Distribution of Heliamphora The natural range of the carnivorous plant genus Heliamphora is restricted to the southern Venezuelan states of Amazonas and Bolívar, and to adjacent portions of northern Brazil and western Guyana, an area corresponding to the western part of the Guayana Shield. These plants are largely confined to the summits and foothills of the sandstone table-top mountains of the region, known as tepuis. The genus has a highly disjunct distribution spread across two major groups of tepuis: the western range in Amazonas and the eastern range in Bolívar. The western range can be further subdivided into two complexes of neighbouring tepuis. The more southerly of these consists of Cerro de la Neblina, Cerro Aracamuni, and Cerro Avispa, and supports four Heliamphora species. The more northerly group of the western range, home to only two species, includes the massive Cerro Duida and neighbouring Cerro Huachamacari and Cerro Marahuaca. The remaining 17–19 species are native to the eastern range, which includes the Aprada Massif, Auyán Massif, Chimantá Massif, Eastern Tepuis chain, Los Testigos chain, and a number of outlying tepuis. Many of the summits of the eastern range are situated on a vast plateau known as the Gran Sabana. Only two species (H. ciliata and H. heterodoxa) are known with certainty from the Gran Sabana, and only H. ciliata is endemic to this habitat. The altitudinal distribution of Heliamphora ranges from 860 m above sea level for populations of H. neblinae on Cerro Avispa to as much as 2994 m for plants of H. hispida growing near the summit of Pico da Neblina in Cerro de la Neblina. Key Tepui names shown in the tables are those used in Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana and Sarraceniaceae of South America, with alternate names and spellings given in brackets. Many additional orthographic variants are likely to exist and some localities remain the subject of considerable toponymic confusion; these cases are covered in the Notes section. Many of the tepui heights are approximate and likely to change as more accurate measurements become available. Only tepuis known to support Heliamphora are included in the tables (for example, not all parts of the Chimantá Massif or Eastern Tepuis chain are listed). Formally described species are listed first, followed by undescribed species, and finally natural hybrids. Where published information is available, the altitudinal distribution of a taxon at a particular locality is given. In cases of unconfirmed locality records, the taxon name is preceded by a question mark (?). Coordinates given correspond to the approximate centre points of tepui summit plateaus (though in the case of fragmented tepui complexes such as Cerro de la Neblina, the centre point itself may not lie on any plateau). Unless otherwise indicated, all other information presented in the tables is sourced from Sarraceniaceae of South America. Western range The western range of the genus is confined almost entirely to Amazonas state, Venezuela, but extends slightly into northernmost Brazil. Neblina Massif The Neblina Massif is located in the extreme south of Amazonas and is dominated by the highly fragmented complex known as Cerro de la Neblina. This complex has many plateaus averaging 2000–2400 m in elevation, and includes Brazil's two highest peaks: Pico da Neblina (2994 m) and Pico 31 de Março (2973 m), known as Pico Phelps in Venezuela. A giant valley, Cañón Grande, runs southwest to northeast through the middle of Cerro de la Neblina. The smaller outcrops of Cerro Aracamuni and Cerro Avispa, both reaching approximately 1600 m, lie to the north of this complex. The name Neblina Massif is sometimes applied specifically to Cerro de la Neblina,