo-European languages of northern India. The Tamil language preserves many features of Proto-Dravidian, though modern-day spoken Tamil in Tamil Nadu freely uses loanwords from Sanskrit and English and vice versa. Tamil literature is of considerable antiquity, and is recognised as a classical language by the government of India. Classical Tamil literature, which ranges from lyric poetry to works on poetics and ethical philosophy, is remarkably different from contemporary and later literature in other Indian languages, and represents the oldest body of secular literature in South-east Asia.
Tamil culture
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government entities must have a language policy that states which languages are considered the official languages of that entity, and each language policy must also specify how that department or entity intends to communicate with people whose language of choice is "South African sign language". Neither South African Sign Language nor any other sign language is an official language of South Africa. In 2008 the SASL Policy Implementation Conference gathered many key role players including scholars, researchers and teachers, policy makers, advocates and governmental bodies to promote South African Sign Language to become recognised as South Africa's twelfth official language.
South African Sign Language
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native language of 226,449 Indians in the 2001 census. English is the second "language of the Union" besides Hindi. Thirteen languages account for more than 1% of Indian population each, and between themselves for over 95%; all of them are "scheduled languages of the constitution." Scheduled languages spoken by less than 1% of Indians are Santali (0.64%), Manipuri (0.14%), Bodo (0.13%), Dogri (0.01%, spoken in Jammu and Kashmir). The largest language that is not "scheduled" is Bhili (0.95%), followed by Gondi (0.27%), Tulu (0.17%) and Kurukh (0.099%) Languages of South Asia South Asia is home to several hundred languages. Most
Languages of South Asia
4462725
Official names of South Africa There are eleven official names of South Africa, one in each of its eleven official languages. The number is surpassed only by India. These languages include English, Afrikaans, the Nguni languages (Zulu, Xhosa, Ndebele, and Swazi), as well as the Sotho languages, which include Tswana, Sotho and Northern Sotho. The remaining two languages are Venda and Tsonga. There are smaller but still significant groups of speakers of Khoi-San languages which are not official languages, but are one of the eight unofficially recognised languages. There are even smaller groups of speakers of endangered languages, many of
Official names of South Africa
1163086
distinct vernacular dialect called Brunei Malay. In East Timor, Indonesian is recognised by the constitution as one of the two working languages (the other being English), alongside the official languages of Tetum and Portuguese. The extent to which Malay is used in these countries varies depending on historical and cultural circumstances. Malay is the national language in Malaysia by Article 152 of the Constitution of Malaysia, and became the sole official language in Peninsular Malaysia in 1968 and in East Malaysia gradually from 1974. English continues, however, to be widely used in professional and commercial fields and in the superior
Malay language
8072117
Israel's President Shimon Peres remarked, "I think India is the greatest show of how so many differences in language, in sects can coexist facing great suffering and keeping full freedom." Indian languages have been taught in multiple nations, including the United States. On 2012, then prime minister of Australia, Julia Gillard talked about Hindi and other prominent Asian languages to be taught in Australia. A BBC report in 2012 showed how schools in the United Kingdom work together with online Indian mathematics tutors to teach students in the classroom. Despite anti-Indian sentiment in Pakistan, the Pakistani newspaper "The Nation" published
Indomania
273501
("kati" or how many) have undergone more modification. Examples of words borrowed from other Indian and foreign languages include: A lot of English words are commonly used in conversation and are considered to be assimilated into the Marathi vocabulary. These include "pen" (native Marathi "lekhaṇii") and "shirt" ("sadaraa"). Marathi uses many morphological processes to join words together, forming compounds. For example, "ati" + "uttam" gives the word "atyuttam", "miith-bhaakar" ("salt-bread"), "udyog-patii" ("businessman"), "ashṭa-bhujaa" ("eight-hands", name of a Hindu goddess). Like many other languages, Marathi uses distinct names for the numbers 1 to 20 and each multiple of 10, and composite
Marathi language
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Languages of Burundi Since 2014 Burundi has three official languages: Kirundi, French and English. By the same law on languages promulgated in 2014 Kiswahili is mentioned as a fourth language spoken and taught in the country. Of these, only Kirundi is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It is recognised as the national language by the Burundian constitution of 2005. French is spoken by a significant minority and is spoken mainly as a second language or by foreign residents of the country. Burundi is unusual among African states in having a single indigenous language shared by its entire
Languages of Burundi
4396816
