Military history of Italy during World War II
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Italy and its colonies in May 1940 (Dodecanese islands and Tientsin concession in China are not shown)
Part of a series on the
History of Italy
Ancient[show]
Prehistoric Italy
Etruscan civilization (12th–6th c. BC)
Magna Graecia (8th–7th c. BC)
Ancient Rome (Roman Italy) (753 BC–476 AD)
Medieval[show]
Italy in the Middle Ages
Kingdom (476-774)
Odoacer's
Ostrogothic
Vandal
Lombard
Byzantine reconquest of Italy (6th–8th c.)
Italy in the Carolingian Empire and HRE
Islam and Normans in southern Italy
Maritime Republics and Italian city-states
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Early modern[show]
Italian Renaissance (14th–16th c.)
Italian Wars (1494–1559)
Foreign domination (1559–1814)
Italian unification (1815–1861)
Modern[show]
Monarchy (1861–1945)
Italy in World War I (1914–1918)
Fascism and Colonial Empire (1918–1945)
Italy in World War II (1940–1945)
Social Republic (1943–1945)
Republic (1945–present)
Years of Lead (1970s–1980s)
By topic[show]
List of historic states
Citizenship
Currency
Economy
Fashion
Genetic
Military
Music
Postage
Railway
Timeline
Italy portal
v
t
e
The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors.
The imperial ambitions of the Fascist regime, which aspired to restore the Roman Empire in North Africa and the Mediterranean (the Mare Nostrum, or the Italian Empire), were partially met by late 1942. By this point Italian influence extended throughout the Mediterranean. Libya had been pacified under the fascists and was undergoing Italian settlement. A friendly Fascist regime had been installed in Spain, and a puppet regime installed in Croatia following the German-Italian Invasion of Yugoslavia. Albania, Ljubljana, coastal Dalmatia, and Montenegro had been directly annexed into the Italian state. Most of Greece had been occupied by Italy following the Greco-Italian War and Battle of Greece, as had the French territories of Corsica and Tunisia following Vichy France's collapse and Case Anton. Finally, Italo-German forces had achieved large victories against insurgents in Yugoslavia and had occupied parts of British-held Egypt on their push to El-Alamein after their victory at Gazala. However Italy's conquests were always heavily contested, both by various insurgencies (most prominently the Greek resistance and Yugoslav partisans) and Allied military forces, which waged the Battle of the Mediterranean throughout and beyond Italy's participation.
Ultimately the Italian empire collapsed after disastrous defeats in the Eastern European and North African campaigns. In July 1943, following the Allied invasion of Sicily, Benito Mussolini was arrested by order of King Victor Emmanuel III, provoking a civil war. Italy's military outside of the peninsula itself collapsed, its occupied and annexed territories falling under German control. Italy surrendered to the Allies at the end of the Italian Campaign. The northern half of the country was occupied by the Germans with the fascists' help and made a collaborationist puppet state (with more than 500,000 soldiers raised for the Axis), while the south was governed by monarchist and liberal forces, which fought for the Allied cause as the Italian Co-Belligerent Army (at its height numbering more than 50,000 men), helped by circa 350,000[1] partisans (mostly former Royal Italian Army soldiers) of disparate political ideologies that operated all over Italy.
Contents
[hide]
1 Background
1.1 Imperial ambitions
1.2 Industrial strength
1.3 Economy
1.4 Military
2 Outbreak of the Second World War
2.1 Decision to intervene
3 Italy enters the war: June 1940
3.1 Invasion of France
4 North Africa
4.1 Invasion of Egypt
4.2 Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat
5 East Africa
6 Balkans
6.1 Invasion of Albania
6.2 Invasion of Greece
6.3 Invasion of Yugoslavia
7 Mediterranean
8 Eastern Front
9 Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil War
9.1 Allied invasion of Sicily, Fall of Mussolini and Armistice
9.2 Civil War, Allied advance and Liberation
10 Italy and Japan after the surrender
11 Casualties
12 Aftermath
13 Controversies of historiography
14 See also
15 Notes
16 References
16.1 Historiography
17 External links
Background[edit]
Imperial ambitions[edit]
Main article: Imperial Italy (fascist)
Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936.
During the late 1920s, the Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini spoke with increasing urgency about imperial expansion, arguing that Italy needed an outlet for its "surplus population" and that it would therefore be in the best interests of other countries to aid in this expansion.[2] The immediate aspiration of the regime was political "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region", more grandiosely Mussolini imagined the conquest "of an empire stretching from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Strait of Hormuz".[3] Balkan and Mediterranean hegemony was predicated by ancient Roman dominance in the same regions. There were designs for a protectorate over Albania and for the annexation of Dalmatia, as well as economic and military control of Yugoslavia and Greece. The regime also sought to establish protective patron–client relationships with Austria, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria, which all lay on the outside edges of its European sphere of influence.[4] Although it was not among his publicly proclaimed aims, Mussolini wished to challenge the supremacy of Britain and France in the Mediterranean Sea, which was considered strategically vital, since the Mediterranean was Italy's only conduit to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[2]
In 1935, Italy initiated the Second Italo-Ethiopian War, "a nineteenth-century colonial campaign waged out of due time". The campaign gave rise to optimistic talk on raising a native Ethiopian army "to help conquer" Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. The war also marked a shift towards a more aggressive Italian foreign policy and also "exposed [the] vulnerabilities" of the British and French. This in turn created the opportunity Mussolini needed to begin to realize his imperial goals.[5][6] In 1936, the Spanish Civil War broke out. From the beginning, Italy played an important role in the conflict. Their military contribution was so vast, that it played a decisive role in the victory of the rebel forces led by Francisco Franco.[7] Mussolini had engaged in "a full-scale external war" due to the insinuation of future Spanish subservience to the Italian Empire, and as a way of placing the country on a war footing and creating "a warrior culture".[8] The aftermath of the war in Ethiopia saw a reconciliation of German-Italian relations following years of a previously strained relationship, resulting in the signing of a treaty of mutual interest in October 1936. Mussolini referred to this treaty as the creation of a Berlin-Rome Axis, which Europe would revolve around. The treaty was the result of increasing dependence on German coal following League of Nations sanctions, similar policies between the two countries over the conflict in Spain, and German sympathy towards Italy following European backlash to the Ethiopian War. The aftermath of the treaty saw the increasing ties between Italy and Germany, and Mussolini falling under Adolf Hitler's influence from which "he never escaped".[9][10][11]
In October 1938, in the aftermath of the Munich Agreement, Italy demanded concessions from France. These included a free port at Djibouti, control of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti railroad, Italian participation in the management of Suez Canal Company, some form of French-Italian condominium over French Tunisia, and the preservation of Italian culture on Corsica with no French assimilation of the people. The French refused the demands, believing the true Italian intention was the territorial acquisition of Nice, Corsica, Tunisia, and Djibouti.[12] On 30 November 1938, Foreign Minister Galeazzo Ciano addressed the Chamber of Deputies on the "natural aspirations of the Italian people" and was met with shouts of "Nice! Corsica! Savoy! Tunisia! Djibouti! Malta!"[13] Later that day, Mussolini addressed the Fascist Grand Council "on the subject of what he called the immediate goals of 'Fascist dynamism'." These were Albania; Tunisia; Corsica, an integral part of France; the Ticino, a canton of Switzerland; and all "French territory east of the River Var", including Nice, but not Savoy.[14]
Beginning in 1939 Mussolini often voiced his contention that Italy required uncontested access to the world's oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty.[15] On 4 February 1939, Mussolini addressed the Grand Council in a closed session. He delivered a long speech on international affairs and the goals of his foreign policy, "which bears comparison with Hitler's notorious disposition, minuted by colonel Hossbach". He began by claiming that the freedom of a country is proportional to the strength of its navy. This was followed by "the familiar lament that Italy was a prisoner in the Mediterranean".[a] He called Corsica, Tunisia, Malta, and Cyprus "the bars of this prison", and described Gibraltar and Suez as the prison guards.[17][18] To break British control, her bases on Cyprus, Gibraltar, Malta, and in Egypt (controlling the Suez Canal) would have to be neutralized. On 31 March, Mussolini stated that "Italy will not truly be an independent nation so long as she has Corsica, Bizerta, Malta as the bars of her Mediterranean prison and Gibraltar and Suez as the walls." Fascist foreign policy took for granted that the democracies—Britain and France—would someday need to be faced down.[19][20][15] Through armed conquest Italian North Africa and Italian East Africa—separated by the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan—would be linked,[21] and the Mediterranean prison destroyed. Then, Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa".[14]
As early as September 1938, the Italian military had drawn up plans to invade Albania. On 7 April, Italian forces landed in the country and within three days had occupied the majority of the country. Albania represented a territory Italy could acquire for "'living space' to ease its overpopulation" as well as the foothold needed to launch other expansionist conflicts in the Balkans.[22] On 22 May 1939, Italy and Germany signed the Pact of Steel joining both countries in a military alliance. The pact was the culmination of German-Italian relations from 1936 and was not defensive in nature.[23] Rather, the pact was designed for a "joint war against France and Britain", although the Italian hierarchy held the understanding that such a war would not take place for several years.[24] However, despite the Italian impression, the pact made no reference to such a period of peace and the Germans proceeded with their plans to invade Poland.[25]
Industrial strength[edit]
Mussolini's Under-Secretary for War Production, Carlo Favagrossa, had estimated that Italy could not possibly be prepared for major military operations until at least October 1942. This had been made clear during the Italo-German negotiations for the Pact of Steel, whereby it was stipulated that neither signatory was to make war without the other earlier than 1943.[26] Although considered a great power, the Italian industrial sector was relatively weak compared to other European major powers. Italian industry did not equal more than 15% of that of France or of Britain in militarily critical areas such as automobile production: the number of automobiles in Italy before the war was around 374,000, in comparison to around 2,500,000 in Britain and France. The lack of a stronger automotive industry made it difficult for Italy to mechanize its military. Italy still had a predominantly agricultural-based economy, with demographics more akin to a developing country (high illiteracy, poverty, rapid population growth and a high proportion of adolescents) and a proportion of GNP derived from industry less than that of Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Sweden, in addition to the other great powers.[27] In terms of strategic materials, in 1940, Italy produced 4.4 megatonnes (Mt) of coal, 0.01 Mt of crude oil, 1.2 Mt of iron ore and 2.1 Mt of steel. By comparison, Great Britain produced 224.3 Mt of coal, 11.9 Mt of crude oil, 17.7 Mt of iron ore, and 13.0 Mt of steel and Germany produced 364.8 Mt of coal, 8.0 Mt of crude oil, 29.5 Mt of iron ore and 21.5 Mt of steel.[28] Most raw material needs could be fulfilled only through importation, and no effort was made to stockpile key materials before the entry into war. Approximately one quarter of the ships of Italy's merchant fleet were in foreign ports at the outbreak of hostilities, and, given no forewarning, were immediately impounded.[29][30]
Economy[edit]
Between 1936 and 1939, Italy had supplied the Spanish "Nationalist" forces, fighting under Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War, with large number of weapons and supplies practically free.[31][32] In addition to weapons, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie ("Corps of Volunteer Troops") had also been dispatched to fight for Franco. The financial cost of the war was between 6 and 8.5 billion lire, approximately 14 to 20 per cent of the country's annual expenditure.[32] Adding to these problems was Italy's extreme debt position. When Benito Mussolini took office, in 1921, the government debt was 93 billion lire, un-repayable in the short to medium term. Only two years later this debt had increased to 405 billion lire.[33]
German coal entering Italy through the Brenner Pass. The issue of Italian coal was prominent in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940.
In September 1939, Britain imposed a selective blockade of Italy. Coal from Germany, which was shipped out of Rotterdam, was declared contraband. The Germans promised to keep up shipments by train, over the Alps, and Britain offered to supply all of Italy's needs in exchange for Italian armaments. The Italians could not agree to the latter terms without shattering their alliance with Germany.[34] On 2 February 1940, however, Mussolini approved a draft contract with the Royal Air Force to provide 400 Caproni aircraft; yet he scrapped the deal on 8 February. British intelligence officer, Francis Rodd, believed that Mussolini was convinced to reverse policy by German pressure in the week of 2–8 February, a view shared by the British ambassador in Rome, Percy Loraine.[35] On 1 March, the British announced that they would block all coal exports from Rotterdam to Italy.[34][35] Italian coal was one of the most discussed issues in diplomatic circles in the spring of 1940. In April Britain began strengthening their Mediterranean Fleet to enforce the blockade. Despite French uncertainty, Britain rejected concessions to Italy so as not to "create an impression of weakness".[36] Germany supplied Italy with about one million tons of coal a month beginning in the spring of 1940, an amount that even exceeded Mussolini's demand of August 1939 that Italy receive six million tons of coal for its first twelve months of war.[37]
Military[edit]
The Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) was comparatively depleted and weak at the commencement of the war. Italian tanks were of poor quality and radios few in number. The bulk of Italian artillery dated to World War I. The primary fighter of the Italian Air Force (Regia Aeronautica) was the Fiat CR.42, which, though an advanced biplane, with excellent performance, was obsolete against monoplane fighters of other nations.[38] Of the Regia Aeronautica's approximately 1,760 aircraft, only 900 could be considered in any way combat-worthy. The Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) had several modern battleships but no aircraft carriers.[39]
Italian authorities were acutely aware of the need to modernize and were taking steps to meet the requirements of their own relatively advanced tactical principles.[nb 1][nb 2][42][43] Almost 40% of the 1939 budget was allocated for military spending.[44] Recognizing the Navy's need for close air support, the decision was made to build carriers.[nb 3] Three series of modern fighters[nb 4], capable of meeting the best allied planes on equal terms,[46][nb 5] were in development, with a few hundred of each eventually being produced. The Carro Armato P40 tank,[47] roughly equivalent to the M4 Sherman and Panzer IV medium tanks, was designed in 1940 (though no prototype was produced until 1942 and manufacture was not able to begin before the Armistice, [nb 6] owing in part to the lack of sufficiently powerful engines, which were themselves undergoing a development push; total Italian tank production for the war – about 3,500 – was less than the number of tanks used by Germany in its invasion of France). The Italians were pioneers in the use of self-propelled guns,[50][51] both in close support and anti-tank roles. Their 75/46 fixed AA/AT gun, 75/32 gun, 90/53 AA/AT gun (an equally deadly but less famous peer of the German 88/55), 47/32 AT gun, and the 20 mm AA autocannon were effective, modern weapons.[43][52] Also of note were the AB 41 and the Camionetta AS 42 armoured cars, which were regarded as excellent vehicles of their type.[citation needed][53] None of these developments, however, precluded the fact that the bulk of equipment was obsolete and poor.[citation needed] The relatively weak economy, lack of suitable raw materials and consequent inability to produce suitable quantities of armaments and supplies were therefore the key material reasons for Italian military failure.[54]
On paper Italy had one of the world's largest armies,[55] but the reality was the opposite. According to the estimates of Bierman and Smith, the Italian regular army could field only about 200,000 troops at the war's beginning.[39] Irrespective of the attempts to modernize, the majority of Italian army personnel were lightly armed infantry lacking sufficient motor transport.[nb 7] There was insufficient budget to train the men in the services, such that the bulk of personnel received much of their training at the front, when it was too late to be of use.[56] Air units had not been trained to operate with the naval fleet and the majority of ships had been built for fleet actions, rather than the convoy protection duties in which they were primarily employed during the war.[57] In any event, a critical lack of fuel kept naval activities to a minimum.[58]
Senior leadership was also a problem. Mussolini personally assumed control of all three individual military service ministries with the intention of influencing detailed planning.[59] Comando Supremo (the Italian High Command) consisted of only a small complement of staff that could do little more than inform the individual service commands of Mussolini's intentions, after which it was up to the individual service commands to develop proper plans and execution.[60] The result was that there was no central direction for operations; the three military services tended to work independently, focusing only on their fields, with little inter-service cooperation.[60][61] Discrepancies in pay existed for personnel who were of equal rank, but from different units.
Outbreak of the Second World War[edit]
See also: Military production during World War II
Nazi Germany's invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, marked the beginning of World War II. Despite being an Axis power, Italy remained non-belligerent until June 1940.
Decision to intervene[edit]
Following the German conquest of Poland, Mussolini hesitated to enter the war. The British commander for land forces in the Middle East and the eastern Mediterranean, General Sir Archibald Wavell, correctly predicted that Mussolini's pride would ultimately cause him to enter the war. Wavell would compare Mussolini's situation to that of someone at the top of a diving board: "I think he must do something. If he cannot make a graceful dive, he will at least have to jump in somehow; he can hardly put on his dressing-gown and walk down the stairs again."[62]
Initially, the entry into the war appeared to be political opportunism (though there was some provocation),[nb 8] which led to a lack of consistency in planning, with principal objectives and enemies being changed with little regard for the consequences.[67] Mussolini was well aware of the military and material deficiencies but thought the war would be over soon and did not expect to do much fighting.
Italy enters the war: June 1940[edit]
See also: Fall of France and Italian invasion of France
Italy and its colonies in 1940, before the start of the Western Desert Campaign.
On 10 June 1940, as the French government fled to Bordeaux during the German invasion, declaring Paris an open city, Mussolini felt the conflict would soon end and declared war on Britain and France. As he said to the Army's Chief-of-Staff, Marshal Badoglio:
I only need a few thousand dead so that I can sit at the peace conference as a man who has fought.[68]
Mussolini had the immediate war aim of expanding the Italian colonies in North Africa by taking land from the British and French colonies.
About Mussolini's declaration of war in France, President Franklin D. Roosevelt of the United States said:
On this tenth day of June 1940, the hand that held the dagger has struck it into the back of its neighbor.[69]
The Italian entry into the war opened up new fronts in North Africa and the Mediterranean. After Italy entered the war, pressure from Nazi Germany led to the internment in the Campagna concentration camp of some of Italy's Jewish refugees.
Invasion of France[edit]
See also: Italian-occupied France
Occupied France in 1940; the Italian zone is shown in yellow.
In June 1940, after initial success, the Italian offensive into southern France stalled at the fortified Alpine Line. On 24 June 1940, France surrendered to Germany. Italy occupied a swathe of French territory along the Franco-Italian border. During this operation, Italian casualties amounted to 1,247 men dead or missing and 2,631 wounded. A further 2,151 Italians were hospitalised due to frostbite.
Late in the Battle of Britain, Italy contributed an expeditionary force, the Corpo Aereo Italiano, which took part in the Blitz from October 1940 until April 1941, at which time the last elements of the force were withdrawn.
In November 1942, the Italian Royal Army occupied south-eastern Vichy France and Corsica as part of Case Anton. From December 1942, Italian military government of French departments east of the Rhône River was established, and continued until September 1943, when Italy quit the war. This had the effect of providing a de facto temporary haven for French Jews fleeing the Holocaust. In January 1943 the Italians refused to cooperate with the Nazis in rounding up Jews living in the occupied zone of France under their control and in March prevented the Nazis from deporting Jews in their zone. German Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop complained to Mussolini that "Italian military circles... lack a proper understanding of the Jewish question."[70]
The Italian Navy established a submarine base at Bordeaux, code named BETASOM, and thirty two Italian submarines participated in the Battle of the Atlantic. Plans to attack the harbour of New York City with CA class midget submarines in 1943 were disrupted when the submarine converted to carry out the attack, the Leonardo da Vinci, was sunk in May 1943. The armistice put a stop to further planning.
North Africa[edit]
Invasion of Egypt[edit]
Main articles: Italian invasion of Egypt, North African Campaign, Western Desert Campaign, and Tunisia Campaign
The Italian invasion and British counter-offensive
The Italians fared poorly in North Africa almost from the beginning. Within a week of Italy's declaration of war on 10 June 1940, the British 11th Hussars had seized Fort Capuzzo in Libya. In an ambush east of Bardia, the British captured the Italian 10th Army Engineer-in-Chief, General Lastucci. On 28 June Marshal Italo Balbo, the Governor-General of Libya, was killed by friendly fire while landing in Tobruk. Mussolini ordered Balbo's replacement, General Rodolfo Graziani, to launch an attack into Egypt immediately. Graziani complained to Mussolini that his forces were not properly equipped for such an operation, and that an attack into Egypt could not possibly succeed; nevertheless, Mussolini ordered him to proceed.[citation needed] On 13 September, elements of the 10th Army retook Fort Capuzzo and crossed the border into Egypt. Lightly opposed, they advanced about 100 km (62 mi) to Sidi Barrani, where they stopped and began entrenching themselves in a series of fortified camps.
At this time, the British had only 36,000 troops available (out of about 100,000 under Middle Eastern command) to defend Egypt, against 236,000 Italian troops.[71] The Italians, however, were not concentrated in one location. They were divided between the 5th army in the west and the 10th army in the east and thus spread out from the Tunisian border in western Libya to Sidi Barrani in Egypt. At Sidi Barrani, Graziani, unaware of the British lack of numerical strength,[nb 9] planned to build fortifications and stock them with provisions, ammunition, and fuel, establish a water pipeline, and extend the via Balbia to that location, which was where the road to Alexandria began.[73] This task was being obstructed by British Royal Navy attacks on Italian supply ships in the Mediterranean. At this stage Italian losses remained minimal, but the efficiency of the British Royal Navy would improve as the war went on. Mussolini was fiercely disappointed with Graziani's sluggishness. However, according to Bauer[73] he had only himself to blame, as he had withheld the trucks, armaments, and supplies that Graziani had deemed necessary for success. Wavell was hoping to see the Italians overextend themselves before his intended counter at Marsa Matruh.[73]
General Rodolfo Graziani.
