java platform for building rias which can run across variety of connected devices pyjamas an ajax-based port of the google web toolkit to pythonwhich comes with set of interface widgets and compiles python code that uses those widgets into javascriptto be run in browser on client the html standard under development proposes to address this domain as well web browsers ultimately are "desktopgui applicationstoobut are more pervasive than gui librariesand can be generalized with ria tools to render other guis while it' possible to build widget-based gui with such frameworksthey can also add overheads associated with networking in general and often imply substantially heavier software stack than traditional gui toolkits indeedin order to morph browsers into general gui platformsrias may imply extra software layers and dependenciesand even multiple programming languages because of thatand because not everyone codes for the web today (despite what you may have heard)we won' include them in our look at traditional standalone/desktop guis in this part of the book see the internet part for more on rias and user interfaces based on browsersand be sure to watch for news and trends on this front over time the interactivity these tools provide is also key part of what some refer to as "web when viewed more from the perspective of the web than guis since we're concerned with the latter here (and since user interaction is user interaction regardless of what jargon we use for it)we'll postpone further enumeration of this topic until the next part of the book platform-specific options besides the portable toolkits like tkinterwxpythonand pyqtand platformagnostic approaches such as riasmost major platforms have nonportable options for python-coded guis as well for instanceon macintosh os xpyobjc provides python binding to apple' objective- /cocoa frameworkwhich is the basis for much mac development on windowsthe pywin extensions package for python includes wrappers for the +microsoft foundation classes (mfcframework ( library that includes interface components)as well as pythonwinan mfc sample program that implements python development gui although net technically runs on linuxtoothe ironpython system mentioned earlier offers additional windows-focused options see the websites of these toolkits for more details there are other lesser-known gui toolkits for pythonand new ones are likely to emerge by the time you read this book (in factironpython was new in the third editionand rias are new in the fourthmoreoverpackages like those in this list are prone to mutate over time for an up-todate list of available toolssearch the web or browse pypi third-party packages index maintained there graphical user interfaces