xix elementwise product intersection :==is defined as -converges almost surely to union - converges in distribution to -converges in probability to -converges in -norm to dxe smallest integer larger than xmax{ lp * bxc euclidean norm largest integer smaller than matrix/vector notation axtranspose of matrix or vector - inverse of matrix pseudo-inverse of matrix -inverse of matrix aor transpose of - matrix is positive definite  matrix is positive semidefinite dim(xdimension of vector det(adeterminant of matrix |aabsolute value of the determinant of matrix tr(atrace of matrix reserved letters and words set of complex numbers differential symbol expectation the number probability density (discrete or continuousg prediction function {aor indicator function of set the square root of - riskexpected loss