code: //
  // Copyright (C) 2014-2016 LunarG, Inc.
  // Copyright (C) 2015-2018 Google, Inc.
  // Copyright (C) 2017 ARM Limited.
  //
  // All rights reserved.
  //
  // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
  // are met:
  //
  //    Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  //    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  //
  //    Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
  //    copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
  //    disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided
  //    with the distribution.
  //
  //    Neither the name of 3Dlabs Inc. Ltd. nor the names of its
  //    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
  //    from this software without specific prior written permission.
  //
  // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS
  // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  // COPYRIGHT HOLDERS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
  // INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING,
  // BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
  // LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER
  // CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
  // LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN
  // ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
  // POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  
  //
  // Visit the nodes in the glslang intermediate tree representation to
  // translate them to SPIR-V.
  //
  
  #include "spirv.hpp"
  #include "GlslangToSpv.h"
  #include "SpvBuilder.h"
  namespace spv {
      #include "GLSL.std.450.h"
      #include "GLSL.ext.KHR.h"
      #include "GLSL.ext.EXT.h"
      #include "GLSL.ext.AMD.h"
      #include "GLSL.ext.NV.h"
  }
  
  // Glslang includes
  #include "../glslang/MachineIndependent/localintermediate.h"
  #include "../glslang/MachineIndependent/SymbolTable.h"
  #include "../glslang/Include/Common.h"
  #include "../glslang/Include/revision.h"
  
  #include <fstream>
  #include <iomanip>
  #include <list>
  #include <map>
  #include <stack>
  #include <string>
  #include <vector>
  
  namespace {
  
  namespace {
  class SpecConstantOpModeGuard {
  public:
      SpecConstantOpModeGuard(spv::Builder* builder)
          : builder_(builder) {
          previous_flag_ = builder->isInSpecConstCodeGenMode();
      }
      ~SpecConstantOpModeGuard() {
          previous_flag_ ? builder_->setToSpecConstCodeGenMode()
                         : builder_->setToNormalCodeGenMode();
      }
      void turnOnSpecConstantOpMode() {
          builder_->setToSpecConstCodeGenMode();
      }
  
  private:
      spv::Builder* builder_;
      bool previous_flag_;
  };
  
  struct OpDecorations {
      public:
          OpDecorations(spv::Decoration precision, spv::Decoration noContraction, spv::Decoration nonUniform) :
              precision(precision)
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
              ,
              noContraction(noContraction),
              nonUniform(nonUniform)
  #endif
          { }
  
      spv::Decoration precision;
  
  #ifdef GLSLANG_WEB
          void addNoContraction(spv::Builder&, spv::Id) const { }
          void addNonUniform(spv::Builder&, spv::Id) const { }
  #else
          void addNoContraction(spv::Builder& builder, spv::Id t) { builder.addDecoration(t, noContraction); }
          void addNonUniform(spv::Builder& builder, spv::Id t)  { builder.addDecoration(t, nonUniform); }
      protected:
          spv::Decoration noContraction;
          spv::Decoration nonUniform;
  #endif
  
  };
  
  } // namespace
  
  //
  // The main holder of information for translating glslang to SPIR-V.
  //
  // Derives from the AST walking base class.
  //
  class TGlslangToSpvTraverser : public glslang::TIntermTraverser {
  public:
      TGlslangToSpvTraverser(unsigned int spvVersion, const glslang::TIntermediate*, spv::SpvBuildLogger* logger,
          glslang::SpvOptions& options);
      virtual ~TGlslangToSpvTraverser() { }
  
      bool visitAggregate(glslang::TVisit, glslang::TIntermAggregate*);
      bool visitBinary(glslang::TVisit, glslang::TIntermBinary*);
      void visitConstantUnion(glslang::TIntermConstantUnion*);
      bool visitSelection(glslang::TVisit, glslang::TIntermSelection*);
      bool visitSwitch(glslang::TVisit, glslang::TIntermSwitch*);
      void visitSymbol(glslang::TIntermSymbol* symbol);
      bool visitUnary(glslang::TVisit, glslang::TIntermUnary*);
      bool visitLoop(glslang::TVisit, glslang::TIntermLoop*);
      bool visitBranch(glslang::TVisit visit, glslang::TIntermBranch*);
  
      void finishSpv();
      void dumpSpv(std::vector<unsigned int>& out);
  
  protected:
      TGlslangToSpvTraverser(TGlslangToSpvTraverser&);
      TGlslangToSpvTraverser& operator=(TGlslangToSpvTraverser&);
  
      spv::Decoration TranslateInterpolationDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier);
      spv::Decoration TranslateAuxiliaryStorageDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier);
      spv::Decoration TranslateNonUniformDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier);
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags TranslateCoherent(const glslang::TType& type);
      spv::MemoryAccessMask TranslateMemoryAccess(const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &coherentFlags);
      spv::ImageOperandsMask TranslateImageOperands(const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &coherentFlags);
      spv::Scope TranslateMemoryScope(const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &coherentFlags);
      spv::BuiltIn TranslateBuiltInDecoration(glslang::TBuiltInVariable, bool memberDeclaration);
      spv::ImageFormat TranslateImageFormat(const glslang::TType& type);
      spv::SelectionControlMask TranslateSelectionControl(const glslang::TIntermSelection&) const;
      spv::SelectionControlMask TranslateSwitchControl(const glslang::TIntermSwitch&) const;
      spv::LoopControlMask TranslateLoopControl(const glslang::TIntermLoop&, std::vector<unsigned int>& operands) const;
      spv::StorageClass TranslateStorageClass(const glslang::TType&);
      void addIndirectionIndexCapabilities(const glslang::TType& baseType, const glslang::TType& indexType);
      spv::Id createSpvVariable(const glslang::TIntermSymbol*, spv::Id forcedType);
      spv::Id getSampledType(const glslang::TSampler&);
      spv::Id getInvertedSwizzleType(const glslang::TIntermTyped&);
      spv::Id createInvertedSwizzle(spv::Decoration precision, const glslang::TIntermTyped&, spv::Id parentResult);
      void convertSwizzle(const glslang::TIntermAggregate&, std::vector<unsigned>& swizzle);
      spv::Id convertGlslangToSpvType(const glslang::TType& type, bool forwardReferenceOnly = false);
      spv::Id convertGlslangToSpvType(const glslang::TType& type, glslang::TLayoutPacking, const glslang::TQualifier&,
          bool lastBufferBlockMember, bool forwardReferenceOnly = false);
      bool filterMember(const glslang::TType& member);
      spv::Id convertGlslangStructToSpvType(const glslang::TType&, const glslang::TTypeList* glslangStruct,
                                            glslang::TLayoutPacking, const glslang::TQualifier&);
      void decorateStructType(const glslang::TType&, const glslang::TTypeList* glslangStruct, glslang::TLayoutPacking,
                              const glslang::TQualifier&, spv::Id);
      spv::Id makeArraySizeId(const glslang::TArraySizes&, int dim);
      spv::Id accessChainLoad(const glslang::TType& type);
      void    accessChainStore(const glslang::TType& type, spv::Id rvalue);
      void multiTypeStore(const glslang::TType&, spv::Id rValue);
      glslang::TLayoutPacking getExplicitLayout(const glslang::TType& type) const;
      int getArrayStride(const glslang::TType& arrayType, glslang::TLayoutPacking, glslang::TLayoutMatrix);
      int getMatrixStride(const glslang::TType& matrixType, glslang::TLayoutPacking, glslang::TLayoutMatrix);
      void updateMemberOffset(const glslang::TType& structType, const glslang::TType& memberType, int& currentOffset,
                              int& nextOffset, glslang::TLayoutPacking, glslang::TLayoutMatrix);
      void declareUseOfStructMember(const glslang::TTypeList& members, int glslangMember);
  
      bool isShaderEntryPoint(const glslang::TIntermAggregate* node);
      bool writableParam(glslang::TStorageQualifier) const;
      bool originalParam(glslang::TStorageQualifier, const glslang::TType&, bool implicitThisParam);
      void makeFunctions(const glslang::TIntermSequence&);
      void makeGlobalInitializers(const glslang::TIntermSequence&);
      void visitFunctions(const glslang::TIntermSequence&);
      void handleFunctionEntry(const glslang::TIntermAggregate* node);
      void translateArguments(const glslang::TIntermAggregate& node, std::vector<spv::Id>& arguments, spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &lvalueCoherentFlags);
      void translateArguments(glslang::TIntermUnary& node, std::vector<spv::Id>& arguments);
      spv::Id createImageTextureFunctionCall(glslang::TIntermOperator* node);
      spv::Id handleUserFunctionCall(const glslang::TIntermAggregate*);
  
      spv::Id createBinaryOperation(glslang::TOperator op, OpDecorations&, spv::Id typeId, spv::Id left, spv::Id right,
                                    glslang::TBasicType typeProxy, bool reduceComparison = true);
      spv::Id createBinaryMatrixOperation(spv::Op, OpDecorations&, spv::Id typeId, spv::Id left, spv::Id right);
      spv::Id createUnaryOperation(glslang::TOperator op, OpDecorations&, spv::Id typeId, spv::Id operand,
                                   glslang::TBasicType typeProxy, const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &lvalueCoherentFlags);
      spv::Id createUnaryMatrixOperation(spv::Op op, OpDecorations&, spv::Id typeId, spv::Id operand,
                                         glslang::TBasicType typeProxy);
      spv::Id createConversion(glslang::TOperator op, OpDecorations&, spv::Id destTypeId, spv::Id operand,
                               glslang::TBasicType typeProxy);
      spv::Id createIntWidthConversion(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Id operand, int vectorSize);
      spv::Id makeSmearedConstant(spv::Id constant, int vectorSize);
      spv::Id createAtomicOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Decoration precision, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy, const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &lvalueCoherentFlags);
      spv::Id createInvocationsOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy);
      spv::Id CreateInvocationsVectorOperation(spv::Op op, spv::GroupOperation groupOperation, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands);
      spv::Id createSubgroupOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy);
      spv::Id createMiscOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Decoration precision, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy);
      spv::Id createNoArgOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Decoration precision, spv::Id typeId);
      spv::Id getSymbolId(const glslang::TIntermSymbol* node);
      void addMeshNVDecoration(spv::Id id, int member, const glslang::TQualifier & qualifier);
      spv::Id createSpvConstant(const glslang::TIntermTyped&);
      spv::Id createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(const glslang::TType& type, const glslang::TConstUnionArray&, int& nextConst, bool specConstant);
      bool isTrivialLeaf(const glslang::TIntermTyped* node);
      bool isTrivial(const glslang::TIntermTyped* node);
      spv::Id createShortCircuit(glslang::TOperator, glslang::TIntermTyped& left, glslang::TIntermTyped& right);
      spv::Id getExtBuiltins(const char* name);
      std::pair<spv::Id, spv::Id> getForcedType(spv::BuiltIn, const glslang::TType&);
      spv::Id translateForcedType(spv::Id object);
      spv::Id createCompositeConstruct(spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id> constituents);
  
      glslang::SpvOptions& options;
      spv::Function* shaderEntry;
      spv::Function* currentFunction;
      spv::Instruction* entryPoint;
      int sequenceDepth;
  
      spv::SpvBuildLogger* logger;
  
      // There is a 1:1 mapping between a spv builder and a module; this is thread safe
      spv::Builder builder;
      bool inEntryPoint;
      bool entryPointTerminated;
      bool linkageOnly;                  // true when visiting the set of objects in the AST present only for establishing interface, whether or not they were statically used
      std::set<spv::Id> iOSet;           // all input/output variables from either static use or declaration of interface
      const glslang::TIntermediate* glslangIntermediate;
      bool nanMinMaxClamp;               // true if use NMin/NMax/NClamp instead of FMin/FMax/FClamp
      spv::Id stdBuiltins;
      std::unordered_map<const char*, spv::Id> extBuiltinMap;
  
      std::unordered_map<int, spv::Id> symbolValues;
      std::unordered_set<int> rValueParameters;  // set of formal function parameters passed as rValues, rather than a pointer
      std::unordered_map<std::string, spv::Function*> functionMap;
      std::unordered_map<const glslang::TTypeList*, spv::Id> structMap[glslang::ElpCount][glslang::ElmCount];
      // for mapping glslang block indices to spv indices (e.g., due to hidden members):
      std::unordered_map<int, std::vector<int>> memberRemapper;
      // for mapping glslang symbol struct to symbol Id
      std::unordered_map<const glslang::TTypeList*, int> glslangTypeToIdMap;
      std::stack<bool> breakForLoop;  // false means break for switch
      std::unordered_map<std::string, const glslang::TIntermSymbol*> counterOriginator;
      // Map pointee types for EbtReference to their forward pointers
      std::map<const glslang::TType *, spv::Id> forwardPointers;
      // Type forcing, for when SPIR-V wants a different type than the AST,
      // requiring local translation to and from SPIR-V type on every access.
      // Maps <builtin-variable-id -> AST-required-type-id>
      std::unordered_map<spv::Id, spv::Id> forceType;
  };
  
  //
  // Helper functions for translating glslang representations to SPIR-V enumerants.
  //
  
  // Translate glslang profile to SPIR-V source language.
  spv::SourceLanguage TranslateSourceLanguage(glslang::EShSource source, EProfile profile)
  {
  #ifdef GLSLANG_WEB
      return spv::SourceLanguageESSL;
  #endif
  
      switch (source) {
      case glslang::EShSourceGlsl:
          switch (profile) {
          case ENoProfile:
          case ECoreProfile:
          case ECompatibilityProfile:
              return spv::SourceLanguageGLSL;
          case EEsProfile:
              return spv::SourceLanguageESSL;
          default:
              return spv::SourceLanguageUnknown;
          }
      case glslang::EShSourceHlsl:
          return spv::SourceLanguageHLSL;
      default:
          return spv::SourceLanguageUnknown;
      }
  }
  
  // Translate glslang language (stage) to SPIR-V execution model.
  spv::ExecutionModel TranslateExecutionModel(EShLanguage stage)
  {
      switch (stage) {
      case EShLangVertex:           return spv::ExecutionModelVertex;
      case EShLangFragment:         return spv::ExecutionModelFragment;
      case EShLangCompute:          return spv::ExecutionModelGLCompute;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case EShLangTessControl:      return spv::ExecutionModelTessellationControl;
      case EShLangTessEvaluation:   return spv::ExecutionModelTessellationEvaluation;
      case EShLangGeometry:         return spv::ExecutionModelGeometry;
      case EShLangRayGenNV:         return spv::ExecutionModelRayGenerationNV;
      case EShLangIntersectNV:      return spv::ExecutionModelIntersectionNV;
      case EShLangAnyHitNV:         return spv::ExecutionModelAnyHitNV;
      case EShLangClosestHitNV:     return spv::ExecutionModelClosestHitNV;
      case EShLangMissNV:           return spv::ExecutionModelMissNV;
      case EShLangCallableNV:       return spv::ExecutionModelCallableNV;
      case EShLangTaskNV:           return spv::ExecutionModelTaskNV;
      case EShLangMeshNV:           return spv::ExecutionModelMeshNV;
  #endif
      default:
          assert(0);
          return spv::ExecutionModelFragment;
      }
  }
  
  // Translate glslang sampler type to SPIR-V dimensionality.
  spv::Dim TranslateDimensionality(const glslang::TSampler& sampler)
  {
      switch (sampler.dim) {
      case glslang::Esd1D:      return spv::Dim1D;
      case glslang::Esd2D:      return spv::Dim2D;
      case glslang::Esd3D:      return spv::Dim3D;
      case glslang::EsdCube:    return spv::DimCube;
      case glslang::EsdRect:    return spv::DimRect;
      case glslang::EsdBuffer:  return spv::DimBuffer;
      case glslang::EsdSubpass: return spv::DimSubpassData;
      default:
          assert(0);
          return spv::Dim2D;
      }
  }
  
  // Translate glslang precision to SPIR-V precision decorations.
  spv::Decoration TranslatePrecisionDecoration(glslang::TPrecisionQualifier glslangPrecision)
  {
      switch (glslangPrecision) {
      case glslang::EpqLow:    return spv::DecorationRelaxedPrecision;
      case glslang::EpqMedium: return spv::DecorationRelaxedPrecision;
      default:
          return spv::NoPrecision;
      }
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V precision decorations.
  spv::Decoration TranslatePrecisionDecoration(const glslang::TType& type)
  {
      return TranslatePrecisionDecoration(type.getQualifier().precision);
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V block decorations.
  spv::Decoration TranslateBlockDecoration(const glslang::TType& type, bool useStorageBuffer)
  {
      if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock) {
          switch (type.getQualifier().storage) {
          case glslang::EvqUniform:      return spv::DecorationBlock;
          case glslang::EvqBuffer:       return useStorageBuffer ? spv::DecorationBlock : spv::DecorationBufferBlock;
          case glslang::EvqVaryingIn:    return spv::DecorationBlock;
          case glslang::EvqVaryingOut:   return spv::DecorationBlock;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          case glslang::EvqPayloadNV:    return spv::DecorationBlock;
          case glslang::EvqPayloadInNV:  return spv::DecorationBlock;
          case glslang::EvqHitAttrNV:    return spv::DecorationBlock;
          case glslang::EvqCallableDataNV:   return spv::DecorationBlock;
          case glslang::EvqCallableDataInNV: return spv::DecorationBlock;
  #endif
          default:
              assert(0);
              break;
          }
      }
  
      return spv::DecorationMax;
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V memory decorations.
  void TranslateMemoryDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier, std::vector<spv::Decoration>& memory, bool useVulkanMemoryModel)
  {
      if (!useVulkanMemoryModel) {
          if (qualifier.isCoherent())
              memory.push_back(spv::DecorationCoherent);
          if (qualifier.isVolatile()) {
              memory.push_back(spv::DecorationVolatile);
              memory.push_back(spv::DecorationCoherent);
          }
      }
      if (qualifier.isRestrict())
          memory.push_back(spv::DecorationRestrict);
      if (qualifier.isReadOnly())
          memory.push_back(spv::DecorationNonWritable);
      if (qualifier.isWriteOnly())
         memory.push_back(spv::DecorationNonReadable);
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V layout decorations.
  spv::Decoration TranslateLayoutDecoration(const glslang::TType& type, glslang::TLayoutMatrix matrixLayout)
  {
      if (type.isMatrix()) {
          switch (matrixLayout) {
          case glslang::ElmRowMajor:
              return spv::DecorationRowMajor;
          case glslang::ElmColumnMajor:
              return spv::DecorationColMajor;
          default:
              // opaque layouts don't need a majorness
              return spv::DecorationMax;
          }
      } else {
          switch (type.getBasicType()) {
          default:
              return spv::DecorationMax;
              break;
          case glslang::EbtBlock:
              switch (type.getQualifier().storage) {
              case glslang::EvqUniform:
              case glslang::EvqBuffer:
                  switch (type.getQualifier().layoutPacking) {
                  case glslang::ElpShared:  return spv::DecorationGLSLShared;
                  case glslang::ElpPacked:  return spv::DecorationGLSLPacked;
                  default:
                      return spv::DecorationMax;
                  }
              case glslang::EvqVaryingIn:
              case glslang::EvqVaryingOut:
                  if (type.getQualifier().isTaskMemory()) {
                      switch (type.getQualifier().layoutPacking) {
                      case glslang::ElpShared:  return spv::DecorationGLSLShared;
                      case glslang::ElpPacked:  return spv::DecorationGLSLPacked;
                      default: break;
                      }
                  } else {
                      assert(type.getQualifier().layoutPacking == glslang::ElpNone);
                  }
                  return spv::DecorationMax;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
              case glslang::EvqPayloadNV:
              case glslang::EvqPayloadInNV:
              case glslang::EvqHitAttrNV:
              case glslang::EvqCallableDataNV:
              case glslang::EvqCallableDataInNV:
                  return spv::DecorationMax;
  #endif
              default:
                  assert(0);
                  return spv::DecorationMax;
              }
          }
      }
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V interpolation decorations.
  // Returns spv::DecorationMax when no decoration
  // should be applied.
  spv::Decoration TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateInterpolationDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
      if (qualifier.smooth)
          // Smooth decoration doesn't exist in SPIR-V 1.0
          return spv::DecorationMax;
      else if (qualifier.isNonPerspective())
          return spv::DecorationNoPerspective;
      else if (qualifier.flat)
          return spv::DecorationFlat;
      else if (qualifier.isExplicitInterpolation()) {
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::DecorationExplicitInterpAMD;
      }
      else
          return spv::DecorationMax;
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V auxiliary storage decorations.
  // Returns spv::DecorationMax when no decoration
  // should be applied.
  spv::Decoration TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateAuxiliaryStorageDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
      if (qualifier.centroid)
          return spv::DecorationCentroid;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      else if (qualifier.patch)
          return spv::DecorationPatch;
      else if (qualifier.sample) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySampleRateShading);
          return spv::DecorationSample;
      }
  #endif
  
      return spv::DecorationMax;
  }
  
  // If glslang type is invariant, return SPIR-V invariant decoration.
  spv::Decoration TranslateInvariantDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
      if (qualifier.invariant)
          return spv::DecorationInvariant;
      else
          return spv::DecorationMax;
  }
  
  // If glslang type is noContraction, return SPIR-V NoContraction decoration.
  spv::Decoration TranslateNoContractionDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (qualifier.isNoContraction())
          return spv::DecorationNoContraction;
      else
  #endif
          return spv::DecorationMax;
  }
  