Meaning for the Liberation of the Spirit", and "Man in Search of Immortality", and his many articles written for various journals. His most notable literary work is his translation from original Bengali into English of "Kathamrita", published under the title of "The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna". Many of the works of Swami Nikhilananda have already been translated into various European and Indian languages and are recognised as authoritative texts on the interpretations of the teachings of Vedanta. In 1944, "Time Magazine" called Swami Nikhilananda's translations of "The Bhagavad Gita", "The first really readable, authoritative English translation of one of the
Swami Nikhilananda
777252
Tamil "Koman", Kannada "Dore", Bengali "Probhu", Gujarati "Swami", Punjabi "Su'āmī", Nepali "Prabhu". Words like "Swami" and "Prabhu" are Sanskrit-origin words, common in many Indian languages. Philippine languages have different words for "lord", some of which are cognates. Tagalog has "Panginoón" for "lord" in both the noble and the religious senses. Its root, "ginoo", is also found in Visayan languages like Cebuano as the term for "lord". "Ginoo" is also the Tagalog root for "Ginoóng", the modern equivalent of the English term "Mister" (akin to how Romance language terms like "señor" may be glossed as either "lord", "mister", or "sir"). Ilocano
Lord
18082018
last census in 2011 Singapore has four official languages. The four languages that are recognised by the Singapore Government are: English, Malay, Mandarin, and Tamil. They were chosen to correspond with the major ethnic groups present in Singapore at the time as well as for the following reasons: Mandarin had gained status since the introduction of Chinese-medium schools; Malay was deemed the "most obvious choice" for the Malay community; and Tamil for the largest Indian ethnic group in Singapore, in addition to being "the language with the longest history of education in Malaysia and Singapore". In 2009, more than 20
Languages in censuses
8340111
the first published verses by Garcia's friend Luís de Camões, now recognised as Portugal's national poet. Many of the printing errors and authorial oversights are silently corrected in the 1872 reprint, which, although it follows the original page-for-page, is not a facsimile. Garcia de Orta was the first European to catalogue Indian medicinal herbs in their native habitat. His book was rapidly acknowledged as indispensable by scientists across Europe. Translations in Latin (then the scientific lingua franca) and other languages were made. The Latin translation, a slight abridgement dropping the dialogue format, but adding woodcut illustrations and editorial commentary, was
Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India
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by indigenous communities of northern and eastern Bangladesh. Two Dravidian languages are spoken by indigenous communities of western Bangladesh. The mountainous areas along the northern and eastern edges of the Indian Subcontinent are inhabited primarily by speakers of Tibeto-Burman languages. Indigenous Tibeto-Burman-speaking communities are found through the northern, eastern, and especially the southeastern parts of Bangladesh. English is a co-official language of Bangladesh and is widely used in the executive, legislative and judicial branches. Bangladesh's Constitution and laws were written in English and are now being re-written in the Bengali. It is also widely used in schools, colleges and universities
Languages of Bangladesh
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the many. Equality without liberty would kill individual initiative. Without fraternity, liberty and equality could not become a natural course of things. The Supreme Court of India originally stated in the BeruBari case presidential reference that the preamble is not an integral part of the Indian constitution, and therefore it is not enforceable in a court of law. However, the same court, in the 1973 "Kesavananda" case, overruled earlier decisions and recognised that the preamble may be used to interpret ambiguous areas of the constitution where differing interpretations present themselves. In the 1995 case of Union Government Vs LIC of
Preamble to the Constitution of India
7467956
Native Tongues (book) Native Tongues is a book by the linguist Charles Berlitz. It is a list of words in different languages, etymology and questions with speculations far and wide about words. It mentions how many thousands of languages exist, and explores whether animals have language. It tries to explain how languages started and how they spread and decline, how similar many languages like English and German are, how gender-dependent language can be. It explains the origins of words and what they really mean to people, examining words of love and of insults in different countries, languages and cultures. Much
Native Tongues (book)
7967200
case of violation shall be secured from the judiciary in a time consuming legal process. However, in case of fundamental rights violation, the Supreme Court of India can be approached directly for ultimate justice per Article 32. The Rights have their origins in many sources, including England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. The six fundamental rights recognised by the Indian constitution are the right to equality, right to live,right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to constitutional remedies. The
Fundamental rights in India
18081975
plays an important role in political life, as, according to of Bahrain's constitution, an MP must be fluent in Arabic to stand for parliament. Among the Bahraini and non-Bahraini population, many people speak Persian, the official language of Iran, or Urdu, the official language of Pakistan. Malayalam and Nepali are also widely spoken in the Nepalese workers and Gurkha Soldiers community. Hindi is spoken among significant Indian communities. Many commercial institutions and road signs are bilingual, displaying both English and Arabic. In the past, Belgium held a census each ten years, including a language census (/). Since 1932, the results
