laplace' approximation lasso (regression) latent variable methodssee auxiliary variable methods law of large numbers law of total probability learner learning rate least-squares iterative reweighted nonlinear ordinary regularized leave-one-out cross-validation left pseudo-inverse left-eigenvector legendre polynomials length preserving transformation length of vector level set levenberg-marquardt search direction leverage levinson-durbin likelihood complete-data log- optimization ratio limited memory bfgs limiting pdf limiting pdf (markov chain) line search linear discriminant function kernel mapping model program subspace transformation linearly independent link function linkage matrix list comprehension (python) local balance equationssee detailed balance equations local minimizer local/global minimum log-likelihood log-odds ratio logarithmic efficiency logistic distribution logistic regression long-run average reward loss function loss matrix -estimator manhattan distance marginal distribution markov chain ergodic reversible simulation of markov chain monte carlo markov property matern kernel matplotlib (python) - matrix blockwise inverse covariance determinant diagonal -- inverse of jacobi pseudo-inverse sparse toeplitz trace transpose matrix multiplication (python) max-cut problem maximum posteriori maximum distance maximum likelihood estimation mean integrated squared error mean squared error measure