First Punic War
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
First Punic War
Part of the Punic Wars
Western Mediterranean Sea in 264 BC. Rome is shown in red, Carthage in purple, and Syracuse in green.
Date
264–241 BCE
(23 years)
Location
Mediterranean Sea, Sicily, North Africa, Italy, Sardinia
Result
Roman victory
Territorial
changes
Roman annexation of Sicily (Except for the Kingdom of Syracuse)
Belligerents
Roman Republic Carthage
Syracuse
Commanders and leaders
Marcus Atilius Regulus (POW)
Gaius Lutatius Catulus
Gaius Duilius Hamilcar Barca
Hanno the Great
Hasdrubal the Fair
Xanthippus
Strength
Unknown Unknown
Casualties and losses
700 quinqueremes
400,000 dead 500 quinqueremes
[show]
v
t
e
Punic Wars
First
Mercenary
Second
Third
[show]
v
t
e
First Punic War
Messana
Agrigentum
Lipari Islands
Mylae
Sulci
Tyndaris
Cape Ecnomus
Aspis
Adys
Tunis
Cape Hermaeum
Panormus
1st Drepana
Lilybaeum
2nd Drepana
Mt Ercte
1st Mt Eryx
2nd Mt Eryx
Aegates Islands
The First Punic War (264 to 241 BC) was the first of three wars fought between Ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic, the two great powers of the Western Mediterranean. For 23 years, in the longest continuous conflict and greatest naval war of antiquity, the two powers struggled for supremacy, primarily on the Mediterranean island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also in North Africa.
The war began in 264 BC with the Roman conquest of the Carthaginian-controlled city of Messina in Sicily, granting Rome a military foothold on the island. The Romans built up a navy to challenge Carthage, the greatest naval power in the Mediterranean, for control over the waters around Sicily. In naval battles and storms, 700 Roman and 500 Carthaginian quinqueremes were lost, along with hundreds of thousands of lives. Command of the sea was won and lost by both sides repeatedly. A Roman invasion of Carthaginian Africa was destroyed in battle and the Roman consul Marcus Atilius Regulus was captured by the Carthaginians in 255. In 23 years, the Romans slowly conquered Sicily and drove the Carthaginians to the west end of the island.
After both sides had been brought to a state of near exhaustion, the Romans mobilized their citizenry's private wealth and created a new fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus. The Carthaginian fleet was destroyed at the Aegates Islands in 241, forcing the cut-off Carthaginian troops on Sicily to give up. A peace treaty was signed in which Carthage was made to pay a heavy indemnity and Rome ejected Carthage from Sicily, annexing the island as a Roman province.
The war was followed by a failed revolt against the Carthaginian Empire. The Romans exploited Carthage's weakness to seize the Carthaginian possessions of Sardinia and Corsica in violation of the peace treaty. The unresolved strategic competition between Rome and Carthage would lead to the eruption of the Second Punic War in 218 BC.
Contents
[hide]
1 Name
2 Background
2.1 Rome
2.2 Carthage
2.3 North African peoples
2.4 Greek colonists
3 Beginning
4 Roman landing and advance to Syracuse
5 Carthage prepares for war
6 Battle of Agrigentum
7 Rome builds a fleet
7.1 Origin of Roman design
7.2 The corvus
8 Battle of Mylae
9 Hamilcar's counter-attack
10 Battles in Sardinia and Corsica
11 Continued Roman advance
12 Invasion of Africa
12.1 Battle of Cape Ecnomus
12.2 Regulus's raid
13 Carthage's respite
14 Renewed Roman offensive
14.1 Initial failure
14.2 Northern advance
14.3 Northwestern expedition
15 Conclusion
15.1 Stalemate in Sicily
15.2 Battle of the Aegates Islands
16 Role of naval warfare
17 Aftermath
17.1 Casualties
17.2 Peace terms
17.3 Political results
18 Notable leaders
19 Chronology
20 References
20.1 Citations
20.2 Sources
21 Further reading
22 External links
Name[edit]
The series of wars between Rome and Carthage took the name "Punic" from the Latin adjective for Carthaginian, Punicus. This is derived from Poeni (Carthaginians) and refers to the Carthaginian heritage as Phoenician colonists.[1] A Carthaginian name(s) for the conflicts does not survive in any records.[citation needed]
Background[edit]
Rome[edit]
Rome had recently emerged as the leading city-state in the Italian Peninsula, a wealthy, powerful, expansionist republic with a successful citizen army.[2] Over the past one hundred years, Rome had come into conflict, and defeated rivals on the Italian peninsula, then incorporated them into the Roman political world. First the Latin League was forcibly dissolved during the Latin War,[3] then the power of the Samnites was broken during the three prolonged Samnite wars,[4] and then the Greek cities of Magna Graecia (southern Italy) submitted to Roman power at the conclusion of the Pyrrhic War.[4] By the beginning of the First Punic War, the Romans had secured the whole of the Italian peninsula, except Gallia Cisalpina in the Po Valley.
Carthage[edit]
Carthage was a republic that dominated the political, military and economic affairs of the western Mediterranean Sea, especially on the North African coasts and islands, and above all, due to its navy.[2][5] It originated as a Phoenician colony in Africa, near modern Tunis. Carthage had become a wealthy centre for trade networks extending from Gadir (Cádiz) along the coasts of southern Iberia and North Africa, across the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, and the western half of Sicily, to the ports of the eastern Mediterranean, including Tyre, its mother city, on the shores of the Levant.[6] At the height of power, just before the First Punic War, Carthage was hostile to foreign ships (such as Roman and Greek vessels) in the western Mediterranean.[7]
North African peoples[edit]
North African peoples such as the Berbers in the area around Carthage were loosely associated with Carthage.[8] In the midst of the First Punic War some tribes would rebel against Carthage, opening a second front while the Carthaginians battled the Romans in Sicily.
Greek colonists[edit]
Greek colonists were also a major presence in the western Mediterranean, following centuries of colonial settlement, trade and conflicts with Rome over Magna Graecia and with Carthage over places such as Sicily.[9][10] The rich, strategically influential, and well-fortified Greek colony of Syracuse was politically independent of Rome and Carthage. Hostilities of the First Punic War began with developments involving the Romans, Carthaginians, and Greek colonists in Sicily and southern Italy.
Beginning[edit]
Sicily, the main theater of the war.
In 288 BC, the Mamertines, a group of Italian (Campanian) mercenaries originally hired by Agathocles of Syracuse, occupied the city of Messana (modern Messina) in the north-eastern tip of Sicily, killing all the men and taking the women as their wives.[11] At the same time, a group of Roman troops made up of Campanian "citizens without the vote" revolted and seized control of Rhegium, lying across the Straits of Messina on the mainland of Italy. In 270 BC, the Romans regained control of Rhegium and severely punished the survivors of the revolt. In Sicily, the Mamertines ravaged the countryside and collided with the expanding regional empire of the independent city of Syracuse. Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse, defeated the Mamertines near Mylae on the Longanus River.[12] Following their defeat, the Mamertines appealed to both Rome and Carthage for assistance. The Carthaginians acted first, approached Hiero to take no further action and convinced the Mamertines to accept a Carthaginian garrison in Messana. Either unhappy with the prospect of a Carthaginian garrison or convinced that the recent alliance between Rome and Carthage against Pyrrhus reflected cordial relations between the two, the Mamertines, hoping for more reliable protection, petitioned Rome for an alliance. However, the rivalry between Rome and Carthage had grown since the war with Pyrrhus and that alliance was simply no longer feasible.[13]
According to the historian Polybius, considerable debate took place in Rome on the question as to whether to accept the Mamertines' appeal for help and thus likely enter into a war with Carthage. The Romans did not wish to come to the aid of soldiers who had unjustly stolen a city from its rightful possessors, and they were still recovering from the insurrection of Campanian troops at the Battle of Rhegium in 271 BC. However, many were also unwilling to see Carthaginian power in Sicily expand even further. Leaving them at Messana would give the Carthaginians a free hand to deal with Syracuse. After the Syracusans had been defeated, the Carthaginian takeover of Sicily would essentially be complete.[14] A deadlocked senate put the matter before the popular assembly, where it was decided to accept the Mamertines' request and Appius Claudius Caudex was appointed commander of a military expedition with orders to cross to Messana.[15][16]
Roman landing and advance to Syracuse[edit]
Roman arrival and neutralization of Syracuse.
Sicily is a hilly volcanic island, with geographical obstacles and rough terrain making lines of communication difficult to maintain. For this reason, land warfare played a secondary role in the First Punic War.[citation needed] Land operations were confined to small scale raids and skirmishes, with few pitched battles. Sieges and land blockades were the most common large-scale operations for the regular army. The main blockade targets were the important ports since neither Carthage nor Rome were based in Sicily, and both needed continuous reinforcements and communication with their mainlands.[17]
The land war in Sicily began with the Roman landing at Messana in 264 BC. According to Polybius, despite the Carthaginian pre-war naval advantage, the Roman landing was virtually unopposed. Two legions commanded by Appius Claudius Caudex disembarked at Messana, where the Mamertines had expelled the Carthaginian garrison commanded by Hanno (no relation to Hanno the Great).[18] After defeating the Syracusan and Carthaginian forces besieging Messana, the Romans marched south and in turn besieged Syracuse.[19] After a brief siege, with no Carthaginian help in sight, Syracuse made peace with the Romans.[20]
According to the terms of the treaty, Syracuse would become a Roman ally, pay a somewhat light indemnity of 100 talents of silver to Rome and, perhaps most importantly, agree to help supply the Roman army in Sicily.[20] That solved the Roman problem of having to keep an overseas army provisioned while facing an enemy with a superior navy.[20][21] Following the defection of Syracuse from Carthage, several other smaller Carthaginian dependencies in Sicily also switched to the Roman side.[20]
Carthage prepares for war[edit]
Meanwhile, Carthage had begun to build a mercenary army in Africa, which was to be shipped to Sicily to meet the Romans. According to the historian Philinus, this army was composed of 50,000 infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 60 elephants and partly composed of Ligurians, Celts and Iberians.[22][23]
In past wars on the island of Sicily, Carthage had won by relying on certain fortified strong-points throughout the island, and their plan was to conduct the land war in the same fashion. The mercenary army would operate in the open against the Romans, while the strongly fortified cities would provide a defensive base from which to operate.[20]
Battle of Agrigentum[edit]
Main article: Battle of Agrigentum
In 262 BC, Rome besieged Agrigentum, an operation that involved both consular armies—a total of four Roman legions—and took several months to resolve. The garrison of Agrigentum (known to the Greeks as Acragas) managed to call for reinforcements and the Carthaginian relief force commanded by Hanno which destroyed the Roman supply base at Erbessus.[24] With supplies from Syracuse cut, the Romans were now besieged and constructed a line of contravallation.[24] After a few skirmishes, disease struck the Roman army while supplies in Agrigentum were running low, and both sides saw an open battle as preferable to the current situation.[24] Although the Romans won a clear victory over the Carthaginian relief force at the Battle of Agrigentum, the Carthaginian army defending the city managed to escape.[24] Agrigentum, now lacking any real defences, fell easily to the Romans, who then sacked the city and enslaved the populace.[24][25]
Rome builds a fleet[edit]
At the beginning of the First Punic War, Rome had virtually no experience in naval warfare, whereas the strong and powerful Carthage had a great deal of experience on the seas thanks to its centuries of sea-based trade. Nevertheless, the growing Roman Republic soon understood the importance of Mediterranean control in the outcome of the conflict.[26]
Origin of Roman design[edit]
The first major Roman fleet was constructed after the victory of Agrigentum in 261 BC. Some historians have speculated that, since Rome lacked advanced naval technology, the design of the warships was probably copied from captured Carthaginian triremes and quinqueremes or from ships that had beached on Roman shores due to storms.[27] According to Polybius, the Romans seized a shipwrecked Carthaginian quinquereme, and used it as a blueprint for their own ships.[28] Other historians have pointed out that Rome did have experience with naval technology, as she patrolled her coasts against piracy.[29] Another possibility is that Rome received technical assistance from its seafaring Sicilian ally, Syracuse.[29] Regardless of the state of their naval technology at the start of the war, Rome quickly adapted.[30]
The corvus[edit]
Diagram of a corvus boarding device.
Main article: Corvus (weapon)
In order to compensate for the lack of experience, and to make use of standard land military tactics at sea,[31] the Romans equipped their new ships with a special boarding device, the corvus.[32] The Roman military was a land-based army, while Carthage was primarily a naval power. This boarding-bridge allowed the Roman navy to circumvent some of Carthage's naval skills by using their marines to board Carthaginian ships and fight in hand-to-hand combat. Instead of manoeuvring to ram, which was the standard naval tactic at the time, corvus equipped ships would manoeuver alongside the enemy vessel, deploy the bridge which would attach to the enemy ship through spikes on the end of the bridge, and send legionaries across as boarding parties.[33][34]
The new weapon would prove its worth in the Battle of Mylae, the first Roman naval victory, and would continue to do so in the following years, especially in the huge Battle of Cape Ecnomus. The addition of the corvus forced Carthage to review its military tactics, and since the city had difficulty in doing so, Rome had the naval advantage.[35]
Battle of Mylae[edit]
Main article: Battle of Mylae
Location of Mylae (Milazzo) on the coast of northern Sicily.
