Pygostyle
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pope's nose redirects here. It may also refer to the licence plate light on early Volkswagen Beetles.
Pigeon skeleton with "plowshare"-type pygostyle (number 17)
Confuciusornis sanctus with "rod"-type pygostyle and the two central tail feathers
Pygostyle describes a skeletal condition in which the final few caudal vertebrae are fused into a single ossification, supporting the tail feathers and musculature. In modern birds, the rectrices attach to these. The pygostyle is the main component of the uropygium, a structure colloquially known as the parson's nose, pope's nose, or sultan's nose. This is the fleshy protuberance visible at the posterior end of a bird (most commonly a chicken or turkey) that has been dressed for cooking. It has a swollen appearance because it also contains the uropygial gland that produces preen oil.
Contents
[hide]
1 Evolution
2 Etymology
3 As food
4 Footnotes
5 References
Evolution[edit]
Pygostyles probably began to evolve very early in the Cretaceous period, perhaps 140-130 million years ago. The earliest known species to have evolved a pygostyle were members of the Confuciusornithidae.[citation needed] The structure provided an evolutionary advantage, as a completely mobile tail as found in species such as Archaeopteryx is detrimental to its use for flight control. Modern birds still develop longer caudal vertebrae in their embryonic state, which later fuse to form a pygostyle.
There are two main types of pygostyle:[citation needed] one, found in Confuciusornithidae, Enantiornithes, and some other Mesozoic birds, as well as in some oviraptorosaurs like Nomingia, is long and rod- or dagger blade-like. None of the known fossils with such pygostyles show traces of well-developed rectrices. The tail feathers in these animals consisted of downy fuzz and sometimes 2–4 central "streamers" such as those found in some specimens of Confuciusornis or in Paraprotopteryx.[1]
By contrast, the function of the pygostyle in the terrestrial Nomingia is not known. It is notable however that its older relative Caudipteryx had no pygostyle but a "fan" of symmetrical feathers which were probably used in social display. Perhaps such ornaments were widespread in Caenagnathoidea and their relatives, and ultimately the oviraptorosaurian pygostyle evolved to help support them. The related Similicaudipteryx, described in 2008, also had a rod-like pygostyle, associated with a fan of tail feathers.[2]
Yixianornis grabaui, one of the oldest known species with a pygostyle like that in living birds
The other pygostyle type is plowshare-shaped. It is found in Ornithurae (living birds and their closest relatives), and in almost all flying species is associated with an array of well-developed rectrices used in maneuvering. The central pair of these attach directly to the pygostyle, just as in Confuciusornis. The other rectrices of Ornithurae are held in place and moved by structures called bulbi rectricium (rectricial bulbs), a complex feature of fat and muscles located on either side of the pygostyle. The oldest known species with such a pygostyle is Hongshanornis longicresta.[3]
As evidenced by the oviraptorosaurian cases, the pygostyle evolved at least twice, and rod-shaped pygostyles seem to have evolved several times, in association with shortening of the tail but not necessarily with a retractable fan of tail feathers. In other words, the pygostyles of oviraptorosaurs and Confuciusornis were likely weight-saving measures, and the specialized "true" pygostyles of ornithurans were adapted from these later to improve flight performance.[1]
The bird clade Pygostylia was named in 1996, by Luis Chiappe, for the presence of this feature and roughly corresponds to its appearance in the bird family tree, though the feature itself is not included in its definition.[4] In 2001, Jacques Gauthier and Kevin de Queiroz (2001) re-defined Pygostylia to refer specifically to the apomorphy of a short tail bearing an avian pygostyle.
Etymology[edit]
Look up pygostyle in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)
"Pygostyle" is of Ancient Greek origin, literally meaning "rump pillar".
The phrase "parson's nose" comes from the notion that an English parson may 'have his nose up in the air', upturned like the chicken's rear end. The term must have been known as early as around 1400 AD, when a carpenter had been contracted to provide new choir stalls for St Mary's Church, Nantwich.[verification needed] The vicar was either slow to pay the artisan, or did not pay at all. In retaliation, on the last misericord in the stalls, the carpenter carved a bird with an image of that Vicar's face with protuberant nose as rump. The carving is still visible today.[5]
A similar derivation applies to the phrase "Pope's nose", which may have originated as a derogatory term meant to demean Catholics in England during the late 17th century.[citation needed]
"Sultan's nose" probably was coined some time during the Early Modern era wars against the Ottoman Empire.[citation needed]
As food[edit]
Turkey tail or turkey butt has an international exportation market in places such as Micronesia, Samoa, and Ghana. The turkey tail is commonly exported from America because it is considered unhealthy and cut off of the normal turkey.[6] After World War II, cheap imported turkey tails became popular in Samoa. Because the cut is so fatty, to combat obesity it was banned from 2007 to 2013, only allowed back when Samoa joined the World Trade Organization. The meat is otherwise used in pet food.[7]
Footnotes[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b Clarke et al. (2006)
Jump up ^ Xu, X.; Zheng, X.; You, H. (2010). "Exceptional dinosaur fossils show ontogenetic development of early feathers". Nature. 464 (7293): 1338–1341. doi:10.1038/nature08965. PMID 20428169.
