class persontimes oncall wrappertraces methods pondering this further will have to remain suggested study--both because we're out of space and timeand because this may quite possibly be illegal in some statesas you can seemetaclasses and class decorators are not only often interchangeablebut also commonly complementary both provide advanced but powerful ways to customize and manage both class and instance objectsbecause both ultimately allow you to insert code into the class creation process although some more advanced applications may be better coded with one or the otherthe way you choose or combine these two tools in many cases is largely up to you summary in this we studied metaclasses and explored examples of them in action metaclasses allow us to tap into the class creation protocol of pythonin order to manage or augment user-defined classes because they automate this processthey may provide better solutions for api writers than manual code or helper functionsbecause they encapsulate such codethey may minimize maintenance costs better than some other approaches along the waywe also saw how the roles of class decorators and metaclasses often intersectbecause both run at the conclusion of class statementthey can sometimes be used interchangeably class decorators and metaclasses can both be used to manage both class and instance objectsthough each tool may present tradeoffs in some use cases since this covered an advanced topicwe'll work through just few quiz questions to review the basics (candidlyif you've made it this far in on metaclassesyou probably already deserve extra credit!because this is the last part of the bookwe'll forgo the end-of-part exercises be sure to see the appendixes that follow for python changesthe solutions to the prior partsexercisesand morethe last of these includes sampling of typical application-level programs for self-study once you finish the quizyou've officially reached the end of this book' technical material the next and final offers some brief closing thoughts to wrap up the book at large 'll see you there in the python benediction after you work through this final quiz test your knowledgequiz what is metaclass how do you declare the metaclass of class how do class decorators overlap with metaclasses for managing classestest your knowledgequiz