Virginia Beach, Virginia
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"Virginia Beach" redirects here. For other places with the same name, see Virginia Beach (disambiguation).
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Independent city
City of Virginia Beach
Aerial view of Virginia Beach
Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): "The Resort City", "Neptune City"
Motto(s): Landmarks of Our Nation's Beginning
Location in the Commonwealth of Virginia
Virginia Beach, Virginia
Location in the contiguous United States
Coordinates: 36°51′02″N 75°58′40″W﻿ / ﻿36.8506°N 75.9779°W﻿ / 36.8506; -75.9779
Country
United States of America
State
Virginia
County
None (Independent city)
Incorporated (as town)
1906
Incorporated (as city)
1952
Government
• Type
Council-manager
• Mayor
Will Sessoms (R)
Area
• Independent city
1,290 km2 (497 sq mi)
• Land
640 km2 (249 sq mi)
• Water
640 km2 (248 sq mi)
Elevation
3 m (10 ft)
Population (2015)
• Independent city
452,745 (41st)
• Density
702/km2 (1,818/sq mi)
• Urban
1,212,000
• Metro
1,724,876 (37th)
Time zone
EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)
EDT (UTC-4)
Area code(s)
757
FIPS code
51-82000[1]
GNIS feature ID
1500261[2]
Website
www.vbgov.com
Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 437,994.[3] In 2015, the population was estimated to be 452,745.[4] Although mostly suburban in character, it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 41st most populous city in the nation.[5] Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. This area, known as "America's First Region", also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, as well as other smaller cities, counties, and towns of Hampton Roads.
Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. It is also home to several state parks, several long-protected beach areas, three military bases, a number of large corporations, two universities, International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment, and numerous historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, who eventually settled in Jamestown, on April 26, 1607.
The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world. It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world.[6]
Contents
[hide]
1 History
2 Geography
2.1 Neighborhoods
2.2 Climate
3 Demographics
3.1 Religion
4 Economy
5 Culture
6 Sports
7 Parks and recreation
8 Government
9 Education
10 Media
11 Infrastructure
11.1 Transportation
11.1.1 Walkability
11.2 Utilities
11.3 Healthcare
12 Notable people
13 Sister cities
14 In popular culture
15 See also
16 Notes
17 References
18 External links
History[edit]
Main articles: History of Virginia Beach, Virginia; Timeline of Virginia Beach, Virginia; and Princess Anne County, Virginia
A Chesepian home
The Chesepian were the historic indigenous people of the area now known as Tidewater in Virginia at the time of European encounter. Little is known about them[7] but archeological evidence suggests they may have been related to the Carolina Algonquian, or Pamlico people. They would have spoken one of the Algonquian languages. These were common among the numerous tribes of the coastal area, who made up the loose Powhatan Confederacy, numbering in the tens of thousands in population. The Chesepian occupied an area which is now defined as the independent cities of Norfolk, Portsmouth, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.[8]
Cape Henry from the air, facing east-southeast
In 1607, after a voyage of 144 days, three ships headed by Captain Christopher Newport, and carrying 105 men and boys, made their first landfall in the New World on the mainland, where the southern mouth of the Chesapeake Bay meets the Atlantic Ocean. They named it Cape Henry, after Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales, the eldest son of King James I of England. These English colonists of the Virginia Company of London moved on from this area, as they were under orders to seek a site further inland, which would be more sheltered from ships of competing European countries. They created their first permanent settlement on the north side of the James River at Jamestown.[9]
Adam Thoroughgood (1604–1640) of King's Lynn, Norfolk, England is one of the earliest Englishmen to settle in this area, which was developed as Virginia Beach. At the age of 18, he had contracted as an indentured servant to pay for passage to the Virginia Colony in the hopes of bettering his life. He earned his freedom after several years and became a leading citizen of the area. In 1629, he was elected to the House of Burgesses for Elizabeth Cittie [sic], one of four "citties" (or incorporations) which were subdivided areas established in 1619.[10]
In 1634, the Colony was divided into the original eight shires of Virginia, soon renamed as counties. Thoroughgood is credited with using the name of his home in England when helping name "New Norfolk County" in 1637. The following year, New Norfolk County was split into Upper Norfolk County (soon renamed Nansemond County) and Lower Norfolk County. Thoroughgood resided after 1634 was along the Lynnhaven River, named for his home in England.
Lower Norfolk County was large when first organized, defined as from the Atlantic Ocean west past the Elizabeth River, encompassing the entire area now within the modern cities of Portsmouth, Norfolk, Chesapeake, and Virginia Beach.[10] It attracted many entrepreneurs, including William Moseley with his family in 1648. Belonging to the Merchant Adventurers Guild of London, he immigrated from Rotterdam of the Netherlands, where he had been in the international trade. He settled on land on the north side of the Elizabeth River (Virginia), east of what developed as Norfolk.
Following increased settlement, in 1691 Lower Norfolk County was divided to form Norfolk and Princess Anne counties. Princess Anne, the easternmost county in South Hampton Roads, extended from Cape Henry at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, south to what became the border of the North Carolina colony. It included all of the area fronting the Atlantic Ocean. Princess Anne County was known as a jurisdiction from 1691 to 1963, over 250 years.[11]
Princess Anne County (1691–1963), now extinct, with Virginia Beach from 1895 Virginia map
In the early centuries, this area was rural and developed for plantation agriculture. In the late 19th century, the small resort area of Virginia Beach developed in Princess Anne County after the 1883 arrival of rail service to the coast. The Virginia Beach Hotel was opened and operated by the Norfolk and Virginia Beach Railroad and Improvement Company at the oceanfront, near the tiny community of Seatack. The hotel was foreclosed and the railroad reorganized in 1887. The hotel was upgraded and reopened in 1888 as the Princess Anne Hotel.[12]
In 1891, guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life-Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator. The ship's figurehead, which washed up on the beach several days later, was erected as a monument to the victims and rescuers. It stood along the oceanfront for more than 50 years. In the 21st century, it inspired the pair of matching Norwegian Lady Monuments, sculpted by Ørnulf Bast and installed in Virginia Beach and Moss, Norway.[13]
The resort initially depended on railroad and electric trolley service. The completion of Virginia Beach Boulevard in 1922, which extended from Norfolk to the oceanfront, opened the route for automobiles, buses, and trucks. The passenger rail service to the oceanfront was eventually discontinued as traffic increased by vehicle. The growing resort of Virginia Beach became an incorporated town in 1906. Over the next 45 years, Virginia Beach continued to grow in popularity as a seasonal vacation spot. The casinos were replaced by amusement parks and family-oriented attractions. In 1927 The Cavalier Hotel opened and became a popular vacation spot.
Virginia Beach gained status as an independent city in 1952, although ties remained between it and Princess Anne County. In 1963, after voters in the two jurisdictions passed a supporting referendum, and with the approval of the Virginia General Assembly, the two political subdivisions were consolidated as a new, much larger independent city, retaining the better-known name of the Virginia Beach resort.[14]
The Alan B. Shepard Civic Center ("The Dome"), a significant building in the city's history,[why?] was constructed in 1958,[15] and was dedicated to the career of former Virginia Beach resident and astronaut Alan Shepard.[16] As the area changed, the Dome was frequently used as a bingo hall. The building was razed in 1994[15] to make room for a municipal parking lot and potential future development.
Virginia Beach Town Center
Real estate, defense, and tourism are major sectors of the Virginia Beach economy. Local public and private groups have maintained a vested interest in real-estate redevelopment, resulting in a number of joint public-private projects, such as commercial parks. Examples of the public-private development include the Virginia Beach Convention Center, the Oceanfront Hilton Hotel, and the Virginia Beach Town Center. The city assisted in financing the project through the use of tax increment financing: creating special tax districts and constructing associated street and infrastructure to support the developments. The Town Center opened in 2003, with related construction continuing. The Convention Center opened in 2005.[17][18]
The city has begun to run out of clear land available for new construction north of the Green Line, an urban growth boundary dividing the urban northern and rural southern sections of the city.[19] Infill and development of residential neighborhoods has placed a number of operating constraints on Naval Air Station Oceana, a major fighter jet base for the U.S. Navy. While the airbase enjoys wide support from Virginia Beach at large, the Pentagon Base Realignment and Closure commission has proposed closure of Oceana within the next decade.[20]
Geography[edit]
The Chesapeake Bay shore
Virginia Beach is located at 36°51′02″N 75°58′40″W﻿ / ﻿36.8506°N 75.9779°W﻿ / 36.8506; -75.9779﻿ (Virginia Beach)Coordinates: 36°51′02″N 75°58′40″W﻿ / ﻿36.8506°N 75.9779°W﻿ / 36.8506; -75.9779﻿ (Virginia Beach).[21]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 497 square miles (1,290 km2), of which 249 square miles (640 km2) is land and 248 square miles (640 km2) (49.9%) is water.[21] It is the largest city in Virginia by total area and third-largest city land area. The average elevation is 12 feet (3.7 m) above sea level. A major portion of the city drains to the Chesapeake Bay by way of the Lynnhaven River and its tributaries.
