The global market of today is tough and the competition between companies demands new ways of   developing products and services . The current challenge for the design research community is to   provide designers with a wider range of methods and tools to support specific activities within the   design process and to improve its overall coordination . 

 It is uncertain whether problem - solving alone can be the tool for developing even simple products or   services , as we are less open to the variety of opportunities that arise in the process . When   approaching a problem , the cognitive mindset demanded to solve the problem , differs from that   required when searching for opportunities in creating something completely new . This emphasizes   the importance of design thinking , using tools and methods for conducting Human Centered Design   ( HCD ) , empathy , and intuition , along with the use of visualization . 

 By focusing on the creative process and the use of sketches and models , this research will explore   the possibility to develop tools and methods for conducting New Product Development ( NPD )   projects in a more efficient way . 

 This research presents a prescriptive model for visualization in NPD projects . This model is a result of   clarifying the research problem , understanding the factors that affect visualization and the need for   development of support . The model works as a supportive tool for project teams and guidelines for   management . 

 Economic growth and future jobs are dependent on how individuals within organizations are able to   generate ideas and develop them into competitive and sustainable products and services . Today ’s   globalized market has resulted in a business environment where change and uncertainty challenges   industry . The idea that low cost and quality focus is sufficient for a competitive market position has   disappeared . For example , environmental challenges and constant innovation are becoming   increasingly important and must be integrated into the development of new products and services ,   as well as into the organizations and processes , to achieve those results . These facts make the entire   product realization process of today more complex than ever . In organizations that today struggle to   compete in the global market , there is a need to find and develop new ways to achieve economic   growth and new market shares . Organizations working on qualified , complex , products or qualified   unique manufacturing methods today have the necessary order qualifiers for competition . One way   to become competitive is by implementing new and improved concepts , methods and models that   will support and strengthen the innovation and product realization processes , as well as the   organizations and people pursuing these paths ( Jackson , 2009 ) . Combining this with a holistic view of   the entire innovation process , which includes the product realization process , is a way to strengthen   the performance in presenting new products or services on the market . In this project , this means   focusing and integrating the areas of creativity , design , design thinking , design methods and design   research , in a broad sense , into the innovation and product realization processes . 

 In the knowledge - based global economy of today , even the nature of innovation is changing   ( Lengrand , 2002 ) . We can see a change towards a more ´ open innovation strategy ´ , where suppliers ,   customers , endusers , universities and other external resources and networks are much more   involved in organizations ’ innovation processes ( Chesbrough , 2003 , 2009 ) . Most organizations have   well - developed strategies for quality and production management systems , for example . But few   have developed clear strategies concerning innovation processes and management from an   integrated technological , organizational and market perspective ( Tidd & Bessant , 2009 ) . The   development and design of new products and services within product development and engineering   design originated from and is often based on problem - solving ( Pahl and Beitz , 2007 ) . Research   within the area has its origins in systems theory and the design science paradigm influenced by 

 Hubka & Eder ( 1988 , 1996 ) , for example . The ultimate goal is to quickly present an economically- produced product to the market . For most producers , this is done by working through a chain of   decisions : first establishing clear objectives for the product , then identifying the target market   segment and , finally , trying to systematically determine the customers desires or needs . Structured   design methods have been developed in engineering design by Ulrich & Eppinger ( 2003 ) and Pahl &   Beitz ( 2007 ) , among others . For the development of integrated and complex products , it is often not   enough with the engineering and subject - specific development processes based on problem - solving .   It is uncertain whether problem - solving alone can be the tool for developing even simple products or   services as we are less open to the variety of opportunities that arise in the process . When   approaching a problem , the cognitive mindset demanded to solve the problem differs from that   required when searching for opportunities in creating something completely new . 

 Design , design thinking , design methods and tools are resources that should be better utilized and   could be better integrated in future management strategies ( Utterback et.al , 2006 ; Brown , 2009 ;   Verganti , 2009 ) . This emphasizes the importance of design thinking and methods in realizing new   innovative products and services . For example , visual and spatial communication is central in design   and development work . Sketches and models are important tools that can facilitate and support the   development work during product realization .   All kinds of visual representations are exceptional   since they show appearance of objects . Language does not . A sketch can serve as a common   reference for the team . However , to be able to communicate via a sketch , the use of verbal   communication is essential . Sketch - based design processes can eliminate communication problems   as long as the team members involved during the communication are the same . On the contrary , in   handover situations , new team members will interpret the sketches differently because of a   variation in pre - understanding . This is because pictures are arbitrary and can be interpreted in   different ways ; therefore , it is necessary to combine the sketches with verbal information ( Kress &   van Leeuwen , 1996 , 2001 ; Eriksson & Göthlund , 2004 ; Eriksson , 2009 ) . 


