Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)
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This article is about the monument in the United States. For similar monuments, see Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
North side view
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to U.S. service members who have died without their remains being identified. Having no officially designated name, it is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States of America. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who presided over their funerals.[1][2][3]
Contents
[hide]
1 Tomb of 1921
2 Tomb of 1931
3 The Unknown of World War I
4 The Unknowns of World War II and Korea
5 The Unknown of Vietnam
5.1 Identification of the Unknown
5.2 Redesignation of the crypt
6 Tomb guards
6.1 Weapons
6.2 Walking the mat
6.3 Changing of the Guard
6.4 Dedication
7 Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument
8 See also
9 Notes
10 References
11 Further reading
12 External links
Tomb of 1921[edit]
Tomb as of November 11, 1922. The Tomb of 1931 would occupy this same location.
On March 4, 1921, the United States Congress approved the burial of an unidentified American serviceman from World War I in the plaza of the new Memorial Amphitheater. On November 11, 1921, the unknown soldier brought back from France was interred below a three-level marble tomb. The bottom two levels are six marble sections each and the top at least nine blocks with a rectangular opening in the center of each level through which the unknown remains were placed through the tomb and into the ground below. A stone, rather than marble, slab covers the rectangular opening.[4][5][6]
Tomb of 1931[edit]
Since 1921 the intent was to place a superstructure on top of the Tomb, but it was not until July 3, 1926, that Congress authorized the completion of the Tomb and the expenditure of $50,000 (with a completed cost of $48,000). A design competition was held and won by architect Lorimer Rich[nb 1] and sculptor Thomas Hudson Jones. An appropriation from Congress for the work was secured and on December 21, 1929, a contract for completion of the Tomb itself was entered into. The Tomb would consist of seven pieces of marble in four levels (cap, die, base and sub-base) of which the die is the largest block with the sculpting on all four sides.[4][7]
Quarrying the Yule marble (3.9 miles south of Marble, Colorado by the Vermont Marble Company) was a one-year process beginning in 1930. The cap was quarried on the first attempt but the base required three tries. The large middle block also required three tries. In late January 1931, the 56 ton middle block was lifted out of the quarry. The quarrying involved 75 men. When the block was separated from the mountain inside the quarry it weighed 124 tons. A wire saw was then brought into the quarry to cut the block down to 56 tons.
On February 3, the block reached the marble mill site (in the town of Marble) after a four-day trip from the quarry. Here it was crated, then shipped to Vermont on February 8. The block was sawn to final size in West Rutland, Vermont and fabricated by craftsmen in Proctor, Vermont before it was shipped by train to Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia.[8] By September, all 7 blocks were on the grounds of the Tomb site, at Arlington.
Assembly began in September 1931. An imperfection was found in the base requiring three more quarryings. By the end of December 1931, the assembly was completed. Finishing work followed with the carvings on the die block by the Piccirilli Brothers under the direction of the sculptor Thomas Jones.[4][9] (The brothers also carved the Lincoln statue for the Lincoln Memorial). The Tomb was completed without formal ceremony on April 9, 1932.[10]
The Tomb[nb 2] was placed at the head of the grave of the World War I Unknown. West of this grave are the crypts of Unknowns from World War II (south) and Korea (north). Between the two lies a crypt that once contained an Unknown from Vietnam (middle). His remains were positively identified in 1998 through DNA testing as First Lieutenant Michael Blassie, United States Air Force and were removed. Those three graves are marked with white marble slabs flush with the plaza.
The Tomb has a flat-faced form and is relieved at the corners and along the sides by neo-classical pilasters set into the surface with objects and inscription carved into the sides. The 1931 symbolism[9] of the objects on the north, south and east sides changed over time.[4][7]
North and South panel with 3 wreaths on each side represent (in 1931) "a world of memories" but later the six major battles engaged in by American forces in France: Ardennes, Belleau Wood, Château-Thierry, Meusse-Argonne, Oisiu-Eiseu, and Somme. Each wreath has 38 leaves and 12 berries.
