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The New Englanders saw that the only possible place to crack the defences was on the city 's northeastern side , where the walls were weakest . Their plan was to land their main force on the Beauport shore east of the Saint Charles River , and have it cross the river in the fleet 's boats , along with the field guns . When the landing force was on the heights west of Quebec , the fleet would attack the city and land a second force there . Frontenac had expected the land attack to come from Beauport , and the banks of the river had already been built up with field fortifications on the southwestern side . He proposed to fight only a skirmishing action there , holding his regulars in reserve for a European @-@ style battle on the open ground west of Quebec .
However , the open battle never took place . The 1 @,@ 200 @-@ strong English landing force under Major John Walley , Phips ' second @-@ in @-@ command , never got across the Saint Charles . Frontenac had sent strong detachments of Canadian militiamen under Jacques Le Moyne de Sainte @-@ Hélène , along with some Indians , into the wooded areas east of the river . When the English landed on 18 October , they were immediately harassed by Canadian militia , while the ships ' boats mistakenly landed the field guns on the wrong side of the Saint Charles . Meanwhile , Phips 's four large ships , quite contrary to the plan , anchored before Quebec and began bombarding the city until 19 October , at which point the English had shot away most of their ammunition . The French shore batteries had also proved to be much more than a match , and the ships were pounded until the rigging and hulls were badly damaged ; the ensign of Phips ' flagship the Six Friends was cut down and fell into the river , and under a hail of musket shots , a daring group of Canadians paddled a canoe up to the ships to capture it . They triumphantly brought the ensign back to the Governor unscathed .
During the bombardment , the land force under Walley remained inactive , suffering from cold and complaining of shortage of rum . After a couple of miserable days , they decided to carry the shore positions and try to overcome the French earthworks . They set out on 20 October " in the best European tradition , with drums beating and colors unfurled , " but there was a skirmish at the edge of the woods . The New Englanders could not cope with the maintained heavy Canadian fire , and the brass field guns fired into the woods had no effect . Although Sainte @-@ Hélène was mortally wounded , 150 of the attackers had been killed in action , and were utterly discouraged . They made a retreat in a state of near panic on 22 October , even abandoning five field guns on the shore .
= = Aftermath = =
On 23 and 24 October , an exchange of prisoners was negotiated and effected , and the ships set sail for Boston . Although Phips ' own account of the expedition admitted only 30 dead in combat , smallpox and marine accident claimed about 1 @,@ 000 more . James Lloyd of Boston wrote in the following January , " 7 vessels yet wanting 3 more cast away & burnt . " Cotton Mather tells how one brigantine was wrecked on Anticosti ; her crew maintained themselves on the island through the winter and were apparently rescued the following summer by a ship from Boston . Phips ' defeat was complete and disastrous ; fortunately for the French , since food was lacking to feed the large force assembled to defend Quebec in case of a prolonged siege . Phips himself had displayed no natural military talents to offset his lack of experience . It can be argued however that the absence of trained soldiers and adequate supplies had doomed the enterprise from the start . Governor of New York Henry Sloughter captured the mood in the English colonies when he wrote :
Canada exulted in its victory and survival ; on 5 November the Te Deum was sung in Quebec in a chapel renamed Notre Dame de la Victoire , Our Lady of Victory . When news of the expedition reached Versailles , Louis XIV ordered a medal struck bearing the inscription : <unk> liberata <unk> – Francia in novo <unk> victrix , or " Deliverance of Quebec 1690 – France victorious in the New World . "
Jacques Le Moyne , who died soon after the battle , was mourned by the whole colony for his courtesy and valour . The Onondaga Iroquois sent a wampum collar as a token of sympathy , and released two captives to honour his memory . His brother , Charles Le Moyne , won fame for his part in the battle , and he later received an additional grant of land for his services and became the first Baron de Longueuil .
Both sides learned from the battle . The French victory showed that to take Quebec , the cannon of " Old England would have to be brought in " . Similarly , Frontenac realised the defences needed significant improvement , and in 1692 , he gave Ingénieur du Roi Josué Berthelot de <unk> the task of designing a fortress that could withstand a European @-@ style siege . This was delayed by the Canadian winter , and work commenced in the summer of 1693 on an earth rampart with large bastions to enclose the city , and pointed wooden stakes to top the walls . A complete shore battery , known as the " Royal battery " , was built immediately after the siege . It was shaped like a small bastion , and featured 14 gun embrasures to cover both sides of the Saint Laurence and the river itself .
