 The two predecessor theories to two @-@ level utilitarianism , act and rule utilitarianism , were beset by various objections . For example , rule utilitarianism was criticized for implying that in some cases an individual should pursue a course of action that would obviously not maximise utility . Conversely , act utilitarianism was criticized for not allowing for a ' human element ' in its calculations , i.e. it is sometimes too difficult ( or impossible ) for an ordinary person . 
