 Kennedy criticized Chang 's accusation of " Western indifference " and " Japanese denial " of the massacre as " exaggerated " , commenting that " the Western world in fact neither then nor later ignored the Rape of Nanking " , " nor is Chang entirely correct that Japan has obstinately refused to acknowledge its wartime crimes , let alone express regret for them . " Chang argues that Japan " remains to this day a renegade nation , " having " managed to avoid the moral judgment of the civilized world that the Germans were made to accept for their actions in this nightmare time . " However , according to Kennedy , this accusation has already become a cliché of Western criticism of Japan , most notably exemplified by Ian Buruma 's The Wages of Guilt ( 1994 ) , whose general thesis might be summarized as " Germany remembers too much , Japan too little . " Kennedy pointed out that a vocal Japanese left has long kept the memory of Nanking alive , noting the 1995 resolution of Japan 's House of Councillors that expressed " deep remorse " ( fukai hansei ) for the suffering that Japan inflicted on other peoples during World War II and clear apologies ( owabi ) for Imperial Japan 's offenses against other nations from two Japanese Prime Ministers . 