East panel that faces Washington, DC, are three Greek figures representing Peace, Victory, and "American Manhood" – but later "Valor" instead of "American Manhood"
Western panel is inscribed with (centered on the panel):
HERE RESTS IN
HONORED GLORY
AN AMERICAN
SOLDIER
KNOWN BUT TO GOD
Tomb Dimensions[nb 3] as of 2004[11] (xxx)* 1931 die block dimension coming out of the quarry.[8]
Level
Length
Width
Height
Cubic Feet
Tons
Cap 12'-5.4" 6'-6.7" 1'-3.3" 100.69 8.56
Die 12'-3.0" (14'-0")* 6'-6.4" (7'-4.8")* 5'-2.1" (6"-0")* 385.43 (621.6)* 32.76 (52.84)*
Base 13'-10.0" 7'-11.9" 1'-11.1" 198.64 16.88
Sub-Base 14'-10.4" 9'-0.2" 1'-10.9" 255.81 21.74
The Unknown of World War I[edit]
The World War I Unknown arriving at the Washington Navy Yard, 1921 (colorized)
On Memorial Day, 1921, four unknown servicemen were exhumed from four World War I American cemeteries in France. U.S. Army Sgt. Edward F. Younger, who was wounded in combat, highly decorated for valor and received the Distinguished Service Cross in "The Great War" selected the Unknown of World War I from four identical caskets at the city hall in Châlons-en-Champagne, France, on October 24, 1921.[6] Younger selected the World War I Unknown by placing a spray of white roses on one of the caskets. He chose the third casket from the left. The chosen Unknown was transported to the United States aboard the USS Olympia. Those remaining were interred in the Meuse Argonne Cemetery, France.[6]
The World War I Unknown lay in state in the Capitol Rotunda from his arrival in the United States until Armistice Day, 1921. On November 11, 1921, President Warren G. Harding officiated at the interment ceremonies at the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery. During the ceremony, the World War I Unknown was awarded the Victoria Cross by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Beatty, on behalf of King George V of the United Kingdom.[12] (The United Kingdom Victoria Cross was placed with the soldier. Earlier, on March 4, 1921, the British Unknown Warrior was conferred the U.S. Medal of Honor by General of the Armies John Pershing.) In 1928, the Unknown Soldier was presented the Silver Buffalo Award for distinguished service to America's youth by the Boy Scouts of America.[13]
The Unknowns of World War II and Korea[edit]
The Korean War Unknown joins the two candidates from World War II aboard the USS Canberra
On August 3, 1956, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed a bill to select and pay the tribute to the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War.[14] The selection ceremonies and the interment of these Unknowns took place in 1958. The World War II Unknown was selected from remains exhumed from cemeteries in Europe, Africa, Hawaii, and the Philippines.[15]
Two Unknowns from World War II, one from the European Theater and one from the Pacific Theater, were placed in identical caskets and taken aboard the USS Canberra, a guided-missile cruiser resting off the Virginia Capes. Navy Hospital Corpsman 1st Class William R. Charette, then the U.S. Navy's only active-duty Medal of Honor recipient who was an enlisted man, selected the World War II Unknown. The remaining casket received a solemn burial at sea.[15]
Four unknown Americans who died in the Korean War were disinterred from the National Cemetery of the Pacific in Hawaii. Army Master Sergeant Ned Lyle made the final selection.[15]
Both caskets arrived in Washington on May 28, 1958, where they lay in the Capitol Rotunda until the morning of May 30, when they were carried on caissons to Arlington National Cemetery. President Eisenhower awarded each the Medal of Honor, and the Unknowns of World War II and the Korean War were interred in the plaza beside their World War I comrade.[15]
The Unknown of Vietnam[edit]
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The designation of the Vietnam Unknown proved to be difficult – with improvements in DNA testing it is possible, though unlikely, that the recovered remains for every unknown soldier killed in the Vietnam War will be identified.
The Vietnam Unknown service member was originally designated by Medal of Honor recipient U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Maj. Allan Jay Kellogg, Jr., during a ceremony at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, May 17, 1984.
Each branch of the Armed Services took part in the transportation to honor the unknown. The Marines from Marine Barracks Hawaii consisted of an Honor Guard of 9 enlisted men and Lt. Denis Muller. The designated Vietnam Unknown was transported aboard the USS Brewton, where the Marines stood guard over the casket during the voyage to Naval Air Station Alameda, California. At Travis, the debarkation ceremony turned the remains over to the USAF on May 24. The next day, the remains of were flown from Travis Air Force Base, California, arriving at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. Once there the remains were turned over to the US Army, where the remains were taken to Fort McNair for placement upon the horse-drawn wagon which later carried the Unknown to the Capital Rotunda for display before interment. While on display for public viewing, all branches of the US Armed Forces stood in honor, guarding the casket of the Unknown for 2 weeks.
The Tomb guards stood at death watch for the entire day as thousands of people braved the dreary weather to pay their respects.
The presidential wreath was brought forward toward President Reagan during the interment ceremony for the Unknown Serviceman of the Vietnam Era at the Tomb of the Unknowns on May 28, 1984.
