operators and expressions the attribute operator the dot operator is used to access the attributes of an object here' an examplefoo print foo foo bar( , , more than one dot operator can appear in single expressionsuch as in foo the dot operator can also be applied to the intermediate results of functionsas in foo bar( , , spam user-defined classes can redefine or customize the behavior of more details are found in and "classes and object-oriented programming the function call (operator the (argsoperator is used to make function call on each argument to function is an expression prior to calling the functionall of the argument expressions are fully evaluated from left to right this is sometimes known as applicative order evaluation it is possible to partially evaluate function arguments using the partial(function in the functools module for exampledef foo( , , )return from functools import partial partial(foo, , supply values to and arguments of foo ( calls foo( , , )result is the partial(function evaluates some of the arguments to function and returns an object that you can call to supply the remaining arguments at later point in the previous examplethe variable represents partially evaluated function where the first two arguments have already been calculated you merely need to supply the last remaining argument value for the function to execute partial evaluation of function arguments is closely related to process known as curryinga mechanism by which function taking multiple arguments such as ( ,yis decomposed into series of functions each taking only one argument (for exampleyou partially evaluate by fixing to get new function to which you give values of to produce resultconversion functions sometimes it' necessary to perform conversions between the built-in types to convert between typesyou simply use the type name as function in additionseveral built-in functions are supplied to perform special kinds of conversions all of these functions return new object representing the converted value function description int( [,base]converts to an integer base specifies the base if is string converts to floating-point number creates complex number converts object to string representation float(xcomplex(real [,imag]str(xf lib fl ff