python considers the first item in list to be at position not position this is true of most programming languagesand the reason has to do with how the list operations are implemented at lower level if you're receiving unexpected resultsdetermine whether you are making simple off-by-one error the second item in list has an index of using this simple counting systemyou can get any element you want from list by subtracting one from its position in the list for instanceto access the fourth item in listyou request the item at index the following asks for the bicycles at index and index bicycles ['trek''cannondale''redline''specialized'print(bicycles[ ]print(bicycles[ ]this code returns the second and fourth bicycles in the listcannondale specialized python has special syntax for accessing the last element in list by asking for the item at index - python always returns the last item in the listbicycles ['trek''cannondale''redline''specialized'print(bicycles[- ]this code returns the value 'specializedthis syntax is quite usefulbecause you'll often want to access the last items in list without knowing exactly how long the list is this convention extends to other negative index values as well the index - returns the second item from the end of the listthe index - returns the third item from the endand so forth using individual values from list you can use individual values from list just as you would any other variable for exampleyou can use concatenation to create message based on value from list let' try pulling the first bicycle from the list and composing message using that value bicycles ['trek''cannondale''redline''specialized' message "my first bicycle was bicycles[ title(print(messageintroducing lists