Many Vietnam veterans and President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan visited the Vietnam Unknown in the U.S. Capitol. An Army caisson carried the Vietnam Unknown from the Capitol to the Memorial Amphitheater at Arlington National Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 28, 1984.
President Reagan presided over the funeral, and presented the Medal of Honor to the Vietnam Unknown, and also acted as next of kin by accepting the interment flag at the end of the ceremony. The interment flags of all Unknowns at the Tomb of the Unknowns are on view in the Memorial Display Room.
Identification of the Unknown[edit]
In 1994, Ted Sampley, a POW/MIA activist, determined that the remains of the Vietnam Unknown were likely those of Air Force 1st Lt. Michael Joseph Blassie, who was shot down near An Lộc, Vietnam, in 1972. Sampley published an article in his newsletter and contacted Blassie's family, who attempted to pursue the case with the Air Force's casualty office without result. In January 1998 CBS News broadcast a report based on Sampley's investigation which brought political pressure to support the identification of the remains.[16] The body was exhumed on May 14, 1998. Based on mitochondrial DNA testing, Department of Defense scientists confirmed the remains were those of Blassie. The identification was announced on June 30, 1998, and on July 10, Blassie's remains arrived home to his family in St. Louis, Missouri; he was reinterred at Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery on July 11.[17][nb 4]
Redesignation of the crypt[edit]
The slab over the crypt that once held the remains of the Vietnam Unknown has since been replaced. The original inscription of "Vietnam" and the dates of the conflict has been changed to "Honoring and Keeping Faith with America's Missing Servicemen" as a reminder of the commitment of the Armed Forces to the fullest possible accounting of missing service members.
Tomb guards[edit]
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge
The tomb guards are soldiers of the United States Army. The first military guards were troopers from the 3rd Cavalry, "Brave Rifles", who were posted nearby on Fort Myer. Since April 6, 1948, (known then as "Army Day"), when the regiment was reactivated, it has been guarded by soldiers from 3rd Infantry Regiment, "The Old Guard". The Old Guard is also posted to Fort Myer, Virginia, adjacent to Arlington National Cemetery. It is considered one of the highest honors to serve as a Sentinel at the Tomb of the Unknowns. Fewer than 20 percent of all volunteers are accepted for training and of those only a fraction pass training to become full-fledged Tomb Guards. This attrition rate has made the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge the second least-awarded qualification badge of the United States military (the first being the Astronaut Badge).[18]
The soldier "walking the mat" does not wear rank insignia, so as not to outrank the Unknowns, whatever their ranks may have been. Non-commissioned officers (usually the Relief Commander and Assistant Relief Commanders), do wear insignia of their rank when changing the guard only. They have a separate uniform (without rank) that is worn when they actually guard the Unknowns or are "posted."
The duties of the sentinels are not purely ceremonial. The sentinels will confront people who cross the barriers at the tomb or who they perceive to be disrespectful or excessively loud.
Weapons[edit]
Over the years there have been several different types of weapons used by the tomb guards. The changes in weapons reflect the changes in the Army, including M1903 Springfield rifle, M1 Garand and M14 rifles, M1911 and M9 pistols. Tomb guards currently carry M14 rifles, which are unloaded and affixed to ceremonial rifle stocks. These rifles are cleaned daily and kept ready for use at all times.[19]
Walking the mat[edit]
There is a meticulous routine that the guard follows when watching over the graves.[20] The tomb guard:
Marches 21 steps south down the black mat laid across the Tomb.
Turns and faces east, toward the Tomb, for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces north, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Marches 21 steps down the mat.
Turns and faces east for 21 seconds.
Turns and faces south, changes weapon to outside shoulder, and waits 21 seconds.
Repeats the routine until the soldier is relieved of duty at the Changing of the Guard.
After each turn, the guard executes a sharp "shoulder-arms" movement to place the weapon on the shoulder closest to the visitors to signify that the guard stands between the Tomb and any possible threat.
Out of respect for the interred, the sentinels command silence at the tombs. If the guard walking the mat must vocally confront a disturbance from spectators, or a threat, the routine is interrupted, and remains so until the disturbance is under control. The sentinel will exit the mat, place the weapon in port arms position, and confront the disturbance. Once under control, the sentinel then walks on the pavement to the other side of the mat, turns to shoulder arms, and continues the routine.
Twenty-one was chosen because it symbolizes the highest military honor that can be bestowed—the 21-gun salute.
