 According to the literary critics Maman S. Mahayana , <unk> Sofyan , and Achmad Dian , Hasan 's psychological struggles reflect Sigmund Freud 's theories on psychoanalysis . Teeuw notes that Hasan comes across as being disappointed that his traditional religious upbringing is not enough to overcome the temptations of the modern world . Poet and critic of Indonesian literature Muhammad Balfas writes that Hasan 's conflict arises from being torn intellectually between the teachings of his ultra @-@ religious father and the Marxist Rusli , while at the same time being emotionally victimised by the ever self @-@ confident Anwar . Balfas notes that three versions of Hasan are made apparent to the reader : Hasan 's view of himself , the narrator 's view of Hasan , and the narrator 's reconstruction of Hasan . 