The Roman fleet under the command of Gaius Duilius, engaged the Carthaginians under general Hannibal Gisco, off northern Mylae in 260 BC. Polybius states that the Carthaginians had 130 ships, but does not give an exact figure for the Romans.[36] The loss of 17 ships at the Lipari Islands from a starting total of 120 ships suggests that Rome had 103 remaining. However, it is possible that this number was greater, thanks to captured ships and the assistance of Roman allies.[37] The Carthaginians anticipated victory, due to their superior experience at sea.[36]
The corvi were very successful, and helped the Romans seize the first 30 Carthaginian ships that were close enough. In order to avoid the corvi, the Carthaginians were forced to navigate around them and approach the Romans from behind, or from the side. The corvus was usually still able to pivot and grapple most oncoming ships.[38] After an additional 20 Carthaginian ships had been hooked and lost to the Romans, Hannibal Gisco retreated with his surviving ships, leaving Duilius with a clear victory.
Instead of pursuing the remaining Carthaginians, Duilius sailed to Sicily to relieve the city of Segesta, which had been under siege from the Carthaginian infantry commander Hamilcar.[39] Modern historians have wondered at Duilius’ decision not to immediately follow up with another naval attack, but Hannibal Gisco’s remaining 80 ships were probably still too strong for Rome to conquer.[40]
Hamilcar's counter-attack[edit]
Hamilcar's attack.
The Roman advance now continued westward from Agrigentum to relieve the besieged city of Macella in 260 BC,[41] which had sided with Rome and was attacked by the Carthaginians for doing so. In the north, the Romans, with their northern sea flank secured by their naval victory at the Battle of Mylae, advanced toward Thermae. They were defeated there by the Carthaginians under Hamilcar (a popular Carthaginian name, not to be confused with Hannibal Barca's father, with the same name) in 260 BC.[42] The Carthaginians took advantage of this victory by counter-attacking, in 259 BC, and seizing Enna. Hamilcar continued south to Camarina, in Syracusan territory, presumably with the intent to convince the Syracusans to rejoin the Carthaginian side.[43]
Battles in Sardinia and Corsica[edit]
In 259 BC, consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio occupied Aleria in Corsica and probably Olbia in Sardinia. Hanno died while fighting at Olbia. The Romans withdrew because of the arrival of a Carthaginian fleet. Cornelius Scipio celebrated his victories over the Carthaginians and Sardinians with a triumph the following year[44]. During the same year a naval battle occurred near Sulci. The Carthaginian fleet was defeated and the commander Hannibal Gisco who abandoned his men and fled to Sulci was later captured by his soldiers and crucified.
Continued Roman advance[edit]
Continued Roman advance 260–256 BC.
The next year, 258 BC, the Romans were able to regain the initiative by retaking Enna and Camarina. In central Sicily, they took the town of Mytistraton, which they had attacked twice previously. The Romans also moved in the north by marching across the northern coast toward Panormus, but were not able to take the city.[45]
Invasion of Africa[edit]
After their conquests in the Agrigentum campaign, and following several naval battles, Rome attempted (256/255 BC) the second large scale land operation of the war. Seeking a swifter end to the war than the long sieges in Sicily would have provided, Rome decided to invade the Carthaginian colonies of Africa and usurp Carthage's supremacy in the Mediterranean Sea, consequently forcing Carthage to accept its terms.[33][46]
Battle of Cape Ecnomus[edit]
Main article: Battle of Cape Ecnomus
In order to initiate its invasion of Africa, the Roman Republic constructed a major fleet, comprising transports for the army and its equipment, and warships for protection. Carthage attempted to intervene with a fleet of 350 ships (according to Polybius),[47] but was defeated in the Battle of Cape Ecnomus.[48]
Invasion of Africa.
Regulus's raid[edit]
Main articles: Siege of Aspis, Battle of Adys, and Battle of Tunis
As a result of the battle, the Roman army, commanded by Marcus Atilius Regulus, landed in Africa and began ravaging the Carthaginian countryside.[49] The Siege of Aspis (or Clupea) was the first fighting on African land during the war. Regulus was next victorious at the Battle of Adys, forcing Carthage to sue for peace.[50] According to Polybius, the terms suggested were so heavy that Carthage decided they would be better off not under Roman rule. The negotiations failed but fortunately, for the Carthaginians, Xanthippus, a Spartan mercenary, returned to Carthage to reorganise its army.[33][51] Xanthippus defeated the Roman army and captured Regulus at the Battle of Tunis,[52][53] and then managed to cut off what remained of the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy.[54][55]
Carthage's respite[edit]
Carthage's respite.
The Romans, meanwhile, had sent a new fleet to pick up the survivors of its African expedition. Although the Romans defeated the Carthaginian fleet and were successful in rescuing their army in Africa, a storm destroyed nearly the entire Roman fleet on the return trip; the number of casualties in the disaster may have exceeded 90,000 men.[55] The Carthaginians took advantage of this to attack Agrigentum. They did not believe that they could hold the city, so they burned it and left.[56]
Renewed Roman offensive[edit]
Roman attacks 253–251 BC.
The Romans were able to rally, however, and quickly resumed the offensive. With a new fleet of 140 ships, Rome returned to the strategy of taking the Carthaginian cities in Sicily one by one.[57]
Initial failure[edit]
Attacks began with naval assaults on Lilybaeum, the centre of Carthaginian power on Sicily, and a raid on Africa. Both efforts ended in failure.[58] The Romans retreated from Lilybaeum, and the Roman African force was caught in another storm and destroyed.[58]
Northern advance[edit]
The Romans, however, made great progress in the north. The city of Thermae was captured in 252 BC, enabling another advance on the port city of Panormus. The Romans attacked this city after taking Kephalodon in 251 BC. After fierce fighting, the Carthaginians were defeated and the city fell. With Panormus captured, much of western inland Sicily fell with it. The cities of Ietas, Solous, Petra, and Tyndaris agreed to peace with the Romans that same year.[59]
Northwestern expedition[edit]
Main article: Battle of Drepana
Roman attacks 250–249 BC.
The next year, the Romans shifted their attention to the north-west. They sent a naval expedition toward Lilybaeum. En route, the Romans seized and burned the Carthaginian hold-out cities of Selinous and Heraclea Minoa. This expedition to Lilybaeum was not successful, but attacking the Carthaginian headquarters demonstrated Roman resolve to take all of Sicily.[60] The Roman fleet was defeated by the Carthaginians at Drepana, forcing the Romans to continue their attacks from land. Roman forces at Lilybaeum were relieved, and Eryx, near Drepana, was seized thus menacing that important city as well.[61]
Following the conclusive naval victory off Drepana in 249 BC, Carthage ruled the seas as Rome was unwilling to finance the construction of yet another expensive fleet. Nevertheless, the Carthaginian faction that opposed the conflict, led by the land-owning aristocrat Hanno the Great, gained power and in 244 BC, considering the war to be over, started the demobilisation of the fleet, giving the Romans a chance to again attain naval superiority.[62]
Conclusion[edit]
Stalemate in Sicily[edit]
Carthaginians negotiate peace and withdraw.
At this point (247 BC[63]), Carthage sent general Hamilcar Barca (Hannibal's father) to Sicily. His landing at Heirkte (near Panormus) drew the Romans away to defend that port city and resupply point and gave Drepana some breathing room. Subsequent guerrilla warfare kept the Roman legions pinned down and preserved Carthage's toehold in Sicily, although Roman forces which bypassed Hamilcar forced him to relocate to Eryx, to better defend Drepana.[60]
Battle of the Aegates Islands[edit]
Main article: Battle of the Aegates Islands
Perhaps in response to Hamilcar's raids, Rome built another fleet (paid for with donations from wealthy citizens). It was this fleet that rendered the Carthaginian success in Sicily futile, as the stalemate Hamilcar produced in Sicily became irrelevant following the Roman naval victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands in 241 BC, where the new Roman fleet under consul Gaius Lutatius Catulus was victorious over an undermanned and hastily built Carthaginian fleet. Carthage lost most of its fleet and was economically incapable of funding another, or of finding manpower for the crews.[64]
Without naval support, Hamilcar Barca was cut off from Carthage and forced to negotiate peace and agree to evacuate Sicily.[65] It should be noted that Hamilcar Barca had a subordinate named Gesco conduct the negotiations with Lutatius, in order to create the impression that he had not really been defeated.[1][66]
Role of naval warfare[edit]
Photo of the remains of the naval base of the city of Carthage. Before the war, Carthage had the most powerful navy in the western Mediterranean.
See also: Roman navy
Due to the difficulty of operating in Sicily, most of the First Punic War was fought at sea, including the most decisive battles.[17] But one reason the war bogged down into stalemate on the landward side was because ancient navies were ineffective at maintaining seaward blockades of enemy ports. Consequently, Carthage was able to reinforce and re-supply its besieged strongholds, especially Lilybaeum, on the western end of Sicily. Both sides of the conflict had publicly funded fleets. This fact compromised Carthage and Rome's finances and eventually decided the course of the war.[67]
Despite the Roman victories at sea, the Roman Republic lost countless ships and crews during the war, due to both storms and battles. On at least two occasions (255 and 253 BC) whole fleets were destroyed in bad weather; the disaster off Camarina in 255 BC counted two hundred seventy ships and over one hundred thousand men lost, the greatest single loss in history.[68] One theory is that the weight of the corvus on the prows of the ships made the ships unstable and caused them to sink in bad weather. Later, as Roman experience in naval warfare grew, the corvus device was made attachable and detachable due to its impact on the navigability of the war vessels.[69]
Aftermath[edit]
Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years of conflict and in the end became the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. In the aftermath of the war, both states were financially and demographically exhausted.[67] Corsica, Sardinia and Africa remained Carthaginian, but they had to pay a high war indemnity. Rome's victory was greatly influenced by its persistence. Moreover, the Roman Republic's ability to attract private investments in the war effort to fund ships and crews was one of the deciding factors of the war, particularly when contrasted with the Carthaginian nobility's apparent unwillingness to risk their fortunes for the common war effort.
Casualties[edit]
The exact number of casualties on each side is difficult to determine, due to bias in the historical sources.
According to sources (excluding land warfare casualties):[70]
Rome lost 700 ships (in part to bad weather) with an unknown number of crew deaths.
Carthage lost 500 ships with an unknown number of crew deaths.
Although uncertain, the casualties were heavy for both sides. Polybius commented that the war was, at the time, the most destructive in terms of casualties in the history of warfare, including the battles of Alexander the Great. Analysing the data from the Roman census of the 3rd century BC, Adrian Goldsworthy noted that during the conflict Rome lost about 50,000 men. This excludes auxiliary troops and every other man in the army without citizen status, who would be outside the head count.[71][72]
Peace terms[edit]
The terms of the Treaty of Lutatius designed by the Romans were particularly heavy for Carthage, which had lost bargaining power following its defeat at the Aegates islands. Accordingly, Carthage agreed to:
evacuate Sicily and the small islands west of it (Aegadian Islands).
return its prisoners of war without ransom, while paying a heavy ransom of their own.
refrain from attacking Syracuse and her allies.
transfer a group of small islands north of Sicily (the Aeolian Islands and Ustica) to Rome.
evacuate all of the small islands between Sicily and Africa (Pantelleria, Linosa, Lampedusa, Lampione and Malta).
pay a 2,200 talent (66 tonnes/145,000 pounds) of silver indemnity in ten annual instalments, plus an additional indemnity of 1,000 talents (30 tonnes/66,000 pounds) immediately.[73]
Further clauses determined that the allies of each side would not be attacked by the other, no attacks were to be made by either side upon the other's allies and both sides were prohibited from recruiting soldiers within the territory of the other. This denied the Carthaginians access to any mercenary manpower from Italy and most of Sicily, although this later clause was temporarily abolished during the Mercenary War.
