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Johann Strauss II
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Johann Strauss II
Johann Strauss II (October 25, 1825 – June 3, 1899), also known as Johann Strauss Jr., the Younger, the Son (German: Sohn), Johann Baptist Strauss, was an Austrian composer of light music, particularly dance music and operettas. He composed over 500 waltzes, polkas, quadrilles, and other types of dance music, as well as several operettas and a ballet. In his lifetime, he was known as "The Waltz King", and was largely then responsible for the popularity of the waltz in Vienna during the 19th century.
Strauss had two younger brothers, Josef and Eduard Strauss, who became composers of light music as well, although they were never as well known as their elder brother. Some of Johann Strauss' most famous works include "The Blue Danube", "Kaiser-Walzer" (Emperor Waltz), "Tales from the Vienna Woods", and the "Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka". Among his operettas, Die Fledermaus and Der Zigeunerbaron are the best known.
Contents
[hide]
1 Spelling of name
2 Early life
3 Debut as a composer
4 Career advancements
5 Marriages
6 Musical rivals and admirers
7 Stage works
8 Death and legacy
9 Portrayals in the media
10 Works
11 Notes
12 References
13 External links
Spelling of name[edit]
Although the name Strauss can be found in reference books frequently with “ß,” Strauss himself wrote his name with a long s and a round s (Strauſs), which was a replacement form for the Fraktur-ß used in antique manuscripts. His family called him “Schani,” derived from the Italian “Gianni,” a nickname.
Early life[edit]
His father, Johann Strauss I, in an etching from 1835
Strauss was born in St Ulrich near Vienna (now a part of Neubau), Austria, on October 25, 1825, to the composer Johann Strauss I. His paternal great-grandfather was a Hungarian Jew – a fact which the Nazis, who lionised Strauss's music as "so German", later tried to conceal.[1] His father did not want him to become a musician but rather a banker.[2] Nevertheless, Strauss Junior studied the violin secretly as a child with the first violinist of his father's orchestra, Franz Amon.[2] When his father discovered his son secretly practising on a violin one day, he gave him a severe whipping, saying that he was going to beat the music out of the boy.[3] It seems that rather than trying to avoid a Strauss rivalry, the elder Strauss only wanted his son to escape the rigours of a musician's life.[4] It was only when the father abandoned his family for a mistress, Emilie Trampusch (de), that the son was able to concentrate fully on a career as a composer with the support of his mother.[5]
Strauss studied counterpoint and harmony with theorist Professor Joachim Hoffmann,[2] who owned a private music school. His talents were also recognized by composer Joseph Drechsler, who taught him exercises in harmony. It was during that time that he composed his only sacred work, the graduale Tu qui regis totum orbem (1844). His other violin teacher, Anton Kollmann, who was the ballet répétiteur of the Vienna Court Opera, also wrote excellent testimonials for him. Armed with these, he approached the Viennese authorities to apply for a license to perform.[6] He initially formed his small orchestra where he recruited his members at the Zur Stadt Belgrad tavern, where musicians seeking work could be hired easily.[7]
Debut as a composer[edit]
Johann Strauss in his younger years
Johann Strauss I's influence over the local entertainment establishments meant that many of them were wary of offering the younger Strauss a contract for fear of angering the father.[5] Strauss Jr. was able to persuade the Dommayer's Casino in Hietzing, a suburb of Vienna, to allow him to perform.[8] The elder Strauss, in anger at his son's disobedience, and at that of the proprietor, refused to ever play at the Dommayer's Casino again,[9] which had been the site of many of his earlier triumphs.
Strauss made his debut at Dommayer's in October 1844, where he performed some of his first works, such as the waltzes "Sinngedichte", Op. 1 and "Gunstwerber", Op. 4 and the polka "Herzenslust", Op. 3.[2] Critics and the press were unanimous in their praise for Strauss's music. A critic for Der Wanderer commented that "Strauss’s name will be worthily continued in his son; children and children’s children can look forward to the future, and three-quarter time will find a strong footing in him."[2]
Strauss at the beginning of his career
Despite the initial fanfare, Strauss found his early years as a composer difficult, but he soon won over audiences after accepting commissions to perform away from home. The first major appointment for the young composer was his award of the honorary position of "Kapellmeister of the 2nd Vienna Citizen's Regiment", which had been left vacant following Joseph Lanner's death two years before.[10]
Vienna was wracked by the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire and the intense rivalry between father and son became much more apparent. Johann Jr. decided to side with the revolutionaries. It was a decision that was professionally disadvantageous, as the Austrian royalty twice denied him the much coveted 'KK Hofballmusikdirektor' position, which was first designated especially for Johann I in recognition of his musical contributions. Further, the younger Strauss was also arrested by the Viennese authorities for publicly playing "La Marseillaise", but was later acquitted.[11] The elder Strauss remained loyal to the monarchy, and composed his "Radetzky March", Op. 228 (dedicated to the Habsburg field marshal Joseph Radetzky von Radetz), which would become one of his best-known compositions.[12]
When the elder Strauss died from scarlet fever in Vienna in 1849, the younger Strauss merged both their orchestras and engaged in further tours.[2] Later, he also composed a number of patriotic marches dedicated to the Habsburg Emperor Franz Josef I, such as the "Kaiser Franz-Josef Marsch" Op. 67 and the "Kaiser Franz Josef Rettungs Jubel-Marsch" Op. 126, probably to ingratiate himself in the eyes of the new monarch, who ascended to the Austrian throne after the 1848 revolution.[2]
Career advancements[edit]
"The Blue Danube"
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Strauss Jr. eventually surpassed his father's fame, and became one of the most popular waltz composers of the era, extensively touring Austria, Poland and Germany with his orchestra. He applied for the KK Hofballmusikdirektor Music Director of the Royal Court Balls position, which he eventually attained in 1863,[2] after being denied several times before for his frequent brushes with the local authorities.
In 1853, due to constant mental and physical demands, Strauss suffered a nervous breakdown.[2] He took a seven-week vacation in the countryside in the summer of that year, on the advice of doctors. Johann's younger brother Josef was persuaded by his family to abandon his career as an engineer and take command of Johann's orchestra in the interim.[2]
In 1855, Strauss accepted commissions from the management of the Tsarskoye-Selo Railway Company of Saint Petersburg to play in Russia for the Vauxhall Pavilion at Pavlovsk in 1856. He would return to perform in Russia every year until 1865.[2]
Later, in the 1870s, Strauss and his orchestra toured the United States, where he took part in the Boston Festival at the invitation of bandmaster Patrick Gilmore and was the lead conductor in a "Monster Concert" of over 1000 performers (see World's Peace Jubilee and International Musical Festival),[13] performing his "Blue Danube" waltz, amongst other pieces, to great acclaim.[13]
Marriages[edit]
Strauss married the singer Henrietta Treffz in 1862, and they remained together until her death in 1878.[2] Six weeks after her death,[2][14] Strauss married the actress Angelika Dittrich. Dittrich was not a fervent supporter of his music, and their differences in status and opinion, and especially her indiscretion, led him to seek a divorce.[2]
Strauss was not granted a divorce by the Roman Catholic Church, and therefore changed religion and nationality, and became a citizen of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha in January 1887.[2] Strauss sought solace in his third wife Adele Deutsch, whom he married in August 1887. She encouraged his creative talent to flow once more in his later years, resulting in many famous compositions, such as the operettas Der Zigeunerbaron and Waldmeister, and the waltzes "Kaiser-Walzer" Op. 437, "Kaiser Jubiläum" Op. 434, and "Klug Gretelein" Op. 462.