Although another expedition was launched against Quebec during Queen Anne 's War , it failed to reach its target when transports wrecked with great loss of life in the Gulf of St. Lawrence . The city 's improved defences would not be tested until the Battle of the Plains of Abraham in 1759 .
= 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes =
The 1992 Cape Mendocino earthquakes ( or 1992 Petrolia earthquakes ) occurred along the Lost Coast of Northern California on April 25 and 26 . The three largest events were the M7.2 thrust mainshock that struck near the unincorporated community of Petrolia midday on April 25 and two primary strike @-@ slip aftershocks measuring 6 @.@ 5 and 6 @.@ 6 that followed early the next morning . The sequence encompassed both interplate and intraplate activity that was associated with the Mendocino Triple Junction , a complex system of three major faults ( including the Cascadia subduction zone , San Andreas Fault , and Mendocino Fracture Zone ) that converge near Cape Mendocino . The total number of aftershocks that followed the events exceeded 2 @,@ 000 .
The three shocks damaged and destroyed homes and businesses in Humboldt County and injured 356 people , but the single largest loss was due to a post @-@ earthquake fire that consumed a business center in Scotia . <unk> that had been in place in the Cape Mendocino area since the late 1970s recorded the event and the readings were moderate to strong , with the exception of the instruments closest to the epicenter , which went off scale a few seconds into the recording . No surface ruptures were present in the epicentral area , but landslides closed roads and railroad tracks for at least a week while cleanup took place . Also discovered was about 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) of coastal uplift near Cape Mendocino and Punta Gorda .
As the largest earthquake in California since the 1989 Loma Prieta event several years earlier , the mainshock caused a non @-@ destructive tsunami that quickly reached the coast , and eventually Alaska and Hawaii several hours later . The tsunami was significant not because of its run @-@ up , but because of the speed with which it reached the coast and for how long the waves persisted . Other strong earthquakes have affected the same area , with some that were clearly associated with the ( interplate ) Mendocino Fracture Zone , and others ( like the two shocks on April 26 ) were intraplate earthquakes that ruptured within the Gorda Plate , but events that are unequivocally associated with the Cascadia subduction zone are very infrequent .
= = Tectonic setting = =
The northernmost coastal area is one of California 's most seismically active regions and , in a 50 @-@ year period , the area including the Mendocino Fracture Zone at the southern flank of the Gorda Plate generated about 25 percent of all seismic energy unleashed in the state . The Mendocino Triple Junction ( strike @-@ slip / strike @-@ slip / trench ) formed 29 – 30 mya at 31 ° N ( west of present @-@ day Baja California ) when the Pacific @-@ Farallon spreading center initially approached the subduction zone off the coast of western North America . Simultaneously , the Rivera Triple Junction shifted to the southeast to its current position at 23 ° N. Once the Pacific Plate and North American Plate connected the boundary became that of a transform fault ( San Andreas ) due to the northwestward motion of the Pacific Plate relative to the North American Plate . The San Andreas Fault continues to lengthen to the northwest and the southeast as the two triple junctions continue their transient motion .
North of the Mendocino Triple Junction , the Gorda plate is subducting beneath the North American Plate at the Cascadia subduction zone , with a convergence rate of 2 @.@ 5 – 3 centimeters ( 0 @.@ 98 – 1 @.@ 18 in ) per year , but comparisons with other subduction zones have led to a belief that the convergence may be taking place <unk> . The distinct lack of interplate events there has generated contention regarding the zone 's seismic hazard , though there are strong indications that substantial historic events have occurred in the Pacific Northwest . Submerged wetlands and raised marine terraces both illustrate the presence of past events , and radiocarbon dating of rock layers has revealed that three seismic events took place in the last 2 @,@ 000 years , with the most recent event being the 1700 Cascadia earthquake . The Gorda Plate is undergoing a process of intraplate deformation and experiences large intraplate earthquakes that may be the result of north @-@ south compression of the oceanic crust along the Mendocino Fracture Zone .
