slotsattribute declarations propertiesattribute accessors __getattribute__ and descriptorsattribute tools other class changes and extensions static and class methods why the special methodsstatic methods in and static method alternatives using static and class methods counting instances with static methods counting instances with class methods decorators and metaclassespart function decorator basics first look at user-defined function decorators first look at class decorators and metaclasses for more details the super built-in functionfor better or worsethe great super debate traditional superclass call formportablegeneral basic super usage and its tradeoffs the super upsidestree changes and dispatch runtime class changes and super cooperative multiple inheritance method dispatch the super summary class gotchas changing class attributes can have side effects changing mutable class attributes can have side effectstoo multiple inheritanceorder matters scopes in methods and classes miscellaneous class gotchas kiss revisited"overwrapping-itissummary test your knowledgequiz test your knowledgeanswers test your knowledgepart vi exercises part vii exceptions and tools exception basics why use exceptionsexception roles xxiv table of contents