The city is located at the southeastern corner of Virginia in the Hampton Roads area bordering the Atlantic Ocean. The Hampton Roads Metropolitan Statistical Area (officially known as the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC MSA) is the 37th largest in the United States, with a total population of 1,707,639. The area includes the Virginia cities of Norfolk, Virginia Beach, Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Williamsburg, and the counties of Gloucester, Isle of Wight, James City, Mathews, Surry, and York, as well as the North Carolina county of Currituck. While Virginia Beach is the most populated city within the MSA, it actually currently functions more as a suburb. The city of Norfolk is recognized as the central business district, while the Virginia Beach oceanside resort district and Williamsburg are primarily centers of tourism.
Neighborhoods[edit]
Virginia Beach from space
When the modern city of Virginia Beach was created in 1963, by the consolidation of the 253 square miles (660 km2) Princess Anne County with the 2 square miles (5.2 km2) City of Virginia Beach, the newly larger city was divided into seven boroughs: Bayside, Blackwater, Kempsville, Lynnhaven, Princess Anne, Pungo, and Virginia Beach.
Virginia Beach has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries, including: Alanton, Aragona Village, the largest sub-division in Tidewater when completed, Bay Colony, Bayside, Cape Henry, Chesapeake Beach, Croatan Beach, Great Neck Point, Green Run, Kempsville, Lago Mar, London Bridge, Lynnhaven, Newtown, The North End, Oceana, Ocean Park, Pembroke Manor, Princess Anne, Pungo, Red Mill Commons, Sandbridge, Thalia, and Thoroughgood.[22]
Climate[edit]
The climate of Virginia Beach is humid subtropical (Köppen: Cfa). Winters are cool and snowfall is light. Summers are hot and humid. The "official" weather statistics are recorded at Norfolk International Airport on the extreme northwestern border of Virginia Beach. The mean annual temperature is 59.6 °F (15.3 °C), with an average annual snowfall of 5.8 inches (150 mm) at the airport to around 3.0 inches (76 mm) in the southeastern corner around Back Bay.[23] Average annual precipitation (the large majority rainfall) is high, ranging between 47 inches (1,200 mm) at the airport to over 50 inches (1,300 mm) per year at Back Bay. The wettest season is summer, specifically July to early September, with August the single wettest month, averaging over 5.5 inches of rain. From October to June, average monthly precipitation is remarkably consistent, ranging between 3.1 and 3.7 inches. The highest recorded temperature to date was 105 °F (41 °C) in July 2010, and the lowest recorded temperature was −3 °F (−19 °C) in January 1985, both being recorded at Norfolk International Airport.[24]
Additionally, the geographic location of the city, with respect to the principal storm tracks, is especially favorable which is why it has earned the reputation as a vacation destination. It is south of the average path of storms originating in the higher latitudes, and north of the usual tracks of hurricanes and other major tropical storms, with the exception of Hurricane Isabel in 2003.[25] Because of the moderating effects of the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, Virginia Beach is the northernmost location on the east coast in which many species of plants (both subtropical and tropical) will reliably grow. Spanish moss, for example is near the northernmost limit of its natural range at First Landing State Park, and is the most northerly location where it is widespread. Other plants like Sabal palmetto, Pindo Palm, and Oleander are successfully grown here while they succumb to the colder winter temperatures to the north and inland to the west.
[show]Climate data for Norfolk International Airport, Virginia (1981–2010 normals,[a] extremes 1874–present[b])
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Record high °F (°C)
84
(29) 82
(28) 92
(33) 97
(36) 100
(38) 102
(39) 105
(41) 105
(41) 100
(38) 95
(35) 86
(30) 82
(28) 105
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C)
71.1
(21.7) 73.2
(22.9) 80.2
(26.8) 86.4
(30.2) 91.4
(33) 95.5
(35.3) 97.8
(36.6) 95.8
(35.4) 92.1
(33.4) 85.6
(29.8) 78.7
(25.9) 72.5
(22.5) 98.8
(37.1)
Average high °F (°C)
48.1
(8.9) 50.9
(10.5) 58.2
(14.6) 67.6
(19.8) 75.4
(24.1) 83.5
(28.6) 87.4
(30.8) 85.1
(29.5) 79.3
(26.3) 70.1
(21.2) 61.1
(16.2) 52.1
(11.2) 68.3
(20.2)
Average low °F (°C)
32.7
(0.4) 34.4
(1.3) 40.5
(4.7) 48.9
(9.4) 57.9
(14.4) 67.1
(19.5) 71.9
(22.2) 70.7
(21.5) 65.3
(18.5) 54.0
(12.2) 44.6
(7) 36.1
(2.3) 52.1
(11.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C)
17.6
(−8) 21.2
(−6) 27.2
(−2.7) 35.7
(2.1) 45.7
(7.6) 55.5
(13.1) 63.1
(17.3) 61.6
(16.4) 53.7
(12.1) 39.7
(4.3) 30.5
(−0.8) 21.7
(−5.7) 15.2
(−9.3)
Record low °F (°C)
−3
(−19) 2
(−17) 14
(−10) 23
(−5) 36
(2) 45
(7) 54
(12) 49
(9) 40
(4) 27
(−3) 17
(−8) 5
(−15) −3
(−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.40
(86.4) 3.12
(79.2) 3.68
(93.5) 3.41
(86.6) 3.41
(86.6) 4.26
(108.2) 5.14
(130.6) 5.52
(140.2) 4.76
(120.9) 3.42
(86.9) 3.15
(80) 3.26
(82.8) 46.53
(1,181.9)
Average snowfall inches (cm)
2.4
(6.1) 2.0
(5.1) 0.2
(0.5) trace 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) 0
(0) trace 1.2
(3) 5.8
(14.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)
10.4 9.5 10.6 10.1 10.6 9.9 11.1 10.1 8.8 7.6 8.5 9.8 117.0
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)
1.6 1.3 0.4 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6 4.0
Average relative humidity (%)
66.3 65.6 64.6 62.8 68.8 70.6 73.3 75.2 74.4 72.1 68.5 67.0 69.1
Mean monthly sunshine hours
171.5 175.2 229.3 252.8 271.7 280.1 278.3 260.4 231.4 208.3 175.7 160.4 2,695.1
Percent possible sunshine
56 58 62 64 62 64 62 62 62 60 57 53 61
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[24][26][27]
[hide]Climate data for Virginia Beach, Virginia (1980-2010)
Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Year
Average high °F (°C)
48.9
(9.4) 52.2
(11.2) 59.8
(15.4) 69.1
(20.6) 76.8
(24.9) 84.6
(29.2) 88.4
(31.3) 86.3
(30.2) 80.6
(27) 71.3
(21.8) 62.2
(16.8) 52.6
(11.4) 69.4
(20.77)
Average low °F (°C)
29.9
(−1.2) 32.1
(0.1) 38.2
(3.4) 46.6
(8.1) 55.6
(13.1) 64.7
(18.2) 69.3
(20.7) 67.6
(19.8) 61.4
(16.3) 50.1
(10.1) 41.1
(5.1) 33.2
(0.7) 49.15
(9.53)
Average precipitation inches (mm)
3.6
(91) 3.5
(89) 4.1
(104) 3.5
(89) 3.8
(97) 4.0
(102) 5.1
(130) 5.2
(132) 4.7
(119) 3.5
(89) 3.3
(84) 3.6
(91) 47.9
(1,217)
Source: USA.com[28]
Demographics[edit]
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1790 7,793 —
1800 8,859 13.7%
1810 9,498 7.2%
1820 8,768 −7.7%
1830 9,102 3.8%
1840 7,285 −20.0%
1850 7,669 5.3%
1860 7,714 0.6%
1870 8,273 7.2%
1880 9,394 13.6%
1890 9,510 1.2%
1900 11,192 17.7%
1910 11,526 3.0%
1920 13,626 18.2%
1930 16,282 19.5%
1940 19,984 22.7%
1950 42,277 111.6%
1960 77,127 82.4%
1790-1960 Population as Princess Anne County
Historical population
Census
Pop.