= = Earthquakes = =
The region near the triple junction experiences high seismicity , with more than 60 earthquakes of intensity VI ( Strong ) or greater or magnitudes ≥ 5 @.@ 5 since 1853 . The mainshock in the sequence ( 11 : 06 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time ) occurred onshore , 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) west of Petrolia at a depth of 10 @.@ 5 kilometers , and was among an infrequent number of earthquakes with fault @-@ plane solutions that conveyed evidence of slip at the Cascadia subduction zone . While the focal mechanism indicated slip on a thrust fault striking <unk> ° W with a shallow dip of 13 ° to the east @-@ northeast , the rupture most likely propagated to the west , based on the mainshock location at the southeastern boundary of the aftershock zone . Investigation of more than 1 @,@ 200 surveys from the North Coast area led to the assignment of an intensity rating of IX ( Violent ) on the Modified Mercalli scale for the region near Petrolia .
In opposition to the mainshock that was located onshore , the two large strike @-@ slip aftershocks occurred the following morning ( 12 : 41 a.m. and 4 : 18 a.m. PDT ) and were located offshore , 30 km ( 19 mi ) to the west of the main shock within the Gorda Plate . Both shocks ( M6.5 and 6 @.@ 6 ) were of intensity VIII ( Severe ) , occurred at a depth of 20 kilometers ( 12 mi ) , and exhibited right @-@ lateral motion . Of the several thousand aftershocks in the sequence , none were found to have occurred on the Mendocino Fracture Zone , but numerous events were located on the eastward projection of that fault . The mainshock 's rupture duration was described as a smooth nine seconds , while the two aftershocks had more complex and slightly longer ruptures of 14 – 15 seconds . That the two strike @-@ slip events followed a thrust event indicated a strong coupling of stresses at the North American and Gorda plate boundaries , and underscored the convoluted nature of the interconnected faults in that area .
= = = Damage = = =
The initial event caused a number of wood framed homes in Scotia to come off their foundations while the porches of some other homes became detached . The 25 mW cogeneration plant there that used wood waste products to power both the lumber company and the town suffered damage and both lumber mills were shut down for several weeks . In Rio Dell , across the Eel River from Scotia , glass store fronts along the main street were shattered and numerous buildings slipped into a culvert along Monument Road . In Petrolia ( the small community closest to the epicenter ) the general store ( combined with a post office and gas station ) was destroyed by fire , and in Fortuna , damage totaled $ 4 million . A six figure portion of that figure was due to losses at the high school 's gymnasium .
The two aftershocks the following morning were separated by less than four hours and both caused at least as much damage as the mainshock . A large fire was triggered following the first aftershock at a shopping center in Scotia that destroyed four businesses , with the resulting damage at that site alone estimated at $ 15 million , and was the largest individual financial misfortune of the sequence of earthquakes . The water supply in Rio Dell was terminated when the water main was severed at the abutment to the Eel River bridge and power outages were widespread throughout Humboldt County . Some were mere seconds while others lasted for hours , but the hydroelectric plant 's performance at Ruth Reservoir was deemed acceptable , and power that was not generated locally was unaffected .
Damage estimates were as high as $ 75 million , one third of which was due to bridges and roads , and the remainder of the costs were structure @-@ related . The American Red Cross compiled damage statistics in the county and the totals included 906 damaged homes and apartments . Almost half of those were severely damaged and an additional 200 homes were destroyed . In Petrolia , the post office , three businesses , and 44 homes were destroyed , and another 68 residences were damaged . In Ferndale , 29 homes were destroyed and 126 were damaged , along with 51 businesses . In Rio Dell , 127 buildings were damaged or destroyed . With 98 homes and 41 businesses experiencing some form of damage , the city of Fortuna experienced losses totaling $ 3 @.@ 8 million . Eureka and Arcata ( 25 miles ( 40 km ) north of the Eel River valley ) saw light damage and no injuries , while the unincorporated communities of <unk> and Carlotta reported damage of less than $ 2 million combined .
= = = Strong motion = = =
As the largest earthquake in California since the October 1989 event in the Santa Cruz Mountains , the mainshock near Petrolia produced some of the highest ground motions ever recorded ( at that time ) by the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program ( CSMIP ) . Fourteen existing CSMIP stations comprising 84 strong motion sensors recorded the event , ten of which were ground response stations . The remaining four were located on structures , including a Highway 101 overpass in Rio Dell , a dam , a one @-@ story supermarket in Fortuna , and a 5 @-@ story residential building in Eureka . The supermarket , residential building , and dam were 28 , 50 , and 75 kilometers distant from the epicenter respectively , and recorded peak accelerations of .46g , <unk> , and <unk> An <unk> at the Painter Street overpass ( a concrete bridge , 24 km ( 15 mi ) from the epicenter ) recorded a free field acceleration of <unk> and an instrument on the structure saw an amplified peak of <unk> during the mainshock .
