types and objects [ - [ - change an element in notice how also changed because and refer to the same object in this examplea change made to one of the variables is reflected in the other to avoid thisyou have to create copy of an object rather than new reference two types of copy operations are applied to container objects such as lists and dictionariesa shallow copy and deep copy shallow copy creates new object but populates it with references to the items contained in the original object here' an examplea [ , list(ab is false append( [ [ ] [ [ ] [ ][ - [ [- ] [ [- ]create shallow copy of append element to notice that is unchanged modify an element inside notice the change inside in this casea and are separate list objectsbut the elements they contain are shared thereforea modification to one of the elements of also modifies an element of bas shown deep copy creates new object and recursively copies all the objects it contains there is no built-in operation to create deep copies of objects howeverthe copy deepcopy(function in the standard library can be usedas shown in the following exampleimport copy [ [ ] copy deepcopy(ab[ ][ - [ [- ] notice that is unchanged [ [ ]first-class objects all objects in python are said to be "first class "this means that all objects that can be named by an identifier have equal status it also means that all objects that can be named can be treated as data for examplehere is simple dictionary containing two valuesitems 'number 'text"hello worldf lib fl ff