Graziani and his staff lacked faith in the strength of the Italian military.[citation needed] One of his officers wrote: "We're trying to fight this... as though it were a colonial war... this is a European war... fought with European weapons against a European enemy. We take too little account of this in building our stone forts.... We are not fighting the Ethiopians now."[74](This was a reference to the Second Italo-Abyssinian War where Italian forces had fought against a relatively poorly equipped opponent.) Balbo had said "Our light tanks, already old and armed only with machine guns, are completely out-classed. The machine guns of the British armoured cars pepper them with bullets which easily pierce their armour."[73]
Italian forces around Sidi Barrani had severe weaknesses in their deployment. Their five main fortifications were placed too far apart to allow mutual support against an attacking force, and the areas between were weakly patrolled. The absence of motorised transport did not allow for rapid reorganisation, if needed. The rocky terrain had prevented an anti-tank ditch from being dug and there were too few mines and 47 mm anti-tank guns to repel an armoured advance.[72] By the summer of 1941, the Italians in North Africa had regrouped, retrained and rearmed into a much more effective fighting force, one that proved to be much harder for the British to overcome in encounters from 1941 to 1943.[75]
Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat[edit]
See also: Operation Sonnenblume
Rommel meets Italian General Italo Gariboldi in Tripoli, February 1941.
On 8 December 1940, the British launched Operation Compass. Planned as an extended raid, it resulted in a force of British, Indian, and Australian troops cutting off the Italian 10th Army. Pressing the British advantage home, General Richard O'Connor succeeded in reaching El Agheila, deep in Libya (an advance of 500 miles (800 km)) and taking some 130,000 prisoners.[76] The Allies nearly destroyed the 10th Army, and seemed on the point of sweeping the Italians out of Libya altogether. Winston Churchill, however, directed the advance be stopped, initially because of supply problems and because of a new Italian offensive that had gained ground in Albania, and ordered troops dispatched to defend Greece. Weeks later the first troops of the German Afrika Korps started to arrive in North Africa (February 1941), along with six Italian divisions including the motorized Trento and armored Ariete.[77][78]
German General Erwin Rommel now became the principal Axis field commander in North Africa, although the bulk of his forces consisted of Italian troops. Though subordinate to the Italians, under Rommel's direction the Axis troops pushed the British and Commonwealth troops back into Egypt but were unable to complete the task because of the exhaustion and their extended supply lines which were under threat from the Allied enclave at Tobruk, which they failed to capture. After reorganising and re-grouping the Allies launched Operation Crusader in November 1941 which resulted in the Axis front line being pushed back once more to El Agheila by the end of the year.
In January 1942 the Axis struck back again, advancing to Gazala where the front lines stabilised while both sides raced to build up their strength. At the end of May, Rommel launched the Battle of Gazala where the British armoured divisions were soundly defeated. The Axis seemed on the verge of sweeping the British out of Egypt, but at the First Battle of El Alamein (July 1942) General Claude Auchinleck halted Rommel's advance only 90 mi (140 km) from Alexandria. Rommel made a final attempt to break through during the Battle of Alam el Halfa but Eighth Army, by this time commanded by Lieutenant-General Bernard Montgomery, held firm. After a period of reinforcement and training the Allies assumed the offensive at the Second Battle of Alamein (October/November 1942) where they scored a decisive victory and the remains of Rommel's German-Italian Panzer Army were forced to engage in a fighting retreat for 1,600 mi (2,600 km) to the Libyan border with Tunisia.
After the Operation Torch landings in the Vichy French territories of Morocco and Algeria (November 1942) British, American and French forces advanced east to engage the German-Italian forces in the Tunisia Campaign. By February, the Axis forces in Tunisia were joined by Rommel's forces, after their long withdrawal from El Alamein, which were re-designated the Italian First Army (under Giovanni Messe) when Rommel left to command the Axis forces to the north at the Battle of the Kasserine Pass. Despite the Axis success at Kasserine, the Allies were able to reorganise (with all forces under the unified direction of 18th Army Group commanded by General Sir Harold Alexander) and regain the initiative in April. The Allies completed the defeat of the Axis armies in North Africa in May 1943.
East Africa[edit]
Main article: East African Campaign
Fascist poster calling for revenge against the British takeover of Italian East Africa.
In addition to the well-known campaigns in the western desert during 1940, the Italians initiated operations in June 1940 from their East African colonies of Ethiopia, Italian Somaliland, and Eritrea.
As in Egypt, Italian forces (roughly 70,000 Italian soldiers and 180,000 native troops) outnumbered their British opponents. Italian East Africa, however, was isolated and far from the Italian mainland, leaving the forces there cut off from supply and thus severely limited in the operations they could undertake.
Initial Italian attacks in East Africa took two different directions, one into the Sudan and the other into Kenya. Then, in August 1940, the Italians advanced into British Somaliland. After suffering and inflicting few casualties, the British and Commonwealth garrison evacuated Somaliland, retreating by sea to Aden.
The Italian invasion of British Somaliland was one of the few successful Italian campaigns of World War II accomplished without German support. In the Sudan and Kenya, Italy captured small territories around several border villages, after which the Italian Royal Army in East Africa adopted a defensive posture in preparation for expected British counterattacks.
The Regia Marina maintained a small squadron in the Italian East Africa area. The "Red Sea Flotilla", consisting of seven destroyers and eight submarines, was based at the port of Massawa in Eritrea. Despite a severe shortage of fuel, the flotilla posed a threat to British convoys traversing the Red Sea. However, Italian attempts to attack British convoys resulted in the loss of four submarines and one destroyer.
Italian war cemetery in Keren, Eritrea.
On 19 January 1941, the expected British counter-attack arrived in the shape of the Indian 4th and Indian 5th Infantry Divisions, which made a thrust from the Sudan. A supporting attack was made from Kenya by the South African 1st Division, the 11th African Division, and the 12th African Division. Finally, the British launched an amphibious assault from Aden to re-take British Somaliland.
Fought from February to March, the outcome of the Battle of Keren determined the fate of Italian East Africa. In early April, after Keren fell, Asmara and Massawa followed. The Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa also fell in April 1941. The Viceroy of Ethiopia, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, surrendered at the stronghold of Amba Alagi in May. He received full military honours. The Italians in East Africa made a final stand around the town of Gondar in November 1941.
When the port of Massawa fell to the British, the remaining destroyers were ordered on final missions in the Red Sea, some of them achieving small successes before being scuttled or sunk. At the same time, the last four submarines made an epic voyage around the Cape of Good Hope to Bordeaux in France. Some Italians, after their defeat, waged a guerilla war mainly in Eritrea and Ethiopia, that lasted until fall 1943. Notable among them was Amedeo Guillet.
Balkans[edit]
Main articles: Italian invasion of Albania, Greco-Italian War, Italian occupation of Albania, Axis Occupation of Greece, Invasion of Yugoslavia, and World War II in Yugoslavia
Invasion of Albania[edit]
In early 1939, while the world was focused on Adolf Hitler's aggression against Czechoslovakia, Mussolini looked to the Kingdom of Albania, across the Adriatic Sea from Italy. Italian forces invaded Albania on 7 April 1939 and swiftly took control of the small country. Even before the invasion, Albania had been politically dominated by Italy; after the invasion it was formally made part of Italy and the Italian king took the Albanian crown. Along with the intervention in the Spanish Civil War and the invasion of Abyssinia, the invasion of Albania was part of the Italian contribution to the disintegration of the collective security the League of Nations instituted after World War I. As such, it was part of the prelude to World War II.
Invasion of Greece[edit]
On 28 October 1940, Italy started the Greco-Italian War by launching an invasion of the Kingdom of Greece from Albania. In part, the Italians attacked Greece because of the growing influence of Germany in the Balkans. Both Yugoslavia and Greece had governments friendly to Germany. Mussolini launched the invasion of Greece in haste after the Kingdom of Romania, a state which he perceived as lying within the Italian sphere of influence, allied itself with Germany. The order to invade Greece was given by Mussolini to Badoglio and Army Chief of Staff Mario Roatta on 15 October, with the expectation that the attack would commence within 12 days. Badoglio and Roatta were appalled given that, acting on his orders, they had demobilised 600,000 men three weeks prior.[79] Given the expected requirement of at least 20 divisions to facilitate success, the fact that only eight divisions were currently in Albania, and the inadequacies of Albanian ports and connecting infrastructure, adequate preparation would require at least three months.[79] Nonetheless, D-day was set at dawn on 28 October.
The initial Italian offensive was quickly contained, and the invasion soon ended in an embarrassing stalemate. Taking advantage of Bulgaria's decision to remain neutral, the Greek Commander-in-Chief, Lt Gen Alexandros Papagos, was able to establish numerical superiority by mid-November,[nb 10] prior to launching a counter-offensive that drove the Italians back into Albania. In addition, the Greeks were naturally adept at operating in mountainous terrain, while only six of the Italian Army's divisions, the Alpini, were trained and equipped for mountain warfare. Only when the Italians were able to establish numerical parity was the Greek offensive stopped. By then they had been able to penetrate deep into Albania.
An Italian "Spring Offensive" in March 1941, which tried to salvage the situation prior to German intervention, amounted to little in terms of territorial gains. At this point, combat casualties amounted to over 102,000 for the Italians (with 13,700 dead and 3,900 missing) and fifty thousand sick; the Greek suffered over 90,000 combat casualties (including 14,000 killed and 5,000 missing) and an unknown number of sick.[82] While an embarrassment for the Italians, losses on this scale were devastating for the less numerous Greeks; additionally, the Greek Army had bled a significant amount of materiel. They were short on every area of equipment despite heavy infusion of British aid in February and March, with the army as a whole having only 1 month of artillery ammunition left by the start of April and insufficient arms and equipment to mobilize its reserves.[83] Hitler later stated in hindsight that Greece would have been defeated with or without German intervention, and that even at the time he was of the opinion that the Italians alone would have conquered Greece in the forthcoming season.[84]
After British troops arrived in Greece in March 1941, British bombers operating from Greek bases could reach the Romanian oil fields, vital to the German war effort. Hitler decided that a British presence in Greece presented a threat to Germany's rear and committed German troops to invade Greece via Yugoslavia (where a coup had deposed the German-friendly government). The Germans invaded on April 6 1941, smashing through the skeleton garrisons opposing them with little resistance while the Italians continued a slow advance in Albania and Epirus as the Greeks withdrew, with the country falling to the Axis by the end of the month. The Italian Army was still pinned down in Albania by the Greeks when the Germans began their invasion. Crucially, the bulk of the Greek Army (fifteen divisions out of twenty-one) was left facing the Italians in Albania and Epirus when the Germans intervened. Hitler commented that the Italians "had so weakened [Greece] that its collapse had already become inevitable", and credited them with having "engaged the greater part of the Greek Army."[85]
Invasion of Yugoslavia[edit]
Italian Bersaglieri in Yugoslavia, 1941.
On 6 April 1941, the Wehrmacht invasions of Yugoslavia (Operation 25) and Greece (Operation Marita) both started. Together with the rapid advance of the German forces the Italians attacked Yugoslavia in Dalmatia and pushed the Greeks finally out of Albania. On 17 April, Yugoslavia surrendered to the Germans and the Italians. On 30 April, Greece too surrendered to the Germans and Italians, and was divided into German, Italian and Bulgarian sectors. The invasions ended with a complete Axis victory in May when Crete fell. On 3 May, during the triumphal parade in Athens to celebrate the Axis victory, Mussolini started to boast of an Italian Mare Nostrum in the Mediterranean sea.
Some 28 Italian divisions participated in the Balkan invasions. The coast of Yugoslavia was occupied by the Italian Army, while the rest of the country was divided between the Axis forces (a German and Italian puppet State of Croatia was created, under the nominal sovereignty of Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta, but actually governed by the Croatian fascist Ante Pavelić). The Italians assumed control of most of Greece with their 11th Army, while the Bulgarians occupied the northern provinces and the Germans the strategically most important areas. Italian troops would occupy parts of Greece and Yugoslavia until the Italian armistice with the Allies in September 1943.
In spring 1941, Italy created a Montenegrin client state and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the Governorship of Dalmatia (Governatorato di Dalmazia). A complicated four-way conflict between the puppet Montenegro regime, Montenegrin nationalists, Royalist remnants of the Yugoslav government, and Communist Partisans continued from 1941 –1945.
In 1942 the Italian military commander in Croatia refused to hand over Jews in his zone to the Nazis.[70]
Mediterranean[edit]
Main article: Battle of the Mediterranean
Battleship Vittorio Veneto firing upon the Allied cruisers during the Battle of Cape Matapan
In 1940, the Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina) could not match the overall strength of the British Royal Navy in the Mediterranean Sea. After some initial setbacks, the Italian Navy declined to engage in a confrontation of capital ships. Since the British Navy had as a principal task the supply and protection of convoys supplying Britain's outposts in the Mediterranean, the mere continued existence of the Italian fleet (the so-called "fleet in being" concept) caused problems to Britain, which had to utilise warships sorely needed elsewhere to protect Mediterranean convoys. On 11 November, Britain launched the first carrier strike of the war, using a squadron of Fairey Swordfish torpedo bombers. This raid at Taranto left three Italian battleships crippled or destroyed for the loss of two British aircraft shot down.
The Italian navy found other ways to attack the British. The most successful involved the use of frogmen and riding manned torpedoes to attack ships in harbour. The 10th Light Flotilla, also known as Decima Flottiglia MAS or Xª MAS, which carried out these attacks, sank or damaged 28 ships from September 1940 to the end of 1942. These included the battleships HMS Queen Elizabeth and Valiant (damaged in the harbour of Alexandria on 18 December 1941), and 111,527 long tons (113,317 t) of merchant shipping. The XMAS used a particular kind of torpedo, the SLC (Siluro a Lenta Corsa), whose crew was composed of two frogmen, and motorboats packed with explosives, called MTM (Motoscafo da Turismo Modificato).
Following the attacks on these two battleships, an Italian-dominated Mediterranean Sea appeared much more possible to achieve. However, this was only a brief happy time for Mussolini. The oil and supplies brought to Malta, despite heavy losses, by Operation Pedestal in August and the Allied landings in North Africa, Operation Torch, in November 1942, turned the fortunes of war against Italy. The Axis forces were ejected from Libya and Tunisia in six months after the Battle of El Alamein, while their supply lines were harassed day after day by the growing and overwhelming aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies. By the summer of 1943 the Allies were poised for an invasion of the Italian homeland.
Eastern Front[edit]
Italian troops in Russia, July 1942.
Main article: Italian participation in the Eastern Front
In July 1941, some 62,000 Italian troops of the Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia (Corpo di Spedizione Italiano in Russia, or CSIR) left for the Eastern Front to aid in the German invasion of the Soviet Union (Operation Barbarossa).
In July 1942, the Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) expanded the CSIR to a full army of about 200,000 men named the Italian Army in Russia (Armata Italiana in Russia, or ARMIR). The ARMIR was also known as the "Italian 8th Army." From August 1942 – February 1943, the Italian 8th Army took part in the Battle of Stalingrad. At Stalingrad, the 8th Army suffered heavy losses (some 20,000 dead and 64,000 captured) when the Soviets isolated the German forces in Stalingrad by attacking the over-stretched Hungarian, Romanian, and Italian forces protecting the German's flanks.
By the summer of 1943, Rome had withdrawn the remnants of these troops to Italy. Many of the Italian POWs captured in the Soviet Union died in captivity due to the harsh conditions in the Soviet prison camps.
Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil War[edit]
Main articles: Italian Campaign (World War II) and Italian Civil War
Allied invasion of Sicily, Fall of Mussolini and Armistice[edit]
Main article: 25 Luglio
American soldiers landing on Sicily.
On 10 July 1943, a combined force of American and British Commonwealth troops invaded Sicily. German generals again took the lead in the defence and, although they lost the island after weeks of bitter fights, they succeeded in ferrying large numbers of German and Italian forces safely off Sicily to the Italian mainland. On 19 July, an Allied air raid on Rome destroyed both military and collateral civil installations. With these two events, popular support for the war diminished in Italy.[86]
On 25 July, the Grand Council of Fascism voted to limit the power of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini and handed control of the Italian armed forces over to King Victor Emmanuel III. The next day Mussolini met with the King, was dismissed as prime minister, and was then imprisoned. A new Italian government, led by General Pietro Badoglio and Victor Emmanuel III, took over in Italy. Although they publicly declared that they would keep fighting alongside the Germans, the new Italian government began secret negotiations with the Allies to come over to the Allied side.[87] On 3 September, a secret armistice was signed with the Allies at Fairfield Camp in Sicily. The armistice was publicly announced on 8 September. By then, the Allies were on the Italian mainland.
On 3 September, British troops crossed the short distance from Sicily to the 'toe' of Italy in Operation Baytown. Two more Allied landings took place on 9 September at Salerno (Operation Avalanche) and at Taranto (Operation Slapstick). The Italian surrender meant that the Allied landings at Taranto took place unopposed, with the troops simply disembarking from warships at the docks rather than assaulting the coastline.
German panzer in Rome, 1944.
Because of the time it took for the new Italian government to negotiate the armistice, the Germans had time to reinforce their presence in Italy and prepare for their defection. In the first weeks of August they increased the number of divisions in Italy from two to seven and took control of vital infrastructure.[88] Once the signing of the armistice was announced on 8 September, German troops quickly disarmed the Italian forces and took over critical defensive positions in Operation Achse. This included Italian-occupied southeastern France and the Italian-controlled areas in the Balkans. Only in Sardinia, Corsica, and in part of Apulia and Calabria were Italian troops able to hold their positions until the arrival of Allied forces. In the area of Rome, only one infantry division—the Granatieri di Sardegna—and some small armoured units fought with commitment, but by 11 September they were overwhelmed by superior German forces.
King Victor Emmanuel III and his family, with Marshal Badoglio, General Mario Roatta, and others, abandoned Rome on 9 September. General Caroni, who was tasked with defending Rome, was given duplicitous orders to have his troops abandon Rome (something he did not want to do), and essentially to provide rear guard protection to the King and his entourage so they could flee to the Abruzzi hills, and later out to sea. They later landed at Brindisi. Most importantly, Badoglio never gave the order "OP 44" for the Italian people to rise up against the Germans until he knew it was too late to do any good; that is, he belatedly issued the order on 11 September. However, from the day of the announcement of the Armistice, when Italian citizens, military personnel and military units decided to rise up and resist on their own, they were sometimes quite effective against the Germans.[89]
On 9 September, two German Fritz X guided bombs sank the Italian battleship Roma off the coast of Sardinia.[90] A Supermarina (Italian Naval Command) broadcast led the Italians to initially believe this attack was carried out by the British.[91]
Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans in Corfu, September 1943.
On the Greek island of Cephallonia, General Antonio Gandin, commander of the 12,000-strong Italian Acqui Division, decided to resist the German attempt to forcibly disarm his force. The battle raged from 13–22 September, when the Italians were forced to surrender after suffering some 1,300 casualties. The ensuing massacre of several thousand Italian prisoners of war by the Germans stands as one of the worst single war crimes committed by the Wehrmacht.
Italian troops captured by the Germans were given a choice to keep fighting with the Germans. About 94,000 Italians accepted and the remaining 710,000 were designated Italian military internees and were transported as forced labour to Germany. Some Italian troops that evaded German capture in the Balkans joined the Yugoslav (about 40,000 soldiers) and Greek Resistance (about 20,000).[92] The same happened in Albania.[93]
After the German invasion, deportations of Italian Jews to Nazi death camps began. However, by the time the German advance reached the Campagna concentration camp, all the inmates had already fled to the mountains with the help of the local inhabitants. Rev. Aldo Brunacci of Assisi, under the direction of his bishop, Giuseppe Nicolini, saved all the Jews who sought refuge in Assisi. In October 1943 Nazis raided the Jewish ghetto in Rome. In November 1943 Jews of Genoa and Florence were deported to Auschwitz. It is estimated that 7,500 Italian Jews became victims of the Holocaust.[70]
Civil War, Allied advance and Liberation[edit]
Italian Social Republic poster saying: "Germany is truly your friend".
Further information: Italian resistance movement
About two months after Benito Mussolini was stripped of power, he was rescued by the Germans in Operation Eiche ("Oak"). The Germans re-located Mussolini to northern Italy where he set up a new Fascist state, the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana or RSI). Many Italian personalities joined the RSI, like General Rodolfo Graziani.
The Allied armies continued to advance through Italy despite increasing opposition from the Germans. The Allies soon controlled most of southern Italy, and Naples rose against and ejected the occupying German forces. The Allies organized some Italian troops in the south into what were known as "co-belligerent" or "royalist" forces. In time, there was a co-belligerent army (Italian Co-Belligerent Army), navy (Italian Co-Belligerent Navy), and air force (Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force). These Italian forces fought alongside the Allies for the rest of the war. Other Italian troops, loyal to Mussolini and his RSI, continued to fight alongside the Germans (among them were the Esercito Nazionale Repubblicano, the National Republican Army). From this point on, a large Italian resistance movement located in northern Italy fought a guerilla war against the German and RSI forces.
Mussolini rescued by German troops from his prison in Campo Imperatore on 12 September 1943.