%±
1910 320 —
1920 846 164.4%
1930 1,719 103.2%
1940 2,600 51.3%
1950 5,390 107.3%
1960 8,091 50.1%
1970 172,106 2,027.1%
1980 262,199 52.3%
1990 393,069 49.9%
2000 425,257 8.2%
2010 437,994 3.0%
Est. 2016 452,602 [29] 3.3%
U.S. Decennial Census[30]
1790-1960[31] 1900-1990[32]
1990-2000[33]
According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of Virginia Beach was as follows:[34]
White or Caucasian: 67.7% (Non-Hispanic White: 64.5%)
Black or African American: 19.6%
American Indian: 0.4%
Asian: 6.1% (4.0% Filipino, 0.5% Chinese, 0.4% Indian, 0.4% Vietnamese, 0.3% Korean, 0.2% Japanese)
Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander: 0.1%
Some other race: 2.0%
Two or more races: 4.0%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race): 6.6% (2.2% Puerto Rican, 1.9% Mexican, 0.3% Dominican, 0.2% Panamanian, 0.2% Salvadoran, 0.2% Cuban, 0.2% Colombian)
Map of racial distribution in Virginia Beach, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people: White, Black, Asian, Hispanic or Other (yellow)
As of the census of 2000,[1] there were 425,257 people, 154,455 households, and 110,898 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,712.7 people per square mile (661.3/km²). There were 162,277 housing units at an average density of 653.6 per square mile (252.3/km²).
The racial makeup of the city was: 67.7% White (64.5% non-Hispanic white), 19.6% African American, 0.4% Native American, 6.1% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 4.0% from two or more races. 6.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There were 154,455 households out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.7% were married couples living together, 12.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.2% were non-families. 20.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 5.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.14.
The age distribution was 27.5% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 34.3% from 25 to 44, 19.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 98.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.8 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $48,705, and the median income for a family was $53,242. Virginia Beach had the 5th highest median family income among large cities in 2003.[35] The per capita income for the city was $22,365. About 5.1% of families and 6.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.6% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.
The city of Virginia Beach has a lower crime rate than the other regional cities of Hampton Roads, Newport News, Norfolk, and Portsmouth, which all exceed national average crime rates. In 1999 Virginia Beach experienced 12 murders giving the city a murder rate of 2.7 per 100,000 people. For 2007, Virginia Beach had 16 murders, for a murder rate of 3.7 per 100,000 people. That was lower than the national average that year of 6.9. The city's total crime index rate for 2007 was 221.2 per 100,000 people, lower than the national average of 320.9.[36] According to the Congressional Quarterly Press '2008 City Crime Rankings: Crime in Metropolitan America, Virginia Beach, Virginia ranks 311th in violent crime among 385 cities containing more than 75,000 inhabitants.[37]
Violent crimes per 100,000 citizens
Crime
Virginia Beach (2009)
National Average
Murder 3.7 6.9
Rape 20.2 32.2
Robbery 127.3 195.4
Assault 98.6 340.1
Burglary 495.2 814.5
Automobile Theft 134.4 526.5
Religion[edit]
34.4% of the city's population is affiliated with religious congregations, compared to the 50.2% nationwide figure. There are 146,402 adherents and 184 different religious congregations in the city.[38]
28% Catholic Church
14% Southern Baptist Convention
13% United Methodist Church
12% Charismatic Churches Independent
33% Others
Economy[edit]
Tourism at the beach boosts Virginia Beach's economy
Virginia Beach is composed of a variety of industries, including national and international corporate headquarters, advanced manufacturers, defense contractors and locally-owned businesses. The city's location and business climate have made it a hub of international commerce, as nearly 200 foreign firms have established a presence, an office location or their North American headquarters in Hampton Roads. Twenty internationally-based firms have their U.S. or North American headquarters in Virginia Beach, including companies like STIHL, Busch, IMS Gear, and Sanjo Corte Fino. Other major companies headquartered in Virginia Beach include Amerigroup, the Christian Broadcasting Network and Operation Blessing International. Other major employers include GEICO, VT and Navy Exchange Service Command.[39] Virginia Beach was ranked at number 45 on Forbes list of best places for business and careers.
Tourism produces a large share of Virginia Beach's economy. With an estimated $857 million spent in tourism related industries, 14,900 jobs cater to 2.75 million visitors. City coffers benefit as visitors provide $73 million in revenue. Virginia Beach opened a Convention Center in 2005 which caters to large group meetings and events. Hotels not only line the oceanfront but also cluster around Virginia Beach Town Center and other parts of the city. Restaurants and entertainment industries also directly benefit from Virginia Beach's tourism.[39]
Virginia Beach has a large agribusiness sector which produces $80 million for the city economy. One hundred-seventy-two farms exist in Virginia Beach, mostly below the greenline in the southern portion of the city. Farmers are able to sell their goods and products at the city's Farmer's Market.[40][41]
A VF-41 F-4J over NAS Oceana in the late 1960s
Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases. These include the United States Navy's NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads, and the Joint Expeditionary Base East located at Cape Henry. Additionally, NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but carries a Norfolk address.[42]
NAS Oceana is the largest employer in Virginia Beach; it was decreed by the 2005 BRAC Commission that NAS Oceana must close unless the city of Virginia Beach condemns houses in areas designated as "Accident Potential Zones." This action has never been the position of the United States Navy; indeed, the Navy had not recommended NAS Oceana to the BRAC Commission for potential closure. The issue of closure of NAS Oceana remains unresolved as of May 2008 [20][dubious – discuss]
Both NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads are considered to be the largest of their respective kind in the world. Furthermore, located in nearby Norfolk is the central hub of the United States Navy's Atlantic Fleet, Norfolk Navy Base.[43]
54% of the 171,000 people working in Virginia Beach live in the city, 12% live in Chesapeake, and 10% live in Norfolk. An additional 99,600 people commute from Virginia Beach, with 35% going to Norfolk and 23% going to Chesapeake. In 2016, 3.9% of residents were unemployed.[44]
Culture[edit]
Main article: Culture in Virginia Beach
Adam Thoroughgood House, before 1957 restoration
The city is home to several points of interest in the historical, scientific, and visual/performing arts areas, and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years. The Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art features regularly changing exhibitions in a variety of media. Exhibitions feature painting, sculpture, photography, glass, video and other visual media from internationally acclaimed artists as well as artists of national and regional renown. MOCA was born from the annual Boardwalk Art Show, which began in 1952 and is now the museum's largest fundraiser. By operating at a national standard, MOCA received accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums in 2010.
The Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center (formerly the Virginia Marine Science Museum) is a popular aquarium near the oceanfront that features the 300,000-gallon Norfolk Canyon Aquarium, containing sand tiger, nurse and brown sharks, as well as sting rays and other large open-ocean dwellers. There is also a 70,000-gallon sea turtle aquarium, sea turtle hatchling laboratory, hands-on ocean exploration exhibits, jellyfish and octopus aquariums, and even a life-size model of a humpback whale. Other features include the Owls Creek salt marsh and a nature trail.[45]
One of the World's Largest collections of World War I and World War II aircraft is located at the Military Aviaiton Museum in the Pungo area of Virginia Beach.[46]
The Virginia Beach Amphitheater, built in 1996, features a wide variety of popular shows and concerts, ranging from Kenny Chesney to Taylor Swift to Coldplay to Ozzfest. The Sandler Center, a 1200-seat performing arts theatre, opened in the Virginia Beach Town Center in November 2007.[47] Virginia Beach is home to many sites of historical importance and has 18 sites on the National Register of Historic Places. Such sites include the Adam Thoroughgood House (one of the oldest surviving colonial homes in Virginia), the Francis Land House (a 200-year-old plantation), the Cape Henry Lights and nearby Cape Henry Light Station (a second tower), Bayville Farm, De Witt Cottage, Ferry Farm Plantation, Dr. John Miller-Masury House, Adam Keeling House, Old Donation Church, Pembroke Manor, Pleasant Hall, Shirley Hall (Devereaux House), Thomas Murray House, U.S. Coast Guard Station (Seatack), Upper Wolfsnare, Weblin House, and Wishart Boush House, and Wolfsnare.[48]
The Edgar Cayce Hospital for Research and Enlightenment was established in Virginia Beach in 1928 with 60 beds. Cayce was a psychic from Kentucky who claimed healing abilities and made prophesies. Cayce is known as the father of the "New Age" movement of the 1960s. Cayce resided in Virginia Beach until he died on January 3, 1945. His followers are still active in Virginia Beach. The 67th street facility features a large private library of books on psychic matters, and is open to the public. The traditional beach-architecture headquarters building features massage therapy by appointment. Atlantic University was opened by Cayce in 1930; it closed two years later but was re-opened in 1985. Atlantic University was originally intended for study of Cayce's readings and research on spiritual subjects.[49]
The city's largest festival, the Neptune Festival, attracts 500,000 visitors to the oceanfront and 350,000 visitors to the air show at NAS Oceana. Celebrating the city's heritage link with Norway, events are held in September in the oceanfront and Town Center areas.[50] Every August, the American Music Festival provides festival attendees with live music performed on stages all over the oceanfront, including the beach on Fifth Street. The festival ends with the Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon.[51]
Sports[edit]
Club
League
Venue
Established
Virginia Beach Neptunes
ALPB Baseball Wheeler Field 2014
Virginia Beach City FC
NPSL Soccer Virginia Beach Sportsplex 2014
Since Norfolk contains the central business district of Hampton Roads, most of the major spectator sports are located there. While the Hampton Roads area has been recently considered as a viable prospect for major-league professional sports, and regional leaders have attempted to obtain Major League Baseball, NBA and NHL franchises in the recent past, no team has yet relocated to the area.[52] Hampton Roads is the second largest metropolitan area in the United States without a club in a major professional sports league, after the Austin metropolitan area.
