auxiliary variable methods axioms of kolmogorov acceptance probability - acceptance-rejection method accuracy (classification-) activation function adaboost - adagrad adam method adjoint operation affine transformation agglomerative clustering akaike information criterion algebraic multiplicity aligned arrays (python) almost sure convergence alternating direction method of multipliers alternative hypothesis anaconda (python) analysis of variance (anova) annealing schedule approximation error - approximation-estimation tradeoff armijo inexact line search assignment operator (python) attributes (python) back-propagation backward elimination backward substitution bagged estimator bagging balance equations (markov chains) bandwidth barplot barrier function barzilai-borwein formulas basis of vector space orthogonal - bayes empirical error rate factor naive - optimal decision rule bayesrule bayesian information criterion bayesian statistics bernoulli distribution bessel distribution