classes in this we introduce classeswhich is fundamental concept in programming most modern programming languages support classes or similar conceptsand we have already encountered classes earlier in this book recallfor instancefrom how we can check the type of variable with the type functionand the output will be of the form and so on this simply states that the type of an object is defined in the form of class every time we createfor instancean integer variable in our programwe create an object or instance of the int class the class defines how the objects behave and what methods they contain we have used large number of different methods bound to objectssuch as the append method for list objects and split for strings all such methods are part of the definition of the class to which the object belongs so farwe have only used python' built-in classes to create objectsbut in this we will write our own classes and use them to create objects tailored to our particular needs basics of classes class packs together data and functions in single unit as seen in previous functions that are bound to class or an object are usually called methodsand we will stick to this notation in the present classes have some similarity with moduleswhich are also collections of variables and functions that naturally belong together howeverwhile there can be only single instance of modulewe can create multiple instances of class different instances of the same class can contain different databut they all behave in the same way and have the same methods think of basic python class such as intwe can create many integer variables in programand they obviously have different values (data)but we know that they all have the same general behavior and the same set of operations defined for them (cthe author( sundnesintroduction to scientific programming with pythonsimula springerbriefs on computing