Political results[edit]
A Carthaginian shekel, dated 237-227 BC, depicting the Punic god Melqart (equivalent of Hercules/Heracles), most likely with the features of Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal Barca; on the reverse is a man riding a war elephant
In the aftermath of the war, Carthage had insufficient state funds. Hanno the Great tried to induce the disbanded armies to accept diminished payment, but kindled a movement that led to an internal conflict, the Mercenary War. After a hard struggle from the combined efforts of Hamilcar Barca, Hanno the Great and others, the Punic forces were finally able to annihilate the mercenaries and the insurgents. However, during this conflict, Rome took advantage of the opportunity to strip Carthage of Corsica and Sardinia as well.[1]
Perhaps the most immediate political result of the First Punic War was the downfall of Carthage's naval power. Conditions signed in the peace treaty were intended to compromise Carthage's economic situation and prevent the city's recovery. The indemnity demanded by the Romans strained the city's finances and forced Carthage to look to other areas of influence for the money to pay Rome.[74]
Carthage, seeking to make up for the recent territorial losses and a plentiful source of silver to pay the large indemnity owed to Rome, turned its attention to Iberia; and in 237 BC, the Carthaginians, led by Hamilcar Barca, began a series of campaigns to expand their control over the peninsula. Though Hamilcar was killed in 229 BC, the offensive continued with the Carthaginians extending their power towards the Ebro valley and founding "New Carthage" in 228 BC. When Carthage besieged the Roman protected town of Saguntum in 218 BC, it ignited the Second Punic War with Rome.[75]
As for Rome, the end of the First Punic War marked the start of Rome's expansion beyond the Italian Peninsula. Sicily became the first Roman province (Sicilia) governed by a former praetor, instead of an ally. Sicily would become very important to Rome as a source of grain.[1] Importantly, Syracuse was granted nominal independent ally status for the lifetime of Hiero II, and was not incorporated into the Roman province of Sicily until after it was sacked by Marcus Claudius Marcellus during the Second Punic War.[76]
Notable leaders[edit]
Adherbal, Carthaginian leading admiral
Appius Claudius Caudex, Roman consul
Aulus Atilius Calatinus, Roman dictator
Gaius Duilius, Roman consul
Gaius Lutatius Catulus, Roman consul
Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina, Roman consul
Hamilcar Barca, Carthaginian leading general
Hannibal Gisco, Carthaginian general
Hanno the Great, Carthaginian leading politician
Hasdrubal the Fair, Carthaginian general
Hiero II, tyrant of Syracuse
Lucius Caecilius Metellus, Roman consul
Marcus Atilius Regulus, Roman consul
Publius Claudius Pulcher, Roman consul
Xanthippus, Spartan mercenary in the service of Carthage
Hannibal the Rhodian, Carthaginian privateer
Chronology[edit]
264 BC: The Mamertines seek assistance from Rome to replace Carthage's protection against the attacks of Hiero II of Syracuse.
263 BC: Hiero II is defeated by consul Manius Valerius Messalla and is forced to change allegiance to Rome, which recognises his position as King of Syracuse and the surrounding territory.
262 BC: Roman intervention in Sicily. The city of Agrigentum, occupied by Carthage, is besieged.
261 BC: Battle of Agrigentum, which results in a Roman victory and capture of the city. Rome decides to build a fleet to threaten Carthaginian domination at sea.
260 BC: First naval encounter (Battle of the Lipari Islands) is a disaster for Rome, but soon afterwards, Gaius Duilius wins the battle of Mylae with the help of the corvus engine.[1]
259 BC: The land fighting is extended to Sardinia and Corsica.
258 BC: Naval Battle of Sulci: Roman victory.
257 BC: Naval Battle of Tyndaris: Roman victory.
256 BC: Rome attempts to invade Africa and Carthage attempts to intercept the transport fleet. The resulting Battle of Cape Ecnomus is a major victory for Rome, which lands in Africa and advances on Carthage. The Battle of Adys is the first Roman success on African soil and Carthage sues for peace. Negotiations fail to reach agreement and the war continues.
255 BC: The Carthaginians employ a Spartan general, Xanthippus, to organise their defences and defeat the Romans at the Battle of Tunis. The Roman survivors are evacuated by a fleet to be destroyed soon afterwards, on their way back to Sicily.
254 BC: A new fleet of 140 Roman ships is constructed to substitute the one lost in the storm and a new army is levied. The Romans win a victory at Panormus, in Sicily, but fail to make any further progress in the war. Five Greek cities in Sicily defect from Carthage to Rome.
253 BC: The Romans pursue a policy of raiding the African coast east of Carthage. After an unsuccessful year the fleet heads for home. During the return to Italy the Romans are again caught in a storm and lose 150 ships.
251 BC: The Romans again win at Panormus over the Carthaginians, led by Hasdrubal. As a result of the recent losses, Carthage endeavours to strengthen its garrisons in Sicily and recapture Agrigentum. Romans begin siege of Lilybaeum.
249 BC: Rome loses almost a whole fleet in the Battle of Drepana. In the same year Hamilcar Barca accomplishes successful raids in Sicily and yet another storm destroys the remainder of the Roman ships. Aulus Atilius Calatinus is appointed dictator and sent to Sicily.
248 BC: Beginning of a period of low-intensity fighting in Sicily, without naval battles. This lull would last until 241 BC.
244 BC: With little to no naval engagements, Hanno the Great of Carthage advocates the demobilisation of large parts of the Carthaginian navy to save money. Carthage does so.
242 BC: Rome constructs another major battle fleet.
241 BC: On March 10, the Romans secure a decisive victory at the Battle of the Aegates Islands. Carthage negotiates peace terms and the First Punic War ends.[1]
References[edit]
Citations[edit]
^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Sidwell & Jones 1997, p. 16.
^ Jump up to: a b Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. "Rome." vol 23 p628.
Jump up ^ Starr 1965, pp. 464–465.
^ Jump up to: a b Starr 1965, p. 465.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. "Carthage." vol 5 p429.
Jump up ^ Starr 1965, p. 478.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. "Carthage." Vol 5 p428.
Jump up ^ John Iliffe (13 August 2007). Africans: The History of a Continent. Cambridge University Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-139-46424-6. Retrieved 25 February 2013.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. "Carthage." Vol 5 p427.
Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica. 1911. "Sicily." Vol 25 p25.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 165.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:9.7-9.8.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 167.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:10.7-10.9.
Jump up ^ Starr 1965, p. 479; Warmington 1993, pp. 168–169.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:11.3.
^ Jump up to: a b Niebuhr 1844, pp. 18–19.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:11.2-11.4.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:11.12-11.14.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Warmington 1993, p. 171.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:16.6-16.8.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, pp. 171–172.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:17.4.
^ Jump up to: a b c d e Polybius. The Histories, 1:19.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 172.
Jump up ^ Zoch 2000, pp. 94–96.
Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996, p. 49.
Jump up ^ Polybius, The Histories, I.20–21
^ Jump up to: a b Reynolds 1998, p. 22.
Jump up ^ Roberts 2006, pp. 64–65.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 173.
Jump up ^ Wallinga 1956, pp. 73–77.
^ Jump up to: a b c Starr 1965, p. 481.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:22.3-22.11.
Jump up ^ Addington 1990, p. 29.
^ Jump up to: a b Polybius. The Histories, 1:23.
Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996, p. 70.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The General History of Polybius, Book I (p. 29).
Jump up ^ Bagnall 2002, p. 63.
Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996, p. 73.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:24.1-24.2.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:24.3-24.4.
Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996, p. 75.
Jump up ^ Lucio Cornelio Scipione
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:24.10-24.13.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 175.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:25.9.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, pp. 175–176.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 176.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, pp. 176–177.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, p. 177.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:33–34.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, pp. 177–178.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:36.5-36.9.
^ Jump up to: a b Warmington 1993, p. 178.
Jump up ^ Smith 1854, p. 76.
Jump up ^ Warmington 1993, pp. 178–179.
^ Jump up to: a b Warmington 1993, p. 179.
Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996, p. 116.
^ Jump up to: a b Smith 1854, p. 788.
Jump up ^ Lazenby 1996, p. 148.
Jump up ^ Bagnall 2002, p. 80.
Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2001, p. 95.
Jump up ^ Mokhtar 1981, p. 457.
Jump up ^ Bedford & Bradford 2001, p. 174.
Jump up ^ Lendering, Jona (1995–2010). "First Punic War: Chronology". Livius: Articles on Ancient History. Retrieved 27 November 2010. .
^ Jump up to: a b Bringmann 2007, p. 127.
Jump up ^ Dupuy 1984.
Jump up ^ Penrose 2008, p. 51.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:63.6.
Jump up ^ Goldsworthy 2007, Backcover.
Jump up ^ Goodrich 1864, p. 75.
Jump up ^ Polybius. The Histories, 1:62.7-63.3.
Jump up ^ Fields 2007, p. 15.
Jump up ^ Collins 1998, p. 13.
Jump up ^ Allen & Myers 1890, p. 111.
Sources[edit]
Addington, Larry H. (1990). The Patterns of War through the Eighteenth Century. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-20551-4.
Allen, William Francis; Myers, Philip Van Ness (1890). Ancient History for Colleges and High Schools: Part II – A Short History of the Roman People. Boston, United States of America: Ginn & Company. ISBN 978-1-143-05928-5.
Bagnall, Nigel (2002). The Punic Wars, 264–146 BC. Oxford, United Kingdom: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-355-1.
Bedford, Alfred S.; Bradford, Pamela M. (2001). With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 0-275-95259-2.
Bringmann, Klaus (2007). A History of the Roman Republic. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-3370-6.
Collins, Roger (1998). Spain: An Oxford Archaeological Guide. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-285300-7.
Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1984). The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. Da Capo Press, Inc. ISBN 0-306-80384-4.
Fields, Nic (2007). The Roman Army of the Punic Wars 264–146 BC. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-145-1.
Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2007). The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-36642-0.
Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2001). The Punic Wars. Cassel. ISBN 978-0-304-35284-5.
Goodrich, Samuel Griswold (1864). A Pictorial History of Ancient Rome: With Sketches of the History of Modern Italy (PDF). Philadelphia: E. H. Butler & Co. ISBN 978-1-147-45071-2.
Lazenby, John Francis (1996). The First Punic War: A Military History. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2673-6. OCLC 34371250.
Mokhtar, Gamal (1981). Ancient Civilizations of Africa. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-435-94805-9.
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1844). Lectures on the history of Rome from the first Punic war to the death of Constantine. In a series of lectures, including an introductory course on the sources and study of Roman history, Volume 2 (PDF). Taylor & Walton. ISBN 1-150-67678-7.
Penrose, Jane (2008). Rome and Her Enemies: An Empire Created and Destroyed by War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84603-336-5.
Reynolds, Clark G. (1998). Navies in History. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-715-5.
Roberts, Peter (2006). Ancient History, Book 2. Pascal Press. ISBN 1-74125-179-6.
Sidwell, Keith C.; Jones, Peter V. (1997). The World of Rome: An Introduction to Roman Culture. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-38600-4.
Smith, William (1854). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (PDF). Little, Brown & Co. ISBN 978-1-84511-001-7.
Starr, Chester G. (1965). A History of the Ancient World. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506628-6.
Wallinga, Herman Tammo (1956). The Boarding-bridge of the Romans: Its Construction and its Function in the Naval Tactics of the First Punic War. J. B. Wolters Groningen.
Warmington, Brian Herbert (1993) [1960]. Carthage. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc. ISBN 978-1-56619-210-1.
Zoch, Paul A. (2000). Ancient Rome: An Introductory History. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 0-8061-3287-6.
Further reading[edit]
Liddle, Henry George (1855). "Chapter XXIX: First Punic War". A History of Rome from the Earliest Times to the Establishment of the Empire, Volume 1. ISBN 978-1-142-17443-9.
Livius, Titus. "Ab Urbe condita Libri" (in Latin). The Latin Library. Retrieved 28 November 2010.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to First Punic War.
