my own advice to readers is to remember that using superin single-inheritance mode can mask later problems and lead to unexpected behavior as trees grow in multiple-inheritance mode brings with it substantial complexity for an atypical python use case for other opinions on python' super that go into further details both good and badsearch the web for related articles you can find plenty of additional positionsthough in the endpython' future relies as much on yours as any other class gotchas we've reached the end of the primary oop coverage in this book after exceptionswe'll explore additional class-related examples and topics in the last part of the bookbut that part mostly just gives expanded coverage to concepts introduced here as usuallet' wrap up this part with the standard warnings about pitfalls to avoid most class issues can be boiled down to namespace issues--which makes sensegiven that classes are just namespaces with handful of extra tricks some of the items in this section are more like class usage pointers than problemsbut even experienced class coders have been known to stumble on few changing class attributes can have side effects theoretically speakingclasses (and class instancesare mutable objects as with builtin lists and dictionariesyou can change them in place by assigning to their attributes --and as with lists and dictionariesthis means that changing class or instance object may impact multiple references to it that' usually what we wantand is how objects change their state in generalbut awareness of this issue becomes especially critical when changing class attributes because all instances generated from class share the class' namespaceany changes at the class level are reflected in all instancesunless they have their own versions of the changed class attributes because classesmodulesand instances are all just objects with attribute namespacesyou can normally change their attributes at runtime by assignments consider the following class inside the class bodythe assignment to the name generates an attribute awhich lives in the class object at runtime and will be inherited by all of ' instancesclass xa class attribute ( inherited by instance advanced class topics