The Norfolk Admirals won the AHL Calder Cup in 2012.
The Virginia Destroyers, a UFL franchise, played at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex until the league's collapse in 2012. Two soccer teams, the Virginia Beach Piranhas, a men's team in the USL Premier Development League, and the Hampton Roads Piranhas, a women's team in the W-League play at the Virginia Beach Sportsplex. The Virginia Beach Sportsplex contains the central training site for the U.S. women's national field hockey team.[citation needed]
The city is also home to the East Coast Surfing Championships, an annual contest of more than 100 of the world's top professional surfers and an estimated 400 amateur surfers. This is North America's oldest surfing contest.[citation needed]
There are eleven golf courses open to the public in the city, as well as four country club layouts and 36 military holes at NAS Oceana's Aeropines course. Among the best-known public courses are Hell's Point Golf Club and Virginia Beach National, the latter of which hosted the Virginia Beach Open, a Nationwide Tour event from 2000 to 2006.[53] Also, the Kingsmill Resort hosts the Kingsmill Championship, an annual LPGA Tour tournament.
Virginia Beach is host to a Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon each year on Labor Day weekend in conjunction with the American Music Festival. It is one of the largest Half Marathons in the world. The final 3 miles (4.8 km) are on the boardwalk.[54]
In 2012, Virginia Beach was one of several cities trying to lure the Sacramento Kings to play there.[55]
Parks and recreation[edit]
Virginia Beach is home to 210 city parks, encompassing over 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), including neighborhood parks, community parks, district parks, and other open spaces. Each park is unique and offers something for everyone, from wide open spaces to playgrounds, picnic shelters, and ballfields.[56]
Mount Trashmore Park is clearly visible from I-264 when traveling to the oceanfront. The park is 165 acres (67 ha). The hill is 60 ft (18 m) high and over 800 ft (240 m) long, and was created by compacting layers of solid waste and clean soil. It is the highest point in Virginia Beach. The park also features two lakes: Lake Windsor and Lake Trashmore. Lake Trashmore is stocked with fish, but is unsanitary to fish in. Residents can also take advantage of a skate park.[57]
A Japanese-style moon bridge in the Miyazaki Japanese Garden, Red Wing Park
One of the major parks is Red Wing Park, a 97 acres (39 ha) park in east-central part of the city, very close to Oceana Naval Air Station. This land became a park in 1966. A unique feature of this park is the Miyazaki Japanese Garden, which is a result of its interactions with its sister city Miyazaki, Japan. Other features include: the Reba S. McClanan Fragrance Garden, 5 picnic shelters with charcoal grills, tennis courts, pickleball courts, basketball court, 2 volleyball courts, handball/racquetball court, horseshoe pits, two playground areas, shared-use paths, gardens, picnic areas with charcoal grills, dog park, open fields, vending machines, public restrooms, a playground, wooded areas.[58]
Another major park in the city is Great Neck Park, a 70 acres (28 ha) park located in the Lynnhaven District. Facilities include five large group shelters, mini-shelters, family picnic tables and grills, three playgrounds, horseshoe pits, volleyball courts, vending machines, walking trails, four baseball fields, as well as a gazebo located at the end of a scenic walkway overlooking the Lynnhaven River.[59]
People riding a rental surrey on the boardwalk
The Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge, established in 1938, is an 8,000-acre (32 km2) fresh water refuge that borders the Atlantic Ocean on the east and Back Bay on the west. The barrier islands feature large sand dunes, maritime forests, fresh water marshes, ponds, ocean beach, and large impoundments for wintering wildfowl. It is managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[60]
First Landing State Park and False Cape State Park are both located in coastal areas within the city's corporate limits as well. Both offer camping facilities, cabins, and outdoor recreation activities in addition to nature and history tours.[61][62]
Munden Point Park is a rural park located in the deep southern end of the city,[63] right on The North Landing River.[64] It is owned and maintained by the city of Virginia Beach. The park features five shelters, three baseball fields, a boat ramp, boat rentals, three playgrounds, six horseshoe pits, volleyball nets, and light hiking trails. An outdoor amphitheatre is fully equipped with electrical outlets and is available for reservations of weddings, outside classroom activities and other events. Restrooms, parking, vending machines, playgrounds, gardens, and barbecue grills are also available for use. Canoes, boat ramps, and disc golf courses may also be rented to go.
Additionally, the famous 3 miles (4.8 km) boardwalk at the oceanfront is often packed with fascinating entertainment, outdoor cafes, concerts and people. Made of concrete, the boardwalk links forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path.[65]
Naval Aviation Monument Park was formally dedicated on May 6, 2006, by the Hampton Roads Squadron of the Naval Aviation Foundation Association. Planned since 1997 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach, the park features heroic-scale statuary and reliefs to tell the history of Naval Aviation.[66]
Pleasure House Point is an 118 acres (48 hectares) park of undeveloped land on the shore of the Lynnhaven River. Located just south of the Lesner Bridge and the Chesapeake Bay, it includes oyster beds, wetlands and a maritime forest.[citation needed] The location was the site of a planned condo development that collapsed in 2008. It was acquired by the City of Virginia Beach with help from the Trust for Public Land and the Chesapeake Bay Foundation in 2012.[67] It is one of the largest undeveloped parcels of land on the Lynnhaven River and will be preserved for future generations. It is also the location of the Brock Environmental Center which provides hands-on educational programs for students to learn about the Chesapeake Bay.[68]
Lastly, of course, are the city's abundant and ample indoor recreational facilities, which often include basketball and racquetball courts, weight and fitness training rooms, and swimming pools. These centers also play host to many special programs for children, youth and adults. The Bayside facility, for example, offers classes in yoga and pilates, as well as various types and styles of dance, not to mention seasonal offerings for young children and senior citizens.
Virginia Beach's extensive park system is recognized as one of the best in the United States. In its 2013 ParkScore ranking, The Trust for Public Land reported that Virginia Beach had the 8th best park system among the 50 most populous U.S. cities.[69] ParkScore ranks city park systems by a formula that analyzes the city's median park size, park acres as percent of city area, the percent of city residents within a half-mile of a park, spending of park services per resident, and the number of playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
Government[edit]
Local law prohibits the use of profanity along the boardwalk. This sign along Atlantic Avenue indicates this law.
Presidential Elections Results[70]
Year
Republican
Democratic
Third Parties
2016 48.4% 98,224 44.8% 91,032 6.8% 13,763
2012 50.5% 99,291 48.0% 94,299 1.6% 3,051
2008 49.9% 100,319 49.1% 98,885 1.0% 2,045
2004 59.1% 103,752 40.2% 70,666 0.7% 1,269
2000 55.9% 83,674 41.6% 62,268 2.6% 3,829
1996 50.6% 63,741 41.4% 52,142 8.0% 10,060
1992 50.0% 68,936 32.2% 44,294 17.8% 24,555
1988 68.9% 76,481 30.4% 33,780 0.7% 757
1984 74.4% 72,571 25.3% 24,703 0.3% 320
1980 60.5% 47,936 31.4% 24,895 8.1% 6,404
1976 54.5% 34,593 40.7% 25,824 4.9% 3,101
1972 76.6% 38,074 20.9% 10,373 2.6% 1,286
1968 43.2% 16,316 26.8% 10,101 30.0% 11,325
1964 44.9% 10,529 55.0% 12,892 0.1% 21
1960 42.5% 986 56.1% 1,301 1.5% 34
1956 53.3% 1,355 43.7% 1,111 3.0% 77
1952 59.8% 1,310 40.2% 881
Virginia Beach was chartered as a municipal corporation by the General Assembly of Virginia on January 1, 1963. The city currently operates under the council–manager form of government.[71] The city does not fall under the jurisdiction of a county government, due to state law. Rather, it functions as an independent city and operates as a political subdivision of the state.
The city's legislative body consists of an eleven-member city council. The city manager is appointed by the council and acts as the chief executive officer. Through his staff, he implements policies established by the council.[72]
Members of the city council normally serve four-year terms and are elected on a staggered basis in non-partisan elections. Beginning in 2008, general elections are held the first Tuesday in November in even-numbered years. In previous years, elections were held the first Tuesday in May in even-numbered years. All registered voters are eligible to vote for all council members. Three council members and the mayor serve on an at-large basis. All others are elected by district (and must live in the district they represent): Bayside, Beach, Centerville, Kempsville, Lynnhaven, Princess Anne, and Rose Hall.[71]
The mayor is elected to a four-year term through direct election. The mayor presides over city council meetings, and serves as the ceremonial head and spokesperson of the city. A vice mayor is also elected by the city council at the first meeting following a council election.[72] The current mayor of Virginia Beach is Will Sessoms, a Republican.
