 Skin secretions of the tiger salamander ( Ambystoma tigrinum ) fed to rats have been shown to produce aversion to the flavor , and the rats avoided the presentational medium when it was offered to them again . The fire salamander ( Salamandra salamandra ) has a ridge of large granular glands down its spine which are able to squirt a fine jet of toxic fluid at its attacker . By angling its body appropriately , it can accurately direct the spray for a distance of up to 80 cm ( 31 in ) . 
