choose runrun module you see python shell window open the applications outputs series of substrings and string combinationsas shown in figure - figure - you can select individual pieces of string slicing and dicing strings working with ranges of characters provides some degree of flexibilitybut it doesn' provide you with the capability to actually manipulate the string content or discover anything about it for exampleyou might want to change the characters to uppercase or determine whether the string contains all letters fortunatelypython has functions that help you perform tasks of this sort here are the most commonly used functionscapitalize()capitalizes the first letter of string center(widthfillchar=")centers string so that it fits within the number of spaces specified by width if you supply character for fillcharthe function uses that character otherwisecenter(uses spaces to create string of the desired width expandtabs(tabsize= )expands tabs in string by replacing the tab with the number of spaces specified by tabsize the function defaults to spaces per tab when tabsize isn' provided isalnum()returns true when the string has at least one character and all characters are alphanumeric (letters or numbersisalpha()returns true when the string has at least one character and all characters are alphabetic (letters onlyisdecimal()returns true when unicode string contains only decimal characters