Americans entering Bologna, 1945
Winston Churchill had long regarded southern Europe as the military weak spot of the continent (in World War I he had advocated the Dardanelles campaign, and during World War II he favoured the Balkans as an area of operations, for example in Greece in 1940).[94][95][96] Calling Italy the "soft underbelly" of the Axis, Churchill had therefore advocated this invasion instead of a cross-channel invasion of occupied France. But Italy itself proved anything but a soft target: the mountainous terrain gave Axis forces excellent defensive positions, and it also partly negated the Allied advantage in motorized and mechanized units. The final Allied victory over the Axis in Italy did not come until the spring offensive of 1945, after Allied troops had breached the Gothic Line, leading to the surrender of German and RSI forces in Italy on 2 May shortly before Germany finally surrendered ending World War II in Europe on 8 May. Mussolini was captured and killed on 28 April 1945 by the Italian resistance while attempting to flee.
Italy and Japan after the surrender[edit]
Japan reacted with shock and outrage to the news of the surrender of Italy to the Allied forces in September 1943. Italian citizens residing in Japan and in Manchukuo were swiftly rounded up and summarily asked whether they were loyal to the King of Savoy, who dishonoured their country by surrendering to the enemy, or with the Duce and the newly created Repubblica Sociale Italiana, which vowed to continue fighting alongside the Germans. Those who sided with the King were interned in concentration camps and detained in dismal conditions until the end of the war, while those who opted for the Fascist dictator were allowed to go on with their lives, although under strict surveillance by the Kempeitai.
The Italian concession of Tientsin was occupied by Japanese troops after resistance from its garrison. The Social Republic of Italy later formally gave it to the Japanese puppet state in China.
The news of Italy's surrender did not reach the crew members of the three Italian submarines Giuliani, Cappellini and Torelli travelling to Singapore, then occupied by Japan, to take a load of rubber, tin and strategic materials bound for Italy and Germany's war industry. All the officers and sailors on board were arrested by the Japanese army, and after a few weeks of detention the vast majority of them chose to side with Japan and Germany. The Kriegsmarine assigned new officers to the three units, who were renamed as U-boat U.IT.23, U.IT.24 and U.IT.25, taking part in German war operations in the Pacific until the Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine HMS Tally-ho in February 1944 and the other two vessels were taken over by the Japanese Imperial Navy upon Germany's surrender in 1945.
Alberto Tarchiani, an anti-fascist journalist and activist, was appointed as Ambassador to Washington by the cabinet of Badoglio, which acted as provisional head of the Italian government pending the occupation of the country by the Allied forces. On his suggestion, Italy issued a formal declaration of war on Japan on 14 July 1945.[97] The purpose of this act, which brought no military follow-up, was mainly to persuade the Allies that the new government of Italy deserved to be invited to the San Francisco Peace Conference, as a reward for its co-belligerence. However, the British Prime Minister Churchill and John Foster Dulles were resolutely against the idea, and so Italy's new government was left out of the Conference.
Italy and Japan negotiated the resumption of their respective diplomatic ties after 1951, and later signed several bilateral agreements and treaties.[citation needed]
Casualties[edit]
The 11th-century Abbey of Monte Cassino, almost completely destroyed as an effect of Allied bombings in 1944, stands as a powerful symbol of the huge devastation Italy suffered during the war.
Nearly four million Italians served in the Italian Army during the Second World War and nearly half a million Italians (including civilians) lost their lives between June 1940 and May 1945.
Fascist propaganda poster denouncing Allied bombings of Italian cities ("Here are the 'Liberators'!").
The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940–45 losses listed the following data:
Total military dead and missing from 1940–45: 291,376
Losses prior to the Armistice of Cassibile in September 1943: 204,346 (66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease)
Losses after the Armistice: 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 Italian Social Republic (RSI) Fascist forces.[98]
Losses by branch of service:
Army 201,405
Navy 22,034
Air Force 9,096
Colonial Forces 354
Chaplains 91
Fascist militia 10,066
Paramilitary 3,252
Not indicated 45,078
Military losses by theatre of war:
Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice)
France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice)
Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice)
Greece, Albania and Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice)
Soviet Union 82,079 (3,522 post armistice)
Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice)
At sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice)
Other and unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice).
Prisoner-of-war losses are included with military losses mentioned above.
Updated studies (2010) by the Ufficio dell'Albo d'Oro of the Italian Ministry of Defence have however revised the military deaths to 319,207:
Army 246,432;
Navy 31,347;
Air Force 13,210;
Partisan formations 15,197;
RSI armed forces 13,021.
Civilian losses were 153,147 (123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks.[99] A brief summary of data from this report can be found online.[100]
There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940–41.[101]
Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000.[102]
Included in the losses are also 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews[103] Russian sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union (1942–1954).[104]
The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.[105] Jewish Holocaust victims totalled 8,562 (including Libya).[106]
After the armistice with the Allies, some 650,000 members of the Italian armed forces who refused to side with the occupying Germans were interned in concentration and labour camps. Of these, around 50,000 died while imprisoned or while under transportation.[107] A further 29,000 died in armed struggles against the Germans while resisting capture immediately following the armistice.[107]
Aftermath[edit]
The Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947 spelled the end of the Italian colonial empire, along with other border revisions. The Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 compelled Italy to pay $360,000,000 (US dollars at 1938 prices) in war reparations: $125,000,000 to Yugoslavia, $105,000,000 to Greece, $100,000,000 to the Soviet Union, $25,000,000 to Ethiopia and $5,000,000 to Albania. Italy also agreed to pay £1,765,000 to Greek nationals whose property in Italian territory had been destroyed or seized during the war.[108] In the Italian constitutional referendum, 1946 the Italian monarchy was abolished, having been associated with the deprivations of the war and the Fascist rule. Unlike in Germany and Japan, no war crimes tribunals were held against Italian military and political leaders, though the Italian resistance summarily executed some of them (such as Mussolini) at the end of the war. Mussolini was killed by Italian partisans on April 28, 1945.
Controversies of historiography[edit]
Allied press reports of Italian military prowess in the Second World War were almost always dismissive. British wartime propaganda trumpeted the destruction of the Italian 10th Army by a significantly smaller British force during the early phase of the North African Campaign.[109][110] The propaganda from this Italian collapse, which was designed to boost British morale during a bleak period of the war, left a lasting impression.[111] The later exploits of Rommel and German accounts of events tended to disparage their Italian allies and downplay their contributions; these German accounts were used as a primary source for the Axis side by English-language historians after the war.[112][113] Kenneth Macksey wrote in 1972, that after the split in the Italian state and the reinforcement of fascist Italy by German troops, "the British threw out the Italian Chicken only to let in the German Eagle", for example.[114][nb 11].
James Sadkovich, Peter Haining, Vincent O'Hara, Ian Walker and others have attempted to reassess the performance of the Italian forces. Many previous authors used only German or British sources, not considering the Italian ones, hampered by few Italian sources being translated into English.[117] Contemporary British reports ignored an action of Bir El Gobi, where a battalion of Giovani Fascisti held up the 11th Indian Infantry Brigade and destroyed dozens of tanks of the 22nd Armoured Brigade. Sadkovich, Walker and others have found examples of actions where Italian forces were effective, yet are rarely discussed by most histories.[118][119][120][121] During the Tunisian Campaign, where Italian units were involved in most encounters, such as Kasserine Pass, Mareth, Akarit and Enfidaville, it was observed by General Alexander, "...the Italians fought particularly well, outdoing the Germans in line with them".[122] Rommel also conceded praise on several occasions.[nb 12] Other times, German mistakes were blamed on Italians,[127] or the Germans left the Italians in hopeless situations where failure was unavoidable.[nb 13] Questionable German advice, broken promises and security lapses had direct consequences at the Battle of Cape Matapan, in the convoy war and North Africa.[129] According to Sadkovich, Rommel often retreated leaving immobile infantry units exposed, withdrew German units to rest even though the Italians had also been in combat, would deprive the Italians of their share of captured goods, ignore Italian intelligence, seldom acknowledge Italian successes and often resist formulation of joint strategy.[130][131] Alan J.Levine, an author who has also extensively worked with Italian sources, points out that while Allied efforts to choke off Rommel's supply lines were eventually successful and played the decisive role in the Allied victory in Africa, the Italians who defended it, especially navy commanders, were not feeble-minded or incompetent at all.[132] He criticises Rommel for ignoring the good advice of Italians during the Crusader Offensive (although he also presents a positive picture of the Field Marshal in general),[133] and in review of Sadkovich's work The Italian Navy in World War II, criticises it for being unreliable and recommends Bragadin and the Italian official history instead.[134] Gerhard L.Weinberg, in his 2011 George C. Marshall Lecture "Military History – Some Myths of World War II" (2011) complained that "there is far too much denigration of the performance of Italy's forces during the conflict."[135]
In addition, Italian 'cowardice' did not appear to be more prevalent than the level seen in any army, despite claims of wartime propaganda.[136] Ian Walker wrote:
....it is perhaps simplest to ask who is the most courageous in the following situations: the Italian carristi, who goes into battle in an obsolete M14 tank against superior enemy armour and anti-tank guns, knowing they can easily penetrate his flimsy protection at a range where his own small gun will have little effect;[nb 14] the German panzer soldier or British tanker who goes into battle in a Panzer IV Special or Sherman respectively against equivalent enemy opposition knowing that he can at least trade blows with them on equal terms; the British tanker who goes into battle in a Sherman against inferior Italian armour and anti-tank guns, knowing confidently that he can destroy them at ranges where they cannot touch him. It would seem clear that, in terms of their motto Ferrea Mole, Ferreo Cuore, the Italian carristi really had "iron hearts", even though as the war went on their "iron hulls" increasingly let them down.
—  Walker[138]
The problems that stand out to the vast majority of historians pertain to Italian strategy and equipment. Italian equipment was, in general, not up to the standard of either the Allied or the German armies.[39] An account of the defeat of the Italian 10th Army noted that the incredibly poor quality of the Italian artillery shells saved many British soldiers' lives.[139] More crucially, they lacked suitable quantities of equipment of all kinds and their high command did not take necessary steps to plan for most eventualities.[140] This was compounded by Mussolini's assigning unqualified political favourites to key positions. Mussolini also dramatically overestimated the ability of the Italian military at times, sending them into situations where failure was likely, such as the invasion of Greece.
Historians have long debated why Italy's military and its Fascist regime were so remarkably ineffective at an activity - war - that was central to their identity. MacGregor Knox says the explanation, "was first and foremost a failure of Italy's military culture and military institutions."[141] James Sadkovich gives the most charitable interpretation of Italian failures, blaming inferior equipment, overextension, and inter-service rivalries. Its forces had "more than their share of handicaps."[142] Donald Detwiler concludes that, "Italy's entrance into the war showed very early that her military strength was only a hollow shell. Italy's military failures against France, Greece, Yugoslavia and in the African Theatres of war shook Italy's new prestige mightily."[143]
See also[edit]
Italy portal
World War II portal
Black Brigades
Italian Army equipment in World War II
Italian Campaign (World War II), Allied operations in and around Italy, from 1943 to the end of the war in Europe
Italian war crimes
List of World War II Battles
MVSN (Blackshirts)
North African Campaign timeline
Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
Notes[edit]
Footnotes
Jump up ^ The decision to continue with a front-line biplane fighter, due to the success of the highly manoeuvrable Fiat CR.32 during the Spanish Civil war was probably one of the most glaring strategic oversights. Another was the mistaken belief that fast bombers need no fighter escort, particularly modern aircraft with radar support.[40]
Jump up ^ Italian doctrine envisaged a blitzkrieg style approach as early as 1936-8, considerably beyond what most theorists discerned at the time. This stressed massed armour, massed and mobile artillery, action against enemy flanks, deep penetration and exploitation, and the 'indirect' approach. Their manuals envisioned M tanks as the core, P tanks as the mobile artillery and reserves for the 'Ms' and L tanks. These were to be combined with fast (celere) infantry divisions and forward anti-tank weapons. The Italians were never able to build the armoured divisions described in their manuals – although they often attempted to mass what they had to make up for the poor performance of some pieces.[41]
Jump up ^ This was being expedited through the conversion of two passenger liners and the scavenging of parts from other vessels. The SS Roma, converted into the Aquila, received 4-shaft turbine engines scavenged from the unfinished light cruisers Cornelio Silla and Paolo Emilio. She was to have a maximum complement of 51 Reggiane Re.2001 fighters. The decision to build carriers came late. The Aquila was virtually ready by the time of the armistice with the Allies in 1943. She was captured by the Germans, who scuttled her in 1945.[45]
Jump up ^ Fiat G.55, Macchi C.205, & Reggiane Re.2005; Italian fighters built around the Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine.[45]
Jump up ^ For example: the Fiat G55 Centauro received much German interest and was defined by Oberst Petersen, advisor to Goering, as the "best Axis fighter" and the Macchi C.205 "Veltro" fighter has been argued by many to be the best Italian fighter (and one of the best overall) of the war.
Jump up ^ The M13/40s and M14/41s were not (initially) obsolete when they entered service in late 1940/1941. Their operators (in the form of the Ariete and Littoro divisions) met with much unaccredited success. Yet they became obsolete as the war progressed. It was necessary to maintain production and they suffered unduly as a result of the Italian's inability to produce a suitable successor in time and in numbers.[48][49][50]
Jump up ^ In light of the economic difficulties it was proposed, in 1933, by Marshal Italo Balbo to limit the number of divisions to 20 and ensure that each was fully mobile for ready response, equipped with the latest weaponry and trained for amphibious warfare. The proposal was rejected by Mussolini (and senior figures) who wanted large numbers of divisions to intimidate opponents.[56] To maintain the number of divisions, each became binary, consisting of only two regiments, and therefore equating to a British brigade in size. Even then, they would often be thrown into battle with an under strength complement.
Jump up ^ The French and British, for their part had caused Italy a long list of grievances since during WWI through the extraction of political and economic concessions and the blockading of imports.[63][64] Aware of Italy's material and planning deficiencies leading up to WWII, and believing that Italy's entry into the war on the side of Germany was inevitable, the English blockaded German coal imports from 1 March 1940 in an attempt to bring Italian industry to a standstill.[65] The British and the French then began amassing their naval fleets (to a twelve-to-two superiority in capital ships over the Regia Marina) both in preparation and provocation.[66] They thought wrongly that Italy could be knocked out early, underestimating its determination. Prior to this, from 10 September 1939, the Italians made several attempts to intermediate peace. While Hitler was open to it, the French were not responsive and the British only invited the Italians to change sides. For Mussolini, the risks of staying out of the war were becoming greater than those for entering.[65]
Jump up ^ Graziani believed the British were over 200,000 strong.[72]
Jump up ^ Walker states[80] that the Greeks had assembled 250,000 men against 150,000 Italians; Bauer[81] states that by 12 November, General Papagos had at the front over 100 infantry battalions fighting in terrain to which they were accustomed, compared with less than 50 Italian battalions.
Jump up ^ Other examples: Bishop and Warner (2001) – "It was Germany's misfortune to be allied to Italy.....the performance of most Italian infantry units risable.....could be relied on to fold like a house of cards.....dash and elan but no endurance";[115] Morrison (1984) – "There was also the Italian fleet to guard against, on paper, but the 'Dago Navy' had long been regarded by British tars as a huge joke".[116]
Jump up ^ Writing about the fighting at the First Battle of El Alamein Rommel stated: "The Italians were willing, unselfish and good comrades in the frontline. There can be no disputing that the achievement of all the Italian units, especially the motorised elements, far outstripped any action of the Italian Army for 100 years. Many Italian generals and officers earned our respect as men as well as soldiers".[123] During the Second Battle of El Alamein the 7th Bersaglieri Regiment exhibited a strong regimental spirit in the fight for Hill 28 that impressed Rommel to comment positively.[124] On a plaque dedicated to the Bersaglieri that fought at Mersa Matruh and Alamein, Rommel wrote: "The German soldier has impressed the world, however the Italian Bersaglieri has impressed the German soldier."[125] Describing the behaviour of the 'Ariete Armoured division' during the last phases of the battle of El Alamein, Rommel also wrote: Enormous dust-clouds could be seen south and south-east of headquarters [of the DAK], where the desperate struggle of the small and inefficient Italian tanks of XX Corps was being played out against the hundred or so British heavy tanks which had come round their open right flank. I was later told by Major von Luck, whose battalion I had sent to close the gap between the Italians and the Afrika Korps, that the Italians, who at that time represented our strongest motorised force, fought with exemplary courage. Tank after tank split asunder or burned out, while all the time a tremendous British barrage lay over the Italian infantry and artillery positions. The last signal came from the Ariete at about 15.30 hours: "Enemy tanks penetrated south of Ariete. Ariete now encircled. Location 5 km north-west Bir el Abd. Ariete tanks still in action." [...] In the Ariete we lost our oldest Italian comrades, from whom we had probably always demanded more than they, with their poor armament, had been capable of performing.[126]
Jump up ^ Ripley asserted: "The Italians supplied the bulk of the Axis troops fighting in North Africa, and too often the German Army unfairly ridiculed Italian military effectiveness either due to its own arrogance or to conceal its own mistakes and failures. In reality, a significant number of Italian units fought skilfully in North Africa, and many "German" victories were the result of Italian skill-at-arms and a combined Axis effort."[128]
Jump up ^ Bierman and Smith[137] documented multiple instances of Italian armour advancing against such odds, including when a disproportionate number of their contingent were knocked out.
Jump up ^ The phrase "prisoner in the Mediterranean" had been used in parliament as early as 30 March 1925, by the naval minister Admiral Paolo Thaon di Revel. Revel was arguing for naval funding to receive priority over army funding.[16]
Citations
Jump up ^ Gianni Oliva, I vinti e i liberati: 8 settembre 1943-25 aprile 1945 : storia di due anni, Mondadori, 1994.
^ Jump up to: a b Mack Smith 1982, p. 170.
Jump up ^ Martel 1999, pp. 184 and 198.
Jump up ^ Bideleux & Jeffries 1998, p. 467.
Jump up ^ Bell 1997, pp. 70–71.
Jump up ^ Martel 1999, p. 198.
Jump up ^ Preston 1999, pp. 21–22.
Jump up ^ Preston 1996, pp. 22, 50–51.
Jump up ^ Bell 1997, pp. 73–74, 154.
Jump up ^ Grenville 2001, p. 211.
Jump up ^ Atkin 2011, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Burgwyn 1997, pp. 182–183.
Jump up ^ Clark 2005, p. 243.
^ Jump up to: a b Bell 1997, p. 72.
^ Jump up to: a b Salerno 2002, pp. 105–06.
Jump up ^ Knox 2000, p. 8.
Jump up ^ Martel 1999, p. 67.
Jump up ^ Clark 2005, p. 244.
Jump up ^ Bell 1997, pp. 72–73.
Jump up ^ Harvey 2009, p. 96.
Jump up ^ Mallett 2003, p. 9.
Jump up ^ Zabecki 1999, p. 1353.
Jump up ^ Bell 1997, pp. 73, 291.
Jump up ^ Weinberg 1994, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Bell 1997, p. 291.
Jump up ^ Walker (2003), p.19
Jump up ^ Steinberg (1990), pp.189,191
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.12
Jump up ^ Bauer (2000), p.231
Jump up ^ Walker (2003), p.26
Jump up ^ Beevor (2006) pp.45,47,88–89,148,152,167,222–4,247,322–6,360,405–6,415
^ Jump up to: a b Walker (2003), p.17
Jump up ^ Bonner and Wiggin (2006), p.84
^ Jump up to: a b Cliadakis 1974, p. 178–80.
^ Jump up to: a b Mallett 1997, p. 158.
Jump up ^ Sadkovich 1989, p. 30.
Jump up ^ Jensen 1968, p. 550.
Jump up ^ Eden & Moeng (Eds.) (2002), pp.680–681
^ Jump up to: a b c Bierman & Smith (2002), pp.13–14
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.22
Jump up ^ Sadkovich (1991) pp.290–91; and references therein
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) pp.30–53
^ Jump up to: a b Sadkovich (1991) pp.287–291
Jump up ^ Steinberg (1990), p.189
^ Jump up to: a b Bauer (2000), p.146
Jump up ^ Eden & Moeng (Eds.) (2002), pp.684–685,930,1061
Jump up ^ Bishop (1998) p.18
Jump up ^ Bishop (1998) pp.17–18
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.48
^ Jump up to: a b Sadkovich (1991) p.290
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.109
Jump up ^ Bishop (1998) pp.149,164
Jump up ^ Henderson, Jim. "Autoblinda". Commando Supremo: Italy at War website. Retrieved 8 March 2010.
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.112-13
Jump up ^ Mussolini, Peter Neville, pg 140, Routledge, 2004 ISBN 0-415-24989-9
^ Jump up to: a b Walker (2003) p.23
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.21
Jump up ^ Bauer (2000), pp.96,493
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.11
^ Jump up to: a b Walker (2003) p.20
Jump up ^ Bauer (2000), pp.90–95
Jump up ^ Axelrod, Alan (2008). The Real History of World War II. Sterling Publishing. p. 180. ISBN 978-1-4027-4090-9.
Jump up ^ O'Hara (2009) p.9
Jump up ^ Nelson Page (1920) chapt. XXIII
^ Jump up to: a b O'Hara (2009) p.3
Jump up ^ O'Hara (2009) p.12
Jump up ^ Walker (2003) p.25
Jump up ^ Badoglio, Pietro (1946). L'Italia nella seconda guerra mondiale [Italy in the Second World War] (in Italian). Milan: Mondadori. p. 37.