Citizens of Virginia Beach also elect five constitutional officers, and candidates for these offices are permitted to run with an affiliated political party. Three of these offices deal substantially with public safety and justice: the sheriff, commonwealth's attorney, and the clerk of the circuit court. The two other offices are concerned with fiscal policy: the city treasurer and the commissioner of the revenue.
Virginia Beach is located entirely in the Virginia's 2nd congressional district, served by U.S. Representative Scott Taylor (Republican).
Education[edit]
The current building of Frank W. Cox High School
According to the U.S. Census, 28.1% of the population over twenty-five (vs. a national average of 24%) hold a bachelor's degree or higher, and 90.4% (vs. 80% nationally) have a high school diploma or equivalent.
The city of Virginia Beach is home to Virginia Beach City Public Schools, one of the largest school systems in the state (based on student enrollment). Virginia Beach City Public Schools currently serves 69,735 students, and includes 56 elementary schools, 14 middle schools, 12 high schools which include Landstown, Princess Anne, Green Run, Green Run Collegiate, Cox, Tallwood, Salem, First Colonial, Kellam, Kempsville, Bayside, and Ocean Lakes High Schools as well as a number of secondary/post-secondary specialty schools and centers such as the Advanced Technology Center (ATC), which provides courses for those trying to gain a place in the technology field. Ocean Lakes maintains a rigorous math and science academy; Bayside houses a health sciences academy, with courses in medical microbiology, genetic medicine, and pathophysiology. Salem High school houses the Visual and Performing Arts Academy, preparing students for jobs in the Fine and Performing Arts. Landstown High School contains a Technology Academy, which helps prepare students for jobs in Business Marketing, Information Technology, and/or Engineering. First Colonial High School is home to the Legal Studies Academy, with courses such as Forensic Science, Intro to Law, and Legal Research and Writing, preparing students for jobs in the law field. Tallwood High School has recently founded a world studies academy, Kempsville High School began their Entrepreneurship and Business Academy in 2017, and Princess Anne, the oldest high school in the city, is an International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme school. Princess Anne used to host a special program for pregnant high schoolers in the area. The program for pregnant girls was moved off of Princess Anne's campus and into a section of the alternative school, Renaissance Academy, which was completed in late 2009.[73] With only 8 girls going on to the new program at the Academy, Virginia Beach set to defund the program in 2010.[74] Specialized courses are offered at all these academies, even though they occasionally overlap courses offered at other specialized centers, such as Landstown and the ATC — less than 1-mile (1.6 km) away.[75]
There are also a number of private, independent schools in the city, including Norfolk Academy, Our Lady of Mount Carmel Catholic School and Parish, The Hebrew Academy of Tidewater, Cape Henry Collegiate School, Bishop Sullivan Catholic High School (formerly Norfolk Catholic), Baylake Pines School, and Virginia Beach Friends School.[76]
Association for Research and Enlightenment
Virginia Beach is home to two universities: Regent University, a private university founded by Christian evangelist and leader Pat Robertson, which has historically focused on graduate education but has recently established an undergraduate program as well.[77] Atlantic University, associated with the Edgar Cayce organization, the Association for Research and Enlightenment (ARE), offers M.A. degrees in Transpersonal Studies, with many New Age subjects thanks to its Edgar Cayce link.[49] Old Dominion University and Norfolk State University are in nearby Norfolk and both the University of Virginia and Virginia Tech operate satellite campuses in Virginia Beach.[78][79][80][81] Tidewater Community College, a major junior college, also has its largest campus located in the city.[82] Virginia Wesleyan College, a private liberal arts college, is located on the border with Norfolk with the physical address of the school being in Norfolk, but the majority of the campus being in Virginia Beach.[83] ECPI University's main campus is located here as well. Additional institutions of higher education are located in other communities of greater Hampton Roads.[84]
The Virginia Beach Public Library System provides free access to accurate and current information and materials to all individuals, and promotes reading as a critical life skill. The library supports the educational and leisure needs of Virginia Beach citizens with a system of area libraries, a Central Library, a Bookmobile, a virtual library, the South Rosemont Youth Library, the Wahab Public Law Library, the Municipal Reference Library and the Special Services for the Blind and Visually Handicapped. The Library has a collection of more than 1,000,000 items including special subject collections.[85]
Media[edit]
The Virginian-Pilot, based in Norfolk, is the daily newspaper for Virginia Beach. Other papers include Veer and the New Journal and Guide. Inside Business focuses on local business news.[86]
Virginia Wesleyan College publishes its own newspaper, The Marlin Chronicle.[86]
The Norfolk-Virginia Beach area is served by a variety of radio stations on the FM and AM dials, with towers located around the Hampton Roads area.[87]
Virginia Beach is also served by several television stations. The Norfolk-Portsmouth-Newport News designated market area (DMA) is the 42nd largest in the U.S. with 712,790 homes (0.64% of the total U.S.).[88] The major network television affiliates are WTKR-TV 3 (CBS), WAVY 10 (NBC), WVEC-TV 13 (ABC), WTPC-TV 21 (Trinity Broadcasting Network), WGNT 27 (CW), WTVZ 33 (MyNetworkTV), WVBT 43 (Fox), and WPXV 49 (ION Television). The Public Broadcasting Service station is WHRO-TV 15. Virginia Beach residents also can receive independent station WSKY broadcasting on channel 4 from Camden County, North Carolina. Some can also receive PBS affiliate WUND 2 (UNC-TV), Home Shopping Network affiliate W14DC-D from Portsmouth, Daystar Network religious television station WVAD-LD TV 25 from Chesapeake and RTV affiliate WGBS-LD broadcasting on channel 7 from Hampton. Virginia Beach is served by Cox Cable. DirecTV and Dish Network are also popular as an alternative to cable television in Virginia Beach. In addition a large portion of the city is served by Verizon FIOS.
Virginia Beach serves as the headquarters for the Christian Broadcasting Network, located adjacent to Regent University. CBN's most notable program, The 700 Club originates from the Virginia Beach studios.[89] In 2008, Virginia Beach became the home to the Reel Dreams Film Festival.
Infrastructure[edit]
Transportation[edit]
Main article: Transportation in Virginia Beach
A Hampton Roads Transit bus travels northbound on Pacific Avenue in Virginia Beach.
Virginia Beach is primarily served by the Norfolk International Airport (IATA: ORF, ICAO: KORF, FAA LID: ORF), which is now the region's major commercial airport. The airport is located near Chesapeake Bay, along the city limits straddling neighboring Norfolk.[90] Seven airlines provide nonstop services to twenty five destinations. ORF had 3,703,664 passengers take off or land at its facility and 68,778,934 pounds of cargo were processed through its facilities.[91] Newport News/Williamsburg International Airport also provides commercial air service for the Hampton Roads area.[92] The Chesapeake Regional Airport provides general aviation services and is located five miles (8 km) outside the city limits.[93] Virginia Beach is served by Amtrak through the Norfolk and Newport News stations, via connecting buses. The Norfolk line runs southwest toward Suffolk, Virginia, then turns northwest toward Petersburg, Richmond (Staples Mill Road), and points beyond. The Newport News line runs west along the Virginia Peninsula to Williamsburg, Richmond (via the downtown Main Street and the suburban Staples Mill Road stations), and points beyond. A high-speed rail connection at Richmond to both the Northeast Corridor and the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor are also under study.[94]
Greyhound/Trailways provides service from a central bus terminal in adjacent Norfolk. The Greyhound station in Virginia Beach is located on Laskin Road, about a mile west of the oceanfront. Bus services to New York City via the Chinatown bus, Today's Bus, is located on Newtown Road.[95]
The city is connected to I-64 via I-264, which runs from the oceanfront, intersects with I-64 on the east side of Norfolk, and continues through downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth until rejoining I-64 at the terminus of both roads in Chesapeake where Interstate 664 completes the loop which forms the Hampton Roads Beltway. Travelers to and from Virginia Beach can access the Hampton Roads Beltway in either direction from I-264 in Norfolk to use a choice of the two bridge-tunnel facilities to cross Hampton Roads to reach the Peninsula, Williamsburg, Richmond and points north. Other major roads include Virginia Beach Boulevard (U.S. Route 58), Shore Drive (U.S. Route 60), which connects to Atlantic Avenue at the oceanfront, Northampton Blvd (U.S. Route 13), Princess Anne Road (State Route 165), Indian River Road (former State Route 603), Lynnhaven Parkway, Independence Boulevard, General Booth Boulevard, and Nimmo Parkway. Streets in the oceanfront hotel and entertainment district are arranged in a fairly regular, grid like pattern, with Atlantic Avenue parallel to the shoreline, then Pacific Avenue, and Arctic Avenue going further inland.