First Punic War - Ancient History Encyclopaedia
Polybius on the First Punic War
[hide]
v
t
e
Punic Wars
First Punic War
Messana
Agrigentum
Lipari Islands
Mylae
Sulci
Tyndaris
Cape Ecnomus
Aspis
Adys
Tunis
Cape Hermaeum
Panormus
1st Drepana
1st Lilybaeum
2nd Drepana
Mount Ercte
1st Mt. Eryx
2nd Mt. Eryx
Aegates
Mercenary War
Utica
Bagradas River
Hamilcar's victory with Naravas
Carthage
"The Saw"
Tunis
Second Punic War
Saguntum
Crossing of the Alps
Lilybaeum
Rhone
Ticinus
Trebia
Cissa
Lake Trasimene
Ebro River
Ager Falernus
Geronium
Cannae
1st Nola
Dertosa
2nd Nola
Decimomannu
3rd Nola
1st Beneventum
Syracuse
1st Tarentum
1st Capua
2nd Beneventum
Silarus
1st Herdonia
Upper Baetis
2nd Capua
2nd Herdonia
Numistro
Asculum
2nd Tarentum
Baecula
Grumentum
Metaurus
New Carthage
Ilipa
Guadalquivir
Carteia
Crotona
Utica
Great Plains
Cirta
Po Valley
Zama
Third Punic War
Lake Tunis
1st Nepheris
Port of Carthage
2nd Nepheris
Carthage
Military history
[hide]
v
t
e
Ancient Roman wars
Wars of the
Roman Republic
Roman–Etruscan Wars
Roman-Aequian wars
Roman–Latin wars
Roman–Hernician wars
Roman-Volscian wars
Samnite Wars
Pyrrhic War
Punic Wars (First, Second, Third)
Illyrian Wars (First, Second, Third)
Macedonian Wars (First, Second, Third, Fourth)
Roman–Seleucid War
Aetolian War
Galatian War
Roman conquest of Hispania (First Celtiberian War, Lusitanian War, Numantine War, Sertorian War, Cantabrian Wars)
Achaean War
Jugurthine War
Cimbrian War
Servile Wars (First, Second, Third)
Social War
Sulla's civil wars (First, Second)
Mithridatic Wars (First, Second, Third)
Gallic Wars
Caesar's invasions of Britain
Caesar's Civil War
End of the Republic (Post-Caesarian, Liberators', Sicilian, Perusine, Final)
Wars of the
Roman Empire
Germanic Wars (Teutoburg, Marcomannic, Alemannic, Gothic, Visigothic)
Wars in Britain
Wars of Boudica
Armenian War
Civil War of 69
Jewish–Roman wars
Domitian's Dacian War
Trajan's Dacian Wars
Parthian Wars
Persian Wars
Civil Wars of the Third Century
Wars of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Military history of ancient Rome
Authority control
GND: 4176369-5
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&oldid=837609575"
Categories:
First Punic War
260s BC conflicts
250s BC conflicts
240s BC conflicts
264 BC
3rd century BC in the Roman Republic
3rd century BC
Punic Wars
Wars involving Carthage
Wars involving the Roman Republic
Hidden categories:
All articles with unsourced statements
Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
CS1 Latin-language sources (la)
Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
Navigation menu
Personal tools
Not logged in
Talk
Contributions
Create account
Log in
Namespaces
Article
Talk
Variants
Views
Read
Edit
View history
More
Search
Navigation
Main page
Contents
Featured content
Current events
Random article
Donate to Wikipedia
Wikipedia store
Interaction
Help
About Wikipedia
Community portal
Recent changes
Contact page
Tools
What links here
Related changes
Upload file
Special pages
Permanent link
Page information
Wikidata item
Cite this page
Print/export
Create a book
Download as PDF
Printable version
In other projects
Wikimedia Commons
Languages
العربية
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Čeština
Cymraeg
Dansk
Deutsch
Eesti
Ελληνικά
Español
Esperanto
Euskara
فارسی
Français
Frysk
Galego
한국어
Hrvatski
Bahasa Indonesia
Interlingua
Íslenska
Italiano
עברית
ქართული
Latina
Lietuvių
Magyar
Македонски
मराठी
Bahasa Melayu
Nederlands
日本語
Norsk
Norsk nynorsk
Occitan
Polski
Português
Română
Русский
Scots
Sicilianu
Simple English
Slovenčina
Slovenščina
Српски / srpski
Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски
Suomi
Svenska
Türkçe
Українська
Tiếng Việt
中文
45 more
Edit links
This page was last edited on 21 April 2018, at 22:12.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
Privacy policy
About Wikipedia
Disclaimers
Contact Wikipedia
Developers
Cookie statement
Mobile view
Enable previews

div
id class
mw-page-base noprint
html
local
div
id class
mw-head-base noprint
html
local
a
id
top
html
local
div
id class
siteNotice centralNotice mw-body-content
html
local
div
class
mw-indicators mw-body-content
html
local
h1
id class lang
firstHeading firstHeading en
html
local
div
id class
siteSub noprint
html
local
div
id
contentSub
html
local
a
href
#mw-head
html
local
a
href
#p-search
html
local
div
id class
jump-to-nav mw-jump
html
local
th
class colspan style
summary 2 background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Punic_Wars Punic Wars
html
local
td
colspan style
2 background-color:#DCDCDC;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;
html
local
tr
html
local
img
alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
First Punic War 264 BC v2.png //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png/300px-First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png 300 177 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png/450px-First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png/600px-First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png 2x 800 473
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:First_Punic_War_264_BC_v2.png image
html
local
br
html
local
td
colspan style
2 text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;
html
local
tr
html
local
th
style
padding-right:1em
html
local
br
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
th
style
padding-right:1em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea Mediterranean Sea
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicily Sicily
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_Africa North Africa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Italy Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
span
class
location
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
th
style
padding-right:1em
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
th
style
padding-right:1em
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province) Sicilia (Roman province)
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syracuse mw-redirect Kingdom of Syracuse
html
local
td
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
style
width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0
html
local
td
colspan
2
html
local
tr
html
local
th
colspan style
2 background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Republic Roman Republic
html
local
td
style
width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Carthage Ancient Carthage
html
local
br
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Kingdom_of_Syracuse mw-redirect Kingdom of Syracuse
html
local
td
style
width:50%;padding-left:0.25em
html
local
tr
html
local
th
colspan style
2 background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus Marcus Atilius Regulus
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prisoner_of_war Prisoner of war
html
local
small
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Lutatius_Catulus Gaius Lutatius Catulus
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Duilius Gaius Duilius
html
local
td
style
width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno_the_Great Hanno the Great
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hasdrubal_the_Fair Hasdrubal the Fair
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Xanthippus_of_Carthage Xanthippus of Carthage
html
local
td
style
width:50%;padding-left:0.25em
html
local
tr
html
local
th
colspan style
2 background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;
html
local
tr
html
local
td
style
width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;
html
local
td
style
width:50%;padding-left:0.25em
html
local
tr
html
local
th
colspan style
2 background-color:#B0C4DE;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
td
style
width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;
html
local
td
style
width:50%;padding-left:0.25em
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
infobox vevent border-spacing:2px;;width:315px
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton0 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Punic_Wars Template:Campaignbox Punic Wars
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Punic_Wars Template talk:Campaignbox Punic Wars
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_Punic_Wars&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Punic_Wars Punic Wars
html
local
span
style
line-height:1.6em
html
local
div
id style
Punic_Wars font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan style
col navbox-title 2 background-color:#B0C4DE;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary_War Mercenary War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Punic_War Second Punic War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Punic_War Third Punic War
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-odd hlist width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable0
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox Punic_Wars margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:315px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton1 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_First_Punic_War Template:Campaignbox First Punic War
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_First_Punic_War Template talk:Campaignbox First Punic War
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Campaignbox_First_Punic_War&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
span
class
wrap
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
span
style
line-height:1.6em
html
local
div
id style
First_Punic_War font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan style
col navbox-title 2 background-color:#B0C4DE;
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Messana Battle of Messana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum Battle of Agrigentum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lipari_Islands Battle of the Lipari Islands
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae Battle of Mylae
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Sulci Battle of Sulci
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris Battle of Tyndaris
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus Battle of Cape Ecnomus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis Siege of Aspis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Adys Battle of Adys
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tunis mw-redirect Battle of Tunis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum mw-redirect Battle of Cape Hermaeum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Panormus Battle of Panormus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana Battle of Drepana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Lilybaeum_(250_BC) Siege of Lilybaeum (250 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Drepana Siege of Drepana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Ercte&action=edit&redlink=1 new Battle of Mount Ercte (page does not exist)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Mount_Eryx&action=edit&redlink=1 new First Battle of Mount Eryx (page does not exist)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Mount_Eryx&action=edit&redlink=1 new Second Battle of Mount Eryx (page does not exist)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates Battle of the Aegates
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-odd hlist width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
style
display: none;
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable1
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox First_Punic_War margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:315px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Punic_Wars Punic Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Carthage Ancient Carthage
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_Republic Roman Republic
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Great_power Great power
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Mediterranean mw-redirect Mediterranean
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Island Island
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicily Sicily
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_Africa North Africa
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Messana Battle of Messana
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/City City
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Messina Messina
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Navy Navy
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Naval_power mw-redirect Naval power
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Storm Storm
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Quinquereme mw-redirect Quinquereme
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Command_of_the_sea Command of the sea
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Africa Africa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Bagradas Battle of Bagradas
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_consul Roman consul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus Marcus Atilius Regulus
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prisoner_of_war Prisoner of war
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Lutatius_Catulus Gaius Lutatius Catulus
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands mw-redirect Battle of the Aegates Islands
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutatius Treaty of Lutatius
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Indemnity Indemnity
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province) Sicilia (Roman province)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_province Roman province
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary_War Mercenary War
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Carthaginian_Empire mw-redirect Carthaginian Empire
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Punic_War Second Punic War
html
local
p
html
local
p
html
local
h2
html
local
a
role tabindex class
button 0 togglelink
html
local
span
class
toctoggle
html
local
div
class dir xml:lang
toctitle ltr en
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Name
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-1
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Background
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Rome
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-3
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Carthage
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-4
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#North_African_peoples
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-5
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Greek_colonists
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-6
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-2
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Beginning
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-7
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Roman_landing_and_advance_to_Syracuse
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-8
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Carthage_prepares_for_war
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-9
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Battle_of_Agrigentum
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-10
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Rome_builds_a_fleet
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Origin_of_Roman_design
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-12
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#The_corvus
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-13
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-11
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Battle_of_Mylae
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-14
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Hamilcar's_counter-attack
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-15
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Battles_in_Sardinia_and_Corsica
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-16
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Continued_Roman_advance
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-17
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Invasion_of_Africa
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-19
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Regulus's_raid
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-20
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-18
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Carthage's_respite
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-21
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Renewed_Roman_offensive
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Initial_failure
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-23
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Northern_advance
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-24
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Northwestern_expedition
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-25
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-22
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Conclusion
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Stalemate_in_Sicily
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-27
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-28
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-26
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Role_of_naval_warfare
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-29
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Aftermath
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Casualties
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-31
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Peace_terms
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-32
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Political_results
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-33
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-30
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Notable_leaders
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-34
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Chronology
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-35
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#References
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Citations
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-37
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Sources
html
local
li
class
toclevel-2 tocsection-38
html
local
ul
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-36
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#Further_reading
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-39
html
local
span
class
tocnumber
html
local
span
class
toctext
html
local
a
href
#External_links
html
local
li
class
toclevel-1 tocsection-40
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
toc toc
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Name
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=1 Edit section: Name
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Latin_(language) mw-redirect Latin (language)
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Phoenicia Phoenicia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-0 reference
html
local
span
title
This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2015)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Background
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=2 Edit section: Background
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Rome
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=3 Edit section: Rome
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/City-state City-state
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Expansionism Expansionism
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Republic Republic
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628-2
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628_2-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Latin_League Latin League
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Latin_War Latin War
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-3
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-3 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Samnites Samnites
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Samnite_wars mw-redirect Samnite wars
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Starr465-4
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Starr465_4-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Magna_Graecia Magna Graecia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pyrrhic_War Pyrrhic War
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Starr465-4
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Starr465_4-1 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Italian_peninsula mw-redirect Italian peninsula
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Gallia_Cisalpina mw-redirect Gallia Cisalpina
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Po_Valley Po Valley
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Carthage
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=4 Edit section: Carthage
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ancient_Carthage Ancient Carthage
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628-2
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628_2-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-5
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-5 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Phoenicia Phoenicia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tunis Tunis
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/C%C3%A1diz Cádiz
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Iberia mw-redirect Iberia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/North_Africa North Africa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Balearic_Islands Balearic Islands
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicily Sicily
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon Tyre, Lebanon
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Levant Levant
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-6
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-6 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-7
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-7 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline North_African_peoples
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=5 Edit section: North African peoples
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Berbers Berbers
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Iliffe2007-8
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Iliffe2007_8-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Greek_colonists
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=6 Edit section: Greek colonists
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Greek_colonies#Colonies_in_antiquity mw-redirect Greek colonies
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece Economy of ancient Greece
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Magna_Graecia Magna Graecia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-9
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-9 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-10
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-10 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily Syracuse, Sicily
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Beginning
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=7 Edit section: Beginning
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg/220px-Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg.png 220 136 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg/330px-Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg/440px-Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg.png 2x 606 375
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Sicilia_-_prima_guerra_punica.svg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:222px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mamertines Mamertines
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campanians Campanians
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Agathocles Agathocles
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Messina,_Italy mw-redirect Messina, Italy
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-11
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-11 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Rhegium mw-redirect Rhegium
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Straits_of_Messina mw-redirect Straits of Messina
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy mw-redirect Syracuse, Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse Hiero II of Syracuse
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tyrant Tyrant
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Mylae mw-redirect Mylae
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Longanus_River mw-redirect Longanus River
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-12
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-12 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus Pyrrhus of Epirus
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-13
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-13 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polybius Polybius
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campanian Campanian
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-14
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-14 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caudex Appius Claudius Caudex
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-15
