In a world that gets harder and tougher every day , companies need creative and multifaceted solutions   for facing their challenges , which simultaneously enables them to win over their rivals . Such a need   leads to a method , called Design Thinking , the process of creating new and innovative ideas to solve a   particular problem . The aim of this paper   is to show how design thinking affects Product , Process and Organizational Innovation . The objective of   design thinking is to involve consumers , designers and businesspeople in an integrative process which   can be applied to product , service or even business design .   Based on the information and literature ,   the conceptual framework of the research was designed   and hypotheses were developed .   Data from 95 organizations in science park of Tehran , Iran provided   empirical evidence for this survey . Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling ( PLS - SEM )   using Smart PLS 3.0 computer software was used to analyze the data . The results of this study   suggested that : Design thinking could be applicable to Product ,   Process   and   Organizational   Innovation .   Using   the   various   Design   Thinking   tools ,   techniques   and    templates , organizations can apply them to make their innovations come true .       Intro   Innovation   is the   mechanism   by   which organizations   produce   new   products , processes ,   and    systems , required for their adaptation to the changing markets , technologies , and modes of   competition . Technological innovations , business model changes and shifting   consumer habits   are   increasingly producing turbulence in and around organizations . To successfully respond to these   dynamics , managers not only require innovative problem - solving practices but also need to turn from a   traditional decision - making attitude for example selecting among predetermined alternatives , toward a   design - creating   attitude i.e. creating new options .   This rapid and accelerating market shift towards integrated products and services has spurred   significant changes in how companies invest in innovation , train their employees and engage with their   customers .   Among these , one of the most visible and arguably , strongest trend is a board - based investment in   design thinking ( Roberts et al . , 2016 ) . Design thinking , as a concept , has been slowly evolving and   coalescing over the past   decade . One   popular definition is   that design   thinking means   thinking like    a designer .   More concretely , Tim Brown of IDEO has written that design thinking is   a discipline that   uses the designer 's sensibility and methods to match people 's needs with what is technologically   feasible and what a viable business strategy can convert into customer value and market opportunity   ( Martin , 2009 ) .   Design   thinking   is promoted   as a   user - centered   approach   to innovation ,   it   has been   introduced    as a management   approach that   brings creativity   and user - centeredness   to   organizations   as a   new    way of working ( Brown , 2008 ) . It has also started to receive increased attention in business settings .   This is because   the design of products and services is a major component of business competitiveness , to the extent   that   many known companies have committed themselves to become design leaders .   A review of the literature on design thinking suggests that it is a management practice deserving   increased attention from scholars . An examination of both theoretical work and actual management   practice reveals a process that is not only internally consistent and coherent , but also capable of   constituting a distinctive   practice ( Andrea , 2014 ) . The authors   believe that design thinking is a   remarkably under - used   tool for   achieving strategic business initiatives , increasingly driven by the need for innovation ( Andrea ,   2009 ) . 

 This paper aims to consider how applying design thinking behaviors allows one to focus on the   problem , the issue and the user , letting him / her find the means for solutions . For many , this approach    combines different   viewpoints   and   customer - centric   concepts ,   increasing   their   innovation   speed .    This   study investigates the nature of the relation between design thinking and innovation , particularly   with the purpose   of examining the relation between design thinking and product , process and organizational innovation .   It starts with the background as well as the issues of design thinking ,       1 .   Problem - Solving in Design Thinking   Design   Thinking   is   a   method   of   understanding   problems   and   producing   innovative   and    compelling solutions ( Thienen et al . , 2014 ) . It is seen to inherently include questions concerning the   way the problem is represented   ( Boland &   Collopy , 2004 ) , looking beyond the immediate boundaries   of   the problem to ensure that the right question is being addressed ( Drews , 2009 ) , thus it goes beyond   what is obviously stated to see what lies behind the problem ( Zaccai in Andrea , 2010 ) . Identifying ,   framing and reframing the   problem to be solved are regarded as equally important as solving the problem or finding an   appropriate solution ( Beckman & Barry , 2007 ) . The process of challenging the original problem is not   limited to the beginning of the process , but is ongoing , incorporating the findings already gained to re- phrase the problem .   