Jump up ^ "Voices of World War II, 1937–1945". Retrieved 14 August 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c Italy and the Jews – Timeline by Elizabeth D. Malissa
Jump up ^ Bauer (2000), p.93
^ Jump up to: a b Bauer (2000), p.113
^ Jump up to: a b c d Bauer (2000), p.95
Jump up ^ Jowett, Philip S. (2001). The Italian Army 1940–1945: Africa 1940–43. Men-at-Arms. 2. Osprey. p. 11. ISBN 1-85532-865-8.
Jump up ^ Carrier, Dr Richard (March 2015). "Some Reflections on the Fighting Power of the Italian Army in North Africa, 1940–1943". War in History. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISSN 0968-3445.
Jump up ^ Bauer 2000, p. 118
Jump up ^ Wilmott 1944, p. 65
Jump up ^ Bauer 2000, p. 121
^ Jump up to: a b Bauer 2000, p. 99
Jump up ^ Walker (2003), p.28
Jump up ^ Bauer (2000), p.105
Jump up ^ James J. Sadkovich. "Understanding Defeat." Journal of Contemporary History, Volume 24, 1989. Page 38. Citing:' SME/US, Grecia, I, 943'.
Jump up ^ Stockings, Craig; Hancock, Eleanor (2013). Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II. Pages 45, 87-88.
Jump up ^ Hitler, Adolf, Speech to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941.
Jump up ^ Hitler, Adolf, Speech to the Reichstag on 4 May 1941
Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000, p. 9
Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000, p. 11
Jump up ^ Quartermaine 2000, pp. 11–12
Jump up ^ Tompkins, Peter, Italy Betrayed, Simon & Schuster (1966)
Jump up ^ O'Hara and Cernuschi (2009), p. 46
Jump up ^ O'Hara and Cernuschi (2009), p.47
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Charles T., Forgotten battles: Italy's war of liberation, 1943–1945. Illustrated ed., Publisher: Lexington Books, Year: 2001, ISBN 0-7391-0195-1, p. 14
Jump up ^ O'Reilly, Charles T., Forgotten battles: Italy's war of liberation, 1943–1945. Illustrated ed., Publisher: Lexington Books, Year: 2001, ISBN 0-7391-0195-1, p. 96
Jump up ^ "Channel 4 – History – Warlords: Churchill". Retrieved 14 August 2008.
Jump up ^ "Battle At Gallipoli, 1915". EyeWitness to History, www.eyewitnesstohistory.com. Ibis Communications, Inc. 2001. Archived from the original on 9 November 2016. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link)
Jump up ^ "Sicily July 10 – August 17, 1943 – World War II Multimedia Database". Archived from the original on 21 December 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Doody, Richard. "Chronology of World War II Diplomacy 1939 – 1945". The World at War worldatwar.net. Retrieved 14 August 2008.
Jump up ^ Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986
Jump up ^ Roma:Instituto Centrale Statistica' Morti E Dispersi Per Cause Belliche Negli Anni 1940–45 Rome 1957
Jump up ^ "The effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy A first attempt Demographic Research Vol 13, No. 15". Demographic-research.org. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
Jump up ^ Del Boca, Angelo, The Ethiopian war. Univ. of Chicago Press. 1969 ISBN 0-226-14217-5
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p. 90
Jump up ^ Rudolph Joseph Rummel, Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder
Jump up ^ Vadim Erlikman. Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik. Moscow 2004. ISBN 5-93165-107-1 p. 47
Jump up ^ Donald Kendrick, The Destiny of Europe's Gypsies. Basic Books 1972 ISBN 0-465-01611-1 p. 184
Jump up ^ Martin Gilbert Atlas of the Holocaust 1988 ISBN 0-688-12364-3 p. 244
^ Jump up to: a b Palmieri, Marco; Avagliano. "Breve storia dell'internamento militare italiano in Germania Dati, fatti e considerazioni" (PDF). Associazione Nazionale Reduci dalla Prigionia, dall'Internamento, dalla Guerra di Liberazione e loro Familiari (A.N.R.P.). p. 39. Retrieved 4 February 2011.
Jump up ^ "ITALIAN PAYMENT TO GREECE". Cairns Post (15,963). Queensland, Australia. 9 May 1953. p. 5. Retrieved 14 March 2016 – via National Library of Australia.
Jump up ^ Walker (2003), pp.6–8
Jump up ^ Sadkovich (1991), pp.291–293
Jump up ^ Walker (2003), pp.60–61
Jump up ^ Sadkovich (1991), pp. 284–301 & 310–312
Jump up ^ O'Hara (2009), pp. xiv–xvi
Jump up ^ Macksey (1972), p.163
Jump up ^ Bishop and Warner (2001), p.72
Jump up ^ Morrison (1984), p.189
Jump up ^ Lee, ed. by Loyd E. (1997). World War II in Europe, Africa, and the Americas, with general sources : a handbook of literature and research (1. publ. ed.). Westport, Conn. [u.a.]: Greenwood Press. p. 142. ISBN 9780313293252. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ Sadkovich (1991), p299
Jump up ^ Sadkovich 1991, pp. 297, 298–299, 302–303, 310
Jump up ^ Walker 2003, pp. 71, 82–85, 92–95, 100–101, 109–129,153–155, 171–179
Jump up ^ O'Hara & Cernuschi (2009), pp.52–55; O'Hara (2009), pp.XV,91–98,136–137; Bierman & Smith (2002), p.14; Johnston (2000), p.13; Steinberg (1990), p.208; Zabecki (1999), p. 1578; Wilmot (1944), p.8,46; Rommel & Pimlott (1994), p. 128
Jump up ^ Bauer 2000, p. 428
Jump up ^ Rommel & Pimlott (1994), p. 128
Jump up ^ Jon E. Lewis (1999), The Mammoth Book of True War Stories, p. 318
Jump up ^ "El Alamein 2" (in Italian). Ardito2000 website. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
Jump up ^ The Rommel Papers, p. 325
Jump up ^ Walker 2003, p. 188
Jump up ^ Ripley (2003), p.136
Jump up ^ O'Hara (2009), pp.XV,91–98,136–137
Jump up ^ Sadkovich (1991), p.296
Jump up ^ Sadkovich (1991), pp.296–301
Jump up ^ Levine 1999, p. 181.
Jump up ^ Levine, Alan (2012). From Axis Victories to the Turn of the Tide: World War II, 1939–1943. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 127, 129, 138, 139. ISBN 9781597977968.
Jump up ^ Levine, Alan J. (1999). The War Against Rommel's Supply Lines, 1942–1943. Praeger. p. 183. ISBN 9780275965211.
Jump up ^ Weinberg, 2011, Some Myths of World War II, p.707
Jump up ^ See for example: Bauer (2000), Bierman & Smith (2002), Haining (2005), O'Hara (2009), Ripley (2003), Sadkovich (1991), Walker (2003).
Jump up ^ Bierman and Smith (2003), pp. 299–311
Jump up ^ Walker 2003, p. 199
Jump up ^ Joseph 2009, p. 66
Jump up ^ Walker (2003), pp.11–29
Jump up ^ MacGregor Knox (2000). Hitler's Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940–1943. Cambridge UP. p. 10.
Jump up ^ James J. Sadkovich, "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II," Journal of Contemporary History (1989) 24#1 pp. 27-61 online.
Jump up ^ Donald S. Detwiler; et al. (1979). World War II German Military Studies. p. 96. CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link)
References[edit]
Bauer, Eddy (2000) [1979]. Young, Peter, ed. The History of World War II (rev. ed.). London: Orbis. ISBN 1-85605-552-3.
Beevor, Antony (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. London: Phoenix. ISBN 0-7538-2165-6.
Bishop, Chris, ed. (1998). The Encyclopedia: Weapons of World War II. New York: Barnes & Noble Inc. ISBN 0-7607-1022-8.
Bishop, Chris; Warner, Adam, eds. (2001). German Campaigns of World War II. London: Grange Books. ISBN 1-84013-420-8.
Bierman, John; Smith, Colin (2003) [2002]. War without Hate: The Desert Campaign of 1940–1943. New York: Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-200394-7.
Bonner, William; Wiggin, A. (2006). Empire of Debt: The Rise of an Epic Financial Crisis. New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-98048-X.
Caccia Dominioni de Sillavengo, Paolo (1966). Alamein 1933–1962: An Italian Story. trans. Dennis Chamberlin. London: Allen & Unwin. OCLC 2188258.
Ceva, Lucio. “The North African Campaign 1940-43: A Reconsideration.” Journal of Strategic Studies 13#1 (1990): 84-104.
Ceva, Lucio, Storia delle Forze Armati Italiane, Turin, 1981.
De Waal, Franz (1990). Peacemaking Among Primates. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-65921-X.
Eden, Paul; Moeng, S., eds. (2002). The Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Enderby, Leicester: Silverdale Books; Aerospace Publishing. ISBN 1-85605-705-4.
Ehlers, Robert S. Jr. The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II (2015)
Garibaldi, Luciano (2001). Century of War. New York: Friedman/Fairfax. ISBN 1-58663-342-2.
Gooch, John. “Italian Military Efficiency: A Debate.” Journal of Strategic Studies 5#2 (2008): 257-265.
Haining, Peter (2005). The Chianti Raiders: The Extraordinary Story of the Italian Air Force in the Battle of Britain. London: Robson Books. ISBN 1-86105-829-2.
Irving, David (1977). The Trial of the Fox: The Search for the True Field Marshal Rommel. New York: William Morrow.
Johnston, Mark (2000). Fighting the Enemy: Australian Soldiers and their Adversaries in World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-78222-8.
Knox, Macgregor. Common Destiny: Dictatorship, Foreign Policy, and War in Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany (Cambridge UP, 2000).
Knox, Macgregor. Hitler’s Italian Allies: Royal Armed Forces, Fascist Regime, and the War of 1940-1943 (Cambridge UP, 2000).
Knox, Macgregor. Mussolini Unleashed 1939-1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy’s Last War (Cambridge UP, 1982).
Mackenzie, Compton (1951). Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence. I. London: Chatto & Windus. OCLC 1412578.
Macksey, Kenneth J. (1972). Tank Warfare: A History of Tanks in Battle. New York: Stein and Day.
Mallett, Robert. The Italian Navy and fascist expansionism, 1935-1940 (Routledge, 2013).
Morison, Samuel E. (1984). Operations in North African Wars 1942 – June 1943. Boston: Little Brown.
O'Hara, Vincent P.; Cernuschi, Enrico (2009). Dark Navy: The Regina Marina and the Armistice of 8 September 1943. Ann Arbor: Nimble Books. ISBN 978-1-934840-91-7.
O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: The Great Navies at War in the Mediterranean 1940–1945. London: Conway. ISBN 978-1-84486-102-6.
Page, Thomas Nelson (1920). Italy and the World War. New York: Scribner's.
Paoletti, Ciro. A Military History of Italy (Praeger, 2008).
Quartermaine, Luisa (2000). Mussolini's Last Republic: Propaganda and Politics in the Italian Social Republic (R.S.I.) 1943–45. Elm Bank modern language studies. Intellect Books. ISBN 1-902454-08-1.
Ripley, Tim (2003). The Wehrmacht: The German Army of World War II, 1939–1945. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1-57958-312-1.
Rothenberg, Gunther Erich (1981). The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20260-4.
Sadkovich, James. J, 'The Italo-Greek War in Context: Italian Priorities and Axis Diplomacy',Journal of Contemporary History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (Jul., 1993), pp. 439–464.JSTOR 260641
Sadkovich, James. J. (1991). "Of Myths and Men: Rommel and the Italians in North Africa". The International History Review. XIII (2): 284–313. doi:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640582. JSTOR 40106368.
Steinberg, Jonathan (1990). All Or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust, 1941–1943. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-07142-9.
Sullivan, Brian R. “The Italian Armed Forces, 1918-1940.” in Military Effectiveness ed. Allen R.
Millet and Williamson Murray Vol. 2. (1988).
Tompkins, Peter (1966). Italy Betrayed. Simon & Schuster.
Toppe, Generalmajor Alfred (1990) [~1947]. German Experiences in Desert Warfare During World War II (PDF). II. The Black Vault. Washington: U.S. Marine Corps. FMFRP 12-96-II. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
Walker, Ian W. (2003). Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. ISBN 1-86126-646-4.
Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995). Germany, Hitler and World War II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-47407-8.
Zabecki, David T. (1999). World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-8240-7029-1.
Historiography[edit]
Giannone, Elicia. "Cultural Disparity and the Italo-German Alliance in the Second World War" (Thesis, University of Calgary, 2015); online
Sadkovich, James J. "Understanding Defeat: Reappraising Italy's Role in World War II," Journal of Contemporary History (1989) 24#1 pp. 27-61 online a guide to the Italian and English scholarship
External links[edit]
ABC-CLIO Schools; Minorities and Women During World War II – "Italian Army", by A. J. L. Waskey
"Comando Supremo: Italy at War"
Mussolini’s War Statement – Declaration of War against USA, 11 December 1941
Armistice with Italy; 3 September 1943 text of the armistice agreement between the Allies and Italy
Video: WWII Italian Forces in Combat
[show]
v
t
e
Italy articles
History
Chronology
Prehistory
Italic peoples
Ancient Italian peoples
Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
Nuragic peoples
Etruscan Civilization
Nuragic Civilization
Phoenician / Carthaginian colonies
Magna Graecia
Ancient Rome
Kingdom
Republic
Empire
Middle Ages
Italy under Odoacer
Ostrogoths
Byzantine Italy
Lombards
Regnum Italiae
Sardinian Judgedoms
Arabs
Normans
Guelphs and Ghibellines
Italian city-states
Maritime republics
Renaissance
Italian Wars
Early Modern period
Unification
Revolutions of 1820
Revolutions of 1830
Revolutions of 1848
Sicilian revolution of 1848
First War of Independence
Crimean War
Second War of Independence
Expedition of the Thousand
Third War of Independence
Capture of Rome
Monarchy and the World Wars
Kingdom of Italy
Colonial Empire
World War I
Fascist Italy
World War II
Resistance
Civil War
Republic
Economic Boom
Years of Lead
Years of Mud
Mani pulite
By topic
Citizenship
Currency
Economy
Fashion
Flags
Genetic
Historic states
Military
Music
Postal
Railways
Geography
Peninsula
Northern
Northwest
Northeast
Central
Southern
South
Insular
Climate
Fauna
Flora
Mountains
Prealps
Alps
Apennines
Volcanology
Volcanoes
Beaches
Canals
Caves
Earthquakes
Islands
Lakes
National parks
Rivers
Valleys
Politics
Constitution
Elections
Referendums
Foreign relations
Missions
Judiciary
Law enforcement
Military
Parliament
Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Political parties
President
Prime Minister
Council of Ministers
Regions
Provinces
Metropolitan cities
Comune
Municipalities
Cities
Economy
Economic history
Milan
Naples
Rome
Turin
Regions by GDP
Automotive industry
Banking
Central Bank
Companies
Energy
Government debt
Science and technology
Stock exchange
Taxation
Telecommunications
Internet
Tourism
Trade unions
Transportation
Welfare
Society
Abortion
Adoption
Billionaires
Capital punishment
Corruption
Crime
Demographics
Education
Secondary
Higher
Universities
Emigration
Fathers' rights movement
Feminism
Gambling
Health
Healthcare
Immigration
LGBT rights
Nobility
Prostitution
Racism
Religion
Smoking
Social class
Terrorism
Women
Culture
Duecento
Trecento
Quattrocento
Cinquecento
Seicento
Settecento
Architecture
Art
Castles
Cinema
Cuisine
Beer
Wine
Decorations
Design
Fashion
Festivals
Folklore
Italian language
Regional Italian
Italian literature
Italophilia
Italophobia
Languages
Media
Newspapers
Radio
TV
Monuments
Music
Classical
Folk
Opera
Popular
Mythology
National symbols
Anthem
Emblem
Flag
Regions
National monument
Personification
People
Philosophy
Public holidays
Festa della Repubblica
Sculpture
Sport
Traditions
World Heritage Sites
Italy portal
Category
Commons
News
Quotes
Travel
WikiProject
[show]
v
t
e
History of World War II by region and country
Africa
Belgian Congo
British Somaliland
Egypt
French West Africa
French Somaliland
Gold Coast
Kenya
Liberia
Nyasaland
Madagascar
South Africa
Southern Rhodesia
Tunisia
North America
Canada
Cuba
El Salvador
Greenland
Mexico
Newfoundland
Panama
United States
Arizona
Nevada
New Mexico
Puerto Rico
South America
Argentina
Brazil
British Guiana
Colombia
Latin America
Uruguay
Venezuela
Asia
Burma
Ceylon
China
Manchuria
Dutch East Indies
Hong Kong
India
Indochina
Iran
Iraq
Japan
Malaya
Mongolia
Nepal
Philippines
Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
Singapore
Thailand
Turkey
Europe
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Basque Country
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Soviet Union
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Ukraine
Spain
Galicia
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
British Empire
Channel Islands
Gibraltar
Vatican City
Yugoslavia
Oceania
Australia
Nauru
New Zealand
[show]
v
t
e
World War II
Asia and the Pacific
China
South-East Asia
North and Central Pacific
South-West Pacific
Europe
Western
Eastern
Mediterranean and Middle East
North Africa
East Africa
Italy
West Africa
Atlantic
North America
South America
Casualties
Military engagements
Conferences
Commanders
Participants
Allies
(leaders)
Australia
Belgium
Brazil
Canada
China
Cuba
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Ethiopia
France
Free France (from June 1940)
Greece
India
Italy (from September 1943)
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
New Zealand
Norway
Philippines (Commonwealth)
Poland
South Africa
Southern Rhodesia
Soviet Union
United Kingdom
United States
Puerto Rico
Yugoslavia
Axis and
Axis-aligned
(leaders)
Albania
Bulgaria
Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
Independent State of Croatia
Finland
Germany
Hungary
Free India
Iraq
Italy (until September 1943)
Italian Social Republic
Japan
Manchukuo
Philippines (Second Republic)
Romania
Slovakia
Thailand
Vichy France
Armed neutrality
Resistance
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Czech lands
Denmark
Estonia
Ethiopia
France
Germany
Greece
Hong Kong
Italy
Japan
Jewish
Korea
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malaya
Netherlands
Northeast China
Norway
Philippines
Poland
Anti-communist
Romania
Thailand
Soviet Union
Slovakia
Western Ukraine
Vietnam
Yugoslavia
Monarchists
Timeline
Prelude
Africa
Asia
Europe
1939
Poland
Phoney War
Winter War
Atlantic
Changsha
China
1940
Weserübung
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Armistice of 22 June 1940
Britain
North Africa
West Africa
British Somaliland
North China
Baltic States
Moldova
Indochina
Greece
Compass
1941
East Africa
Yugoslavia
Shanggao
Greece
Crete
Iraq
Soviet Union (Barbarossa)
Finland
Lithuania
Syria and Lebanon
Kiev
Iran
Leningrad
Gorky
Moscow
Sevastopol
Pearl Harbor
The outbreak of the Pacific War
Hong Kong
Philippines
Changsha
Malaya
Borneo (1941–42)
1942
Burma
Changsha
Java Sea
Coral Sea
Gazala
Dutch Harbor
Attu (occupation)
Kiska
Zhejiang-Jiangxi
Midway
Rzhev
Blue
Stalingrad
Singapore
Dieppe
El Alamein
Guadalcanal
Torch
1943
Tunisia
Kursk
Smolensk
Gorky
Solomon Islands
Attu
Sicily
Cottage
Lower Dnieper
Italy
Armistice of Cassibile
Gilbert and Marshall Islands
Burma
Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
Changde
1944
Monte Cassino / Shingle
Narva
Korsun–Cherkassy
Tempest
Ichi-Go
Overlord
Neptune
Normandy
Mariana and Palau
Bagration
Western Ukraine
Tannenberg Line
Warsaw
Eastern Romania
Belgrade
Paris
Dragoon
Gothic Line
Market Garden
Estonia
Crossbow
Pointblank
Lapland
Hungary
Leyte
Ardennes
Bodenplatte
Philippines (1944–1945)
Burma (1944–45)
1945
Vistula–Oder
Iwo Jima
Western invasion of Germany
Okinawa
Italy (Spring 1945)
Borneo
Syrmian Front
Berlin
Czechoslovakia
Budapest
West Hunan
Guangxi
Surrender of Germany
Project Hula
Manchuria
Manila
Borneo
Taipei
Atomic bombings
Debate
Kuril Islands
Shumshu
Surrender of Japan
End of World War II in Asia
Aspects
General
Famines
Bengal famine of 1943
Chinese famine of 1942–43
Greek Famine of 1941-1944
Dutch famine of 1944–45
Vietnamese Famine of 1945
Air warfare of World War II
Blitzkrieg
Comparative military ranks
Cryptography
Diplomacy
Home front
United States
Australian
United Kingdom
Lend-Lease
Manhattan Project
Military awards
Military equipment
Military production
Nazi plunder
Opposition
Technology
Allied cooperation
Total war
Strategic bombing
Puppet states
Women
Art and World War II
Aftermath
Expulsion of Germans
Operation Paperclip
Operation Osoaviakhim
Operation Keelhaul
Occupation of Germany
Territorial changes of Germany
Soviet occupations
Romania
Poland
Hungary
Baltic States
Occupation of Japan
First Indochina War
Indonesian National Revolution
Cold War
Decolonization
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
Popular culture
War crimes
Allied war crimes
Soviet war crimes
British war crimes
United States war crimes
German (Forced labour) / Wehrmacht war crimes
Holocaust
Aftermath
Response
Prosecution
Italian war crimes
Japanese war crimes
Unit 731
Prosecution
Croatian war crimes
against the Serbs
against the Jews
Romanian war crimes
Wartime
sexual violence
German military brothels
Camp brothels
Rape during the occupation of Japan
Sook Ching
Comfort women
Rape of Nanking
Rape of Manila
Rape during the occupation of Germany
Rape during the liberation of France
Rape during the liberation of Poland
Prisoners
Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
German prisoners of war in the United States
Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Japanese prisoners of war in World War II
German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
Polish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
Bibliography
Category
Portal
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&oldid=838304065"
Categories:
Military history of Italy during World War II
1940s in Italy
Italy in World War II
Politics of World War II
Military history of Italy
20th century in Italy
Hidden categories:
CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
Use British English from July 2013
Use dmy dates from October 2012
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Беларуская
Español
فارسی
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Polski
Română
Русский
Svenska
Українська
5 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 26 April 2018, at 05:02.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

div
id class
mw-page-base noprint
html
local
div
id class
mw-head-base noprint
html
local
a
id
top
html
local
div
id class
siteNotice centralNotice mw-body-content
html
local
div
class
mw-indicators mw-body-content
html
local
h1
id class lang
firstHeading firstHeading en
html
local
div
id class
siteSub noprint
html
local
div
id
contentSub
html
local
a
href
#mw-head
html
local
a
href
#p-search
html
local
div
id class
jump-to-nav mw-jump
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Italienska_omr%C3%A5den_1939.PNG/300px-Italienska_omr%C3%A5den_1939.PNG 300 306 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Italienska_omr%C3%A5den_1939.PNG 1.5x 326 332
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Italienska_omr%C3%A5den_1939.PNG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Italienska_omr%C3%A5den_1939.PNG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Dodecanese_islands mw-redirect Dodecanese islands
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Concession_of_Tientsin mw-redirect Italian Concession of Tientsin
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:302px;
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:History_of_Italy Category:History of Italy
html
local
div
style
margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;
html
local
th
style
padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em
html
local
tr
html
local
span
class
fn org label
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italy History of Italy
html
local
th
class style
vcard navbox-title background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;
html
local
tr
html
local
img
alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Old map of Italian peninsula //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/150px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 150 205 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/225px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg/300px-1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg 2x 4584 6272
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:1839_Monin_Map_of_Ancienne_Italy_Atlas_Universel_de_G%C3%A9ographie_Ancienne_and_Moderne.jpg image Old map of Italian peninsula
html
local
td
style
padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_history Ancient history
html
local
a
class id href
NavToggle NavToggle1 #
html
local
div
class style
NavHead font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#eee
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy Prehistoric Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Etruscan_civilization Etruscan civilization
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Magna_Graecia Magna Graecia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Rome Ancient Rome
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Italy Roman Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class style
NavContent font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;
html
local
div
class style id
NavFrame collapsed border:none;padding:0 NavFrame1
html
local
td
style
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Middle_Ages Middle Ages
html
local
a
class id href
NavToggle NavToggle2 #
html
local
div
class style
NavHead font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#eee
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages Italy in the Middle Ages
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy Odoacer
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom Ostrogothic Kingdom
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom Vandal Kingdom
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards Kingdom of the Lombards
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
hlist
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Byzantine_Italy Byzantine Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire) Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy History of Islam in southern Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy Norman conquest of southern Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Maritime_Republics mw-redirect Maritime Republics
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_city-states Italian city-states
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines Guelphs and Ghibellines
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class style
NavContent font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;
html
local
div
class style id
NavFrame collapsed border:none;padding:0 NavFrame2
html
local
td
style
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Early_modern_period Early modern period
html
local
a
class id href
NavToggle NavToggle3 #
html
local
div
class style
NavHead font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#eee
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Renaissance Italian Renaissance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Wars Italian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italy_(1559%E2%80%931814) History of Italy (1559–1814)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_unification Italian unification
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class style
NavContent font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;
html
local
div
class style id
NavFrame collapsed border:none;padding:0 NavFrame3
html
local
td
style
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Modern_history Modern history
html
local
a
class id href
NavToggle NavToggle4 #
html
local
div
class style
NavHead font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#eee
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946) History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I Military history of Italy during World War I
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Fascism Italian Fascism
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Empire Italian Empire
html
local
li
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic History of the Italian Republic
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy) Years of Lead (Italy)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class style
NavContent font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;
html
local
div
class style id
NavFrame collapsed border:none;padding:0 NavFrame4
html
local
td
style
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em
html
local
tr
html
local
a
class id href
NavToggle NavToggle5 #
html
local
div
class style
NavHead font-size:105%;background:transparent;text-align:left;background:#eee
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy List of historic states of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship History of Italian citizenship
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy History of coins in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy Economic history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion History of Italian fashion
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy Genetic history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy Military history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy Music history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy Postage stamps and postal history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy History of rail transport in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
hlist
html
local
div
class style
NavContent font-size: 105%; padding: 0.2em 0px 0.4em; text-align: center; display: none;
html
local
div
class style id
NavFrame collapsed border:none;padding:0 NavFrame5
html
local
td
style
padding:0 0.1em 0.4em
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history Timeline of Italian history
html
local
br
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Flag of Italy.svg //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 16 11 noviewer //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x 1500 1000
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg image
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Italy Portal:Italy
html
local
td
style
padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
html
local
tr
html
local
abbr
title
View this template
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:History_of_Italy Template:History of Italy
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title
Discuss this template
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Italy Template talk:History of Italy
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title
Edit this template
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:History_of_Italy&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
td
style
text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
vertical-navbox vcard plainlist float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Second_World_War mw-redirect Second World War
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Empire Roman Empire
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mare_Nostrum Mare Nostrum
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Empire Italian Empire
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pacification_of_Libya Pacification of Libya
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Foreign_involvement_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War#Italy Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Francoist_Spain Francoist Spain
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia Independent State of Croatia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia Invasion of Yugoslavia
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Albania mw-redirect Italian occupation of Albania
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana Province of Ljubljana
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro Italian governorate of Montenegro
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greco-Italian_War Greco-Italian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Greece Battle of Greece
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica Italian occupation of Corsica
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Tunisians#Fascist_requests_after_1938 Italian Tunisians
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Case_Anton Case Anton
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Egypt Egypt
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala Battle of Gazala
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Greek_resistance mw-redirect Greek resistance
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans mw-redirect Yugoslav partisans
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean Battle of the Mediterranean
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_participation_in_the_Eastern_Front Italian participation in the Eastern Front
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/North_African_campaign mw-redirect North African campaign
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily Allied invasion of Sicily
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Benito_Mussolini Benito Mussolini
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III mw-redirect Victor Emmanuel III
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Civil_War Italian Civil War
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Operation_Asche&action=edit&redlink=1 new Operation Asche (page does not exist)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II) Italian Campaign (World War II)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army mw-redirect Italian Co-Belligerent Army
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-1 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement Italian resistance movement
html
local
p
html
local
p
html
local
h2
html
local
a
role tabindex class
button 0 togglelink
html
local
span
class
toctoggle
html
local
div
class dir xml:lang
toctitle ltr en
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Background
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Imperial_ambitions
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-2
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Industrial_strength
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-3
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Economy
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-4
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Military
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-5
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-1
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Outbreak_of_the_Second_World_War
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Decision_to_intervene
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-7
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-6
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Italy_enters_the_war:_June_1940
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Invasion_of_France
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-9
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-8
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#North_Africa
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Invasion_of_Egypt
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-11
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Afrika_Korps_intervention_and_final_defeat
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-12
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-10
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#East_Africa
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-13
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Balkans
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Invasion_of_Albania
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-15
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Invasion_of_Greece
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-16
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Invasion_of_Yugoslavia
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-17
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-14
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Mediterranean
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-18
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Eastern_Front
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-19
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Allied_Italian_Campaign_and_Italian_Civil_War
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Allied_invasion_of_Sicily,_Fall_of_Mussolini_and_Armistice
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-21
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Civil_War,_Allied_advance_and_Liberation
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-22
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-20
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Italy_and_Japan_after_the_surrender
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-23
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Casualties
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-24
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Aftermath
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-25
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Controversies_of_historiography
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-26
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#See_also
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-27
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Notes
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-28
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#References
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Historiography
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-30
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-29
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#External_links
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-31
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
toc toc
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Background
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1 Edit section: Background
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Imperial_ambitions
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2 Edit section: Imperial ambitions
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Imperial_Italy_(fascist) mw-redirect Imperial Italy (fascist)
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/220px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 220 202 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/330px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png/440px-Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png 2x 1090 1000
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Italy_aims_Europe_1936.png internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy Prime Minister of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Benito_Mussolini Benito Mussolini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Spazio_vitale Spazio vitale
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Human_overpopulation Human overpopulation
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170-2
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170_2-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar Strait of Gibraltar
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz Strait of Hormuz
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184_and_198-3
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184_and_198_3-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Rome Ancient Rome
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%9339) Albanian Kingdom (1928–39)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dalmatia Dalmatia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia Kingdom of Yugoslavia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greece Greece
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Client_state Client state
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic First Austrian Republic
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%9346) Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania Kingdom of Romania
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria Kingdom of Bulgaria
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467-4
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467_4-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean Atlantic Ocean
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Indian_Ocean Indian Ocean
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170-2
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170_2-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War Second Italo-Ethiopian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anglo-Egyptian_Sudan Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199770%E2%80%9371-5
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199770–71_5-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198-6
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198_6-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War Spanish Civil War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Francisco_Franco Francisco Franco
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199921%E2%80%9322-7
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199921–22_7-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50%E2%80%9351-8
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50–51_8-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/League_of_Nations League of Nations
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Adolf Hitler
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773%E2%80%9374,_154-9
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199773–74,_154_9-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenville2001211-10
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenville2001211_10-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin201122-11
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkin201122_11-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Munich_Agreement Munich Agreement
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/List_of_free_ports mw-redirect List of free ports
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Djibouti_(city) Djibouti (city)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Ethiopia Rail transport in Ethiopia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company Suez Canal Company
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Condominium_(international_law) Condominium (international law)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/French_Tunisia mw-redirect French Tunisia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182%E2%80%93183-12
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183_12-0 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Italy) mw-redirect Minister of Foreign Affairs (Italy)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano Galeazzo Ciano
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy) Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nice Nice
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Savoy Savoy
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005243-13
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2005243_13-0 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Fascist_Grand_Council mw-redirect Fascist Grand Council
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Ticino mw-redirect Ticino
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Switzerland Switzerland
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772-14
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772_14-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105%E2%80%9306-15
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06_15-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hossbach_Memorandum Hossbach Memorandum
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-17
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-17 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Malta_Colony mw-redirect Malta Colony
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/British_Cyprus_(1914%E2%80%931960) mw-redirect British Cyprus (1914–1960)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gibraltar Gibraltar
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199967-18
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel199967_18-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005244-19
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2005244_19-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt Kingdom of Egypt
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Suez_Canal Suez Canal
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Bizerta mw-redirect Bizerta
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772%E2%80%9373-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772–73_20-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996-21
