pass __str__( )str( (""' class'explicit=>objectbuilt-in=>metaclass __str__ for in (cc __class__type)print([ __name__ for in __mro__][' ''object'[' ''type''object'['type''object'all of which leads us to this book' final import this quote-- tenet that seems to conflict with the status given to descriptors and built-ins in the attribute inheritance mechanism of new-style classesspecial cases aren' special enough to break the rules some practical needs warrant exceptionsof course we'll forgo rationales herebut you should carefully consider the implications of an object-oriented language that applies inheritance--its foundational operation--in such an uneven and inconsistent fashion at minimumthis should underscore the importance of keeping your code simpleto avoid making it dependent on such convoluted rules as alwaysyour code' users and maintainers will be glad you did for more fidelity on this storysee python' internal implementation of inheritance- complete saga chronicled today in its object and typeobject cthe former for normal instancesand the latter for classes delving into internals shouldn' be required to use pythonof coursebut it' the ultimate source of truth in complex and evolving systemand sometimes the best you'll find this is especially true in boundary cases born of accrued exceptions for our purposes herelet' move on to the last bit of metaclass magic metaclass methods just as important as the inheritance of namesmethods in metaclasses process their instance classes--not the normal instance objects we've known as "self,but classes themselves this makes them similar in spirit and form to the class methods we studied in though they again are available in the metaclasses instance realm onlynot to normal instance inheritance the failure at the end of the followingfor examplestems from the explicit name inheritance rules of the prior sectionclass (type)def (cls)print('ax'clsdef (cls)print('ay'clsa metaclass (instances=classesy is overridden by instance class (metaclass= )def (self)print('by'selfdef (self)print('bz'selfa normal class (normal instancesnamespace dict holds and metaclasses