Jump up ^ O'Connor, J.K.; Gao, K.-Q.; Chiappe, L.M. (2010). "A new ornithuromorph (Aves: Ornithothoraces) bird from the Jehol Group indicative of higher-level diversity" (PDF). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 30 (2): 311–321. doi:10.1080/02724631003617498.
Jump up ^ Chiappe, L. (1997). "The Chinese early bird Confuciusornis and the paraphyletic status of Sauriurae". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 17 (3): 37A. doi:10.1080/02724634.1997.10011028.
Jump up ^ "The Building and Contents of St Mary's Nantwich". St Mary's PCC, Nantwich. parsonsnose.jpg. Retrieved 2012-02-29.
Jump up ^ Singer, Merrill (2014). "Following the turkey tails: neoliberal globalization and the political ecology of health" (PDF). Journal of Political Ecology. 21: 436–451.
Jump up ^ Robert Siegel (2013-05-09). "Samoans Await The Return Of The Tasty Turkey Tail". NPR.
References[edit]
Clarke, Julia A.; Zhou, Zhonghe & Zhang, Fucheng (2006): Insight into the evolution of avian flight from a new clade of Early Cretaceous ornithurines from China and the morphology of Yixianornis grabaui. Journal of Anatomy 208 (3):287–308. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x PMID 16533313 PDF fulltext Electronic Appendix
He, T.; Wang, X.-L. & Zhou, Z.-H. (2008): A new genus and species of caudipterid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation of western Liaoning, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 46(3): 178–189.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&oldid=834024558"
Categories:
Bird anatomy
Vertebrate anatomy
Ancient Greek language
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
Articles needing additional references from February 2012
All articles needing additional references
All pages needing factual verification
Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2007
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
Languages
Català
Español
Esperanto
Français
Galego
Italiano
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenčina
Svenska
Українська
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 3 April 2018, at 15:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

div
id class
mw-page-base noprint
html
local
div
id class
mw-head-base noprint
html
local
a
id
top
html
local
div
id class
siteNotice centralNotice mw-body-content
html
local
div
class
mw-indicators mw-body-content
html
local
h1
id class lang
firstHeading firstHeading en
html
local
div
id class
siteSub noprint
html
local
div
id
contentSub
html
local
a
href
#mw-head
html
local
a
href
#p-search
html
local
div
id class
jump-to-nav mw-jump
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle Volkswagen Beetle
html
local
i
html
local
dd
html
local
dl
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Squelette_oiseau.svg/250px-Squelette_oiseau.svg.png 250 333 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Squelette_oiseau.svg/375px-Squelette_oiseau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Squelette_oiseau.svg/500px-Squelette_oiseau.svg.png 2x 892 1188
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Squelette_oiseau.svg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Squelette_oiseau.svg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Pigeon mw-redirect Pigeon
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:252px;
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg/250px-Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg 250 188 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg/375px-Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg/500px-Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg 2x 1024 768
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_(2).jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_(2).jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Confuciusornis_sanctus mw-redirect Confuciusornis sanctus
html
local
i
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:252px;
html
local
b
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Caudal_(anatomical_term) mw-redirect Caudal (anatomical term)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vertebra Vertebra
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ossification Ossification
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Feather Feather
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bird Bird
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Rectrices mw-redirect Rectrices
html
local
b
html
local
b
html
local
b
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bird Bird
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Chicken Chicken
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Turkey_(bird) Turkey (bird)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cooking Cooking
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Uropygial_gland Uropygial gland
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Preen_oil mw-redirect Preen oil
html
local
p
html
local
p
html
local
h2
html
local
a
role tabindex class
button 0 togglelink
html
local
span
class
toctoggle
html
local
div
class dir xml:lang
toctitle ltr en
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Evolution
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-1
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Etymology
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-2
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#As_food
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-3
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Footnotes
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-4
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#References
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-5
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
toc toc
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Evolution
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit&section=1 Edit section: Evolution
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Evolution Evolution
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cretaceous Cretaceous
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Species Species
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Confuciusornithidae Confuciusornithidae
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Archaeopteryx Archaeopteryx
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Embryo Embryo
html
local
p
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Enantiornithes Enantiornithes
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mesozoic Mesozoic
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Oviraptorosaur mw-redirect Oviraptorosaur
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nomingia Nomingia
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dagger Dagger
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Down_(feather) mw-redirect Down (feather)
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Paraprotopteryx Paraprotopteryx
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-clarkeetal2006-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Terrestrial_animal Terrestrial animal
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Caudipteryx Caudipteryx
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Caenagnathoidea Caenagnathoidea
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Similicaudipteryx Similicaudipteryx
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-simili2-2
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-simili2_2-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/220px-YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 220 158 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/330px-YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg/440px-YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg 2x 2588 1864
