 For a long time , R v Clarence was taken as an authority on the meaning of " inflict " , which the court took to mean " an assault or battery of which a wound or grievous bodily harm is the manifest immediate and obvious result " . This narrow definition was extended in R v Martin and R v Halliday to include , for example , injuries sustained during an attempt of the victim to flee . An injury is said to be " inflicted " if it is the result of an impact or percussion set in motion by the defendant ; the injury must relate directly to the impact or percussion , but the impact or percussion may be an indirect effect of the defendant 's actions . R v Burstow established that " inflict " was a near synonym of cause : in Lord Hope 's view , they were synonymous , except that the outcome of the former must be unpleasant . This was applied in R v Dica and R v Konzani , two cases of knowingly risking passing on HIV without explicit consent . 