Musical rivals and admirers[edit]
Johann Strauss and Johannes Brahms photographed in Vienna
Although Strauss was the most sought-after composer of dance music in the latter half of the 19th century, stiff competition was present in the form of Karl Michael Ziehrer and Émile Waldteufel; the latter held a commanding position in Paris.[15] Phillip Fahrbach also denied the younger Strauss the commanding position of the KK Hofballmusikdirektor when the latter first applied for the post. The German operetta composer Jacques Offenbach, who made his name in Paris, also posed a challenge to Strauss in the operetta field.[16]
Strauss was admired by other prominent composers: Richard Wagner once admitted that he liked the waltz "Wein, Weib und Gesang" Op. 333.[17] Richard Strauss (unrelated to the Strauss family), when writing his Rosenkavalier waltzes, said in reference to Johann Strauss, "How could I forget the laughing genius of Vienna?"[18]
Johannes Brahms was a personal friend of Strauss; the latter dedicated his waltz "Seid umschlungen, Millionen!" ("Be Embraced, You Millions!"), Op. 443, to him.[19] A story is told in biographies of both men that Strauss's wife Adele approached Brahms with a customary request that he autograph her fan. It was usual for the composer to inscribe a few measures of his best-known music, and then sign his name. Brahms, however, inscribed a few measures from the "Blue Danube", and then wrote beneath it: "Unfortunately, NOT by Johannes Brahms."[20]
Stage works[edit]
Main article: List of operettas by Johann Strauss II
The most famous of Strauss' operettas are Die Fledermaus, Eine Nacht in Venedig, and Der Zigeunerbaron. There are many dance pieces drawn from themes of his operettas, such as "Cagliostro-Walzer" Op. 370 (from Cagliostro in Wien), "O Schöner Mai" Walzer Op. 375 (from Prinz Methusalem), "Rosen aus dem Süden" Walzer Op. 388 (from Das Spitzentuch der Königin), and "Kuss-Walzer" op. 400 (from Der lustige Krieg), that have survived obscurity and become well-known. Strauss also wrote an opera, Ritter Pázmán,[21] and was in the middle of composing a ballet, Aschenbrödel, when he died in 1899.[22]
Death and legacy[edit]
Statue of the Waltz King in Stadtpark, Vienna
Strauss was diagnosed with pleuropneumonia, and on June 3, 1899 he died in Vienna, at the age of 73. He was buried in the Zentralfriedhof. At the time of his death, he was still composing his ballet Aschenbrödel.[22]
As a result of the efforts by Clemens Krauss who performed a special all-Strauss programme in 1929 with the Vienna Philharmonic, Strauss's music is now regularly performed at the annual Vienna New Year's Concert. Distinguished Strauss interpreters include Willi Boskovsky,[23] who carried on the Vorgeiger tradition of conducting with violin in hand, as was the Strauss family custom, as well as Herbert von Karajan, Carlos Kleiber, Lorin Maazel, Zubin Mehta and Riccardo Muti. In addition, the Wiener Johann Strauss Orchester, which was formed in 1966, pays tribute to the touring orchestras which once made the Strauss family so famous.[24] In 1987 Dutch violinist and conductor André Rieu also created a Johann Strauss Orchestra.
Most of the Strauss works that are performed today may once have existed in a slightly different form, as Eduard Strauss destroyed much of the original Strauss orchestral archives in a furnace factory in Vienna's Mariahilf district in 1907.[25] Eduard, then the only surviving brother of the three, took this drastic precaution after agreeing to a pact between himself and brother Josef that whoever outlived the other was to destroy their works. The measure was intended to prevent the Strauss family's works from being claimed by another composer. This may also have been fueled by Strauss's rivalry with another of Vienna's popular waltz and march composers, Karl Michael Ziehrer.[26]
Two museums in Vienna are dedicated to Johann Strauss II. His residence in the Praterstrasse where he lived in the 1860s is now part of the Vienna Museum. The Strauss Museum is about the whole family with a focus on Johann Strauss II.
Portrayals in the media[edit]
Silhouette by Otto Böhler
The lives of the Strauss dynasty members and their world-renowned craft of composing Viennese waltzes are also briefly documented in several television adaptations, such as The Strauss Family (1972), The Strauss Dynasty (1991)[27] and Strauss, the King of 3/4 Time (1995).[28] Many other films used his works and melodies, and several films have been based upon the life of the musician, the most famous of which is called The Great Waltz (1938), redone in 1972.[29]
Alfred Hitchcock made a low-budget biographical film of Strauss in 1933 called Waltzes from Vienna.[30] After a trip to Vienna, Walt Disney was inspired to create four feature films. One of those was The Waltz King, a loosely adapted biopic of Johann Strauss, which aired as part of the Wonderful World of Disney in the U.S. in 1963.[31] In Mikhail Bulgakov's 1940 (published 1967) novel, The Master and Margarita, Johann Strauss conducts the orchestra during Satan's Great Ball at the invitation of Behemoth.
A Corny Concerto (1943), a Warner Bros cartoon, directed by Bob Clampett with animation by Robert McKimson, features music that was composed by Johann Strauss, and is a parody of Walt Disney's 1940 Fantasia. The cartoon is narrated by Elmer Fudd, parodying Deems Taylor's appearance in Fantasia.
The 1950 animated short entitled "Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl" from the series "Tom and Jerry" makes use of Johann Strauss II's Overture of Die Fledermaus.
Another 1953 animated short "Johann Mouse" from the series Tom and Jerry features a mouse mesmerised by the playing of several Strauss waltzes by Johann Strauss himself, and later, by Tom.
The 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey features "The Blue Danube".
Works[edit]
Main articles: List of operettas by Johann Strauss II and List of compositions by Johann Strauss II
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ The story of the forgery in 1941 of the entry for the marriage of Johann Michael Strauss to Rosalia Buschin
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Strauss: Johann Strauss II". Grove Music Online. Retrieved September 28, 2008.
Jump up ^ Fantel, Hans. The Waltz Kings. William Morrow & Company. p. 75.
Jump up ^ Gartenberg (1974), p. 124
^ Jump up to: a b Gartenberg (1974), p. 121
Jump up ^ Gartenberg (1974), p. 126
Jump up ^ Fantel, Hans. The Waltz Kings. William Morrow & Company. p. 76.
