such a dominance structure but display complex courtship behavior including nuptial feeding. The males possess a cephalic gland that opens in the middle of their head. During courtship they secrete a fluid from this gland and offer it to the female. Acceptance of this droplet by the female acts as behavioral releaser and immediately leads to copulation. In Z. impolitus, copulation does not occur, but fertilization is accomplished instead by transfer of a spermatophore from the male to the female. This spermatophore contains a single giant sperm cell, which unravels to about the same length as the female herself, . It is thought that this large sperm cell prevents fertilization by other males, by physically blocking the female's genital tract. Effects on ecosystem functioning Zoraptera are thought to provide some important supporting and provisioning services in ecosystems. By consuming detritus, such as dead arthropods, they assist in decomposition and nutrient cycling. Species 55 living and fossil species are found worldwide, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Four species occur north of the Tropic of Cancer, two in the United States and two in Tibet. There are 44 extant and 11 extinct species known as of 2017, many of the fossil species are known from Burmese amber. †Zorotypus absonus Engel 2008 - Dominican Republic (Miocene) (fossil) †Zorotypus acanthothorax Engel & Grimaldi 2002 - Myanmar (Cretaceous) (fossil) Zorotypus amazonensis Rafael & Engel 2006 - Brazil (Amazonas) Zorotypus asymmetricus Kocarek 2017 - Brunei Zorotypus asymmetristernum Mashimo 2018 - Kenya Zorotypus barberi Gurney 1938 - Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela Zorotypus brasiliensis Silvestri 1947 - Brazil (Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo) Zorotypus buxtoni Karny 1932 - Samoa Zorotypus caudelli Karny 1922 - Indonesia (Sumatra), Malaysia (peninsular) Zorotypus caxiuana Rafael, Godoi & Engel 2008 - Brazil (Para) †Zorotypus cenomanianus Yin, Cai & Huang 2017 - Myanmar (Cretaceous) (fossil) Zorotypus cervicornis Mashimo, Yoshizawa & Engel 2013 - Malaysia (peninsular) Zorotypus ceylonicus Silvestri 1913 - Sri Lanka Zorotypus congensis van Ryn-Tournel 1971 - Congo (Dem.Rep.) Zorotypus cramptoni Gurney 1938 - Guatemala †Zorotypus cretatus Engel & Grimaldi 2002 - Myanmar (Cretaceous) Zorotypus delamarei Paulian 1949 - Madagascar †Zorotypus denticulatus Yin, Cai & Huang 2017 - Myanmar (Cretaceous) (fossil) †Zorotypus goeleti Engel & Grimaldi 2000 - Dominican Republic (Miocene) Zorotypus guineensis Silvestri 1913 - Ghana, Guinea, Ivory Coast Zorotypus gurneyi Choe 1989 - Costa Rica, Panama Zorotypus hainanensis Yin & Li 2015 - China (Hainan Island) Zorotypus hamiltoni New 1978 - Colombia Zorotypus huangi Yin & Li 2017 - China (Yunnan) Zorotypus hubbardi Caudell 1918 - United States (mainland) †Zorotypus hudae (Kaddumi 2005) - Jordan (Cretaceous) Zorotypus huxleyi Bolivar y Pieltain & Coronado 1963 - Brazil (Amazonas), Peru Zorotypus impolitus Mashimo, Engel, Dallai, Beutel & Machida 2013 - Malaysia (peninsular) Zorotypus javanicus Silvestri 1913 - Indonesia (Java) Zorotypus juninensis Engel 2000 - Peru Zorotypus lawrencei New 1995 - Christmas Island Zorotypus leleupi Weidner 1976 - Ecuador (Galapagos Islands) Zorotypus longicercatus Caudell 1927 - Jamaica Zorotypus magnicaudelli Mashimo, Engel, Dallai, Beutel & Machida 2013 - Malaysia (peninsular) Zorotypus manni Caudell 1923 - Bolivia, Peru Zorotypus medoensis Huang 1978 - China (Xizang) Zorotypus mexicanus Bolivar y Pieltain 1940 - Mexico †Zorotypus mnemosyne Engel 2008 - Dominican Republic (Miocene) †Zorotypus nascimbenei Engel & Grimaldi 2002 - Myanmar (Cretaceous) Zorotypus neotropicus Silvestri 1916 - Costa Rica Zorotypus newi Chao & Chen 2000 - Taiwan Zorotypus novobritannicus Terry & Whiting 2012 - Papua New Guinea (New Britain) † Zorotypus oligophleps Liu, Zhang, Cai & Li, 2018 †Zorotypus palaeus Poinar 1988 - Dominican Republic (Eocene) Zorotypus philippinensis Gurney 1938 - Philippines