  // If glslang type is nonUniform, return SPIR-V NonUniform decoration.
  spv::Decoration TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateNonUniformDecoration(const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (qualifier.isNonUniform()) {
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing", spv::Spv_1_5);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderNonUniformEXT);
          return spv::DecorationNonUniformEXT;
      } else
  #endif
          return spv::DecorationMax;
  }
  
  spv::MemoryAccessMask TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateMemoryAccess(
      const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &coherentFlags)
  {
      spv::MemoryAccessMask mask = spv::MemoryAccessMaskNone;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (!glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() || coherentFlags.isImage)
          return mask;
  
      if (coherentFlags.volatil ||
          coherentFlags.coherent ||
          coherentFlags.devicecoherent ||
          coherentFlags.queuefamilycoherent ||
          coherentFlags.workgroupcoherent ||
          coherentFlags.subgroupcoherent) {
          mask = mask | spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerAvailableKHRMask |
                        spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerVisibleKHRMask;
      }
      if (coherentFlags.nonprivate) {
          mask = mask | spv::MemoryAccessNonPrivatePointerKHRMask;
      }
      if (coherentFlags.volatil) {
          mask = mask | spv::MemoryAccessVolatileMask;
      }
      if (mask != spv::MemoryAccessMaskNone) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
      }
  #endif
  
      return mask;
  }
  
  spv::ImageOperandsMask TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateImageOperands(
      const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &coherentFlags)
  {
      spv::ImageOperandsMask mask = spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (!glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel())
          return mask;
  
      if (coherentFlags.volatil ||
          coherentFlags.coherent ||
          coherentFlags.devicecoherent ||
          coherentFlags.queuefamilycoherent ||
          coherentFlags.workgroupcoherent ||
          coherentFlags.subgroupcoherent) {
          mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelAvailableKHRMask |
                        spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelVisibleKHRMask;
      }
      if (coherentFlags.nonprivate) {
          mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsNonPrivateTexelKHRMask;
      }
      if (coherentFlags.volatil) {
          mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsVolatileTexelKHRMask;
      }
      if (mask != spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
      }
  #endif
  
      return mask;
  }
  
  spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateCoherent(const glslang::TType& type)
  {
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags flags = {};
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      flags.coherent = type.getQualifier().coherent;
      flags.devicecoherent = type.getQualifier().devicecoherent;
      flags.queuefamilycoherent = type.getQualifier().queuefamilycoherent;
      // shared variables are implicitly workgroupcoherent in GLSL.
      flags.workgroupcoherent = type.getQualifier().workgroupcoherent ||
                                type.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqShared;
      flags.subgroupcoherent = type.getQualifier().subgroupcoherent;
      flags.volatil = type.getQualifier().volatil;
      // *coherent variables are implicitly nonprivate in GLSL
      flags.nonprivate = type.getQualifier().nonprivate ||
                         flags.subgroupcoherent ||
                         flags.workgroupcoherent ||
                         flags.queuefamilycoherent ||
                         flags.devicecoherent ||
                         flags.coherent ||
                         flags.volatil;
      flags.isImage = type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtSampler;
  #endif
      return flags;
  }
  
  spv::Scope TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateMemoryScope(
      const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &coherentFlags)
  {
      spv::Scope scope = spv::ScopeMax;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (coherentFlags.volatil || coherentFlags.coherent) {
          // coherent defaults to Device scope in the old model, QueueFamilyKHR scope in the new model
          scope = glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() ? spv::ScopeQueueFamilyKHR : spv::ScopeDevice;
      } else if (coherentFlags.devicecoherent) {
          scope = spv::ScopeDevice;
      } else if (coherentFlags.queuefamilycoherent) {
          scope = spv::ScopeQueueFamilyKHR;
      } else if (coherentFlags.workgroupcoherent) {
          scope = spv::ScopeWorkgroup;
      } else if (coherentFlags.subgroupcoherent) {
          scope = spv::ScopeSubgroup;
      }
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() && scope == spv::ScopeDevice) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelDeviceScopeKHR);
      }
  #endif
  
      return scope;
  }
  
  // Translate a glslang built-in variable to a SPIR-V built in decoration.  Also generate
  // associated capabilities when required.  For some built-in variables, a capability
  // is generated only when using the variable in an executable instruction, but not when
  // just declaring a struct member variable with it.  This is true for PointSize,
  // ClipDistance, and CullDistance.
  spv::BuiltIn TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateBuiltInDecoration(glslang::TBuiltInVariable builtIn, bool memberDeclaration)
  {
      switch (builtIn) {
      case glslang::EbvPointSize:
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          // Defer adding the capability until the built-in is actually used.
          if (! memberDeclaration) {
              switch (glslangIntermediate->getStage()) {
              case EShLangGeometry:
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometryPointSize);
                  break;
              case EShLangTessControl:
              case EShLangTessEvaluation:
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityTessellationPointSize);
                  break;
              default:
                  break;
              }
          }
  #endif
          return spv::BuiltInPointSize;
  
      case glslang::EbvPosition:             return spv::BuiltInPosition;
      case glslang::EbvVertexId:             return spv::BuiltInVertexId;
      case glslang::EbvInstanceId:           return spv::BuiltInInstanceId;
      case glslang::EbvVertexIndex:          return spv::BuiltInVertexIndex;
      case glslang::EbvInstanceIndex:        return spv::BuiltInInstanceIndex;
  
      case glslang::EbvFragCoord:            return spv::BuiltInFragCoord;
      case glslang::EbvPointCoord:           return spv::BuiltInPointCoord;
      case glslang::EbvFace:                 return spv::BuiltInFrontFacing;
      case glslang::EbvFragDepth:            return spv::BuiltInFragDepth;
  
      case glslang::EbvNumWorkGroups:        return spv::BuiltInNumWorkgroups;
      case glslang::EbvWorkGroupSize:        return spv::BuiltInWorkgroupSize;
      case glslang::EbvWorkGroupId:          return spv::BuiltInWorkgroupId;
      case glslang::EbvLocalInvocationId:    return spv::BuiltInLocalInvocationId;
      case glslang::EbvLocalInvocationIndex: return spv::BuiltInLocalInvocationIndex;
      case glslang::EbvGlobalInvocationId:   return spv::BuiltInGlobalInvocationId;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      // These *Distance capabilities logically belong here, but if the member is declared and
      // then never used, consumers of SPIR-V prefer the capability not be declared.
      // They are now generated when used, rather than here when declared.
      // Potentially, the specification should be more clear what the minimum
      // use needed is to trigger the capability.
      //
      case glslang::EbvClipDistance:
          if (!memberDeclaration)
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityClipDistance);
          return spv::BuiltInClipDistance;
  
      case glslang::EbvCullDistance:
          if (!memberDeclaration)
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityCullDistance);
          return spv::BuiltInCullDistance;
  
      case glslang::EbvViewportIndex:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityMultiViewport);
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangVertex ||
              glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangTessControl ||
              glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangTessEvaluation) {
  
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_shader_viewport_index_layer, spv::Spv_1_5);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderViewportIndexLayerEXT);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInViewportIndex;
  
      case glslang::EbvSampleId:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySampleRateShading);
          return spv::BuiltInSampleId;
  
      case glslang::EbvSamplePosition:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySampleRateShading);
          return spv::BuiltInSamplePosition;
  
      case glslang::EbvSampleMask:
          return spv::BuiltInSampleMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvLayer:
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangMeshNV) {
              return spv::BuiltInLayer;
          }
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometry);
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangVertex ||
              glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangTessControl ||
              glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangTessEvaluation) {
  
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_shader_viewport_index_layer, spv::Spv_1_5);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderViewportIndexLayerEXT);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInLayer;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaseVertex:
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_draw_parameters, spv::Spv_1_3);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityDrawParameters);
          return spv::BuiltInBaseVertex;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaseInstance:
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_draw_parameters, spv::Spv_1_3);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityDrawParameters);
          return spv::BuiltInBaseInstance;
  
      case glslang::EbvDrawId:
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_draw_parameters, spv::Spv_1_3);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityDrawParameters);
          return spv::BuiltInDrawIndex;
  
      case glslang::EbvPrimitiveId:
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangFragment)
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometry);
          return spv::BuiltInPrimitiveId;
  
      case glslang::EbvFragStencilRef:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_shader_stencil_export);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStencilExportEXT);
          return spv::BuiltInFragStencilRefEXT;
  
      case glslang::EbvInvocationId:         return spv::BuiltInInvocationId;
      case glslang::EbvTessLevelInner:       return spv::BuiltInTessLevelInner;
      case glslang::EbvTessLevelOuter:       return spv::BuiltInTessLevelOuter;
      case glslang::EbvTessCoord:            return spv::BuiltInTessCoord;
      case glslang::EbvPatchVertices:        return spv::BuiltInPatchVertices;
      case glslang::EbvHelperInvocation:     return spv::BuiltInHelperInvocation;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupSize:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupSize;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupInvocation:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupLocalInvocationId;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupEqMask:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupEqMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupGeMask:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupGeMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupGtMask:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupGtMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupLeMask:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupLeMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubGroupLtMask:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupLtMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvNumSubgroups:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          return spv::BuiltInNumSubgroups;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupID:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupId;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupSize2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupSize;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupInvocation2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupLocalInvocationId;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupEqMask2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformBallot);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupEqMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupGeMask2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformBallot);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupGeMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupGtMask2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformBallot);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupGtMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupLeMask2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformBallot);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupLeMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvSubgroupLtMask2:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformBallot);
          return spv::BuiltInSubgroupLtMask;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordNoPersp:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordNoPerspAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordNoPerspCentroid:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordNoPerspCentroidAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordNoPerspSample:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordNoPerspSampleAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordSmooth:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordSmoothAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordSmoothCentroid:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordSmoothCentroidAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordSmoothSample:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordSmoothSampleAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordPullModel:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordPullModelAMD;
  
      case glslang::EbvDeviceIndex:
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_device_group, spv::Spv_1_3);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityDeviceGroup);
          return spv::BuiltInDeviceIndex;
  
      case glslang::EbvViewIndex:
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_multiview, spv::Spv_1_3);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityMultiView);
          return spv::BuiltInViewIndex;
  
      case glslang::EbvFragSizeEXT:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_fragment_invocation_density);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentDensityEXT);
          return spv::BuiltInFragSizeEXT;
  
      case glslang::EbvFragInvocationCountEXT:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_fragment_invocation_density);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentDensityEXT);
          return spv::BuiltInFragInvocationCountEXT;
  
      case glslang::EbvViewportMaskNV:
          if (!memberDeclaration) {
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_viewport_array2);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderViewportMaskNV);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInViewportMaskNV;
      case glslang::EbvSecondaryPositionNV:
          if (!memberDeclaration) {
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_stereo_view_rendering);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderStereoViewNV);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInSecondaryPositionNV;
      case glslang::EbvSecondaryViewportMaskNV:
          if (!memberDeclaration) {
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_stereo_view_rendering);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderStereoViewNV);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInSecondaryViewportMaskNV;
      case glslang::EbvPositionPerViewNV:
          if (!memberDeclaration) {
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NVX_multiview_per_view_attributes);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityPerViewAttributesNV);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInPositionPerViewNV;
      case glslang::EbvViewportMaskPerViewNV:
          if (!memberDeclaration) {
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NVX_multiview_per_view_attributes);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityPerViewAttributesNV);
          }
          return spv::BuiltInViewportMaskPerViewNV;
      case glslang::EbvFragFullyCoveredNV:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_fragment_fully_covered);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentFullyCoveredEXT);
          return spv::BuiltInFullyCoveredEXT;
      case glslang::EbvFragmentSizeNV:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shading_rate);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShadingRateNV);
          return spv::BuiltInFragmentSizeNV;
      case glslang::EbvInvocationsPerPixelNV:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shading_rate);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShadingRateNV);
          return spv::BuiltInInvocationsPerPixelNV;
  
      // ray tracing
      case glslang::EbvLaunchIdNV:
          return spv::BuiltInLaunchIdNV;
      case glslang::EbvLaunchSizeNV:
          return spv::BuiltInLaunchSizeNV;
      case glslang::EbvWorldRayOriginNV:
          return spv::BuiltInWorldRayOriginNV;
      case glslang::EbvWorldRayDirectionNV:
          return spv::BuiltInWorldRayDirectionNV;
      case glslang::EbvObjectRayOriginNV:
          return spv::BuiltInObjectRayOriginNV;
      case glslang::EbvObjectRayDirectionNV:
          return spv::BuiltInObjectRayDirectionNV;
      case glslang::EbvRayTminNV:
          return spv::BuiltInRayTminNV;
      case glslang::EbvRayTmaxNV:
          return spv::BuiltInRayTmaxNV;
      case glslang::EbvInstanceCustomIndexNV:
          return spv::BuiltInInstanceCustomIndexNV;
      case glslang::EbvHitTNV:
          return spv::BuiltInHitTNV;
      case glslang::EbvHitKindNV:
          return spv::BuiltInHitKindNV;
      case glslang::EbvObjectToWorldNV:
          return spv::BuiltInObjectToWorldNV;
      case glslang::EbvWorldToObjectNV:
          return spv::BuiltInWorldToObjectNV;
      case glslang::EbvIncomingRayFlagsNV:
          return spv::BuiltInIncomingRayFlagsNV;
  
      // barycentrics
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordNV:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_fragment_shader_barycentric);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentBarycentricNV);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordNV;
      case glslang::EbvBaryCoordNoPerspNV:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_fragment_shader_barycentric);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentBarycentricNV);
          return spv::BuiltInBaryCoordNoPerspNV;
  
      // mesh shaders
      case glslang::EbvTaskCountNV:
          return spv::BuiltInTaskCountNV;
      case glslang::EbvPrimitiveCountNV:
          return spv::BuiltInPrimitiveCountNV;
      case glslang::EbvPrimitiveIndicesNV:
          return spv::BuiltInPrimitiveIndicesNV;
      case glslang::EbvClipDistancePerViewNV:
          return spv::BuiltInClipDistancePerViewNV;
      case glslang::EbvCullDistancePerViewNV:
          return spv::BuiltInCullDistancePerViewNV;
      case glslang::EbvLayerPerViewNV:
          return spv::BuiltInLayerPerViewNV;
      case glslang::EbvMeshViewCountNV:
          return spv::BuiltInMeshViewCountNV;
      case glslang::EbvMeshViewIndicesNV:
          return spv::BuiltInMeshViewIndicesNV;
  
      // sm builtins
      case glslang::EbvWarpsPerSM:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shader_sm_builtins);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderSMBuiltinsNV);
          return spv::BuiltInWarpsPerSMNV;
      case glslang::EbvSMCount:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shader_sm_builtins);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderSMBuiltinsNV);
          return spv::BuiltInSMCountNV;
      case glslang::EbvWarpID:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shader_sm_builtins);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderSMBuiltinsNV);
          return spv::BuiltInWarpIDNV;
      case glslang::EbvSMID:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shader_sm_builtins);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderSMBuiltinsNV);
          return spv::BuiltInSMIDNV;
  #endif
  
      default:
          return spv::BuiltInMax;
      }
  }
  
  // Translate glslang image layout format to SPIR-V image format.
  spv::ImageFormat TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateImageFormat(const glslang::TType& type)
  {
      assert(type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtSampler);
  
  #ifdef GLSLANG_WEB
      return spv::ImageFormatUnknown;
  #endif
  
      // Check for capabilities
      switch (type.getQualifier().getFormat()) {
      case glslang::ElfRg32f:
      case glslang::ElfRg16f:
      case glslang::ElfR11fG11fB10f:
      case glslang::ElfR16f:
      case glslang::ElfRgba16:
      case glslang::ElfRgb10A2:
      case glslang::ElfRg16:
      case glslang::ElfRg8:
      case glslang::ElfR16:
      case glslang::ElfR8:
      case glslang::ElfRgba16Snorm:
      case glslang::ElfRg16Snorm:
      case glslang::ElfRg8Snorm:
      case glslang::ElfR16Snorm:
      case glslang::ElfR8Snorm:
  
      case glslang::ElfRg32i:
      case glslang::ElfRg16i:
      case glslang::ElfRg8i:
      case glslang::ElfR16i:
      case glslang::ElfR8i:
  
      case glslang::ElfRgb10a2ui:
      case glslang::ElfRg32ui:
      case glslang::ElfRg16ui:
      case glslang::ElfRg8ui:
      case glslang::ElfR16ui:
      case glslang::ElfR8ui:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageImageExtendedFormats);
          break;
  
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      // do the translation
      switch (type.getQualifier().getFormat()) {
      case glslang::ElfNone:          return spv::ImageFormatUnknown;
      case glslang::ElfRgba32f:       return spv::ImageFormatRgba32f;
      case glslang::ElfRgba16f:       return spv::ImageFormatRgba16f;
      case glslang::ElfR32f:          return spv::ImageFormatR32f;
      case glslang::ElfRgba8:         return spv::ImageFormatRgba8;
      case glslang::ElfRgba8Snorm:    return spv::ImageFormatRgba8Snorm;
      case glslang::ElfRg32f:         return spv::ImageFormatRg32f;
      case glslang::ElfRg16f:         return spv::ImageFormatRg16f;
      case glslang::ElfR11fG11fB10f:  return spv::ImageFormatR11fG11fB10f;
      case glslang::ElfR16f:          return spv::ImageFormatR16f;
      case glslang::ElfRgba16:        return spv::ImageFormatRgba16;
      case glslang::ElfRgb10A2:       return spv::ImageFormatRgb10A2;
      case glslang::ElfRg16:          return spv::ImageFormatRg16;
      case glslang::ElfRg8:           return spv::ImageFormatRg8;
      case glslang::ElfR16:           return spv::ImageFormatR16;
      case glslang::ElfR8:            return spv::ImageFormatR8;
      case glslang::ElfRgba16Snorm:   return spv::ImageFormatRgba16Snorm;
      case glslang::ElfRg16Snorm:     return spv::ImageFormatRg16Snorm;
      case glslang::ElfRg8Snorm:      return spv::ImageFormatRg8Snorm;
      case glslang::ElfR16Snorm:      return spv::ImageFormatR16Snorm;
      case glslang::ElfR8Snorm:       return spv::ImageFormatR8Snorm;
      case glslang::ElfRgba32i:       return spv::ImageFormatRgba32i;
      case glslang::ElfRgba16i:       return spv::ImageFormatRgba16i;
      case glslang::ElfRgba8i:        return spv::ImageFormatRgba8i;
      case glslang::ElfR32i:          return spv::ImageFormatR32i;
      case glslang::ElfRg32i:         return spv::ImageFormatRg32i;
      case glslang::ElfRg16i:         return spv::ImageFormatRg16i;
      case glslang::ElfRg8i:          return spv::ImageFormatRg8i;
      case glslang::ElfR16i:          return spv::ImageFormatR16i;
      case glslang::ElfR8i:           return spv::ImageFormatR8i;
      case glslang::ElfRgba32ui:      return spv::ImageFormatRgba32ui;
      case glslang::ElfRgba16ui:      return spv::ImageFormatRgba16ui;
      case glslang::ElfRgba8ui:       return spv::ImageFormatRgba8ui;
      case glslang::ElfR32ui:         return spv::ImageFormatR32ui;
      case glslang::ElfRg32ui:        return spv::ImageFormatRg32ui;
      case glslang::ElfRg16ui:        return spv::ImageFormatRg16ui;
      case glslang::ElfRgb10a2ui:     return spv::ImageFormatRgb10a2ui;
      case glslang::ElfRg8ui:         return spv::ImageFormatRg8ui;
      case glslang::ElfR16ui:         return spv::ImageFormatR16ui;
      case glslang::ElfR8ui:          return spv::ImageFormatR8ui;
      default:                        return spv::ImageFormatMax;
      }
  }
  
  spv::SelectionControlMask TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateSelectionControl(const glslang::TIntermSelection& selectionNode) const
  {
      if (selectionNode.getFlatten())
          return spv::SelectionControlFlattenMask;
      if (selectionNode.getDontFlatten())
          return spv::SelectionControlDontFlattenMask;
      return spv::SelectionControlMaskNone;
  }
  
  spv::SelectionControlMask TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateSwitchControl(const glslang::TIntermSwitch& switchNode) const
  {
      if (switchNode.getFlatten())
          return spv::SelectionControlFlattenMask;
      if (switchNode.getDontFlatten())
          return spv::SelectionControlDontFlattenMask;
      return spv::SelectionControlMaskNone;
  }
  
  // return a non-0 dependency if the dependency argument must be set
  spv::LoopControlMask TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateLoopControl(const glslang::TIntermLoop& loopNode,
      std::vector<unsigned int>& operands) const
  {
      spv::LoopControlMask control = spv::LoopControlMaskNone;
  
      if (loopNode.getDontUnroll())
          control = control | spv::LoopControlDontUnrollMask;
      if (loopNode.getUnroll())
          control = control | spv::LoopControlUnrollMask;
      if (unsigned(loopNode.getLoopDependency()) == glslang::TIntermLoop::dependencyInfinite)
          control = control | spv::LoopControlDependencyInfiniteMask;
      else if (loopNode.getLoopDependency() > 0) {
          control = control | spv::LoopControlDependencyLengthMask;
          operands.push_back((unsigned int)loopNode.getLoopDependency());
      }
      if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv >= glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_4) {
          if (loopNode.getMinIterations() > 0) {
              control = control | spv::LoopControlMinIterationsMask;
              operands.push_back(loopNode.getMinIterations());
          }
          if (loopNode.getMaxIterations() < glslang::TIntermLoop::iterationsInfinite) {
              control = control | spv::LoopControlMaxIterationsMask;
              operands.push_back(loopNode.getMaxIterations());
          }
          if (loopNode.getIterationMultiple() > 1) {
              control = control | spv::LoopControlIterationMultipleMask;
              operands.push_back(loopNode.getIterationMultiple());
          }
          if (loopNode.getPeelCount() > 0) {
              control = control | spv::LoopControlPeelCountMask;
              operands.push_back(loopNode.getPeelCount());
          }
          if (loopNode.getPartialCount() > 0) {
              control = control | spv::LoopControlPartialCountMask;
              operands.push_back(loopNode.getPartialCount());
          }
      }
  
      return control;
  }
  
  // Translate glslang type to SPIR-V storage class.
  spv::StorageClass TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TranslateStorageClass(const glslang::TType& type)
  {
      if (type.getQualifier().isPipeInput())
          return spv::StorageClassInput;
      if (type.getQualifier().isPipeOutput())
          return spv::StorageClassOutput;
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->getSource() != glslang::EShSourceHlsl ||
              type.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqUniform) {
          if (type.isAtomic())
              return spv::StorageClassAtomicCounter;
          if (type.containsOpaque())
              return spv::StorageClassUniformConstant;
      }
  
      if (type.getQualifier().isUniformOrBuffer() &&
          type.getQualifier().isShaderRecordNV()) {
          return spv::StorageClassShaderRecordBufferNV;
      }
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingStorageBuffer() && type.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqBuffer) {
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_storage_buffer_storage_class, spv::Spv_1_3);
          return spv::StorageClassStorageBuffer;
      }
  
      if (type.getQualifier().isUniformOrBuffer()) {
          if (type.getQualifier().isPushConstant())
              return spv::StorageClassPushConstant;
          if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock)
              return spv::StorageClassUniform;
          return spv::StorageClassUniformConstant;
      }
  
      switch (type.getQualifier().storage) {
      case glslang::EvqGlobal:        return spv::StorageClassPrivate;
      case glslang::EvqConstReadOnly: return spv::StorageClassFunction;
      case glslang::EvqTemporary:     return spv::StorageClassFunction;
      case glslang::EvqShared:           return spv::StorageClassWorkgroup;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EvqPayloadNV:        return spv::StorageClassRayPayloadNV;
      case glslang::EvqPayloadInNV:      return spv::StorageClassIncomingRayPayloadNV;
      case glslang::EvqHitAttrNV:        return spv::StorageClassHitAttributeNV;
      case glslang::EvqCallableDataNV:   return spv::StorageClassCallableDataNV;
      case glslang::EvqCallableDataInNV: return spv::StorageClassIncomingCallableDataNV;
  #endif
      default:
          assert(0);
          break;
      }
  
      return spv::StorageClassFunction;
  }
  
  // Add capabilities pertaining to how an array is indexed.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::addIndirectionIndexCapabilities(const glslang::TType& baseType,
                                                               const glslang::TType& indexType)
  {
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (indexType.getQualifier().isNonUniform()) {
          // deal with an asserted non-uniform index
          // SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing already added in TranslateNonUniformDecoration
          if (baseType.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtSampler) {
              if (baseType.getQualifier().hasAttachment())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInputAttachmentArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
              else if (baseType.isImage() && baseType.getSampler().isBuffer())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageTexelBufferArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
              else if (baseType.isTexture() && baseType.getSampler().isBuffer())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityUniformTexelBufferArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
              else if (baseType.isImage())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageImageArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
              else if (baseType.isTexture())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySampledImageArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
          } else if (baseType.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock) {
              if (baseType.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqBuffer)
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageBufferArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
              else if (baseType.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqUniform)
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityUniformBufferArrayNonUniformIndexingEXT);
          }
      } else {
          // assume a dynamically uniform index
          if (baseType.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtSampler) {
              if (baseType.getQualifier().hasAttachment()) {
                  builder.addIncorporatedExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing", spv::Spv_1_5);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInputAttachmentArrayDynamicIndexingEXT);
              } else if (baseType.isImage() && baseType.getSampler().isBuffer()) {
                  builder.addIncorporatedExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing", spv::Spv_1_5);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageTexelBufferArrayDynamicIndexingEXT);
              } else if (baseType.isTexture() && baseType.getSampler().isBuffer()) {
                  builder.addIncorporatedExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing", spv::Spv_1_5);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityUniformTexelBufferArrayDynamicIndexingEXT);
              }
          }
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  // Return whether or not the given type is something that should be tied to a
  // descriptor set.
  bool IsDescriptorResource(const glslang::TType& type)
  {
      // uniform and buffer blocks are included, unless it is a push_constant
      if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock)
          return type.getQualifier().isUniformOrBuffer() &&
          ! type.getQualifier().isShaderRecordNV() &&
          ! type.getQualifier().isPushConstant();
  
      // non block...
      // basically samplerXXX/subpass/sampler/texture are all included
      // if they are the global-scope-class, not the function parameter
      // (or local, if they ever exist) class.
      if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtSampler)
          return type.getQualifier().isUniformOrBuffer();
  