The CSMIP Cape Mendocino station was installed in 1978 and was located just 4 kilometers ( 2 @.@ 5 mi ) from the epicenter on the slope of a ridge in the coast ranges . The instruments there had been mounted on a concrete platform adjacent to a roadway and remained firmly secured to the rock platform following the shocks . A landslide came within 50 meters ( 160 ft ) of the device and left debris on the road , but a lack of large rocks close to the instrument and no cracking of the rocks near the platform left geologists with no clear explanation for the extraordinarily high vertical component reading of <unk> The tri @-@ axial analog accelerometer that was in use was physically limited to that value and all three traces had uniformly significant values at three seconds into the recording . A post @-@ earthquake lab test of the seismometer and an inspection of the photographically enlarged <unk> revealed that the limit was hit twice , with a maximum deflection of 31 mm , as the needle bounced off the unit 's mass . An extrapolation of the vertical record led to a maximum acceleration estimate of <unk> for that site , and the unit was eventually replaced with a higher capacity digital device .
= = = Ground effects = = =
The sequence of earthquakes caused widespread landslides from the coast to east of Scotia and from the northern extent of the Eel River basin near Thompson Hill to south of Petrolia . Most of these were existing landslides that had been re @-@ initiated and the largest of the slides were either slumps or bedding plane failures along the coastal bluffs . Several slump failures between Guthrie Creek and Oil Creek stretched from the bluffs out towards the shore for a distance of 150 meters ( 490 ft ) , leaving some of the slide to be eroded by the surf . The road between Ferndale and Petrolia was closed for more than a week where about six mostly minor landslides blocked the passage , with the roadway itself sustaining light damage due to sliding or settlement of the road fill in a few instances . One of the largest slides occurred along the railroad tracks at the Scotia bluffs where previous slides had taken place . That slide also took about a week to clear .
During a survey following the earthquake , evidence of coastal uplift was detected when dead and decomposing intertidal organisms were discovered along the beaches in the epicentral region . Further investigation revealed that a 15 km ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) portion of the shoreline between Cape Mendocino and near Punta Gorda had been uplifted by as much as 1 m ( 3 ft 3 in ) near the middle portion , and decreasing amounts near the outer portions of the affected area . Evidence of previous events has been found in the form of sequential marine terraces along the coast , with periodic events creating shelves at 300 , 1 @,@ 700 , 3 @,@ 000 , and 5 @,@ 000 years before present . No surface ruptures were found during aerial surveillance , but lateral spreading features were observed on a channel near the mouth of the Eel River .
= = Tsunami = =
The mainshock generated a small tsunami that was recorded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 's sea level gauge stations on the coasts of northern California , Oregon , and Hawaii . The series of waves first came ashore at the North Spit station in Eureka after a 26 @-@ minute travel time , but the largest surges were seen just to the north at Crescent City and arrived close to low tide , a condition that would have lowered the risk had the surges had a destructive capacity . The first packet of energy reached that location in 47 minutes and had a maximum wave height of 35 cm ( 14 in ) , and a second , larger packet arrived later with a maximum amplitude of 53 cm ( 21 in ) . The waves were also detected to the south in the interior of San Francisco Bay at Alameda , but with a considerable delay ( 135 minutes after the mainshock ) , due to the shallow waters of the bay and the shelf surrounding the bay 's entrance . The speed a tsunami travels is directly related to the depth of the water in which it is traversing . The tsunami was detected farther to the south in Monterey , for example , after just a 64 @-@ minute travel time , due to the deeper offshore waters and those in the Monterey Bay .
At 3 @,@ 720 kilometers ( 2 @,@ 310 mi ) distant , the tsunami was perceptible on the Hawaiian island of Maui at Kahului . The location of the islands lay on a great circle route that is also perpendicular to the region of ( presumed ) uplifted land at the coast near Cape Mendocino and any energy distributed would be the strongest in that direction . No tsunami was detected at Johnston Atoll , 5 @,@ 050 kilometers ( 3 @,@ 140 mi ) from Cape Mendocino in the north Pacific Ocean , but bottom pressure recorders registered a maximum amplitude of .4 cm ( 0 @.@ 16 in ) in 4 @,@ 000 meters ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) of water in the Gulf of Alaska , with 3 @.@ 75 hours of travel time . While the waves generated by the earthquake were limited , the event demonstrated the rapid onset of tsunami hazards , giving little time for coastal residents to prepare . And in this case , the strongest waves came ashore in Crescent City three to four hours after the initial surge , but it is possible to be just the opposite where the first waves could be the strongest . Also detailed from this event was that the wave hazard can be of long duration , with wave action lingering for more than eight hours .
