them in list call there to collect their values all at once for displayd {'spam' 'ham' 'eggs' list( values()[ list( items()[('eggs' )('spam' )('ham' )in realistic programs that gather data as they runyou often won' be able to predict what will be in dictionary before the program is launchedmuch less when it' coded fetching nonexistent key is normally an errorbut the get method returns default value--noneor passed-in default--if the key doesn' exist it' an easy way to fill in default for key that isn' presentand avoid missing-key error when your program can' anticipate contents ahead of timed get('spam' print( get('toast')none get('toast' key that is there key that is missing the update method provides something similar to concatenation for dictionariesthough it has nothing to do with left-to-right ordering (againthere is no such thing in dictionariesit merges the keys and values of one dictionary into anotherblindly overwriting values of the same key if there' clashd {'eggs' 'spam' 'ham' {'toast': 'muffin': lots of delicious scrambled order here update( {'eggs' 'muffin' 'toast' 'spam' 'ham' notice how mixed up the key order is in the last resultagainthat' just how dictionaries work finallythe dictionary pop method deletes key from dictionary and returns the value it had it' similar to the list pop methodbut it takes key instead of an optional positionpop dictionary by key {'eggs' 'muffin' 'toast' 'spam' 'ham' pop('muffin' pop('toast'delete and return from key {'eggs' 'spam' 'ham' pop list by position ['aa''bb''cc''dd' pop('dddelete and return from the end dictionaries in action