text: For a recent summary of this empirical debate , see William Gale , The Impact of Pensions and 401 ( k ) Plans on A Critical Assessment of the State of the Literature , paper presented at ERISA After 25 A Framework for Evaluating Pension Reform , Washington , D.C. , September 17 , 1999 .
  
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  For an outdated summary of the empirical debate , the book William Gale , The Impact of Pensions , should be seen .