chmod(pathmodechanges the mode of path mode has the same values as described for the open(function (unix and windowschown(pathuidgidchanges the owner and group id of path to the numeric uid and gid setting uid or gid to - causes that parameter to remain unmodified (unixlchflags(pathflagsthe same as chflags()but doesn' follow symbolic links (unixlchmod(pathmodethe same as chmod(except that if path is symbolic linkit modifies the link itselfnot the file the link refers to lchown(pathuidgidthe same as chown(but doesn' follow symbolic links (unixlink(srcdstcreates hard link named dst that points to src (unixlistdir(pathreturns list containing the names of the entries in the directory path the list is returned in arbitrary order and doesn' include the special entries of and if path is unicodethe resulting list will only contain unicode strings be aware that if any filenames in the directory can' be properly encoded into unicodethey are silently skipped if path is given as byte stringthen all filenames are returned as list of byte strings lstat(pathlike stat(but doesn' follow symbolic links (unixmakedev(majorminorcreates raw device number given major and minor device numbers (unixmajor(devicenumreturns the major device number from raw device number devicenum created by makedev(minor(devicenumreturns the minor device number from raw device number devicenum created by makedev(makedirs(path [mode]recursive directory-creation function like mkdir(but makes all the intermediatelevel directories needed to contain the leaf directory raises an oserror exception if the leaf directory already exists or cannot be created lib fl ff