The mat is usually replaced twice per year: before Memorial Day and before Veterans Day. This is required because of the wear on the rubber mat by the special shoes worn by tomb guards. The sentinels have metal plates built into the soles and inner parts of their shoes to allow for a more rugged sole and to give the signature click of the heel during maneuvers. The sentinels wear sunglasses because of the bright reflection from the marble surrounding the Tomb and the Memorial Amphitheater.
On the ground not covered by the mat, a rust pattern in the tile can be seen that corresponds to the precise steps taken during the changing of the guard. The metal from the guards' boots causes the brown rust markings on the stone. On the mat itself, footprints caused by standing guard are also visible.
Changing of the Guard[edit]
Changing of the Guard, 2005.
While Arlington National Cemetery is open, during the day in summer months from April 1 to September 30, the guard is changed every half hour. During the winter months, from October 1 to March 31, the guard is changed every hour. After the cemetery closes to the public (7 p.m. to 8 a.m. April through September, and 5 p.m. to 8 a.m. October through March), the guard is changed every 2 hours. The ceremony can be witnessed by the public whenever Arlington National Cemetery is open.[21][22]
The guard change is very symbolic, but also conducted in accordance with Army regulations. The relief commander or assistant relief commander, along with the oncoming guard, are both required for a guard change to take place. The relief commander orders the guard being relieved to "pass on your orders" to the oncoming guard. The guard being relieved will say to the oncoming guard, "Post and orders remain as directed." The oncoming guard's response is always, "Orders acknowledged." During changes when the public is witnessing the ceremony, the commander will inform the public that the ceremony is about to take place and that those in attendance should remain "silent and standing" throughout the entire event.
Dedication[edit]
A civilian guard was first posted at the Tomb on November 17, 1925, to prevent, among other things, families from picnicking on the flat marble slab with views of the city. A military guard was first posted on March 25, 1926. The first 24-hour guard was posted on midnight, July 2, 1937. The Tomb of the Unknowns has been guarded continuously, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, since that time.[23] Inclement weather,[24][25] terrorist attacks,[26] et cetera, do not cause the watch to cease.[27]
Since 1948, the tomb guards, a special platoon within the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard) work on a team rotation of 24 hours on, 24 hours off, for five days, taking the following four days off. A guard takes an average of six hours to prepare his uniform – heavy wool, regardless of the time of year – for the next day's work. In addition to preparing the uniform, guards also conduct physical training, tomb guard training, participate in field exercises, cut their hair before the next work day, and at times are involved in regimental functions as well. Tomb guards are required to memorize 35 pages of information about Arlington National Cemetery and the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, including the locations of nearly 300 graves and who is buried in each one.[21]
A special Army decoration, the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge is authorized for wear after passing a detailed test of 100 questions (from a pool of more than 300), a uniform test with two gigs (errors) or fewer (measured to the 1/64"), and a test on the guard changing sequence. After serving honorably for a period of nine months, and having passed the sequence of tests, a tomb guard is permanently awarded the Badge. Since the first award on February 7, 1958, fewer than 650 soldiers have completed training and been awarded this badge, including four women. A small number of tomb guard Identification Badges have also been retroactively awarded to soldiers who served as Guards before 1959. Those numbers make the Badge the second rarest award currently issued in the United States Army; only the Army Astronaut Badge is rarer.[nb 5]
The badge was designed in 1956 and first issued to members of the Honor Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns on February 7, 1958. The badge was first issued only as a temporary wear item, meaning the soldiers could only wear the badge during their tenure as members of the honor guard. Upon leaving the duty, the badge was returned and reissued to incoming soldiers. In 1963, a regulation was enacted that allowed the badge to be worn as a permanent part of the military uniform, even after the soldier's completion of duty at the Tomb of the Unknowns.
Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument[edit]
The crack can be seen underneath the words "An American" and above the word "Soldier."