Jump up ^ Jacob (1940) p. 127
Jump up ^ Gartenberg (1974), p. 125
Jump up ^ Alabama Symphony
Jump up ^ Fantel, Hans (1972). The Waltz Kings. William Morrow & Company, Inc. p. 96.
Jump up ^ Fantel, Hans (1972). The Waltz Kings. William Morrow & Company, Inc. p. 89.
^ Jump up to: a b Gartenberg (1974), p. 246
Jump up ^ "Johann Strauss II 1825–1899); AUT". Classical Archives. Retrieved April 13, 2009.
Jump up ^ Waldteufel, Émile – Biography
Jump up ^ "The Viennese Operetta". Retrieved April 14, 2009.
Jump up ^ Jacob (1940) p. 226
Jump up ^ "Vienna Tickets – Johann Strauss". Retrieved October 3, 2008. [permanent dead link]
Jump up ^ Rubey, Norbert. Seid umschlungen, Millionen!. Diletto Musicale, Doblinger.
Jump up ^ Jacob (1940) p. 227
Jump up ^ Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A theatrical history. Routledge. p. 131.
^ Jump up to: a b Jacob (1940) p. 341
Jump up ^ "Willi Boskovsky, 81, Waltz Violinist, Dies", The New York Times, April 24, 1991.
Jump up ^ Vienna Johann Strauß Orchestra
Jump up ^ Jacob (1940) p. 363
Jump up ^ Crittenden, Camille. Johann Strauss and Vienna. Cambridge University Press. p. 89.
Jump up ^ The Strauss Dynasty (1991) on IMDb
Jump up ^ Strauss, the King of 3/4 Time (1995) on IMDb
Jump up ^ The Great Waltz (1938, 1972) on IMDb
Jump up ^ Waltzes from Vienna (1934) on IMDb
Jump up ^ Chronology of the Waltz Disney Company
References[edit]
Gänzl, Kurt. The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre (3 Volumes). New York: Schirmer Books, 2001.
Gartenberg, Egon (1974). Johann Strauss – The End of an Era. Penn State University Press. ISBN 978-0-271-01131-8.
Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1983.
Jacob, Heinrich Eduard. Johann Strauss, Father and Son: A Century of Light Music. The Greystone Press, 1940.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johann Strauss II.
A complete list of Strauss's compositions
A complete list of compositions by Johann Strauss II compiled by the Johann Strauss Society of New York
List of Strauss's stage works with date, theatre information and links
Free scores by Johann Strauss II at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
www.kreusch-sheet-music.net, free scores by Strauss
Johann Strauss Jr. (character) on IMDb
Johann Strauß (1825–1899) on IMDb
[show]
v
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Johann Strauss II
Operettas
Indigo und die vierzig Räuber (1871)
Der Karneval in Rom (1873)
Die Fledermaus (1874)
Cagliostro in Wien (1875)
Prinz Methusalem (1877)
Blindekuh (1878)
Das Spitzentuch der Königin (1880)
Der lustige Krieg (1881)
Eine Nacht in Venedig (1883)
Der Zigeunerbaron (1885)
Simplicius (1887)
Waldmeister (1895)
Wiener Blut (arr. by Adolf Müller, 1899)
Waltzes
Sinngedichte, Op. 1 (1844)
Gunstwerber, Op. 4 (1844)
Sträußchen, Op. 15 (1846)
Klange aus der Walachei, Op. 50 (1850)
Frohsinns-Spenden, Op. 73 (1850)
Lava-Ströme, Op. 74 (1850)
Rhadamantus-Klänge, Op. 94 (1851)
Idyllen, Op. 95 (1851)
Mephistos Höllenrufe, Op. 101 (1851)
Liebeslieder, Op. 114 (1852)
Phönix-Schwingen, Op. 125 (1853)
Novellen, Op. 146 (1854)
Nachtfalter, Op. 157 (1855)
Glossen, Op. 163 (1855)
Man lebt nur einmal!, Op. 167 (1855)
Abschieds-Rufe, Op. 179 (1856)
Phänomene, Op. 193 (1857)
Abschied von St. Petersburg, Op. 210 (1858)
Hell und voll, Op. 216 (1859)
Promotionen, Op. 221 (1859)
Accelerationen, Op. 234 (1860)
Immer heiterer, Op. 235 (1860)
Grillenbanner, Op. 247 (1861)
Klangfiguren, Op. 251, (1861)
Dividenden, Op. 252
Karnevalsbotschafter, Op. 270 (1862)
Leitartikel, Op. 273 (1863)
Morgenblätter, Op. 279 (1863)
Studentenlust, Op. 285 (1864)
Aus den Bergen, Op. 292 (1864)
Bürgersinn, Op. 295 (1865)
Flugschriften, Op. 300 (1865)
Wiener Bonbons, Op. 307 (1866)
An der schönen blauen Donau, Op. 314 (1867)
Künstlerleben, Op. 316 (1867)
Die Publicisten, Op. 321 (1868)
G'schichten aus dem Wienerwald, Op. 325 (1868)
Illustrationen, Op. 331 (1869)
Wein, Weib und Gesang, Op. 333 (1869)
Freuet Euch des Lebens, Op. 340 (1870)
Neu Wien, Op. 342 (1870)
Tausend und eine Nacht, Op. 346 (1871)
Wiener Blut (waltz), Op. 354 (1873)
Carnevalsbilder, Op. 357 (1873)
Bei uns Z'haus, Op. 361 (1873)
Wo die Zitronen blühen, Op. 364 (1874)
Du und du, Op. 367 (1874)
Cagliostro-Walzer, Op. 370 (1875)
O schöner Mai!, Op. 375 (1877)
Rosen aus dem Süden, Op. 388 (1880)
Nordseebilder, Op. 390 (1880)
Kuss-Walzer, Op. 400 (1881)
Frühlingsstimmen, Op. 410 (1883)
Lagunen-Walzer, Op. 411 (1883)
Schatz-Walzer, Op. 418 (1885)
Wiener Frauen, Op. 423 (1886)
Donauweibchen, Op. 427 (1887)
Kaiser-Jubiläum-Jubelwalzer, Op. 434 (1888)
Kaiser-Walzer, Op. 437 (1888)
Rathausball-Tänze, Op. 438 (1890)
Gross-Wien, Op. 440 (1891)
Seid umschlungen, Millionen!, Op. 443 (1892)
Trau, schau, wem!, Op. 463 (1895)
Farewell to America
Polkas
Herzenslust, Op. 3
Explosions-Polka, Op. 43
Tritsch-Tratsch-Polka, Op. 214 (1858)
Demolirer, Op. 269 (1862)
Vergnügungszug, Op. 281 (1864)
'S gibt nur a Kaiserstadt, 's gibt nur a Wien!, Op. 291
Lob der Frauen, Op. 315
Postillon d'amour, Op. 317 (1867)
Leichtes Blut, Op. 319 (1867)
Figaro-Polka, Op. 320 (1867)
Ein Herz, ein Sinn!, Op. 323
Freikugeln, Op. 326 (1868)
Éljen a Magyar!, Op. 332
Im Krapfenwald'l, Op. 336 (1869)
Die Bajadere, Op. 351
Vom Donaustrande, Op. 358
Bitte schön!, Op. 372 (1875)
Auf der Jagd, Op. 373 (1875)
Banditen-Galopp, Op. 378 (1877)
Waldine, Op. 385 (1879)
Neue Pizzicato Polka, Op. 449
Marches
Persischer Marsch, Op. 289 (1864)
Indigo-Marsch, Op. 349
Quadrille
Debut-Quadrille, Op. 2 (1844)
Le beau Monde, Op. 199 (1857)
Other
Ritter Pázmán (Opera 1892)
Aschenbrödel (Ballet 1899)
Compositions
Operettas
Family
Henrietta Treffz (wife)
Johann Strauss I (father)
Eduard Strauss (brother)
Josef Strauss (brother)
Johann Strauss III (nephew)
Eduard Strauss II (grandnephew)
In media
Waltzes from Vienna (1933)
The Great Waltz (1938)
The Strauss Family (1972)
The Great Waltz (1972)
[show]
v
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Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss II
Music
discography
Films
Die Fledermaus (1923)
Waltz Time (1933)
Die Fledermaus (1946)
Swelling Melodies (1955)
Oh... Rosalinda!! (1955)
Die Fledermaus (1962)
Other
Tom and Jerry in the Hollywood Bowl
Classical music portal
Opera portal
Authority control
WorldCat Identities
VIAF: 197746