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:YixianornisGrabaui-PaleozoologicalMuseumOfChina-May23-08.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Yixianornis_grabaui mw-redirect Yixianornis grabaui
html
local
i
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Plowshare Plowshare
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ornithurae Ornithurae
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Confuciusornis Confuciusornis
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Hongshanornis_longicresta mw-redirect Hongshanornis longicresta
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-OGC10-3
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-OGC10_3-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Oviraptorosauria Oviraptorosauria
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Evolution Evolution
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-clarkeetal2006-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Clade Clade
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pygostylia Pygostylia
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Luis_Chiappe mw-redirect Luis Chiappe
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Chiappe1997-4
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Chiappe1997_4-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier Jacques Gauthier
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kevin_de_Queiroz Kevin de Queiroz
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Apomorphy mw-redirect Apomorphy
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Etymology
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit&section=2 Edit section: Etymology
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 40 40 noviewer //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x 391 391
html
local
td
class
mbox-image
html
local
a
href class title
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/pygostyle extiw wiktionary:Special:Search/pygostyle
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
td
class
mbox-text plainlist
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
role class style
presentation mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000
html
local
img
alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png 50 39 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x 512 399
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg image
html
local
div
style
width:52px
html
local
td
class
mbox-image
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability Wikipedia:Verifiability
html
local
b
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing_with_Wiki_Markup/1 Help:Introduction to referencing with Wiki Markup/1
html
local
span
class
hide-when-compact
html
local
i
html
local
small
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal Help:Maintenance template removal
html
local
i
html
local
small
class
hide-when-compact
html
local
div
class
mbox-text-span
html
local
td
class
mbox-text
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class role
plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove presentation
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Greek Ancient Greek
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Parson Parson
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Nantwich St Mary's Church, Nantwich
html
local
span
title
The material near this tag needs to be fact-checked with the cited source(s). (November 2007)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability Wikipedia:Verifiability
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vicar Vicar
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Misericord Misericord
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-5
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-5 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pope Pope
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Derogatory mw-redirect Derogatory
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church mw-redirect Roman Catholic Church
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/England England
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
p
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Early_Modern_era mw-redirect Early Modern era
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ottoman_Empire Ottoman Empire
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2012)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline As_food
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit&section=3 Edit section: As food
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
b
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Micronesia Micronesia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Samoa Samoa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ghana Ghana
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-JPE-6
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-JPE_6-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pet_food Pet food
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-7
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-7 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Footnotes
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit&section=4 Edit section: Footnotes
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-clarkeetal2006_1-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-clarkeetal2006-1
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-simili2_2-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Digital_object_identifier Digital object identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08965
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier mw-redirect PubMed Identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20428169
html
local
cite
class
citation journal
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Exceptional+dinosaur+fossils+show+ontogenetic+development+of+early+feathers&rft.volume=464&rft.issue=7293&rft.pages=1338-1341&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08965&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20428169&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=X.&rft.au=Zheng%2C+X.&rft.au=You%2C+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APygostyle Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-simili2-2
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-OGC10_3-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://pdfserve.informaworld.com/462280__920289337.pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Digital_object_identifier Digital object identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //doi.org/10.1080%2F02724631003617498
html
local
cite
class
citation journal
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=A+new+ornithuromorph+%28Aves%3A+Ornithothoraces%29+bird+from+the+Jehol+Group+indicative+of+higher-level+diversity&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=311-321&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724631003617498&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=J.K.&rft.au=Gao%2C+K.-Q.&rft.au=Chiappe%2C+L.M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdfserve.informaworld.com%2F462280__920289337.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APygostyle Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-OGC10-3
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Chiappe1997_4-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Confuciusornis Confuciusornis
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Digital_object_identifier Digital object identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //doi.org/10.1080%2F02724634.1997.10011028
html
local
cite
class
citation journal