Languages in censuses
1951645
considered a language isolate by some authorities. In addition, a Bantu language, Sidi, was spoken until the mid-20th century in Gujarat. The language families in India are not necessarily related to the various ethnic groups in India, specifically the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian people. The languages within each family have been influenced to a large extent by both families. Urdu has also had a significant influence on many of today's Indian languages. Many North Indian languages have lost much of their Sanskritised base (50% current vocabulary) to a more Urdu-based form. In terms of the written script, most Indian languages, except
Languages of India
11799638
a language database maintained by the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History in Germany, lists seven varieties of indigenous Zimbabwean sign language: Manicaland Sign, Mashonaland Sign, Masvingo School Sign, Matabeleland Sign, Midlands Sign, Zimbabwe Community Sign, and Zimbabwe School Sign. American Sign Language is also reportedly used, though it is not clear to what extent. "Sign language", without further specificity, became one of Zimbabwe's official languages in the 2013 Constitution. Languages of Zimbabwe Many languages are spoken, or historically have been spoken, in Zimbabwe. Since the adoption of its 2013 Constitution, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages, namely
Languages of Zimbabwe
1951701
the Hazara community of Quetta. Bengali (بنگالی) is not an official language in Pakistan, but a significant number of Pakistani citizens have migrated from East Bengal and live in West Pakistan or East Pakistan prior to 1971. Bengali was recognised as the second official language of Pakistan on 29 February 1956, and article 214(1) of the constitution of Pakistan was reworded to "The state language of Pakistan shall be Urdu and Bengali". Others include illegal immigrants who migrated from Bangladesh after 1971. Most Pakistani Bengalis, are bilingual speaking both Urdu and Bengali, and are mainly settled in Karachi. Turkic languages
Languages of Pakistan
12629318
to become a missionary ("dharmaduta") monk in India like his contemporary Henepola Gunaratana. In order to teach to Indians he learnt Indian languages such as Hindi, Urdu and Punjabi. While in India, he came to know B. R. Ambedkar, who reportedly obtained advice from him on how to draft the Indian constitution along the lines of the vinaya. He also obtained an M.A. Degree from the Banaras Hindu University and then became a lecturer there. In 1957 he traveled to London at the request of the Maha Bodhi Society and lived the rest of his life in the West. He
Hammalawa Saddhatissa
17207662
Official Languages Commission Official Languages Commission ("India") is a commission which was constituted by the President of India in pursuance to the provisions stated in the Article-344 of the Indian Constitution. This commission was constituted on June 7, 1955 vide a notification of the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. As defined in the Article-344 of the Constitution, it shall be the duty of the Commission to make recommendations to the President as to: As defined in the articles of the Constitution of India, "the committee shall consist of thirty members, of whom twenty shall be members of the
Official Languages Commission
2489003
continues to be used today, in combination with other (at the central level and in some states) State official languages at the state level. The legal framework governing the use of languages for official purpose currently includes the Constitution, the Official Languages Act, 1963, Official Languages (Use for Official Purpose of the Union) Rules, 1976, and various state laws, as well as rules and regulations made by the central government and the states. The Indian constitution, in 1950, declared Hindi in Devanagari script to be the official language of the union. Unless Parliament decided otherwise, the use of English for
Languages with official status in India
2717042
status within the member state and count many more speakers than some of the lesser-used official languages. The official languages of EU are in bold. In the list those idioms deemed by member states as mere dialects of an official language are not included. However many of these dialects are often viewed as separate languages: Scots—the Germanic language descended from Old English, not the Celtic language known as Scottish Gaelic—and several Romance languages spoken in Portugal, France and Italy, such as Mirandese, Lombard, Ligurian, Piedmontese, Venetian, Corsican, Neapolitan, and Sicilian. The French constitution stipulates French as the sole language of
Languages of the European Union
14186968
Austin. Translator: Govindan S Thampi, Publisher:State Institute of Language, Kerala Translation of “Outlines of Indian Philosophy”; M Hiriyanna, Translator: R. Parvathikutty, Publisher: State Institute of Language, Kerala Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: भारती केळकर (Bharati Kelkar), Publisher: Diamond Publications, Pune, Maharashtra Translation of "Heat Transfer" by J P Holman, Translator: Subash Phadke, Publisher: Diamond Publications, Pune, Maharashtra Translation of “The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation” by Granville Austin. Translator: Rajendra Dhakal, Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: Ghanashyam Nepal, Publisher:
