xx loss loss function ln (naturallogarithm set of natural numbers { big- order symbolf (xo( ( )if ( ) ag(xfor some constant as - little- order symbolf (xo( ( )if ( )/ ( as probability measure the number set of real numbers (one-dimensional euclidean spacern -dimensional euclidean space rpositive real line[ deterministic training set random training set model (designmatrix set of integers - probability distributions ber bernoulli beta beta bin binomial exp exponential geom geometric gamma gamma fisher-snedecor normal or gaussian pareto pareto poi poisson student' uniform abbreviations and acronyms cdf cumulative distribution function cmc crude monte carlo ce cross-entropy em expectation-maximization gp gaussian process kde kernel density estimate/estimator