      // None of the above.
      return false;
  }
  
  void InheritQualifiers(glslang::TQualifier& child, const glslang::TQualifier& parent)
  {
      if (child.layoutMatrix == glslang::ElmNone)
          child.layoutMatrix = parent.layoutMatrix;
  
      if (parent.invariant)
          child.invariant = true;
      if (parent.flat)
          child.flat = true;
      if (parent.centroid)
          child.centroid = true;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (parent.nopersp)
          child.nopersp = true;
      if (parent.explicitInterp)
          child.explicitInterp = true;
      if (parent.perPrimitiveNV)
          child.perPrimitiveNV = true;
      if (parent.perViewNV)
          child.perViewNV = true;
      if (parent.perTaskNV)
          child.perTaskNV = true;
      if (parent.patch)
          child.patch = true;
      if (parent.sample)
          child.sample = true;
      if (parent.coherent)
          child.coherent = true;
      if (parent.devicecoherent)
          child.devicecoherent = true;
      if (parent.queuefamilycoherent)
          child.queuefamilycoherent = true;
      if (parent.workgroupcoherent)
          child.workgroupcoherent = true;
      if (parent.subgroupcoherent)
          child.subgroupcoherent = true;
      if (parent.nonprivate)
          child.nonprivate = true;
      if (parent.volatil)
          child.volatil = true;
      if (parent.restrict)
          child.restrict = true;
      if (parent.readonly)
          child.readonly = true;
      if (parent.writeonly)
          child.writeonly = true;
  #endif
  }
  
  bool HasNonLayoutQualifiers(const glslang::TType& type, const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
      // This should list qualifiers that simultaneous satisfy:
      // - struct members might inherit from a struct declaration
      //     (note that non-block structs don't explicitly inherit,
      //      only implicitly, meaning no decoration involved)
      // - affect decorations on the struct members
      //     (note smooth does not, and expecting something like volatile
      //      to effect the whole object)
      // - are not part of the offset/st430/etc or row/column-major layout
      return qualifier.invariant || (qualifier.hasLocation() && type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock);
  }
  
  //
  // Implement the TGlslangToSpvTraverser class.
  //
  
  TGlslangToSpvTraverser::TGlslangToSpvTraverser(unsigned int spvVersion, const glslang::TIntermediate* glslangIntermediate,
                                                 spv::SpvBuildLogger* buildLogger, glslang::SpvOptions& options)
      : TIntermTraverser(true, false, true),
        options(options),
        shaderEntry(nullptr), currentFunction(nullptr),
        sequenceDepth(0), logger(buildLogger),
        builder(spvVersion, (glslang::GetKhronosToolId() << 16) | glslang::GetSpirvGeneratorVersion(), logger),
        inEntryPoint(false), entryPointTerminated(false), linkageOnly(false),
        glslangIntermediate(glslangIntermediate),
        nanMinMaxClamp(glslangIntermediate->getNanMinMaxClamp())
  {
      spv::ExecutionModel executionModel = TranslateExecutionModel(glslangIntermediate->getStage());
  
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      builder.setSource(TranslateSourceLanguage(glslangIntermediate->getSource(), glslangIntermediate->getProfile()),
                        glslangIntermediate->getVersion());
  
      if (options.generateDebugInfo) {
          builder.setEmitOpLines();
          builder.setSourceFile(glslangIntermediate->getSourceFile());
  
          // Set the source shader's text. If for SPV version 1.0, include
          // a preamble in comments stating the OpModuleProcessed instructions.
          // Otherwise, emit those as actual instructions.
          std::string text;
          const std::vector<std::string>& processes = glslangIntermediate->getProcesses();
          for (int p = 0; p < (int)processes.size(); ++p) {
              if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv < glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_1) {
                  text.append("// OpModuleProcessed ");
                  text.append(processes[p]);
                  text.append("\n");
              } else
                  builder.addModuleProcessed(processes[p]);
          }
          if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv < glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_1 && (int)processes.size() > 0)
              text.append("#line 1\n");
          text.append(glslangIntermediate->getSourceText());
          builder.setSourceText(text);
          // Pass name and text for all included files
          const std::map<std::string, std::string>& include_txt = glslangIntermediate->getIncludeText();
          for (auto iItr = include_txt.begin(); iItr != include_txt.end(); ++iItr)
              builder.addInclude(iItr->first, iItr->second);
      }
      stdBuiltins = builder.import("GLSL.std.450");
  
      spv::AddressingModel addressingModel = spv::AddressingModelLogical;
      spv::MemoryModel memoryModel = spv::MemoryModelGLSL450;
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingPhysicalStorageBuffer()) {
          addressingModel = spv::AddressingModelPhysicalStorageBuffer64EXT;
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_physical_storage_buffer, spv::Spv_1_5);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityPhysicalStorageBufferAddressesEXT);
      };
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel()) {
          memoryModel = spv::MemoryModelVulkanKHR;
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
          builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_vulkan_memory_model, spv::Spv_1_5);
      }
      builder.setMemoryModel(addressingModel, memoryModel);
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingVariablePointers()) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVariablePointers);
      }
  
      shaderEntry = builder.makeEntryPoint(glslangIntermediate->getEntryPointName().c_str());
      entryPoint = builder.addEntryPoint(executionModel, shaderEntry, glslangIntermediate->getEntryPointName().c_str());
  
      // Add the source extensions
      const auto& sourceExtensions = glslangIntermediate->getRequestedExtensions();
      for (auto it = sourceExtensions.begin(); it != sourceExtensions.end(); ++it)
          builder.addSourceExtension(it->c_str());
  
      // Add the top-level modes for this shader.
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->getXfbMode()) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityTransformFeedback);
          builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeXfb);
      }
  
      unsigned int mode;
      switch (glslangIntermediate->getStage()) {
      case EShLangVertex:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShader);
          break;
  
      case EShLangFragment:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShader);
          if (glslangIntermediate->getPixelCenterInteger())
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModePixelCenterInteger);
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getOriginUpperLeft())
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeOriginUpperLeft);
          else
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeOriginLowerLeft);
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getEarlyFragmentTests())
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeEarlyFragmentTests);
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getPostDepthCoverage()) {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySampleMaskPostDepthCoverage);
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModePostDepthCoverage);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_post_depth_coverage);
          }
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getDepth() != glslang::EldUnchanged && glslangIntermediate->isDepthReplacing())
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeDepthReplacing);
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          switch(glslangIntermediate->getDepth()) {
          case glslang::EldGreater:  mode = spv::ExecutionModeDepthGreater; break;
          case glslang::EldLess:     mode = spv::ExecutionModeDepthLess;    break;
          default:                   mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;          break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
          switch (glslangIntermediate->getInterlockOrdering()) {
          case glslang::EioPixelInterlockOrdered:         mode = spv::ExecutionModePixelInterlockOrderedEXT;
              break;
          case glslang::EioPixelInterlockUnordered:       mode = spv::ExecutionModePixelInterlockUnorderedEXT;
              break;
          case glslang::EioSampleInterlockOrdered:        mode = spv::ExecutionModeSampleInterlockOrderedEXT;
              break;
          case glslang::EioSampleInterlockUnordered:      mode = spv::ExecutionModeSampleInterlockUnorderedEXT;
              break;
          case glslang::EioShadingRateInterlockOrdered:   mode = spv::ExecutionModeShadingRateInterlockOrderedEXT;
              break;
          case glslang::EioShadingRateInterlockUnordered: mode = spv::ExecutionModeShadingRateInterlockUnorderedEXT;
              break;
          default:                                        mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;
              break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax) {
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
              if (mode == spv::ExecutionModeShadingRateInterlockOrderedEXT ||
                  mode == spv::ExecutionModeShadingRateInterlockUnorderedEXT) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentShaderShadingRateInterlockEXT);
              } else if (mode == spv::ExecutionModePixelInterlockOrderedEXT ||
                         mode == spv::ExecutionModePixelInterlockUnorderedEXT) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentShaderPixelInterlockEXT);
              } else {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentShaderSampleInterlockEXT);
              }
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_fragment_shader_interlock);
          }
  #endif
          break;
  
      case EShLangCompute:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShader);
          builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeLocalSize, glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(0),
                                                                             glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(1),
                                                                             glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(2));
          if (glslangIntermediate->getLayoutDerivativeModeNone() == glslang::LayoutDerivativeGroupQuads) {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityComputeDerivativeGroupQuadsNV);
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeDerivativeGroupQuadsNV);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_compute_shader_derivatives);
          } else if (glslangIntermediate->getLayoutDerivativeModeNone() == glslang::LayoutDerivativeGroupLinear) {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityComputeDerivativeGroupLinearNV);
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeDerivativeGroupLinearNV);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_compute_shader_derivatives);
          }
          break;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case EShLangTessEvaluation:
      case EShLangTessControl:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityTessellation);
  
          glslang::TLayoutGeometry primitive;
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangTessControl) {
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeOutputVertices, glslangIntermediate->getVertices());
              primitive = glslangIntermediate->getOutputPrimitive();
          } else {
              primitive = glslangIntermediate->getInputPrimitive();
          }
  
          switch (primitive) {
          case glslang::ElgTriangles:           mode = spv::ExecutionModeTriangles;     break;
          case glslang::ElgQuads:               mode = spv::ExecutionModeQuads;         break;
          case glslang::ElgIsolines:            mode = spv::ExecutionModeIsolines;      break;
          default:                              mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;           break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
  
          switch (glslangIntermediate->getVertexSpacing()) {
          case glslang::EvsEqual:            mode = spv::ExecutionModeSpacingEqual;          break;
          case glslang::EvsFractionalEven:   mode = spv::ExecutionModeSpacingFractionalEven; break;
          case glslang::EvsFractionalOdd:    mode = spv::ExecutionModeSpacingFractionalOdd;  break;
          default:                           mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;                   break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
  
          switch (glslangIntermediate->getVertexOrder()) {
          case glslang::EvoCw:     mode = spv::ExecutionModeVertexOrderCw;  break;
          case glslang::EvoCcw:    mode = spv::ExecutionModeVertexOrderCcw; break;
          default:                 mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;            break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getPointMode())
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModePointMode);
          break;
  
      case EShLangGeometry:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometry);
          switch (glslangIntermediate->getInputPrimitive()) {
          case glslang::ElgPoints:             mode = spv::ExecutionModeInputPoints;             break;
          case glslang::ElgLines:              mode = spv::ExecutionModeInputLines;              break;
          case glslang::ElgLinesAdjacency:     mode = spv::ExecutionModeInputLinesAdjacency;     break;
          case glslang::ElgTriangles:          mode = spv::ExecutionModeTriangles;               break;
          case glslang::ElgTrianglesAdjacency: mode = spv::ExecutionModeInputTrianglesAdjacency; break;
          default:                             mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;                     break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
  
          builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeInvocations, glslangIntermediate->getInvocations());
  
          switch (glslangIntermediate->getOutputPrimitive()) {
          case glslang::ElgPoints:        mode = spv::ExecutionModeOutputPoints;                 break;
          case glslang::ElgLineStrip:     mode = spv::ExecutionModeOutputLineStrip;              break;
          case glslang::ElgTriangleStrip: mode = spv::ExecutionModeOutputTriangleStrip;          break;
          default:                        mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;                          break;
          }
          if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
          builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeOutputVertices, glslangIntermediate->getVertices());
          break;
  
      case EShLangRayGenNV:
      case EShLangIntersectNV:
      case EShLangAnyHitNV:
      case EShLangClosestHitNV:
      case EShLangMissNV:
      case EShLangCallableNV:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityRayTracingNV);
          builder.addExtension("SPV_NV_ray_tracing");
          break;
      case EShLangTaskNV:
      case EShLangMeshNV:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityMeshShadingNV);
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_mesh_shader);
          builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeLocalSize, glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(0),
                                                                             glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(1),
                                                                             glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(2));
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangMeshNV) {
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeOutputVertices, glslangIntermediate->getVertices());
              builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, spv::ExecutionModeOutputPrimitivesNV, glslangIntermediate->getPrimitives());
  
              switch (glslangIntermediate->getOutputPrimitive()) {
              case glslang::ElgPoints:        mode = spv::ExecutionModeOutputPoints;      break;
              case glslang::ElgLines:         mode = spv::ExecutionModeOutputLinesNV;     break;
              case glslang::ElgTriangles:     mode = spv::ExecutionModeOutputTrianglesNV; break;
              default:                        mode = spv::ExecutionModeMax;               break;
              }
              if (mode != spv::ExecutionModeMax)
                  builder.addExecutionMode(shaderEntry, (spv::ExecutionMode)mode);
          }
          break;
  #endif
  
      default:
          break;
      }
  }
  
  // Finish creating SPV, after the traversal is complete.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::finishSpv()
  {
      // Finish the entry point function
      if (! entryPointTerminated) {
          builder.setBuildPoint(shaderEntry->getLastBlock());
          builder.leaveFunction();
      }
  
      // finish off the entry-point SPV instruction by adding the Input/Output <id>
      for (auto it = iOSet.cbegin(); it != iOSet.cend(); ++it)
          entryPoint->addIdOperand(*it);
  
      // Add capabilities, extensions, remove unneeded decorations, etc.,
      // based on the resulting SPIR-V.
      // Note: WebGPU code generation must have the opportunity to aggressively
      // prune unreachable merge blocks and continue targets.
      builder.postProcess();
  }
  
  // Write the SPV into 'out'.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::dumpSpv(std::vector<unsigned int>& out)
  {
      builder.dump(out);
  }
  
  //
  // Implement the traversal functions.
  //
  // Return true from interior nodes to have the external traversal
  // continue on to children.  Return false if children were
  // already processed.
  //
  
  //
  // Symbols can turn into
  //  - uniform/input reads
  //  - output writes
  //  - complex lvalue base setups:  foo.bar[3]....  , where we see foo and start up an access chain
  //  - something simple that degenerates into the last bullet
  //
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitSymbol(glslang::TIntermSymbol* symbol)
  {
      SpecConstantOpModeGuard spec_constant_op_mode_setter(&builder);
      if (symbol->getType().isStruct())
          glslangTypeToIdMap[symbol->getType().getStruct()] = symbol->getId();
  
      if (symbol->getType().getQualifier().isSpecConstant())
          spec_constant_op_mode_setter.turnOnSpecConstantOpMode();
  
      // getSymbolId() will set up all the IO decorations on the first call.
      // Formal function parameters were mapped during makeFunctions().
      spv::Id id = getSymbolId(symbol);
  
      if (builder.isPointer(id)) {
          // Include all "static use" and "linkage only" interface variables on the OpEntryPoint instruction
          // Consider adding to the OpEntryPoint interface list.
          // Only looking at structures if they have at least one member.
          if (!symbol->getType().isStruct() || symbol->getType().getStruct()->size() > 0) {
              spv::StorageClass sc = builder.getStorageClass(id);
              // Before SPIR-V 1.4, we only want to include Input and Output.
              // Starting with SPIR-V 1.4, we want all globals.
              if ((glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv >= glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_4 && sc != spv::StorageClassFunction) ||
                  (sc == spv::StorageClassInput || sc == spv::StorageClassOutput)) {
                  iOSet.insert(id);
              }
          }
  
          // If the SPIR-V type is required to be different than the AST type,
          // translate now from the SPIR-V type to the AST type, for the consuming
          // operation.
          // Note this turns it from an l-value to an r-value.
          // Currently, all symbols needing this are inputs; avoid the map lookup when non-input.
          if (symbol->getType().getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqVaryingIn)
              id = translateForcedType(id);
      }
  
      // Only process non-linkage-only nodes for generating actual static uses
      if (! linkageOnly || symbol->getQualifier().isSpecConstant()) {
          // Prepare to generate code for the access
  
          // L-value chains will be computed left to right.  We're on the symbol now,
          // which is the left-most part of the access chain, so now is "clear" time,
          // followed by setting the base.
          builder.clearAccessChain();
  
          // For now, we consider all user variables as being in memory, so they are pointers,
          // except for
          // A) R-Value arguments to a function, which are an intermediate object.
          //    See comments in handleUserFunctionCall().
          // B) Specialization constants (normal constants don't even come in as a variable),
          //    These are also pure R-values.
          // C) R-Values from type translation, see above call to translateForcedType()
          glslang::TQualifier qualifier = symbol->getQualifier();
          if (qualifier.isSpecConstant() || rValueParameters.find(symbol->getId()) != rValueParameters.end() ||
              !builder.isPointerType(builder.getTypeId(id)))
              builder.setAccessChainRValue(id);
          else
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(id);
      }
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_HLSL
      // Process linkage-only nodes for any special additional interface work.
      if (linkageOnly) {
          if (glslangIntermediate->getHlslFunctionality1()) {
              // Map implicit counter buffers to their originating buffers, which should have been
              // seen by now, given earlier pruning of unused counters, and preservation of order
              // of declaration.
              if (symbol->getType().getQualifier().isUniformOrBuffer()) {
                  if (!glslangIntermediate->hasCounterBufferName(symbol->getName())) {
                      // Save possible originating buffers for counter buffers, keyed by
                      // making the potential counter-buffer name.
                      std::string keyName = symbol->getName().c_str();
                      keyName = glslangIntermediate->addCounterBufferName(keyName);
                      counterOriginator[keyName] = symbol;
                  } else {
                      // Handle a counter buffer, by finding the saved originating buffer.
                      std::string keyName = symbol->getName().c_str();
                      auto it = counterOriginator.find(keyName);
                      if (it != counterOriginator.end()) {
                          id = getSymbolId(it->second);
                          if (id != spv::NoResult) {
                              spv::Id counterId = getSymbolId(symbol);
                              if (counterId != spv::NoResult) {
                                  builder.addExtension("SPV_GOOGLE_hlsl_functionality1");
                                  builder.addDecorationId(id, spv::DecorationHlslCounterBufferGOOGLE, counterId);
                              }
                          }
                      }
                  }
              }
          }
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitBinary(glslang::TVisit /* visit */, glslang::TIntermBinary* node)
  {
      builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
      if (node->getLeft()->getAsSymbolNode() != nullptr && node->getLeft()->getType().isStruct()) {
          glslangTypeToIdMap[node->getLeft()->getType().getStruct()] = node->getLeft()->getAsSymbolNode()->getId();
      }
      if (node->getRight()->getAsSymbolNode() != nullptr && node->getRight()->getType().isStruct()) {
          glslangTypeToIdMap[node->getRight()->getType().getStruct()] = node->getRight()->getAsSymbolNode()->getId();
      }
  
      SpecConstantOpModeGuard spec_constant_op_mode_setter(&builder);
      if (node->getType().getQualifier().isSpecConstant())
          spec_constant_op_mode_setter.turnOnSpecConstantOpMode();
  
      // First, handle special cases
      switch (node->getOp()) {
      case glslang::EOpAssign:
      case glslang::EOpAddAssign:
      case glslang::EOpSubAssign:
      case glslang::EOpMulAssign:
      case glslang::EOpVectorTimesMatrixAssign:
      case glslang::EOpVectorTimesScalarAssign:
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesScalarAssign:
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesMatrixAssign:
      case glslang::EOpDivAssign:
      case glslang::EOpModAssign:
      case glslang::EOpAndAssign:
      case glslang::EOpInclusiveOrAssign:
      case glslang::EOpExclusiveOrAssign:
      case glslang::EOpLeftShiftAssign:
      case glslang::EOpRightShiftAssign:
          // A bin-op assign "a += b" means the same thing as "a = a + b"
          // where a is evaluated before b. For a simple assignment, GLSL
          // says to evaluate the left before the right.  So, always, left
          // node then right node.
          {
              // get the left l-value, save it away
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              node->getLeft()->traverse(this);
              spv::Builder::AccessChain lValue = builder.getAccessChain();
  
              // evaluate the right
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              node->getRight()->traverse(this);
              spv::Id rValue = accessChainLoad(node->getRight()->getType());
  
              if (node->getOp() != glslang::EOpAssign) {
                  // the left is also an r-value
                  builder.setAccessChain(lValue);
                  spv::Id leftRValue = accessChainLoad(node->getLeft()->getType());
  
                  // do the operation
                  OpDecorations decorations = { TranslatePrecisionDecoration(node->getOperationPrecision()),
                                                TranslateNoContractionDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()),
                                                TranslateNonUniformDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()) };
                  rValue = createBinaryOperation(node->getOp(), decorations,
                                                 convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()), leftRValue, rValue,
                                                 node->getType().getBasicType());
  
                  // these all need their counterparts in createBinaryOperation()
                  assert(rValue != spv::NoResult);
              }
  
              // store the result
              builder.setAccessChain(lValue);
              multiTypeStore(node->getLeft()->getType(), rValue);
  
              // assignments are expressions having an rValue after they are evaluated...
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainRValue(rValue);
          }
          return false;
      case glslang::EOpIndexDirect:
      case glslang::EOpIndexDirectStruct:
          {
              // Structure, array, matrix, or vector indirection with statically known index.
              // Get the left part of the access chain.
              node->getLeft()->traverse(this);
  
              // Add the next element in the chain
  
              const int glslangIndex = node->getRight()->getAsConstantUnion()->getConstArray()[0].getIConst();
              if (! node->getLeft()->getType().isArray() &&
                  node->getLeft()->getType().isVector() &&
                  node->getOp() == glslang::EOpIndexDirect) {
                  // This is essentially a hard-coded vector swizzle of size 1,
                  // so short circuit the access-chain stuff with a swizzle.
                  std::vector<unsigned> swizzle;
                  swizzle.push_back(glslangIndex);
                  int dummySize;
                  builder.accessChainPushSwizzle(swizzle, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getLeft()->getType()),
                                                 TranslateCoherent(node->getLeft()->getType()),
                                                 glslangIntermediate->getBaseAlignmentScalar(node->getLeft()->getType(), dummySize));
              } else {
  
                  // Load through a block reference is performed with a dot operator that
                  // is mapped to EOpIndexDirectStruct. When we get to the actual reference,
                  // do a load and reset the access chain.
                  if (node->getLeft()->isReference() &&
                      !node->getLeft()->getType().isArray() &&
                      node->getOp() == glslang::EOpIndexDirectStruct)
                  {
                      spv::Id left = accessChainLoad(node->getLeft()->getType());
                      builder.clearAccessChain();
                      builder.setAccessChainLValue(left);
                  }
  
                  int spvIndex = glslangIndex;
                  if (node->getLeft()->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock &&
                      node->getOp() == glslang::EOpIndexDirectStruct)
                  {
                      // This may be, e.g., an anonymous block-member selection, which generally need
                      // index remapping due to hidden members in anonymous blocks.
                      int glslangId = glslangTypeToIdMap[node->getLeft()->getType().getStruct()];
                      if (memberRemapper.find(glslangId) != memberRemapper.end()) {
                          std::vector<int>& remapper = memberRemapper[glslangId];
                          assert(remapper.size() > 0);
                          spvIndex = remapper[glslangIndex];
                      }
                  }
  
                  // normal case for indexing array or structure or block
                  builder.accessChainPush(builder.makeIntConstant(spvIndex), TranslateCoherent(node->getLeft()->getType()), node->getLeft()->getType().getBufferReferenceAlignment());
  
                  // Add capabilities here for accessing PointSize and clip/cull distance.
                  // We have deferred generation of associated capabilities until now.
                  if (node->getLeft()->getType().isStruct() && ! node->getLeft()->getType().isArray())
                      declareUseOfStructMember(*(node->getLeft()->getType().getStruct()), glslangIndex);
              }
          }
          return false;
      case glslang::EOpIndexIndirect:
          {
              // Array, matrix, or vector indirection with variable index.
              // Will use native SPIR-V access-chain for and array indirection;
              // matrices are arrays of vectors, so will also work for a matrix.
              // Will use the access chain's 'component' for variable index into a vector.
  
              // This adapter is building access chains left to right.
              // Set up the access chain to the left.
              node->getLeft()->traverse(this);
  
              // save it so that computing the right side doesn't trash it
              spv::Builder::AccessChain partial = builder.getAccessChain();
  
              // compute the next index in the chain
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              node->getRight()->traverse(this);
              spv::Id index = accessChainLoad(node->getRight()->getType());
  
              addIndirectionIndexCapabilities(node->getLeft()->getType(), node->getRight()->getType());
  
              // restore the saved access chain
              builder.setAccessChain(partial);
  
              if (! node->getLeft()->getType().isArray() && node->getLeft()->getType().isVector()) {
                  int dummySize;
                  builder.accessChainPushComponent(index, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getLeft()->getType()),
                                                  TranslateCoherent(node->getLeft()->getType()),
                                                  glslangIntermediate->getBaseAlignmentScalar(node->getLeft()->getType(), dummySize));
              } else
                  builder.accessChainPush(index, TranslateCoherent(node->getLeft()->getType()), node->getLeft()->getType().getBufferReferenceAlignment());
          }
          return false;
      case glslang::EOpVectorSwizzle:
          {
              node->getLeft()->traverse(this);
              std::vector<unsigned> swizzle;
              convertSwizzle(*node->getRight()->getAsAggregate(), swizzle);
              int dummySize;
              builder.accessChainPushSwizzle(swizzle, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getLeft()->getType()),
                                             TranslateCoherent(node->getLeft()->getType()),
                                             glslangIntermediate->getBaseAlignmentScalar(node->getLeft()->getType(), dummySize));
          }
          return false;
      case glslang::EOpMatrixSwizzle:
          logger->missingFunctionality("matrix swizzle");
          return true;
      case glslang::EOpLogicalOr:
      case glslang::EOpLogicalAnd:
          {
  
              // These may require short circuiting, but can sometimes be done as straight
              // binary operations.  The right operand must be short circuited if it has
              // side effects, and should probably be if it is complex.
              if (isTrivial(node->getRight()->getAsTyped()))
                  break; // handle below as a normal binary operation
              // otherwise, we need to do dynamic short circuiting on the right operand
              spv::Id result = createShortCircuit(node->getOp(), *node->getLeft()->getAsTyped(), *node->getRight()->getAsTyped());
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
          }
          return false;
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      // Assume generic binary op...
  