LCCN: n79106447
ISNI: 0000 0001 2117 4622
GND: 11861908X
SELIBR: 206352
SUDOC: 030124417
BNF: cb13900121c (data)
MusicBrainz: 8255db36-4902-4cf6-8612-0f2b4288bc9a
NLA: 36095970
NDL: 00457909
NKC: jn19990008309
ICCU: IT\ICCU\SBLV\027145
BNE: XX1054545
CiNii: DA01206012
IATH: w6mc91hr
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Gun laws in Michigan
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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This article relies too much on references to primary sources. Please improve this by adding secondary or tertiary sources. (December 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
Location of Michigan in the United States
Gun laws in Michigan regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Michigan.[1][2]
The State of Michigan has numerous laws concerning the ownership and the carrying of firearms. Generally, federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies, and agents thereof acting in an official capacity, are exempt from Michigan's firearms regulations. The Constitution of Michigan of 1963[3] Article 1, Section 6 reads, "Every person has a right to keep and bear arms for the defense of himself and the state."
A complete listing of Michigan's firearms laws can be found in the publication "Firearms Laws of Michigan."[4] This publication is dated October 2013 and does not yet reflect recent changes to the laws.
Contents
[hide]
1 Summary table
2 "Firearm" defined
3 Purchasing firearms
4 Concealed carry
5 See also
6 References
Summary table[edit]
Subject/Law
Long Guns
Handguns
Relevant Statutes
Notes
Permit to purchase required? No Not from FFL Permit required for purchase from an individual if purchaser does not have a CPL or an FFL and the transaction is not processed through an FFL dealer.
Firearm registration? No Yes Handgun sales are required to be registered to local law enforcement.
Owner license required? No No
Carry permit required? No Yes MCL 28.452b Michigan is a "shall issue" state for concealed carry.
Open carry permitted? Yes Yes Open carry is generally permitted.[5] Carry in a vehicle requires a license.[6]
State preemption of local restrictions? Yes Yes MCL 123.1102 City or Charter Township may restrict the discharge of firearms (see MCL 123.1104).
Assault weapon law? No No
Magazine capacity restriction? No No
NFA weapons restricted? No No Short barreled shotguns, short barreled rifles, automatic weapons, AOW's, and silencers/suppressors are allowed if in compliance with federal law.
Background checks required for private sales? No Yes MCL 28.422a A person acquiring a handgun must have either a handgun purchase license or a license to carry a concealed handgun. A background check is required to obtain either of these licenses.
"Firearm" defined[edit]
"The word 'firearm', except as otherwise specifically defined in statute, includes any weapon which will, is designed to, or may readily be converted to expel a projectile by action of an explosive. "[7] Michigan's Attorney General has ruled that the definition of "firearm" includes a Taser.[8] As of August 6, 2012, under essentially the same laws applicable to pistols in Michigan, private citizens may purchase and use Tasers (a portable device that uses electro-muscular disruption technology).[9]
According to the State of Michigan's Penal Code, a pistol is defined as "a loaded or unloaded firearm that is 26 inches or less in length, or a loaded or unloaded firearm that by its construction and appearance conceals itself as a firearm";[10] A person who knowingly sells a pistol without complying with MCL 28.422, is guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment for not more than 90 days, or a fine of not more than $100.00, or both; Michigan Penal Code pg. 386 Sec. 223 (1). A person 18 years of age can legally purchase a pistol from a private seller, but first must obtain a purchasing permit which is good for 30 days.
Purchasing firearms[edit]
At the age of 18 or up, it is legal to buy a pistol with a purchase license from a private seller, at the age of 21, it is legal to buy a firearm from a Federally licensed (FFL) dealer. No purchase license is required to purchase a long gun (a firearm that is more than 26 inches long) in Michigan. According to state law, a long gun may be purchased by anyone aged 18 or over who is not subject to restrictions based on criminal history, mental health history, or other disqualifying factor. A person must be at least 18 years old to purchase a long gun from a federal dealer or a private seller under Michigan law.
Only Michigan residents may purchase pistols (meaning firearms that are 26 inches or less in length) in Michigan. Residents of any state may purchase long guns in Michigan [11] and Michigan residents may purchase long guns in any state [12]
NON-CPL Holders Only that are buying a pistol from a private seller:[13] An individual must apply to their local police or sheriff's department for a purchase license before obtaining a pistol from a private seller. The police authority will check the applicant's criminal history and for disqualifying factors such as whether the person has been ordered to undergo involuntary mental health treatment or is subject to a restraining order for domestic violence.
As of December 18, 2012, no purchase permit is required for purchases from a Class 1 FFL Dealer.[14]
Purchases from a private party will require a purchase permit that can be acquired at any police or sheriff's office statewide.
A License to Purchase a Pistol is valid for 30 days from a private party.[15] The buyer and seller must both sign the license and may each keep one copy for his or her records. An individual must return to the local police department within 10 days of purchasing the pistol to return the remaining two copies of the license. Some agencies require all unused license-to-purchase forms to be returned to them for record-keeping purposes.
CPL Holders:[16] A License to Purchase is not needed for anyone with a valid Michigan Concealed Pistol License even when buying from a private seller. Someone with a valid Michigan Concealed Pistol License must, however, complete a Pistol Sales Record when purchasing or acquiring a pistol (http://www.michigan.gov/documents/ri-060_6454_7.pdf).
