text: Ajami 's heroes are figures such as Egypt 's novelist Naguib Mahfuz , the Palestinian academic Sari Nusseibah , and the tragic Hawi--men of integrity imbued with the old , confident spirit of cosmopolitanism and an openness to the Western ideas that led to the Arab awakening in the first place .
  
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  Openness to Western ideas led to the Arab Awakening .