Cracking and weathering are causing concerns for the long-term preservation of the Tomb Monument. A November 1963 report first recorded horizontal cracking of the monument's marble die block. Though this was the first time that the damage was documented, the report made it clear that the cracks had become visible some time before that date.[28]
In 1963–1964, there were two cracks—referred to as "primary" and "secondary"—extending approximately 34 feet around the die block. By 1974, they had extended to 40 feet. They grew another 4.6 feet over the next 15 years. Inspection has determined that the cracks have increased horizontally since 1990. Analysis also indicates that the cracks are not surficial but extend partially through the block and will eventually extend all the way through.[28]
The 1990 report documented deterioration of the marble's surface. As much as 2.85 mm of the marble surface has been lost through weathering. The study projected that before 2010, the Tomb Monument will have been weathered enough to have a negative effect on the experience of the visitors and concludes the only solutions are to enclose or replace the monument.[28]
Several options have been considered to deal with the damage. Officials at Arlington National Cemetery determined that proper repair can return the Tomb Monument to an acceptable appearance. However, because the cracks will continue to lengthen and widen, continuous grouting, regrouting, touch-up, monitoring, and maintenance would be required. Therefore, a report commissioned by Arlington National Cemetery and published in June 2006 confirmed the Cemetery's conclusion that "replacement of the three pieces of the Tomb Monument is the preferred alternative". A final decision was scheduled to be made on September 30, 2007.[28]
The National Trust for Historic Preservation objects to the plan to replace the authentic Tomb Monument. The Trust expressed concern that Arlington National Cemetery seeks to replace the existing monument with marble from the original quarry, which experts agree is likely eventually to crack.[29]
The Trust has observed that the Cemetery's own 1990 report recommended that the monument be repaired and that the Cemetery, in fact, commissioned Oehrlein Architects to repair the stone. In 2007, Mary Oehrlein informed Congressional staff members that: "The existing monument can easily be repaired, as was done 17 years ago, using conventional conservation methods to re-grout the cracks. Once repaired, the fault lines would be virtually invisible from the public viewing areas."[30][31]
On September 26, 2007, U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka announced that an amendment crafted together with Senator Jim Webb will be added to the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (H.R. 1585) that would require a report on the plans of the Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to replace the monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns. The secretaries would be required to advise Congress on the current efforts to maintain and preserve the monument. Additionally, they would have to provide an assessment on the feasibility and advisability of repairing rather than replacing the Tomb Monument. Finally, if the secretaries choose replacement, they would have to report those plans and detail how they intend to dispose of the current monument. Once the report is provided, the secretaries are prevented from taking action to replace the monument for at least 180 days. The Akaka-Webb amendment was included in the bill by unanimous consent of the Senate.[32] An amendment to the Fiscal Year 2008 Defense Authorization Bill authorized a review of the monument's condition. The bill also authorized repair, but not replacement, of the monument.[33] Final passage of the National Defense Authorization Act for 2008 (H.R. 4986) was signed by President Bush on January 28, 2008.
October 21, 2011: Completed repair of the cracks in the Tomb.
In 2003 John Haines, a retired car dealer, offered to donate a large slab of marble to the Arlington National Cemetery to replace the existing marble. Haines paid $31,000 for the marble slab.[34] The marble was not removed from the quarry, however, because imperfections were found and the block was rejected.
In June 2009 Arlington National Cemetery and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers announced that the monument was to be repaired, not replaced.[35] In 2010, the cracks were filled but the repairs lasted only a few months.[36] As of June 2011, the cemetery was struggling to repair the cracks in the monument, one of which measured 28.4 feet (8.7 m) long, with another at 16.2 feet (4.9 m).[37] In September 2011, the cracks were filled again[36] and on October 21, 2011, inspection by the Corps of Engineers and other experts pronounced the repairs a success.[38]
See also[edit]
Civil War Unknowns Monument
Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier
Tomb of the Unknown Soldier – for a list of similar memorials in other countries
Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
World War I memorials
Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
The Unknown Warrior – London, UK
The Unknown Soldier – Paris, France
Military rites
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Syracuse University Archives has an extensive collection of Lorimer Rich (1914 Syracuse graduate) papers pertaining to his architect design work of the Tomb, including 44 numbered drawings of the Tomb. http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html Archived February 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ Many sources reference the 1931 Tomb as a sarcophagus, but it is not: in a sarcophagus, the remains are placed in a hollowed-out portion of the stone; the marble in the Tomb was not hollowed out and the remains are underneath the Tomb.
Jump up ^ 1931 body block tonnage calculated in 2004 is different (by 5.9%) from the other source amount of 56 tons and can not be explained with certainty. Sub-base cubic footage and tons was calculated from the source dimensions because cubic feet and tons were not included in the source data table. Per cubic foot, the marble weighs 170 pounds.
Jump up ^ The identification took place after Blassie's family lobbied the Pentagon to perform the DNA testing. His remains (6 partial bones) had originally been recovered several months after his aircraft had been shot down and were not sufficient to allow for positive identification at the time. CNN.com "Home at last for a fallen hero". June 11, 1998. Also see: U.S. National Library of Medicine – Visible Proofs, "Michael Blassie unknown no more", May 23, 2006
Jump up ^ The Tomb Guard Identification Badge is the only badge awarded by the United States Army that can be revoked after a soldier has left the military. The Regimental Commander of the 3rd U.S. Infantry Regiment has the authority to revoke a badge from any Guard (past or present) for any act that would bring discredit upon the Tomb of the Unknowns. "Army Regulation 600-8-22 – "Military Awards" (11 December 2006); para. 8-40f" (PDF). Department of the Army. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.
