Visualization ( Module 1 ) 

 Elements : 

 1 . Challenge : 

 2 . Selection : 

 3 . Application : 

 4 . Insight : 

 5 . Approach : 

 The above mentioned elements are covered in the following description for : 

 To design and develop autonomous mini hydraulic earthmoving backhoe excavator for light duty   construction work . 

 Challenge : 

 The construction of highway , digging of trenches , holes , and foundation requires rapid removal of the   soil . Typically digging machines such as backhoe loaders or known as backhoe excavators , and hydraulic   excavators are used to dig the earth for these applications and to load the material into the dump   trucks , or trolleys . Backhoe excavators are used primarily to excavate below the natural surface of the   ground on which the machine rests . A backhoe excavator is actually three pieces of construction   equipment combined into one unit . These three pieces are a tractor , a loader , and a backhoe as shown   in Fig . 1 . 

 Fig . 1 A backhoe excavator ( JCB , 2012 ) 

 The backhoe excavators are hues in size and used in the different field of applications . 

 Because of the surge of medium density housing construction , together with changing   regulations have caused builders to rethink construction methods , including the use of   construction equipment . In some cases where homes are built only meters apart , the mobility of   the excavating machines in such compact areas along with the movement of materials , and the   size of the excavating equipment play a crucial role in excavation . This indicates the urgency in   the development of such compact excavation equipment or a compact backhoe excavator 

 attachment which has higher digging depth , dumping height , and digging reach ( collectively   known as kinematic working ranges ) with minimum dimensions so that the machine can be easily   accommodate in the workspace . 

 The so developed compact backhoe attachment parts have to be equally better in strength as the   parts of the heavy duty backhoe loaders are . The controlling of so developed compact backhoe   attachment has to be equally effective as the heavy duty backhoe loaders ’ controlling is . The big   size machines can not be operated for light duty construction work and the manufacturing   companies like caterpillar , JCB , Hitachi , John Deere , Kobelco , Komatsu , Terex , Volvo etc . have   the challenge to develop the compact size autonomous excavating machine which can be   operated not only for light duty construction work but also used for gardening , explosive work   site , higher risky environment , dirty places , waste collection , and where the working environment   is dangerous for human being . 

 Selection : 

 For the development of compact size backhoe excavator , initially it is essential that to know the   name of manufacturers , who are playing leading role in manufacturing of hues size excavating   machines . It is equally important that to collect the technical specifications of all the available   models used in the field . According to Research Methodology concept , the market survey   method is best suitable tool to collect the raw data from the authentic websites of the   manufacturers and their standards available . 

 Survey Method : There are basically two different methods for data collection . One is to conduct   interview and other is to prepare questioner . But in the present problem it is very difficult to   conduct interview and to prepare questioner . But by conducting the survey one can identify the   list of available models of earthmoving machines , their technical specifications and also possible   to compare them . The relevant necessary technical data available on the manufacturer ’s   company websites . Survey method provides the information regarding the available resources ,   technologies , and specifications in context of the present problem . 

 Application : 

 Based on this survey method , the comparison of technical data carried out to identify the Models ,   Operating weight ( kg ) , Engine specification ( hp ) , Working ranges ( mm ) , Bucket specifications ,   Physical dimensions ( mm ) , Cylinder dimensions ( mm x mm ) etc . 

 The main purpose is to conduct survey is to identify the above mentioned parameters which are very   according to size of machine and model to perform the excavation process below the earth surface .   To develop the compact autonomous model of backhoe excavator it is essential to know the   technical specifications of all the models of the backhoe excavator under the same category . There is   no particular video session on the survey method which can be helpful to conduct the survey for this   kind of problem and application but the basic understanding of survey method understand by   watching youtube video on Survey Research Method by Brandon Ortiz , Lisbon School of Economics &   Management ,   School of Education ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sOzgGAeiQV ) , and the book on   “ Research Methodology ” by R. C. Kothari . 

 Insight : 

 The following table shows the basic idea about the collected data through survey method . 

