testing all the data structures and algorithms have been tested using minimised test driven development style on paper to flesh out the pseudocode algorithm we then transcribe these tests into unit tests satisfying them one by one when all the test cases have been progressively satisfied we consider that algorithm suitably tested for the most part algorithms have fairly obvious cases which need to be satisfied some however have many areas which can prove to be more complex to satisfy with such algorithms we will point out the test cases which are tricky and the corresponding portions of pseudocode within the algorithm that satisfy that respective case as you become more familiar with the actual problem you will be able to intuitively identify areas which may cause problems for your algorithms implementation this in some cases will yield an overwhelming list of concerns which will hinder your ability to design an algorithm greatly when you are bombarded with such vast amount of concerns look at the overall problem again and sub-divide the problem into smaller problems solving the smaller problems and then composing them is far easier task than clouding your mind with too many little details the only type of testing that we use in the implementation of all that is provided in this book are unit tests because unit tests contribute such core piece of creating somewhat more stable software we invite the reader to view appendix which describes testing in more depth where can get the codethis book doesn' provide any code specifically aligned with ithowever we do actively maintain an open source project that houses cimplementation of all the pseudocode listed the project is named data structures and algorithms (dsaand can be found at final messages we have just few final messages to the reader that we hope you digest before you embark on reading this book understand how the algorithm works first in an abstract senseand always work through the algorithms on paper to understand how they achieve their outcome if you always follow these key pointsyou will get the most out of this book all readers are encouraged to provide suggestionsfeature requestsand bugs so we can further improve our implementations