The city is also connected to Virginia's Eastern Shore region via the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel (CBBT), which is the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world and known as one of the Seven Engineering Wonders of the Modern World. The CBBT, a tolled facility carries U.S. Route 13.[96]
Transportation within the city, as well as the rest of Hampton Roads is served by a regional bus service, Hampton Roads Transit.[97] An extension of The Tide light rail system from Norfolk to the oceanfront is currently being studied.[98] For years, Virginia Beach residents have debated on whether or not to extend The Tide from Norfolk into its borders with the apparent divide falling between younger and older residents and the potential cost to Virginia Beach taxpayers.[99] In November 2016, residents voted on a referendum proposing that would extend the light rail from Norfolk to Virginia Beach with 57% against the rail extension and 43% for the extension.[100]
Walkability[edit]
A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Virginia Beach 39th most walkable of fifty largest U.S. cities.[101]
Utilities[edit]
Water and sewer services are provided by the City's Department of Utilities. Virginia Beach receives its electricity from Dominion Virginia Power which has local sources including the Chesapeake Energy Center (a gas power plant), coal-fired plants in Chesapeake and Southampton County, and the Surry Nuclear Power Plant. Norfolk headquartered Virginia Natural Gas, a subsidiary of AGL Resources, distributes natural gas to the city from storage plants in James City County and Chesapeake.
Virginia Beach receives its water from Lake Gaston. The Virginia Tidewater area has grown faster than the local freshwater supply. The river water has always been salty, and fresh groundwater is no longer available in most areas. Currently, water for the Tidewater area is pumped from Lake Gaston, which straddles the Virginia-North Carolina border along with the Blackwater and Nottoway rivers. The pipeline is 76 miles (122 km) long and 60 inches (1,500 mm) in diameter. Much of its follows the former right-of-way of an abandoned portion of the Virginian Railway.[102] It is capable of pumping 60 million gallons of water per day(60MGD), Norfolk and Chesapeake are partners in the project.[103]
The city provides wastewater services for residents and transports wastewater to the regional Hampton Roads Sanitation District treatment plants.[104]
Healthcare[edit]
Virginia Beach is served by Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital and Sentara Princess Anne Hospital. Sentara Bayside Hospital has been modified to a stand alone Emergency Department and outpatient treatment center, now known as Sentara Independence. Sentara Leigh Hospital is just across the city line in Norfolk.[105] Beach Health clinic offers basic medical services for uninsured residents of Virginia Beach.
Notable people[edit]
Felicia Barton, semi-finalist on American Idol
Genesis the Greykid, artist, creative, poet, writer
Rudy Boesch, contestant on Survivor
Curtis Bush, kickboxer
Gabby Douglas, Olympic gymnastics gold medalist
Herman Goldner, mayor of St. Petersburg, Florida[106]
Percy Harvin, NFL player
BJ Leiderman, composer of themes for NPR shows
Michael Hearst, author, musician, and composer
Marc Leishman, professional golfer
Evan Marriott, actor in Joe Millionaire[107]
Bob McDonnell, former Governor of Virginia[108][109][110]
Ryan McGinness, artist
Lenda Murray, IFBB professional bodybuilder[111]
Juice Newton, singer, songwriter
Pusha T, rapper
J.R. Reid, NBA player
Pat Robertson, television preacher
Todd Schnitt, radio personality
Rhea Seehorn, actress known for role as Kim Wexler in Better Call Saul
Scott Sizemore, MLB player[112]
Mark Ruffalo, Oscar-nominated actor; raised in Virginia Beach
Chris Taylor, MLB player[113]
Timbaland, rapper, singer, record producer
Travis Wall, contestant on So You Think You Can Dance and choreographer
Matthew E. White, songwriter and producer
Pharrell Williams, rapper, singer, record producer, composer and fashion designer
Lil Tracy, rapper,singer and songwritter
Ryan Zimmerman, MLB player[114]
Sister cities[edit]
Virginia Beach's Sister Cities are:[115]
Bangor, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
Miyazaki, Miyazaki Prefecture, Kyūshū, Japan since May 25, 1992
Moss, Norway
Olongapo, Philippines
Coutances, Normandy, France
Virginia Beach has one Friendship City:[115]
San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua
In popular culture[edit]
In 2015, in honor of the game's 80th birthday, Hasbro held an online vote in order to determine which cities would make it into an updated version of the Monopoly Here and Now: The US edition of the game. Virginia Beach, Virginia received the fourth highest number of votes in the online contest, earning it a green spot on the board. The top Boardwalk spot went to Pierre, South Dakota.[116]
See also[edit]
Geography portal
North America portal
United States portal
Virginia portal
List of people from Virginia Beach
National Register of Historic Places listings in Virginia Beach, Virginia
Norwegian Lady Statues
Virginia Beach Fire Department
Virginia Beach Police Department
Virginia Beach Department of EMS
Virginia Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad
Wash Woods at False Cape
Notes[edit]
Jump up ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1981 to 2010.
Jump up ^ Official records for Norfolk kept January 1874 to December 1945 at the Weather Bureau Office in downtown, and at Norfolk Int'l since January 1946. For more information, see Threadex
References[edit]
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Jump up ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
Jump up ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
Jump up ^ "Population estimates, July 1, 2015, (V2015)".
Jump up ^ List of United States cities by population
Jump up ^ Melissa Jones (March 15, 2005). Superlatives USA: The Largest, Smallest, Longest, Shortest, and Wackiest Sites in America. Capital Books. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-931868-85-3. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach History Timeline". Princess Anne County/Virginia Beach Historical Society. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Cape Henry Memorial". U.S. National Park System. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
Jump up ^ Moon, Shep. "400 Years of Change". Virginia Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved March 19, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "The Origins of Norfolk's Name". Norfolk Historical Society. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Norfolk Becomes a Borough". Norfolk Historical Society. Retrieved October 9, 2007.
Jump up ^ Jonathan Mark Souther, "Twixt Ocean and Pines: The Seaside Resort at Virginia Beach, 1880-1930." M.A. thesis, University of Richmond, 1996.
Jump up ^ Foss, William O., The Norwegian Lady and the Wreck of the Dictator. Virginia Beach, Virginia: Noreg Books, 2002. ISBN 0-9721989-0-3
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach History". VirginiaBeach.com. Retrieved March 21, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Va. Beach getting serious again about Dome site development". Hampton Roads.com, Bill Reed, November 14, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Dome's memory will linger as a monument several activities are planned to honor the beach's now-razed former civic center". Virginian Pilot. Archived from the original on March 19, 2008. Retrieved February 23, 2008.
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^ Jump up to: a b "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2016-09-07.
Jump up ^ Information from NOAA.
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Jump up ^ Factfinder2census.gov Archived May 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Median Family Income (In 2003 Inflation-adjusted Dollars)". Census.gov. Archived from the original on October 13, 2004. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach, Virginia (VA) profile". City-data.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "CQ Press: City Crime Rankings 2008". Os.cqpress.com. Archived from the original on June 7, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach city, Virginia". City-data.com. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
^ Jump up to: a b "Economic Profile". Virginia Beach Economic Development Community. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Agribusiness". Virginia Beach Economic Development Community. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Farmers Market". City of Virginia Beach. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Economic Profile — Military". Virginia Beach Economic Development Community. Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved March 8, 2007.
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Jump up ^ Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center|accessdate=March 18, 2008
Jump up ^ "Military Aviation Museum – Historic WWI & WWII Hangars, Aircraft, Airshows, and Adventure!". militaryaviationmuseum.org. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
Jump up ^ Sandler Center for the Performing Arts|accessdate=March 18, 2008
Jump up ^ National Register of Historic Places – Virginia Beach|accessdate=March 18, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b "Atlantic University". Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "The Neptune Festival". The Neptune Festival. June 25, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Verizon Wireless American Music Festival Archived July 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine.
Jump up ^ "Big-league sports not on the horizon for Norfolk". Virginian Pilot. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach Golf Courses". Thegolfcourses.net. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Rock and Roll Half Marathon". Elite Racing. Archived from the original on April 9, 2008. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Taylor, Nate (August 24, 2012). "Virginia Beach Courts Sacramento Kings" – via NYTimes.com.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach Parks". Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved October 5, 2007
Jump up ^ "Mt. Trashmore Park". Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved October 5, 2007
Jump up ^ "Red Wing Park". City of Virginia Beach. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Great Neck Park". Virginia Beach Department of Parks and Recreation. Retrieved March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ "Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Back Bay National Wildlife Refuge. Retrieved March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ "First Landing State Park". First Landing State Park. Retrieved March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ "False Cape State Park". False Cape State Park. Retrieved March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ "Munden Point". Virginia Birding and Wildlife Trail. Archived from the original on April 6, 2008. Retrieved March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ "Munden Point Park". www.vbgov.com. City of Virginia Beach, Virginia. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
Jump up ^ "Boardwalk". Virginiabeach.com. Retrieved March 20, 2008
Jump up ^ Naval Aviation Monument Park. Alexandria, Virginia.: Naval Aviation Foundation, Wings of Gold, quarterly, Summer-Fall, 2006, page 58.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach deal preserves a slice of nature".