 Sr .   No .   Name of Company      Company- 

 Company- 

 Company- 

 Company- 

 1   Model    -   Model   Name 

 Model   Name 

 Model   Name 

 Model   Name 

 2   Operating weight 

 ( Kg )   - 

 3   Engine 

 specification ( hp ) 

 Net power 

 4   Gross power 

 Working ranges 

 ( mm ) 

 Maximum digging 

 reach 

 6   Maximum digging 

 depth 

 7   Maximum dumping 

 height 

 8   Maximum digging 

 height 

 Bucket 

 specifications 

 Capacity ( m³ ) 

 10   No of teeth 

 11   Weight ( Kg ) 

 12   Digging force ( N ) 

 13 

 Physical 

 dimensions ( mm ) 

 Arm length 

 14   Boom length 

 15   Overall width 

 16   Overall height 

 17 

 Cyilinder 

 dimensions ( mm x 

 mm ) 

 Bucket cyilinder   ( Bore x stroke ) 

 18   Boom cyilinder   ( Bore x stroke ) 

 19   Arm cyilinder ( Bore 

 x stroke ) 

 Here only few columns added for example purpose but many numbers of columns and row can be   added according to data size and available information according to problem statement and   objectives made . For the present case of backhoe excavator earthmoving machine , based on   standard sizes ( physical dimensions ) of the backhoe attachment and cylinder dimensions were   decided by applying the scaling rule of design . The bucket specifications were calculated based on   Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) standards , ( i ) SAE J296 : “ Mini excavator and backhoe bucket   volumetric rating ” , an American standard ( Mehta Gaurav K. , 2006 ) , ( Komatsu , 2006 ) ( ii ) CECE   ( Committee of European Construction Equipment ) a European standard ( Mehta Gaurav K. , 2006 ) ,   ( Komatsu , 2006 ) . 

 Approach : 

 The current selected approach is to conduct survey for gathering the require information for   comparison purpose to develop a compact autonomous backhoe excavator machine capable to   handle light construction work and other light duty work . Survey method is very time consuming   method to collect the appropriate data and it is very difficult to prove its authenticity , except the 

 data collected from the authentic website , published reports from government body in relevant   field , or any other reliable source . 

 But I think , there is no other alternative approach to collect the data from different sources , and to   do comparison for their parameters and physical dimensions to fulfil the objectives . 

 * * * * * 


EMAIL: 
ID_NUM: 
NAME_STUDENT: 
PHONE_NUM: 
STREET_ADDRESS: 
URL_PERSONAL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sOzgGAeiQV
USERNAME: 

### Task: You are a PII (Personal Identity Information) Detection. Given a essays written by students, you have to identify ONLY the following:
NAME_STUDENT - The full or partial name of a student that is not necessarily the author of the essay. This excludes instructors, authors, and other person names.
EMAIL - A student’s email address.
USERNAME - A student's username on any platform.
ID_NUM - A number or sequence of characters that could be used to identify a student, such as a student ID or a social security number.
PHONE_NUM - A phone number associated with a student.
URL_PERSONAL - A URL that might be used to identify a student.
STREET_ADDRESS - A full or partial street address that is associated with the student, such as their home address.
### Input: Visualization ( Module 1 ) 

 Elements : 

 1 . Challenge : 

 2 . Selection : 

 3 . Application : 

 4 . Insight : 

 5 . Approach : 

 The above mentioned elements are covered in the following description for : 

 To design and develop autonomous mini hydraulic earthmoving backhoe excavator for light duty   construction work . 

 Challenge : 

 The construction of highway , digging of trenches , holes , and foundation requires rapid removal of the   soil . Typically digging machines such as backhoe loaders or known as backhoe excavators , and hydraulic   excavators are used to dig the earth for these applications and to load the material into the dump   trucks , or trolleys . Backhoe excavators are used primarily to excavate below the natural surface of the   ground on which the machine rests . A backhoe excavator is actually three pieces of construction   equipment combined into one unit . These three pieces are a tractor , a loader , and a backhoe as shown   in Fig . 1 . 

 Fig . 1 A backhoe excavator ( JCB , 2012 ) 

 The backhoe excavators are hues in size and used in the different field of applications . 

 Because of the surge of medium density housing construction , together with changing   regulations have caused builders to rethink construction methods , including the use of   construction equipment . In some cases where homes are built only meters apart , the mobility of   the excavating machines in such compact areas along with the movement of materials , and the   size of the excavating equipment play a crucial role in excavation . This indicates the urgency in   the development of such compact excavation equipment or a compact backhoe excavator 

 attachment which has higher digging depth , dumping height , and digging reach ( collectively   known as kinematic working ranges ) with minimum dimensions so that the machine can be easily   accommodate in the workspace . 