References[edit]
Jump up ^ "Arlington National Cemetery: The Tomb of the Unknowns". Arlingtoncemetery.mil. Retrieved February 24, 2012.
Jump up ^ Congressional Medal of Honor Recipients - World War I Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (archived from the original on October 22, 2006).
Jump up ^ World War I Unknown Soldier, Arlington National Cemetery website.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "The Quartermaster Review September – October 1963". United States Army. Retrieved November 22, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Configuration of 1921 Tomb". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
^ Jump up to: a b c "The Unknown Soldier of World War I". The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969. United States Army. Retrieved May 28, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b "History of the Tomb". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on November 16, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
^ Jump up to: a b "Marble, Colorado: City of Stone"; by Duane Vandenbusche and Rex Myers; Golden Bell Press; Denver, Colorado; 6th printing February 1996
^ Jump up to: a b "The Vermont Marble Museum". Vermont Marble Company. April 1931. Archived from the original on December 27, 2011. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Dedication photo". Syracuse University Archives. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "Digital Scan of the Tomb, 2004". Direct Dimensions Inc, Owing Mills, Maryland. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ "The Victoria Cross". The British Army 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital (volunteers) website. Archived from the original on December 29, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Silver Buffalo Award Winners 1929-1926". Boy Scouts of America National Council. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pub.L. 79–429; Pub.L. 84–975
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Quartermaster Review (January–February 1964)". United States Army. Archived from the original on October 20, 2011. Retrieved November 23, 2011.
Jump up ^ Robert M. Poole (2009). On hallowed ground: the story of Arlington National Cemetery. Walker & Company. pp. 301–302. ISBN 0-8027-1548-6.
Jump up ^ Memorial day tribute: holiday holds special meaning for Blassie family - LaVonne Johnson, Citizen Airman. June 2003.
Jump up ^ McVeigh, Alex (February 11, 2009). "First Tomb Badge recipient laid to rest". The Official Home Page Of The United States Army.
Jump up ^ "Who Are The Tomb Guards". tombguard.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2012. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "The Changing of the Guard". Arlington, Virginia: Arlington National Cemetery. Archived from the original on January 22, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2013.
^ Jump up to: a b "Frequently Asked Questions". Society of the Honor Guard – Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Visiting Arlington National Cemetery". Retrieved September 23, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Tomb of the Unknown Soldier FAQ". Society of the Honor Guard Tomb of the Unknown Soldier. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
Jump up ^ Still Vigilant at the Tomb of the Unknowns Despite Irene - ABC News
Jump up ^ PHOTO: Despite Sandy, Soldiers Stand Guard At Tomb Of The Unknown Soldier : The Two-Way : NPR
Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20091014110013/http://www.tombguard.org/Nov01_Jan02.pdf
Jump up ^ The Sentinel, "Post and Orders Remain as Directed" (PDF). August 2002 – September 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b c d "Arlington National Cemetery Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Repair or Replacement Project (draft)" (PDF). June 1, 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 27, 2007. Retrieved July 21, 2016.
Jump up ^ "Take Action for Historic Preservation". Nationaltrust.org. Retrieved September 12, 2010.
Jump up ^ Crack Mars Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, ABC News May 28, 2006.
Jump up ^ John Paul Woodley, Jr., Assistant Secretary of the Army (Civil Works); William F. Tuerk, Under Secretary for Memorial Affairs, Department of Veterans Affairs (2008). "Report on Alternative Measures To Address Cracks in the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns at Arlington National Cemetery, Virginia". Congressional Record. Retrieved February 25, 2012. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
Jump up ^ "Akaka-Webb Amendment to Halt Replacement of the Monument at the Tomb of the Unknowns is Approved by Senate". September 26, 2007. Archived from the original on January 12, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2007.
Jump up ^ Ruane, Michael E., "Bid to Replace Tomb Monument Stalls", Washington Post, January 30, 2008, p. A03.
Jump up ^ Nancy Lofholm, Marble for Unknowns tomb just sits, Denver Post, August 18, 2008.
Jump up ^ McMichael, William (June 26, 2009). "Tomb of Unknowns to be repaired, not replaced". Army Times. Army Times Publishing Company. Retrieved June 27, 2009.
