advanced class topics this concludes our look at oop in python by presenting few more advanced class-related topicswe will survey subclassing built-in types"new styleclass changes and extensionsstatic and class methodsslots and propertiesfunction and class decoratorsthe mro and the super calland more as we've seenpython' oop model isat its corerelatively simpleand some of the topics presented in this are so advanced and optional that you may not encounter them very often in your python applications-programming career in the interest of completenessthough--and because you never know when an "advancedtopic may crop up in code you use--we'll round out our discussion of classes with brief look at these advanced tools for oop work as usualbecause this is the last in this part of the bookit ends with section on class-related "gotchas,and the set of lab exercises for this part encourage you to work through the exercises to help cement the ideas we've studied here also suggest working on or studying larger oop python projects as supplement to this book as with much in computingthe benefits of oop tend to become more apparent with practice content notesthis collects advanced class topicsbut some are too large for this to cover well topics such as propertiesdescriptorsdecoratorsand metaclasses are mentioned only briefly hereand given fuller treatment in the final part of this bookafter exceptions be sure to look ahead for more complete examples and extended coverage of some of the subjects that fall into this category you'll also notice that this is the largest in this book-- ' assuming that readers courageous enough to take on this topics are ready to roll up their sleeves and explore its in-depth coverage if you're not looking for advanced oop topicsyou may wish to skip ahead to end materialsand come back here when you confront these tools in the code of your programming future