 Proposals that motivate P to act because of W1 , W2 or W3 represent offers . Those that do so because of W4 represent threats . Rhodes notes that offers and threats are asymmetrical : while an offer requires only a slight approbation , a high degree of disapprobation is required before a proposal can be called a threat . The disapprobation must be high enough to provoke the " perception of a threat and correlative sense of fear " . Rhodes labels as throffers those proposals that motivate P to act because of W5 , W6 or W7 , but notes that the name is not universally used . 