Jump up ^ "Environmental center opens at Pleasure House Point".
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach's Park System Ranks Eighth in the Nation". June 6, 2013. The City of Virginia Beach. Retrieved on July 18, 2013.
Jump up ^ http://uselectionatlas.org/RESULTS
^ Jump up to: a b "Virginia Beach City Manager: Form of Government". Virginia Beach City Manager. September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
^ Jump up to: a b "Virginia Beach City Council: About Us". Virginia Beach City Council. September 30, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Virginian-Pilot, The. "Virginia Beach's program for pregnant girls set to move". Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Roth, Lauren. "Virginia Beach cuts back on program for pregnant teens". Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach City Public Schools: About Us". Virginia Beach City Public Schools. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "State Recognized Accredited Schools". Virginia Council for Private Education. September 30, 2007. Archived from the original on December 23, 2007. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "About Regent University". Regent University. Retrieved December 11, 2007.
Jump up ^ "About Norfolk State". Archived from the original on December 30, 2007. Retrieved January 12, 2008.
Jump up ^ "About Old Dominion". Retrieved January 12, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "UVa. Hampton Roads Center". Retrieved January 12, 2008.
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Jump up ^ "About Virginia Wesleyan". Archived from the original on April 4, 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ "About ECPI". Retrieved March 7, 2008.
Jump up ^ Virginia Beach Public Library|accessdate=June 18, 2008
^ Jump up to: a b "Hampton Roads News Links". abyznewslinks.com. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Hampton Roads Radio Links". ontheradio.net. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ Holmes, Gary. "Nielsen Reports 1.1% increase in U.S. Television Households for the 2006–2007 Season Archived July 5, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.." Nielsen Media Research. September 23, 2006. Retrieved on September 28, 2007.
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Jump up ^ "Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel Facts". Chesapeake Bay Bridge and Tunnel Commission. Retrieved November 23, 2006.
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Jump up ^ "Virginia Beach Transit Extension Study | Hampton Roads Transit". Gohrt.com. Archived from the original on July 3, 2010. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
Jump up ^ Pascale, Jordan. "How did the light rail debate in Virginia Beach become so nasty?". Virginian-Pilot. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ Staff, WAVY News (November 8, 2016). "Virginia Beach residents vote against light rail extension". WAVY-TV. Retrieved January 30, 2017.
Jump up ^ "2011 City and Neighborhood Rankings". Walk Score. 2011. Retrieved August 28, 2011.
Jump up ^ "VA Places, Gaston Pipeline". Virginiaplaces.org. Retrieved July 2, 2010.
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Jump up ^ "Virginia Hospitals and Medical Centers". The Agape Center. Retrieved August 6, 2007.
Jump up ^ "Andrew Meacham, "Mayor packed ideas, pipe tobacco in rich public life," September 15, 2010". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved June 1, 2014.
Jump up ^ Holtzclaw, Mike. "Evan Marriott's life interrupted by unexpected TV stardom on 'Joe Millionaire'". Daily Press. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
Jump up ^ "Governor Robert F. McDonnell's bio". Governor.virginia.gov. Archived from the original on March 4, 2010. Retrieved March 4, 2010.
Jump up ^ "Session 2005; McDonnell, Robert F. (Bob)". Virginia House of Delegates. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Session 2003; McDonnell, Robert F. (Bob)". Virginia House of Delegates. Retrieved November 26, 2008.
Jump up ^ "Lenda Murray - Facebook".
Jump up ^ "Scott Sizemore Stats". Baseball Almanac. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
Jump up ^ Chris Taylor (baseball)
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^ Jump up to: a b "Sister Cities Directory: Virginia Beach, Virginia". Retrieved 2017-05-15.
Jump up ^ "Monopoly".
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VIAF: 131994524
LCCN: n80060996
ISNI: 0000 0004 0509 1378
GND: 4127130-0
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/wiki/Bayside,_Virginia_Beach,_Virginia Bayside, Virginia Beach, Virginia
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/wiki/Green_Run,_Virginia Green Run, Virginia
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/wiki/Kempsville,_Virginia Kempsville, Virginia
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/wiki/Kings_Grant,_Virginia Kings Grant, Virginia
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/wiki/Lago_Mar,_Virginia_Beach,_Virginia Lago Mar, Virginia Beach, Virginia
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/wiki/Thalia,_Virginia Thalia, Virginia
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View this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
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/wiki/Template:Hampton_Roads Template:Hampton Roads
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Discuss this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
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/wiki/Gloucester_County,_Virginia Gloucester County, Virginia
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/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia Isle of Wight County, Virginia
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/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia James City County, Virginia
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/wiki/Mathews_County,_Virginia Mathews County, Virginia
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/wiki/Surry_County,_Virginia Surry County, Virginia
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/wiki/Transportation_in_Hampton_Roads Transportation in Hampton Roads
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/wiki/Template:Virginia Template:Virginia
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Discuss this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
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Edit this template ;;background:none transparent;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none;
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/wiki/Virginia_furniture Virginia furniture
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/wiki/Government_of_Virginia Government of Virginia
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/wiki/History_of_Virginia History of Virginia
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/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Virginia List of National Historic Landmarks in Virginia
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/wiki/Law_of_Virginia Law of Virginia
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/wiki/Music_of_Virginia Music of Virginia
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/wiki/Virginia_Declaration_of_Rights Virginia Declaration of Rights
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/wiki/Virginia_is_for_Lovers Virginia is for Lovers
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/wiki/State_Fair_of_Virginia State Fair of Virginia
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/wiki/List_of_Virginia_state_parks List of Virginia state parks
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/wiki/Crime_in_Virginia Crime in Virginia
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display: none;
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href title
/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Virginia List of regions of the United States
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local
th
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row navbox-group width:1%
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains Allegheny Mountains
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li
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href title
/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_plain Atlantic coastal plain
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href title
/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains Blue Ridge Mountains
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href title
/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay Chesapeake Bay
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/wiki/Cumberland_Mountains Cumberland Mountains
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/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula Delmarva Peninsula
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/wiki/Eastern_Shore_of_Virginia Eastern Shore of Virginia
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/wiki/Hampton_Roads Hampton Roads
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/wiki/Middle_Peninsula Middle Peninsula
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/wiki/Northern_Neck Northern Neck
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a
href title
/wiki/Northern_Virginia Northern Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Piedmont_region_of_Virginia Piedmont region of Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians
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/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley Shenandoah Valley
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/wiki/South_Hampton_Roads South Hampton Roads
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href title
/wiki/Southside_(Virginia) Southside (Virginia)
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/wiki/Southwest_Virginia Southwest Virginia
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/wiki/Tennessee_Valley Tennessee Valley
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href title
/wiki/Tidewater_region Tidewater region
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/wiki/Tri-Cities,_Virginia Tri-Cities, Virginia
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/wiki/Virginia_Peninsula Virginia Peninsula
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/wiki/Western_Virginia Western Virginia
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display: none;
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href title
/wiki/Virginia_statistical_areas Virginia statistical areas
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row navbox-group width:1%
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local
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href title
/wiki/Blacksburg%E2%80%93Christiansburg%E2%80%93Radford_metropolitan_area Blacksburg–Christiansburg–Radford metropolitan area
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local
li
html
local
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href title
/wiki/Bluefield_micropolitan_area Bluefield micropolitan area
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local
li
html
local
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href title
/wiki/Kingsport%E2%80%93Bristol%E2%80%93Bristol,_Tennessee-Virginia_Metropolitan_Statistical_Area Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, Tennessee-Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia_metropolitan_area Charlottesville, Virginia metropolitan area
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Danville,_Virginia_micropolitan_area Danville, Virginia micropolitan area
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local
li
html
local
a
href class title
/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia_metropolitan_area mw-redirect Harrisonburg, Virginia metropolitan area
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local
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lynchburg_metropolitan_area Lynchburg metropolitan area
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local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia_micropolitan_area Martinsville, Virginia micropolitan area
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html
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a
href title
/wiki/Greater_Richmond_Region Greater Richmond Region
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roanoke_metropolitan_area Roanoke metropolitan area
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Staunton%E2%80%93Waynesboro_metropolitan_area Staunton–Waynesboro metropolitan area
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local
li
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Hampton_Roads Hampton Roads
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local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Washington_metropolitan_area Washington metropolitan area
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li
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href title
/wiki/Winchester,_VA%E2%80%93WV_MSA Winchester, VA–WV MSA
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display: none;
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local
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href class title
/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Virginia mw-redirect List of counties in Virginia
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local
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Accomack_County,_Virginia Accomack County, Virginia
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local
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Albemarle_County,_Virginia Albemarle County, Virginia
html
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Alleghany_County,_Virginia Alleghany County, Virginia
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Amelia_County,_Virginia Amelia County, Virginia
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Amherst_County,_Virginia Amherst County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Appomattox_County,_Virginia Appomattox County, Virginia
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local
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html
local
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href title
/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia Arlington County, Virginia
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local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Augusta_County,_Virginia Augusta County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bath_County,_Virginia Bath County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bedford_County,_Virginia Bedford County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Bland_County,_Virginia Bland County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Botetourt_County,_Virginia Botetourt County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Brunswick_County,_Virginia Brunswick County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Buchanan_County,_Virginia Buchanan County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Buckingham_County,_Virginia Buckingham County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Campbell_County,_Virginia Campbell County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Caroline_County,_Virginia Caroline County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Carroll_County,_Virginia Carroll County, Virginia
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html
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a
href title
/wiki/Charles_City_County,_Virginia Charles City County, Virginia
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li
html
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a
href title
/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Virginia Charlotte County, Virginia
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li
html
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a
href title
/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia Chesterfield County, Virginia
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html