= = Other events = =
The Mendocino Fault is seismically active with mostly small and moderate earthquakes , but the largest event that was unequivocally associated with the fault was the <unk> earthquake on September 1 , 1994 at 125 @.@ 8 W longitude . Aftershocks of that event with corresponding dextral strike @-@ slip focal mechanisms occurred farther to the east and close to the Mendocino Triple Junction . Another large event ( 7 @.@ 3 – 7 @.@ 6 ) occurred on January 31 , 1922 ( with an aftershock of M7 + the next day ) but the sources of these shocks could not be determined with any precision as the first seismographs did not arrive in the area until 1932 . Due to their offshore epicenters all of these events caused little damage though were felt across a broad area . Previous Gorda plate events include the July 13 and August 17 , 1991 shocks of 6 @.@ 8 and 7 @.@ 1 and the M7.3 event on November 10 , 1980 west of Arcata .
= Orion ( mythology ) =
In Greek mythology , Orion ( Ancient Greek : <unk> or <unk> , Latin : Orion ) was a giant huntsman whom Zeus placed among the stars as the constellation of Orion .
Ancient sources tell several different stories about Orion ; there are two major versions of his birth and several versions of his death . The most important recorded episodes are his birth somewhere in Boeotia , his visit to Chios where he met Merope and was blinded by her father , Oenopion , the recovery of his sight at Lemnos , his hunting with Artemis on Crete , his death by the bow of Artemis or the sting of the giant scorpion which became Scorpio , and his elevation to the heavens . Most ancient sources omit some of these episodes and several tell only one . These various incidents may originally have been independent , unrelated stories and it is impossible to tell whether omissions are simple brevity or represent a real disagreement .
In Greek literature he first appears as a great hunter in Homer 's epic the Odyssey , where Odysseus sees his shade in the underworld . The bare bones of his story are told by the Hellenistic and Roman collectors of myths , but there is no extant literary version of his adventures comparable , for example , to that of Jason in Apollonius of Rhodes ' Argonautica or Euripides ' Medea ; the entry in Ovid 's Fasti for May 11 is a poem on the birth of Orion , but that is one version of a single story . The surviving fragments of legend have provided a fertile field for speculation about Greek prehistory and myth .
Orion served several roles in ancient Greek culture . The story of the adventures of Orion , the hunter , is the one on which we have the most evidence ( and even on that not very much ) ; he is also the personification of the constellation of the same name ; he was venerated as a hero , in the Greek sense , in the region of Boeotia ; and there is one etiological passage which says that Orion was responsible for the present shape of the Strait of Sicily .
= = Legends = =
= = = Homer and Hesiod = = =
Orion is mentioned in the oldest surviving works of Greek literature , which probably date back to the 7th or 8th century BC , but which are the products of an oral tradition with origins several centuries earlier . In Homer 's Iliad Orion is described as a constellation , and the star Sirius is mentioned as his dog . In the Odyssey , Odysseus sees him hunting in the underworld with a bronze club , a great slayer of animals ; he is also mentioned as a constellation , as the lover of the Goddess Dawn , as slain by Artemis , and as the most handsome of the earthborn . In the Works and Days of Hesiod , Orion is also a constellation , one whose rising and setting with the sun is used to reckon the year .
The legend of Orion was first told in full in a lost work by Hesiod , probably the Astronomia ; simple references to Hesiod will refer to this , unless otherwise stated . This version is known through the work of a Hellenistic author on the constellations ; he gives a fairly long summary of Hesiod 's discourse on Orion . According to this version , Orion was likely the son of the sea @-@ god Poseidon and Euryale , daughter of Minos , King of Crete . Orion could walk on the waves because of his father ; he walked to the island of Chios where he got drunk and attacked Merope , daughter of Oenopion , the ruler there . In vengeance , Oenopion blinded Orion and drove him away . Orion stumbled to Lemnos where Hephaestus — the lame smith @-@ god — had his forge . Hephaestus told his servant , Cedalion , to guide Orion to the uttermost East where Helios , the Sun , healed him ; Orion carried Cedalion around on his shoulders . Orion returned to Chios to punish Oenopion , but the king hid away underground and escaped Orion 's wrath . Orion 's next journey took him to Crete where he hunted with the goddess Artemis and her mother Leto , and in the course of the hunt , threatened to kill every beast on Earth . Mother Earth objected and sent a giant scorpion to kill Orion . The creature succeeded , and after his death , the goddesses asked Zeus to place Orion among the constellations . Zeus consented and , as a memorial to the hero 's death , added the Scorpion to the heavens as well .