 The so developed compact backhoe attachment parts have to be equally better in strength as the   parts of the heavy duty backhoe loaders are . The controlling of so developed compact backhoe   attachment has to be equally effective as the heavy duty backhoe loaders ’ controlling is . The big   size machines can not be operated for light duty construction work and the manufacturing   companies like caterpillar , JCB , Hitachi , John Deere , Kobelco , Komatsu , Terex , Volvo etc . have   the challenge to develop the compact size autonomous excavating machine which can be   operated not only for light duty construction work but also used for gardening , explosive work   site , higher risky environment , dirty places , waste collection , and where the working environment   is dangerous for human being . 

 Selection : 

 For the development of compact size backhoe excavator , initially it is essential that to know the   name of manufacturers , who are playing leading role in manufacturing of hues size excavating   machines . It is equally important that to collect the technical specifications of all the available   models used in the field . According to Research Methodology concept , the market survey   method is best suitable tool to collect the raw data from the authentic websites of the   manufacturers and their standards available . 

 Survey Method : There are basically two different methods for data collection . One is to conduct   interview and other is to prepare questioner . But in the present problem it is very difficult to   conduct interview and to prepare questioner . But by conducting the survey one can identify the   list of available models of earthmoving machines , their technical specifications and also possible   to compare them . The relevant necessary technical data available on the manufacturer ’s   company websites . Survey method provides the information regarding the available resources ,   technologies , and specifications in context of the present problem . 

 Application : 

 Based on this survey method , the comparison of technical data carried out to identify the Models ,   Operating weight ( kg ) , Engine specification ( hp ) , Working ranges ( mm ) , Bucket specifications ,   Physical dimensions ( mm ) , Cylinder dimensions ( mm x mm ) etc . 

 The main purpose is to conduct survey is to identify the above mentioned parameters which are very   according to size of machine and model to perform the excavation process below the earth surface .   To develop the compact autonomous model of backhoe excavator it is essential to know the   technical specifications of all the models of the backhoe excavator under the same category . There is   no particular video session on the survey method which can be helpful to conduct the survey for this   kind of problem and application but the basic understanding of survey method understand by   watching youtube video on Survey Research Method by Brandon Ortiz , Lisbon School of Economics &   Management ,   School of Education ( https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sOzgGAeiQV ) , and the book on   “ Research Methodology ” by R. C. Kothari . 

 Insight : 

 The following table shows the basic idea about the collected data through survey method . 

 Sr .   No .   Name of Company      Company- 

 Company- 

 Company- 

 Company- 

 1   Model    -   Model   Name 

 Model   Name 

 Model   Name 

 Model   Name 

 2   Operating weight 

 ( Kg )   - 

 3   Engine 

 specification ( hp ) 

 Net power 

 4   Gross power 

 Working ranges 

 ( mm ) 

 Maximum digging 

 reach 

 6   Maximum digging 

 depth 

 7   Maximum dumping 

 height 

 8   Maximum digging 

 height 

 Bucket 

 specifications 

 Capacity ( m³ ) 

 10   No of teeth 

 11   Weight ( Kg ) 

 12   Digging force ( N ) 

 13 

 Physical 

 dimensions ( mm ) 

 Arm length 

 14   Boom length 

 15   Overall width 

 16   Overall height 

 17 

 Cyilinder 

 dimensions ( mm x 

 mm ) 

 Bucket cyilinder   ( Bore x stroke ) 

 18   Boom cyilinder   ( Bore x stroke ) 

 19   Arm cyilinder ( Bore 

 x stroke ) 

 Here only few columns added for example purpose but many numbers of columns and row can be   added according to data size and available information according to problem statement and   objectives made . For the present case of backhoe excavator earthmoving machine , based on   standard sizes ( physical dimensions ) of the backhoe attachment and cylinder dimensions were   decided by applying the scaling rule of design . The bucket specifications were calculated based on   Society of Automotive Engineers ( SAE ) standards , ( i ) SAE J296 : “ Mini excavator and backhoe bucket   volumetric rating ” , an American standard ( Mehta Gaurav K. , 2006 ) , ( Komatsu , 2006 ) ( ii ) CECE   ( Committee of European Construction Equipment ) a European standard ( Mehta Gaurav K. , 2006 ) ,   ( Komatsu , 2006 ) . 

 Approach : 

 The current selected approach is to conduct survey for gathering the require information for   comparison purpose to develop a compact autonomous backhoe excavator machine capable to   handle light construction work and other light duty work . Survey method is very time consuming   method to collect the appropriate data and it is very difficult to prove its authenticity , except the 

 data collected from the authentic website , published reports from government body in relevant   field , or any other reliable source . 

 But I think , there is no other alternative approach to collect the data from different sources , and to   do comparison for their parameters and physical dimensions to fulfil the objectives . 

 * * * * *
### Output: 