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996_21-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105%E2%80%9306-15
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06_15-1 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_North_Africa mw-redirect Italian North Africa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_East_Africa Italian East Africa
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett20039-22
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett20039_22-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772-14
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772_14-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353-23
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353_23-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pact_of_Steel Pact of Steel
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291_24-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473-25
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473_25-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland Invasion of Poland
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997291-26
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1997291_26-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Industrial_strength
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3 Edit section: Industrial strength
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Benito_Mussolini Benito Mussolini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Carlo_Favagrossa Carlo Favagrossa
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-27
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-27 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Great_power Great power
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Europe Europe
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/France France
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Automobile mw-redirect Automobile
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mechanization Mechanization
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Developing_country Developing country
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hungary Hungary
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sweden Sweden
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-28
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-28 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Strategic_material Strategic material
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tonne Tonne
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-29
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-29 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-30
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-30 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-31
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-31 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Economy
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4 Edit section: Economy
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War) Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Francisco_Franco Francisco Franco
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War Spanish Civil War
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-32
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-32 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker1-33
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker1_33-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie Corpo Truppe Volontarie
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker1-33
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker1_33-1 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_lira Italian lira
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-34
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-34 reference
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg/220px-Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg 220 142 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg/330px-Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg/440px-Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg 2x 894 576
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Carbone_tedesco_per_il_Brennero.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Brenner_Pass Brenner Pass
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rotterdam Rotterdam
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178%E2%80%9380-35
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80_35-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Royal_Air_Force Royal Air Force
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Caproni Caproni
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Francis_Rodd,_2nd_Baron_Rennell Francis Rodd, 2nd Baron Rennell
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Percy_Loraine Percy Loraine
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158-36
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158_36-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178%E2%80%9380-35
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80_35-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158-36
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158_36-1 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet Mediterranean Fleet
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930-37
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930_37-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550-38
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550_38-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Military
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5 Edit section: Military
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Regio_Esercito mw-redirect Regio Esercito
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Artillery Artillery
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_I World War I
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica Regia Aeronautica
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_CR.42 Fiat CR.42
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Biplane Biplane
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Monoplane Monoplane
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-39
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-39 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Regia_Marina Regia Marina
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battleship Battleship
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aircraft_carrier Aircraft carrier
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bierman1-40
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bierman1_40-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-42
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-42 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-44
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-44 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-45
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-45 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sadko1-46
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sadko1_46-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-47
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-47 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-49
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-49 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-50
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-50 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-51
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-51 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-52
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-52 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Carro_Armato_P_40 Carro Armato P 40
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-53
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-53 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/M4_Sherman M4 Sherman
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Panzer_IV Panzer IV
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-57
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-57 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-sadko100-56
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-sadko100_56-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-58
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-58 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cannone_da_75/46_C.A._modello_34 Cannone da 75/46 C.A. modello 34
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cannone_da_75/32_modello_37 Cannone da 75/32 modello 37
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cannone_da_90/53 Cannone da 90/53
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/88_mm_gun mw-redirect 88 mm gun
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Cannone_da_47/32_M35 mw-redirect Cannone da 47/32 M35
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Breda_Model_35 Breda Model 35
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sadko1-46
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sadko1_46-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-59
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-59 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/AB_41 mw-redirect AB 41
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/SPA-Viberti_AS.42 SPA-Viberti AS.42
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-60
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-60 reference
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-61
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-61 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-62
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-62 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bierman1-40
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bierman1_40-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-64
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-64 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker250-63
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker250_63-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-65
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-65 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-66
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-66 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-67
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-67 reference
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker251-68
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker251_68-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker251-68
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker251_68-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-69
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-69 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Outbreak_of_the_Second_World_War
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6 Edit section: Outbreak of the Second World War
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II Military production during World War II
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nazi_Germany Nazi Germany
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland Invasion of Poland
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Axis_powers Axis powers
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Non-belligerent Non-belligerent
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Decision_to_intervene
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7 Edit section: Decision to intervene
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/United_Kingdom United Kingdom
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Middle_East_Command Middle East Command
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Archibald_Wavell,_1st_Earl_Wavell Archibald Wavell, 1st Earl Wavell
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-70
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-70 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-75
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-75 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-76
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-76 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Italy_enters_the_war:_June_1940
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8 Edit section: Italy enters the war: June 1940
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Fall_of_France mw-redirect Fall of France
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France Italian invasion of France
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Africa1940.png/220px-Africa1940.png 220 153 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Africa1940.png/330px-Africa1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Africa1940.png/440px-Africa1940.png 2x 4200 2916
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Africa1940.png image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Africa1940.png internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bordeaux Bordeaux
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_France Battle of France
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Paris Paris
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Open_city Open city
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio Pietro Badoglio
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-77
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-77 reference
html
local
p
html
local
blockquote
class
templatequote
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt Franklin D. Roosevelt
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-78
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-78 reference
html
local
p
html
local
blockquote
class
templatequote
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_African_Campaign North African Campaign
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean Battle of the Mediterranean
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Campagna_concentration_camp mw-redirect Campagna concentration camp
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Invasion_of_France
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9 Edit section: Invasion of France
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian-occupied_France mw-redirect Italian-occupied France
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/220px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 220 209 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/330px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg/440px-France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg.png 2x 1996 1894
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:France_map_Lambert-93_with_regions_and_departments-occupation.svg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Occupied_France mw-redirect Occupied France
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alpine_Line Alpine Line
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Frostbite Frostbite
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Britain Battle of Britain
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corpo_Aereo_Italiano Corpo Aereo Italiano
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/The_Blitz The Blitz
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vichy_France Vichy France
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Case_Anton Case Anton
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_River mw-redirect Rhône River
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/De_facto De facto
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/The_Holocaust The Holocaust
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/France France
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop Joachim von Ribbentrop
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-79
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_79-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Regia_Marina Regia Marina
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/BETASOM BETASOM
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/CA_class_midget_submarine mw-redirect CA class midget submarine
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_submarine_Leonardo_da_Vinci_(1939) Italian submarine Leonardo da Vinci (1939)
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline North_Africa
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10 Edit section: North Africa
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Invasion_of_Egypt
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11 Edit section: Invasion of Egypt
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt Italian invasion of Egypt
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_African_Campaign North African Campaign
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign Western Desert Campaign
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign mw-redirect Tunisia Campaign
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/220px-AfricaMap1.jpg 220 83 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/330px-AfricaMap1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/440px-AfricaMap1.jpg 2x 1202 451
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:AfricaMap1.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:AfricaMap1.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_Africa North Africa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/11th_Hussars 11th Hussars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo Fort Capuzzo
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Libya Italian Libya
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bardia Bardia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy) Tenth Army (Italy)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italo_Balbo Italo Balbo
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_Governors-General_of_Italian_Libya List of Governors-General of Italian Libya
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Friendly_fire Friendly fire
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tobruk Tobruk
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani Rodolfo Graziani
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Egypt Egypt
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sidi_Barrani Sidi Barrani
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-80
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-80 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tunisia Tunisia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-82
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-82 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ammunition Ammunition
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gasoline Gasoline
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer25-83
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer25_83-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Royal_Navy Royal Navy
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer25-83
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer25_83-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer25-83
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer25_83-2 reference
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg/170px-Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg 170 246 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg/255px-Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg/340px-Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_%28Retouched%29.jpg 2x 553 800
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_(Retouched).jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Rodolfo_Graziani_1940_(Retouched).jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani Rodolfo Graziani
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:172px;
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-84
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-84 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Second_Italo-Abyssinian_War mw-redirect Second Italo-Abyssinian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italo_Balbo Italo Balbo
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer25-83
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer25_83-3 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer26-81
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer26_81-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-85
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-85 reference
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Afrika_Korps_intervention_and_final_defeat
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12 Edit section: Afrika Korps intervention and final defeat
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume Operation Sonnenblume
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32%2C_Tripolis%2C_Ankunft_DAK%2C_Rommel.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32%2C_Tripolis%2C_Ankunft_DAK%2C_Rommel.jpg 220 151 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32%2C_Tripolis%2C_Ankunft_DAK%2C_Rommel.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32%2C_Tripolis%2C_Ankunft_DAK%2C_Rommel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32%2C_Tripolis%2C_Ankunft_DAK%2C_Rommel.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32%2C_Tripolis%2C_Ankunft_DAK%2C_Rommel.jpg 2x 800 550
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32,_Tripolis,_Ankunft_DAK,_Rommel.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-424-0258-32,_Tripolis,_Ankunft_DAK,_Rommel.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italo_Gariboldi Italo Gariboldi
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tripoli Tripoli
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Compass Operation Compass
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Tenth_Army_(Italian)&action=edit&redlink=1 new Tenth Army (Italian) (page does not exist)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor Richard O'Connor
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/El_Agheila El Agheila
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-86
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-86 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Afrika_Korps Afrika Korps
html
local
i
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/102_Motorised_Division_Trento mw-redirect 102 Motorised Division Trento
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/132_Armoured_Division_Ariete mw-redirect 132 Armoured Division Ariete
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-87
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-87 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-88
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-88 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Erwin_Rommel Erwin Rommel
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk Siege of Tobruk
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Crusader Operation Crusader
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gazala Gazala
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala Battle of Gazala
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein First Battle of El Alamein
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Claude_Auchinleck Claude Auchinleck
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa Battle of Alam el Halfa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom) Eighth Army (United Kingdom)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery Bernard Montgomery
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Alamein mw-redirect Second Battle of Alamein
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/German-Italian_Panzer_Army mw-redirect German-Italian Panzer Army
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Morocco Morocco
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Algeria Algeria
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign mw-redirect Tunisia Campaign
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_First_Army mw-redirect Italian First Army
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Giovanni_Messe Giovanni Messe
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kasserine_Pass mw-redirect Battle of the Kasserine Pass
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/18th_Army_Group 18th Army Group
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Harold_Alexander mw-redirect Harold Alexander
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline East_Africa
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13 Edit section: East Africa
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II) East African Campaign (World War II)
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg/170px-Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg 170 245 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg/255px-Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg/340px-Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg 2x 617 889
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Cartolina_Ritorneremo.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:172px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/East_Africa East Africa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ethiopia Ethiopia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Somaliland Italian Somaliland
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Eritrea Eritrea
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_East_Africa Italian East Africa
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sudan Sudan
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kenya Kenya
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/British_Somaliland British Somaliland
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aden Aden
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland Italian conquest of British Somaliland
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Squadron_(naval) Squadron (naval)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Red_Sea_Flotilla Red Sea Flotilla
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Destroyer Destroyer
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Submarine Submarine
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Massawa Massawa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Red_Sea Red Sea
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg/220px-Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg 220 147 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg/330px-Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg/440px-Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg 2x 1024 682
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Keren_Battlefield_008.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Indian_4th_Infantry_Division mw-redirect Indian 4th Infantry Division
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Indian_5th_Infantry_Division mw-redirect Indian 5th Infantry Division
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/South_African_1st_Division mw-redirect South African 1st Division
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/1st_(African)_Division_(United_Kingdom) mw-redirect 1st (African) Division (United Kingdom)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/2nd_(African)_Division_(United_Kingdom) mw-redirect 2nd (African) Division (United Kingdom)
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Keren Battle of Keren
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Asmara Asmara
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Addis_Ababa Addis Ababa
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Amedeo,_3rd_Duke_of_Aosta mw-redirect Amedeo, 3rd Duke of Aosta
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gondar Gondar
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope Cape of Good Hope
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Amedeo_Guillet Amedeo Guillet
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Balkans
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14 Edit section: Balkans
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania Italian invasion of Albania
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greco-Italian_War Greco-Italian War
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Albania mw-redirect Italian occupation of Albania
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Axis_Occupation_of_Greece mw-redirect Axis Occupation of Greece
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia Invasion of Yugoslavia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia World War II in Yugoslavia
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Invasion_of_Albania
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15 Edit section: Invasion of Albania
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Adolf_Hitler Adolf Hitler
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania Italian invasion of Albania
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Collective_security Collective security
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/League_of_Nations League of Nations
html
local
i
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Invasion_of_Greece
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16 Edit section: Invasion of Greece
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greco-Italian_War Greco-Italian War
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg) mw-redirect Kingdom of Greece (Glücksburg)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Albania_under_Italy mw-redirect Albania under Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania Kingdom of Romania
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mario_Roatta Mario Roatta
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer99-89
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer99_89-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer99-89
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer99_89-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bulgaria Bulgaria
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alexandros_Papagos Alexandros Papagos
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-92
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-92 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alpini Alpini
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-93
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-93 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-94
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-94 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-95
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-95 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-96
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-96 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Invasion_of_Yugoslavia
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17 Edit section: Invasion of Yugoslavia
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009%2C_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009%2C_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg 220 133 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009%2C_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009%2C_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009%2C_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009%2C_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg 2x 800 485
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009,_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F016230-0009,_Bersaglieri_in_Jugoslawien.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bersaglieri Bersaglieri
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia Invasion of Yugoslavia
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Operation_Marita mw-redirect Operation Marita
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Athens Athens
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Mare_Nostrum mw-redirect Italian Mare Nostrum
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prince_Aimone,_Duke_of_Aosta Prince Aimone, Duke of Aosta
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87 Ante Pavelić
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Eleventh_Army_(Italy) Eleventh Army (Italy)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece_during_World_War_II mw-redirect Axis occupation of Greece during World War II
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Yugoslavia mw-redirect Italian occupation of Yugoslavia
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_governorate_of_Montenegro Italian governorate of Montenegro
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dalmatia Dalmatia
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Governorship_of_Dalmatia mw-redirect Governorship of Dalmatia
html
local
i
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-79
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_79-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Mediterranean
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18 Edit section: Mediterranean
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean Battle of the Mediterranean
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg/220px-Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg 220 171 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg/330px-Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg/440px-Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg 2x 774 600
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Veneto_guns_at_Gaudos.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Veneto Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan Battle of Cape Matapan
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea Mediterranean Sea
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Convoy Convoy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fleet_in_being Fleet in being
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Squadron_(aviation) Squadron (aviation)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish Fairey Swordfish
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto Battle of Taranto
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battleship Battleship
html
local
p
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Frogmen mw-redirect Frogmen
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Manned_torpedo mw-redirect Manned torpedo
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Tenth_Light_Flotilla mw-redirect Tenth Light Flotilla
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Decima_Flottiglia_MAS Decima Flottiglia MAS
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913) HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1914) HMS Valiant (1914)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alexandria Alexandria
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Long_ton Long ton
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tonne Tonne
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Pedestal Operation Pedestal
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Torch Operation Torch
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Axis_powers_of_World_War_II mw-redirect Axis powers of World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Eastern_Front
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19 Edit section: Eastern Front
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg 220 147 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180%2C_Russland%2C_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg 2x 800 533
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180,_Russland,_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B27180,_Russland,_italienische_Soldaten_mit_Mauleseln.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_participation_in_the_Eastern_Front Italian participation in the Eastern Front
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Expeditionary_Corps_in_Russia Italian Expeditionary Corps in Russia
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II) Eastern Front (World War II)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_Union Soviet Union
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Army_in_Russia Italian Army in Russia
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Soviets mw-redirect Soviets
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Allied_Italian_Campaign_and_Italian_Civil_War
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20 Edit section: Allied Italian Campaign and Italian Civil War
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II) Italian Campaign (World War II)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Civil_War Italian Civil War
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
span
id
Allied_invasion_of_Sicily.2C_Fall_of_Mussolini_and_Armistice
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Allied_invasion_of_Sicily,_Fall_of_Mussolini_and_Armistice
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21 Edit section: Allied invasion of Sicily, Fall of Mussolini and Armistice
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/25_Luglio mw-redirect 25 Luglio
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI%28L%29196.jpg/220px-Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI%28L%29196.jpg 220 161 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI%28L%29196.jpg/330px-Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI%28L%29196.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI%28L%29196.jpg/440px-Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI%28L%29196.jpg 2x 710 518
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI(L)196.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Landing_Craft_Infantry-LCI(L)196.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily Allied invasion of Sicily
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II Bombing of Rome in World War II
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-97
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-97 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism Grand Council of Fascism
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/25_Luglio mw-redirect 25 Luglio
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-98
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-98 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy mw-redirect Armistice with Italy
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Baytown Operation Baytown
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Salerno Salerno
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy Allied invasion of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Taranto Taranto
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Slapstick Operation Slapstick
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16%2C_Italien%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29_in_Stadt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16%2C_Italien%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29_in_Stadt.jpg 220 136 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16%2C_Italien%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29_in_Stadt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16%2C_Italien%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29_in_Stadt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16%2C_Italien%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29_in_Stadt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16%2C_Italien%2C_Panzer_V_%28Panther%29_in_Stadt.jpg 2x 759 470
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16,_Italien,_Panzer_V_(Panther)_in_Stadt.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-310-0884-16,_Italien,_Panzer_V_(Panther)_in_Stadt.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-99
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-99 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Achse Operation Achse
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Apulia Apulia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Calabria Calabria
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rome Rome
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/21_Infantry_Division_Granatieri_di_Sardegna mw-redirect 21 Infantry Division Granatieri di Sardegna
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-100
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-100 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fritz_X Fritz X
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940) Italian battleship Roma (1940)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-101
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-101 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Supermarina Supermarina
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-102
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-102 reference
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 220 138 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32%2C_Korfu%2C_italienische_Soldaten.jpg 2x 800 500
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32,_Korfu,_italienische_Soldaten.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-177-1459-32,_Korfu,_italienische_Soldaten.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Cephallonia mw-redirect Cephallonia
html
local
i
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_33_Infantry_Division_Acqui mw-redirect Italian 33 Infantry Division Acqui
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Massacre_of_the_Acqui_Division Massacre of the Acqui Division
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht War crimes of the Wehrmacht
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_military_internees Italian military internees
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans Yugoslav Partisans
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greek_Resistance Greek Resistance
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-103
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-103 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-104
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-104 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy#Jews_during_the_Fascist_era History of the Jews in Italy
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Death_camps mw-redirect Death camps
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campagna Campagna
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Aldo_Brunacci&action=edit&redlink=1 new Aldo Brunacci (page does not exist)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Assisi Assisi
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Giuseppe_Nicolini_(bishop) mw-redirect Giuseppe Nicolini (bishop)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Genoa Genoa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Florence Florence
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Auschwitz mw-redirect Auschwitz
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Holocaust mw-redirect Holocaust
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-79
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_79-2 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
id
Civil_War.2C_Allied_advance_and_Liberation
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Civil_War,_Allied_advance_and_Liberation
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22 Edit section: Civil War, Allied advance and Liberation
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
img
alt src width height class data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/a/ad/Germaniamica.jpg 157 231 thumbimage 157 231
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Germaniamica.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Germaniamica.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:159px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement Italian resistance movement
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gran_Sasso_raid Gran Sasso raid
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani Rodolfo Graziani
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Four_days_of_Naples Four days of Naples
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Army mw-redirect Italian Co-Belligerent Army
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Navy mw-redirect Italian Co-Belligerent Navy
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Air_Force mw-redirect Italian Co-Belligerent Air Force