      // get right operand
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      node->getLeft()->traverse(this);
      spv::Id left = accessChainLoad(node->getLeft()->getType());
  
      // get left operand
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      node->getRight()->traverse(this);
      spv::Id right = accessChainLoad(node->getRight()->getType());
  
      // get result
      OpDecorations decorations = { TranslatePrecisionDecoration(node->getOperationPrecision()),
                                    TranslateNoContractionDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()),
                                    TranslateNonUniformDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()) };
      spv::Id result = createBinaryOperation(node->getOp(), decorations,
                                             convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()), left, right,
                                             node->getLeft()->getType().getBasicType());
  
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      if (! result) {
          logger->missingFunctionality("unknown glslang binary operation");
          return true;  // pick up a child as the place-holder result
      } else {
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
          return false;
      }
  }
  
  // Figure out what, if any, type changes are needed when accessing a specific built-in.
  // Returns <the type SPIR-V requires for declarion, the type to translate to on use>.
  // Also see comment for 'forceType', regarding tracking SPIR-V-required types.
  std::pair<spv::Id, spv::Id> TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getForcedType(spv::BuiltIn builtIn,
      const glslang::TType& glslangType)
  {
      switch(builtIn)
      {
          case spv::BuiltInSubgroupEqMask:
          case spv::BuiltInSubgroupGeMask:
          case spv::BuiltInSubgroupGtMask:
          case spv::BuiltInSubgroupLeMask:
          case spv::BuiltInSubgroupLtMask: {
              // these require changing a 64-bit scaler -> a vector of 32-bit components
              if (glslangType.isVector())
                  break;
              std::pair<spv::Id, spv::Id> ret(builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeUintType(32), 4),
                                              builder.makeUintType(64));
              return ret;
          }
          default:
              break;
      }
  
      std::pair<spv::Id, spv::Id> ret(spv::NoType, spv::NoType);
      return ret;
  }
  
  // For an object previously identified (see getForcedType() and forceType)
  // as needing type translations, do the translation needed for a load, turning
  // an L-value into in R-value.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::translateForcedType(spv::Id object)
  {
      const auto forceIt = forceType.find(object);
      if (forceIt == forceType.end())
          return object;
  
      spv::Id desiredTypeId = forceIt->second;
      spv::Id objectTypeId = builder.getTypeId(object);
      assert(builder.isPointerType(objectTypeId));
      objectTypeId = builder.getContainedTypeId(objectTypeId);
      if (builder.isVectorType(objectTypeId) &&
          builder.getScalarTypeWidth(builder.getContainedTypeId(objectTypeId)) == 32) {
          if (builder.getScalarTypeWidth(desiredTypeId) == 64) {
              // handle 32-bit v.xy* -> 64-bit
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(object);
              object = builder.accessChainLoad(spv::NoPrecision, spv::DecorationMax, objectTypeId);
              std::vector<spv::Id> components;
              components.push_back(builder.createCompositeExtract(object, builder.getContainedTypeId(objectTypeId), 0));
              components.push_back(builder.createCompositeExtract(object, builder.getContainedTypeId(objectTypeId), 1));
  
              spv::Id vecType = builder.makeVectorType(builder.getContainedTypeId(objectTypeId), 2);
              return builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpBitcast, desiredTypeId,
                                           builder.createCompositeConstruct(vecType, components));
          } else {
              logger->missingFunctionality("forcing 32-bit vector type to non 64-bit scalar");
          }
      } else {
          logger->missingFunctionality("forcing non 32-bit vector type");
      }
  
      return object;
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitUnary(glslang::TVisit /* visit */, glslang::TIntermUnary* node)
  {
      builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
  
      SpecConstantOpModeGuard spec_constant_op_mode_setter(&builder);
      if (node->getType().getQualifier().isSpecConstant())
          spec_constant_op_mode_setter.turnOnSpecConstantOpMode();
  
      spv::Id result = spv::NoResult;
  
      // try texturing first
      result = createImageTextureFunctionCall(node);
      if (result != spv::NoResult) {
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
  
          return false; // done with this node
      }
  
      // Non-texturing.
  
      if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpArrayLength) {
          // Quite special; won't want to evaluate the operand.
  
          // Currently, the front-end does not allow .length() on an array until it is sized,
          // except for the last block membeor of an SSBO.
          // TODO: If this changes, link-time sized arrays might show up here, and need their
          // size extracted.
  
          // Normal .length() would have been constant folded by the front-end.
          // So, this has to be block.lastMember.length().
          // SPV wants "block" and member number as the operands, go get them.
  
          spv::Id length;
          if (node->getOperand()->getType().isCoopMat()) {
              spec_constant_op_mode_setter.turnOnSpecConstantOpMode();
  
              spv::Id typeId = convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getOperand()->getType());
              assert(builder.isCooperativeMatrixType(typeId));
  
              length = builder.createCooperativeMatrixLength(typeId);
          } else {
              glslang::TIntermTyped* block = node->getOperand()->getAsBinaryNode()->getLeft();
              block->traverse(this);
              unsigned int member = node->getOperand()->getAsBinaryNode()->getRight()->getAsConstantUnion()->getConstArray()[0].getUConst();
              length = builder.createArrayLength(builder.accessChainGetLValue(), member);
          }
  
          // GLSL semantics say the result of .length() is an int, while SPIR-V says
          // signedness must be 0. So, convert from SPIR-V unsigned back to GLSL's
          // AST expectation of a signed result.
          if (glslangIntermediate->getSource() == glslang::EShSourceGlsl) {
              if (builder.isInSpecConstCodeGenMode()) {
                  length = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpIAdd, builder.makeIntType(32), length, builder.makeIntConstant(0));
              } else {
                  length = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpBitcast, builder.makeIntType(32), length);
              }
          }
  
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(length);
  
          return false;
      }
  
      // Start by evaluating the operand
  
      // Does it need a swizzle inversion?  If so, evaluation is inverted;
      // operate first on the swizzle base, then apply the swizzle.
      spv::Id invertedType = spv::NoType;
      auto resultType = [&invertedType, &node, this](){ return invertedType != spv::NoType ? invertedType : convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()); };
      if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpInterpolateAtCentroid)
          invertedType = getInvertedSwizzleType(*node->getOperand());
  
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      TIntermNode *operandNode;
      if (invertedType != spv::NoType)
          operandNode = node->getOperand()->getAsBinaryNode()->getLeft();
      else
          operandNode = node->getOperand();
      
      operandNode->traverse(this);
  
      spv::Id operand = spv::NoResult;
  
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags lvalueCoherentFlags;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpAtomicCounterIncrement ||
          node->getOp() == glslang::EOpAtomicCounterDecrement ||
          node->getOp() == glslang::EOpAtomicCounter          ||
          node->getOp() == glslang::EOpInterpolateAtCentroid) {
          operand = builder.accessChainGetLValue(); // Special case l-value operands
          lvalueCoherentFlags = builder.getAccessChain().coherentFlags;
          lvalueCoherentFlags |= TranslateCoherent(operandNode->getAsTyped()->getType());
      } else
  #endif
      {
          operand = accessChainLoad(node->getOperand()->getType());
      }
  
      OpDecorations decorations = { TranslatePrecisionDecoration(node->getOperationPrecision()),
                                    TranslateNoContractionDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()),
                                    TranslateNonUniformDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()) };
  
      // it could be a conversion
      if (! result)
          result = createConversion(node->getOp(), decorations, resultType(), operand, node->getOperand()->getBasicType());
  
      // if not, then possibly an operation
      if (! result)
          result = createUnaryOperation(node->getOp(), decorations, resultType(), operand, node->getOperand()->getBasicType(), lvalueCoherentFlags);
  
      if (result) {
          if (invertedType) {
              result = createInvertedSwizzle(decorations.precision, *node->getOperand(), result);
              decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
          }
  
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
  
          return false; // done with this node
      }
  
      // it must be a special case, check...
      switch (node->getOp()) {
      case glslang::EOpPostIncrement:
      case glslang::EOpPostDecrement:
      case glslang::EOpPreIncrement:
      case glslang::EOpPreDecrement:
          {
              // we need the integer value "1" or the floating point "1.0" to add/subtract
              spv::Id one = 0;
              if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtFloat)
                  one = builder.makeFloatConstant(1.0F);
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
              else if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtDouble)
                  one = builder.makeDoubleConstant(1.0);
              else if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtFloat16)
                  one = builder.makeFloat16Constant(1.0F);
              else if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtInt8  || node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtUint8)
                  one = builder.makeInt8Constant(1);
              else if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtInt16 || node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtUint16)
                  one = builder.makeInt16Constant(1);
              else if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtInt64 || node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtUint64)
                  one = builder.makeInt64Constant(1);
  #endif
              else
                  one = builder.makeIntConstant(1);
              glslang::TOperator op;
              if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpPreIncrement ||
                  node->getOp() == glslang::EOpPostIncrement)
                  op = glslang::EOpAdd;
              else
                  op = glslang::EOpSub;
  
              spv::Id result = createBinaryOperation(op, decorations,
                                                     convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()), operand, one,
                                                     node->getType().getBasicType());
              assert(result != spv::NoResult);
  
              // The result of operation is always stored, but conditionally the
              // consumed result.  The consumed result is always an r-value.
              builder.accessChainStore(result);
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpPreIncrement ||
                  node->getOp() == glslang::EOpPreDecrement)
                  builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
              else
                  builder.setAccessChainRValue(operand);
          }
  
          return false;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpEmitStreamVertex:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpEmitStreamVertex, operand);
          return false;
      case glslang::EOpEndStreamPrimitive:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpEndStreamPrimitive, operand);
          return false;
  #endif
  
      default:
          logger->missingFunctionality("unknown glslang unary");
          return true;  // pick up operand as placeholder result
      }
  }
  
  // Construct a composite object, recursively copying members if their types don't match
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createCompositeConstruct(spv::Id resultTypeId, std::vector<spv::Id> constituents)
  {
      for (int c = 0; c < (int)constituents.size(); ++c) {
          spv::Id& constituent = constituents[c];
          spv::Id lType = builder.getContainedTypeId(resultTypeId, c);
          spv::Id rType = builder.getTypeId(constituent);
          if (lType != rType) {
              if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv >= glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_4) {
                  constituent = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpCopyLogical, lType, constituent);
              } else if (builder.isStructType(rType)) {
                  std::vector<spv::Id> rTypeConstituents;
                  int numrTypeConstituents = builder.getNumTypeConstituents(rType);
                  for (int i = 0; i < numrTypeConstituents; ++i) {
                      rTypeConstituents.push_back(builder.createCompositeExtract(constituent, builder.getContainedTypeId(rType, i), i));
                  }
                  constituents[c] = createCompositeConstruct(lType, rTypeConstituents);
              } else {
                  assert(builder.isArrayType(rType));
                  std::vector<spv::Id> rTypeConstituents;
                  int numrTypeConstituents = builder.getNumTypeConstituents(rType);
  
                  spv::Id elementRType = builder.getContainedTypeId(rType);
                  for (int i = 0; i < numrTypeConstituents; ++i) {
                      rTypeConstituents.push_back(builder.createCompositeExtract(constituent, elementRType, i));
                  }
                  constituents[c] = createCompositeConstruct(lType, rTypeConstituents);
              }
          }
      }
      return builder.createCompositeConstruct(resultTypeId, constituents);
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitAggregate(glslang::TVisit visit, glslang::TIntermAggregate* node)
  {
      SpecConstantOpModeGuard spec_constant_op_mode_setter(&builder);
      if (node->getType().getQualifier().isSpecConstant())
          spec_constant_op_mode_setter.turnOnSpecConstantOpMode();
  
      spv::Id result = spv::NoResult;
      spv::Id invertedType = spv::NoType;  // to use to override the natural type of the node
      auto resultType = [&invertedType, &node, this](){ return invertedType != spv::NoType ? invertedType : convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()); };
  
      // try texturing
      result = createImageTextureFunctionCall(node);
      if (result != spv::NoResult) {
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
  
          return false;
      }
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      else if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageStore ||
          node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageStoreLod ||
          node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageAtomicStore) {
          // "imageStore" is a special case, which has no result
          return false;
      }
  #endif
  
      glslang::TOperator binOp = glslang::EOpNull;
      bool reduceComparison = true;
      bool isMatrix = false;
      bool noReturnValue = false;
      bool atomic = false;
  
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags lvalueCoherentFlags;
  
      assert(node->getOp());
  
      spv::Decoration precision = TranslatePrecisionDecoration(node->getOperationPrecision());
  
      switch (node->getOp()) {
      case glslang::EOpSequence:
      {
          if (preVisit)
              ++sequenceDepth;
          else
              --sequenceDepth;
  
          if (sequenceDepth == 1) {
              // If this is the parent node of all the functions, we want to see them
              // early, so all call points have actual SPIR-V functions to reference.
              // In all cases, still let the traverser visit the children for us.
              makeFunctions(node->getAsAggregate()->getSequence());
  
              // Also, we want all globals initializers to go into the beginning of the entry point, before
              // anything else gets there, so visit out of order, doing them all now.
              makeGlobalInitializers(node->getAsAggregate()->getSequence());
  
              // Initializers are done, don't want to visit again, but functions and link objects need to be processed,
              // so do them manually.
              visitFunctions(node->getAsAggregate()->getSequence());
  
              return false;
          }
  
          return true;
      }
      case glslang::EOpLinkerObjects:
      {
          if (visit == glslang::EvPreVisit)
              linkageOnly = true;
          else
              linkageOnly = false;
  
          return true;
      }
      case glslang::EOpComma:
      {
          // processing from left to right naturally leaves the right-most
          // lying around in the access chain
          glslang::TIntermSequence& glslangOperands = node->getSequence();
          for (int i = 0; i < (int)glslangOperands.size(); ++i)
              glslangOperands[i]->traverse(this);
  
          return false;
      }
      case glslang::EOpFunction:
          if (visit == glslang::EvPreVisit) {
              if (isShaderEntryPoint(node)) {
                  inEntryPoint = true;
                  builder.setBuildPoint(shaderEntry->getLastBlock());
                  currentFunction = shaderEntry;
              } else {
                  handleFunctionEntry(node);
              }
          } else {
              if (inEntryPoint)
                  entryPointTerminated = true;
              builder.leaveFunction();
              inEntryPoint = false;
          }
  
          return true;
      case glslang::EOpParameters:
          // Parameters will have been consumed by EOpFunction processing, but not
          // the body, so we still visited the function node's children, making this
          // child redundant.
          return false;
      case glslang::EOpFunctionCall:
      {
          builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
          if (node->isUserDefined())
              result = handleUserFunctionCall(node);
          // assert(result);  // this can happen for bad shaders because the call graph completeness checking is not yet done
          if (result) {
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
          } else
              logger->missingFunctionality("missing user function; linker needs to catch that");
  
          return false;
      }
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat2x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat2x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat2x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat3x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat3x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat3x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat4x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat4x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructMat4x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat2x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat2x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat2x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat3x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat3x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat3x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat4x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat4x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDMat4x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat2x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat2x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat2x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat3x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat3x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat3x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat4x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat4x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIMat4x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat2x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat2x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat2x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat3x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat3x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat3x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat4x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat4x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUMat4x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat2x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat2x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat2x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat3x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat3x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat3x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat4x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat4x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBMat4x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat2x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat2x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat2x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat3x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat3x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat3x4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat4x2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat4x3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Mat4x4:
          isMatrix = true;
          // fall through
      case glslang::EOpConstructFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConstructVec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructVec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructVec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDVec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDVec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructDVec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructF16Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBool:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBVec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBVec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructBVec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI8Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI8Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI8Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU8Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU8Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU8Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI16Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI16Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI16Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU16Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU16Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU16Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructInt:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIVec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIVec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructIVec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUint:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUVec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUVec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUVec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI64Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI64Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructI64Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU64Vec2:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU64Vec3:
      case glslang::EOpConstructU64Vec4:
      case glslang::EOpConstructStruct:
      case glslang::EOpConstructTextureSampler:
      case glslang::EOpConstructReference:
      case glslang::EOpConstructCooperativeMatrix:
      {
          builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
          std::vector<spv::Id> arguments;
          translateArguments(*node, arguments, lvalueCoherentFlags);
          spv::Id constructed;
          if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpConstructTextureSampler)
              constructed = builder.createOp(spv::OpSampledImage, resultType(), arguments);
          else if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpConstructStruct ||
                   node->getOp() == glslang::EOpConstructCooperativeMatrix ||
                   node->getType().isArray()) {
              std::vector<spv::Id> constituents;
              for (int c = 0; c < (int)arguments.size(); ++c)
                  constituents.push_back(arguments[c]);
              constructed = createCompositeConstruct(resultType(), constituents);
          } else if (isMatrix)
              constructed = builder.createMatrixConstructor(precision, arguments, resultType());
          else
              constructed = builder.createConstructor(precision, arguments, resultType());
  
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(constructed);
  
          return false;
      }
  
      // These six are component-wise compares with component-wise results.
      // Forward on to createBinaryOperation(), requesting a vector result.
      case glslang::EOpLessThan:
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThan:
      case glslang::EOpLessThanEqual:
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThanEqual:
      case glslang::EOpVectorEqual:
      case glslang::EOpVectorNotEqual:
      {
          // Map the operation to a binary
          binOp = node->getOp();
          reduceComparison = false;
          switch (node->getOp()) {
          case glslang::EOpVectorEqual:     binOp = glslang::EOpVectorEqual;      break;
          case glslang::EOpVectorNotEqual:  binOp = glslang::EOpVectorNotEqual;   break;
          default:                          binOp = node->getOp();                break;
          }
  
          break;
      }
      case glslang::EOpMul:
          // component-wise matrix multiply
          binOp = glslang::EOpMul;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpOuterProduct:
          // two vectors multiplied to make a matrix
          binOp = glslang::EOpOuterProduct;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDot:
      {
          // for scalar dot product, use multiply
          glslang::TIntermSequence& glslangOperands = node->getSequence();
          if (glslangOperands[0]->getAsTyped()->getVectorSize() == 1)
              binOp = glslang::EOpMul;
          break;
      }
      case glslang::EOpMod:
          // when an aggregate, this is the floating-point mod built-in function,
          // which can be emitted by the one in createBinaryOperation()
          binOp = glslang::EOpMod;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpEmitVertex:
      case glslang::EOpEndPrimitive:
      case glslang::EOpBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierAtomicCounter:
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierBuffer:
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierImage:
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierShared:
      case glslang::EOpGroupMemoryBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpDeviceMemoryBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpAllMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync:
      case glslang::EOpDeviceMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync:
      case glslang::EOpWorkgroupMemoryBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpWorkgroupMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrier:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrierBuffer:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrierImage:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrierShared:
          noReturnValue = true;
          // These all have 0 operands and will naturally finish up in the code below for 0 operands
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAtomicAdd:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicMin:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicMax:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicAnd:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicOr:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicXor:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicExchange:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCompSwap:
          atomic = true;
          break;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpAtomicStore:
          noReturnValue = true;
          // fallthrough
      case glslang::EOpAtomicLoad:
          atomic = true;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterAdd:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterSubtract:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterMin:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterMax:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterAnd:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterOr:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterXor:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterExchange:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterCompSwap:
          builder.addExtension("SPV_KHR_shader_atomic_counter_ops");
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityAtomicStorageOps);
          atomic = true;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAbsDifference:
      case glslang::EOpAddSaturate:
      case glslang::EOpSubSaturate:
      case glslang::EOpAverage:
      case glslang::EOpAverageRounded:
      case glslang::EOpMul32x16:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityIntegerFunctions2INTEL);
          builder.addExtension("SPV_INTEL_shader_integer_functions2");
          binOp = node->getOp();
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpIgnoreIntersectionNV:
      case glslang::EOpTerminateRayNV:
      case glslang::EOpTraceNV:
      case glslang::EOpExecuteCallableNV:
      case glslang::EOpWritePackedPrimitiveIndices4x8NV:
          noReturnValue = true;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixLoad:
      case glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixStore:
          noReturnValue = true;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBeginInvocationInterlock:
      case glslang::EOpEndInvocationInterlock:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_fragment_shader_interlock);
          noReturnValue = true;
          break;
  #endif
  
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      //
      // See if it maps to a regular operation.
      //
      if (binOp != glslang::EOpNull) {
          glslang::TIntermTyped* left = node->getSequence()[0]->getAsTyped();
          glslang::TIntermTyped* right = node->getSequence()[1]->getAsTyped();
          assert(left && right);
  
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          left->traverse(this);
          spv::Id leftId = accessChainLoad(left->getType());
  
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          right->traverse(this);
          spv::Id rightId = accessChainLoad(right->getType());
  
          builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
          OpDecorations decorations = { precision,
                                        TranslateNoContractionDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()),
                                        TranslateNonUniformDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()) };
          result = createBinaryOperation(binOp, decorations,
                                         resultType(), leftId, rightId,
                                         left->getType().getBasicType(), reduceComparison);
  
          // code above should only make binOp that exists in createBinaryOperation
          assert(result != spv::NoResult);
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
  
          return false;
      }
  
      //
      // Create the list of operands.
      //
      glslang::TIntermSequence& glslangOperands = node->getSequence();
      std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
      std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> memoryAccessOperands;
      for (int arg = 0; arg < (int)glslangOperands.size(); ++arg) {
          // special case l-value operands; there are just a few
          bool lvalue = false;
          switch (node->getOp()) {
          case glslang::EOpModf:
              if (arg == 1)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
  
          case glslang::EOpAtomicAdd:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicMin:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicMax:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicAnd:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicOr:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicXor:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicExchange:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCompSwap:
              if (arg == 0)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          case glslang::EOpFrexp:
              if (arg == 1)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtSample:
          case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtOffset:
          case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtVertex:
              if (arg == 0) {
                  lvalue = true;
  
                  // Does it need a swizzle inversion?  If so, evaluation is inverted;
                  // operate first on the swizzle base, then apply the swizzle.
                  if (glslangOperands[0]->getAsOperator() &&
                      glslangOperands[0]->getAsOperator()->getOp() == glslang::EOpVectorSwizzle)
                      invertedType = convertGlslangToSpvType(glslangOperands[0]->getAsBinaryNode()->getLeft()->getType());
              }
              break;
          case glslang::EOpAtomicLoad:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicStore:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterAdd:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterSubtract:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterMin:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterMax:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterAnd:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterOr:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterXor:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterExchange:
          case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterCompSwap:
              if (arg == 0)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpAddCarry:
          case glslang::EOpSubBorrow:
              if (arg == 2)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpUMulExtended:
          case glslang::EOpIMulExtended:
              if (arg >= 2)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixLoad:
              if (arg == 0 || arg == 1)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixStore:
              if (arg == 1)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
  #endif
          default:
              break;
          }
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          if (invertedType != spv::NoType && arg == 0)
              glslangOperands[0]->getAsBinaryNode()->getLeft()->traverse(this);
          else
              glslangOperands[arg]->traverse(this);
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixLoad ||
              node->getOp() == glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixStore) {
  
              if (arg == 1) {
                  // fold "element" parameter into the access chain
                  spv::Builder::AccessChain save = builder.getAccessChain();
                  builder.clearAccessChain();
                  glslangOperands[2]->traverse(this);
  
                  spv::Id elementId = accessChainLoad(glslangOperands[2]->getAsTyped()->getType());
  
                  builder.setAccessChain(save);
  
