index writing first--class values fitting curve to data - coefficient of determination ( ) exponential with polyfit least--squares objective function linear regression objective function, overfitting polyfit fixed--program computers float type see floating point floating point - exponent precision reals vs rounded value rounding errors significant digits floppy disk flow of control for loop for statement generators franklinbenjamin function actual parameter arguments as object - as parameter call class as parameter default parameter values defining invocation keyword argument positional parameter binding gambler' fallacy gaussian distribution see distributionsnormal generalization generator geometric distribution geometric progression glass--box testing see testingglass--box global optimum global statement global variable graph - adjacency list representation adjacency matrix representation breadth--first search (bfs) depth--first search (dfs) digraph directed graph edge graph theory node problems cliques min cut shortest path - shortest weighted path weighted grauntjohn gravityacceleration due to greedy algorithm guess--and--check algorithms halting problem hamlet hand simulation hashing - collision hash buckets hash function hash tables probability of collisions help built--in function helper functions heron of alexandria higher--order functions higher--order programming histogram hoarec holdout set holmessherlock hooke' law hoppergrace murray hormone replacement therapy housing prices huffdarrell id built--in function idle