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/National_Republican_Army National Republican Army
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement Italian resistance movement
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare Guerrilla warfare
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07%2C_Gran_Sasso%2C_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07%2C_Gran_Sasso%2C_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg 220 140 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07%2C_Gran_Sasso%2C_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07%2C_Gran_Sasso%2C_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07%2C_Gran_Sasso%2C_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07%2C_Gran_Sasso%2C_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg 2x 784 500
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07,_Gran_Sasso,_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-567-1503A-07,_Gran_Sasso,_Mussolini_mit_deutschen_Fallschirmj%C3%A4gern.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campo_Imperatore Campo Imperatore
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M24_Italy.jpg/220px-M24_Italy.jpg 220 143 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M24_Italy.jpg/330px-M24_Italy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/M24_Italy.jpg/440px-M24_Italy.jpg 2x 788 511
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:M24_Italy.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:M24_Italy.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bologna Bologna
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Winston_Churchill Winston Churchill
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gallipoli_Campaign Gallipoli Campaign
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-105
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-105 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-106
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-106 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-107
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-107 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Mechanized_force mw-redirect Mechanized force
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gothic_Line Gothic Line
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Italy_and_Japan_after_the_surrender
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23 Edit section: Italy and Japan after the surrender
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
i
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Kempeitai mw-redirect Kempeitai
html
local
i
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tientsin Italian concession of Tientsin
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China mw-redirect Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_submarine_Comandante_Cappellini Italian submarine Comandante Cappellini
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli Italian submarine Luigi Torelli
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Singapore Singapore
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kriegsmarine Kriegsmarine
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/U-boat U-boat
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/HMS_Tally-Ho_(P317) HMS Tally-Ho (P317)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Navy mw-redirect Japanese Imperial Navy
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alberto_Tarchiani Alberto Tarchiani
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-108
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-108 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/San_Francisco_Peace_Conference mw-redirect San Francisco Peace Conference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Co-belligerence Co-belligerence
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles John Foster Dulles
html
local
p
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Casualties
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24 Edit section: Casualties
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg 220 153 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004%2C_Italien%2C_Monte_Cassino.jpg 2x 800 556
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004,_Italien,_Monte_Cassino.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0004,_Italien,_Monte_Cassino.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino Battle of Monte Cassino
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg/170px-Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg 170 241 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg/255px-Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg/340px-Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg 2x 576 818
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Here_are_the_the_liberators-Italian_WWII_Poster_-_Statue_of_Liberty.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:172px;
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement Italian resistance movement
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-109
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-109 reference
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Chaplains mw-redirect Chaplains
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Fascist mw-redirect Fascist
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Paramilitary Paramilitary
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Yugoslavia Yugoslavia
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Prisoner-of-war mw-redirect Prisoner-of-war
html
local
p
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.campagnadirussia.info/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/I_caduti_del_fronte_orientale.pdf
html
local
p
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-110
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-110 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-111
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-111 reference
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II) East African Campaign (World War II)
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-112
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-112 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Libya Italian Libya
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-113
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-113 reference
html
local
br
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-RJR_DNGaMM-114
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-RJR_DNGaMM_114-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-115
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-115 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Donald_Kendrick_p._184-116
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Donald_Kendrick_p._184_116-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/The_Holocaust The Holocaust
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-MG_AotH_244-117
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-MG_AotH_244_117-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Palmieri_39-118
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Palmieri_39_118-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Palmieri_39-118
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Palmieri_39_118-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Aftermath
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25 Edit section: Aftermath
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Empire Italian Empire
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947 Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ethiopia Ethiopia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-119
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-119 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946 mw-redirect Italian constitutional referendum, 1946
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy Kingdom of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/War_crime War crime
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Summary_execution Summary execution
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini Death of Benito Mussolini
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Controversies_of_historiography
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26 Edit section: Controversies of historiography
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Compass Operation Compass
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-120
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-120 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-121
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-121 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-122
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-122 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Erwin_Rommel Erwin Rommel
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-123
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-123 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-124
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-124 reference
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-125
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-125 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-128
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-128 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-129
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-129 reference
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/11th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade 11th Indian Infantry Brigade
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-130
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-130 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-131
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-131 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-132
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-132 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-133
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-133 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign Tunisian Campaign
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Harold_Alexander,_1st_Earl_Alexander_of_Tunis Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-134
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-134 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-139
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-139 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-140
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-140 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-142
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-142 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan Battle of Cape Matapan
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-143
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-143 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-144
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-144 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-145
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-145 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999181-146
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine1999181_146-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-147
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-147 reference
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-148
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-148 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-149
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-149 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-150
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-150 reference
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-152
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-152 reference
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker199-153
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker199_153-0 reference
html
local
cite
html
local
div
class
templatequotecite
html
local
blockquote
class
templatequote
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bierman1-40
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bierman1_40-2 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-154
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-154 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-155
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-155 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-156
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-156 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-157
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-157 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-158
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-158 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline See_also
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27 Edit section: See also
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
flag //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 32 21 noviewer thumbborder //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x 1500 1000
html
local
span
style
display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Italy Portal:Italy
html
local
span
style
display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle
html
local
li
style
display:table-row
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/32px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 32 27 noviewer thumbborder //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/48px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg/64px-Heinkel_He_111_during_the_Battle_of_Britain.jpg 2x 800 676
html
local
span
style
display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:World_War_II Portal:World War II
html
local
span
style
display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle
html
local
li
style
display:table-row
html
local
ul
style
display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:#f9f9f9;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold
html
local
div
role aria-label class style
navigation Portals noprint portal plainlist tright margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Black_Brigades Black Brigades
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_Army_equipment_in_World_War_II mw-redirect Italian Army equipment in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II) Italian Campaign (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_war_crimes Italian war crimes
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_Battles mw-redirect List of World War II Battles
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Blackshirts Blackshirts
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_African_Campaign_timeline North African Campaign timeline
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947 Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947 Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Notes
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28 Edit section: Notes
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
b
html
local
p
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-42
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_CR.32 Fiat CR.32
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-41
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-41 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-42
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-44
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_M13/40 Fiat M13/40
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Carro_Armato_P_40 Carro Armato P 40
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_L6/40 Fiat L6/40
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-43
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-43 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-44
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-49
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Aquila Italian aircraft carrier Aquila
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2001 Reggiane Re.2001
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer_2000,_p.146-48
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer_2000,_p.146_48-0 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-49
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-50
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_G.55 Fiat G.55
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Macchi_C.205 Macchi C.205
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Reggiane_Re.2005 Reggiane Re.2005
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Daimler-Benz_DB_605 Daimler-Benz DB 605
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer_2000,_p.146-48
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer_2000,_p.146_48-1 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-50
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-52
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Fiat_G55 mw-redirect Fiat G55
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring Hermann Göring
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Macchi_C.205 Macchi C.205
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-52
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-57
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_M13/40 Fiat M13/40
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fiat_M14/41 Fiat M14/41
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-54
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-54 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-55
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-55 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-sadko100-56
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-sadko100_56-0 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-57
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-64
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Walker250-63
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Walker250_63-0 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-64
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-75
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-71
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-71 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-72
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-72 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-O'Hara_2009_p.3-73
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-O'Hara_2009_p.3_73-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-74
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-74 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-O'Hara_2009_p.3-73
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-O'Hara_2009_p.3_73-1 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-75
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-82
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bauer26-81
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bauer26_81-0 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-82
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-92
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-90
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-90 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-91
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-91 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-92
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-128
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-126
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-126 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-127
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-127 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-128
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-139
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein First Battle of El Alamein
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-135
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-135 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-136
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-136 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-137
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-137 reference
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-138
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-138 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-139
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-142
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-141
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-141 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-142
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-152
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-151
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-151 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-152
html
local
ol
class
references
html
local
div
class style
reflist mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns list-style-type: decimal;
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-17
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel Paolo Thaon di Revel
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox20008-16
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox20008_16-0 reference
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-17
html
local
ol
class
references
html
local
div
class style
reflist mw-references-wrap list-style-type: lower-alpha;
html
local
b
html
local
p
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-1
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-1
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170_2-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170_2-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMack_Smith1982
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack_Smith1982170-2
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184_and_198_3-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMartel1999
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999184_and_198-3
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467_4-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBideleuxJeffries1998
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBideleuxJeffries1998467-4
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199770%E2%80%9371_5-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBell1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199770–71-5
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198_6-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMartel1999
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel1999198-6
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199921%E2%80%9322_7-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFPreston1999
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199921–22-7
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50%E2%80%9351_8-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFPreston1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreston199622,_50–51-8
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199773%E2%80%9374,_154_9-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBell1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773–74,_154-9
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrenville2001211_10-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFGrenville2001
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrenville2001211-10
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkin201122_11-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFAtkin2011
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkin201122-11
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182%E2%80%93183_12-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBurgwyn1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurgwyn1997182–183-12
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2005243_13-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFClark2005
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005243-13
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772_14-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772_14-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBell1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772-14
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105%E2%80%9306_15-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105%E2%80%9306_15-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFSalerno2002
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTESalerno2002105–06-15
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnox20008_16-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFKnox2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnox20008-16
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartel199967_18-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMartel1999
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartel199967-18
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClark2005244_19-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFClark2005
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEClark2005244-19
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199772%E2%80%9373_20-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBell1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199772–73-20
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996_21-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFHarvey2009
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200996-21
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett20039_22-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMallett2003
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett20039-22
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353_23-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFZabecki1999
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEZabecki19991353-23
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291_24-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBell1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199773,_291-24
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473_25-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWeinberg1994
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinberg199473-25
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell1997291_26-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBell1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell1997291-26
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-27
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-27
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-28
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-28
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-29
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-29
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-30
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-30
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-31
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-31
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-32
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-32
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker1_33-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker1_33-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Walker1-33
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-34
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-34
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178%E2%80%9380_35-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178%E2%80%9380_35-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFCliadakis1974
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTECliadakis1974178–80-35
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158_36-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158_36-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMallett1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEMallett1997158-36
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930_37-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFSadkovich1989
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTESadkovich198930-37
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550_38-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFJensen1968
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1968550-38
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-39
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-39
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bierman1_40-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bierman1_40-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bierman1_40-2
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bierman1-40
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-41
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-41
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-43
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-43
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-45
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-45
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sadko1_46-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sadko1_46-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Sadko1-46
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-47
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-47
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer_2000,_p.146_48-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer_2000,_p.146_48-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bauer_2000,_p.146-48
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-51
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-51
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-53
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-53
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-54
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-54
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-55
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-55
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-sadko100_56-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-sadko100_56-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-sadko100-56
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-58
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-58
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-59
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-59
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-60
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://comandosupremo.com/autoblinda.html
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Commando+Supremo%3A+Italy+at+War+website&rft.atitle=Autoblinda&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomandosupremo.com%2Fautoblinda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-60
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-61
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-61
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-62
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=DfxgcgmjHiQC&pg=PA140&lpg=PA140&dq=eight+million+bayonets&source=bl&ots=Uos-2vI9zQ&sig=wpvYEVfTD55PMjEuTlPgMrHH_y0&hl=en&ei=sCwkSrOnOZWsjAeh0MHUBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24989-9 Special:BookSources/0-415-24989-9
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-62
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker250_63-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker250_63-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Walker250-63
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-65
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-65
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-66
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-66
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-67
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-67
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker251_68-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker251_68-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Walker251-68
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-69
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-69
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-70
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4090-9 Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4090-9
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4090-9&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-70
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-71
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-71
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-72
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-72
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-O'Hara_2009_p.3_73-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-O'Hara_2009_p.3_73-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-O'Hara_2009_p.3-73
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-74
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-74
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-76
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-76
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-77
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Italia+nella+seconda+guerra+mondiale&rft.place=Milan&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Mondadori&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Badoglio&rft.aufirst=Pietro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-77
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-78
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.archives.gov/research/ww2/sound-recordings.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Voices+of+World+War+II%2C+1937%E2%80%931945&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fww2%2Fsound-recordings.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-78
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_79-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_79-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary.org_79-2
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/italytime.html
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary.org-79
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-80
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-80
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer26_81-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer26_81-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bauer26-81
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer25_83-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer25_83-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer25_83-2
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer25_83-3
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bauer25-83
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-84
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=vrVJAToL35QC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=&f=false
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-865-8 Special:BookSources/1-85532-865-8
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Army+1940%E2%80%931945%3A+Africa+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.series=Men-at-Arms&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85532-865-8&rft.aulast=Jowett&rft.aufirst=Philip+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvrVJAToL35QC%26pg%3DPA11%23v%3Donepage%26q%3D%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-84
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-85
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number International Standard Serial Number
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.worldcat.org/issn/0968-3445
html
local
cite
class
citation journal
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+in+History&rft.atitle=Some+Reflections+on+the+Fighting+Power+of+the+Italian+Army+in+North+Africa%2C+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.date=2015-03&rft.issn=0968-3445&rft.aulast=Carrier&rft.aufirst=Dr+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-85
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-86
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBauer2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-86
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-87
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWilmott1944
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-87
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-88
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBauer2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-88
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer99_89-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bauer99_89-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBauer2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bauer99-89
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-90
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-90
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-91
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-91
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-93
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-93
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-94
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-94
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-95
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-95
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-96
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-96
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-97
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFQuartermaine2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-97
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-98
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFQuartermaine2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-98
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-99
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFQuartermaine2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-99
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-100
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-100
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-101
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-101
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-102
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-102
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-103
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0195-1 Special:BookSources/0-7391-0195-1
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-103
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-104
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7391-0195-1 Special:BookSources/0-7391-0195-1
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-104
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-105
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/t-z/warlords1church.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Channel+4+%E2%80%93+History+%E2%80%93+Warlords%3A+Churchill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channel4.com%2Fhistory%2Fmicrosites%2FH%2Fhistory%2Ft-z%2Fwarlords1church.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-105
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-106
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://web.archive.org/web/20161109232241/http://eyewitnesstohistory.com/gallipoli.htm
html
local
i
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EyeWitness+to+History%2C+www.eyewitnesstohistory.com&rft.atitle=Battle+At+Gallipoli%2C+1915&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Fgallipoli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
html
local
span
class style
citation-comment display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-106
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-107
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://web.archive.org/web/20081221214657/http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/sicily.htm
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/sicily.htm
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sicily+July+10+%E2%80%93+August+17%2C+1943+%E2%80%93+World+War+II+Multimedia+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwar2database.com%2Fhtml%2Fsicily.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-107
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-108
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://worldatwar.net/timeline/other/diplomacy39-45.html
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+at+War+worldatwar.net&rft.atitle=Chronology+of+World+War+II+Diplomacy+1939+%E2%80%93+1945&rft.aulast=Doody&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldatwar.net%2Ftimeline%2Fother%2Fdiplomacy39-45.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-108
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-109
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-109
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-110
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-110
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-111
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel href class
nofollow http://www.demographic-research.org/ external text
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+effects+of+war+losses+on+mortality+estimates+for+Italy+A+first+attempt+Demographic+Research+Vol+13%2C+No.+15&rft.pub=Demographic-research.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographic-research.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-111
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-112
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-14217-5 Special:BookSources/0-226-14217-5
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-112
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-113
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1 Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-113
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-RJR_DNGaMM_114-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-RJR_DNGaMM-114
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-115
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1 Special:BookSources/5-93165-107-1
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-115
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Donald_Kendrick_p._184_116-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-01611-1 Special:BookSources/0-465-01611-1
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Donald_Kendrick_p._184-116
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-MG_AotH_244_117-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Martin_Gilbert Martin Gilbert
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-12364-3 Special:BookSources/0-688-12364-3
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-MG_AotH_244-117
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Palmieri_39_118-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Palmieri_39_118-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.anrp.it/edizioni/porte_memoria/2008_01/pag_35_palmieri_avagliano.pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Breve+storia+dell%27internamento+militare+italiano+in+Germania+Dati%2C+fatti+e+considerazioni&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Associazione+Nazionale+Reduci+dalla+Prigionia%2C+dall%27Internamento%2C+dalla+Guerra+di+Liberazione+e+loro+Familiari+%28A.N.R.P.%29&rft.aulast=Palmieri&rft.aufirst=Marco&rft.au=Avagliano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anrp.it%2Fedizioni%2Fporte_memoria%2F2008_01%2Fpag_35_palmieri_avagliano.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Palmieri_39-118
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-119
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article42780410
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Cairns_Post mw-redirect Cairns Post
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation news
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cairns+Post&rft.atitle=ITALIAN+PAYMENT+TO+GREECE&rft.issue=15%2C963&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1953-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article42780410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-119
