red-black trees although avl trees and ( trees have number of nice propertiesthey also have some disadvantages for instanceavl trees may require many restructure operations (rotationsto be performed after deletionand ( trees may require many split or fusing operations to be performed after an insertion or removal the data structure we discuss in this sectionthe red-black treedoes not have these drawbacksit uses ( structural changes after an update in order to stay balanced formallya red-black tree is binary search tree (see section with nodes colored red and black in way that satisfies the following propertiesroot propertythe root is black red propertythe children of red node (if anyare black depth propertyall nodes with zero or one children have the same black depthdefined as the number of black ancestors (recall that node is its own ancestoran example of red-black tree is shown in figure figure an example of red-black treewith "rednodes drawn in white the common black depth for this tree is we can make the red-black tree definition more intuitive by noting an interesting correspondence between red-black trees and ( trees (excluding their trivial external nodesnamelygiven red-black treewe can construct corresponding ( tree by merging every red node into its parentstoring the entry from at its parentand with the children of becoming ordered children of the parent for examplethe red-black tree in figure corresponds to the ( tree from figure as illustrated in figure the depth property of the red-black tree corresponds to the depth property of the ( tree since exactly one black node of the red-black tree contributes to each node of the corresponding ( tree converselywe can transform any ( tree into corresponding red-black tree by coloring each node black and then performing the following transformationsas illustrated in figure