= = = Other sources = = =
Although Orion has a few lines in both Homeric poems and in the Works and Days , most of the stories about him are recorded in incidental allusions and in fairly obscure later writings . No great poet standardized the legend . The ancient sources for Orion 's legend are mostly notes in the margins of ancient poets ( scholia ) or compilations by later scholars , the equivalent of modern reference works or encyclopedias ; even the legend from Hesiod 's Astronomy survives only in one such compilation . In several cases , including the summary of the Astronomy , although the surviving work bears the name of a famous scholar , such as Apollodorus of Athens , Eratosthenes , or Gaius Julius Hyginus , what survives is either an ancient forgery or an abridgement of the original compilation by a later writer of dubious competence ; editors of these texts suggest that they may have borne the names of great scholars because they were abridgments , or even pupil 's notes , based on the works of the scholars .
The margin of the Empress Eudocia 's copy of the Iliad has a note summarizing a Hellenistic poet who tells a different story of Orion 's birth . Here the gods Zeus , Hermes and Poseidon come to visit Hyrieus of Tanagra , who roasts a whole bull for them . When they offer him a favor , he asks for the birth of sons . The gods take the bull 's hide and ejaculate or urinate into it and bury it in the earth , then tell him to dig it up ten months later . When he does , he finds Orion ; this explains why Orion is earthborn .
A second full telling ( even shorter than the summary of Hesiod ) is in a Roman @-@ era collection of myths ; the account of Orion is based largely on the mythologist and poet <unk> of Leros . Here Orion is described as earthborn and enormous in stature . This version also mentions Poseidon and Euryale as his parents . It adds a first marriage to Side before his marriage to Merope . All that is known about Side is that Hera threw her into Hades for rivalling her in beauty . It also gives a different version of Orion 's death than the Iliad : Eos , the Dawn , fell in love with Orion and took him to Delos where Artemis killed him .
Another narrative on the constellations , three paragraphs long , is from a Latin writer whose brief notes have come down to us under the name of Hyginus . It begins with the oxhide story of Orion 's birth , which this source ascribes to Callimachus and <unk> , and sets the location at Thebes or Chios . Hyginus has two versions . In one of them he omits Poseidon ; a modern critic suggests this is the original version .
The same source tells two stories of the death of Orion . The first says that because of his " living joined in too great a friendship " with Oenopion , he boasted to Artemis and Leto that he could kill anything which came from Earth . Earth objected and created the Scorpion . In the second story , Apollo objected to his sister Artemis 's love for Orion , and , seeing Orion swimming with just his head visible , challenged her to shoot at that mark , which she hit , killing him . He connects Orion with several constellations , not just Scorpio . Orion chased Pleione , the mother of the Pleiades , for seven years , until Zeus intervened and raised all of them to the stars . In Works and Days , Orion chases the Pleiades themselves . Canis Minor and Canis Major are his dogs , the one in front is called Procyon . They chase Lepus , the hare , although Hyginus says some critics thought this too base a prey for the noble Orion and have him pursuing Taurus , the bull , instead . A Renaissance mythographer adds other names for Orion 's dogs : <unk> , <unk> , <unk> , <unk> , <unk> , <unk> , <unk> , <unk> .
