there are many other functions in the standard libraryand here is another list of some more widely used functionshasattrgetattrsetattr and delattrwhich allows attributes of an object to be manipulated by their string names all and anywhich accept an iterable object and return true if allor anyof the items evaluate to be true nzipwhich takes two or more sequences and returns new sequence of tupleswhere each tuple contains single value from each sequence file / the concept of files is associated with the term object-oriented programming python has wrapped the interface that operating systems provided in abstraction that allows us to work with file objects the open(built-in function is used to open file and return file object it is the most commonly used function with two argumentsopen(filenamemodethe open(function calls two argumentfirst is the filename and second is the mode here mode can be 'rfor read only mode'wfor only writing (an existing file with the same name will be erased)and 'aopens the file for appendingany data written to the file is automatically added to the end ' +opens the file for both reading and writing the default mode is read only on windows'bappended to the mode opens the file in binary modeso there are also modes like 'rb''wband ' +btext 'this is the first linefile open('datawork',' 'file write(text file close(in some caseswe just want to append to the existing file rather then over-writing itfor that we could supply the value 'aas mode argumentto append to the end of the filerather than completely overwriting existing file contents open('datawork',' 'text this is second linef write(text close(