neural style transfer neural style transfer in addition to deepdreamanother major development in deep-learning-driven image modification is neural style transferintroduced by leon gatys et al in the summer of the neural style transfer algorithm has undergone many refinements and spawned many variations since its original introductionand it has made its way into many smartphone photo apps for simplicitythis section focuses on the formulation described in the original paper neural style transfer consists of applying the style of reference image to target image while conserving the content of the target image figure shows an example content target figure style reference combination image st yle ransfer example in this contextstyle essentially means texturescolorsand visual patterns in the imageat various spatial scalesand the content is the higher-level macrostructure of the image for instanceblue-and-yellow circular brushstrokes are considered to be the style in figure (using starry night by vincent van gogh)and the buildings in the tubingen photograph are considered to be the content the idea of style transferwhich is tightly related to that of texture generationhas had long history in the image-processing community prior to the development of neural style transfer in but as it turns outthe deep-learning-based implementations of style transfer offer results unparalleled by what had been previously achieved with classical computer-vision techniquesand they triggered an amazing renaissance in creative applications of computer vision the key notion behind implementing style transfer is the same idea that' central to all deep-learning algorithmsyou define loss function to specify what you want to achieveand you minimize this loss you know what you want to achieveconserving the content of the original image while adopting the style of the reference image if we were able to mathematically define content and stylethen an appropriate loss function to minimize would be the followingloss distance(style(reference_imagestyle(generated_image)distance(content(original_imagecontent(generated_image) leon gatysalexander eckerand matthias bethge" neural algorithm of artistic style,arxiv ( )licensed to