credible interval region critical region value cross tabulate cross-entropy method risk in-sample training loss cross-validation leave-one-out linear model crude monte carlo cubic spline cumulative distribution function (cdf) joint cycle davidon-fletcher-powell updating decision tree deep learning degrees of freedom dendrogram density dependent variable derivatives multidimensional partial design matrix detailed balance equations determinant of matrix diagonal matrix diagonalizable dictionary (python) digamma function dimension direct sum directional derivative discrete distribution fourier transform optimization probability space sample space uniform distribution discriminant analysis distribution bernoulli bessel beta binomial chi-squared discrete discrete uniform exponential extreme value gamma gaussiansee normal geometric inverse-gamma joint multivariate normal noncentral kh normal pareto poisson probability student' uniform weibull divisive clustering dot notation (python) dual optimization problem - early stopping efficiency of estimators of acceptance-rejection eigen-decomposition eigenvalue eigenvector elementary event elite sample empirical