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a
href title
/wiki/Clarke_County,_Virginia Clarke County, Virginia
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html
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a
href title
/wiki/Craig_County,_Virginia Craig County, Virginia
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html
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a
href title
/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia Culpeper County, Virginia
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li
html
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a
href title
/wiki/Cumberland_County,_Virginia Cumberland County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dickenson_County,_Virginia Dickenson County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Dinwiddie_County,_Virginia Dinwiddie County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Essex_County,_Virginia Essex County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia Fairfax County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fauquier_County,_Virginia Fauquier County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Floyd_County,_Virginia Floyd County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Fluvanna_County,_Virginia Fluvanna County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Franklin_County,_Virginia Franklin County, Virginia
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local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Frederick_County,_Virginia Frederick County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Giles_County,_Virginia Giles County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Gloucester_County,_Virginia Gloucester County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Goochland_County,_Virginia Goochland County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia Grayson County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greene_County,_Virginia Greene County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Greensville_County,_Virginia Greensville County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Halifax_County,_Virginia Halifax County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Hanover_County,_Virginia Hanover County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Henrico_County,_Virginia Henrico County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Henry_County,_Virginia Henry County, Virginia
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li
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Highland_County,_Virginia Highland County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Isle_of_Wight_County,_Virginia Isle of Wight County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/James_City_County,_Virginia James City County, Virginia
html
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li
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local
a
href title
/wiki/King_and_Queen_County,_Virginia King and Queen County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/King_George_County,_Virginia King George County, Virginia
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local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/King_William_County,_Virginia King William County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lancaster_County,_Virginia Lancaster County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lee_County,_Virginia Lee County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Loudoun_County,_Virginia Loudoun County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Louisa_County,_Virginia Louisa County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Lunenburg_County,_Virginia Lunenburg County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Madison_County,_Virginia Madison County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mathews_County,_Virginia Mathews County, Virginia
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Mecklenburg_County,_Virginia Mecklenburg County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Middlesex_County,_Virginia Middlesex County, Virginia
html
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li
html
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a
href title
/wiki/Montgomery_County,_Virginia Montgomery County, Virginia
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Nelson_County,_Virginia Nelson County, Virginia
html
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a
href title
/wiki/New_Kent_County,_Virginia New Kent County, Virginia
html
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a
href title
/wiki/Northampton_County,_Virginia Northampton County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Northumberland_County,_Virginia Northumberland County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Nottoway_County,_Virginia Nottoway County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Orange_County,_Virginia Orange County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Page_County,_Virginia Page County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Patrick_County,_Virginia Patrick County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pittsylvania_County,_Virginia Pittsylvania County, Virginia
html
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Powhatan_County,_Virginia Powhatan County, Virginia
html
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prince_Edward_County,_Virginia Prince Edward County, Virginia
html
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prince_George_County,_Virginia Prince George County, Virginia
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Prince_William_County,_Virginia Prince William County, Virginia
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local
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Pulaski_County,_Virginia Pulaski County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rappahannock_County,_Virginia Rappahannock County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Richmond_County,_Virginia Richmond County, Virginia
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local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Roanoke_County,_Virginia Roanoke County, Virginia
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rockbridge_County,_Virginia Rockbridge County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Rockingham_County,_Virginia Rockingham County, Virginia
html
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li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Russell_County,_Virginia Russell County, Virginia
html
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html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Scott_County,_Virginia Scott County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Shenandoah_County,_Virginia Shenandoah County, Virginia
html
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local
a
href title
/wiki/Smyth_County,_Virginia Smyth County, Virginia
html
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local
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href title
/wiki/Southampton_County,_Virginia Southampton County, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Spotsylvania_County,_Virginia Spotsylvania County, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Stafford_County,_Virginia Stafford County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Surry_County,_Virginia Surry County, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Sussex_County,_Virginia Sussex County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Tazewell_County,_Virginia Tazewell County, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Warren_County,_Virginia Warren County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Washington_County,_Virginia Washington County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia Westmoreland County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Wise_County,_Virginia Wise County, Virginia
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a
href title
/wiki/Wythe_County,_Virginia Wythe County, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/York_County,_Virginia York County, Virginia
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/wiki/Independent_city_(United_States)#Virginia Independent city (United States)
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href title
/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia Alexandria, Virginia
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/wiki/Bristol,_Virginia Bristol, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Buena_Vista,_Virginia Buena Vista, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Chesapeake,_Virginia Chesapeake, Virginia
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/wiki/Colonial_Heights,_Virginia Colonial Heights, Virginia
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/wiki/Covington,_Virginia Covington, Virginia
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/wiki/Danville,_Virginia Danville, Virginia
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/wiki/Emporia,_Virginia Emporia, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia Fairfax, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Falls_Church,_Virginia Falls Church, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Franklin,_Virginia Franklin, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia Fredericksburg, Virginia
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html
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href title
/wiki/Galax,_Virginia Galax, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia Hampton, Virginia
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html
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href title
/wiki/Harrisonburg,_Virginia Harrisonburg, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Hopewell,_Virginia Hopewell, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Lexington,_Virginia Lexington, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia Lynchburg, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Manassas,_Virginia Manassas, Virginia
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local
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href title
/wiki/Manassas_Park,_Virginia Manassas Park, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia Martinsville, Virginia
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html
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href title
/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia Newport News, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia Norfolk, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Norton,_Virginia Norton, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Petersburg,_Virginia Petersburg, Virginia
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local
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href title
/wiki/Poquoson,_Virginia Poquoson, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia Portsmouth, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Radford,_Virginia Radford, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia Richmond, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia Roanoke, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Salem,_Virginia Salem, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Staunton,_Virginia Staunton, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Suffolk,_Virginia Suffolk, Virginia
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class
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html
local
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href title
/wiki/Waynesboro,_Virginia Waynesboro, Virginia
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local
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href title
/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia Williamsburg, Virginia
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href title
/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia Winchester, Virginia
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style
display: none;
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class style id
nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable6
html
local
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role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox 23x16px|border_|alt=|link=_Commonwealth_of_Virginia padding:3px
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style
padding:0px;
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colspan class style
2 navbox-list navbox-odd width:100%;padding:0px;font-size:114%;
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display: none;
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local
tbody
html
local
table
class style id
nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit collapsibleTable3
html
local
div
role class aria-labelledby style
navigation navbox Articles_relating_to_Virginia_Beach padding:3px
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Help:Authority_control Help:Authority control
html
local
th
scope class style
row navbox-group width:1%
html
local
a
rel class href
nofollow external text https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/131994524
html
local
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class
nowrap
html
local
li
html
local
a
href title
/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File Virtual International Authority File
html
local
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rel class href
nofollow external text https://viaf.org/viaf/131994524
html
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class
uid
html
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html
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html
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href title
/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number Library of Congress Control Number
html
local
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rel class href
nofollow external text http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n80060996
html
local
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class
uid
html
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class
nowrap
html
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html
local
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href title
/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier International Standard Name Identifier
html
local
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rel class href
nofollow external text http://isni.org/isni/0000000405091378
html
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class
uid
html
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class
nowrap
html
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html
local
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href title
/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File Integrated Authority File
html
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rel class href
nofollow external text https://d-nb.info/gnd/4127130-0
html
local
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https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98 버지니아비치 – Korean ko ko interlanguage-link-target
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https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach Virginia Beach – Indonesian id id interlanguage-link-target
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https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach Virginia Beach – Italian it it interlanguage-link-target
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https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginia Virginia Beach, Virginia – Pampanga pam pam interlanguage-link-target
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https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach Virginia Beach – Romanian ro ro interlanguage-link-target
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https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Beach,_Virginie Virginia Beach, Virginie – Scots sco sco interlanguage-link-target
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