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-120
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-120
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-121
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-121
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-122
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-122
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-123
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-123
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-124
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-124
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-125
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-125
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-126
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-126
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-127
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-127
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-129
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313293252 Special:BookSources/9780313293252
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%2C+Africa%2C+and+the+Americas%2C+with+general+sources+%3A+a+handbook+of+literature+and+research&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn.+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=142&rft.edition=1.+publ.&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780313293252&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=ed.+by+Loyd+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
html
local
span
class style
citation-comment display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-129
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-130
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-130
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-131
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFSadkovich1991
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-131
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-132
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWalker2003
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-132
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-133
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-133
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-134
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBauer2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-134
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-135
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-135
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-136
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-136
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-137
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.ardito2000.it/ELALAMEIN2.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Alamein+2&rft.pub=Ardito2000+website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ardito2000.it%2FELALAMEIN2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-137
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-138
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-138
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-140
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWalker2003
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-140
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-141
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-141
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-143
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-143
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-144
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-144
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-145
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-145
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine1999181_146-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLevine1999
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1999181-146
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-147
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=14xdPatYFf8C&pg=PT138
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781597977968 Special:BookSources/9781597977968
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Axis+Victories+to+the+Turn+of+the+Tide%3A+World+War+II%2C+1939%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=127%2C+129%2C+138%2C+139&rft.pub=Potomac+Books%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781597977968&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D14xdPatYFf8C%26pg%3DPT138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-147
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-148
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=bflmAAAAMAAJ
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275965211 Special:BookSources/9780275965211
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Against+Rommel%27s+Supply+Lines%2C+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780275965211&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Alan+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbflmAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-148
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-149
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-149
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-150
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-150
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-151
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-151
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Walker199_153-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWalker2003
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Walker199-153
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-154
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFJoseph2009
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-154
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-155
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-155
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-156
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=fkRGUVbey_wC&pg=PR10
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Italian+Allies%3A+Royal+Armed+Forces%2C+Fascist+Regime%2C+and+the+War+of+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2000&rft.au=MacGregor+Knox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfkRGUVbey_wC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-156
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-157
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.jstor.org/stable/260699
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-157
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-158
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=2XfzAAAAMAAJ
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+German+Military+Studies&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Donald+S.+Detwiler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2XfzAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al. Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
html
local
span
class style
citation-comment display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-158
html
local
ol
class
references
html
local
div
class style
reflist columns references-column-width -moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29 Edit section: References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-552-3 Special:BookSources/1-85605-552-3
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Orbis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85605-552-3&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Eddy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7538-2165-6 Special:BookSources/0-7538-2165-6
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+Spain%3A+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936%E2%80%931939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7538-2165-6&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7607-1022-8 Special:BookSources/0-7607-1022-8
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia%3A+Weapons+of+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble+Inc&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7607-1022-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84013-420-8 Special:BookSources/1-84013-420-8
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Campaigns+of+World+War+II&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Grange+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84013-420-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200394-7 Special:BookSources/978-0-14-200394-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+without+Hate%3A+The+Desert+Campaign+of+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-200394-7&rft.aulast=Bierman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Smith%2C+Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-98048-X Special:BookSources/0-471-98048-X
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Debt%3A+The+Rise+of+an+Epic+Financial+Crisis&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-471-98048-X&rft.aulast=Bonner&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Wiggin%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/OCLC OCLC
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.worldcat.org/oclc/2188258
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alamein+1933%E2%80%931962%3A+An+Italian+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2188258&rft.aulast=Caccia+Dominioni+de+Sillavengo&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-65921-X Special:BookSources/0-674-65921-X
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+Among+Primates&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-674-65921-X&rft.aulast=De+Waal&rft.aufirst=Franz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-705-4 Special:BookSources/1-85605-705-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Aircraft&rft.place=Enderby%2C+Leicester&rft.pub=Silverdale+Books%3B+Aerospace+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-85605-705-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58663-342-2 Special:BookSources/1-58663-342-2
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Century+of+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Friedman%2FFairfax&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-58663-342-2&rft.aulast=Garibaldi&rft.aufirst=Luciano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86105-829-2 Special:BookSources/1-86105-829-2
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chianti+Raiders%3A+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+Italian+Air+Force+in+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-86105-829-2&rft.aulast=Haining&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trial+of+the+Fox%3A+The+Search+for+the+True+Field+Marshal+Rommel&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78222-8 Special:BookSources/0-521-78222-8
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+the+Enemy%3A+Australian+Soldiers+and+their+Adversaries+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-78222-8&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie Compton Mackenzie
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/OCLC OCLC
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.worldcat.org/oclc/1412578
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Epic%3A+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1943+Defence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1412578&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Compton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tank+Warfare%3A+A+History+of+Tanks+in+Battle&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Macksey&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operations+in+North+African+Wars+1942+%E2%80%93+June+1943&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934840-91-7 Special:BookSources/978-1-934840-91-7
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Navy%3A+The+Regina+Marina+and+the+Armistice+of+8+September+1943&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Nimble+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-934840-91-7&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rft.au=Cernuschi%2C+Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-102-6 Special:BookSources/978-1-84486-102-6
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Middle+Sea%3A+The+Great+Navies+at+War+in+the+Mediterranean+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84486-102-6&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://net.lib.byu.edu/~rdh7/wwi/comment/Italy/PageTC.htm#TC
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+and+the+World+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Scribner%27s&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Nelson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnet.lib.byu.edu%2F~rdh7%2Fwwi%2Fcomment%2FItaly%2FPageTC.htm%23TC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-902454-08-1 Special:BookSources/1-902454-08-1
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mussolini%27s+Last+Republic%3A+Propaganda+and+Politics+in+the+Italian+Social+Republic+%28R.S.I.%29+1943%E2%80%9345&rft.series=Elm+Bank+modern+language+studies&rft.pub=Intellect+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-902454-08-1&rft.aulast=Quartermaine&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57958-312-1 Special:BookSources/1-57958-312-1
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wehrmacht%3A+The+German+Army+of+World+War+II%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-57958-312-1&rft.aulast=Ripley&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gunther_E._Rothenberg Gunther E. Rothenberg
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20260-4 Special:BookSources/0-253-20260-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Napoleon&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-253-20260-4&rft.aulast=Rothenberg&rft.aufirst=Gunther+Erich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/JSTOR JSTOR
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.jstor.org/stable/260641
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Digital_object_identifier Digital object identifier
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1991.9640582
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/JSTOR JSTOR
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.jstor.org/stable/40106368
html
local
cite
class
citation journal
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+History+Review&rft.atitle=Of+Myths+and+Men%3A+Rommel+and+the+Italians+in+North+Africa&rft.volume=XIII&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=284-313&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1991.9640582&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40106368&rft.aulast=Sadkovich&rft.aufirst=James.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-07142-9 Special:BookSources/0-415-07142-9
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Or+Nothing%3A+The+Axis+and+the+Holocaust%2C+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-415-07142-9&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy+Betrayed&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Tompkins&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.theblackvault.com/documents/wwii/marine1/1296ii.pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Experiences+in+Desert+Warfare+During+World+War+II&rft.pub=Washington%3A+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Toppe&rft.aufirst=Generalmajor+Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theblackvault.com%2Fdocuments%2Fwwii%2Fmarine1%2F1296ii.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-646-4 Special:BookSources/1-86126-646-4
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls%2C+Iron+Hearts%3A+Mussolini%27s+Elite+Armoured+Divisions+in+North+Africa&rft.place=Ramsbury&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-86126-646-4&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-47407-8 Special:BookSources/0-521-47407-8
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+Hitler+and+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-47407-8&rft.aulast=Weinberg&rft.aufirst=Gerhard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8240-7029-1 Special:BookSources/0-8240-7029-1
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8240-7029-1&rft.aulast=Zabecki&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMilitary+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
br
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Historiography
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30 Edit section: Historiography
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://dspace.ucalgary.ca/bitstream/handle/11023/2434/ucalgary_2015_giannone_elicia.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.jstor.org/stable/260699
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class style
refbegin
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline External_links
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31 Edit section: External links
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1145546&currentSection=1130224&productid=3
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel href class
nofollow http://www.comandosupremo.com/ external text
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel href class
nofollow http://historicalresources.wordpress.com/2008/09/17/mussolinis-war-statement-declaration-of-war-against-usa-december-11-1941/ external text
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel href class
nofollow https://web.archive.org/web/20110922045913/http://historicalresources.org/armistice-with-italy-september-3-1943/ external text
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y4_YMnvrBaw
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton0 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:Italy_topics Template:Italy topics
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics Template talk:Italy topics
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Italy_topics&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italy Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Index_of_Italy-related_articles Index of Italy-related articles
html
local
div
id style
Italy_articles font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan
col navbox-title 3
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italy History of Italy
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history Timeline of Italian history
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy Prehistoric Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italic_peoples Italic peoples
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy List of ancient peoples of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pre-Nuragic_Sardinia Pre-Nuragic Sardinia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_ancient_Corsican_and_Sardinian_tribes List of ancient Corsican and Sardinian tribes
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Etruscan_civilization Etruscan civilization
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nuragic_civilization Nuragic civilization
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Carthage Ancient Carthage
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Magna_Graecia Magna Graecia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Rome Ancient Rome
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Kingdom Roman Kingdom
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Republic Roman Republic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Empire Roman Empire
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages Italy in the Middle Ages
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy Odoacer
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom Ostrogothic Kingdom
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Byzantine_Italy Byzantine Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards Kingdom of the Lombards
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire) Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Giudicati Giudicati
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy History of Islam in southern Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy Norman conquest of southern Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines Guelphs and Ghibellines
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_city-states Italian city-states
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Maritime_republics Maritime republics
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Renaissance Italian Renaissance
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Wars Italian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italy_(1559%E2%80%931814) History of Italy (1559–1814)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_unification Italian unification
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Revolutions_of_1820 Revolutions of 1820
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Revolutions_of_1830#In_Italy Revolutions of 1830
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_the_Italian_states Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicilian_revolution_of_1848 Sicilian revolution of 1848
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence First Italian War of Independence
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Crimean_War#Piedmontese_Involvement Crimean War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence Second Italian War of Independence
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand Expedition of the Thousand
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence Third Italian War of Independence
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Capture_of_Rome Capture of Rome
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946) History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy Kingdom of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Empire Italian Empire
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I Military history of Italy during World War I
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_under_Fascism_(1922%E2%80%931943) Kingdom of Italy under Fascism (1922–1943)
html
local
li
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement Italian resistance movement
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Civil_War Italian Civil War
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic History of the Italian Republic
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle Italian economic miracle
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy) Years of Lead (Italy)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Years_of_Mud Years of Mud
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mani_pulite Mani pulite
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship History of Italian citizenship
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy History of coins in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy Economic history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion History of Italian fashion
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags List of Italian flags
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy Genetic history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy List of historic states of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy Military history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy Music history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy Postage stamps and postal history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy History of rail transport in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
img
alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Emblem of Italy.svg //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 80 90 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 2x 390 440
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italy Italy
html
local
div
html
local
td
class rowspan style
navbox-image 5 width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Geography_of_Italy Geography of Italy
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Peninsula Italian Peninsula
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Northern_Italy Northern Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Northwest_Italy Northwest Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Northeast_Italy Northeast Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Central_Italy Central Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Southern_Italy Southern Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/South_Italy South Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Insular_Italy Insular Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Climate_of_Italy Climate of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy Fauna of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Flora_of_Italy Flora of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Italy List of mountains of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alpine_foothills Alpine foothills
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alps Alps
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Apennine_Mountains Apennine Mountains
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Volcanology_of_Italy Volcanology of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy List of volcanoes in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy List of beaches in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy List of canals in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy List of caves in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy List of earthquakes in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy List of islands of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy List of lakes of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy List of national parks of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy List of rivers of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy List of valleys of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-odd width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Politics_of_Italy Politics of Italy
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy Constitution of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Elections_in_Italy Elections in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Referendums_in_Italy Referendums in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy Foreign relations of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Italy List of diplomatic missions of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy Judiciary of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy Law enforcement in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces Italian Armed Forces
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Parliament Italian Parliament
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy) Chamber of Deputies (Italy)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Senate_of_the_Republic_(Italy) Senate of the Republic (Italy)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy List of political parties in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/President_of_Italy President of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy Prime Minister of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy) Council of Ministers (Italy)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Regions_of_Italy Regions of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy Provinces of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy Metropolitan cities of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Comune Comune
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_comuni_of_Italy List of comuni of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy List of cities in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-even width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economy_of_Italy Economy of Italy
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy Economic history of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economy_of_Milan Economy of Milan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economy_of_Naples Economy of Naples
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economy_of_Rome Economy of Rome
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economy_of_Turin Economy of Turin
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP List of Italian regions by GDP
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy Automotive industry in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Banking_in_Italy Banking in Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bank_of_Italy Bank of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy List of companies of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Energy_in_Italy Energy in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_government_debt Italian government debt
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy Science and technology in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Borsa_Italiana Borsa Italiana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy Taxation in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy Telecommunications in Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Internet_in_Italy Internet in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy Tourism in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy List of trade unions in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Transport_in_Italy Transport in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_welfare_state Italian welfare state
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-odd width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Italian_society Category:Italian society
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy Abortion in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Adoption_in_Italy Adoption in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_Italians_by_net_worth List of Italians by net worth
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Italy Capital punishment in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy Corruption in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Crime_in_Italy Crime in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy Demographics of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Education_in_Italy Education in Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Secondary_education_in_Italy Secondary education in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Higher_education_in_Italy Higher education in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Italy List of universities in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_diaspora Italian diaspora
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement_in_Italy Fathers' rights movement in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy Feminism in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy Gambling in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Health_in_Italy Health in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy Healthcare in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy Immigration to Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy LGBT rights in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy Nobility of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy Prostitution in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Racism_in_Italy Racism in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Religion_in_Italy Religion in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Smoking_in_Italy Smoking in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy Social class in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy_since_1945 Terrorism in Italy since 1945
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Women_in_Italy Women in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-even width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Culture_of_Italy Culture of Italy
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Duecento Duecento
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Trecento Trecento
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Quattrocento Quattrocento
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cinquecento Cinquecento
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Seicento Seicento
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s) History of Italian culture (1700s)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy Architecture of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_art Italian art
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy List of castles in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy Cinema of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_cuisine Italian cuisine
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Beer_in_Italy Beer in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_wine Italian wine
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/List_of_Italian_orders_of_chivalry mw-redirect List of Italian orders of chivalry
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_design Italian design
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_fashion Italian fashion
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_festivals Italian festivals
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy Folklore of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_language Italian language
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Regional_Italian Regional Italian
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_literature Italian literature
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italophilia Italophilia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anti-Italianism Anti-Italianism
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Languages_of_Italy Languages of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Media_of_Italy Media of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Italy List of newspapers in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Italy List of radio stations in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Television_in_Italy Television in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_monuments_of_Italy List of monuments of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Music_of_Italy Music of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_classical_music Italian classical music
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_folk_music Italian folk music
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_opera Italian opera
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_popular_music Italian popular music
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy Mythology of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy National symbols of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani Il Canto degli Italiani
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy Emblem of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Flag_of_Italy Flag of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Flags_of_regions_of_Italy Flags of regions of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Altare_della_Patria Altare della Patria
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italia_turrita Italia turrita
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italians Italians
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_philosophy Italian philosophy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy Public holidays in Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica Festa della Repubblica
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Sculpture_of_Italy mw-redirect Sculpture of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sport_in_Italy Sport in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy Traditions of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy List of World Heritage Sites in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Flag of Italy.svg //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 16 11 noviewer //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x 1500 1000
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg image
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Italy Portal:Italy
html
local
li
html
local
img
alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Category //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png Category 16 14 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x 36 31
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Italy Category:Italy
html
local
li
html
local
img
alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Commons page //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png Commons page 12 16 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x 1024 1376
html
local
a
href class title
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italy extiw commons:Category:Italy
html
local
li
html
local
img
alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Wikinews page //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png Wikinews page 16 9 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x 759 415
html
local
a
href class title
https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Italy extiw wikinews:Category:Italy
html
local
li
html
local
img
alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Wikiquote page //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png Wikiquote page 13 16 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x 300 355
html
local
a
href class title
https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Italy extiw wikiquote:Italy
html
local
li
html
local
img
alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Wikivoyage page //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png Wikivoyage page 16 16 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Wikivoyage-logo.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-logo.svg.png 2x 193 193
html
local
a
href class title
https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Italy extiw wikivoyage:Italy
html
local
li
html
local
img
alt src title width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
WikiProject //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png WikiProject 16 16 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x 100 100
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Italy Wikipedia:WikiProject Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
html
local
td
class colspan style
navbox-abovebelow 3 font-weight:bold;
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable0
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox Italy_articles padding:3px
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton1 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation Template:WWII history by nation
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation Template talk:WWII history by nation
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:WWII_history_by_nation&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_by_country World War II by country
html
local
div
id style
History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan style
col navbox-title 2 background-color:#B0C4DE;
html
local
tr
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II Belgian Congo in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland Italian conquest of British Somaliland
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Egypt_during_World_War_II Egypt during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II French West Africa in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II French Somaliland in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II Gold Coast in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II Kenya in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II Liberia in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II Nyasaland in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II Madagascar in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II Military history of South Africa during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II Southern Rhodesia in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign Tunisian Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II Military history of Canada during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II Cuba during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/El_Salvador_during_World_War_II mw-redirect El Salvador during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II Greenland in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II Military history of Mexico
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland#Second_World_War Dominion of Newfoundland
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Panama_during_World_War_II Panama during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II Military history of the United States during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II Arizona during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II Nevada during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II New Mexico during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II Puerto Ricans in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II Argentina during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vargas_Era#World_War_II Vargas Era
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/British_Guiana_during_World_War_II British Guiana during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II Colombia during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II Latin America during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II Uruguay during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II Venezuela during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma Japanese occupation of Burma
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II Ceylon in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War Second Sino-Japanese War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Manchukuo Manchukuo
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/India_in_World_War_II India in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II French Indochina in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War Anglo-Iraqi War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II Japan during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya Japanese occupation of Malaya
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II Mongolia in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II Nepal in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II Military history of the Philippines during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo Japanese occupation of British Borneo
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore Japanese occupation of Singapore
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II Thailand in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Single-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_before_World_War_II mw-redirect Single-party period of the Republic of Turkey
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Albanian_Resistance_of_World_War_II mw-redirect Albanian Resistance of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anschluss Anschluss
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II Belgium in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia German occupation of Czechoslovakia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II Denmark in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II Estonia in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II Military history of Finland during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/France_during_the_Second_World_War mw-redirect France during the Second World War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country World War II in the Basque Country
