bytes(sencodingan alternative calling convention for creating bytes instance from characters in string where encoding specifies the character encoding to use python only chr(xconverts an integer valuexinto one-character string in python must be in the range < < and in python must represent valid unicode code point if is out of rangea valueerror exception is raised classmethod(functhis function creates class method for the function func it is typically only used inside class definitions where it is implicitly invoked by the @classmethod decorator unlike normal methoda class method receives the class as the first argumentnot an instance for exampleif you had an objectfthat is an instance of class fooinvoking class method on will pass the class foo as the first argument to the methodnot the instance cmp(xycompares and and returns negative number if yor if = any two objects can be comparedalthough the result may be meaningless if the two objects have no meaningful comparison method defined (for examplecomparing number with file objectin certain circumstancessuch comparisons may also raise an exception compile(stringfilenamekind [flags [dont_inherit]]compiles string into code object for use with exec(or eval(string is string containing valid python code if this code spans multiple linesthe lines must be terminated by single newline ('\ 'and not platform-specific variants (for example'\ \non windowsfilename is string containing the name of the file in which the string was defined kind is 'execfor sequence of statements'evalfor single expressionor 'singlefor single executable statement the flags parameter determines which optional features (associated with the _future_ moduleare enabled features are specified using the bitwise or of flags defined in the _future_ module for exampleif you wanted to enable new division semanticsyou would set flags to _future_ division compiler_flag if flags is omitted or set to the code is compiled with whatever features are currently in effect if flags is suppliedthe features specified are added to those features already in effect if dont_inherit is setonly those features specified in flags are enabled--features currently enabled are ignored complex([real [imag]]type representing complex number with real and imaginary componentsreal and imagwhich can be supplied as any numeric type if imag is omittedthe imaginary component is set to zero if real is passed as stringthe string is parsed and converted to complex number in this caseimag should be omitted if no arguments are given is returned delattr(objectattrdeletes an attribute of an object attr is string same as del object attr lib fl ff