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vertebrate+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+Chinese+early+bird+Confuciusornis+and+the+paraphyletic+status+of+Sauriurae&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=37A&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02724634.1997.10011028&rft.aulast=Chiappe&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APygostyle Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Chiappe1997-4
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-5
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://stmarysnantwich.org.uk/about-st-marys/the-building/#building
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://stmarysnantwich.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/parsonsnose.jpg
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=St+Mary%27s+PCC%2C+Nantwich&rft.atitle=The+Building+and+Contents+of+St+Mary%E2%80%99s+Nantwich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstmarysnantwich.org.uk%2Fabout-st-marys%2Fthe-building%2F%23building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APygostyle Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-5
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-JPE_6-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://jpe.library.arizona.edu/volume_21/Singer.pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
cite
class
citation journal
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Ecology&rft.atitle=Following+the+turkey+tails%3A+neoliberal+globalization+and+the+political+ecology+of+health&rft.volume=21&rft.pages=436-451&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjpe.library.arizona.edu%2Fvolume_21%2FSinger.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APygostyle Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-JPE-6
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-7
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=182568333
html
local
cite
class
citation news
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Samoans+Await+The+Return+Of+The+Tasty+Turkey+Tail&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.au=Robert+Siegel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Ftemplates%2Ftranscript%2Ftranscript.php%3FstoryId%3D182568333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APygostyle Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-7
html
local
ol
class
references
html
local
div
class style
reflist columns references-column-width -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit&section=5 Edit section: References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class style
smallcaps font-variant:small-caps;
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Digital_object_identifier Digital object identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-7580.2006.00534.x
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/PubMed_Identifier mw-redirect PubMed Identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16533313
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/suppl/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00534.x/suppl_file/JOA534_a3.xls
html
local
dd
html
local
span
class style
smallcaps font-variant:small-caps;
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
dd
html
local
dl
html
local
div
class style
refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents
html
local
div
class
mw-parser-output
html
local
img
src alt title width height style
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1 1 1 border: none; position: absolute;
html
local
noscript
html
local
div
id lang dir class
mw-content-text en ltr mw-content-ltr
html
local
a
dir href
ltr https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&oldid=834024558
html
local
div
class
printfooter
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Category Help:Category
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Bird_anatomy Category:Bird anatomy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Vertebrate_anatomy Category:Vertebrate anatomy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_language Category:Ancient Greek language
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-normal-catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements Category:All articles with unsourced statements
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2012 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2012
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2012 Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2012
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references Category:All articles needing additional references
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification Category:All pages needing factual verification
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_November_2007 Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2007
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden
html
local
div
id class data-mw
catlinks catlinks interface
html
local
div
class
visualClear
html
local
div
id class
bodyContent mw-body-content
html
local
div
id class role
content mw-body main
html
local
h2
html
local
h3
id
p-personal-label
html
local
li
id
pt-anonuserpage
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyTalk Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n] n
html
local
li
id
pt-anontalk
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyContributions A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y] y
html
local
li
id
pt-anoncontribs
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Pygostyle You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory
html
local
li
id
pt-createaccount
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Pygostyle You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o] o
html
local
li
id
pt-login
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-personal navigation p-personal-label
html
local
h3
id
p-namespaces-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Pygostyle View the content page [ctrl-alt-c] c
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-nstab-main selected
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Talk:Pygostyle discussion Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t] t
html
local
span
html
local
li
id
ca-talk
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label
html
local
input
type class aria-labelledby
checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox p-variants-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id
p-variants-label
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-variants navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-variants-label
html
local
div
id
left-navigation
html
local
h3
id
p-views-label
html
local
a
href
/wiki/Pygostyle
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-view collapsible selected
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=edit Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e] e
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-edit collapsible
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=history Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h] h
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-history collapsible
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label
html
local
input
type class aria-labelledby
checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox p-cactions-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id
p-cactions-label
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-cactions navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-cactions-label
html
local
label
for
searchInput
html
local
h3
html
local
div
id role
p-search search
html
local
div
id
right-navigation
html
local
div
id
mw-head
html
local
a
class href title
mw-wiki-logo /wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page
html
local
div
id role
p-logo banner
html
local
h3
id