                  // Point to the first element of the array.
                  builder.accessChainPush(elementId, TranslateCoherent(glslangOperands[arg]->getAsTyped()->getType()),
                                                     glslangOperands[arg]->getAsTyped()->getType().getBufferReferenceAlignment());
  
                  spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags coherentFlags = builder.getAccessChain().coherentFlags;
                  unsigned int alignment = builder.getAccessChain().alignment;
  
                  int memoryAccess = TranslateMemoryAccess(coherentFlags);
                  if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixLoad)
                      memoryAccess &= ~spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerAvailableKHRMask;
                  if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixStore)
                      memoryAccess &= ~spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerVisibleKHRMask;
                  if (builder.getStorageClass(builder.getAccessChain().base) == spv::StorageClassPhysicalStorageBufferEXT) {
                      memoryAccess = (spv::MemoryAccessMask)(memoryAccess | spv::MemoryAccessAlignedMask);
                  }
  
                  memoryAccessOperands.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(false, memoryAccess));
  
                  if (memoryAccess & spv::MemoryAccessAlignedMask) {
                      memoryAccessOperands.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(false, alignment));
                  }
  
                  if (memoryAccess & (spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerAvailableKHRMask | spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerVisibleKHRMask)) {
                      memoryAccessOperands.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, builder.makeUintConstant(TranslateMemoryScope(coherentFlags))));
                  }
              } else if (arg == 2) {
                  continue;
              }
          }
  #endif
  
          if (lvalue) {
              operands.push_back(builder.accessChainGetLValue());
              lvalueCoherentFlags = builder.getAccessChain().coherentFlags;
              lvalueCoherentFlags |= TranslateCoherent(glslangOperands[arg]->getAsTyped()->getType());
          } else {
              builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
              operands.push_back(accessChainLoad(glslangOperands[arg]->getAsTyped()->getType()));
          }
      }
  
      builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixLoad) {
          std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> idImmOps;
  
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[1])); // buf
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[2])); // stride
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[3])); // colMajor
          idImmOps.insert(idImmOps.end(), memoryAccessOperands.begin(), memoryAccessOperands.end());
          // get the pointee type
          spv::Id typeId = builder.getContainedTypeId(builder.getTypeId(operands[0]));
          assert(builder.isCooperativeMatrixType(typeId));
          // do the op
          spv::Id result = builder.createOp(spv::OpCooperativeMatrixLoadNV, typeId, idImmOps);
          // store the result to the pointer (out param 'm')
          builder.createStore(result, operands[0]);
          result = 0;
      } else if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixStore) {
          std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> idImmOps;
  
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[1])); // buf
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[0])); // object
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[2])); // stride
          idImmOps.push_back(spv::IdImmediate(true, operands[3])); // colMajor
          idImmOps.insert(idImmOps.end(), memoryAccessOperands.begin(), memoryAccessOperands.end());
  
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpCooperativeMatrixStoreNV, idImmOps);
          result = 0;
      } else
  #endif
      if (atomic) {
          // Handle all atomics
          result = createAtomicOperation(node->getOp(), precision, resultType(), operands, node->getBasicType(), lvalueCoherentFlags);
      } else {
          // Pass through to generic operations.
          switch (glslangOperands.size()) {
          case 0:
              result = createNoArgOperation(node->getOp(), precision, resultType());
              break;
          case 1:
              {
                  OpDecorations decorations = { precision, 
                                                TranslateNoContractionDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()),
                                                TranslateNonUniformDecoration(node->getType().getQualifier()) };
                  result = createUnaryOperation(
                      node->getOp(), decorations,
                      resultType(), operands.front(),
                      glslangOperands[0]->getAsTyped()->getBasicType(), lvalueCoherentFlags);
              }
              break;
          default:
              result = createMiscOperation(node->getOp(), precision, resultType(), operands, node->getBasicType());
              break;
          }
          if (invertedType)
              result = createInvertedSwizzle(precision, *glslangOperands[0]->getAsBinaryNode(), result);
      }
  
      if (noReturnValue)
          return false;
  
      if (! result) {
          logger->missingFunctionality("unknown glslang aggregate");
          return true;  // pick up a child as a placeholder operand
      } else {
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
          return false;
      }
  }
  
  // This path handles both if-then-else and ?:
  // The if-then-else has a node type of void, while
  // ?: has either a void or a non-void node type
  //
  // Leaving the result, when not void:
  // GLSL only has r-values as the result of a :?, but
  // if we have an l-value, that can be more efficient if it will
  // become the base of a complex r-value expression, because the
  // next layer copies r-values into memory to use the access-chain mechanism
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitSelection(glslang::TVisit /* visit */, glslang::TIntermSelection* node)
  {
      // see if OpSelect can handle it
      const auto isOpSelectable = [&]() {
          if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtVoid)
              return false;
          // OpSelect can do all other types starting with SPV 1.4
          if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv < glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_4) {
              // pre-1.4, only scalars and vectors can be handled
              if ((!node->getType().isScalar() && !node->getType().isVector()))
                  return false;
          }
          return true;
      };
  
      // See if it simple and safe, or required, to execute both sides.
      // Crucially, side effects must be either semantically required or avoided,
      // and there are performance trade-offs.
      // Return true if required or a good idea (and safe) to execute both sides,
      // false otherwise.
      const auto bothSidesPolicy = [&]() -> bool {
          // do we have both sides?
          if (node->getTrueBlock()  == nullptr ||
              node->getFalseBlock() == nullptr)
              return false;
  
          // required? (unless we write additional code to look for side effects
          // and make performance trade-offs if none are present)
          if (!node->getShortCircuit())
              return true;
  
          // if not required to execute both, decide based on performance/practicality...
  
          if (!isOpSelectable())
              return false;
  
          assert(node->getType() == node->getTrueBlock() ->getAsTyped()->getType() &&
                 node->getType() == node->getFalseBlock()->getAsTyped()->getType());
  
          // return true if a single operand to ? : is okay for OpSelect
          const auto operandOkay = [](glslang::TIntermTyped* node) {
              return node->getAsSymbolNode() || node->getType().getQualifier().isConstant();
          };
  
          return operandOkay(node->getTrueBlock() ->getAsTyped()) &&
                 operandOkay(node->getFalseBlock()->getAsTyped());
      };
  
      spv::Id result = spv::NoResult; // upcoming result selecting between trueValue and falseValue
      // emit the condition before doing anything with selection
      node->getCondition()->traverse(this);
      spv::Id condition = accessChainLoad(node->getCondition()->getType());
  
      // Find a way of executing both sides and selecting the right result.
      const auto executeBothSides = [&]() -> void {
          // execute both sides
          node->getTrueBlock()->traverse(this);
          spv::Id trueValue = accessChainLoad(node->getTrueBlock()->getAsTyped()->getType());
          node->getFalseBlock()->traverse(this);
          spv::Id falseValue = accessChainLoad(node->getTrueBlock()->getAsTyped()->getType());
  
          builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
  
          // done if void
          if (node->getBasicType() == glslang::EbtVoid)
              return;
  
          // emit code to select between trueValue and falseValue
  
          // see if OpSelect can handle it
          if (isOpSelectable()) {
              // Emit OpSelect for this selection.
  
              // smear condition to vector, if necessary (AST is always scalar)
              // Before 1.4, smear like for mix(), starting with 1.4, keep it scalar
              if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv < glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_4 && builder.isVector(trueValue)) {
                  condition = builder.smearScalar(spv::NoPrecision, condition, 
                                                  builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeBoolType(),
                                                                         builder.getNumComponents(trueValue)));
              }
  
              // OpSelect
              result = builder.createTriOp(spv::OpSelect,
                                           convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()), condition,
                                                                   trueValue, falseValue);
  
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainRValue(result);
          } else {
              // We need control flow to select the result.
              // TODO: Once SPIR-V OpSelect allows arbitrary types, eliminate this path.
              result = builder.createVariable(spv::StorageClassFunction, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()));
  
              // Selection control:
              const spv::SelectionControlMask control = TranslateSelectionControl(*node);
  
              // make an "if" based on the value created by the condition
              spv::Builder::If ifBuilder(condition, control, builder);
  
              // emit the "then" statement
              builder.createStore(trueValue, result);
              ifBuilder.makeBeginElse();
              // emit the "else" statement
              builder.createStore(falseValue, result);
  
              // finish off the control flow
              ifBuilder.makeEndIf();
  
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(result);
          }
      };
  
      // Execute the one side needed, as per the condition
      const auto executeOneSide = [&]() {
          // Always emit control flow.
          if (node->getBasicType() != glslang::EbtVoid)
              result = builder.createVariable(spv::StorageClassFunction, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()));
  
          // Selection control:
          const spv::SelectionControlMask control = TranslateSelectionControl(*node);
  
          // make an "if" based on the value created by the condition
          spv::Builder::If ifBuilder(condition, control, builder);
  
          // emit the "then" statement
          if (node->getTrueBlock() != nullptr) {
              node->getTrueBlock()->traverse(this);
              if (result != spv::NoResult)
                  builder.createStore(accessChainLoad(node->getTrueBlock()->getAsTyped()->getType()), result);
          }
  
          if (node->getFalseBlock() != nullptr) {
              ifBuilder.makeBeginElse();
              // emit the "else" statement
              node->getFalseBlock()->traverse(this);
              if (result != spv::NoResult)
                  builder.createStore(accessChainLoad(node->getFalseBlock()->getAsTyped()->getType()), result);
          }
  
          // finish off the control flow
          ifBuilder.makeEndIf();
  
          if (result != spv::NoResult) {
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(result);
          }
      };
  
      // Try for OpSelect (or a requirement to execute both sides)
      if (bothSidesPolicy()) {
          SpecConstantOpModeGuard spec_constant_op_mode_setter(&builder);
          if (node->getType().getQualifier().isSpecConstant())
              spec_constant_op_mode_setter.turnOnSpecConstantOpMode();
          executeBothSides();
      } else
          executeOneSide();
  
      return false;
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitSwitch(glslang::TVisit /* visit */, glslang::TIntermSwitch* node)
  {
      // emit and get the condition before doing anything with switch
      node->getCondition()->traverse(this);
      spv::Id selector = accessChainLoad(node->getCondition()->getAsTyped()->getType());
  
      // Selection control:
      const spv::SelectionControlMask control = TranslateSwitchControl(*node);
  
      // browse the children to sort out code segments
      int defaultSegment = -1;
      std::vector<TIntermNode*> codeSegments;
      glslang::TIntermSequence& sequence = node->getBody()->getSequence();
      std::vector<int> caseValues;
      std::vector<int> valueIndexToSegment(sequence.size());  // note: probably not all are used, it is an overestimate
      for (glslang::TIntermSequence::iterator c = sequence.begin(); c != sequence.end(); ++c) {
          TIntermNode* child = *c;
          if (child->getAsBranchNode() && child->getAsBranchNode()->getFlowOp() == glslang::EOpDefault)
              defaultSegment = (int)codeSegments.size();
          else if (child->getAsBranchNode() && child->getAsBranchNode()->getFlowOp() == glslang::EOpCase) {
              valueIndexToSegment[caseValues.size()] = (int)codeSegments.size();
              caseValues.push_back(child->getAsBranchNode()->getExpression()->getAsConstantUnion()->getConstArray()[0].getIConst());
          } else
              codeSegments.push_back(child);
      }
  
      // handle the case where the last code segment is missing, due to no code
      // statements between the last case and the end of the switch statement
      if ((caseValues.size() && (int)codeSegments.size() == valueIndexToSegment[caseValues.size() - 1]) ||
          (int)codeSegments.size() == defaultSegment)
          codeSegments.push_back(nullptr);
  
      // make the switch statement
      std::vector<spv::Block*> segmentBlocks; // returned, as the blocks allocated in the call
      builder.makeSwitch(selector, control, (int)codeSegments.size(), caseValues, valueIndexToSegment, defaultSegment, segmentBlocks);
  
      // emit all the code in the segments
      breakForLoop.push(false);
      for (unsigned int s = 0; s < codeSegments.size(); ++s) {
          builder.nextSwitchSegment(segmentBlocks, s);
          if (codeSegments[s])
              codeSegments[s]->traverse(this);
          else
              builder.addSwitchBreak();
      }
      breakForLoop.pop();
  
      builder.endSwitch(segmentBlocks);
  
      return false;
  }
  
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitConstantUnion(glslang::TIntermConstantUnion* node)
  {
      int nextConst = 0;
      spv::Id constant = createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(node->getType(), node->getConstArray(), nextConst, false);
  
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      builder.setAccessChainRValue(constant);
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitLoop(glslang::TVisit /* visit */, glslang::TIntermLoop* node)
  {
      auto blocks = builder.makeNewLoop();
      builder.createBranch(&blocks.head);
  
      // Loop control:
      std::vector<unsigned int> operands;
      const spv::LoopControlMask control = TranslateLoopControl(*node, operands);
  
      // Spec requires back edges to target header blocks, and every header block
      // must dominate its merge block.  Make a header block first to ensure these
      // conditions are met.  By definition, it will contain OpLoopMerge, followed
      // by a block-ending branch.  But we don't want to put any other body/test
      // instructions in it, since the body/test may have arbitrary instructions,
      // including merges of its own.
      builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
      builder.setBuildPoint(&blocks.head);
      builder.createLoopMerge(&blocks.merge, &blocks.continue_target, control, operands);
      if (node->testFirst() && node->getTest()) {
          spv::Block& test = builder.makeNewBlock();
          builder.createBranch(&test);
  
          builder.setBuildPoint(&test);
          node->getTest()->traverse(this);
          spv::Id condition = accessChainLoad(node->getTest()->getType());
          builder.createConditionalBranch(condition, &blocks.body, &blocks.merge);
  
          builder.setBuildPoint(&blocks.body);
          breakForLoop.push(true);
          if (node->getBody())
              node->getBody()->traverse(this);
          builder.createBranch(&blocks.continue_target);
          breakForLoop.pop();
  
          builder.setBuildPoint(&blocks.continue_target);
          if (node->getTerminal())
              node->getTerminal()->traverse(this);
          builder.createBranch(&blocks.head);
      } else {
          builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
          builder.createBranch(&blocks.body);
  
          breakForLoop.push(true);
          builder.setBuildPoint(&blocks.body);
          if (node->getBody())
              node->getBody()->traverse(this);
          builder.createBranch(&blocks.continue_target);
          breakForLoop.pop();
  
          builder.setBuildPoint(&blocks.continue_target);
          if (node->getTerminal())
              node->getTerminal()->traverse(this);
          if (node->getTest()) {
              node->getTest()->traverse(this);
              spv::Id condition =
                  accessChainLoad(node->getTest()->getType());
              builder.createConditionalBranch(condition, &blocks.head, &blocks.merge);
          } else {
              // TODO: unless there was a break/return/discard instruction
              // somewhere in the body, this is an infinite loop, so we should
              // issue a warning.
              builder.createBranch(&blocks.head);
          }
      }
      builder.setBuildPoint(&blocks.merge);
      builder.closeLoop();
      return false;
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitBranch(glslang::TVisit /* visit */, glslang::TIntermBranch* node)
  {
      if (node->getExpression())
          node->getExpression()->traverse(this);
  
      builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
  
      switch (node->getFlowOp()) {
      case glslang::EOpKill:
          builder.makeDiscard();
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBreak:
          if (breakForLoop.top())
              builder.createLoopExit();
          else
              builder.addSwitchBreak();
          break;
      case glslang::EOpContinue:
          builder.createLoopContinue();
          break;
      case glslang::EOpReturn:
          if (node->getExpression()) {
              const glslang::TType& glslangReturnType = node->getExpression()->getType();
              spv::Id returnId = accessChainLoad(glslangReturnType);
              if (builder.getTypeId(returnId) != currentFunction->getReturnType()) {
                  builder.clearAccessChain();
                  spv::Id copyId = builder.createVariable(spv::StorageClassFunction, currentFunction->getReturnType());
                  builder.setAccessChainLValue(copyId);
                  multiTypeStore(glslangReturnType, returnId);
                  returnId = builder.createLoad(copyId);
              }
              builder.makeReturn(false, returnId);
          } else
              builder.makeReturn(false);
  
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          break;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpDemote:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpDemoteToHelperInvocationEXT);
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_demote_to_helper_invocation);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityDemoteToHelperInvocationEXT);
          break;
  #endif
  
      default:
          assert(0);
          break;
      }
  
      return false;
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createSpvVariable(const glslang::TIntermSymbol* node, spv::Id forcedType)
  {
      // First, steer off constants, which are not SPIR-V variables, but
      // can still have a mapping to a SPIR-V Id.
      // This includes specialization constants.
      if (node->getQualifier().isConstant()) {
          spv::Id result = createSpvConstant(*node);
          if (result != spv::NoResult)
              return result;
      }
  
      // Now, handle actual variables
      spv::StorageClass storageClass = TranslateStorageClass(node->getType());
      spv::Id spvType = forcedType == spv::NoType ? convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType())
                                                  : forcedType;
  
      const bool contains16BitType = node->getType().contains16BitFloat() ||
                                     node->getType().contains16BitInt();
      if (contains16BitType) {
          switch (storageClass) {
          case spv::StorageClassInput:
          case spv::StorageClassOutput:
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_16bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_3);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageInputOutput16);
              break;
          case spv::StorageClassUniform:
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_16bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_3);
              if (node->getType().getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqBuffer)
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageUniformBufferBlock16);
              else
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageUniform16);
              break;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          case spv::StorageClassPushConstant:
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_16bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_3);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStoragePushConstant16);
              break;
          case spv::StorageClassStorageBuffer:
          case spv::StorageClassPhysicalStorageBufferEXT:
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_16bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_3);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageUniformBufferBlock16);
              break;
  #endif
          default:
              if (node->getType().contains16BitFloat())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFloat16);
              if (node->getType().contains16BitInt())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInt16);
              break;
          }
      }
  
      if (node->getType().contains8BitInt()) {
          if (storageClass == spv::StorageClassPushConstant) {
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_8bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_5);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStoragePushConstant8);
          } else if (storageClass == spv::StorageClassUniform) {
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_8bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_5);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityUniformAndStorageBuffer8BitAccess);
          } else if (storageClass == spv::StorageClassStorageBuffer) {
              builder.addIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_8bit_storage, spv::Spv_1_5);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageBuffer8BitAccess);
          } else {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInt8);
          }
      }
  
      const char* name = node->getName().c_str();
      if (glslang::IsAnonymous(name))
          name = "";
  
      return builder.createVariable(storageClass, spvType, name);
  }
  
  // Return type Id of the sampled type.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getSampledType(const glslang::TSampler& sampler)
  {
      switch (sampler.type) {
          case glslang::EbtInt:      return builder.makeIntType(32);
          case glslang::EbtUint:     return builder.makeUintType(32);
          case glslang::EbtFloat:    return builder.makeFloatType(32);
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          case glslang::EbtFloat16:
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float_fetch);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFloat16ImageAMD);
              return builder.makeFloatType(16);
  #endif
          default:
              assert(0);
              return builder.makeFloatType(32);
      }
  }
  
  // If node is a swizzle operation, return the type that should be used if
  // the swizzle base is first consumed by another operation, before the swizzle
  // is applied.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getInvertedSwizzleType(const glslang::TIntermTyped& node)
  {
      if (node.getAsOperator() &&
          node.getAsOperator()->getOp() == glslang::EOpVectorSwizzle)
          return convertGlslangToSpvType(node.getAsBinaryNode()->getLeft()->getType());
      else
          return spv::NoType;
  }
  
  // When inverting a swizzle with a parent op, this function
  // will apply the swizzle operation to a completed parent operation.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createInvertedSwizzle(spv::Decoration precision, const glslang::TIntermTyped& node, spv::Id parentResult)
  {
      std::vector<unsigned> swizzle;
      convertSwizzle(*node.getAsBinaryNode()->getRight()->getAsAggregate(), swizzle);
      return builder.createRvalueSwizzle(precision, convertGlslangToSpvType(node.getType()), parentResult, swizzle);
  }
  
  // Convert a glslang AST swizzle node to a swizzle vector for building SPIR-V.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::convertSwizzle(const glslang::TIntermAggregate& node, std::vector<unsigned>& swizzle)
  {
      const glslang::TIntermSequence& swizzleSequence = node.getSequence();
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)swizzleSequence.size(); ++i)
          swizzle.push_back(swizzleSequence[i]->getAsConstantUnion()->getConstArray()[0].getIConst());
  }
  
  // Convert from a glslang type to an SPV type, by calling into a
  // recursive version of this function. This establishes the inherited
  // layout state rooted from the top-level type.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::convertGlslangToSpvType(const glslang::TType& type, bool forwardReferenceOnly)
  {
      return convertGlslangToSpvType(type, getExplicitLayout(type), type.getQualifier(), false, forwardReferenceOnly);
  }
  
  // Do full recursive conversion of an arbitrary glslang type to a SPIR-V Id.
  // explicitLayout can be kept the same throughout the hierarchical recursive walk.
  // Mutually recursive with convertGlslangStructToSpvType().
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::convertGlslangToSpvType(const glslang::TType& type,
      glslang::TLayoutPacking explicitLayout, const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier,
      bool lastBufferBlockMember, bool forwardReferenceOnly)
  {
      spv::Id spvType = spv::NoResult;
  
      switch (type.getBasicType()) {
      case glslang::EbtVoid:
          spvType = builder.makeVoidType();
          assert (! type.isArray());
          break;
      case glslang::EbtBool:
          // "transparent" bool doesn't exist in SPIR-V.  The GLSL convention is
          // a 32-bit int where non-0 means true.
          if (explicitLayout != glslang::ElpNone)
              spvType = builder.makeUintType(32);
          else
              spvType = builder.makeBoolType();
          break;
      case glslang::EbtInt:
          spvType = builder.makeIntType(32);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtUint:
          spvType = builder.makeUintType(32);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtFloat:
          spvType = builder.makeFloatType(32);
          break;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EbtDouble:
          spvType = builder.makeFloatType(64);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtFloat16:
          spvType = builder.makeFloatType(16);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtInt8:
          spvType = builder.makeIntType(8);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtUint8:
          spvType = builder.makeUintType(8);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtInt16:
          spvType = builder.makeIntType(16);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtUint16:
          spvType = builder.makeUintType(16);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtInt64:
          spvType = builder.makeIntType(64);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtUint64:
          spvType = builder.makeUintType(64);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtAtomicUint:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityAtomicStorage);
          spvType = builder.makeUintType(32);
          break;
      case glslang::EbtAccStructNV:
          spvType = builder.makeAccelerationStructureNVType();
          break;
      case glslang::EbtReference:
          {
              // Make the forward pointer, then recurse to convert the structure type, then
              // patch up the forward pointer with a real pointer type.
              if (forwardPointers.find(type.getReferentType()) == forwardPointers.end()) {
                  spv::Id forwardId = builder.makeForwardPointer(spv::StorageClassPhysicalStorageBufferEXT);
                  forwardPointers[type.getReferentType()] = forwardId;
              }
              spvType = forwardPointers[type.getReferentType()];
              if (!forwardReferenceOnly) {
                  spv::Id referentType = convertGlslangToSpvType(*type.getReferentType());
                  builder.makePointerFromForwardPointer(spv::StorageClassPhysicalStorageBufferEXT,
                                                        forwardPointers[type.getReferentType()],
                                                        referentType);
              }
          }
          break;
  #endif
      case glslang::EbtSampler:
          {
              const glslang::TSampler& sampler = type.getSampler();
              if (sampler.isPureSampler()) {
                  spvType = builder.makeSamplerType();
              } else {
                  // an image is present, make its type
                  spvType = builder.makeImageType(getSampledType(sampler), TranslateDimensionality(sampler),
                                                  sampler.isShadow(), sampler.isArrayed(), sampler.isMultiSample(),
                                                  sampler.isImageClass() ? 2 : 1, TranslateImageFormat(type));
                  if (sampler.isCombined()) {
                      // already has both image and sampler, make the combined type
                      spvType = builder.makeSampledImageType(spvType);
                  }
              }
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EbtStruct:
      case glslang::EbtBlock:
          {
              // If we've seen this struct type, return it
              const glslang::TTypeList* glslangMembers = type.getStruct();
  