Pawn shops, second hand dealers, and junk shops are not allowed to accept a pistol in Pawn, and must be FFL dealers to buy & sell.[17]
Concealed carry[edit]
Michigan's concealed carry law is "shall issue," meaning that anyone 21 or older may obtain a license to carry a concealed pistol, so long as the person is not prohibited from owning a firearm, has not been found guilty of any felonies or certain misdemeanors within a time period of either 3 or 8 years dependent upon the charge, and has completed state-approved firearms training. Concealed Pistol License (CPL) holders are not required to obtain a license to purchase a pistol; however, they must fulfill the registration requirement (a sales record of the pistol acquisition). Under Michigan law, carrying a concealed pistol under a CPL constitutes implied permission for chemical testing for illegal drugs or alcohol; and it is strictly forbidden for someone with a concealed pistol license to carry a pistol while under the influence of drugs or alcohol.
Individuals licensed to carry a concealed pistol by Michigan or another state are prohibited from carrying a concealed pistol on the following premises: schools or school property, public or private day care center, public or private child caring agency, or public or private child placing agency, sports arena or stadium, a tavern where the primary source of income is the sale of alcoholic liquor by the glass consumed on the premises, any property or facility owned or operated by a church, synagogue, mosque, temple, or other place of worship, unless the presiding official allows concealed weapons, an entertainment facility that the individual knows or should know has a seating capacity of 2,500 or more, a hospital, a dormitory or classroom of a community college, college, or university, and casinos. "Premises" does not include the parking areas of the places listed above. Openly carried firearms by CPL holders in most of these locations is generally lawful.[18]
State requirements for obtaining a Concealed Pistol License in the State of Michigan
1. Be at least 21 years of age
2. Be a citizen of the United States or an alien lawfully admitted into the United States
3. Be a resident of the State of Michigan for at least 6 months prior to application. An applicant is a state resident if one of the following applies. The applicant possesses a valid, lawfully obtained Michigan driver’s license or state identification card. The applicant is lawfully registered to vote in Michigan. The applicant is on active duty status with the United States Armed Forces and stationed outside of Michigan, but Michigan is the home on record. The applicant is on active duty status with the United States Armed Forces and is permanently stationed in Michigan, but the home of record is another state.
4. Have successfully completed a pistol safety training course
5. Not be subject to the following. An order requiring involuntary hospitalization or alternative treatment. An order finding legal incapacitation. A finding not guilty by reason of insanity.
6. Not to be subject to a conditional bond release prohibiting the possession of a firearm
7. Not be subject to a Personal Protection Order (PPO)
8. Not be prohibited from possessing, using, transporting, selling, carrying, shipping, receiving, or distributing a firearm under MCL 750.224f
9. Have never been convicted of a felony in Michigan or elsewhere
10. Have no felony charges pending in Michigan or elsewhere
11. Have not been dishonorably-discharged from the United States Armed Forces
12. Have not been convicted of one of the following misdemeanors in the last eight years immediately-preceding the date of application: Failing to stop when involved in a personal injury accident, MCL 257.617a, Operating while intoxicated, seconded offense, MCL 257.625(9)(b), Drunk driving, commercial vehicle, MCL 257.625m(4), Reckless driving, MCL 257.626
13. Have not been convicted of one of the following misdemeanor in the three years immediately preceding the date of application: Operating under the influence, MCL 257.625, Embezzlement, MCL 750.174, Larceny MCL 750.365, Malicious destruction of stolen property, MCL 750.377a, Second degree retail fraud, MCL 750.356d
14. Have not been found guilty of any crime and has not offered a plea of not guilty of, or been acquitted of, any crime by any reason of insanity
15. Have never been subject to an order of involuntary commitment in an inpatient or outpatient setting due to a mental treatment
16. Have not had a diagnosed mental illness at the time the application is made, regardless of whether he or she is receiving treatment
17. Not be under a court order of legal incapacity in this State or elsewhere
18. Not be detrimental to the safety of his or her self or any other person
- As issued by the Michigan State Police “Concealed Pistol License Guide” RI-012 (02/2009)
A pistol is subject to immediate seizure if the CPL permit holder is carrying a concealed pistol in a "pistol-free" area. Open carry with a CPL in state defined "pistol-free" areas is legal. Please refer to Michigan AG opinion No. 7097 and Michigan State Police Legal Update #86.
An individual licensed to carry a concealed pistol who is stopped by a police officer (traffic stop or otherwise) while in possession of a concealed pistol shall immediately disclose to the police officer that he or she is carrying a concealed pistol either on their person or in their motor vehicle.[19]
On March 29, 2001, per Administrative Order 2001-1 of the Michigan Supreme Court: "Weapons are not permitted in any courtroom, office, or other space used for official court business or by judicial employees unless the chief judge or other person designated by the chief judge has given prior approval consistent with the court's written policy."[20]
There are few places where open carry is expressly prohibited by federal or state law. Discharging a firearm remains illegal in many cities and charter townships (and such an ordinance is not preempted by state law).[21] In addition, there are laws regulating how firearms may be transported in motor vehicles, which must be followed. By its express terms, the criminal prohibition in section 227(2) does not apply to a person licensed to carry a pistol, provided that the pistol is carried in a manner or place consistent with any restriction upon that license. This conclusion is further supported by section 425c(2) of the Concealed Pistol Licensing Act, MCL 28.425c(2), which expressly authorizes a concealed pistol licensee to "[c]arry a pistol in a vehicle, whether concealed or not concealed, anywhere in this state." Moreover, section 231a(1)(a) of the Penal Code, MCL 750.231a(1)(a), provides that the prohibition against carrying a concealed pistol in a motor vehicle does not apply to a person holding a valid license to carry a concealed pistol, provided that the pistol is carried in conformity with any restrictions appearing on the license. A person who is not licensed to carry a concealed pistol must keep the pistol either in a box that can be locked and safely stored in the trunk out of arms reach or if however the motor vehicle does not have a trunk, the pistol must then be safely placed in a box that is specifically designed to carry a firearm in-which can be locked in present view, or with its specified holster unloaded with the pistol itself in present view and magazine separated having one or the other, or both locked in the glove compartment and or furthest in the back seat out of arms reach.
No one is allowed to bring a firearm, concealed or openly, onto the property of a correctional facility, under a law prohibiting weapons that could help prisoners escape.[22] If someone who is carrying openly, who is not on their own private property, puts a coat on over his firearm or otherwise hides it, even temporarily, and he or she does not have a concealed pistol license, he or she has committed the felony crime of carrying a concealed weapon without a license. The Michigan Attorney General has released an opinion stating that open carry is not considered reasonable suspicion of a crime,[23] but there are no Michigan court decisions definitively ruling on this point. In addition, the Michigan Attorney General has released an opinion that "a reserve police officer" who carries a visible, holstered pistol is neither brandishing it nor disturbing the peace.[24] Michigan formerly did not allow ownership of NFA firearms, though the Attorney General has issued an opinion, 7183, that allows machine guns to be legally-transferred to Michigan residents who comply with federal laws. A 2011 opinion by Attorney General Bill Schuette allows the possession and transfer of suppressors in Michigan.[25] Armor-piercing ammunition for handguns is illegal in Michigan.
