beta distribution bias of an estimator bias vector (deep learning) bias-variance tradeoff binomial distribution boltzmann distribution bootstrap aggregationsee bagging bootstrap method bounded mapping boxplot broadcasting (python) broyden' family broyden-fletcher-goldfarb-shanno (bfgsupdating burn-in period categorical variable cauchy sequence cauchy-schwarz inequality central difference estimator central limit theorem multivariate centroid chain rule for differentiation characteristic function characteristic polynomial chebyshev' inequality chi-squared distribution cholesky decomposition circulant matrix class (python) classification - hierarchical multilabel classifier coefficient of determination adjusted coefficient profiles combinatorial optimization comma separated values (csv) common random numbers complete hilbert space complete vector space complete convergence complete-data likelihood log-likelihood composition of functions concave function conditional distribution expectation pdf probability confidence interval bayesian bootstrap confidence region confusion matrix constrained optimization context management (python) continuous mapping continuous optimization control variable convergence almost sure in norm in distribution in probability sure convex function program - set convolution convolution neural network cook' distance cooling factor correlation coefficient cost-complexity measure pruning countable sample space covariance matrix - properties coverage probability