the first-class nature of objects can be seen by adding some more unusual items to this dictionary here are some examplesitems["func"abs import math items["mod"math items["error"valueerror nums [ , , , items["append"nums append add the abs(function add module add an exception type add method of another object in this examplethe items dictionary contains functiona modulean exceptionand method of another object if you wantyou can use dictionary lookups on items in place of the original names and the code will still work for exampleitems["func"](- executes abs(- items["mod"sqrt( executes math sqrt( tryx int(" lot"except items["error"as esame as except valueerror as print("couldn' convert"couldn' convert items["append"]( executes nums append( nums [ the fact that everything in python is first-class is often not fully appreciated by new programmers howeverit can be used to write very compact and flexible code for examplesuppose you had line of text such as "goog, , and you wanted to convert it into list of fields with appropriate type-conversion here' clever way that you might do it by creating list of types (which are first-class objectsand executing few simple list processing operationsline "goog, , field_types [strintfloatraw_fields line split(','fields [ty(valfor ty,val in zip(field_types,raw_fields)fields ['goog' built-in types for representing data there are approximately dozen built-in data types that are used to represent most of the data used in programs these are grouped into few major categories as shown in table the type name column in the table lists the name or expression that you can use to check for that type using isinstance(and other type-related functions certain types are only available in python and have been indicated as such (in python they have been deprecated or merged into one of the other typesf lib fl ff