Michigan prohibits the possession of Tasers or stun guns by private citizens, unless they have a concealed pistol licence, and have taken the proper Taser safety course.
See also[edit]
Law of Michigan
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "State Gun Laws: Michigan". National Rifle Association Institute for Legislative Action. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Michigan State Law Summary". Law Center to Prevent Gun Violence. Retrieved December 31, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Legislature". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Firearms.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Open Carry - FAQ". Michigan Open Carry, Inc.
Jump up ^ "MCL 750.227". Michigan Legislature.
Jump up ^ "Michigan Legislature". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ Michigan Attorney General Opinion No. 4950: "Applicability of Michigan statutes regulating firearms to 'Taser Public Defender' device"
Jump up ^ Act No. 122 & 123 - Public Acts of 2012. Approved by Governor Snyder May 8, 2012. EFFECTIVE: August 6, 2012. ENROLLED SENATE BILL No. 30 & No. 29)
Jump up ^ "Michigan Legislature". Legislature.mi.gov. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ MCL 3.112 as amended by Public Law 378 of 2012
Jump up ^ MCL 3.111 as amended by Public Law 378 of 2012
Jump up ^ MCL 3.111–3.112
Jump up ^ http://www.legislature.mi.gov/documents/2011-2012/publicact/pdf/2012-PA-0377.pdf
Jump up ^ MCL 28.422(4)
Jump up ^ http://www.michigan.gov/msp/0,4643,7-123-1586_27094-10953--,00.html
Jump up ^ MCL 750.229
Jump up ^ "So, it's legal to carry a loaded gun into a Michigan school?". MLive.com. Retrieved 2017-10-31.
Jump up ^ "Proper Conduct During Encounters with Police". Michigan State Police. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "– Pistol Free Areas". Michigan State Police. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ MCL 123.1104
Jump up ^ MCL 800.283(3)
Jump up ^ "Opinion #7183". Ag.state.mi.us. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Opinion #7101". Ag.state.mi.us. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Opinion #7260". Ag.state.mi.us. Retrieved October 16, 2011.
[hide]
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Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gun_laws_in_Michigan&oldid=825028239"
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text:
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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"Mission San Diego" redirects here. For the San Diego Trolley station, see Mission San Diego station.
Mission San Diego de Alcalá
The church façade of Mission San Diego de Alcalá
Location in San Diego
Location
10818 San Diego Mission Rd.
San Diego, California 92108-2429
Coordinates
32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639Coordinates: 32°47′4″N 117°6′23″W / 32.78444°N 117.10639°W / 32.78444; -117.10639
Name as founded
La Misión San Diego de Alcalá[1]
English translation
The Mission of Saint Didacus of Acalá[2]
Patron
Saint Didacus of Alcalá[1]
Nickname(s)
"Mother of the Alta California Missions"[3]
Founding date
July 16, 1769[4]
Founding priest(s)
Father Presidente Junípero Serra [5]
Built
1769
Architect
Fr. Jose Bernardo Sanchez
Founding Order
First[2]
Headquarters of the Alta California Mission System
1769–1771[6]
Military district
First[7][8]
Native tribe(s)
Spanish name(s)
Kumeyaay (Ipai / Tipai)[4]
Diegueño[4]
Native place name(s)
Kosoi, Nipawai[9]
Baptisms
6,522[10]
Confirmations
1,379[11]
Marriages
1,794[10]
Burials
4,322[10]
Neophyte population
1,455[10][12]
Secularized
1834[2]
Returned to the Church
1862[2]
Governing body
Roman Catholic Diocese of San Diego
Current use
Parish Church
U.S. National Register of Historic Places
Official name: San Diego Mission Church
Designated
April 15, 1970[13]
Reference no.
70000144[13]
U.S. National Historic Landmark
Designated
April 15, 1970[14]
California Historical Landmark
Reference no.
#242
San Diego Historic Landmark
Designated
October 6, 1976[15]
Reference no.
113
Website
http://missionsandiego.com
Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá was the first Franciscan mission in The Californias, a province of New Spain. Located in present-day San Diego, California, it was founded on July 16, 1769, by Spanish friar Junípero Serra in an area long inhabited by the Kumeyaay people. The mission and the surrounding area were named for the Catholic Didacus of Alcalá, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego. The mission was the site of the first Christian burial in Alta California. San Diego is also generally regarded as the site of the region's first public execution, in 1778. Father Luis Jayme, California's first Christian martyr, lies entombed beneath the chancel floor. The current church, built in the early 19th century, is the fifth to stand on this location.[16][17] The mission site is a National Historic Landmark.[14][18]
Contents
1 History
1.1 Rancho period (1834–1849)
1.2 California statehood (1850–1900)
1.3 20th century and beyond (1901 – present)
2 Other historic designations
3 Mission industries
3.1 Wine
4 Mission bells
5 See also
6 Notes
7 References
8 External links
History[edit]
The former Spanish settlement at the Kumeyaay Nipawai lies within that area occupied during the late Paleoindian period and continuing on into the present day by the Native society commonly known as the Diegueño;[19] the name denotes those people who were ministered by the padres at Mission San Diego de Alcalá.[20] Relatively, much is known about the native inhabitants in recent centuries, thanks in part to the efforts of the Spanish explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, who documented his observations of life in the coastal villages he encountered along the Southern California coast in October 1542.[21] Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain, is credited as the first European to encounter San Diego Bay. On the evening of September 28, 1542, the ships San Salvador and Victoria sailed into the harbor, whereupon Cabrillo christened it "San Miguel."[22] During that expedition a landing party went ashore and briefly interacted with a small group of natives. Some sixty years later another Spanish explorer, Sebastián Vizcaíno, made landfall some ten miles from the present Mission site. Under Vizcaíno's command the San Diego, Santo Tomás, and frigate Tres Reyes dropped anchor on November 10, 1602, and the port was renamed "San Diego de Alcalá."[23][24] It would be another 167 years before the Spanish returned to San Diego. Ever since the voyages of Christopher Columbus, the Kingdom of Spain sought to establish missions to convert the pagans in Nueva España ("New Spain") to Roman Catholicism to save souls and to facilitate colonization of these lands. However, it was not until 1741—the time of the Vitus Bering expedition, when the territorial ambitions of Tsarist Russia towards North America became known—that King Philip V felt such installations were necessary in Upper California.[25]
In 1769, Visitador General José de Gálvez sent the expedition of Junípero Serra and Gaspar de Portolà to found missions and presidios at San Diego and Monterey (see Timeline of the Portolà expedition), thereby securing Spain's claim to the Pacific Coast harbors recommended by Cabrillo and Vizcaino.[26] Two groups traveled from Lower California on foot, while a pair of packet ships (bearing supplies) traveled up the coast from the Baja California Peninsula.[27][28]
Rancho period (1834–1849)[edit]
On August 9, 1834, Governor Figueroa issued his "Decree of Confiscation."[29] The missions were offered for sale to citizens, who were unable to come up with the price, so all mission property was broken up into ranchos and given to ex-military officers who had fought in the War of Independence against Spain. On June 8, 1846, Mission San Diego de Alcalá was given to Santiago Argüello by Governor Pío Pico "...for services rendered to the government."[30] After the United States annexed California, the Mission was used by the military from 1846 to 1862.
