boosting descent gram matrix gram-schmidt procedure hamming distance hermite polynomials hermitian matrix hessian matrix hidden layer hierarchical classification hilbert matrix inverse hilbert space isomorphism hinge loss histogram hoeffding' inequality homotopy paths hyperparameters hypothesis testing immutable (python) importance sampling - improper prior in-sample risk incremental effects independence of event of random variables independence sampler independent and identically distributed (iid) indicator indicator feature indicator loss infinitesimal perturbation analysis information matrix equality inheritance (python) initial distribution (markov chain) inner product instance (python) integration monte carlo interaction interior-point method interval estimatesee confidence interval inverse discrete fourier transform fourier transform matrix inverse-gamma distribution inverse-transform method irreducible risk iterable (python) iterative reweighted least squares iterator (python) jacobi matrix of jensen' inequality joint cdf pdf jointly normalsee multivariate normal jointly normal distributionsee multivariate normal distribution karush-kuhn-tucker (kktconditions kernel density estimation kernel trick kiefer-wolfowitz algorithm -nearest neighbors method kolmogorov axioms kullback-leibler divergence lagrange dual program function method - multiplier lagrangian penalty laguerre polynomials lance-williams update