tuple([items]type representing tuple if supplieditems is an iterable object that is used to populate the tuple howeverif items is already tupleit' simply returned unmodified if no argument is givenan empty tuple is returned type(objectthe base class of all types in python when called as functionreturns the type of object this type is the same as the object' class for common types such as integersfloatsand liststhe type will refer to one of the other built-in classes such as intfloatlistand so forth for user-defined objectsthe type is the associated class for objects related to python' internalsyou will typically get reference to one of the classes defined in the types module type(name,bases,dictcreates new type object (which is the same as defining new classname is the name of the typebases is tuple of base classesand dict is dictionary containing definitions corresponding to class body this function is most commonly used when working with metaclasses this is described further in unichr(xconverts the integer or long integer xwhere < < to single unicode character python only in python just use chr(xunicode(string [,encoding [,errors]]in python this converts string to unicode string encoding specifies the data encoding of string if omittedthe default encoding as returned by sys getdefaultencoding(is used errors specifies how encoding errors are handled and is one of 'strict''ignore''replace''backslashreplace'or 'xmlcharrefreplacerefer to and for details not available in python vars([object]returns the symbol table of object (usually found in its _dict_ attributeif no argument is givena dictionary corresponding to the local namespace is returned the dictionary returned by this function should be assumed to be read-only it' not safe to modify its contents xrange([start,stop [step] type representing range of integer values from start to stop that is not included step provides an optional stride the values are not actually stored but are computed on demand when accessed in python xrange(is the preferred function to use when you want to write loops over ranges of integer values in python xrange(has been renamed to range(and xrange(is unavailable startstopand step are limited to the set of values supported by machine integers (typically bitszip([ [ []]]in python returns list of tuples where the nth tuple is ( [ ] [ ]the resulting list is truncated to the length of the shortest argument sequence if no arguments are givenan empty list is returned in python the behavior is similarbut the lib fl ff