National Translation Mission
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but Garhwali is still on track due to large number of cultural songs. Many Tibeto-Burman languages are also spoken in this region, including Jad, Rongpo, Darmiya, Byangsi, Chaudangsi, Raji and Rawat. More than four-fifths of Uttarakhand's residents are Hindus. Muslims, Sikhs, Christians, Buddhists, and Jains make up the remaining population with the Muslims being the largest minority. Following the Constitution of India, Uttarakhand, like all Indian states, has a parliamentary system of representative democracy for its government. The Governor is the constitutional and formal head of the government and is appointed for a five-year term by the President of India
Uttarakhand
19956176
East Karbi Anglong District The East Karbi Anglong district is a new district formed out of the existing Karbi Anglong District of Assam in 2016. Diphu is the headquarter of the newly formed district. The district is a part of Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council, Diphu and it is administered according to the Sixth Scheduled of the Indian Constitution. Karbi language is widely spoken in the district. English, Assamese and Hindi are the other languages that are spoken in the district. The district is inhibited by many tribes, Karbi being the majority, along with Tiwa, Lalung, Garo, Bodo and other tribes
East Karbi Anglong District
6723584
of 2007), and it remains to be seen what form of sign language, if any, will be supported. There has been some discussion in parliament about "developing" a standardised sign language. Turkey also has action plans for disability issues, such as the Employment of Disabled Persons Plan (2005–2010) and the Prevention of Discrimination Against Disabled Persons Plan (2006–2010). On October 8, 1995, Uganda's national sign language was recognised in the country's new constitution, making Uganda Sign Language one of the few constitutionally recognised sign languages in the world (WFD News, April 1996). A Deaf signer (27-year-old Alex Ndeezi) was elected
Legal recognition of sign languages
13902197
Languages of Madagascar The Malagasy language of Malayo-Polynesian origin, is generally spoken throughout the island. The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and French. Madagascar is a Francophone country, and French is spoken among the educated population of this former French colony. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Malagasy than French in Madagascar . In the first Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992. Instead, Malagasy was named the national language; however, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French
Languages of Madagascar
14347290
was awarded a Padma Shri award, the fourth highest civilian honor of the Republic of India. National Translation Mission of the Ministry of Human Resource Development of the Government of India has selected "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" for translation into Indian languages. The book has already been published in Telugu, Marathi, Punjabi, Odia, Hindi and Malayalam languages. Granville Austin Granville Seward Austin (1927 – 6 July 2014) was an American historian of the Indian Constitution. Austin received most of his early education at Norwich, Vermont, USA. Austin graduated from Dartmouth College with a BA in American Literature.
Granville Austin
375675
Charles-Michel de l'Épée or Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, are often incorrectly referred to as "inventors" of sign language. Instead, sign languages, like all natural languages, are developed by the people who use them, in this case, deaf people, who may have little or no knowledge of any spoken language. As a sign language develops, it sometimes borrows elements from spoken languages, just as all languages borrow from other languages that they are in contact with. Sign languages vary in how and how much they borrow from spoken languages. In many sign languages, a manual alphabet (fingerspelling) may be used in signed
Sign language
5124830
generation to generation but since the 18th century, literary traditions are flourishing. Till the 17th century, Garhwal was always a sovereign nation under the Garhwali Kings. Naturally, Garhwali was the official language of the Garhwal Kingdom There are many differences from Hindi and other Indic languages, for example in the palatal approximant , or the presence of a retroflex lateral . Garhwali also has different allophones. There are many theories used to explains how many Monophthongs are used in the Garhwali language. The Non-Garhwali Indian scholars with some Garhwali scholars (who believes Garhwali as a dialect of Hindi) who follows
Garhwali language
9679662
of language standardisation. Sociolinguistics research in India Sociolinguistic research in India is the study of how the Indian society affects and is affected by the languages of the country. India is a highly multilingual nation, where many languages are spoken and also studied, both as part of linguistics and with the aim of aiding community development. Though theoretical and comparative linguistics have a long history in the country (dating back to perhaps the first millennium BCE), few researchers have concentrated on the sociolinguistic situation of India. India is a particularly challenging and rewarding country in which to conduct sociolinguistic research
Sociolinguistics research in India
9679655