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-15 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-16
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-16 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Roman_landing_and_advance_to_Syracuse
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=8 Edit section: Roman landing and advance to Syracuse
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Romanarrival.JPG/240px-Romanarrival.JPG 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Romanarrival.JPG/360px-Romanarrival.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Romanarrival.JPG/480px-Romanarrival.JPG 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Romanarrival.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Romanarrival.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
span
title
What scholarly source claims this? (September 2015)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed Wikipedia:Citation needed
html
local
i
html
local
sup
class style
noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact white-space:nowrap;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pitched_battle Pitched battle
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege Siege
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Blockade Blockade
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Niebuhr.18-17
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Niebuhr.18_17-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caudex Appius Claudius Caudex
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mamertines Mamertines
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno,_Messana_garrison_commander Hanno, Messana garrison commander
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno_the_Great Hanno the Great
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-18
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-18 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Messana Battle of Messana
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-19
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-19 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War171-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War171_20-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Talent_(measurement) Talent (measurement)
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War171-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War171_20-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War171-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War171_20-2 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-21
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-21 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War171-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War171_20-3 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Carthage_prepares_for_war
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=9 Edit section: Carthage prepares for war
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary Mercenary
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Philinus_of_Agrigentum Philinus of Agrigentum
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ligures Ligures
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Celts Celts
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Iberians Iberians
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-22
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-22 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-23
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-23 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War171-20
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War171_20-4 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Battle_of_Agrigentum
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=10 Edit section: Battle of Agrigentum
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum Battle of Agrigentum
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_legion Roman legion
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno,_son_of_Hannibal Hanno, son of Hannibal
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Pol19-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Pol19_24-0 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Contravallation mw-redirect Contravallation
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Pol19-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Pol19_24-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Pol19-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Pol19_24-2 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum Battle of Agrigentum
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Pol19-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Pol19_24-3 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Pol19-24
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Pol19_24-4 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War172-25
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War172_25-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Rome_builds_a_fleet
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=11 Edit section: Rome builds a fleet
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Naval_warfare Naval warfare
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-26
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-26 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Origin_of_Roman_design
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=12 Edit section: Origin of Roman design
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Trireme Trireme
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Quinquereme mw-redirect Quinquereme
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-27
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-27 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polybius Polybius
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-28
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-28 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Piracy Piracy
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Reynolds22-29
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Reynolds22_29-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Reynolds22-29
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Reynolds22_29-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-30
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-30 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline The_corvus
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=13 Edit section: The corvus
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Corvus.svg/200px-Corvus.svg.png 200 151 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Corvus.svg/300px-Corvus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Corvus.svg/400px-Corvus.svg.png 2x 517 391
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Corvus.svg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Corvus.svg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Corvus_(weapon) mw-redirect Corvus (weapon)
html
local
i
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Naval_boarding Naval boarding
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:202px;
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Corvus_(weapon) mw-redirect Corvus (weapon)
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-31
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-31 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Naval_boarding Naval boarding
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Corvus_(weapon) mw-redirect Corvus (weapon)
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-32
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-32 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hand-to-hand_combat Hand-to-hand combat
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ramming Ramming
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Starr481-33
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Starr481_33-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-34
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-34 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae Battle of Mylae
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus Battle of Cape Ecnomus
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Addington1-35
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Addington1_35-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Battle_of_Mylae
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=14 Edit section: Battle of Mylae
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae Battle of Mylae
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Aeolian_Islands_map.png/200px-Aeolian_Islands_map.png 200 147 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Aeolian_Islands_map.png/300px-Aeolian_Islands_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Aeolian_Islands_map.png/400px-Aeolian_Islands_map.png 2x 800 589
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Aeolian_Islands_map.png image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Aeolian_Islands_map.png internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:202px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Duilius Gaius Duilius
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hannibal_Gisco Hannibal Gisco
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-1:23-36
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-1:23_36-0 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Lipari_Islands mw-redirect Lipari Islands
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Lazenby70-37
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Lazenby70_37-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-1:23-36
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-1:23_36-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Polybius29-38
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Polybius29_38-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Segesta Segesta
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar Hamilcar
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bagnall63-39
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bagnall63_39-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Lazenby73-40
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Lazenby73_40-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
id
Hamilcar.27s_counter-attack
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Hamilcar's_counter-attack
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=15 Edit section: Hamilcar's counter-attack
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hamilcarattack.JPG/240px-Hamilcarattack.JPG 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hamilcarattack.JPG/360px-Hamilcarattack.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hamilcarattack.JPG/480px-Hamilcarattack.JPG 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Hamilcarattack.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Hamilcarattack.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Macella Macella
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-41
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-41 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae Battle of Mylae
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Termini_Imerese Termini Imerese
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Hannibal_Barca mw-redirect Hannibal Barca
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-42
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-42 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Counterattack Counterattack
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Enna Enna
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily Kamarina, Sicily
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-43
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-43 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Battles_in_Sardinia_and_Corsica
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=16 Edit section: Battles in Sardinia and Corsica
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-44
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-44 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Continued_Roman_advance
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=17 Edit section: Continued Roman advance
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Romanadvance.JPG/240px-Romanadvance.JPG 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Romanadvance.JPG/360px-Romanadvance.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Romanadvance.JPG/480px-Romanadvance.JPG 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Romanadvance.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Romanadvance.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mytistraton Mytistraton
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Palermo Palermo
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-45
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-45 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Invasion_of_Africa
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=18 Edit section: Invasion of Africa
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege Siege
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Starr481-33
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Starr481_33-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-46
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-46 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=19 Edit section: Battle of Cape Ecnomus
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus Battle of Cape Ecnomus
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polybius Polybius
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-47
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-47 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-48
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-48 reference
html
local
p
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Africainvasion.JPG/200px-Africainvasion.JPG 200 147 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Africainvasion.JPG/300px-Africainvasion.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Africainvasion.JPG/400px-Africainvasion.JPG 2x 875 645
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Africainvasion.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Africainvasion.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:202px;
html
local
span
id
Regulus.27s_raid
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Regulus's_raid
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=20 Edit section: Regulus's raid
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis Siege of Aspis
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Adys Battle of Adys
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tunis mw-redirect Battle of Tunis
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus Marcus Atilius Regulus
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-49
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-49 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis Siege of Aspis
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Adys Battle of Adys
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-50
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-50 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Xanthippus_of_Carthage Xanthippus of Carthage
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sparta Sparta
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary Mercenary
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Carthage Carthage
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Starr481-33
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Starr481_33-2 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-51
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-51 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tunis mw-redirect Battle of Tunis
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-52
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-52 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-53
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-53 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-54
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-54 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War178-55
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War178_55-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
id
Carthage.27s_respite
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Carthage's_respite
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=21 Edit section: Carthage's respite
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carthagerespite.JPG/240px-Carthagerespite.JPG 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carthagerespite.JPG/360px-Carthagerespite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carthagerespite.JPG/480px-Carthagerespite.JPG 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Carthagerespite.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Carthagerespite.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War178-55
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War178_55-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-56
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-56 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Renewed_Roman_offensive
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=22 Edit section: Renewed Roman offensive
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Attacksrenewed.JPG/240px-Attacksrenewed.JPG 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Attacksrenewed.JPG/360px-Attacksrenewed.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Attacksrenewed.JPG/480px-Attacksrenewed.JPG 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Attacksrenewed.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Attacksrenewed.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-57
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-57 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Initial_failure
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=23 Edit section: Initial failure
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Lilybaeum mw-redirect Lilybaeum
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War179-58
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War179_58-0 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-War179-58
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-War179_58-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Northern_advance
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=24 Edit section: Northern advance
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ietas Ietas
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Solous mw-redirect Solous
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Tyndaris mw-redirect Tyndaris
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-59
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-59 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Northwestern_expedition
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=25 Edit section: Northwestern expedition
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana Battle of Drepana
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Attacksrenewed2.JPG/240px-Attacksrenewed2.JPG 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Attacksrenewed2.JPG/360px-Attacksrenewed2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Attacksrenewed2.JPG/480px-Attacksrenewed2.JPG 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Attacksrenewed2.JPG image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Attacksrenewed2.JPG internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Lilybaeum mw-redirect Lilybaeum
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Selinunte Selinunte
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa Heraclea Minoa
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Smith788-60
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Smith788_60-0 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana Battle of Drepana
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Eryx_(Sicily) Eryx (Sicily)
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-61
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-61 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana Battle of Drepana
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aristocracy Aristocracy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno_the_Great Hanno the Great
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Demobilization Demobilization
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-62
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-62 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Conclusion
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=26 Edit section: Conclusion
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Stalemate_in_Sicily
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=27 Edit section: Stalemate in Sicily
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RomeWins.jpg/240px-RomeWins.jpg 240 180 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RomeWins.jpg/360px-RomeWins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RomeWins.jpg/480px-RomeWins.jpg 2x 960 720
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:RomeWins.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:RomeWins.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:242px;
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-63
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-63 reference
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Hannibal_Barca mw-redirect Hannibal Barca
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Smith788-60
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Smith788_60-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=28 Edit section: Battle of the Aegates Islands
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands mw-redirect Battle of the Aegates Islands
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands mw-redirect Battle of the Aegates Islands
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Lutatius_Catulus Gaius Lutatius Catulus
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-64
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-64 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-65
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-65 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-66
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-66 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Role_of_naval_warfare
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=29 Edit section: Role of naval warfare
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg/200px-Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg 200 127 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg/300px-Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg/400px-Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg 2x 2000 1268
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Carthage-1958-PortsPuniques.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption magnify
html
local
div
class style
thumb tleft thumbinner width:202px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_navy#First_Punic_War Roman navy
html
local
div
role class
note hatnote navigation-not-searchable
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Niebuhr.18-17
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Niebuhr.18_17-1 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bringmann127-67
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bringmann127_67-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-68
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-68 reference
html
local
i
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-69
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-69 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Aftermath
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=30 Edit section: Aftermath
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Bringmann127-67
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Bringmann127_67-1 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Casualties
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=31 Edit section: Casualties
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-70
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-70 reference
html
local
p
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Polybius Polybius
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alexander_the_Great Alexander the Great
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Census Census
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy Adrian Goldsworthy
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-71
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-71 reference
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-72
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-72 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Peace_terms
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=32 Edit section: Peace terms
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Treaty_of_Lutatius Treaty of Lutatius
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Aegates_islands mw-redirect Aegates islands
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aegadian_Islands Aegadian Islands
html
local
li
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy mw-redirect Syracuse, Italy
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aeolian_Islands Aeolian Islands
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Ustica Ustica
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pantelleria Pantelleria
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Linosa Linosa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lampedusa Lampedusa
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lampione Lampione
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Malta Malta
