special method method that is called implicitly by python to execute certain operation on typesuch as addition such methods have names starting and ending with double underscores special methods are documented in specialnames statement statement is part of suite ( "blockof codea statement is either an expression or one of several constructs with keywordsuch as ifwhile or for struct sequence tuple with named elements struct sequences expose an interface similar to named tuple in that elements can either be accessed either by index or as an attribute howeverthey do not have any of the named tuple methods like _make(or _asdict(examples of struct sequences include sys float_info and the return value of os stat(text encoding codec which encodes unicode strings to bytes text file file object able to read and write str objects oftena text file actually accesses byte-oriented datastream and handles the text encoding automatically examples of text files are files opened in text mode ('ror ' ')sys stdinsys stdoutand instances of io stringio see also binary file for file object able to read and write bytes-like objects triple-quoted string string which is bound by three instances of either quotation mark ("or an apostrophe ('while they don' provide any functionality not available with single-quoted stringsthey are useful for number of reasons they allow you to include unescaped single and double quotes within string and they can span multiple lines without the use of the continuation charactermaking them especially useful when writing docstrings type the type of python object determines what kind of object it isevery object has type an object' type is accessible as its __class__ attribute or can be retrieved with type(objtype alias synonym for typecreated by assigning the type to an identifier type aliases are useful for simplifying type hints for examplefrom typing import listtuple def remove_gray_shadescolorslist[tuple[intintint]]-list[tuple[intintint]]pass could be made more readable like thisfrom typing import listtuple color tuple[intintintdef remove_gray_shades(colorslist[color]-list[color]pass see typing and pep which describe this functionality type hint an annotation that specifies the expected type for variablea class attributeor function parameter or return value type hints are optional and are not enforced by python but they are useful to static type analysis toolsand aid ides with code completion and refactoring type hints of global variablesclass attributesand functionsbut not local variablescan be accessed using typing get_type_hints(see typing and pep which describe this functionality universal newlines manner of interpreting text streams in which all of the following are recognized as ending linethe unix end-of-line convention '\ 'the windows convention '\ \ 'and the old appendix glossary