^ Jump up to: a b video by Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk District
Jump up ^ Davenport, Christian, "Repairs On Persistent Cracks At Tomb Of Unknowns Delayed", Washington Post, June 9, 2011, p. B1.
Jump up ^ Army Corps of Engineers photos and text
Further reading[edit]
The Last Salute: Civil and Military Funeral, 1921-1969, CHAPTER I, The Unknown Soldier of World War I, State Funeral, 23 October–11 November 1921 by B. C. Mossman and M. W. Stark. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1991. CMH Pub 90-1.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tomb of the Unknowns.
Official U.S. Army Tomb Guard and Tomb of the Unknowns website
Arlington Cemetery official site
Arlington Historical Society
Arlington Convention and Visitors Service official website
Snopes's article on the Tomb of the Unknowns
Society of the Honor Guard - Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
Video of the Changing of the Guard at the Tomb of the Unknowns, by Dover Lodge #489
video of a changing of the guard
The short film Interment Ceremony Of The Vietnam Unknown (1985) is available for free download at the Internet Archive
Historic film footage of November 11, 1921 interment ceremony for the World War I Unknown Soldier at the tomb of 1921
The Unknowns - 2016 Documentary film
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&oldid=835797676"
Categories:
Arlington National Cemetery
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Military monuments and memorials in the United States
World War I memorials in the United States
American recipients of the Victoria Cross
American World War I recipients of the Victoria Cross
Monuments and memorials in Virginia
Marble sculptures in Virginia
1931 sculptures
Tombs of Unknown Soldiers
Tombs in the United States
1921 establishments in the United States
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class
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a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability Wikipedia:Verifiability
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b
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a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit
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a
href title
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class
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/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal Help:Maintenance template removal
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class role
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a
href class title
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href title
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href title
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/wiki/USS_Brewton_(FF-1086) USS Brewton (FF-1086)
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href title
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local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
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local
a
href class
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a
href class title
/wiki/File:Tomb_vietnam_deathwatch.jpg internal Enlarge
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class
thumbcaption magnify
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class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
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alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
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local
a
href class
/wiki/File:President_Reagan_during_interment_ceremony_for_Unknown_Serviceman_of_Vietnam_Era_at_Tomb_of_Unknowns,_Arlington_National_Cemetery,_May_28,_1984.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:President_Reagan_during_interment_ceremony_for_Unknown_Serviceman_of_Vietnam_Era_at_Tomb_of_Unknowns,_Arlington_National_Cemetery,_May_28,_1984.jpg internal Enlarge
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/wiki/Ronald_Reagan Ronald Reagan
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/wiki/Nancy_Reagan Nancy Reagan
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href title
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class id
mw-headline Identification_of_the_Unknown
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class
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href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=6 Edit section: Identification of the Unknown
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class
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class
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href title
/wiki/Michael_Blassie Michael Blassie
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href title
/wiki/An_L%E1%BB%99c An Lộc
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href
#cite_note-19
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sup
id class
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href title
/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA Mitochondrial DNA
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href class title
/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri mw-redirect St. Louis, Missouri
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href title
/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks_National_Cemetery Jefferson Barracks National Cemetery
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href
#cite_note-20
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id class
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href
#cite_note-21
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id class
cite_ref-21 reference
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p
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class id
mw-headline Redesignation_of_the_crypt
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class
mw-editsection-bracket
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a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=7 Edit section: Redesignation of the crypt
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class
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class
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class id
mw-headline Tomb_guards
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span
class
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a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=8 Edit section: Tomb guards
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class
mw-editsection-bracket
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span
class
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local
h2
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local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/TombUN.gif/180px-TombUN.gif 180 166 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/TombUN.gif/270px-TombUN.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/TombUN.gif/360px-TombUN.gif 2x 600 552
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:TombUN.gif image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:TombUN.gif internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
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div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:182px;
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href title
/wiki/Fort_Myer Fort Myer
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Fort_Myer Fort Myer
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/3rd_US_Infantry_Regiment_(The_Old_Guard) mw-redirect 3rd US Infantry Regiment (The Old Guard)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_Guard_Identification_Badge mw-redirect Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge
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local
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href class title
/wiki/Astronaut_Badge mw-redirect Astronaut Badge
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local
a
href
#cite_note-22
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local
sup
id class
cite_ref-22 reference
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p
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class id
mw-headline Weapons
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class
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a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=9 Edit section: Weapons
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class
mw-editsection-bracket
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class
mw-editsection
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href class title
/wiki/M1903_Springfield_rifle mw-redirect M1903 Springfield rifle
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href title
/wiki/M1_Garand M1 Garand
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href title
/wiki/M14_rifle M14 rifle
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a
href title
/wiki/M1911_pistol M1911 pistol
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a
href class title
/wiki/M9_pistol mw-redirect M9 pistol
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local
a
href
#cite_note-23
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sup
id class
cite_ref-23 reference
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p
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class id
mw-headline Walking_the_mat
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class
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href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=10 Edit section: Walking the mat
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class
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class
mw-editsection
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p
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ol
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/wiki/21-gun_salute 21-gun salute
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/wiki/Veterans_Day_(United_States) mw-redirect Veterans Day (United States)
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class id