Plaque of the Mission San Diego de Alcala
California statehood (1850–1900)[edit]
President Abraham Lincoln signed a proclamation on May 23, 1862, that restored ownership of the Mission proper to the Roman Catholic Church.[31][32] When Mission San Diego de Alcalá was granted back to the Church, it was in ruins. In the 1880s Father Anthony Ubach began to restore the old Mission buildings.
20th century and beyond (1901 – present)[edit]
Father Ubach died in 1907 and restoration work ceased until 1931. In 1941, the Mission once again became a parish church, in what is still an active parish serving the Diocese of San Diego. In 1976, Pope Paul VI designated the Mission church as a minor basilica.[18]
Mission San Diego de Alcalá is located within San Diego city limits, near the intersection of Interstate 8 and Interstate 15, and approximately one mile east of Qualcomm Stadium. The parish is partially funded by a gift shop, and self-guided tours of the grounds and buildings are available to the public for a small donation.
Other historic designations[edit]
California Historical Landmark #242
California Historical Landmark #784 – El Camino Real (starting point in Alta California)
City of San Diego Historic Designation #113
Mission industries[edit]
The cattle brand used at Mission San Diego.[33]
The goal of the missions was, above all, to become self-sufficient in relatively short order. Farming, therefore, was the most important industry of any mission. Prior to the establishment of the missions, the native peoples knew only how to utilize bone, seashells, stone, and wood for building, tool making, weapons, and so forth. The missionaries discovered that the Indians, who regarded labor as degrading to men, had to be taught industry in order to learn how to be self-supportive. The result was the establishment of a great manual training school that comprised agriculture, the mechanical arts, and the raising and care of livestock. Everything consumed and otherwise utilized by the natives was produced at the missions under the supervision of the padres; thus, the neophytes not only supported themselves, but after 1811 sustained the entire military and civil government of California.[34] Wheat, corn, wine grapes, barley, beans, cattle, horses, and sheep were the major crops at San Diego. In 1795, construction on a system of aqueducts was begun to bring water to the fields and the Mission (the first irrigation project in Upper California).[35] The building manager was Fray Pedro Panto, who was poisoned by his Indian cook Nazario before the project was completed.[36] In his testimony, in the trial that followed, Nazario stated that he had poisoned the friar due to constant beatings inflicted by Friar Panto.[37]
The Mission San Diego was primarily supported from lands included in a Spanish royal land grant, encompassing roughly the eastern third of the current City of San Diego, as well as most of the cities of La Mesa and Lemon Grove. While not exact, its boundaries are roughly Interstate 805, Miramar Road, Route 125 (California), Skyline Drive and Division Street. Boundary Street (which parallels Interstate 805 in the neighborhood of North Park) lies directly on one portion of the boundary and draws its name from it.
Wine[edit]
See also: History of California wine
The first vineyards planted in California were planted at the mission in 1769.[38] Father Junípero Serra planted these initial vines.[39] The vines were of the Mission variety, which were brought to Mexico in the 16th Century.[40] Unfortunately, the initial plantings did not survive, with Mission San Juan Capistrano having the first surviving plantings.[41] By at least 1781, wine was being produced at the mission.[42] One source claims that the vineyard on mission lands reached up to fifty thousand acres.[43] The mission vineyards were around until at least 1823.[44]
Mission bells[edit]
Bells were vitally important to daily life at any mission. The bells were rung at mealtimes, to call the Mission residents to work and to religious services, during births and funerals, to signal the approach of a ship or returning missionary, and at other times; novices were instructed in the intricate rituals associated with ringing the mission bells. This mission had five bells.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
San Diego County portal
Catholicism portal
Spanish missions in California
Santa Ysabel Asistencia
Presidio of San Diego
USNS Mission San Diego (AO-121) – a Mission Buenaventura Class fleet oiler built during World War II.
Union Station (San Diego)
Notes[edit]
Natives utilize a primitive plow to prepare a field for planting near Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
A painting of Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it appeared in 1848 depicts the original campanario ("bell tower"), before it was reduced to rubble. The painting also shows the enclosed front portico.
The "Alemany Plat" prepared by the U.S. Land Surveyor's Office to define the property restored to the Catholic Church by the Public Land Commission, later confirmed by presidential proclamation on May 23, 1862.[45]
President Abraham Lincoln's signature as it appeared on the United States Patent that restored the Mission property to the Catholic Church in 1862. This is one of the few documents that the President signed as "A. Lincoln" instead of his customary "Abraham Lincoln." [31]
Mission San Diego de Alcalá as it stood circa 1900. Note the missing Campanario, and the exposed church, which fell into disrepair.
Aerial view of the Mission, 2011
^ Jump up to: a b Leffingwell, p. 17
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 71
Jump up ^ Young, p. 14
^ Jump up to: a b c Yenne, p. 24
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 196
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 186
Jump up ^ Forbes, p. 202
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. v, 228 "The military district of San Diego embraced the Missions of San Diego, San Luis Rey, San Juan Capistrano, and San Gabriel..."
Jump up ^ Ruscin, p. 195
^ Jump up to: a b c d Krell, p. 315: as of December 31, 1832; information adapted from Engelhardt's Missions and Missionaries of California.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301: as of December 31, 1832. An additional 426 confirmations were performed between January 1, 1833 and December 31, 1841.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 300–301. 1824 saw the greatest number of neophytes attached to the Mission (1,829), whereas the smallest recorded neophyte population was ninety seven neophyte. It was seen in 1774.
^ Jump up to: a b National Park Service (2010-07-09). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ Jump up to: a b "San Diego Mission Church". National Historic Landmark summary listing. National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2009-02-14. Retrieved 2009-08-24.
Jump up ^ "Historical Landmarks Designated by the San Diego Historical Resources Board" (PDF). City of San Diego.
Jump up ^ Snell, Charles (September 4, 1976). "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Inventory Nomination Form. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
Jump up ^ "San Diego Mission Church" (pdf). Photographs. National Park Service. Retrieved 22 May 2012.
^ Jump up to: a b "Questions & Answers - Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá". Mission Basilica San Diego de Alcalá. Retrieved 2018-08-27.
