text: ( 1 ) whetherthe plaintiff [ is ] one of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted ; ( 2 ) whether there [ is ] any indication of legislative intent , explicit or implicit , either to create such a remedy or to deny one ; ( 3 ) whether it [ is ] consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy ; and ( 4 ) whether the cause of action [ is ] one traditionally relegated to state law , in an area basically the concern of the States , so that it would be inappropriate to infer a cause of action based solely on federal law .
  
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  Whether the cause of action is relegated to state law , so it would be inappropriate to base it on federal law .