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class
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href title
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/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery Arlington National Cemetery
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href
#cite_note-FAQ-25
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id class
cite_ref-FAQ_25-0 reference
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href
#cite_note-26
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id class
cite_ref-26 reference
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p
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class id
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class
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href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=12 Edit section: Dedication
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href
#cite_note-27
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id class
cite_ref-27 reference
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href
#cite_note-28
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href
#cite_note-29
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#cite_note-30
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#cite_note-31
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p
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href class title
/wiki/3rd_United_States_Infantry_Regiment mw-redirect 3rd United States Infantry Regiment
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local
a
href
#cite_note-FAQ-25
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-FAQ_25-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_Guard_Identification_Badge mw-redirect Tomb of the Unknown Soldier Guard Identification Badge
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Astronaut_Badge#United_States_Army mw-redirect Astronaut Badge
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-32
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local
sup
id class
cite_ref-32 reference
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p
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p
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class id
mw-headline Damage_and_repair_to_the_Tomb_Monument
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
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local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=13 Edit section: Damage and repair to the Tomb Monument
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
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span
class
mw-editsection
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h2
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local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg 220 165 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg 2x 2832 2128
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Tomb_of_the_Unknowns_crack.jpg internal Enlarge
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div
class
thumbcaption magnify
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div
class style
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a
href
#cite_note-Damage-33
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sup
id class
cite_ref-Damage_33-0 reference
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p
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href
#cite_note-Damage-33
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sup
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cite_ref-Damage_33-1 reference
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href
#cite_note-Damage-33
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cite_ref-Damage_33-2 reference
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#cite_note-Damage-33
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href title
/wiki/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation National Trust for Historic Preservation
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#cite_note-34
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#cite_note-35
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href
#cite_note-2008_report-36
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id class
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p
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Daniel_Akaka Daniel Akaka
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jim_Webb Jim Webb
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act National Defense Authorization Act
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local
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href
#cite_note-37
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id class
cite_ref-37 reference
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href
#cite_note-38
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href title
/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act National Defense Authorization Act
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local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TousRepairSep2011.jpg/220px-TousRepairSep2011.jpg 220 141 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TousRepairSep2011.jpg/330px-TousRepairSep2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/TousRepairSep2011.jpg/440px-TousRepairSep2011.jpg 2x 1024 658
html
local
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href class
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/wiki/File:TousRepairSep2011.jpg internal Enlarge
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div
class
thumbcaption magnify
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div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
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a
href
#cite_note-Donation-39
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local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Donation_39-0 reference
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p
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local
a
href title
/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers United States Army Corps of Engineers
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a
href
#cite_note-40
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sup
id class
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a
href
#cite_note-Engineers-41
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cite_ref-Engineers_41-0 reference
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href
#cite_note-42
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id class
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a
href
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href
#cite_note-43
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id class
cite_ref-43 reference
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p
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span
class id
mw-headline See_also
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=14 Edit section: See also
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
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local
span
class
mw-editsection
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local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Civil_War_Unknowns_Monument Civil War Unknowns Monument
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Confederate_Soldier Tomb of the Unknown Confederate Soldier
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Revolutionary_War_Soldier Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/World_War_I_memorials World War I memorials
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Canadian_Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier Canadian Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/The_Unknown_Warrior The Unknown Warrior
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe#Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier Arc de Triomphe
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_rites Military rites
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Notes
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
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local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)&action=edit&section=15 Edit section: Notes
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
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local
span
class
mw-editsection
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local
h2
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local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
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local
a
href
#cite_ref-7
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external free http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://web.archive.org/web/20120218084751/http://archives.syr.edu/collections/alumni/rich_box.html
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wayback_Machine Wayback Machine
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-7
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-12
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
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a
href title
/wiki/Sarcophagus Sarcophagus
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local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-12
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local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
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a
href
#cite_ref-13
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local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
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local
span
class
reference-text
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local
li
id
cite_note-13
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local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
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a
href
#cite_ref-21
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local
b
html
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