= = = Variants = = =
There are numerous variants in other authors . Most of these are incidental references in poems and <unk> . The Roman poet Vergil shows Orion as a giant wading through the Aegean Sea with the waves breaking against his shoulders ; rather than , as the mythographers have it , walking on the water . There are several references to Hyrieus as the father of Orion that connect him to various places in Boeotia , including Hyria ; this may well be the original story ( although not the first attested ) , since Hyrieus is presumably the eponym of Hyria . He is also called Oeneus , although he is not the <unk> Oeneus . Other ancient scholia say , as Hesiod does , that Orion was the son of Poseidon and his mother was a daughter of Minos ; but they call the daughter <unk> or <unk> . There are two versions where Artemis killed Orion , either with her arrows or by producing the Scorpion . In the second variant , Orion died of the Scorpion 's sting as he does in Hesiod . Although Orion does not defeat the Scorpion in any version , several variants have it die from its wounds . Artemis is given various motives . One is that Orion boasted of his beast @-@ killing and challenged her to a contest with the discus . Another is that he assaulted either Artemis or the <unk> maiden Opis in her band of <unk> . Aratus 's brief description , in his Astronomy , conflates the elements of the myth : according to Aratus , Orion attacks Artemis while hunting on Chios , and the Scorpion kills him there . Nicander , in his <unk> , has the scorpion of ordinary size and hiding under a small ( oligos ) stone . Most versions of the story that continue after Orion 's death tell of the gods raising Orion and the Scorpion to the stars , but even here a variant exists : Ancient poets differed greatly as to who Aesculapius brought back from the dead ; the Argive epic poet <unk> is quoted as saying in a scholion that Aesculapius resurrected Orion . Other ancient authorities are quoted anonymously that Aesculapius healed Orion after he was blinded by Oenopion .
The story of Orion and Oenopion also varies . One source refers to Merope as the wife of Oenopion and not his daughter . Another refers to Merope as the daughter of Minos and not of Oenopion . The longest version ( a page in the Loeb ) is from a collection of melodramatic plots drawn up by an Alexandrian poet for the Roman Cornelius Gallus to make into Latin verse . It describes Orion as slaying the wild beasts of Chios and looting the other inhabitants to make a bride @-@ price for Oenopion 's daughter , who is called <unk> or <unk> . Oenopion does not want to marry her to someone like Orion , and eventually Orion , in frustration , breaks into her bedchamber and rapes her . The text implies that Oenopion blinds him on the spot .
Lucian includes a picture with Orion in a rhetorical description of an ideal building , in which Orion is walking into the rising sun with Lemnos nearby , Cedalion on his shoulder . He recovers his sight there with Hephaestus still watching in the background .
The next picture deals with the ancient story of Orion . He is blind , and on his shoulder carries Cedalion , who directs the sightless eyes towards the East . The rising Sun heals his infirmity ; and there stands Hephaestus on Lemnos , watching the cure .
Latin sources add that Oenopion was the son of Dionysus . Dionysus sent satyrs to put Orion into a deep sleep so he could be blinded . One source tells the same story but converts Oenopion into Minos of Crete . It adds that an oracle told Orion that his sight could be restored by walking eastward and that he found his way by hearing the Cyclops ' hammer , placing a Cyclops as a guide on his shoulder ; it does not mention <unk> or Lemnos — this is presumably the story of Cedalion recast . Both Hephaestus and the Cyclopes were said to make thunderbolts ; they are combined in other sources . One scholion , on a Latin poem , explains that Hephaestus gave Orion a horse .
Giovanni Boccaccio cites a lost Latin writer for the story that Orion and Candiope were son and daughter of Oenopion , king of Sicily . While the virgin huntsman Orion was sleeping in a cave , Venus seduced him ; as he left the cave , he saw his sister shining as she crossed in front of it . He ravished her ; when his father heard of this , he banished Orion . Orion consulted an oracle , which told him that if he went east , he would regain the glory of kingship . Orion , Candiope , and their son <unk> sailed to Thrace , " a province eastward from Sicily " . There he conquered the inhabitants , and became known as the son of Neptune . His son begat the Dryas mentioned in Statius .
= = Cult and popular appreciation = =
In Ancient Greece , Orion had a hero cult in the region of Boeotia . The number of places associated with his birth suggest that it was widespread . Hyria , the most frequently mentioned , was in the territory of Tanagra . A feast of Orion was held at Tanagra as late as the Roman Empire . They had a tomb of Orion most likely at the foot of Mount <unk> ( now Mount Tanagra ) . Maurice Bowra argues that Orion was a national hero of the Boeotians , much as Castor and Pollux were for the Dorians . He bases this claim on the Athenian epigram on the Battle of Coronea in which a hero gave the Boeotian army an oracle , then fought on their side and defeated the Athenians .
