for handling directories and files--and all of this is abstracted into platformindependent functions examples were shown for creating dictionary with filename keys and last modified timestamp valuesand for doing recursive search of directory to identify possible duplicate files based on their name and size large part of the library is devoted to networking and internet programming we very briefly surveyed what is availablefrom raw sockets (including encrypted sockets)to tcp and udp serversto http servers and support for the wsgi also mentioned were the modules for handling cookiescgi scriptsand http dataand for parsing htmlxhtmland urls other modules that were mentioned included those for handling xml-rpc and for handling higher-level protocols such as ftp and nntpas well as the email client and server support using smtp and client support for imap and pop the library' comprehensive support for xml writing and parsing was also mentionedincluding the domsaxand element tree parsersand the expat module and an example was given using the element tree module mention was also made of some of the many other packages and modules that the library provides python' standard library represents an extremely useful resource that can save enormous amounts of time and effortand in many cases allows us to write much smaller programs by relying on the functionality that the library provides in additionliterally thousands of third-party packages are available to fill any gaps the standard library may have all of this predefined functionality allows us to focus much more on what we want our programs to dowhile leaving the library modules to take care of most of the details this brings us to the end of the fundamentals of procedural programming later and particularly will look at more advanced and specialized procedural techniquesand the following introduces object-oriented programming using python as purely procedural language is both possible and practical--especially for small programs--but for medium to large programsfor custom packages and modulesand for long-term maintainabilitythe object-oriented approach usually wins out fortunatelyall that we have covered up to now is both useful and relevant in object-oriented programmingso the subsequent will continue to build up our python knowledge and skills based on the foundations that have now been laid exercise ||write program to show directory listingsrather like the dir command in windows or ls in unix the benefit of creating our own listing program is that we can build in the defaults we prefer and can use the same program on