loops lower(string method - lstrip(string method macos backslash vs forward slash - installing pythonxxxiiixxxiv installing third-party modules - launchd opening files with default applications open program pip tool on - running python programs starting idlexxxv starting muxxxv terminal window - magic ball example program makedirs(function (os module) mapit py with the webbrowser module project - matching greedy non-greedy math operators addition (+) division (/) exponent (**) integer division/floored quotient (//) modulus/remainder (%) multiplication (*) order of operations maximize(function (pyautogui) merge_cells(method (openpyxl) methods see also names of individual methods chaining calls defined dictionary - list - string - microsoft windows see windows (operating systemmiddleclick(function (pyautogui) minimize(function (pyautogui) index mkdir(method (pathlib module) modules see also names of individual modules importing third-partyinstalling - modulus/remainder (%operator monty pythonxxx mouse clicking determining position - dragging - moving scrolling - mousedown(function (pyautogui) mouseup(function (pyautogui) move(function pyautogui shutil module moveto(function (pyautogui) moving files/folders multi-clipboard multi-clipboard automatic messages project - updatable multi-clipboard - multiline comments multiline strings - multiple assignment trick multiplication operator (*) multiplication quiz project - multithreaded xkcd downloader project - multithreading concurrency issues join(method overview passing arguments to threads start(method thread(function mutable data types nameerror exception namelist(method (zipfile module) negative character classes negative indexes nested dictionaries and lists nested for loops new(method (image module) none value