There are problems that require creativity in order to find multiple workable solutions . Wicked Problems   is a common phrase and many papers have been return in this regard . According to Kimbell ( 2011 ) ,   design thinking   is appropriated   for a   variety of   professions e.g.   business   and sciences ,   to   solve   disciplinary problems in seemingly new ways . In the same context , Piotrowski explains that businesses   are seeing that   the process of design can bring innovative thinking to problem - solving within the corporate   environment , a methodology which is known as design thinking ( Piotrowski , 2011 ) . Muratovski goes on   to propose that design has   developed from   a purely   stylistic   trade , centered   around creating    beautiful objects into   an industry with complex problem - solving at its core ( Muratovski , 2015 ) .   In   Wicked   Problems   in   Design   Thinking ,   Buchanan   ( 1992 )   posed   the   idea   that   designers    frequently encounter complex , wicked problems . The skill of developing multiple varied solutions in an   effective way that is at the heart of design thinking . In addition , Buchanan suggested that designers ’   thought process allowed them to deal with complex , multi - faceted wicked problems .             Hypothesis     The   term design   thinking is   often used   as   a unique   approach   to solve   problems   in innovative    ways . Researchers from various disciplines use the principles of design to solve problems . Tim Brown   in his book Change by Design : How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation   ( 2009 ) has explored design thinking . Accordingly , design thinking , based on the same principles used   by designers to produce innovative solutions for engineering problems , is   considered by Brown to be   the paradigm   for   solving complex problems regardless of the field of activity . Also , he adds that :   Design thinking has its   origins in   the training and   the professional practice   of designers , but these are   principles that   can be   practiced by everyone and extended to every field of activity ( Brown , 2008 ) . 

 Insights into real users ’ needs have been perceived to help innovation teams go beyond their usual   problem and solution frame . Studies show that design thinking has been used in the area of   incremental innovation or continuous improvement . The central promise in the literature is the   contribution of design thinking to innovation ( Brown , 2008 ; Martin , 2009 ) . However , while the view on   innovation ultimately affects how design thinking is evaluated , innovation as a term is usually not   problematized and is discussed mainly as short - term gains for instants creativity boost or a way to   come up with great ideas i.e. , invention rather than innovation ( Cruickshank , 2010 ) .     Method   1 . Survey Development and Sample   To test the research questions , a survey instrument was developed . The design process for the   questionnaire involved two stages . In the first , an extensive literature review was conducted , which got   further assisted through identification of model 's constructs . Afterwards , the items associated with each   of the constructs got directly adopted or slightly modified . Since the questionnaires were administered   in Iran , two scholars   were asked to translate the initial English questionnaire into Persian . The Persian version was then   back - translated into English by two other scholars and both English versions were checked for any   discrepancies to   ensure consistency .   Ultimately the   Persian   questionnaire was   employed . In   the   second   stage ,   three academics with relevant working experience in Iran reviewed the draft   questionnaire and identified any awkward or inapplicable items . Further revisions and refinements were   made , based on their feedbacks , to ensure that the survey would be highly understandable and   relevant to the practices in Iran . An internet survey   was administered and   targeted at   companies   located   in the   science parks   of Tehran ,   Iran . The questionnaires were emailed to the members of top   management in each company with a cover letter that explained the purpose   of the   survey and   provided an assurance of   confidentiality . Previous   researches suggested that members of top   management are more familiar with ideas and values within organizations   putting them in the best   position to respond to the questionnaire ( Hambrick & Mason , 1984 ) . Out of the 250 invitations ,   emailed   to the respondents , as   many as 95 usable   output was received , representing   a   response rate of approximately 24 % .     2 . Constructs in the Model   Table 1 gives the variables , used in this study . The respondents were requested   to indicate the   level   of agreement on each of the statements from 1 : strongly disagree to 5 : strongly agree . The items for   the design thinking came from Blizzard et al . ( 2015 ) and Brown ( 2008 ) . The respondents were asked to   answer the expressions . The   items for   product , process and organizational   innovation were   derived   from Jimenez- Jimenez et al . ( 2008 ) . Respondents were asked to rate the level of each of the items ,   using a   five - level   response format with 1 : strongly below competitors up to 5 : strongly above competitors . 


EMAIL: 
ID_NUM: 
NAME_STUDENT: 
PHONE_NUM: 
STREET_ADDRESS: 
URL_PERSONAL: 
USERNAME: 

### Task: You are a PII (Personal Identity Information) Detection. Given a essays written by students, you have to identify ONLY the following:
NAME_STUDENT - The full or partial name of a student that is not necessarily the author of the essay. This excludes instructors, authors, and other person names.