Sociolinguistics research in India Sociolinguistic research in India is the study of how the Indian society affects and is affected by the languages of the country. India is a highly multilingual nation, where many languages are spoken and also studied, both as part of linguistics and with the aim of aiding community development. Though theoretical and comparative linguistics have a long history in the country (dating back to perhaps the first millennium BCE), few researchers have concentrated on the sociolinguistic situation of India. India is a particularly challenging and rewarding country in which to conduct sociolinguistic research due to the
Sociolinguistics research in India
12712839
June 2005. However, it was banned on 21 June 2005. The play was later staged at different theatre centres throughout the country and was translated into English and many Indian Languages. Mohan is known for his controversial play Mr.Jinnah 7.Manch Andhere Mein (2011) Staged by Rang Samooh, Ujjain. Virat Kalodbhav staged many shows at Mumbai and other Theatre centres' across the country. 8.Had Ho Gayee, Yaaro (2010] Staged at Yamuna Nagar. 9.Malik Amber (2012) These plays have been staged by renowned Theatre Groups and prominent directors and have been widely recognised by the readers, viewers, theatre lovers and critics. Critics
Narendra Mohan (poet)
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citizens. Fundamental rights for Indians have also been aimed at overturning the inequalities of pre-independence social practices. Specifically, they have also been used to abolish untouchability and thus prohibit discrimination on the grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. They also forbid trafficking of human beings and forced labour (a crime). They also protect cultural and educational rights of religious and linguistic minorities by allowing them to preserve their languages and also establish and administer their own education institutions. They are covered in Part III (Articles 12 to 35) of Indian constitution. Some features of Indian Constitution
Fundamental rights in India
465717
and Nambya. Less than 2.5%, mainly the white and "coloured" (mixed race) minorities, consider English their native language. Shona has a rich oral tradition, which was incorporated into the first Shona novel, "Feso" by Solomon Mutswairo, published in 1956. English is spoken primarily in the cities, but less so in rural areas. Radio and television news now broadcast in Shona, Sindebele and English. Zimbabwe has 16 official languages and under the constitution, an Act of Parliament may prescribe other languages as officially recognised languages. An estimated 80% of the country's citizens identify themselves as Christians. Protestants (mostly followers of Pentecostal
Zimbabwe
36820
as the "de facto recognition of three official languages" at the state level. The equal status of Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian was verified by the Constitutional Court in 2000. It ruled the provisions of the Federation and Republika Srpska constitutions on language were incompatible with the state constitution, since they only recognised "Bosniak" and Croatian (in the case of the Federation) and Serbian (in the case of Republika Srpska) as official languages at the entity level. As a result, the wording of the entity constitutions was changed and all three languages were made official in both entities. The three standard
Bosnia and Herzegovina
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ਕਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ (Karminder Singh), Publisher: Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.), Chandigarh Translation of "Outlines of Indian Philosophy" by M Hiriyanna, Translator: ਪ੍ਰਭਕੀਰਤਨ ਸਿੰਘ (Prabhkirtan Singh), Publisher: Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.), Chandigarh Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: ਕਰਮਿੰਦਰ ਸਿੰਘ (Karminder Singh), Publisher: Lokgeet Parkashan (Unistar Books Pvt. Ltd.), Chandigarh Translation of "Fundamentals of Sociology" by Gisbert P, Translator: Poornachandran G., Publisher: Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysuru, Karnataka Translation of "The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation" by Granville Austin, Translator: ప్రభాకర్ మందార (Prabhakar Mandhara), Publisher: Hyderabad Book Trust, Hyderabad,
National Translation Mission
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of the principles in fact referred to the wider notion of identity rather than ethnicity. The drawing of borders was complicated by the demographic distribution in many regions; there are over 100 officially recognised ethnic groups in Nepal, and many of them are geographically dispersed and do not form a majority in any territory. The present federal Constitution was finally adopted in September 2015. It established a federal structure to replace the existing unitary structure. The country was divided into seven federal provinces formed by grouping existing Districts. The promulgation of the new constitution was immediately followed by protests on
Ethnic federalism
2497425
conglomerates. The Nagas in Manipur are further sub-divided into sub-tribes: Tangkhul, Maram, Poumai, Angami, Chakhesang, Liangmai, Rongmei, Zeme, and Mao. The official languages are Meitei language and English. The term "Meitei" includes Sanamahis, Christians, Hindus and Manipuri Brahmins (locally called "Meetei Bamons"). The Meitei language (or "Manipuri") is the lingua franca in Manipur and is one of the languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Manipur has a diverse group of ethnic groups speaking different languages and dialects, practising Hinduism, Christianity, Sanamahism, Buddhism, Islam and other folk religions. The languages spoken in Manipur(2001 census) are Meitei (1,266,098),
Manipur