in the preceding screenshotthe canadian examples are shown as diamondskama seeds as circlesand rosa seeds as triangles their respective areas are shown as whiteblackand grey you might be wondering why the regions are so horizontalalmost weirdly so the problem is that the axis (arearanges from to while the axis (compactnessranges from to this means that small change in is actually much larger than small change in sowhen we compute the distance according to the preceding functionwe arefor the most partonly taking the axis into account if you have physics backgroundyou might have already noticed that we had been summing up lengthsareasand dimensionless quantitiesmixing up our units (which is something you never want to do in physical systemwe need to normalize all of the features to common scale there are many solutions to this problema simple one is to normalize to -scores the -score of value is how far away from the mean it is in terms of units of standard deviation it comes down to this simple pair of operationssubtract the mean for each featurefeatures -features mean(axis= divide each feature by its standard deviation features /features std(axis=