built-in functions and exceptions help([object]calls the built-in help system during interactive sessions object may be string representing the name of moduleclassfunctionmethodkeywordor documentation topic if it is any other kind of objecta help screen related to that object will be produced if no argument is suppliedan interactive help tool will start and provide more information hex(xcreates hexadecimal string from an integer id(objectreturns the unique integer identity of object you should not interpret the return value in any way (that isas memory locationinput([prompt]in python this prints promptreads line of inputand processes it through eval((that isit' the same as eval(raw_input(prompt)in python prompt is printed to standard output and single line of input is read without any kind of evaluation or modification int( [,base]type representing an integer if is numberit is converted to an integer by truncating toward if it is stringit is parsed into an integer value base optionally specifies base when converting from string in python long integer is created if the value exceeds the -bit range of the int type isinstance(objectclassobjreturns true if object is an instance of classobjis subclass of classobjor belongs to an abstract base class classobj the classobj parameter can also be tuple of possible types or classes for exampleisinstance( (list,tuple)returns true if is tuple or list issubclass(class class returns true if class is subclass of (derived fromclass or if class is registered with an abstract base class class class can also be tuple of possible classesin which case each class will be checked note that issubclass(aais true iter(object [,sentinel]returns an iterator for producing items in object if the sentinel parameter is omittedthe object must either provide the method _iter_ ()which creates an iteratoror implement _getitem_ ()which accepts integer arguments starting at if sentinel is specifiedobject is interpreted differently insteadobject should be callable object that takes no parameters the returned iterator object will call this function repeatedly until the returned value is equal to sentinelat which point iteration will stop typeerror will be generated if object does not support iteration len(sreturns the number of items contained in should be listtuplestringsetor dictionary typeerror is generated if is an iterable such as generator lib fl ff