the for loop above is equivalent to the followingfor in range(len( ))print( + [ ]the enumerate code can be shorter or clearer in some situations here is an example that returns list of the indices of all the ones in string[ for ( ,cin enumerate(sif =' 'zip the zip function takes two iterables and "zipsthem up into single iterable that contains pairs ( , )where is from the first iterableand is from the second here is an examples 'abc [ zip( ,lprint(list( )[(' ', ])(' ', )(' ', )just like with enumeratethe result of zip is not quite listbut if we do list(zip( , ))we can get list from it here is an example that uses zip to create dictionary from two lists 'one ''two ''three ' [ dict(zip( , ){'three' 'two' 'one' this technique can be used to create dictionary while your program is running copy the copy module has couple of useful methodscopy and deepcopy the copy method can be usedfor instanceto make copy of an object from user-defined class as an examplesuppose we have class called users and we want to make copy of specific user we could do the followingfrom copy import copy u_copy copy(ubut the copy method has certain limitationsas do other copying techniqueslike = [:for lists for examplesuppose [ , , ],[ , , ]if we make copy of this by doing = [:]and then set [ ][ ]= this will affect [ ][ as well this is because the copy is only shallow copy--the references to the sublists that make up were copiedinstead of copies of those sublists this sort of thing can be problem anytime we are copying an object that itself consists of other objects