introduction to machine learning and deep learning compute resourcesand human resources to engineer featuresa large class of problems are solvable the key limitation of mainstream machine language algorithms is that applying them to new problem domain requires massive amount of feature engineering for instanceconsider the problem of recognizing objects in images using traditional machine language techniquessuch problem would require massive feature-engineering effort wherein experts identify and generate features that would be used by the machine language algorithm in sensetrue intelligence is in the identification of featuresthe machine language algorithm is simply learning how to combine these features to arrive at the correct answer this identification of features or the representation of data that domain experts do before machine language algorithms are applied is both conceptual and practical bottleneck in ai it' conceptual bottleneck because if features are being identified by domain experts and the machine language algorithm is simply learning to combine and draw conclusions from thisis this really aiit' practical bottleneck because the process of building models via traditional machine language is bottlenecked by the amount of feature engineering required there are limits to how much human effort can be thrown at the problem deep learning the major bottleneck in machine learning systems was solved with deep learning herewe essentially took the intelligence one step furtherwhere the machine develops relevant features for the task in an automated way instead of hand-crafting human beings learn concepts starting from raw data for instancea child shown with few examples of particular animal (saycatswill soon learn to identify the animal the learning process does not involve parent identifying cat' featuressuch as its whiskersfuror tail human learning goes from raw data to conclusion without the explicit step where features are identified and provided to the learner in sensehuman beings learn the appropriate representation