introduction to machine learning and deep learning formal description of the game of chess would be the representation of the boarda description of how each of the pieces movesthe starting configurationand description of the configuration wherein the game terminates with these notions formalizedit is relatively easy to model chess-playing ai program as searchandgiven sufficient computational resourcesit' possible to produce relatively good chess-playing ai the first era of ai focused on such tasks with fair amount of success at the heart of the methodology were symbolic representation of the domain and the manipulation of the symbols based on given rules (with increasingly sophisticated algorithms for searching the solution space to arrive at solutionit must be noted that the formal definitions of such rules were done manually howeversuch early ai systems were fairly general-purpose task/problem solvers in the sense that any problem that could be described formally could be solved with the generic approach the key limitation of such systems is that the game of chess is relatively easy problem for ai simply because the problem set is relatively simple and can be easily formalized this is not the case with many of the problems human beings solve on day-to-day basis (natural intelligencefor instanceconsider diagnosing disease or transcribing human speech to text these taskswhich human beings can do but which are hard to describe formallypresented as challenge in the early days of ai knowledge-based systems the challenge of addressing natural intelligence to solve day-to-day problems evolved the landscape of ai into an approach akin to humanbeings-- by leveraging large amount of knowledge about the taskproblem domain given this observationsubsequent ai systems relied on large knowledge bases that captured the knowledge about the problemtask domain note that the term used here is knowledgenot information or data by knowledgewe simply mean data/information that programalgorithm can reason about an example could be graph representation