changing strings bytes built-in function bytes string type about - bytearray string type and encoded text making bytes objects method calls mixing string types pickle module and quiz questions and answers - sequence operations type and content mismatches language argument-passing model #define directive error checks #include directive memory address pointers while loops +language call expressions - __call__ method about - bound methods and - class decorators and class objects and function decorators and case considerations case conversion for strings variable name rules certificatecompletion - cgi fieldstorage class chaining exceptions - methods numeric comparisons - character code conversions character sets (see also ascii character setunicode character setchr built-in function circular references __class__ attribute about index coding exception classes comparing class instances exception type and inheritance and listing attributes in class trees class attributes about abstract superclasses and class gotchas - creating function decorators and instance attributes versus pseudoprivate - special usage examples class decorators about built-in types and coding - implementing - manager functions versus metaclasses and - - - multiple instances and singleton classes - state retention options tracing object interfaces - usage considerations class methods about counting instances - metaclass methods versus usage considerations - class statement about - decorators and general form inheritance and - local scope and metaclasses and methods and - modules and objects and properties for usage examples - classes about - augmented - class instances