EMAIL: 
ID_NUM: 
NAME_STUDENT: 
PHONE_NUM: 
STREET_ADDRESS: 
URL_PERSONAL: 
USERNAME: 

### Task: You are a PII (Personal Identity Information) Detection. Given a essays written by students, you have to identify ONLY the following:
NAME_STUDENT - The full or partial name of a student that is not necessarily the author of the essay. This excludes instructors, authors, and other person names.
EMAIL - A student’s email address.
USERNAME - A student's username on any platform.
ID_NUM - A number or sequence of characters that could be used to identify a student, such as a student ID or a social security number.
PHONE_NUM - A phone number associated with a student.
URL_PERSONAL - A URL that might be used to identify a student.
STREET_ADDRESS - A full or partial street address that is associated with the student, such as their home address.
### Input: The global market of today is tough and the competition between companies demands new ways of   developing products and services . The current challenge for the design research community is to   provide designers with a wider range of methods and tools to support specific activities within the   design process and to improve its overall coordination . 

 It is uncertain whether problem - solving alone can be the tool for developing even simple products or   services , as we are less open to the variety of opportunities that arise in the process . When   approaching a problem , the cognitive mindset demanded to solve the problem , differs from that   required when searching for opportunities in creating something completely new . This emphasizes   the importance of design thinking , using tools and methods for conducting Human Centered Design   ( HCD ) , empathy , and intuition , along with the use of visualization . 

 By focusing on the creative process and the use of sketches and models , this research will explore   the possibility to develop tools and methods for conducting New Product Development ( NPD )   projects in a more efficient way . 

 This research presents a prescriptive model for visualization in NPD projects . This model is a result of   clarifying the research problem , understanding the factors that affect visualization and the need for   development of support . The model works as a supportive tool for project teams and guidelines for   management . 

 Economic growth and future jobs are dependent on how individuals within organizations are able to   generate ideas and develop them into competitive and sustainable products and services . Today ’s   globalized market has resulted in a business environment where change and uncertainty challenges   industry . The idea that low cost and quality focus is sufficient for a competitive market position has   disappeared . For example , environmental challenges and constant innovation are becoming   increasingly important and must be integrated into the development of new products and services ,   as well as into the organizations and processes , to achieve those results . These facts make the entire   product realization process of today more complex than ever . In organizations that today struggle to   compete in the global market , there is a need to find and develop new ways to achieve economic   growth and new market shares . Organizations working on qualified , complex , products or qualified   unique manufacturing methods today have the necessary order qualifiers for competition . One way   to become competitive is by implementing new and improved concepts , methods and models that   will support and strengthen the innovation and product realization processes , as well as the   organizations and people pursuing these paths ( Jackson , 2009 ) . Combining this with a holistic view of   the entire innovation process , which includes the product realization process , is a way to strengthen   the performance in presenting new products or services on the market . In this project , this means   focusing and integrating the areas of creativity , design , design thinking , design methods and design   research , in a broad sense , into the innovation and product realization processes . 

 In the knowledge - based global economy of today , even the nature of innovation is changing   ( Lengrand , 2002 ) . We can see a change towards a more ´ open innovation strategy ´ , where suppliers ,   customers , endusers , universities and other external resources and networks are much more   involved in organizations ’ innovation processes ( Chesbrough , 2003 , 2009 ) . Most organizations have   well - developed strategies for quality and production management systems , for example . But few   have developed clear strategies concerning innovation processes and management from an   integrated technological , organizational and market perspective ( Tidd & Bessant , 2009 ) . The   development and design of new products and services within product development and engineering   design originated from and is often based on problem - solving ( Pahl and Beitz , 2007 ) . Research   within the area has its origins in systems theory and the design science paradigm influenced by 

 Hubka & Eder ( 1988 , 1996 ) , for example . The ultimate goal is to quickly present an economically- produced product to the market . For most producers , this is done by working through a chain of   decisions : first establishing clear objectives for the product , then identifying the target market   segment and , finally , trying to systematically determine the customers desires or needs . Structured   design methods have been developed in engineering design by Ulrich & Eppinger ( 2003 ) and Pahl &   Beitz ( 2007 ) , among others . For the development of integrated and complex products , it is often not   enough with the engineering and subject - specific development processes based on problem - solving .   It is uncertain whether problem - solving alone can be the tool for developing even simple products or   services as we are less open to the variety of opportunities that arise in the process . When   approaching a problem , the cognitive mindset demanded to solve the problem differs from that   required when searching for opportunities in creating something completely new . 

 Design , design thinking , design methods and tools are resources that should be better utilized and   could be better integrated in future management strategies ( Utterback et.al , 2006 ; Brown , 2009 ;   Verganti , 2009 ) . This emphasizes the importance of design thinking and methods in realizing new   innovative products and services . For example , visual and spatial communication is central in design   and development work . Sketches and models are important tools that can facilitate and support the   development work during product realization .   All kinds of visual representations are exceptional   since they show appearance of objects . Language does not . A sketch can serve as a common   reference for the team . However , to be able to communicate via a sketch , the use of verbal   communication is essential . Sketch - based design processes can eliminate communication problems   as long as the team members involved during the communication are the same . On the contrary , in   handover situations , new team members will interpret the sketches differently because of a   variation in pre - understanding . This is because pictures are arbitrary and can be interpreted in   different ways ; therefore , it is necessary to combine the sketches with verbal information ( Kress &   van Leeuwen , 1996 , 2001 ; Eriksson & Göthlund , 2004 ; Eriksson , 2009 ) .
### Output: 