The Boeotian school of epic poetry was chiefly concerned with the genealogies of the gods and heroes ; later writers elaborated this web . Several other myths are attached to Orion in this way : A papyrus fragment of the Boeotian poet Corinna gives Orion fifty sons ( a traditional number ) . This included the oracular hero <unk> , who , she sings , gave a response to Asopus regarding Asopus ' daughters who were abducted by the gods . Corinna sang of Orion conquering and naming all the land of the dawn . Bowra argues that Orion was believed to have delivered oracles as well , probably at a different shrine . Hyginus says that <unk> 's mother was <unk> , daughter of Orion . Another mythographer , Liberalis , tells of Menippe and <unk> , daughters of Orion , who sacrificed themselves for their country 's good and were transformed into comets .
Orion also has etiological connection to the city of Messina in Sicily . Diodorus of Sicily wrote a history of the world up to his own time ( the beginning of the reign of Augustus ) . He starts with the gods and the heroes . At the end of this part of the work , he tells the story of Orion and two wonder @-@ stories of his mighty earth @-@ works in Sicily . One tells how he aided <unk> , the founder of Zancle ( the former name for Messina ) , by building the promontory which forms the harbor . The other , which Diodorus ascribes to Hesiod , relates that there was once a broad sea between Sicily and the mainland . Orion built the whole <unk> , the Punta del Faro , and the temple to Poseidon at the tip , after which he settled in Euboea . He was then " numbered among the stars of heaven and thus won for himself immortal remembrance " . The Renaissance historian and mathematician Francesco <unk> , who came from Messina , identified the remains of a temple of Orion near the present Messina Cathedral . <unk> also designed an ornate fountain , built by the sculptor Giovanni Angelo <unk> in 1547 , in which Orion is a central figure , symbolizing the Emperor Charles V , also a master of the sea and restorer of Messina ; Orion is still a popular symbol of the city .
Images of Orion in classical art are difficult to recognize , and clear examples are rare . There are several ancient Greek images of club @-@ carrying hunters that could represent Orion , but such generic examples could equally represent an archetypal " hunter " , or indeed Heracles . Some claims have been made that other Greek art represents specific aspects of the Orion myth . A tradition of this type has been discerned in 5th century BC Greek pottery — John Beazley identified a scene of Apollo , Delian palm in hand , <unk> Orion for the attempted rape of Artemis , while another scholar has identified a scene of Orion attacking Artemis as she is revenged by a snake ( a counterpart to the scorpion ) in a funerary group — supposedly symbolizing the hope that even the criminal Orion could be made immortal , as well as an astronomical scene in which Cephalus is thought to stand in for Orion and his constellation , also reflecting this system of iconography . Also , a tomb frieze in Taranto ( ca . 300 BC ) may show Orion attacking Opis . But the earliest surviving clear depiction of Orion in classical art is Roman , from the depictions of the Underworld scenes of the Odyssey discovered at the Esquiline Hill ( 50 – 40 BC ) . Orion is also seen on a 4th @-@ century bas @-@ relief , currently affixed to a wall in the Porto neighborhood of Naples . The constellation Orion rises in November , the end of the sailing season , and was associated with stormy weather , and this characterization extended to the mythical Orion — the bas @-@ relief may be associated with the sailors of the city .
= = Interpretations = =
= = = Renaissance = = =
<unk> have discussed Orion at least since the Renaissance of classical learning ; the Renaissance interpretations were allegorical . In the 14th century , Boccaccio interpreted the oxhide story as representing human conception ; the hide is the womb , Neptune the moisture of semen , Jupiter its heat , and Mercury the female coldness ; he also explained Orion 's death at the hands of the moon @-@ goddess as the Moon producing winter storms . The 16th @-@ century Italian mythographer <unk> Comes interpreted the whole story of Orion as an allegory of the evolution of a storm cloud : Begotten by air ( Zeus ) , water ( Poseidon ) , and the sun ( Apollo ) , a storm cloud is diffused ( Chios , which Comes derives from <unk> , " pour out " ) , rises though the upper air ( <unk> , as Comes spells Merope ) , chills ( is blinded ) , and is turned into rain by the moon ( Artemis ) . He also explains how Orion walked on the sea : " Since the subtler part of the water which is rarefied rests on the surface , it is said that Orion learned from his father how to walk on water . " Similarly , Orion 's conception made him a symbol of the philosophical child , an allegory of philosophy springing from multiple sources , in the Renaissance as in alchemical works , with some variations . The 16th @-@ century German alchemist Michael Maier lists the fathers as Apollo , Vulcan and Mercury , and the 18th @-@ century French alchemist Antoine @-@ Joseph <unk> gave them as Jupiter , Neptune and Mercury .