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Talent_(weight) mw-redirect Talent (weight)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Tonne Tonne
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-73
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-73 reference
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary_War Mercenary War
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Political_results
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=33 Edit section: Political results
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Dishekel_hispano-cartagin%C3%A9s-2.jpg/300px-Dishekel_hispano-cartagin%C3%A9s-2.jpg 300 139 thumbimage //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Dishekel_hispano-cartagin%C3%A9s-2.jpg 1.5x 422 196
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Dishekel_hispano-cartagin%C3%A9s-2.jpg image
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/File:Dishekel_hispano-cartagin%C3%A9s-2.jpg internal Enlarge
html
local
div
class
magnify
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Carthaginian_currency Carthaginian currency
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Shekel Shekel
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Melqart Melqart
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hercules Hercules
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Heracles Heracles
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Hannibal_Barca mw-redirect Hannibal Barca
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/War_elephant War elephant
html
local
div
class
thumbcaption
html
local
div
class style
thumb tright thumbinner width:302px;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary_War Mercenary War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno_the_Great Hanno the Great
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-2 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Fields,15-74
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Fields,15_74-0 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Iberia mw-redirect Iberia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Peninsula Peninsula
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Ebro_valley mw-redirect Ebro valley
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain Cartagena, Spain
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Saguntum mw-redirect Saguntum
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Punic_War Second Punic War
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-75
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-75 reference
html
local
p
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_province Roman province
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province) Sicilia (Roman province)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Praetor Praetor
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Grain_supply_to_the_city_of_Rome mw-redirect Grain supply to the city of Rome
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-3 reference
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Syracuse,_Italy mw-redirect Syracuse, Italy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse Hiero II of Syracuse
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(214%E2%80%93212_BC) Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Marcellus Marcus Claudius Marcellus
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-76
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-76 reference
html
local
p
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Notable_leaders
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=34 Edit section: Notable leaders
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Adherbal_(admiral) Adherbal (admiral)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Caudex Appius Claudius Caudex
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aulus_Atilius_Calatinus Aulus Atilius Calatinus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Duilius Gaius Duilius
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Lutatius_Catulus Gaius Lutatius Catulus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Scipio_Asina Gnaeus Cornelius Scipio Asina
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hannibal_Gisco Hannibal Gisco
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno_the_Great Hanno the Great
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hasdrubal_the_Fair Hasdrubal the Fair
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hiero_II_of_Syracuse Hiero II of Syracuse
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Lucius_Caecilius_Metellus_(died_221_BC) mw-redirect Lucius Caecilius Metellus (died 221 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Marcus_Atilius_Regulus Marcus Atilius Regulus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Publius_Claudius_Pulcher mw-redirect Publius Claudius Pulcher
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Xanthippus_of_Carthage Xanthippus of Carthage
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hannibal_the_Rhodian Hannibal the Rhodian
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Chronology
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=35 Edit section: Chronology
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
b
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Manius_Valerius_Messalla mw-redirect Manius Valerius Messalla
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Agrigentum mw-redirect Agrigentum
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum Battle of Agrigentum
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lipari_Islands Battle of the Lipari Islands
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gaius_Duilius Gaius Duilius
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae Battle of Mylae
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Corvus_(weapon) mw-redirect Corvus (weapon)
html
local
i
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-4 reference
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sardinia Sardinia
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Corsica Corsica
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Sulci Battle of Sulci
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris Battle of Tyndaris
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus Battle of Cape Ecnomus
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Adys Battle of Adys
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sparta Sparta
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Xanthippus_of_Carthage Xanthippus of Carthage
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tunis mw-redirect Battle of Tunis
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Panormus Battle of Panormus
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Palermo Palermo
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Lilybaeum mw-redirect Lilybaeum
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana Battle of Drepana
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hamilcar_Barca Hamilcar Barca
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aulus_Atilius_Calatinus Aulus Atilius Calatinus
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanno_the_Great Hanno the Great
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
li
html
local
b
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates_Islands mw-redirect Battle of the Aegates Islands
html
local
a
href
#cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
sup
id class
cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-5 reference
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=36 Edit section: References
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Citations
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=37 Edit section: Citations
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-2
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-3
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-4
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Sidewellp16_1-5
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFSidwellJones1997
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Sidewellp16-1
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628_2-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628_2-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://archive.org/stream/EB1911WMF/VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu.txt
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-VOL22_POLL-REEVES_djvu_1911._p628-2
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-3
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFStarr1965
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-3
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Starr465_4-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Starr465_4-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFStarr1965
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Starr465-4
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-5
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://archive.org/stream/EB1911WMF/VOL05_CALHOUN-CHATELAINE_djvu.txt
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-5
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-6
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFStarr1965
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-6
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-7
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://archive.org/stream/EB1911WMF/VOL05_CALHOUN-CHATELAINE_djvu.txt
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-7
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Iliffe2007_8-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=bNGN2URP_rUC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46424-6 Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46424-6
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africans%3A+The+History+of+a+Continent&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46424-6&rft.au=John+Iliffe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbNGN2URP_rUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Iliffe2007-8
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-9
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://archive.org/stream/EB1911WMF/VOL05_CALHOUN-CHATELAINE_djvu.txt
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-9
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-10
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://archive.org/stream/EB1911WMF/VOL25_SHWEBO-SUBLIMINAL_SELF_djvu.txt
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-10
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-11
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-11
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-12
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#9
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-12
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-13
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-13
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-14
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#10
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-14
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-15
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFStarr1965
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-15
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-16
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#11
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-16
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Niebuhr.18_17-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Niebuhr.18_17-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFNiebuhr1844
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Niebuhr.18-17
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-18
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#11
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-18
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-19
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#11
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-19
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War171_20-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War171_20-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War171_20-2
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War171_20-3
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War171_20-4
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-War171-20
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-21
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#16
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-21
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-22
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-22
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-23
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#17
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-23
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Pol19_24-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Pol19_24-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Pol19_24-2
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Pol19_24-3
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Pol19_24-4
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#19
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Pol19-24
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War172_25-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-War172-25
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-26
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFZoch2000
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-26
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-27
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLazenby1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-27
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-28
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/home.html
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-28
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Reynolds22_29-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Reynolds22_29-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFReynolds1998
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Reynolds22-29
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-30
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFRoberts2006
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-30
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-31
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-31
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-32
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWallinga1956
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-32
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Starr481_33-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Starr481_33-1
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Starr481_33-2
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFStarr1965
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Starr481-33
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-34
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#22
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-34
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Addington1_35-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFAddington1990
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Addington1-35
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-1:23_36-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-1:23_36-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plb.+1.23
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-1:23-36
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Lazenby70_37-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLazenby1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Lazenby70-37
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Polybius29_38-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Polybius29-38
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bagnall63_39-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBagnall2002
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bagnall63-39
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Lazenby73_40-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLazenby1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Lazenby73-40
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-41
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#24
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-41
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-42
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#24
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-42
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-43
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLazenby1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-43
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-44
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-44
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-45
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#24
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-45
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-46
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-46
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-47
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#25
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-47
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-48
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-48
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-49
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-49
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-50
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-50
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-51
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-51
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-52
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#33
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-52
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-53
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-53
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-54
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#36
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-54
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War178_55-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War178_55-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-War178-55
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-56
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFSmith1854
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-56
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-57
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-57
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War179_58-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-War179_58-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFWarmington1993
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-War179-58
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-59
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLazenby1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-59
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Smith788_60-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Smith788_60-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFSmith1854
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Smith788-60
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-61
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFLazenby1996
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-61
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-62
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBagnall2002
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-62
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-63
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFGoldsworthy2001
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-63
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-64
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFMokhtar1981
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-64
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-65
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBedfordBradford2001
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-65
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-66
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.livius.org/ps-pz/punic_war/1pw_chrono.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Punic+War%3A+Chronology&rft.pub=Livius%3A+Articles+on+Ancient+History&rft.date=1995%2F2010&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fps-pz%2Fpunic_war%2F1pw_chrono.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-66
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bringmann127_67-0
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
sup
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Bringmann127_67-1
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFBringmann2007
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Bringmann127-67
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-68
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFDupuy1984
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-68
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-69
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFPenrose2008
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-69
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-70
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#63
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-70
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-71
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFGoldsworthy2007
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-71
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-72
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFGoodrich1864
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-72
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-73
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Polybius/1*.html#62
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-73
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-Fields,15_74-0
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFFields2007
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-Fields,15-74
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-75
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFCollins1998
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-75
html
local
span
class
cite-accessibility-label
html
local
a
href
#cite_ref-76
html
local
b
html
local
span
class
mw-cite-backlink
html
local
a
href
#CITEREFAllenMyers1890
html
local
span
class
reference-text
html
local
li
id
cite_note-76
html
local
ol
class
references
html
local
div
class style
reflist mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns list-style-type: decimal;
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Sources
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=38 Edit section: Sources
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h3
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=4CBEesvW2okC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20551-4 Special:BookSources/0-253-20551-4
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFAddington1990 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Patterns+of+War+through+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-253-20551-4&rft.aulast=Addington&rft.aufirst=Larry+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4CBEesvW2okC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=bCIIAQAAIAAJ
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-143-05928-5 Special:BookSources/978-1-143-05928-5
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFAllenMyers1890 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History+for+Colleges+and+High+Schools%3A+Part+II+%E2%80%93+A+Short+History+of+the+Roman+People&rft.place=Boston%2C+United+States+of+America&rft.pub=Ginn+%26+Company&rft.date=1890&rft.isbn=978-1-143-05928-5&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=William+Francis&rft.au=Myers%2C+Philip+Van+Ness&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbCIIAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nigel_Bagnall Nigel Bagnall
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=4s47QHPhkAsC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-355-1 Special:BookSources/1-84176-355-1
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFBagnall2002 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punic+Wars%2C+264%E2%80%93146+BC&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-84176-355-1&rft.aulast=Bagnall&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4s47QHPhkAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=dY86rHCI1I8C
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95259-2 Special:BookSources/0-275-95259-2
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFBedfordBradford2001 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Arrow%2C+Sword%2C+and+Spear%3A+A+History+of+Warfare+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-275-95259-2&rft.aulast=Bedford&rft.aufirst=Alfred+S.&rft.au=Bradford%2C+Pamela+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdY86rHCI1I8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=ftlpza5l9R4C
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3370-6 Special:BookSources/0-7456-3370-6
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFBringmann2007 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-7456-3370-6&rft.aulast=Bringmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dftlpza5l9R4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=Trj8L8rPVRcC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-285300-7 Special:BookSources/0-19-285300-7