EMAIL - A student’s email address.
USERNAME - A student's username on any platform.
ID_NUM - A number or sequence of characters that could be used to identify a student, such as a student ID or a social security number.
PHONE_NUM - A phone number associated with a student.
URL_PERSONAL - A URL that might be used to identify a student.
STREET_ADDRESS - A full or partial street address that is associated with the student, such as their home address.
### Input: In a world that gets harder and tougher every day , companies need creative and multifaceted solutions   for facing their challenges , which simultaneously enables them to win over their rivals . Such a need   leads to a method , called Design Thinking , the process of creating new and innovative ideas to solve a   particular problem . The aim of this paper   is to show how design thinking affects Product , Process and Organizational Innovation . The objective of   design thinking is to involve consumers , designers and businesspeople in an integrative process which   can be applied to product , service or even business design .   Based on the information and literature ,   the conceptual framework of the research was designed   and hypotheses were developed .   Data from 95 organizations in science park of Tehran , Iran provided   empirical evidence for this survey . Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling ( PLS - SEM )   using Smart PLS 3.0 computer software was used to analyze the data . The results of this study   suggested that : Design thinking could be applicable to Product ,   Process   and   Organizational   Innovation .   Using   the   various   Design   Thinking   tools ,   techniques   and    templates , organizations can apply them to make their innovations come true .       Intro   Innovation   is the   mechanism   by   which organizations   produce   new   products , processes ,   and    systems , required for their adaptation to the changing markets , technologies , and modes of   competition . Technological innovations , business model changes and shifting   consumer habits   are   increasingly producing turbulence in and around organizations . To successfully respond to these   dynamics , managers not only require innovative problem - solving practices but also need to turn from a   traditional decision - making attitude for example selecting among predetermined alternatives , toward a   design - creating   attitude i.e. creating new options .   This rapid and accelerating market shift towards integrated products and services has spurred   significant changes in how companies invest in innovation , train their employees and engage with their   customers .   Among these , one of the most visible and arguably , strongest trend is a board - based investment in   design thinking ( Roberts et al . , 2016 ) . Design thinking , as a concept , has been slowly evolving and   coalescing over the past   decade . One   popular definition is   that design   thinking means   thinking like    a designer .   More concretely , Tim Brown of IDEO has written that design thinking is   a discipline that   uses the designer 's sensibility and methods to match people 's needs with what is technologically   feasible and what a viable business strategy can convert into customer value and market opportunity   ( Martin , 2009 ) .   Design   thinking   is promoted   as a   user - centered   approach   to innovation ,   it   has been   introduced    as a management   approach that   brings creativity   and user - centeredness   to   organizations   as a   new    way of working ( Brown , 2008 ) . It has also started to receive increased attention in business settings .   This is because   the design of products and services is a major component of business competitiveness , to the extent   that   many known companies have committed themselves to become design leaders .   A review of the literature on design thinking suggests that it is a management practice deserving   increased attention from scholars . An examination of both theoretical work and actual management   practice reveals a process that is not only internally consistent and coherent , but also capable of   constituting a distinctive   practice ( Andrea , 2014 ) . The authors   believe that design thinking is a   remarkably under - used   tool for   achieving strategic business initiatives , increasingly driven by the need for innovation ( Andrea ,   2009 ) . 