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nazi_Germany Nazi Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II Military history of Greece during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II Hungary in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II Iceland in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II Irish neutrality during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940 Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II mw-redirect Liechtenstein in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II Resistance in Lithuania during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II Luxembourg in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II Netherlands in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Occupation_of_Norway_by_Nazi_Germany mw-redirect Occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345) mw-redirect History of Poland (1939–45)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Portugal_in_World_War_II mw-redirect Portugal in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II Romania in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#World_War_II History of Slovakia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Slovene_Lands_in_World_War_II Slovene Lands in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II Soviet Union in World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II Azerbaijan in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Occupation_of_Belarus_by_Nazi_Germany mw-redirect Occupation of Belarus by Nazi Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_Ukraine#World_War_II History of Ukraine
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II Spain during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II Galicia and World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II Sweden during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars Switzerland during the World Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II British Empire in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands German occupation of the Channel Islands
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II Military history of Gibraltar during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vatican_City_in_World_War_II Vatican City in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia World War II in Yugoslavia
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II Military history of Australia during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru Japanese occupation of Nauru
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II Military history of New Zealand during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable1
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country ;wide;padding:3px
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton2 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:World_War_II Template:World War II
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II Template talk:World War II
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:World_War_II&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II World War II
html
local
div
id style
World_War_II font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan style
col navbox-title 2 background-color:#B0C4DE;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater Asiatic-Pacific Theater
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War Second Sino-Japanese War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II South-East Asian theatre of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II Pacific Ocean theater of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II South West Pacific theatre of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II European theatre of World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II) Western Front (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II) Eastern Front (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_African_Campaign North African Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II) East African Campaign (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II) Italian Campaign (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II French West Africa in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II) American Theater (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II Latin America during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_casualties World War II casualties
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_World_War_II List of military engagements of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences List of Allied World War II conferences
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II Commanders of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
html
local
td
class colspan style
navbox-abovebelow 2 background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_by_country World War II by country
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II Allies of World War II
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II Allied leaders of World War II
html
local
span
style
font-weight:normal;
html
local
div
style
padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II Military history of Australia during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II Belgium in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Brazil#World_War_II Military history of Brazil
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II Military history of Canada during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War Second Sino-Japanese War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II Cuba during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia German occupation of Czechoslovakia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II Denmark in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War Second Italo-Ethiopian War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/France_during_World_War_II France during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Free_France Free France
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II Military history of Greece during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/India_in_World_War_II India in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army Italian Co-belligerent Army
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II Luxembourg in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Mexico#World_War_II Military history of Mexico
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II Military history of the Netherlands during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II Military history of New Zealand during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Norwegian_Campaign Norwegian Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II Military history of the Philippines during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%9345) mw-redirect History of Poland (1939–45)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II Military history of South Africa during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II Southern Rhodesia in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II Soviet Union in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II Military history of the United States during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II Puerto Ricans in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia World War II in Yugoslavia
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Axis_powers Axis powers
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II Axis leaders of World War II
html
local
span
style
font-weight:normal;
html
local
div
style
padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%9343) Albanian Kingdom (1939–43)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II Military history of Bulgaria during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China mw-redirect Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia Independent State of Croatia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_Finland_during_World_War_II Military history of Finland during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nazi_Germany Nazi Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II Hungary in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Indian_National_Army Indian National Army
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War Anglo-Iraqi War
html
local
li
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic Italian Social Republic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Empire_of_Japan#Late_Sh.C5.8Dwa_.281937.E2.80.931947.29_.E2.80.93_Expansionism Empire of Japan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Manchukuo Manchukuo
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic Second Philippine Republic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II Romania in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945) Slovak Republic (1939–1945)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II Thailand in World War II
html
local
br
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vichy_France Vichy France
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Armed_neutrality mw-redirect Armed neutrality
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II Resistance during World War II
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Albanian_resistance_during_World_War_II mw-redirect Albanian resistance during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Austrian_Resistance Austrian Resistance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Belgian_Resistance Belgian Resistance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Resistance_in_German-occupied_Czechoslovakia Resistance in German-occupied Czechoslovakia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement Danish resistance movement
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9344 Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–44
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II)#Ethiopian_irregular_forces East African Campaign (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/French_Resistance French Resistance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism German resistance to Nazism
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greek_Resistance Greek Resistance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance Japanese occupation of Hong Kong
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement Italian resistance movement
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_dissidence_during_the_early_Sh%C5%8Dwa_period Japanese dissidence during the early Shōwa period
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army Korean Liberation Army
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%9345 Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–45
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II Resistance in Lithuania during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance Luxembourg Resistance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dutch_resistance Dutch resistance
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement Norwegian resistance movement
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan Philippine resistance against Japan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II Polish resistance movement in World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cursed_soldiers Cursed soldiers
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement Romanian anti-communist resistance movement
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement Free Thai Movement
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_partisans Soviet partisans
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising Slovak National Uprising
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army Ukrainian Insurgent Army
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Viet_Minh mw-redirect Viet Minh
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans Yugoslav Partisans
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Chetniks Chetniks
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0;;wide
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II Timeline of World War II
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II Causes of World War II
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis Abyssinia Crisis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia Events preceding World War II in Asia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe Events preceding World War II in Europe
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939) Timeline of World War II (1939)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland Invasion of Poland
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Phoney_War Phoney War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Winter_War Winter War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic Battle of the Atlantic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939) Battle of Changsha (1939)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive 1939–40 Winter Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940) Timeline of World War II (1940)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Weser%C3%BCbung Operation Weserübung
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Netherlands Battle of the Netherlands
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Belgium Battle of Belgium
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_France Battle of France
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Armistice_of_22_June_1940 Armistice of 22 June 1940
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Britain Battle of Britain
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign Western Desert Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II French West Africa in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland Italian conquest of British Somaliland
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive Hundred Regiments Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states Occupation of the Baltic states
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina Japanese invasion of French Indochina
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greco-Italian_War Greco-Italian War
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Compass Operation Compass
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941) Timeline of World War II (1941)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/East_African_Campaign_(World_War_II) East African Campaign (World War II)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia World War II in Yugoslavia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao Battle of Shanggao
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Greece Battle of Greece
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Crete Battle of Crete
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War Anglo-Iraqi War
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Continuation_War Continuation War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania June Uprising in Lithuania
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign Syria–Lebanon Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941) Battle of Kiev (1941)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad Siege of Leningrad
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II Bombing of Gorky in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow Battle of Moscow
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%9342) Siege of Sevastopol (1941–42)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor Attack on Pearl Harbor
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pacific_War Pacific War
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong Battle of Hong Kong
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1941%E2%80%9342) Philippines Campaign (1941–42)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941) Battle of Changsha (1941)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Malayan_Campaign Malayan Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%9342) Battle of Borneo (1941–42)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942) Timeline of World War II (1942)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_conquest_of_Burma Japanese conquest of Burma
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1942) Battle of Changsha (1942)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea Battle of the Java Sea
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea Battle of the Coral Sea
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala Battle of Gazala
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor Battle of Dutch Harbor
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu Japanese occupation of Attu
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska Japanese occupation of Kiska
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Midway Battle of Midway
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_Summer_1942 Battle of Rzhev, Summer 1942
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Case_Blue Case Blue
html
local
i
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad Battle of Stalingrad
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore Battle of Singapore
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dieppe_Raid Dieppe Raid
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein Second Battle of El Alamein
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign Guadalcanal Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Torch Operation Torch
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943) Timeline of World War II (1943)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tunisian_Campaign Tunisian Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk Battle of Kursk
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1943) Battle of Smolensk (1943)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943 Bombing of Gorky in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign Solomon Islands campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Attu Battle of Attu
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily Allied invasion of Sicily
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Cottage Operation Cottage
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper Battle of the Dnieper
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy Allied invasion of Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile Armistice of Cassibile
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Burma_Campaign Burma Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Changde Battle of Changde
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944) Timeline of World War II (1944)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino Battle of Monte Cassino
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio Battle of Anzio
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944) Battle of Narva (1944)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy_Pocket Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Tempest Operation Tempest
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go Operation Ichi-Go
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Overlord Operation Overlord
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Normandy_landings Normandy landings
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy Invasion of Normandy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign Mariana and Palau Islands campaign
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Bagration Operation Bagration
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_Offensive Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line Battle of Tannenberg Line
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising Warsaw Uprising
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_Offensive Jassy–Kishinev Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Belgrade_Offensive Belgrade Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris Liberation of Paris
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Dragoon Operation Dragoon
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gothic_Line Gothic Line
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden Operation Market Garden
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tallinn_Offensive Tallinn Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Crossbow Operation Crossbow
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive Combined Bomber Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lapland_War Lapland War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Budapest_Offensive Budapest Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf Battle of Leyte Gulf
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge Battle of the Bulge
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte Operation Bodenplatte
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945) Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Burma_Campaign_1944%E2%80%9345 Burma Campaign 1944–45
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945) mw-redirect Timeline of World War II (1945)
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_Offensive Vistula–Oder Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima Battle of Iwo Jima
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany Western Allied invasion of Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa Battle of Okinawa
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy Spring 1945 offensive in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945) Borneo campaign (1945)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Syrmian_Front Syrmian Front
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin Battle of Berlin
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prague_Offensive Prague Offensive
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest Siege of Budapest
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan Battle of West Hunan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Guangxi_Campaign Second Guangxi Campaign
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe End of World War II in Europe
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Project_Hula Project Hula
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria Soviet invasion of Manchuria
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945) Battle of Manila (1945)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945) Borneo campaign (1945)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Raid_on_Taihoku mw-redirect Raid on Taihoku
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands Invasion of the Kuril Islands
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu Battle of Shumshu
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan Surrender of Japan
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia End of World War II in Asia
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0;;wide
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943 Bengal famine of 1943
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%9343 Chinese famine of 1942–43
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece) Great Famine (Greece)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%9345 Dutch famine of 1944–45
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Vietnamese_Famine_of_1945 Vietnamese Famine of 1945
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II Air warfare of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Blitzkrieg Blitzkrieg
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II Comparative officer ranks of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography World War II cryptography
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II Diplomatic history of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II Home front during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II United States home front during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II Australian home front during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Timeline_of_the_United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II Timeline of the United Kingdom home front during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lend-Lease Lend-Lease
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Manhattan_Project Manhattan Project
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_military_awards_of_World_War_II List of military awards of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment Lists of World War II military equipment
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II Military production during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nazi_plunder Nazi plunder
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Opposition_to_World_War_II Category:Opposition to World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II Technology during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II Allied technological cooperation during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II Total war
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II Strategic bombing during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states List of World War II puppet states
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II Women in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II Art and World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-odd width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0;;wide
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II Aftermath of World War II
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%9350) Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Paperclip Operation Paperclip
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim Operation Osoaviakhim
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul Operation Keelhaul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany Allied-occupied Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line Oder–Neisse line
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union Military occupations by the Soviet Union
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania Soviet occupation of Romania
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic Polish People's Republic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Russian%E2%80%93Hungarian_relations,_1945%E2%80%931991 mw-redirect Russian–Hungarian relations, 1945–1991
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states Occupation of the Baltic states
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan Occupation of Japan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Indochina_War First Indochina War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution Indonesian National Revolution
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cold_War Cold War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Decolonization Decolonization
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_in_popular_culture World War II in popular culture
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/War_crime War crime
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II Allied war crimes during World War II
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II Soviet war crimes
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II British war crimes
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II United States war crimes
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II German war crimes
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II Forced labour under German rule during World War II
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht War crimes of the Wehrmacht
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/The_Holocaust The Holocaust
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust Aftermath of the Holocaust
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust International response to the Holocaust
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nuremberg_trials Nuremberg trials
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_war_crimes Italian war crimes
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes Japanese war crimes
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Unit_731 Unit 731
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East International Military Tribunal for the Far East
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_II_persecution_of_Serbs#Usta%C5%A1e_persecution_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia World War II persecution of Serbs
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust History of the Jews in Romania
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence Wartime sexual violence
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II German military brothels in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II German camp brothels in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan Rape during the occupation of Japan
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sook_Ching Sook Ching
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Comfort_women Comfort women
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nanking_Massacre Nanking Massacre
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Rape_of_Manila mw-redirect Rape of Manila
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany Rape during the occupation of Germany
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France Rape during the liberation of France
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Poland mw-redirect Rape during the liberation of Poland
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prisoner_of_war Prisoner of war
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States German prisoners of war in the United States
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II Japanese prisoners of war in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939 Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland Soviet prisoners of war in Finland
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks navbox-subgroup border-spacing:0;;wide
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II Bibliography of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:World_War_II Category:World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:World_War_II Portal:World War II
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
html
local
td
class colspan style
navbox-abovebelow 2 background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks hlist collapsible collapsed navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable2
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox World_War_II ;wide;padding:3px
html
local
div
class
mw-parser-output
html
local
img
src alt title width height style
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1 1 1 border: none; position: absolute;
html
local
noscript
html
local
div
id lang dir class
mw-content-text en ltr mw-content-ltr
html
local
a
dir href
ltr https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&oldid=838304065
html
local
div
class
printfooter
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Category Help:Category
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II Category:Military history of Italy during World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:1940s_in_Italy Category:1940s in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Italy_in_World_War_II Category:Italy in World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Politics_of_World_War_II Category:Politics of World War II
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Italy Category:Military history of Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:20th_century_in_Italy Category:20th century in Italy
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-normal-catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it) Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_BOT:_original-url_status_unknown Category:CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Extra_text:_authors_list Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al. Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_July_2013 Category:Use British English from July 2013
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2012 Category:Use dmy dates from October 2012
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements Category:All articles with unsourced statements
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2014 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2014 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2015 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden
html
local
div
id class data-mw
catlinks catlinks interface
html
local
div
class
visualClear
html
local
div
id class
bodyContent mw-body-content
html
local
div
id class role
content mw-body main
html
local
h2
html
local
h3
id
p-personal-label
html
local
li
id
pt-anonuserpage
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyTalk Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n] n
html
local
li
id
pt-anontalk
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyContributions A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y] y
html
local
li
id
pt-anoncontribs
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Military+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory
html
local
li
id
pt-createaccount
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Military+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o] o
html
local
li
id
pt-login
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-personal navigation p-personal-label
html
local
h3
id
p-namespaces-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II View the content page [ctrl-alt-c] c
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-nstab-main selected
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Talk:Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II discussion Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t] t
html
local
span
html
local
li
id
ca-talk
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label
html
local
input
type class aria-labelledby
checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox p-variants-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id
p-variants-label
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-variants navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-variants-label
html
local
div
id
left-navigation
html
local
h3
id
p-views-label
html
local
a
href
/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-view collapsible selected
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=edit Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e] e
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-edit collapsible
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=history Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h] h
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-history collapsible
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label
html
local
input
type class aria-labelledby
checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox p-cactions-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id
p-cactions-label
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-cactions navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-cactions-label
html
local
label
for
searchInput
html
local
h3
html
local
div
id role
p-search search
html
local
div
id
right-navigation
html
local
div
id
mw-head
html
local
a
class href title
mw-wiki-logo /wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page
html
local
div
id role
p-logo banner
html
local
h3
id
p-navigation-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z] z
html
local
li
id
n-mainpage-description
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Contents Guides to browsing Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contents
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Featured_content Featured content – the best of Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-featuredcontent
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Current_events Find background information on current events
html
local
li
id
n-currentevents
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:Random Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x] x
html
local
li
id
n-randompage
html
local
a
href title
https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en Support us
html
local
li
id
n-sitesupport
html
local
a
href title
//shop.wikimedia.org Visit the Wikipedia store
html
local
li
id
n-shoplink
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label
html
local
h3
id
p-interaction-label
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Contents Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-help
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Find out about Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-aboutsite
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal About the project, what you can do, where to find things
html
local
li
id
n-portal
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChanges A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r] r
html
local
li
id
n-recentchanges
html
local
a
href title
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us How to contact Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contactpage
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label
html
local
h3
id
p-tb-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j] j
html
local
li
id
t-whatlinkshere
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II nofollow Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k] k
html
local
li
id
t-recentchangeslinked
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard Upload files [ctrl-alt-u] u
html
local
li
id
t-upload
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:SpecialPages A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q] q
html
local
li
id
t-specialpages
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&oldid=838304065 Permanent link to this revision of the page
html
local
li
id
t-permalink
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&action=info More information about this page
html
local
li
id
t-info
html
local
a
href title accesskey
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2550755 Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g] g
html
local
li
id
t-wikibase
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&id=838304065 Information on how to cite this page
html
local
li
id
t-cite
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-tb p-tb-label
html
local
h3
id
p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Military+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II
html
local
li
id
coll-create_a_book
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=Military+history+of+Italy+during+World+War+II&action=show-download-screen
html
local
li
id
coll-download-as-rdf2latex
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&printable=yes Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p] p
html
local
li
id
t-print
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-coll-print_export p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
h3
id
p-wikibase-otherprojects-label
html
local
a
href hreflang
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Italy_in_World_War_II en
html
local
li
class
wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label
html
local
button
class title
uls-settings-trigger Language settings
html
local
h3
id
p-lang-label
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9 إيطاليا في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic ar ar interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D1%9E_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5 Італія ў Другой сусветнай вайне – Belarusian be be interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-be display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial Italia en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish es es interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85 ارتش ایتالیا در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian fa fa interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_militer_Italia_pada_Perang_Dunia_II Sejarah militer Italia pada Perang Dunia II – Indonesian id id interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_militare_d%27Italia_durante_la_seconda_guerra_mondiale Storia militare d'Italia durante la seconda guerra mondiale – Italian it it interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-it
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94 איטליה במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew he he interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-he display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82ochy_w_czasie_II_wojny_%C5%9Bwiatowej Włochy w czasie II wojny światowej – Polish pl pl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istoria_militar%C4%83_a_Italiei_%C3%AEn_timpul_celui_de-al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial Istoria militară a Italiei în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial – Romanian ro ro interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5 Италия во Второй мировой войне – Russian ru ru interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italien_under_andra_v%C3%A4rldskriget Italien under andra världskriget – Swedish sv sv interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96 Італія в Другій світовій війні – Ukrainian uk uk interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk display: none;
html
local
button
class title
mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title class
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2550755#sitelinks-wikipedia Edit interlanguage links wbc-editpage
html
local
span
class
wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link
html
local
div
class
after-portlet after-portlet-lang
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-lang p-lang-label
html
local
div
id
mw-panel
html
local
div
id
mw-navigation
html
local
li
id
footer-info-lastmod
html
local
a
rel href
license //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License
html
local
a
rel href style
license //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ display:none;
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy
html
local
a
href
//www.wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-info-copyright
html
local
ul
id
footer-info
html
local
a
href class title
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy extiw wmf:Privacy policy
html
local
li
id
footer-places-privacy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Wikipedia:About
html
local
li
id
footer-places-about
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer Wikipedia:General disclaimer
html
local
li
id
footer-places-disclaimer
html
local
a
href
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
html
local
li
id
footer-places-contact
html
local
a
href
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute
html
local
li
id
footer-places-developers
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement
html
local
li
id
footer-places-cookiestatement
html
local
a
href class
//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle
html
local
li
id
footer-places-mobileview
html
local
a
href
#
html
local
li
style
display: none;
html
local
ul
id
footer-places
html
local
img
src srcset width height alt
/static/images/wikimedia-button.png /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x 88 31 Wikimedia Foundation
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-copyrightico
html
local
img
src alt srcset width height
/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png Powered by MediaWiki /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x 88 31
html
local
a
href
//www.mediawiki.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-poweredbyico
html
local
ul
id class
footer-icons noprint
html
local
div
style
clear: both;
html
local
div
id role
footer contentinfo
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask-flip
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip
html
local
defs
html
local
svg
xmlns width height
http://www.w3.org/2000/svg 0 0
html
local
div
id
mwe-popups-svg
html
local
div
class
suggestions-results
html
local
div
class
suggestions-special
html
local
div
class style
suggestions display: none; font-size: 13px;
html
local
body
class
mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II rootpage-Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II skin-vector action-view
html
local