it' hard to see much of anything in the plot on the rightwhich is mostly flat line this too is deceptive even though there are sixteen data pointsmost of them are crowded into small amount of real estate on the left side of the plotso that the detail is impossible to see this occurs because values on the -axis range from to , , and unless instructed otherwise pylab will space these points evenly along the axis this is called linear scaling fortunatelythese visualization problems are easy to address in pylab as we saw in we can easily instruct our program to plot unconnected pointse by writing pylab plot(xaxisdiffs'bo'we can also instruct pylab to use logarithmic scale on either or both of the and axes by calling the functions pylab semilogx and pylab semilogy these functions are always applied to the current figure both plots use logarithmic scale on the -axis since the -values generated by flipplot are minexp minexp+ maxexpusing logarithmic -axis causes the points to be evenly spaced along the -axis--providing maximum separation between points the left-hand plot below also uses logarithmic scale on the yaxis the values on this plot range from nearly to nearly if the -axis were linearly scaledit would be difficult to see the relatively small differences in values on the left side of the plot on the other handon the plot on the right the values are fairly tightly groupedso we use linear -axis finger exercisemodify the code in figure so that it produces plots like those shown above these plots are easier to interpret than the earlier plots the plot on the right suggests pretty strongly that the ratio of heads to tails converges to as the number of flips gets large the meaning of the plot on the left is bit less clear it appears that the absolute difference grows with the number of flipsbut it is not completely convincing it is never possible to achieve perfect accuracy through sampling without sampling the entire population no matter how many samples we examinewe can never be sure that the sample set is typical until we examine every element