              // Try to share structs for different layouts, but not yet for other
              // kinds of qualification (primarily not yet including interpolant qualification).
              if (! HasNonLayoutQualifiers(type, qualifier))
                  spvType = structMap[explicitLayout][qualifier.layoutMatrix][glslangMembers];
              if (spvType != spv::NoResult)
                  break;
  
              // else, we haven't seen it...
              if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock)
                  memberRemapper[glslangTypeToIdMap[glslangMembers]].resize(glslangMembers->size());
              spvType = convertGlslangStructToSpvType(type, glslangMembers, explicitLayout, qualifier);
          }
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          break;
      }
  
      if (type.isMatrix())
          spvType = builder.makeMatrixType(spvType, type.getMatrixCols(), type.getMatrixRows());
      else {
          // If this variable has a vector element count greater than 1, create a SPIR-V vector
          if (type.getVectorSize() > 1)
              spvType = builder.makeVectorType(spvType, type.getVectorSize());
      }
  
      if (type.isCoopMat()) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityCooperativeMatrixNV);
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_cooperative_matrix);
          if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtFloat16)
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFloat16);
          if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtUint8 ||
              type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtInt8) {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInt8);
          }
  
          spv::Id scope = makeArraySizeId(*type.getTypeParameters(), 1);
          spv::Id rows = makeArraySizeId(*type.getTypeParameters(), 2);
          spv::Id cols = makeArraySizeId(*type.getTypeParameters(), 3);
  
          spvType = builder.makeCooperativeMatrixType(spvType, scope, rows, cols);
      }
  
      if (type.isArray()) {
          int stride = 0;  // keep this 0 unless doing an explicit layout; 0 will mean no decoration, no stride
  
          // Do all but the outer dimension
          if (type.getArraySizes()->getNumDims() > 1) {
              // We need to decorate array strides for types needing explicit layout, except blocks.
              if (explicitLayout != glslang::ElpNone && type.getBasicType() != glslang::EbtBlock) {
                  // Use a dummy glslang type for querying internal strides of
                  // arrays of arrays, but using just a one-dimensional array.
                  glslang::TType simpleArrayType(type, 0); // deference type of the array
                  while (simpleArrayType.getArraySizes()->getNumDims() > 1)
                      simpleArrayType.getArraySizes()->dereference();
  
                  // Will compute the higher-order strides here, rather than making a whole
                  // pile of types and doing repetitive recursion on their contents.
                  stride = getArrayStride(simpleArrayType, explicitLayout, qualifier.layoutMatrix);
              }
  
              // make the arrays
              for (int dim = type.getArraySizes()->getNumDims() - 1; dim > 0; --dim) {
                  spvType = builder.makeArrayType(spvType, makeArraySizeId(*type.getArraySizes(), dim), stride);
                  if (stride > 0)
                      builder.addDecoration(spvType, spv::DecorationArrayStride, stride);
                  stride *= type.getArraySizes()->getDimSize(dim);
              }
          } else {
              // single-dimensional array, and don't yet have stride
  
              // We need to decorate array strides for types needing explicit layout, except blocks.
              if (explicitLayout != glslang::ElpNone && type.getBasicType() != glslang::EbtBlock)
                  stride = getArrayStride(type, explicitLayout, qualifier.layoutMatrix);
          }
  
          // Do the outer dimension, which might not be known for a runtime-sized array.
          // (Unsized arrays that survive through linking will be runtime-sized arrays)
          if (type.isSizedArray())
              spvType = builder.makeArrayType(spvType, makeArraySizeId(*type.getArraySizes(), 0), stride);
          else {
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
              if (!lastBufferBlockMember) {
                  builder.addIncorporatedExtension("SPV_EXT_descriptor_indexing", spv::Spv_1_5);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityRuntimeDescriptorArrayEXT);
              }
  #endif
              spvType = builder.makeRuntimeArray(spvType);
          }
          if (stride > 0)
              builder.addDecoration(spvType, spv::DecorationArrayStride, stride);
      }
  
      return spvType;
  }
  
  // TODO: this functionality should exist at a higher level, in creating the AST
  //
  // Identify interface members that don't have their required extension turned on.
  //
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::filterMember(const glslang::TType& member)
  {
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      auto& extensions = glslangIntermediate->getRequestedExtensions();
  
      if (member.getFieldName() == "gl_SecondaryViewportMaskNV" &&
          extensions.find("GL_NV_stereo_view_rendering") == extensions.end())
          return true;
      if (member.getFieldName() == "gl_SecondaryPositionNV" &&
          extensions.find("GL_NV_stereo_view_rendering") == extensions.end())
          return true;
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() != EShLangMeshNV) {
          if (member.getFieldName() == "gl_ViewportMask" &&
              extensions.find("GL_NV_viewport_array2") == extensions.end())
              return true;
          if (member.getFieldName() == "gl_PositionPerViewNV" &&
              extensions.find("GL_NVX_multiview_per_view_attributes") == extensions.end())
              return true;
          if (member.getFieldName() == "gl_ViewportMaskPerViewNV" &&
              extensions.find("GL_NVX_multiview_per_view_attributes") == extensions.end())
              return true;
      }
  #endif
  
      return false;
  };
  
  // Do full recursive conversion of a glslang structure (or block) type to a SPIR-V Id.
  // explicitLayout can be kept the same throughout the hierarchical recursive walk.
  // Mutually recursive with convertGlslangToSpvType().
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::convertGlslangStructToSpvType(const glslang::TType& type,
                                                                const glslang::TTypeList* glslangMembers,
                                                                glslang::TLayoutPacking explicitLayout,
                                                                const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
      // Create a vector of struct types for SPIR-V to consume
      std::vector<spv::Id> spvMembers;
      int memberDelta = 0;  // how much the member's index changes from glslang to SPIR-V, normally 0, except sometimes for blocks
      std::vector<std::pair<glslang::TType*, glslang::TQualifier> > deferredForwardPointers;
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)glslangMembers->size(); i++) {
          glslang::TType& glslangMember = *(*glslangMembers)[i].type;
          if (glslangMember.hiddenMember()) {
              ++memberDelta;
              if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock)
                  memberRemapper[glslangTypeToIdMap[glslangMembers]][i] = -1;
          } else {
              if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock) {
                  if (filterMember(glslangMember)) {
                      memberDelta++;
                      memberRemapper[glslangTypeToIdMap[glslangMembers]][i] = -1;
                      continue;
                  }
                  memberRemapper[glslangTypeToIdMap[glslangMembers]][i] = i - memberDelta;
              }
              // modify just this child's view of the qualifier
              glslang::TQualifier memberQualifier = glslangMember.getQualifier();
              InheritQualifiers(memberQualifier, qualifier);
  
              // manually inherit location
              if (! memberQualifier.hasLocation() && qualifier.hasLocation())
                  memberQualifier.layoutLocation = qualifier.layoutLocation;
  
              // recurse
              bool lastBufferBlockMember = qualifier.storage == glslang::EvqBuffer &&
                                           i == (int)glslangMembers->size() - 1;
  
              // Make forward pointers for any pointer members, and create a list of members to
              // convert to spirv types after creating the struct.
              if (glslangMember.isReference()) {
                  if (forwardPointers.find(glslangMember.getReferentType()) == forwardPointers.end()) {
                      deferredForwardPointers.push_back(std::make_pair(&glslangMember, memberQualifier));
                  }
                  spvMembers.push_back(
                      convertGlslangToSpvType(glslangMember, explicitLayout, memberQualifier, lastBufferBlockMember, true));
              } else {
                  spvMembers.push_back(
                      convertGlslangToSpvType(glslangMember, explicitLayout, memberQualifier, lastBufferBlockMember, false));
              }
          }
      }
  
      // Make the SPIR-V type
      spv::Id spvType = builder.makeStructType(spvMembers, type.getTypeName().c_str());
      if (! HasNonLayoutQualifiers(type, qualifier))
          structMap[explicitLayout][qualifier.layoutMatrix][glslangMembers] = spvType;
  
      // Decorate it
      decorateStructType(type, glslangMembers, explicitLayout, qualifier, spvType);
  
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)deferredForwardPointers.size(); ++i) {
          auto it = deferredForwardPointers[i];
          convertGlslangToSpvType(*it.first, explicitLayout, it.second, false);
      }
  
      return spvType;
  }
  
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::decorateStructType(const glslang::TType& type,
                                                  const glslang::TTypeList* glslangMembers,
                                                  glslang::TLayoutPacking explicitLayout,
                                                  const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier,
                                                  spv::Id spvType)
  {
      // Name and decorate the non-hidden members
      int offset = -1;
      int locationOffset = 0;  // for use within the members of this struct
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)glslangMembers->size(); i++) {
          glslang::TType& glslangMember = *(*glslangMembers)[i].type;
          int member = i;
          if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock) {
              member = memberRemapper[glslangTypeToIdMap[glslangMembers]][i];
              if (filterMember(glslangMember))
                  continue;
          }
  
          // modify just this child's view of the qualifier
          glslang::TQualifier memberQualifier = glslangMember.getQualifier();
          InheritQualifiers(memberQualifier, qualifier);
  
          // using -1 above to indicate a hidden member
          if (member < 0)
              continue;
  
          builder.addMemberName(spvType, member, glslangMember.getFieldName().c_str());
          builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member,
                                      TranslateLayoutDecoration(glslangMember, memberQualifier.layoutMatrix));
          builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, TranslatePrecisionDecoration(glslangMember));
          // Add interpolation and auxiliary storage decorations only to
          // top-level members of Input and Output storage classes
          if (type.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqVaryingIn ||
              type.getQualifier().storage == glslang::EvqVaryingOut) {
              if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock ||
                  glslangIntermediate->getSource() == glslang::EShSourceHlsl) {
                  builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, TranslateInterpolationDecoration(memberQualifier));
                  builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, TranslateAuxiliaryStorageDecoration(memberQualifier));
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
                  addMeshNVDecoration(spvType, member, memberQualifier);
  #endif
              }
          }
          builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, TranslateInvariantDecoration(memberQualifier));
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock &&
              qualifier.storage == glslang::EvqBuffer) {
              // Add memory decorations only to top-level members of shader storage block
              std::vector<spv::Decoration> memory;
              TranslateMemoryDecoration(memberQualifier, memory, glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel());
              for (unsigned int i = 0; i < memory.size(); ++i)
                  builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, memory[i]);
          }
  
  #endif
  
          // Location assignment was already completed correctly by the front end,
          // just track whether a member needs to be decorated.
          // Ignore member locations if the container is an array, as that's
          // ill-specified and decisions have been made to not allow this.
          if (! type.isArray() && memberQualifier.hasLocation())
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, spv::DecorationLocation, memberQualifier.layoutLocation);
  
          if (qualifier.hasLocation())      // track for upcoming inheritance
              locationOffset += glslangIntermediate->computeTypeLocationSize(
                                              glslangMember, glslangIntermediate->getStage());
  
          // component, XFB, others
          if (glslangMember.getQualifier().hasComponent())
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, spv::DecorationComponent,
                                          glslangMember.getQualifier().layoutComponent);
          if (glslangMember.getQualifier().hasXfbOffset())
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, spv::DecorationOffset,
                                          glslangMember.getQualifier().layoutXfbOffset);
          else if (explicitLayout != glslang::ElpNone) {
              // figure out what to do with offset, which is accumulating
              int nextOffset;
              updateMemberOffset(type, glslangMember, offset, nextOffset, explicitLayout, memberQualifier.layoutMatrix);
              if (offset >= 0)
                  builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, spv::DecorationOffset, offset);
              offset = nextOffset;
          }
  
          if (glslangMember.isMatrix() && explicitLayout != glslang::ElpNone)
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, spv::DecorationMatrixStride,
                                          getMatrixStride(glslangMember, explicitLayout, memberQualifier.layoutMatrix));
  
          // built-in variable decorations
          spv::BuiltIn builtIn = TranslateBuiltInDecoration(glslangMember.getQualifier().builtIn, true);
          if (builtIn != spv::BuiltInMax)
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, spv::DecorationBuiltIn, (int)builtIn);
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          // nonuniform
          builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, TranslateNonUniformDecoration(glslangMember.getQualifier()));
  
          if (glslangIntermediate->getHlslFunctionality1() && memberQualifier.semanticName != nullptr) {
              builder.addExtension("SPV_GOOGLE_hlsl_functionality1");
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationHlslSemanticGOOGLE,
                                          memberQualifier.semanticName);
          }
  
          if (builtIn == spv::BuiltInLayer) {
              // SPV_NV_viewport_array2 extension
              if (glslangMember.getQualifier().layoutViewportRelative){
                  builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationViewportRelativeNV);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderViewportMaskNV);
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_viewport_array2);
              }
              if (glslangMember.getQualifier().layoutSecondaryViewportRelativeOffset != -2048){
                  builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member,
                                              (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationSecondaryViewportRelativeNV,
                                              glslangMember.getQualifier().layoutSecondaryViewportRelativeOffset);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderStereoViewNV);
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_stereo_view_rendering);
              }
          }
          if (glslangMember.getQualifier().layoutPassthrough) {
              builder.addMemberDecoration(spvType, member, (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationPassthroughNV);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometryShaderPassthroughNV);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_geometry_shader_passthrough);
          }
  #endif
      }
  
      // Decorate the structure
      builder.addDecoration(spvType, TranslateLayoutDecoration(type, qualifier.layoutMatrix));
      builder.addDecoration(spvType, TranslateBlockDecoration(type, glslangIntermediate->usingStorageBuffer()));
  }
  
  // Turn the expression forming the array size into an id.
  // This is not quite trivial, because of specialization constants.
  // Sometimes, a raw constant is turned into an Id, and sometimes
  // a specialization constant expression is.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::makeArraySizeId(const glslang::TArraySizes& arraySizes, int dim)
  {
      // First, see if this is sized with a node, meaning a specialization constant:
      glslang::TIntermTyped* specNode = arraySizes.getDimNode(dim);
      if (specNode != nullptr) {
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          specNode->traverse(this);
          return accessChainLoad(specNode->getAsTyped()->getType());
      }
  
      // Otherwise, need a compile-time (front end) size, get it:
      int size = arraySizes.getDimSize(dim);
      assert(size > 0);
      return builder.makeUintConstant(size);
  }
  
  // Wrap the builder's accessChainLoad to:
  //  - localize handling of RelaxedPrecision
  //  - use the SPIR-V inferred type instead of another conversion of the glslang type
  //    (avoids unnecessary work and possible type punning for structures)
  //  - do conversion of concrete to abstract type
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::accessChainLoad(const glslang::TType& type)
  {
      spv::Id nominalTypeId = builder.accessChainGetInferredType();
  
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags coherentFlags = builder.getAccessChain().coherentFlags;
      coherentFlags |= TranslateCoherent(type);
  
      unsigned int alignment = builder.getAccessChain().alignment;
      alignment |= type.getBufferReferenceAlignment();
  
      spv::Id loadedId = builder.accessChainLoad(TranslatePrecisionDecoration(type),
                                                 TranslateNonUniformDecoration(type.getQualifier()),
                                                 nominalTypeId,
                                                 spv::MemoryAccessMask(TranslateMemoryAccess(coherentFlags) & ~spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerAvailableKHRMask),
                                                 TranslateMemoryScope(coherentFlags),
                                                 alignment);
  
      // Need to convert to abstract types when necessary
      if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBool) {
          if (builder.isScalarType(nominalTypeId)) {
              // Conversion for bool
              spv::Id boolType = builder.makeBoolType();
              if (nominalTypeId != boolType)
                  loadedId = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, boolType, loadedId, builder.makeUintConstant(0));
          } else if (builder.isVectorType(nominalTypeId)) {
              // Conversion for bvec
              int vecSize = builder.getNumTypeComponents(nominalTypeId);
              spv::Id bvecType = builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeBoolType(), vecSize);
              if (nominalTypeId != bvecType)
                  loadedId = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, bvecType, loadedId, makeSmearedConstant(builder.makeUintConstant(0), vecSize));
          }
      }
  
      return loadedId;
  }
  
  // Wrap the builder's accessChainStore to:
  //  - do conversion of concrete to abstract type
  //
  // Implicitly uses the existing builder.accessChain as the storage target.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::accessChainStore(const glslang::TType& type, spv::Id rvalue)
  {
      // Need to convert to abstract types when necessary
      if (type.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBool) {
          spv::Id nominalTypeId = builder.accessChainGetInferredType();
  
          if (builder.isScalarType(nominalTypeId)) {
              // Conversion for bool
              spv::Id boolType = builder.makeBoolType();
              if (nominalTypeId != boolType) {
                  // keep these outside arguments, for determinant order-of-evaluation
                  spv::Id one = builder.makeUintConstant(1);
                  spv::Id zero = builder.makeUintConstant(0);
                  rvalue = builder.createTriOp(spv::OpSelect, nominalTypeId, rvalue, one, zero);
              } else if (builder.getTypeId(rvalue) != boolType)
                  rvalue = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, boolType, rvalue, builder.makeUintConstant(0));
          } else if (builder.isVectorType(nominalTypeId)) {
              // Conversion for bvec
              int vecSize = builder.getNumTypeComponents(nominalTypeId);
              spv::Id bvecType = builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeBoolType(), vecSize);
              if (nominalTypeId != bvecType) {
                  // keep these outside arguments, for determinant order-of-evaluation
                  spv::Id one = makeSmearedConstant(builder.makeUintConstant(1), vecSize);
                  spv::Id zero = makeSmearedConstant(builder.makeUintConstant(0), vecSize);
                  rvalue = builder.createTriOp(spv::OpSelect, nominalTypeId, rvalue, one, zero);
              } else if (builder.getTypeId(rvalue) != bvecType)
                  rvalue = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, bvecType, rvalue,
                                               makeSmearedConstant(builder.makeUintConstant(0), vecSize));
          }
      }
  
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags coherentFlags = builder.getAccessChain().coherentFlags;
      coherentFlags |= TranslateCoherent(type);
  
      unsigned int alignment = builder.getAccessChain().alignment;
      alignment |= type.getBufferReferenceAlignment();
  
      builder.accessChainStore(rvalue,
                               spv::MemoryAccessMask(TranslateMemoryAccess(coherentFlags) & ~spv::MemoryAccessMakePointerVisibleKHRMask),
                               TranslateMemoryScope(coherentFlags), alignment);
  }
  
  // For storing when types match at the glslang level, but not might match at the
  // SPIR-V level.
  //
  // This especially happens when a single glslang type expands to multiple
  // SPIR-V types, like a struct that is used in a member-undecorated way as well
  // as in a member-decorated way.
  //
  // NOTE: This function can handle any store request; if it's not special it
  // simplifies to a simple OpStore.
  //
  // Implicitly uses the existing builder.accessChain as the storage target.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::multiTypeStore(const glslang::TType& type, spv::Id rValue)
  {
      // we only do the complex path here if it's an aggregate
      if (! type.isStruct() && ! type.isArray()) {
          accessChainStore(type, rValue);
          return;
      }
  
      // and, it has to be a case of type aliasing
      spv::Id rType = builder.getTypeId(rValue);
      spv::Id lValue = builder.accessChainGetLValue();
      spv::Id lType = builder.getContainedTypeId(builder.getTypeId(lValue));
      if (lType == rType) {
          accessChainStore(type, rValue);
          return;
      }
  
      // Recursively (as needed) copy an aggregate type to a different aggregate type,
      // where the two types were the same type in GLSL. This requires member
      // by member copy, recursively.
  
      // SPIR-V 1.4 added an instruction to do help do this.
      if (glslangIntermediate->getSpv().spv >= glslang::EShTargetSpv_1_4) {
          // However, bool in uniform space is changed to int, so
          // OpCopyLogical does not work for that.
          // TODO: It would be more robust to do a full recursive verification of the types satisfying SPIR-V rules.
          bool rBool = builder.containsType(builder.getTypeId(rValue), spv::OpTypeBool, 0);
          bool lBool = builder.containsType(lType, spv::OpTypeBool, 0);
          if (lBool == rBool) {
              spv::Id logicalCopy = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpCopyLogical, lType, rValue);
              accessChainStore(type, logicalCopy);
              return;
          }
      }
  
      // If an array, copy element by element.
      if (type.isArray()) {
          glslang::TType glslangElementType(type, 0);
          spv::Id elementRType = builder.getContainedTypeId(rType);
          for (int index = 0; index < type.getOuterArraySize(); ++index) {
              // get the source member
              spv::Id elementRValue = builder.createCompositeExtract(rValue, elementRType, index);
  
              // set up the target storage
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(lValue);
              builder.accessChainPush(builder.makeIntConstant(index), TranslateCoherent(type), type.getBufferReferenceAlignment());
  
              // store the member
              multiTypeStore(glslangElementType, elementRValue);
          }
      } else {
          assert(type.isStruct());
  
          // loop over structure members
          const glslang::TTypeList& members = *type.getStruct();
          for (int m = 0; m < (int)members.size(); ++m) {
              const glslang::TType& glslangMemberType = *members[m].type;
  
              // get the source member
              spv::Id memberRType = builder.getContainedTypeId(rType, m);
              spv::Id memberRValue = builder.createCompositeExtract(rValue, memberRType, m);
  
              // set up the target storage
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(lValue);
              builder.accessChainPush(builder.makeIntConstant(m), TranslateCoherent(type), type.getBufferReferenceAlignment());
  
              // store the member
              multiTypeStore(glslangMemberType, memberRValue);
          }
      }
  }
  
  // Decide whether or not this type should be
  // decorated with offsets and strides, and if so
  // whether std140 or std430 rules should be applied.
  glslang::TLayoutPacking TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getExplicitLayout(const glslang::TType& type) const
  {
      // has to be a block
      if (type.getBasicType() != glslang::EbtBlock)
          return glslang::ElpNone;
  
      // has to be a uniform or buffer block or task in/out blocks
      if (type.getQualifier().storage != glslang::EvqUniform &&
          type.getQualifier().storage != glslang::EvqBuffer &&
          !type.getQualifier().isTaskMemory())
          return glslang::ElpNone;
  
      // return the layout to use
      switch (type.getQualifier().layoutPacking) {
      case glslang::ElpStd140:
      case glslang::ElpStd430:
      case glslang::ElpScalar:
          return type.getQualifier().layoutPacking;
      default:
          return glslang::ElpNone;
      }
  }
  
  // Given an array type, returns the integer stride required for that array
  int TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getArrayStride(const glslang::TType& arrayType, glslang::TLayoutPacking explicitLayout, glslang::TLayoutMatrix matrixLayout)
  {
      int size;
      int stride;
      glslangIntermediate->getMemberAlignment(arrayType, size, stride, explicitLayout, matrixLayout == glslang::ElmRowMajor);
  
      return stride;
  }
  
  // Given a matrix type, or array (of array) of matrixes type, returns the integer stride required for that matrix
  // when used as a member of an interface block
  int TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getMatrixStride(const glslang::TType& matrixType, glslang::TLayoutPacking explicitLayout, glslang::TLayoutMatrix matrixLayout)
  {
      glslang::TType elementType;
      elementType.shallowCopy(matrixType);
      elementType.clearArraySizes();
  
      int size;
      int stride;
      glslangIntermediate->getMemberAlignment(elementType, size, stride, explicitLayout, matrixLayout == glslang::ElmRowMajor);
  
      return stride;
  }
  
  // Given a member type of a struct, realign the current offset for it, and compute
  // the next (not yet aligned) offset for the next member, which will get aligned
  // on the next call.
  // 'currentOffset' should be passed in already initialized, ready to modify, and reflecting
  // the migration of data from nextOffset -> currentOffset.  It should be -1 on the first call.
  // -1 means a non-forced member offset (no decoration needed).
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::updateMemberOffset(const glslang::TType& structType, const glslang::TType& memberType, int& currentOffset, int& nextOffset,
                                                  glslang::TLayoutPacking explicitLayout, glslang::TLayoutMatrix matrixLayout)
  {
      // this will get a positive value when deemed necessary
      nextOffset = -1;
  
      // override anything in currentOffset with user-set offset
      if (memberType.getQualifier().hasOffset())
          currentOffset = memberType.getQualifier().layoutOffset;
  
      // It could be that current linker usage in glslang updated all the layoutOffset,
      // in which case the following code does not matter.  But, that's not quite right
      // once cross-compilation unit GLSL validation is done, as the original user
      // settings are needed in layoutOffset, and then the following will come into play.
  
