the folder is the current folderand is the parent folder :\bacon\eggs is the dir namewhile spam txt is the base name the string 'rfor read mode'wfor write modeand 'afor append mode an existing file opened in write mode is erased and completely overwritten the read(method returns the file' entire contents as single string value the readlines(method returns list of stringswhere each string is line from the file' contents shelf value resembles dictionary valueit has keys and valuesalong with keys(and values(methods that work similarly to the dictionary methods of the same names the shutil copy(function will copy single filewhile shutil copytree(will copy an entire folderalong with all its contents the shutil move(function is used for renaming files as well as moving them the send trash functions will move file or folder to the recycle binwhile shutil functions will permanently delete files and folders the zipfile zipfile(function is equivalent to the open(functionthe first argument is the filenameand the second argument is the mode to open the zip file in (readwriteor append assert spam > 'the spam variable is less than either assert eggs lower(!bacon lower('the eggs and bacon variables are the same!or assert eggs upper(!bacon upper()'the eggs and bacon variables are the same! assert false'this assertion always triggers to be able to call logging debug()you must have these two lines at the start of your programimport logging logging basicconfig(level=logging debugformat=%(asctime) %(levelname) %(message) ' appendix