further graphical programming input the python equivalent of the input function is raw_input range the range function can be inefficient with very large ranges in python the reason is that in python if you use range( )python will create list of million numbers the range statement in python is more efficient and instead of generating all million things at onceit only generates the numbers as it needs them the python function that acts like the python range is xrange string formatting string formatting in python is little different than in python when using the formatting codes inside curly bracesin python you need to specify an argument number compare the examples belowpython ' ={ : }, ={ : }, ={ : }format( , ,zpython ' ={: }, ={: } ={: }format( , ,zas of python specifying the argument numbers was made optional there is also an older style of formatting that you may see from time to time that uses the operator an example is shown below along with the corresponding new style python ' =% dy=% fz=% ( , ,zpython ' ={: }, ={: }, ={: }format( , ,zmodule names some modules were renamed and reorganized here are few tkinter name changespython python tkinter tkinter scrolledtext tkinter scrolledtext tkmessagebox tkinter messagebox tkfiledialog tkinter filedialog there are number of other modules we'll see later that were renamedmostly just changed to lowercase for instancequeue in python is now queue in python dictionary comprehensions dictionary comprehensions are not present in python other changes there are quite few other changes in the languagebut most of them are with features more advanced than we consider here