p-navigation-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z] z
html
local
li
id
n-mainpage-description
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Contents Guides to browsing Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contents
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Featured_content Featured content – the best of Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-featuredcontent
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Current_events Find background information on current events
html
local
li
id
n-currentevents
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:Random Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x] x
html
local
li
id
n-randompage
html
local
a
href title
https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en Support us
html
local
li
id
n-sitesupport
html
local
a
href title
//shop.wikimedia.org Visit the Wikipedia store
html
local
li
id
n-shoplink
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label
html
local
h3
id
p-interaction-label
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Contents Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-help
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Find out about Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-aboutsite
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal About the project, what you can do, where to find things
html
local
li
id
n-portal
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChanges A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r] r
html
local
li
id
n-recentchanges
html
local
a
href title
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us How to contact Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contactpage
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label
html
local
h3
id
p-tb-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Pygostyle List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j] j
html
local
li
id
t-whatlinkshere
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Pygostyle nofollow Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k] k
html
local
li
id
t-recentchangeslinked
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard Upload files [ctrl-alt-u] u
html
local
li
id
t-upload
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:SpecialPages A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q] q
html
local
li
id
t-specialpages
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&oldid=834024558 Permanent link to this revision of the page
html
local
li
id
t-permalink
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&action=info More information about this page
html
local
li
id
t-info
html
local
a
href title accesskey
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2373859 Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g] g
html
local
li
id
t-wikibase
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Pygostyle&id=834024558 Information on how to cite this page
html
local
li
id
t-cite
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-tb p-tb-label
html
local
h3
id
p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Pygostyle
html
local
li
id
coll-create_a_book
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Pygostyle&action=show-download-screen
html
local
li
id
coll-download-as-rdf2latex
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&printable=yes Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p] p
html
local
li
id
t-print
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-coll-print_export p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
button
class title
uls-settings-trigger Language settings
html
local
h3
id
p-lang-label
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigostil Pigostil – Catalan ca ca interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%C3%B3stilo Pigóstilo – Spanish es es interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigostilo Pigostilo – Esperanto eo eo interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyle Pygostyle – French fr fr interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%C3%B3stilo Pigóstilo – Galician gl gl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigostilo Pigostilo – Italian it it interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyl Pygostyl – Polish pl pl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig%C3%B3stilo Pigóstilo – Portuguese pt pt interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C Пигостиль – Russian ru ru interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyl Pygostyl – Slovak sk sk interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyl Pygostyl – Swedish sv sv interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C Пігостиль – Ukrainian uk uk interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk display: none;
html
local
button
class title
mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title class
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2373859#sitelinks-wikipedia Edit interlanguage links wbc-editpage
html
local
span
class
wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link
html
local
div
class
after-portlet after-portlet-lang
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-lang p-lang-label
html
local
div
id
mw-panel
html
local
div
id
mw-navigation
html
local
li
id
footer-info-lastmod
html
local
a
rel href
license //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License
html
local
a
rel href style
license //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ display:none;
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy
html
local
a
href
//www.wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-info-copyright
html
local
ul
id
footer-info
html
local
a
href class title
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy extiw wmf:Privacy policy
html
local
li
id
footer-places-privacy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Wikipedia:About
html
local
li
id
footer-places-about
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer Wikipedia:General disclaimer
html
local
li
id
footer-places-disclaimer
html
local
a
href
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
html
local
li
id
footer-places-contact
html
local
a
href
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute
html
local
li
id
footer-places-developers
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement
html
local
li
id
footer-places-cookiestatement
html
local
a
href class
//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pygostyle&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle
html
local
li
id
footer-places-mobileview
html
local
a
href
#
html
local
li
style
display: none;
html
local
ul
id
footer-places
html
local
img
src srcset width height alt
/static/images/wikimedia-button.png /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x 88 31 Wikimedia Foundation
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-copyrightico
html
local
img
src alt srcset width height
/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png Powered by MediaWiki /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x 88 31
html
local
a
href
//www.mediawiki.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-poweredbyico
html
local
ul
id class
footer-icons noprint
html
local
div
style
clear: both;
html
local
div
id role
footer contentinfo
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask-flip
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip
html
local
defs
html
local
svg
xmlns width height
http://www.w3.org/2000/svg 0 0
html
local
div
id
mwe-popups-svg
html
local
div
class
suggestions-results
html
local
div
class
suggestions-special
html
local
div
class style
suggestions display: none; font-size: 13px;
html
local
body
class
mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Pygostyle rootpage-Pygostyle skin-vector action-view
html
local