using str format(with mapping unpacking more robust alternative to using positional arguments with their index positions as field namesis to use the dictionary returned by locals() technique we saw earlier in the equation ("{ } \ {superscript two{ } { \ {rightwards arrowx { }"format(**locals()and if we are using python we could omit the field names and leave python to populate the fields using the positional arguments passed to str format(equation ("{} \ {superscript two{} { \ {rightwards arrowx {}"format(abcx this is convenientbut not as robust as using named parametersnor as versatile if we needed to use format specifications nonethelessfor many simple cases this syntax is both easy and useful csv html py |one common requirement is to take data set and present it using html in this subsection we will develop program that reads file that uses simple csv (comma separated valueformat and outputs an html table containing the file' data python comes with powerful and sophisticated module for handling csv and similar formats--the csv module--but here we will write all the code by hand the csv format we will support has one record per linewith each record divided into fields by commas each field can be either string or number strings must be enclosed in single or double quotes and numbers should be unquoted unless they contain commas commas are allowed inside stringsand must not be treated as field separators we assume that the first record contains field labels the output we will produce is an html table with text left-aligned (the default in htmland numbers right-alignedwith one row per record and one cell per field the program must output the html table' opening tagthen read each line of data and for each one output an html rowand at the end output the html table' closing tag we want the background color of the first row (which will display the field labelsto be light greenand the background of the data rows to alternate between white and light yellow we must also make sure that the special html characters ("&"""are properly escapedand we want strings to be tidied up bit here' tiny piece of sample data"country"," "," ", , , "antigua and barbuda", , , , ,