 Several authors have alleged a plot to kidnap Pius XII by the Nazis during their occupation of Rome in 1943 ( Vatican City itself was not occupied ) ; British historian Owen Chadwick and the Jesuit ADSS editor Rev. Robert Graham each concluded such claims were an invention of British wartime propagandists . However , in 2007 , subsequent to those accounts , Dan Kurzman published a work which he maintains establishes that the plot was a fact . 