      if (explicitLayout == glslang::ElpNone) {
          if (! memberType.getQualifier().hasOffset())
              currentOffset = -1;
  
          return;
      }
  
      // Getting this far means we need explicit offsets
      if (currentOffset < 0)
          currentOffset = 0;
  
      // Now, currentOffset is valid (either 0, or from a previous nextOffset),
      // but possibly not yet correctly aligned.
  
      int memberSize;
      int dummyStride;
      int memberAlignment = glslangIntermediate->getMemberAlignment(memberType, memberSize, dummyStride, explicitLayout, matrixLayout == glslang::ElmRowMajor);
  
      // Adjust alignment for HLSL rules
      // TODO: make this consistent in early phases of code:
      //       adjusting this late means inconsistencies with earlier code, which for reflection is an issue
      // Until reflection is brought in sync with these adjustments, don't apply to $Global,
      // which is the most likely to rely on reflection, and least likely to rely implicit layouts
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingHlslOffsets() &&
          ! memberType.isArray() && memberType.isVector() && structType.getTypeName().compare("$Global") != 0) {
          int dummySize;
          int componentAlignment = glslangIntermediate->getBaseAlignmentScalar(memberType, dummySize);
          if (componentAlignment <= 4)
              memberAlignment = componentAlignment;
      }
  
      // Bump up to member alignment
      glslang::RoundToPow2(currentOffset, memberAlignment);
  
      // Bump up to vec4 if there is a bad straddle
      if (explicitLayout != glslang::ElpScalar && glslangIntermediate->improperStraddle(memberType, memberSize, currentOffset))
          glslang::RoundToPow2(currentOffset, 16);
  
      nextOffset = currentOffset + memberSize;
  }
  
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::declareUseOfStructMember(const glslang::TTypeList& members, int glslangMember)
  {
      const glslang::TBuiltInVariable glslangBuiltIn = members[glslangMember].type->getQualifier().builtIn;
      switch (glslangBuiltIn)
      {
      case glslang::EbvPointSize:
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EbvClipDistance:
      case glslang::EbvCullDistance:
      case glslang::EbvViewportMaskNV:
      case glslang::EbvSecondaryPositionNV:
      case glslang::EbvSecondaryViewportMaskNV:
      case glslang::EbvPositionPerViewNV:
      case glslang::EbvViewportMaskPerViewNV:
      case glslang::EbvTaskCountNV:
      case glslang::EbvPrimitiveCountNV:
      case glslang::EbvPrimitiveIndicesNV:
      case glslang::EbvClipDistancePerViewNV:
      case glslang::EbvCullDistancePerViewNV:
      case glslang::EbvLayerPerViewNV:
      case glslang::EbvMeshViewCountNV:
      case glslang::EbvMeshViewIndicesNV:
  #endif
          // Generate the associated capability.  Delegate to TranslateBuiltInDecoration.
          // Alternately, we could just call this for any glslang built-in, since the
          // capability already guards against duplicates.
          TranslateBuiltInDecoration(glslangBuiltIn, false);
          break;
      default:
          // Capabilities were already generated when the struct was declared.
          break;
      }
  }
  
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::isShaderEntryPoint(const glslang::TIntermAggregate* node)
  {
      return node->getName().compare(glslangIntermediate->getEntryPointMangledName().c_str()) == 0;
  }
  
  // Does parameter need a place to keep writes, separate from the original?
  // Assumes called after originalParam(), which filters out block/buffer/opaque-based
  // qualifiers such that we should have only in/out/inout/constreadonly here.
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::writableParam(glslang::TStorageQualifier qualifier) const
  {
      assert(qualifier == glslang::EvqIn ||
             qualifier == glslang::EvqOut ||
             qualifier == glslang::EvqInOut ||
             qualifier == glslang::EvqConstReadOnly);
      return qualifier != glslang::EvqConstReadOnly;
  }
  
  // Is parameter pass-by-original?
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::originalParam(glslang::TStorageQualifier qualifier, const glslang::TType& paramType,
                                             bool implicitThisParam)
  {
      if (implicitThisParam)                                                                     // implicit this
          return true;
      if (glslangIntermediate->getSource() == glslang::EShSourceHlsl)
          return paramType.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock;
      return paramType.containsOpaque() ||                                                       // sampler, etc.
             (paramType.getBasicType() == glslang::EbtBlock && qualifier == glslang::EvqBuffer); // SSBO
  }
  
  // Make all the functions, skeletally, without actually visiting their bodies.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::makeFunctions(const glslang::TIntermSequence& glslFunctions)
  {
      const auto getParamDecorations = [&](std::vector<spv::Decoration>& decorations, const glslang::TType& type, bool useVulkanMemoryModel) {
          spv::Decoration paramPrecision = TranslatePrecisionDecoration(type);
          if (paramPrecision != spv::NoPrecision)
              decorations.push_back(paramPrecision);
          TranslateMemoryDecoration(type.getQualifier(), decorations, useVulkanMemoryModel);
          if (type.isReference()) {
              // Original and non-writable params pass the pointer directly and
              // use restrict/aliased, others are stored to a pointer in Function
              // memory and use RestrictPointer/AliasedPointer.
              if (originalParam(type.getQualifier().storage, type, false) ||
                  !writableParam(type.getQualifier().storage)) {
                  decorations.push_back(type.getQualifier().isRestrict() ? spv::DecorationRestrict :
                                                                           spv::DecorationAliased);
              } else {
                  decorations.push_back(type.getQualifier().isRestrict() ? spv::DecorationRestrictPointerEXT :
                                                                           spv::DecorationAliasedPointerEXT);
              }
          }
      };
  
      for (int f = 0; f < (int)glslFunctions.size(); ++f) {
          glslang::TIntermAggregate* glslFunction = glslFunctions[f]->getAsAggregate();
          if (! glslFunction || glslFunction->getOp() != glslang::EOpFunction || isShaderEntryPoint(glslFunction))
              continue;
  
          // We're on a user function.  Set up the basic interface for the function now,
          // so that it's available to call.  Translating the body will happen later.
          //
          // Typically (except for a "const in" parameter), an address will be passed to the
          // function.  What it is an address of varies:
          //
          // - "in" parameters not marked as "const" can be written to without modifying the calling
          //   argument so that write needs to be to a copy, hence the address of a copy works.
          //
          // - "const in" parameters can just be the r-value, as no writes need occur.
          //
          // - "out" and "inout" arguments can't be done as pointers to the calling argument, because
          //   GLSL has copy-in/copy-out semantics.  They can be handled though with a pointer to a copy.
  
          std::vector<spv::Id> paramTypes;
          std::vector<std::vector<spv::Decoration>> paramDecorations; // list of decorations per parameter
          glslang::TIntermSequence& parameters = glslFunction->getSequence()[0]->getAsAggregate()->getSequence();
  
  #ifdef ENABLE_HLSL
          bool implicitThis = (int)parameters.size() > 0 && parameters[0]->getAsSymbolNode()->getName() ==
                                                            glslangIntermediate->implicitThisName;
  #else
          bool implicitThis = false;
  #endif
  
          paramDecorations.resize(parameters.size());
          for (int p = 0; p < (int)parameters.size(); ++p) {
              const glslang::TType& paramType = parameters[p]->getAsTyped()->getType();
              spv::Id typeId = convertGlslangToSpvType(paramType);
              if (originalParam(paramType.getQualifier().storage, paramType, implicitThis && p == 0))
                  typeId = builder.makePointer(TranslateStorageClass(paramType), typeId);
              else if (writableParam(paramType.getQualifier().storage))
                  typeId = builder.makePointer(spv::StorageClassFunction, typeId);
              else
                  rValueParameters.insert(parameters[p]->getAsSymbolNode()->getId());
              getParamDecorations(paramDecorations[p], paramType, glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel());
              paramTypes.push_back(typeId);
          }
  
          spv::Block* functionBlock;
          spv::Function *function = builder.makeFunctionEntry(TranslatePrecisionDecoration(glslFunction->getType()),
                                                              convertGlslangToSpvType(glslFunction->getType()),
                                                              glslFunction->getName().c_str(), paramTypes,
                                                              paramDecorations, &functionBlock);
          if (implicitThis)
              function->setImplicitThis();
  
          // Track function to emit/call later
          functionMap[glslFunction->getName().c_str()] = function;
  
          // Set the parameter id's
          for (int p = 0; p < (int)parameters.size(); ++p) {
              symbolValues[parameters[p]->getAsSymbolNode()->getId()] = function->getParamId(p);
              // give a name too
              builder.addName(function->getParamId(p), parameters[p]->getAsSymbolNode()->getName().c_str());
  
              const glslang::TType& paramType = parameters[p]->getAsTyped()->getType();
              if (paramType.contains8BitInt())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInt8);
              if (paramType.contains16BitInt())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInt16);
              if (paramType.contains16BitFloat())
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFloat16);
          }
      }
  }
  
  // Process all the initializers, while skipping the functions and link objects
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::makeGlobalInitializers(const glslang::TIntermSequence& initializers)
  {
      builder.setBuildPoint(shaderEntry->getLastBlock());
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)initializers.size(); ++i) {
          glslang::TIntermAggregate* initializer = initializers[i]->getAsAggregate();
          if (initializer && initializer->getOp() != glslang::EOpFunction && initializer->getOp() != glslang::EOpLinkerObjects) {
  
              // We're on a top-level node that's not a function.  Treat as an initializer, whose
              // code goes into the beginning of the entry point.
              initializer->traverse(this);
          }
      }
  }
  
  // Process all the functions, while skipping initializers.
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::visitFunctions(const glslang::TIntermSequence& glslFunctions)
  {
      for (int f = 0; f < (int)glslFunctions.size(); ++f) {
          glslang::TIntermAggregate* node = glslFunctions[f]->getAsAggregate();
          if (node && (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpFunction || node->getOp() == glslang::EOpLinkerObjects))
              node->traverse(this);
      }
  }
  
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::handleFunctionEntry(const glslang::TIntermAggregate* node)
  {
      // SPIR-V functions should already be in the functionMap from the prepass
      // that called makeFunctions().
      currentFunction = functionMap[node->getName().c_str()];
      spv::Block* functionBlock = currentFunction->getEntryBlock();
      builder.setBuildPoint(functionBlock);
  }
  
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::translateArguments(const glslang::TIntermAggregate& node, std::vector<spv::Id>& arguments, spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &lvalueCoherentFlags)
  {
      const glslang::TIntermSequence& glslangArguments = node.getSequence();
  
      glslang::TSampler sampler = {};
      bool cubeCompare = false;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      bool f16ShadowCompare = false;
  #endif
      if (node.isTexture() || node.isImage()) {
          sampler = glslangArguments[0]->getAsTyped()->getType().getSampler();
          cubeCompare = sampler.dim == glslang::EsdCube && sampler.arrayed && sampler.shadow;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          f16ShadowCompare = sampler.shadow && glslangArguments[1]->getAsTyped()->getType().getBasicType() == glslang::EbtFloat16;
  #endif
      }
  
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)glslangArguments.size(); ++i) {
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          glslangArguments[i]->traverse(this);
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          // Special case l-value operands
          bool lvalue = false;
          switch (node.getOp()) {
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicAdd:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicMin:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicMax:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicAnd:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicOr:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicXor:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicExchange:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicCompSwap:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicLoad:
          case glslang::EOpImageAtomicStore:
              if (i == 0)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseImageLoad:
              if ((sampler.ms && i == 3) || (! sampler.ms && i == 2))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTexture:
              if (((cubeCompare || f16ShadowCompare) && i == 3) || (! (cubeCompare || f16ShadowCompare) && i == 2))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureClamp:
              if (((cubeCompare || f16ShadowCompare) && i == 4) || (! (cubeCompare || f16ShadowCompare) && i == 3))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureLod:
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureOffset:
              if  ((f16ShadowCompare && i == 4) || (! f16ShadowCompare && i == 3))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureFetch:
              if ((sampler.dim != glslang::EsdRect && i == 3) || (sampler.dim == glslang::EsdRect && i == 2))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureFetchOffset:
              if ((sampler.dim != glslang::EsdRect && i == 4) || (sampler.dim == glslang::EsdRect && i == 3))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureLodOffset:
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGrad:
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureOffsetClamp:
              if ((f16ShadowCompare && i == 5) || (! f16ShadowCompare && i == 4))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGradOffset:
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGradClamp:
              if ((f16ShadowCompare && i == 6) || (! f16ShadowCompare && i == 5))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGradOffsetClamp:
              if ((f16ShadowCompare && i == 7) || (! f16ShadowCompare && i == 6))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGather:
              if ((sampler.shadow && i == 3) || (! sampler.shadow && i == 2))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGatherOffset:
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGatherOffsets:
              if ((sampler.shadow && i == 4) || (! sampler.shadow && i == 3))
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGatherLod:
              if (i == 3)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGatherLodOffset:
          case glslang::EOpSparseTextureGatherLodOffsets:
              if (i == 4)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpSparseImageLoadLod:
              if (i == 3)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpImageSampleFootprintNV:
              if (i == 4)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpImageSampleFootprintClampNV:
          case glslang::EOpImageSampleFootprintLodNV:
              if (i == 5)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpImageSampleFootprintGradNV:
              if (i == 6)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpImageSampleFootprintGradClampNV:
              if (i == 7)
                  lvalue = true;
              break;
          default:
              break;
          }
  
          if (lvalue) {
              arguments.push_back(builder.accessChainGetLValue());
              lvalueCoherentFlags = builder.getAccessChain().coherentFlags;
              lvalueCoherentFlags |= TranslateCoherent(glslangArguments[i]->getAsTyped()->getType());
          } else
  #endif
              arguments.push_back(accessChainLoad(glslangArguments[i]->getAsTyped()->getType()));
      }
  }
  
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::translateArguments(glslang::TIntermUnary& node, std::vector<spv::Id>& arguments)
  {
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      node.getOperand()->traverse(this);
      arguments.push_back(accessChainLoad(node.getOperand()->getType()));
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createImageTextureFunctionCall(glslang::TIntermOperator* node)
  {
      if (! node->isImage() && ! node->isTexture())
          return spv::NoResult;
  
      builder.setLine(node->getLoc().line, node->getLoc().getFilename());
  
      // Process a GLSL texturing op (will be SPV image)
  
      const glslang::TType &imageType = node->getAsAggregate()
                                          ? node->getAsAggregate()->getSequence()[0]->getAsTyped()->getType()
                                          : node->getAsUnaryNode()->getOperand()->getAsTyped()->getType();
      const glslang::TSampler sampler = imageType.getSampler();
  #ifdef GLSLANG_WEB
      const bool f16ShadowCompare = false;
  #else
      bool f16ShadowCompare = (sampler.shadow && node->getAsAggregate())
              ? node->getAsAggregate()->getSequence()[1]->getAsTyped()->getType().getBasicType() == glslang::EbtFloat16
              : false;
  #endif
  
      const auto signExtensionMask = [&]() {
          if (builder.getSpvVersion() >= spv::Spv_1_4) {
              if (sampler.type == glslang::EbtUint)
                  return spv::ImageOperandsZeroExtendMask;
              else if (sampler.type == glslang::EbtInt)
                  return spv::ImageOperandsSignExtendMask;
          }
          return spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone;
      };
  
      spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags lvalueCoherentFlags;
  
      std::vector<spv::Id> arguments;
      if (node->getAsAggregate())
          translateArguments(*node->getAsAggregate(), arguments, lvalueCoherentFlags);
      else
          translateArguments(*node->getAsUnaryNode(), arguments);
      spv::Decoration precision = TranslatePrecisionDecoration(node->getOperationPrecision());
  
      spv::Builder::TextureParameters params = { };
      params.sampler = arguments[0];
  
      glslang::TCrackedTextureOp cracked;
      node->crackTexture(sampler, cracked);
  
      const bool isUnsignedResult = node->getType().getBasicType() == glslang::EbtUint;
  
      // Check for queries
      if (cracked.query) {
          // OpImageQueryLod works on a sampled image, for other queries the image has to be extracted first
          if (node->getOp() != glslang::EOpTextureQueryLod && builder.isSampledImage(params.sampler))
              params.sampler = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpImage, builder.getImageType(params.sampler), params.sampler);
  
          switch (node->getOp()) {
          case glslang::EOpImageQuerySize:
          case glslang::EOpTextureQuerySize:
              if (arguments.size() > 1) {
                  params.lod = arguments[1];
                  return builder.createTextureQueryCall(spv::OpImageQuerySizeLod, params, isUnsignedResult);
              } else
                  return builder.createTextureQueryCall(spv::OpImageQuerySize, params, isUnsignedResult);
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          case glslang::EOpImageQuerySamples:
          case glslang::EOpTextureQuerySamples:
              return builder.createTextureQueryCall(spv::OpImageQuerySamples, params, isUnsignedResult);
          case glslang::EOpTextureQueryLod:
              params.coords = arguments[1];
              return builder.createTextureQueryCall(spv::OpImageQueryLod, params, isUnsignedResult);
          case glslang::EOpTextureQueryLevels:
              return builder.createTextureQueryCall(spv::OpImageQueryLevels, params, isUnsignedResult);
          case glslang::EOpSparseTexelsResident:
              return builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpImageSparseTexelsResident, builder.makeBoolType(), arguments[0]);
  #endif
          default:
              assert(0);
              break;
          }
      }
  
      int components = node->getType().getVectorSize();
  
      if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpTextureFetch) {
          // These must produce 4 components, per SPIR-V spec.  We'll add a conversion constructor if needed.
          // This will only happen through the HLSL path for operator[], so we do not have to handle e.g.
          // the EOpTexture/Proj/Lod/etc family.  It would be harmless to do so, but would need more logic
          // here around e.g. which ones return scalars or other types.
          components = 4;
      }
  
      glslang::TType returnType(node->getType().getBasicType(), glslang::EvqTemporary, components);
  
      auto resultType = [&returnType,this]{ return convertGlslangToSpvType(returnType); };
  
      // Check for image functions other than queries
      if (node->isImage()) {
          std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> operands;
          auto opIt = arguments.begin();
          spv::IdImmediate image = { true, *(opIt++) };
          operands.push_back(image);
  
          // Handle subpass operations
          // TODO: GLSL should change to have the "MS" only on the type rather than the
          // built-in function.
          if (cracked.subpass) {
              // add on the (0,0) coordinate
              spv::Id zero = builder.makeIntConstant(0);
              std::vector<spv::Id> comps;
              comps.push_back(zero);
              comps.push_back(zero);
              spv::IdImmediate coord = { true,
                  builder.makeCompositeConstant(builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeIntType(32), 2), comps) };
              operands.push_back(coord);
              spv::IdImmediate imageOperands = { false, spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone };
              imageOperands.word = imageOperands.word | signExtensionMask();
              if (sampler.isMultiSample()) {
                  imageOperands.word = imageOperands.word | spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask;
              }
              if (imageOperands.word != spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone) {
                  operands.push_back(imageOperands);
                  if (sampler.isMultiSample()) {
                      spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *(opIt++) };
                      operands.push_back(imageOperand);
                  }
              }
              spv::Id result = builder.createOp(spv::OpImageRead, resultType(), operands);
              builder.setPrecision(result, precision);
              return result;
          }
  
          spv::IdImmediate coord = { true, *(opIt++) };
          operands.push_back(coord);
          if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageLoad || node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageLoadLod) {
              spv::ImageOperandsMask mask = spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone;
              if (sampler.isMultiSample()) {
                  mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask;
              }
              if (cracked.lod) {
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_image_load_store_lod);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityImageReadWriteLodAMD);
                  mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsLodMask;
              }
              mask = mask | TranslateImageOperands(TranslateCoherent(imageType));
              mask = (spv::ImageOperandsMask)(mask & ~spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelAvailableKHRMask);
              mask = mask | signExtensionMask();
              if (mask != spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperands = { false, (unsigned int)mask };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperands);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *opIt++ };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsLodMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *opIt++ };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelVisibleKHRMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true,
                                      builder.makeUintConstant(TranslateMemoryScope(TranslateCoherent(imageType))) };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
  
              if (builder.getImageTypeFormat(builder.getImageType(operands.front().word)) == spv::ImageFormatUnknown)
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageImageReadWithoutFormat);
  
              std::vector<spv::Id> result(1, builder.createOp(spv::OpImageRead, resultType(), operands));
              builder.setPrecision(result[0], precision);
  
              // If needed, add a conversion constructor to the proper size.
              if (components != node->getType().getVectorSize())
                  result[0] = builder.createConstructor(precision, result, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()));
  
              return result[0];
          } else if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageStore || node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageStoreLod) {
  
              // Push the texel value before the operands
              if (sampler.isMultiSample() || cracked.lod) {
                  spv::IdImmediate texel = { true, *(opIt + 1) };
                  operands.push_back(texel);
              } else {
                  spv::IdImmediate texel = { true, *opIt };
                  operands.push_back(texel);
              }
  
              spv::ImageOperandsMask mask = spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone;
              if (sampler.isMultiSample()) {
                  mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask;
              }
              if (cracked.lod) {
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_image_load_store_lod);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityImageReadWriteLodAMD);
                  mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsLodMask;
              }
              mask = mask | TranslateImageOperands(TranslateCoherent(imageType));
              mask = (spv::ImageOperandsMask)(mask & ~spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelVisibleKHRMask);
              mask = mask | signExtensionMask();
              if (mask != spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperands = { false, (unsigned int)mask };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperands);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *opIt++ };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsLodMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *opIt++ };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelAvailableKHRMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true,
                      builder.makeUintConstant(TranslateMemoryScope(TranslateCoherent(imageType))) };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
  
              builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpImageWrite, operands);
              if (builder.getImageTypeFormat(builder.getImageType(operands.front().word)) == spv::ImageFormatUnknown)
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageImageWriteWithoutFormat);
              return spv::NoResult;
          } else if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpSparseImageLoad ||
                     node->getOp() == glslang::EOpSparseImageLoadLod) {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySparseResidency);
              if (builder.getImageTypeFormat(builder.getImageType(operands.front().word)) == spv::ImageFormatUnknown)
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityStorageImageReadWithoutFormat);
  
              spv::ImageOperandsMask mask = spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone;
              if (sampler.isMultiSample()) {
                  mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask;
              }
              if (cracked.lod) {
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_image_load_store_lod);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityImageReadWriteLodAMD);
  
                  mask = mask | spv::ImageOperandsLodMask;
              }
              mask = mask | TranslateImageOperands(TranslateCoherent(imageType));
              mask = (spv::ImageOperandsMask)(mask & ~spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelAvailableKHRMask);
              mask = mask | signExtensionMask();
              if (mask != spv::ImageOperandsMaskNone) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperands = { false, (unsigned int)mask };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperands);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsSampleMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *opIt++ };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsLodMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, *opIt++ };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
              if (mask & spv::ImageOperandsMakeTexelVisibleKHRMask) {
                  spv::IdImmediate imageOperand = { true, builder.makeUintConstant(TranslateMemoryScope(TranslateCoherent(imageType))) };
                  operands.push_back(imageOperand);
              }
  
              // Create the return type that was a special structure
              spv::Id texelOut = *opIt;
              spv::Id typeId0 = resultType();
              spv::Id typeId1 = builder.getDerefTypeId(texelOut);
              spv::Id resultTypeId = builder.makeStructResultType(typeId0, typeId1);
  
              spv::Id resultId = builder.createOp(spv::OpImageSparseRead, resultTypeId, operands);
  
              // Decode the return type
              builder.createStore(builder.createCompositeExtract(resultId, typeId1, 1), texelOut);
              return builder.createCompositeExtract(resultId, typeId0, 0);
          } else {
              // Process image atomic operations
  
              // GLSL "IMAGE_PARAMS" will involve in constructing an image texel pointer and this pointer,
              // as the first source operand, is required by SPIR-V atomic operations.
              // For non-MS, the sample value should be 0
              spv::IdImmediate sample = { true, sampler.isMultiSample() ? *(opIt++) : builder.makeUintConstant(0) };
              operands.push_back(sample);
  
              spv::Id resultTypeId;
              // imageAtomicStore has a void return type so base the pointer type on
              // the type of the value operand.
              if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpImageAtomicStore) {
                  resultTypeId = builder.makePointer(spv::StorageClassImage, builder.getTypeId(operands[2].word));                
              } else {
                  resultTypeId = builder.makePointer(spv::StorageClassImage, resultType());
              }
              spv::Id pointer = builder.createOp(spv::OpImageTexelPointer, resultTypeId, operands);
  
              std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
              operands.push_back(pointer);
              for (; opIt != arguments.end(); ++opIt)
                  operands.push_back(*opIt);
  
              return createAtomicOperation(node->getOp(), precision, resultType(), operands, node->getBasicType(), lvalueCoherentFlags);
          }
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      // Check for fragment mask functions other than queries
      if (cracked.fragMask) {
          assert(sampler.ms);
  
          auto opIt = arguments.begin();
          std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
  
