alpha-beta pruning major issue with minimax algorithm is that it can explore those parts of the tree that are irrelevantleads to the wastage of resources hence there must be strategy to decide which part of the tree is relevant and which is irrelevant and leave the irrelevant part unexplored alpha-beta pruning is one such kind of strategy the main goal of alpha-beta pruning algorithm is to avoid the searching those parts of the tree that do not have any solution the main concept of alpha-beta pruning is to use two bounds named alphathe maximum lower boundand betathe minimum upper bound these two parameters are the values that restrict the set of possible solutions it compares the value of the current node with the value of alpha and beta parametersso that it can move to the part of the tree that has the solution and discard the rest negamax algorithm this algorithm is not different from minimax algorithmbut it has more elegant implementation the main disadvantage of using minimax algorithm is that we need to define two different heuristic functions the connection between these heuristic is thatthe better state of game is for one playerthe worse it is for the other player in negamax algorithmthe same work of two heuristic functions is done with the help of single heuristic function building bots to play games for building bots to play two player games in aiwe need to install the easyai library it is an artificial intelligence framework that provides all the functionality to build two-player games you can download it with the help of the following commandpip install easyai bot to play last coin standing in this gamethere would be pile of coins each player has to take number of coins from that pile the goal of the game is to avoid taking the last coin in the pile we will be using the class lastcoinstanding inherited from the twoplayersgame class of the easyai library the following code shows the python code for this gameimport the required packages as shownfrom easyai import twoplayersgameid_solvehuman_playerai_player from easyai ai import tt nowinherit the class from the twoplayergame class to handle all operations of the gameclass lastcoin_game(twoplayersgame)def __init__(selfplayers)nowdefine the players and the player who is going to start the game