metaclasses in the prior we explored decorators and studied various examples of their use in this final technical of the bookwe're going to continue our tool-builders focus and investigate another advanced topicmetaclasses in sensemetaclasses simply extend the code-insertion model of decorators as we learned in the prior function and class decorators allow us to intercept and augment function calls and class instance creation calls in similar spiritmetaclasses allow us to intercept and augment class creation--they provide an api for inserting extra logic to be run at the conclusion of class statementalbeit in different ways than decorators accordinglythey provide general protocol for managing class objects in program like all the subjects dealt with in this part of the bookthis is an advanced topic that can be investigated on an as-needed basis in practicemetaclasses allow us to gain high level of control over how set of classes works this is powerful conceptand metaclasses are not intended for most application programmers norfranklyis this topic for the faint of heart--some parts of this may warrant extra focus (and others might even owe attribution to dr seuss!on the other handmetaclasses open the door to variety of coding patterns that may be difficult or impossible to achieve otherwiseand they are especially of interest to programmers seeking to write flexible apis or programming tools for others to use even if you don' fall into that categorythoughmetaclasses can teach you much about python' class model in general (as we'll seethey even impact inheritance)and are prerequisite to understanding code that employs them like other advanced toolsmetaclasses have begun appearing in python programs more often than their creators may have intended as in the prior part of our goal here is also to show more realistic code examples than we did earlier in this book although metaclasses are core language topic and not themselves an application domainpart of this agenda is to spark your interest in exploring larger application-programming examples after you finish this book