closures versus coding class trees - coding gotchas - combining - customizing behavior - customizing constructors - decorators and - descriptors and dictionaries versus - docstrings and exception - explicit attributes and extending built-in types - functions and generators and - inheritance and - - instances (see instancesintercepting operators - - introspection tools - listing attributes in class trees - methods and - - mix-in - - modules and mro ordering name considerations namespaces and - nesting - new-style (see new-style classesobjects and - operator overloading persistence and polymorphism and - proxy (see proxy classesquiz questions and answers - scopes in singleton - storing objects in databases - subclasses (see subclassessuperclasses (see superclassestype object and - usage examples - - - user-defined version considerations classmethod built-in function client module closures (see factory functions__cmp__ method - code points codecs module about open method coding (see development considerationscohesion in functions in modules collections module namedtuple function ordereddict subclass colon (:) comma (,) command lines and files (see system command lines and filescommand-line arguments comments character #characters - statements and comparison operations built-in object types - dictionaries lists numbers - operator overloading and - recursive sets strings testing truth values - tuples version considerations compile built-in function compiled extensions completion certificate - complex built-in function complex numbers component coupling component integration composition about combining classes - oop considerations - compound object types compound statements (see also specific statementsindex