listsstacksand queues this discusses three of the most simple and basic data structures virtually every significant program will use at least one of these structures explicitlyand stack is always implicitly used in programwhether or not you declare one among the highlights of this we will introduce the concept of abstract data types (adtsr show how to efficiently perform operations on lists introduce the stack adt and its use in implementing recursion introduce the queue adt and its use in operating systems and algorithm design in this we provide code that implements significant subset of two library classesvector and list abstract data types (adtsan abstract data type (adtis set of objects together with set of operations abstract data types are mathematical abstractionsnowhere in an adt' definition is there any mention of how the set of operations is implemented objects such as listssetsand graphsalong with their operationscan be viewed as adtsjust as integersrealsand booleans are data types integersrealsand booleans have operations associated with themand so do adts for the set adtwe might have such operations as addremovesizeand contains alternativelywe might only want the two operations union and findwhich would define different adt on the set the +class allows for the implementation of adtswith appropriate hiding of implementation details thusany other part of the program that needs to perform an operation on the adt can do so by calling the appropriate method if for some reason implementation details need to be changedit should be easy to do so by merely changing the routines that perform the adt operations this changein perfect worldwould be completely transparent to the rest of the program there is no rule telling us which operations must be supported for each adtthis is design decision error handling and tie breaking (where appropriateare also generally up to the program designer the three data structures that we will study in this are primary examples of adts we will see how each can be implemented in several waysbut