contents working with pytest parameterised tests online resources exercises mocking for testing introduction why mock what is mocking common mocking framework concepts mocking frameworks for python the unittest mock library mock and magic mock classes the patchers mocking returned objects validating mocks have been called mock and magicmock usage naming your mocks mock classes attributes on mock classes mocking constants mocking properties raising exceptions with mocks applying patch to every test method using patch as context manager mock where you use it patch order issues how many mocks mocking considerations online resources exercises part iv file input/output introduction to filespaths and io introduction file attributes paths file input/output sequential access versus random access files and / in python online resources