 Bernard Lewis replied to Said 's characterizations , both of his ( Lewis 's ) works as political propaganda and of him as an anti @-@ intellectual , with essays critical of Said and his works ; Lewis later was joined by the academics Maxime Rodinson , Jacques Berque , Malcolm H. Kerr , Aijaz Ahmad and William Montgomery Watt , who said that Orientalism represents a flawed account of Orientalist scholarship . Said himself , in the " Afterword " to the 1995 edition of Orientalism , answered Bernard Lewis 's criticisms against the first edition of the book . Critics argued that Said and his followers failed to critically distinguish among the varieties of Orientalism featured in Western popular culture and mass @-@ communications media ( e.g. , Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom , 1984 ) , and Oriental Studies of the languages , literatures , histories and cultures of the Eastern world . 
