 A total of 51 species of parasitic worm have been recovered from the American white ibis , predominantly from the gastrointestinal system and particularly the small intestine . These include Cestoda ( tapeworms ) , <unk> ( thorny headed worms ) , Nematoda ( roundworms ) , Digenea and <unk> . Several roundworm and <unk> species have been found in the lining of the gizzard . Nematodes are more prevalent in American white ibis from freshwater habitats , and cestodes more frequent in those from saltwater areas . One nematode found in adult birds , <unk> <unk> , is borne in the fiddler crab as an intermediate host , while the thorny headed worm species <unk> dimorpha is carried in crayfish and infests both adult and juvenile ibis . 