 This paper aims to consider how applying design thinking behaviors allows one to focus on the   problem , the issue and the user , letting him / her find the means for solutions . For many , this approach    combines different   viewpoints   and   customer - centric   concepts ,   increasing   their   innovation   speed .    This   study investigates the nature of the relation between design thinking and innovation , particularly   with the purpose   of examining the relation between design thinking and product , process and organizational innovation .   It starts with the background as well as the issues of design thinking ,       1 .   Problem - Solving in Design Thinking   Design   Thinking   is   a   method   of   understanding   problems   and   producing   innovative   and    compelling solutions ( Thienen et al . , 2014 ) . It is seen to inherently include questions concerning the   way the problem is represented   ( Boland &   Collopy , 2004 ) , looking beyond the immediate boundaries   of   the problem to ensure that the right question is being addressed ( Drews , 2009 ) , thus it goes beyond   what is obviously stated to see what lies behind the problem ( Zaccai in Andrea , 2010 ) . Identifying ,   framing and reframing the   problem to be solved are regarded as equally important as solving the problem or finding an   appropriate solution ( Beckman & Barry , 2007 ) . The process of challenging the original problem is not   limited to the beginning of the process , but is ongoing , incorporating the findings already gained to re- phrase the problem .   There are problems that require creativity in order to find multiple workable solutions . Wicked Problems   is a common phrase and many papers have been return in this regard . According to Kimbell ( 2011 ) ,   design thinking   is appropriated   for a   variety of   professions e.g.   business   and sciences ,   to   solve   disciplinary problems in seemingly new ways . In the same context , Piotrowski explains that businesses   are seeing that   the process of design can bring innovative thinking to problem - solving within the corporate   environment , a methodology which is known as design thinking ( Piotrowski , 2011 ) . Muratovski goes on   to propose that design has   developed from   a purely   stylistic   trade , centered   around creating    beautiful objects into   an industry with complex problem - solving at its core ( Muratovski , 2015 ) .   In   Wicked   Problems   in   Design   Thinking ,   Buchanan   ( 1992 )   posed   the   idea   that   designers    frequently encounter complex , wicked problems . The skill of developing multiple varied solutions in an   effective way that is at the heart of design thinking . In addition , Buchanan suggested that designers ’   thought process allowed them to deal with complex , multi - faceted wicked problems .             Hypothesis     The   term design   thinking is   often used   as   a unique   approach   to solve   problems   in innovative    ways . Researchers from various disciplines use the principles of design to solve problems . Tim Brown   in his book Change by Design : How Design Thinking Transforms Organizations and Inspires Innovation   ( 2009 ) has explored design thinking . Accordingly , design thinking , based on the same principles used   by designers to produce innovative solutions for engineering problems , is   considered by Brown to be   the paradigm   for   solving complex problems regardless of the field of activity . Also , he adds that :   Design thinking has its   origins in   the training and   the professional practice   of designers , but these are   principles that   can be   practiced by everyone and extended to every field of activity ( Brown , 2008 ) . 

 Insights into real users ’ needs have been perceived to help innovation teams go beyond their usual   problem and solution frame . Studies show that design thinking has been used in the area of   incremental innovation or continuous improvement . The central promise in the literature is the   contribution of design thinking to innovation ( Brown , 2008 ; Martin , 2009 ) . However , while the view on   innovation ultimately affects how design thinking is evaluated , innovation as a term is usually not   problematized and is discussed mainly as short - term gains for instants creativity boost or a way to   come up with great ideas i.e. , invention rather than innovation ( Cruickshank , 2010 ) .     Method   1 . Survey Development and Sample   To test the research questions , a survey instrument was developed . The design process for the   questionnaire involved two stages . In the first , an extensive literature review was conducted , which got   further assisted through identification of model 's constructs . Afterwards , the items associated with each   of the constructs got directly adopted or slightly modified . Since the questionnaires were administered   in Iran , two scholars   were asked to translate the initial English questionnaire into Persian . The Persian version was then   back - translated into English by two other scholars and both English versions were checked for any   discrepancies to   ensure consistency .   Ultimately the   Persian   questionnaire was   employed . In   the   second   stage ,   three academics with relevant working experience in Iran reviewed the draft   questionnaire and identified any awkward or inapplicable items . Further revisions and refinements were   made , based on their feedbacks , to ensure that the survey would be highly understandable and   relevant to the practices in Iran . An internet survey   was administered and   targeted at   companies   located   in the   science parks   of Tehran ,   Iran . The questionnaires were emailed to the members of top   management in each company with a cover letter that explained the purpose   of the   survey and   provided an assurance of   confidentiality . Previous   researches suggested that members of top   management are more familiar with ideas and values within organizations   putting them in the best   position to respond to the questionnaire ( Hambrick & Mason , 1984 ) . Out of the 250 invitations ,   emailed   to the respondents , as   many as 95 usable   output was received , representing   a   response rate of approximately 24 % .     2 . Constructs in the Model   Table 1 gives the variables , used in this study . The respondents were requested   to indicate the   level   of agreement on each of the statements from 1 : strongly disagree to 5 : strongly agree . The items for   the design thinking came from Blizzard et al . ( 2015 ) and Brown ( 2008 ) . The respondents were asked to   answer the expressions . The   items for   product , process and organizational   innovation were   derived   from Jimenez- Jimenez et al . ( 2008 ) . Respondents were asked to rate the level of each of the items ,   using a   five - level   response format with 1 : strongly below competitors up to 5 : strongly above competitors .
### Output: 