for integersthe format specification allows us to control the fill characterthe alignment within the fieldthe signwhether to use nonlocale-aware comma separator to group digits (from python )the minimum field widthand the number base an integer format specification begins with colonafter which we can have an optional pair of characters-- fill character (which may not be }and an alignment character for right alignand for the filling to be done between the sign and the numbernext is an optional sign characterforces the output of the signoutputs the sign only for negative numbersand space outputs space for positive numbers and sign for negative numbers then comes an optional minimum width integer--this can be preceded by character to get the base prefix output (for binaryoctaland hexadecimal numbers)and by to get -padding thenfrom python comes an optional comma--if present this will cause the number' digits to be grouped into threes with comma separating each group if we want the output in base other than decimal we must add type character-- for binaryo for octalx for lowercase hexadecimaland for uppercase hexadecimalalthough for completenessd for decimal integer is also allowed there are two other type characterscwhich means that the unicode character corresponding to the integer should be outputand nwhich outputs numbers in localesensitive way (note that if is usedusing doesn' make sense we can get -padding in two different ways"{ : = }format( fillminimum width ' "{ : = }format(- fillminimum width '- "{ : }format( -pad and minimum width ' "{ : }format(- -pad and minimum width '- the first two examples have fill character of and fill between the sign and the number itself (=the second two examples have minimum width of and -padding here are some alignment examples"{ :*< }format( fillleft alignmin width ' *******"{ :*> }format( fillright alignmin width '******* "{ :*^ }format( fillcenter alignmin width '*** ****"{ :*^ }format(- fillcenter alignmin width '***- ***