why manage attributesinserting code to run on attribute access properties the basics first example computed attributes coding properties with decorators descriptors the basics first example computed attributes using state information in descriptors how properties and descriptors relate __getattr__ and __getattribute__ the basics first example computed attributes __getattr__ and __getattribute__ compared management techniques compared intercepting built-in operation attributes exampleattribute validations using properties to validate using descriptors to validate using __getattr__ to validate using __getattribute__ to validate summary test your knowledgequiz test your knowledgeanswers decorators what' decoratormanaging calls and instances managing functions and classes using and defining decorators why decoratorsthe basics function decorators class decorators decorator nesting decorator arguments decorators manage functions and classestoo coding function decorators xxviii table of contents