as we've just seenclass decorators can often serve the same class-management role as metaclasses metaclasses can often serve the same instance-management role as decoratorstoobut this requires extra code and may seem less natural that isclass decorators can manage both classes and instancesbut don' create classes normally metaclasses can manage both classes and instancesbut instances require extra work that saidcertain applications may be better coded in one or the other for exampleconsider the following class decorator example from the prior it' used to print trace message whenever any normally named attribute of class instance is fetchedclass decorator to trace external instance attribute fetches def tracer(aclass)class wrapperdef __init__(self*args**kargs)self wrapped aclass(*args**kargsdef __getattr__(selfattrname)print('trace:'attrnamereturn getattr(self wrappedattrnamereturn wrapper @tracer class persondef __init__(selfnamehoursrate)self name name self hours hours self rate rate def pay(self)return self hours self rate bob person('bob' print(bob nameprint(bob pay()on decorator on instance creation use enclosing scope name catches all but wrapped delegate to wrapped object person tracer(personwrapper remembers person in-method fetch not traced bob is really wrapper wrapper embeds person triggers __getattr__ when this code is runthe decorator uses class name rebinding to wrap instance objects in an object that produces the trace lines in the following outputc:\codepy - manage-inst-deco py tracename bob tracepay although it' possible for metaclass to achieve the same effectit seems less straightforward conceptually metaclasses are designed explicitly to manage class object creationand they have an interface tailored for this purpose to use metaclass just to manage instanceswe have to also take on responsibility for creating the class too--an metaclasses