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFCollins1998 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%3A+An+Oxford+Archaeological+Guide&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-19-285300-7&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTrj8L8rPVRcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Trevor_N._Dupuy Trevor N. Dupuy
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=_IK1oAivKegC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80384-4 Special:BookSources/0-306-80384-4
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFDupuy1984 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Weapons+and+Warfare&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+Inc&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-306-80384-4&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+Nevitt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_IK1oAivKegC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=yKxKBPFIXLMC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-145-1 Special:BookSources/1-84603-145-1
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFFields2007 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Army+of+the+Punic+Wars+264%E2%80%93146+BC&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=1-84603-145-1&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyKxKBPFIXLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy Adrian Goldsworthy
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=nsnFSQAACAAJ
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-36642-0 Special:BookSources/0-304-36642-0
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFGoldsworthy2007 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Carthage%3A+The+Punic+Wars+265%E2%80%93146+BC&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=0-304-36642-0&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnsnFSQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=PIQdHAAACAAJ
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35284-5 Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35284-5
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFGoldsworthy2001 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Punic+Wars&rft.pub=Cassel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35284-5&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPIQdHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Samuel_Griswold_Goodrich Samuel Griswold Goodrich
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books/download/A_pictorial_history_of_ancient_Rome.pdf?id=0ejQAAAAMAAJ&output=pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-147-45071-2 Special:BookSources/978-1-147-45071-2
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFGoodrich1864 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Pictorial+History+of+Ancient+Rome%3A+With+Sketches+of+the+History+of+Modern+Italy&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=E.+H.+Butler+%26+Co&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=978-1-147-45071-2&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Griswold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fdownload%2FA_pictorial_history_of_ancient_Rome.pdf%3Fid%3D0ejQAAAAMAAJ%26output%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=vtnAOd-s1-YC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2673-6 Special:BookSources/0-8047-2673-6
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/OCLC OCLC
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text //www.worldcat.org/oclc/34371250
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFLazenby1996 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Punic+War%3A+A+Military+History&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34371250&rft.isbn=0-8047-2673-6&rft.aulast=Lazenby&rft.aufirst=John+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtnAOd-s1-YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=gB6DcMU94GUC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-94805-9 Special:BookSources/0-435-94805-9
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFMokhtar1981 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Civilizations+of+Africa&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-435-94805-9&rft.aulast=Mokhtar&rft.aufirst=Gamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgB6DcMU94GUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr Barthold Georg Niebuhr
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books/download/Lectures_on_the_history_of_Rome_from_the.pdf?id=yQZCAAAAIAAJ&output=pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-150-67678-7 Special:BookSources/1-150-67678-7
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFNiebuhr1844 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+history+of+Rome+from+the+first+Punic+war+to+the+death+of+Constantine.+In+a+series+of+lectures%2C+including+an+introductory+course+on+the+sources+and+study+of+Roman+history%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Walton&rft.date=1844&rft.isbn=1-150-67678-7&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Barthold+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fdownload%2FLectures_on_the_history_of_Rome_from_the.pdf%3Fid%3DyQZCAAAAIAAJ%26output%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=qNxLidZpVjgC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-336-5 Special:BookSources/1-84603-336-5
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFPenrose2008 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+Her+Enemies%3A+An+Empire+Created+and+Destroyed+by+War&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-84603-336-5&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqNxLidZpVjgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Clark_G._Reynolds Clark G. Reynolds
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=yh3z6O-_m4QC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-715-5 Special:BookSources/1-55750-715-5
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFReynolds1998 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+in+History&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-55750-715-5&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Clark+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyh3z6O-_m4QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=Krh7n9AyS40C
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74125-179-6 Special:BookSources/1-74125-179-6
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFRoberts2006 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+History%2C+Book+2&rft.pub=Pascal+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-74125-179-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKrh7n9AyS40C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=YkgTbON-GGUC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-38600-4 Special:BookSources/0-521-38600-4
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFSidwellJones1997 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Rome%3A+An+Introduction+to+Roman+Culture&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-521-38600-4&rft.aulast=Sidwell&rft.aufirst=Keith+C.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Peter+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYkgTbON-GGUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books/download/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_geography.pdf?id=E00ZAAAAYAAJ&output=pdf
html
local
span
style
font-size:85%;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-001-7 Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-001-7
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFSmith1854 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Greek+and+Roman+Geography&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Co&rft.date=1854&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-001-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fdownload%2FDictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_geography.pdf%3Fid%3DE00ZAAAAYAAJ%26output%3Dpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Chester_Starr Chester Starr
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=bA3kgtZU1iMC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506628-6 Special:BookSources/0-19-506628-6
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFStarr1965 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-19-506628-6&rft.aulast=Starr&rft.aufirst=Chester+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbA3kgtZU1iMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=W0l9QwAACAAJ
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFWallinga1956 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Boarding-bridge+of+the+Romans%3A+Its+Construction+and+its+Function+in+the+Naval+Tactics+of+the+First+Punic+War&rft.pub=J.+B.+Wolters+Groningen&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Wallinga&rft.aufirst=Herman+Tammo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW0l9QwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=G0kgaFEBb4EC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-210-1 Special:BookSources/978-1-56619-210-1
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFWarmington1993 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carthage&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble%2C+Inc&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-1-56619-210-1&rft.aulast=Warmington&rft.aufirst=Brian+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG0kgaFEBb4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=95bu0O3LLlsC
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6 Special:BookSources/0-8061-3287-6
html
local
cite
id class
CITEREFZoch2000 citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+An+Introductory+History&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8061-3287-6&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Paul+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95bu0O3LLlsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class style
refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2 -moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline Further_reading
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=39 Edit section: Further reading
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
i
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://books.google.com/books?id=feDQAAAAMAAJ&dq=%22First%20Punic%20War%22&pg=PA302#v=onepage&q&f=false
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number International Standard Book Number
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-142-17443-9 Special:BookSources/978-1-142-17443-9
html
local
cite
class
citation book
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXIX%3A+First+Punic+War&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rome+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Establishment+of+the+Empire%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=1855&rft.isbn=978-1-142-17443-9&rft.aulast=Liddle&rft.aufirst=Henry+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfeDQAAAAMAAJ%26dq%3D%2522First%2520Punic%2520War%2522%26pg%3DPA302%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Livy Livy
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/liv.html
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
span
class
reference-accessdate
html
local
cite
class
citation web
html
local
span
style
display:none;
html
local
span
title class
ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ab+Urbe+condita+Libri&rft.pub=The+Latin+Library&rft.aulast=Livius&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelatinlibrary.com%2Fliv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Punic+War Z3988
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
span
class id
mw-headline External_links
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit&section=40 Edit section: External links
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection-bracket
html
local
span
class
mw-editsection
html
local
h2
html
local
img
alt src width height class srcset data-file-width data-file-height
//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 30 40 noviewer //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x 1024 1376
html
local
td
class
mbox-image
html
local
a
href class title
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Punic_War extiw commons:Category:First Punic War
html
local
b
html
local
i
html
local
td
class
mbox-text plainlist
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
role class style
presentation mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000
html
local
a
rel href class
nofollow http://www.ancient.eu/First_Punic_War/ external text
html
local
li
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text http://www.livius.org/ps-pz/punic_war/1pw00.html
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton2 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:Punic_Wars_navbox Template:Punic Wars navbox
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:Punic_Wars_navbox Template talk:Punic Wars navbox
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Punic_Wars_navbox&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Punic_Wars Punic Wars
html
local
div
id style
Punic_Wars font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan
col navbox-title 3
html
local
tr
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Messana Battle of Messana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Agrigentum Battle of Agrigentum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lipari_Islands Battle of the Lipari Islands
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae Battle of Mylae
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Sulci Battle of Sulci
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tyndaris Battle of Tyndaris
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ecnomus Battle of Cape Ecnomus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Aspis Siege of Aspis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Adys Battle of Adys
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tunis mw-redirect Battle of Tunis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum mw-redirect Battle of Cape Hermaeum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Panormus Battle of Panormus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana Battle of Drepana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Lilybaeum_(250_BC) Siege of Lilybaeum (250 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Drepana Siege of Drepana
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Ercte&action=edit&redlink=1 new Battle of Mount Ercte (page does not exist)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=First_Battle_of_Mount_Eryx&action=edit&redlink=1 new First Battle of Mount Eryx (page does not exist)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/w/index.php?title=Second_Battle_of_Mount_Eryx&action=edit&redlink=1 new Second Battle of Mount Eryx (page does not exist)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates Battle of the Aegates
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
img
alt src width height srcset data-file-width data-file-height
Hannibal Slodtz Louvre MR2093.png //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png/90px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png 90 151 //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png/135px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png/180px-Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png 2x 1784 3000
html
local
a
href class
/wiki/File:Hannibal_Slodtz_Louvre_MR2093.png image
html
local
div
html
local
td
class rowspan style
navbox-image 4 width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mercenary_War Mercenary War
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Utica Battle of Utica
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bagradas_River_(240_BC) mw-redirect Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Hamilcar%27s_victory_with_Navaras mw-redirect Hamilcar's victory with Navaras
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(Mercenary_War) mw-redirect Siege of Carthage (Mercenary War)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_%22The_Saw%22 Battle of "The Saw"
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Tunis_(Mercenary_War) Siege of Tunis (Mercenary War)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Punic_War Second Punic War
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Saguntum Siege of Saguntum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hannibal%27s_crossing_of_the_Alps Hannibal's crossing of the Alps
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Lilybaeum Battle of Lilybaeum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Rhone_Crossing Battle of Rhone Crossing
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Ticinus Battle of Ticinus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trebia Battle of the Trebia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cissa Battle of Cissa
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene Battle of Lake Trasimene
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Ebro_River Battle of Ebro River
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Ager_Falernus Battle of Ager Falernus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Geronium Battle of Geronium
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae Battle of Cannae
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(216_BC) Battle of Nola (216 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Dertosa Battle of Dertosa
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(215_BC) Battle of Nola (215 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Decimomannu Battle of Decimomannu
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Nola_(214_BC) Battle of Nola (214 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(214_BC) Battle of Beneventum (214 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(214%E2%80%93212_BC) Siege of Syracuse (214–212 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tarentum_(212_BC) Battle of Tarentum (212 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Capua Battle of Capua
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(212_BC) Battle of Beneventum (212 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Silarus Battle of the Silarus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Herdonia_(212_BC) Battle of Herdonia (212 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Upper_Baetis Battle of the Upper Baetis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Capua_(211_BC) Battle of Capua (211 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Herdonia_(210_BC) Battle of Herdonia (210 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Numistro Battle of Numistro
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Canusium Battle of Canusium
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Tarentum_(209_BC) Battle of Tarentum (209 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Baecula Battle of Baecula
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Grumentum Battle of Grumentum
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Metaurus Battle of the Metaurus
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_(209_BC) Battle of Cartagena (209 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Ilipa Battle of Ilipa
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Guadalquivir_(206_BC) Battle of the Guadalquivir (206 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Carteia Battle of Carteia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Crotona Battle of Crotona
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Utica_(203_BC) Battle of Utica (203 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Plains Battle of the Great Plains
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Cirta Battle of Cirta
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Po_Valley_raid mw-redirect Po Valley raid
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Zama Battle of Zama
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Punic_War Third Punic War
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Tunis Battle of Lake Tunis
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/First_Battle_of_Nepheris mw-redirect First Battle of Nepheris
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Port_of_Carthage Battle of the Port of Carthage
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Nepheris_(147_BC) Battle of Nepheris (147 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(c._149_BC) Battle of Carthage (c. 149 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history Military history
html
local
b
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
html
local
td
class colspan
navbox-abovebelow 3
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks hlist collapsible =expanded navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable2
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox Punic_Wars padding:3px
html
local
a
id href
collapseButton3 #
html
local
span
class
collapseButton
html
local
abbr
title style
View this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars Template:Ancient Roman Wars
html
local
li
class
nv-view
html
local
abbr
title style
Discuss this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_Wars Template talk:Ancient Roman Wars
html
local
li
class
nv-talk
html
local
abbr
title style
Edit this template ;background-color:#B0C4DE;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
html
local
a
class href
external text //en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Ancient_Roman_Wars&action=edit
html
local
li
class
nv-edit
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
plainlinks hlist navbar mini
html
local
div
id style
Ancient_Roman_wars font-size:114%;margin:0 4em
html
local
th
scope class colspan style
col navbox-title 2 background-color:#B0C4DE;
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military Campaign history of the Roman military
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Etruscan_Wars Roman–Etruscan Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman-Aequian_wars Roman-Aequian wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Latin_wars Roman–Latin wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_the_Hernici Roman conquest of the Hernici
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Roman-Volscian_wars mw-redirect Roman-Volscian wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Samnite_Wars Samnite Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pyrrhic_War Pyrrhic War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Punic_Wars Punic Wars
html
local
a
class
mw-selflink selflink
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Punic_War Second Punic War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Punic_War Third Punic War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Illyrian_Wars Illyrian Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Illyrian_Wars#First_Illyrian_War Illyrian Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Illyrian_Wars#Second_Illyrian_War Illyrian Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Illyrian_Wars#Third_Illyrian_War Illyrian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Macedonian_Wars Macedonian Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Macedonian_War First Macedonian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Macedonian_War Second Macedonian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Macedonian_War Third Macedonian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fourth_Macedonian_War Fourth Macedonian War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Seleucid_War Roman–Seleucid War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Aetolian_War Aetolian War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Galatian_War Galatian War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania mw-redirect Roman conquest of Hispania
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Celtiberian_War First Celtiberian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lusitanian_War Lusitanian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Numantine_War Numantine War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sertorian_War Sertorian War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cantabrian_Wars Cantabrian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Achaean_War Achaean War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jugurthine_War Jugurthine War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Cimbrian_War Cimbrian War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Servile_Wars Servile Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Servile_War First Servile War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Servile_War Second Servile War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Servile_War Third Servile War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC) Social War (91–88 BC)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sulla%27s_civil_wars Sulla's civil wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sulla%27s_first_civil_war Sulla's first civil war
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sulla%27s_second_civil_war Sulla's second civil war
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mithridatic_Wars Mithridatic Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/First_Mithridatic_War First Mithridatic War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Second_Mithridatic_War Second Mithridatic War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War Third Mithridatic War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gallic_Wars Gallic Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Caesar%27s_invasions_of_Britain Caesar's invasions of Britain
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Caesar%27s_Civil_War Caesar's Civil War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Augustus#Rise_to_power Augustus
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_Mutina Battle of Mutina
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Liberators%27_civil_war Liberators' civil war