Jump up ^ Kroeber 1925, p. 883: Kroeber estimated that the native population in the immediate vicinity of San Diego was approximately 3,000 in 1770 (exclusive of those in Baja California).
Jump up ^ As with other Spanish names given to the indigenous tribes they encountered arthas, the appellation Diegueño does not necessarily identify a specific ethnic or tribal group.
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 8
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 3: September 28 was the eve of the "Feast of the Archangel Saint Michael."
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, pp. 6–9: November 10 was the eve of "St. Martin's Day".
Jump up ^ Davidson, p. 2: "Sebastian Vizcaino, entering November 11–12, 1602, first applied the name San Diego de Alcalá to this port."
Jump up ^ Morrison, p. 214
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 10
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 9
Jump up ^ Yenne, p. 10: In January 1769 the San Carlos departed Baya de San Barnabé, followed a month later by the San Antonio, which sailed out of Cabo San Lucas. A third vessel, the San José, left New Spain later that spring but was lost at sea.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 114
Jump up ^ Leffingwell, p. 19
^ Jump up to: a b Engelhardt 1920, p. 348
Jump up ^ Robinson, pp. 31–32: Patents for each mission were issued to Archbishop J.S. Alemany based on his claim filed with the Public Land Commission on February 19, 1853.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 223. From the '"California Archives, State Papers, Missions, vol. vi, p. 180.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1922, p. 211
Jump up ^ Hall, William Hammond (1888). Irrigation in California (Southern): The Field, Water-supply, and Works, Organization and Operation in San Diego, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties. California. Office of State Engineer. p. 85. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ Smythe, William Ellsworth (1907). History of San Diego, 1542–1907: An Account of the Rise and Progress of the Pioneer Settlement on the Pacific Coast of the United States. History Company. p. 77. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
Jump up ^ McCormack, Brian T. (2007-01-01). "Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California". Journal of the History of Sexuality. 16 (3): 391–415. doi:10.1353/sex.2007.0070. ISSN 1535-3605.
Jump up ^ Dailey, Keli (29 August 2012). "Winery guide: San Diego County, uncorked". San Diego Union-Tribune. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Never mind that the original Golden State vines broke ground at Mission San Diego de Alcalá in 1769 and became Father Junipero Serra’s Communion wine.
Richard Vine; Bruce Bordelon; Ellen M. Harkness; Theresa Browning (29 June 2013). Winemaking: From Grape Growing to Marketplace. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 10. ISBN 978-1-4757-2656-5.
Wycoff, Ann (23 September 2016). "The Ultimate San Diego Wine Guide". San Diego Magazine. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
Jump up ^ Jean L. Jacobson (14 June 2006). Introduction to Wine Laboratory Practices and Procedures. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-387-25120-2.
Ian S Hornsey (9 October 2015). The Chemistry and Biology of Winemaking. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-78262-631-2.
LaMar, Jim (25 August 2002). "Mission". Professional Friends of Wine. Retrieved 21 September 2017. More than a century later, Franciscan monk Junipero Serra first planted the Mission variety in California, at Mission San Diego, in 1769.
Jump up ^ "Mission". Calwineries Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Spanish Missionaries first brought the grape to Mexico during the 16th century. The vines that Father Juniper Serra planted at Mission San Diego in 1769 probably descended from these original grapes.
Jump up ^ Charles L. Sullivan (1 October 1998). A Companion to California Wine: An Encyclopedia of Wine and Winemaking from the Mission Period to the Present. University of California Press. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-520-92087-3.
Jump up ^ Dwight Furrow; Lynn Furrow (22 November 2014). San Diego, Wine Country: A Tasting Guide. BookBaby. p. 91. ISBN 978-1-4835-4599-8.
Jump up ^ "The Winery". Social Studies Fact Cards. Toucan Valley Publications, Inc. Retrieved 19 September 2017. Several missions became known for their wine. Mission San Diego had 50,000 acres of land planted in grapevines.
Jump up ^ Lynne Newell Christenson; Ellen L. Sweet (2008). Ranchos of San Diego County. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7385-5965-0.
Jump up ^ Engelhardt 1920, p. 346
References[edit]
Bancroft, Hubert Howe (1884–1880). History of California, vols. i–vii (1542–1890). The History Company, San Francisco, CA. Check date values in: |year= (help)
Chapman, Charles E. (1921). A History of California; The Spanish Period. The MacMillan Company, New York, NY.
Davidson, Winifred (January 1955). "San Diego in One Easy Lesson". The Journal of San Diego History. 1 (1): 2–3.
Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1920). San Diego Mission. James H. Barry Company, San Francisco, CA. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Engelhardt, Zephyrin, O.F.M. (1922). San Juan Capistrano Mission. Standard Printing Co., Los Angeles, CA. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Forbes, Alexander (1839). California: A History of Upper and Lower California. Smith, Elder and Co., Cornhill, London.
Jones, Terry L. and Kathryn A. Klar (eds.) (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Altimira Press, Landham, MD. ISBN 0-7591-0872-2. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Krell, Dorothy (ed.) (1979). The California Missions: A Pictorial History. Sunset Publishing Corporation, Menlo Park, CA. ISBN 0-376-05172-8. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Leffingwell, Randy (2005). California Missions and Presidios: The History & Beauty of the Spanish Missions. Voyageur Press, Inc., Stillwater, MN. ISBN 0-89658-492-5.
Morrison, Hugh (1987). Early American Architecture: From the First Colonial Settlements to the National Period. Dover Publications, New York, NY. ISBN 0-486-25492-5.
Paddison, Joshua (ed.) (1999). A World Transformed: Firsthand Accounts of California Before the Gold Rush. Heyday Books, Berkeley, CA. ISBN 1-890771-13-9. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Robinson, W.W. (1948). Land in California. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA.
Ruscin, Terry (1999). Mission Memoirs. Sunbelt Publications, San Diego, CA. ISBN 0-932653-30-8.
Stern, Jean & Gerald J. Miller (1995). Romance of the Bells: The California Missions in Art. The Irvine Museum, Irvine, CA. ISBN 0-9635468-5-6.
Yenne, Bill (2004). The Missions of California. Advantage Publishers Group, San Diego, CA. ISBN 1-59223-319-8.
Young, Stanley & Melba Levick (1988). The Missions of California. Chronicle Books LLC, San Francisco, CA. ISBN 0-8118-3694-0.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mission San Diego de Alcalá.
Official Mission San Diego de Alcala website
"Sociopolitical Aspects of the 1775 Revolt at Mission San Diego de Alcalá: an Ethnohistorical Approach" by Richard L. Carrico
Spanish Wiki page with Fray Pedro Panto´s biography
Early photographs, sketches of Mission San Diego de Alcala, via Calisphere, California Digital Library
Early History of the California Coast, a National Park Service Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary
Listing, photographs, and drawings at the Historic American Buildings Survey
Howser, Huell (December 8, 2000). "California Missions (101)". California Missions. Chapman University Huell Howser Archive.
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