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Sicilian_revolt Sicilian revolt
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Perusine_War Perusine War
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Final_War_of_the_Roman_Republic Final War of the Roman Republic
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
br
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campaign_history_of_the_Roman_military Campaign history of the Roman military
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Germanic_Wars Germanic Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Marcomannic_Wars Marcomannic Wars
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alemanni#Conflicts_with_the_Roman_Empire Alemanni
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gothic_War_(376%E2%80%93382) Gothic War (376–382)
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Visigoths#War_with_Rome_.28376.E2.80.93382.29 Visigoths
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain Roman conquest of Britain
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Boudica Boudica
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363 Roman–Parthian War of 58–63
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors Year of the Four Emperors
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars Jewish–Roman wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Domitian%27s_Dacian_War Domitian's Dacian War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars Trajan's Dacian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars Roman–Parthian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars Roman–Persian Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century Crisis of the Third Century
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire Fall of the Western Roman Empire
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-even hlist text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Military_history_of_ancient_Rome Military history of ancient Rome
html
local
b
html
local
div
html
local
td
class colspan style
navbox-abovebelow 2 background-color:#DCDCDC;
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks collapsible =expanded navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable3
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox Ancient_Roman_wars ;wide;padding:3px
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Authority_control Help:Authority control
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File Integrated Authority File
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://d-nb.info/gnd/4176369-5
html
local
span
class
uid
html
local
span
class
nowrap
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
style
padding:0em 0.25em
html
local
td
class style
navbox-list navbox-odd text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px
html
local
tr
html
local
tbody
html
local
table
class style
nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit
html
local
div
role class aria-label style
navigation navbox Navbox padding:3px
html
local
div
class
mw-parser-output
html
local
img
src alt title width height style
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1 1 1 border: none; position: absolute;
html
local
noscript
html
local
div
id lang dir class
mw-content-text en ltr mw-content-ltr
html
local
a
dir href
ltr https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&oldid=837609575
html
local
div
class
printfooter
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Category Help:Category
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:First_Punic_War Category:First Punic War
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:260s_BC_conflicts Category:260s BC conflicts
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:250s_BC_conflicts Category:250s BC conflicts
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:240s_BC_conflicts Category:240s BC conflicts
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:264_BC Category:264 BC
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:3rd_century_BC_in_the_Roman_Republic Category:3rd century BC in the Roman Republic
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:3rd_century_BC Category:3rd century BC
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Punic_Wars Category:Punic Wars
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Carthage Category:Wars involving Carthage
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Roman_Republic Category:Wars involving the Roman Republic
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-normal-catlinks mw-normal-catlinks
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements Category:All articles with unsourced statements
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2015 Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2015
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:CS1_Latin-language_sources_(la) Category:CS1 Latin-language sources (la)
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_with_GND_identifiers Category:Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers
html
local
li
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id class
mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden
html
local
div
id class data-mw
catlinks catlinks interface
html
local
div
class
visualClear
html
local
div
id class
bodyContent mw-body-content
html
local
div
id class role
content mw-body main
html
local
h2
html
local
h3
id
p-personal-label
html
local
li
id
pt-anonuserpage
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyTalk Discussion about edits from this IP address [ctrl-alt-n] n
html
local
li
id
pt-anontalk
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:MyContributions A list of edits made from this IP address [ctrl-alt-y] y
html
local
li
id
pt-anoncontribs
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=First+Punic+War You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory
html
local
li
id
pt-createaccount
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=First+Punic+War You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [ctrl-alt-o] o
html
local
li
id
pt-login
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-personal navigation p-personal-label
html
local
h3
id
p-namespaces-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/First_Punic_War View the content page [ctrl-alt-c] c
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-nstab-main selected
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Talk:First_Punic_War discussion Discussion about the content page [ctrl-alt-t] t
html
local
span
html
local
li
id
ca-talk
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-namespaces navigation vectorTabs p-namespaces-label
html
local
input
type class aria-labelledby
checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox p-variants-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id
p-variants-label
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-variants navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-variants-label
html
local
div
id
left-navigation
html
local
h3
id
p-views-label
html
local
a
href
/wiki/First_Punic_War
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-view collapsible selected
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=edit Edit this page [ctrl-alt-e] e
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-edit collapsible
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=history Past revisions of this page [ctrl-alt-h] h
html
local
span
html
local
li
id class
ca-history collapsible
html
local
ul
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-views navigation vectorTabs p-views-label
html
local
input
type class aria-labelledby
checkbox vectorMenuCheckbox p-cactions-label
html
local
span
html
local
h3
id
p-cactions-label
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
menu
html
local
div
id role class aria-labelledby
p-cactions navigation vectorMenu emptyPortlet p-cactions-label
html
local
label
for
searchInput
html
local
h3
html
local
div
id role
p-search search
html
local
div
id
right-navigation
html
local
div
id
mw-head
html
local
a
class href title
mw-wiki-logo /wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page
html
local
div
id role
p-logo banner
html
local
h3
id
p-navigation-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Main_Page Visit the main page [ctrl-alt-z] z
html
local
li
id
n-mainpage-description
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Contents Guides to browsing Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contents
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Featured_content Featured content – the best of Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-featuredcontent
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Portal:Current_events Find background information on current events
html
local
li
id
n-currentevents
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:Random Load a random article [ctrl-alt-x] x
html
local
li
id
n-randompage
html
local
a
href title
https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en Support us
html
local
li
id
n-sitesupport
html
local
a
href title
//shop.wikimedia.org Visit the Wikipedia store
html
local
li
id
n-shoplink
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-navigation p-navigation-label
html
local
h3
id
p-interaction-label
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Contents Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-help
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Find out about Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-aboutsite
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal About the project, what you can do, where to find things
html
local
li
id
n-portal
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChanges A list of recent changes in the wiki [ctrl-alt-r] r
html
local
li
id
n-recentchanges
html
local
a
href title
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us How to contact Wikipedia
html
local
li
id
n-contactpage
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-interaction p-interaction-label
html
local
h3
id
p-tb-label
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/First_Punic_War List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [ctrl-alt-j] j
html
local
li
id
t-whatlinkshere
html
local
a
href rel title accesskey
/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/First_Punic_War nofollow Recent changes in pages linked from this page [ctrl-alt-k] k
html
local
li
id
t-recentchangeslinked
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard Upload files [ctrl-alt-u] u
html
local
li
id
t-upload
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/wiki/Special:SpecialPages A list of all special pages [ctrl-alt-q] q
html
local
li
id
t-specialpages
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&oldid=837609575 Permanent link to this revision of the page
html
local
li
id
t-permalink
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&action=info More information about this page
html
local
li
id
t-info
html
local
a
href title accesskey
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6286 Link to connected data repository item [ctrl-alt-g] g
html
local
li
id
t-wikibase
html
local
a
href title
/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=First_Punic_War&id=837609575 Information on how to cite this page
html
local
li
id
t-cite
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-tb p-tb-label
html
local
h3
id
p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=First+Punic+War
html
local
li
id
coll-create_a_book
html
local
a
href
/w/index.php?title=Special:ElectronPdf&page=First+Punic+War&action=show-download-screen
html
local
li
id
coll-download-as-rdf2latex
html
local
a
href title accesskey
/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&printable=yes Printable version of this page [ctrl-alt-p] p
html
local
li
id
t-print
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-coll-print_export p-coll-print_export-label
html
local
h3
id
p-wikibase-otherprojects-label
html
local
a
href hreflang
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:First_Punic_War en
html
local
li
class
wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons
html
local
ul
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-wikibase-otherprojects p-wikibase-otherprojects-label
html
local
button
class title
uls-settings-trigger Language settings
html
local
h3
id
p-lang-label
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89 حروب بونية أولى – Arabic ar ar interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-ar
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 Първа пуническа война – Bulgarian bg bg interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-bg display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_punski_rat Prvi punski rat – Bosnian bs bs interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-bs display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_punek_kenta%C3%B1 Brezel punek kentañ – Breton br br interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-br display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Guerra_P%C3%BAnica Primera Guerra Púnica – Catalan ca ca interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ca display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_punsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka První punská válka – Czech cs cs interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-cs display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyfel_Pwnig_Cyntaf Rhyfel Pwnig Cyntaf – Welsh cy cy interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-cy display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_puniske_krig Første puniske krig – Danish da da interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-da display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Punischer_Krieg Erster Punischer Krieg – German de de interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-de display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esimene_Puunia_s%C3%B5da Esimene Puunia sõda – Estonian et et interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-et display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%84_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82 Α΄ Καρχηδονιακός Πόλεμος – Greek el el interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-el display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_p%C3%BAnica Primera guerra púnica – Spanish es es interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-es
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unua_Punika_Milito Unua Punika Milito – Esperanto eo eo interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-eo display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehen_Gerra_Punikoa Lehen Gerra Punikoa – Basque eu eu interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-eu display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%98 اولین جنگ کارتاژ – Persian fa fa interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-fa display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_punique Première guerre punique – French fr fr interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class title
interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle good article
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earste_Punyske_oarloch Earste Punyske oarloch – Western Frisian fy fy interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-fy display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_guerra_p%C3%BAnica Primeira guerra púnica – Galician gl gl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-gl display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%ED%8F%AC%EC%97%90%EB%8B%88_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81 제1차 포에니 전쟁 – Korean ko ko interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ko display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_punski_rat Prvi punski rat – Croatian hr hr interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-hr display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Punisia_Pertama Perang Punisia Pertama – Indonesian id id interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-id
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Guerra_Punic Prime Guerra Punic – Interlingua ia ia interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ia display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrsta_p%C3%BAnverska_str%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0 Fyrsta púnverska stríðið – Icelandic is is interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-is display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_punica Prima guerra punica – Italian it it interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-it display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94 המלחמה הפונית הראשונה – Hebrew he he interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-he display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98 პირველი პუნიკური ომი – Georgian ka ka interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class title
interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle featured article
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primum_bellum_Punicum Primum bellum Punicum – Latin la la interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-la display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmasis_p%C5%ABn%C5%B3_karas Pirmasis pūnų karas – Lithuanian lt lt interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-lt display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Els%C5%91_pun_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA Első pun háború – Hungarian hu hu interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-hu display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0 Прва пунска војна – Macedonian mk mk interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-mk display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7 प्युनिकचे पहिले युद्ध – Marathi mr mr interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-mr display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Punic_Pertama Perang Punic Pertama – Malay ms ms interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-ms
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Punische_Oorlog Eerste Punische Oorlog – Dutch nl nl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-nl display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E3%83%9D%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8B%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89 第一次ポエニ戦争 – Japanese ja ja interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ja display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8rste_punerkrig Første punerkrig – Norwegian no no interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-no display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_f%C3%B8rste_punarkrigen Den første punarkrigen – Norwegian Nynorsk nn nn interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-nn display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Punica Primièra Guèrra Punica – Occitan oc oc interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-oc display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_punicka I wojna punicka – Polish pl pl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-pl display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_P%C3%BAnica Primeira Guerra Púnica – Portuguese pt pt interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-pt
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Punic Primul Război Punic – Romanian ro ro interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-ro display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 Первая Пуническая война – Russian ru ru interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-ru
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War First Punic War – Scots sco sco interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sco display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_p%C3%B9nica Prima guerra pùnica – Sicilian scn scn interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-scn display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War First Punic War – Simple English simple simple interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-simple display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prv%C3%A1_p%C3%BAnska_vojna Prvá púnska vojna – Slovak sk sk interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sk display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_punska_vojna Prva punska vojna – Slovenian sl sl interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sl display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82 Први пунски рат – Serbian sr sr interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sr display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_punski_rat Prvi punski rat – Serbo-Croatian sh sh interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sh display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_puunilaissota Ensimmäinen puunilaissota – Finnish fi fi interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-fi display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6rsta_puniska_kriget Första puniska kriget – Swedish sv sv interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-sv display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_P%C3%B6n_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1 Birinci Pön Savaşı – Turkish tr tr interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-tr display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0 Перша Пунічна війна – Ukrainian uk uk interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-uk display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Punic_l%E1%BA%A7n_th%E1%BB%A9_nh%E1%BA%A5t Chiến tranh Punic lần thứ nhất – Vietnamese vi vi interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class style
interlanguage-link interwiki-vi display: none;
html
local
a
href title lang hreflang class
https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E5%B8%83%E5%8C%BF%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89 第一次布匿战争 – Chinese zh zh interlanguage-link-target
html
local
li
class
interlanguage-link interwiki-zh
html
local
button
class title
mw-interlanguage-selector mw-ui-button All languages (initial selection from common choices by you and others)
html
local
ul
html
local
a
href title class
https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6286#sitelinks-wikipedia Edit interlanguage links wbc-editpage
html
local
span
class
wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link
html
local
div
class
after-portlet after-portlet-lang
html
local
div
class
body
html
local
div
class role id aria-labelledby
portal navigation p-lang p-lang-label
html
local
div
id
mw-panel
html
local
div
id
mw-navigation
html
local
li
id
footer-info-lastmod
html
local
a
rel href
license //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License
html
local
a
rel href style
license //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ display:none;
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use
html
local
a
href
//wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy
html
local
a
href
//www.wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-info-copyright
html
local
ul
id
footer-info
html
local
a
href class title
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy extiw wmf:Privacy policy
html
local
li
id
footer-places-privacy
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:About Wikipedia:About
html
local
li
id
footer-places-about
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer Wikipedia:General disclaimer
html
local
li
id
footer-places-disclaimer
html
local
a
href
//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us
html
local
li
id
footer-places-contact
html
local
a
href
https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute
html
local
li
id
footer-places-developers
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Cookie_statement
html
local
li
id
footer-places-cookiestatement
html
local
a
href class
//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=First_Punic_War&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle
html
local
li
id
footer-places-mobileview
html
local
a
href
#
html
local
li
style
display: none;
html
local
ul
id
footer-places
html
local
img
src srcset width height alt
/static/images/wikimedia-button.png /static/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, /static/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x 88 31 Wikimedia Foundation
html
local
a
href
https://wikimediafoundation.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-copyrightico
html
local
img
src alt srcset width height
/static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png Powered by MediaWiki /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, /static/images/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x 88 31
html
local
a
href
//www.mediawiki.org/
html
local
li
id
footer-poweredbyico
html
local
ul
id class
footer-icons noprint
html
local
div
style
clear: both;
html
local
div
id role
footer contentinfo
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 10 8, 18 0, 26 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 274 8, 282 0, 290 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-mask-flip
html
local
polygon
points
0 8, 174 8, 182 0, 190 8, 1000 8, 1000 1000, 0 1000
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask
html
local
polygon
points
0 0, 1000 0, 1000 242, 190 242, 182 250, 174 242, 0 242
html
local
clippath
id
mwe-popups-landscape-mask-flip
html
local
defs
html
local
svg
xmlns width height
http://www.w3.org/2000/svg 0 0
html
local
div
id
mwe-popups-svg
html
local
div
class
suggestions-results
html
local
div
class
suggestions-special
html
local
div
class style
suggestions display: none; font-size: 13px;
html
local
body
class
mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-First_Punic_War rootpage-First_Punic_War skin-vector action-view
html
local