          // Extract the image if necessary
          if (builder.isSampledImage(params.sampler))
              params.sampler = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpImage, builder.getImageType(params.sampler), params.sampler);
  
          operands.push_back(params.sampler);
          ++opIt;
  
          if (sampler.isSubpass()) {
              // add on the (0,0) coordinate
              spv::Id zero = builder.makeIntConstant(0);
              std::vector<spv::Id> comps;
              comps.push_back(zero);
              comps.push_back(zero);
              operands.push_back(builder.makeCompositeConstant(builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeIntType(32), 2), comps));
          }
  
          for (; opIt != arguments.end(); ++opIt)
              operands.push_back(*opIt);
  
          spv::Op fragMaskOp = spv::OpNop;
          if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpFragmentMaskFetch)
              fragMaskOp = spv::OpFragmentMaskFetchAMD;
          else if (node->getOp() == glslang::EOpFragmentFetch)
              fragMaskOp = spv::OpFragmentFetchAMD;
  
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_fragment_mask);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentMaskAMD);
          return builder.createOp(fragMaskOp, resultType(), operands);
      }
  #endif
  
      // Check for texture functions other than queries
      bool sparse = node->isSparseTexture();
      bool imageFootprint = node->isImageFootprint();
      bool cubeCompare = sampler.dim == glslang::EsdCube && sampler.isArrayed() && sampler.isShadow();
  
      // check for bias argument
      bool bias = false;
      if (! cracked.lod && ! cracked.grad && ! cracked.fetch && ! cubeCompare) {
          int nonBiasArgCount = 2;
          if (cracked.gather)
              ++nonBiasArgCount; // comp argument should be present when bias argument is present
  
          if (f16ShadowCompare)
              ++nonBiasArgCount;
          if (cracked.offset)
              ++nonBiasArgCount;
          else if (cracked.offsets)
              ++nonBiasArgCount;
          if (cracked.grad)
              nonBiasArgCount += 2;
          if (cracked.lodClamp)
              ++nonBiasArgCount;
          if (sparse)
              ++nonBiasArgCount;
          if (imageFootprint)
              //Following three extra arguments
              // int granularity, bool coarse, out gl_TextureFootprint2DNV footprint
              nonBiasArgCount += 3;
          if ((int)arguments.size() > nonBiasArgCount)
              bias = true;
      }
  
      // See if the sampler param should really be just the SPV image part
      if (cracked.fetch) {
          // a fetch needs to have the image extracted first
          if (builder.isSampledImage(params.sampler))
              params.sampler = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpImage, builder.getImageType(params.sampler), params.sampler);
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (cracked.gather) {
          const auto& sourceExtensions = glslangIntermediate->getRequestedExtensions();
          if (bias || cracked.lod ||
              sourceExtensions.find(glslang::E_GL_AMD_texture_gather_bias_lod) != sourceExtensions.end()) {
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_texture_gather_bias_lod);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityImageGatherBiasLodAMD);
          }
      }
  #endif
  
      // set the rest of the arguments
  
      params.coords = arguments[1];
      int extraArgs = 0;
      bool noImplicitLod = false;
  
      // sort out where Dref is coming from
      if (cubeCompare || f16ShadowCompare) {
          params.Dref = arguments[2];
          ++extraArgs;
      } else if (sampler.shadow && cracked.gather) {
          params.Dref = arguments[2];
          ++extraArgs;
      } else if (sampler.shadow) {
          std::vector<spv::Id> indexes;
          int dRefComp;
          if (cracked.proj)
              dRefComp = 2;  // "The resulting 3rd component of P in the shadow forms is used as Dref"
          else
              dRefComp = builder.getNumComponents(params.coords) - 1;
          indexes.push_back(dRefComp);
          params.Dref = builder.createCompositeExtract(params.coords, builder.getScalarTypeId(builder.getTypeId(params.coords)), indexes);
      }
  
      // lod
      if (cracked.lod) {
          params.lod = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          ++extraArgs;
      } else if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() != EShLangFragment &&
                 !(glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangCompute &&
                   glslangIntermediate->hasLayoutDerivativeModeNone())) {
          // we need to invent the default lod for an explicit lod instruction for a non-fragment stage
          noImplicitLod = true;
      }
  
      // multisample
      if (sampler.isMultiSample()) {
          params.sample = arguments[2 + extraArgs]; // For MS, "sample" should be specified
          ++extraArgs;
      }
  
      // gradient
      if (cracked.grad) {
          params.gradX = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          params.gradY = arguments[3 + extraArgs];
          extraArgs += 2;
      }
  
      // offset and offsets
      if (cracked.offset) {
          params.offset = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          ++extraArgs;
      } else if (cracked.offsets) {
          params.offsets = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          ++extraArgs;
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      // lod clamp
      if (cracked.lodClamp) {
          params.lodClamp = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          ++extraArgs;
      }
      // sparse
      if (sparse) {
          params.texelOut = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          ++extraArgs;
      }
      // gather component
      if (cracked.gather && ! sampler.shadow) {
          // default component is 0, if missing, otherwise an argument
          if (2 + extraArgs < (int)arguments.size()) {
              params.component = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
              ++extraArgs;
          } else
              params.component = builder.makeIntConstant(0);
      }
      spv::Id  resultStruct = spv::NoResult;
      if (imageFootprint) {
          //Following three extra arguments
          // int granularity, bool coarse, out gl_TextureFootprint2DNV footprint
          params.granularity = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          params.coarse = arguments[3 + extraArgs];
          resultStruct = arguments[4 + extraArgs];
          extraArgs += 3;
      }
  #endif
      // bias
      if (bias) {
          params.bias = arguments[2 + extraArgs];
          ++extraArgs;
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (imageFootprint) {
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shader_image_footprint);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityImageFootprintNV);
  
  
          //resultStructType(OpenGL type) contains 5 elements:
          //struct gl_TextureFootprint2DNV {
          //    uvec2 anchor;
          //    uvec2 offset;
          //    uvec2 mask;
          //    uint  lod;
          //    uint  granularity;
          //};
          //or
          //struct gl_TextureFootprint3DNV {
          //    uvec3 anchor;
          //    uvec3 offset;
          //    uvec2 mask;
          //    uint  lod;
          //    uint  granularity;
          //};
          spv::Id resultStructType = builder.getContainedTypeId(builder.getTypeId(resultStruct));
          assert(builder.isStructType(resultStructType));
  
          //resType (SPIR-V type) contains 6 elements:
          //Member 0 must be a Boolean type scalar(LOD), 
          //Member 1 must be a vector of integer type, whose Signedness operand is 0(anchor),  
          //Member 2 must be a vector of integer type, whose Signedness operand is 0(offset), 
          //Member 3 must be a vector of integer type, whose Signedness operand is 0(mask), 
          //Member 4 must be a scalar of integer type, whose Signedness operand is 0(lod),
          //Member 5 must be a scalar of integer type, whose Signedness operand is 0(granularity).
          std::vector<spv::Id> members;
          members.push_back(resultType());
          for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              members.push_back(builder.getContainedTypeId(resultStructType, i));
          }
          spv::Id resType = builder.makeStructType(members, "ResType");
  
          //call ImageFootprintNV
          spv::Id res = builder.createTextureCall(precision, resType, sparse, cracked.fetch, cracked.proj,
                                                  cracked.gather, noImplicitLod, params, signExtensionMask());
          
          //copy resType (SPIR-V type) to resultStructType(OpenGL type)
          for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
              builder.clearAccessChain();
              builder.setAccessChainLValue(resultStruct);
  
              //Accessing to a struct we created, no coherent flag is set
              spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags flags;
              flags.clear();
  
              builder.accessChainPush(builder.makeIntConstant(i), flags, 0);
              builder.accessChainStore(builder.createCompositeExtract(res, builder.getContainedTypeId(resType, i+1), i+1));
          }
          return builder.createCompositeExtract(res, resultType(), 0);
      }
  #endif
  
      // projective component (might not to move)
      // GLSL: "The texture coordinates consumed from P, not including the last component of P,
      //       are divided by the last component of P."
      // SPIR-V:  "... (u [, v] [, w], q)... It may be a vector larger than needed, but all
      //          unused components will appear after all used components."
      if (cracked.proj) {
          int projSourceComp = builder.getNumComponents(params.coords) - 1;
          int projTargetComp;
          switch (sampler.dim) {
          case glslang::Esd1D:   projTargetComp = 1;              break;
          case glslang::Esd2D:   projTargetComp = 2;              break;
          case glslang::EsdRect: projTargetComp = 2;              break;
          default:               projTargetComp = projSourceComp; break;
          }
          // copy the projective coordinate if we have to
          if (projTargetComp != projSourceComp) {
              spv::Id projComp = builder.createCompositeExtract(params.coords,
                                                                builder.getScalarTypeId(builder.getTypeId(params.coords)),
                                                                projSourceComp);
              params.coords = builder.createCompositeInsert(projComp, params.coords,
                                                            builder.getTypeId(params.coords), projTargetComp);
          }
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      // nonprivate
      if (imageType.getQualifier().nonprivate) {
          params.nonprivate = true;
      }
  
      // volatile
      if (imageType.getQualifier().volatil) {
          params.volatil = true;
      }
  #endif
  
      std::vector<spv::Id> result( 1, 
          builder.createTextureCall(precision, resultType(), sparse, cracked.fetch, cracked.proj, cracked.gather,
                                    noImplicitLod, params, signExtensionMask())
      );
  
      if (components != node->getType().getVectorSize())
          result[0] = builder.createConstructor(precision, result, convertGlslangToSpvType(node->getType()));
  
      return result[0];
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::handleUserFunctionCall(const glslang::TIntermAggregate* node)
  {
      // Grab the function's pointer from the previously created function
      spv::Function* function = functionMap[node->getName().c_str()];
      if (! function)
          return 0;
  
      const glslang::TIntermSequence& glslangArgs = node->getSequence();
      const glslang::TQualifierList& qualifiers = node->getQualifierList();
  
      //  See comments in makeFunctions() for details about the semantics for parameter passing.
      //
      // These imply we need a four step process:
      // 1. Evaluate the arguments
      // 2. Allocate and make copies of in, out, and inout arguments
      // 3. Make the call
      // 4. Copy back the results
  
      // 1. Evaluate the arguments and their types
      std::vector<spv::Builder::AccessChain> lValues;
      std::vector<spv::Id> rValues;
      std::vector<const glslang::TType*> argTypes;
      for (int a = 0; a < (int)glslangArgs.size(); ++a) {
          argTypes.push_back(&glslangArgs[a]->getAsTyped()->getType());
          // build l-value
          builder.clearAccessChain();
          glslangArgs[a]->traverse(this);
          // keep outputs and pass-by-originals as l-values, evaluate others as r-values
          if (originalParam(qualifiers[a], *argTypes[a], function->hasImplicitThis() && a == 0) ||
              writableParam(qualifiers[a])) {
              // save l-value
              lValues.push_back(builder.getAccessChain());
          } else {
              // process r-value
              rValues.push_back(accessChainLoad(*argTypes.back()));
          }
      }
  
      // 2. Allocate space for anything needing a copy, and if it's "in" or "inout"
      // copy the original into that space.
      //
      // Also, build up the list of actual arguments to pass in for the call
      int lValueCount = 0;
      int rValueCount = 0;
      std::vector<spv::Id> spvArgs;
      for (int a = 0; a < (int)glslangArgs.size(); ++a) {
          spv::Id arg;
          if (originalParam(qualifiers[a], *argTypes[a], function->hasImplicitThis() && a == 0)) {
              builder.setAccessChain(lValues[lValueCount]);
              arg = builder.accessChainGetLValue();
              ++lValueCount;
          } else if (writableParam(qualifiers[a])) {
              // need space to hold the copy
              arg = builder.createVariable(spv::StorageClassFunction, builder.getContainedTypeId(function->getParamType(a)), "param");
              if (qualifiers[a] == glslang::EvqIn || qualifiers[a] == glslang::EvqInOut) {
                  // need to copy the input into output space
                  builder.setAccessChain(lValues[lValueCount]);
                  spv::Id copy = accessChainLoad(*argTypes[a]);
                  builder.clearAccessChain();
                  builder.setAccessChainLValue(arg);
                  multiTypeStore(*argTypes[a], copy);
              }
              ++lValueCount;
          } else {
              // process r-value, which involves a copy for a type mismatch
              if (function->getParamType(a) != convertGlslangToSpvType(*argTypes[a])) {
                  spv::Id argCopy = builder.createVariable(spv::StorageClassFunction, function->getParamType(a), "arg");
                  builder.clearAccessChain();
                  builder.setAccessChainLValue(argCopy);
                  multiTypeStore(*argTypes[a], rValues[rValueCount]);
                  arg = builder.createLoad(argCopy);
              } else
                  arg = rValues[rValueCount];
              ++rValueCount;
          }
          spvArgs.push_back(arg);
      }
  
      // 3. Make the call.
      spv::Id result = builder.createFunctionCall(function, spvArgs);
      builder.setPrecision(result, TranslatePrecisionDecoration(node->getType()));
  
      // 4. Copy back out an "out" arguments.
      lValueCount = 0;
      for (int a = 0; a < (int)glslangArgs.size(); ++a) {
          if (originalParam(qualifiers[a], *argTypes[a], function->hasImplicitThis() && a == 0))
              ++lValueCount;
          else if (writableParam(qualifiers[a])) {
              if (qualifiers[a] == glslang::EvqOut || qualifiers[a] == glslang::EvqInOut) {
                  spv::Id copy = builder.createLoad(spvArgs[a]);
                  builder.setAccessChain(lValues[lValueCount]);
                  multiTypeStore(*argTypes[a], copy);
              }
              ++lValueCount;
          }
      }
  
      return result;
  }
  
  // Translate AST operation to SPV operation, already having SPV-based operands/types.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createBinaryOperation(glslang::TOperator op, OpDecorations& decorations,
                                                        spv::Id typeId, spv::Id left, spv::Id right,
                                                        glslang::TBasicType typeProxy, bool reduceComparison)
  {
      bool isUnsigned = isTypeUnsignedInt(typeProxy);
      bool isFloat = isTypeFloat(typeProxy);
      bool isBool = typeProxy == glslang::EbtBool;
  
      spv::Op binOp = spv::OpNop;
      bool needMatchingVectors = true;  // for non-matrix ops, would a scalar need to smear to match a vector?
      bool comparison = false;
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpAdd:
      case glslang::EOpAddAssign:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFAdd;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpIAdd;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSub:
      case glslang::EOpSubAssign:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFSub;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpISub;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMul:
      case glslang::EOpMulAssign:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFMul;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpIMul;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpVectorTimesScalar:
      case glslang::EOpVectorTimesScalarAssign:
          if (isFloat && (builder.isVector(left) || builder.isVector(right))) {
              if (builder.isVector(right))
                  std::swap(left, right);
              assert(builder.isScalar(right));
              needMatchingVectors = false;
              binOp = spv::OpVectorTimesScalar;
          } else if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFMul;
            else
              binOp = spv::OpIMul;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpVectorTimesMatrix:
      case glslang::EOpVectorTimesMatrixAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpVectorTimesMatrix;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesVector:
          binOp = spv::OpMatrixTimesVector;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesScalar:
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesScalarAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpMatrixTimesScalar;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesMatrix:
      case glslang::EOpMatrixTimesMatrixAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpMatrixTimesMatrix;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpOuterProduct:
          binOp = spv::OpOuterProduct;
          needMatchingVectors = false;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpDiv:
      case glslang::EOpDivAssign:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFDiv;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpUDiv;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpSDiv;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMod:
      case glslang::EOpModAssign:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFMod;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpUMod;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpSMod;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpRightShift:
      case glslang::EOpRightShiftAssign:
          if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpShiftRightLogical;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpShiftRightArithmetic;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLeftShift:
      case glslang::EOpLeftShiftAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpShiftLeftLogical;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAnd:
      case glslang::EOpAndAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpBitwiseAnd;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLogicalAnd:
          needMatchingVectors = false;
          binOp = spv::OpLogicalAnd;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpInclusiveOrAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpBitwiseOr;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLogicalOr:
          needMatchingVectors = false;
          binOp = spv::OpLogicalOr;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpExclusiveOrAssign:
          binOp = spv::OpBitwiseXor;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLogicalXor:
          needMatchingVectors = false;
          binOp = spv::OpLogicalNotEqual;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAbsDifference:
          binOp = isUnsigned ? spv::OpAbsUSubINTEL : spv::OpAbsISubINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAddSaturate:
          binOp = isUnsigned ? spv::OpUAddSatINTEL : spv::OpIAddSatINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpSubSaturate:
          binOp = isUnsigned ? spv::OpUSubSatINTEL : spv::OpISubSatINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAverage:
          binOp = isUnsigned ? spv::OpUAverageINTEL : spv::OpIAverageINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAverageRounded:
          binOp = isUnsigned ? spv::OpUAverageRoundedINTEL : spv::OpIAverageRoundedINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpMul32x16:
          binOp = isUnsigned ? spv::OpUMul32x16INTEL : spv::OpIMul32x16INTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpLessThan:
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThan:
      case glslang::EOpLessThanEqual:
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThanEqual:
      case glslang::EOpEqual:
      case glslang::EOpNotEqual:
      case glslang::EOpVectorEqual:
      case glslang::EOpVectorNotEqual:
          comparison = true;
          break;
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      // handle mapped binary operations (should be non-comparison)
      if (binOp != spv::OpNop) {
          assert(comparison == false);
          if (builder.isMatrix(left) || builder.isMatrix(right) ||
              builder.isCooperativeMatrix(left) || builder.isCooperativeMatrix(right))
              return createBinaryMatrixOperation(binOp, decorations, typeId, left, right);
  
          // No matrix involved; make both operands be the same number of components, if needed
          if (needMatchingVectors)
              builder.promoteScalar(decorations.precision, left, right);
  
          spv::Id result = builder.createBinOp(binOp, typeId, left, right);
          decorations.addNoContraction(builder, result);
          decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
          return builder.setPrecision(result, decorations.precision);
      }
  
      if (! comparison)
          return 0;
  
      // Handle comparison instructions
  
      if (reduceComparison && (op == glslang::EOpEqual || op == glslang::EOpNotEqual)
                           && (builder.isVector(left) || builder.isMatrix(left) || builder.isAggregate(left))) {
          spv::Id result = builder.createCompositeCompare(decorations.precision, left, right, op == glslang::EOpEqual);
          decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
          return result;
      }
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpLessThan:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFOrdLessThan;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpULessThan;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpSLessThan;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThan:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFOrdGreaterThan;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpUGreaterThan;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpSGreaterThan;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLessThanEqual:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFOrdLessThanEqual;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpULessThanEqual;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpSLessThanEqual;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThanEqual:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFOrdGreaterThanEqual;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              binOp = spv::OpUGreaterThanEqual;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpSGreaterThanEqual;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpEqual:
      case glslang::EOpVectorEqual:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFOrdEqual;
          else if (isBool)
              binOp = spv::OpLogicalEqual;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpIEqual;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpNotEqual:
      case glslang::EOpVectorNotEqual:
          if (isFloat)
              binOp = spv::OpFOrdNotEqual;
          else if (isBool)
              binOp = spv::OpLogicalNotEqual;
          else
              binOp = spv::OpINotEqual;
          break;
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      if (binOp != spv::OpNop) {
          spv::Id result = builder.createBinOp(binOp, typeId, left, right);
          decorations.addNoContraction(builder, result);
          decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
          return builder.setPrecision(result, decorations.precision);
      }
  
      return 0;
  }
  
  //
  // Translate AST matrix operation to SPV operation, already having SPV-based operands/types.
  // These can be any of:
  //
  //   matrix * scalar
  //   scalar * matrix
  //   matrix * matrix     linear algebraic
  //   matrix * vector
  //   vector * matrix
  //   matrix * matrix     componentwise
  //   matrix op matrix    op in {+, -, /}
  //   matrix op scalar    op in {+, -, /}
  //   scalar op matrix    op in {+, -, /}
  //
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createBinaryMatrixOperation(spv::Op op, OpDecorations& decorations, spv::Id typeId,
                                                              spv::Id left, spv::Id right)
  {
      bool firstClass = true;
  
      // First, handle first-class matrix operations (* and matrix/scalar)
      switch (op) {
      case spv::OpFDiv:
          if (builder.isMatrix(left) && builder.isScalar(right)) {
              // turn matrix / scalar into a multiply...
              spv::Id resultType = builder.getTypeId(right);
              right = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpFDiv, resultType, builder.makeFpConstant(resultType, 1.0), right);
              op = spv::OpMatrixTimesScalar;
          } else
              firstClass = false;
          break;
      case spv::OpMatrixTimesScalar:
          if (builder.isMatrix(right) || builder.isCooperativeMatrix(right))
              std::swap(left, right);
          assert(builder.isScalar(right));
          break;
      case spv::OpVectorTimesMatrix:
          assert(builder.isVector(left));
          assert(builder.isMatrix(right));
          break;
      case spv::OpMatrixTimesVector:
          assert(builder.isMatrix(left));
          assert(builder.isVector(right));
          break;
      case spv::OpMatrixTimesMatrix:
          assert(builder.isMatrix(left));
          assert(builder.isMatrix(right));
          break;
      default:
          firstClass = false;
          break;
      }
  
      if (builder.isCooperativeMatrix(left) || builder.isCooperativeMatrix(right))
          firstClass = true;
  
      if (firstClass) {
          spv::Id result = builder.createBinOp(op, typeId, left, right);
          decorations.addNoContraction(builder, result);
          decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
          return builder.setPrecision(result, decorations.precision);
      }
  
      // Handle component-wise +, -, *, %, and / for all combinations of type.
      // The result type of all of them is the same type as the (a) matrix operand.
      // The algorithm is to:
      //   - break the matrix(es) into vectors
      //   - smear any scalar to a vector
      //   - do vector operations
      //   - make a matrix out the vector results
      switch (op) {
      case spv::OpFAdd:
      case spv::OpFSub:
      case spv::OpFDiv:
      case spv::OpFMod:
      case spv::OpFMul:
      {
          // one time set up...
          bool  leftMat = builder.isMatrix(left);
          bool rightMat = builder.isMatrix(right);
          unsigned int numCols = leftMat ? builder.getNumColumns(left) : builder.getNumColumns(right);
          int numRows = leftMat ? builder.getNumRows(left) : builder.getNumRows(right);
          spv::Id scalarType = builder.getScalarTypeId(typeId);
          spv::Id vecType = builder.makeVectorType(scalarType, numRows);
          std::vector<spv::Id> results;
          spv::Id smearVec = spv::NoResult;
          if (builder.isScalar(left))
              smearVec = builder.smearScalar(decorations.precision, left, vecType);
          else if (builder.isScalar(right))
              smearVec = builder.smearScalar(decorations.precision, right, vecType);
  
          // do each vector op
          for (unsigned int c = 0; c < numCols; ++c) {
              std::vector<unsigned int> indexes;
              indexes.push_back(c);
              spv::Id  leftVec =  leftMat ? builder.createCompositeExtract( left, vecType, indexes) : smearVec;
              spv::Id rightVec = rightMat ? builder.createCompositeExtract(right, vecType, indexes) : smearVec;
              spv::Id result = builder.createBinOp(op, vecType, leftVec, rightVec);
              decorations.addNoContraction(builder, result);
              decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
              results.push_back(builder.setPrecision(result, decorations.precision));
          }
  
          // put the pieces together
          spv::Id result = builder.setPrecision(builder.createCompositeConstruct(typeId, results), decorations.precision);
          decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
          return result;
      }
      default:
          assert(0);
          return spv::NoResult;
      }
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createUnaryOperation(glslang::TOperator op, OpDecorations& decorations, spv::Id typeId,
                                                       spv::Id operand, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy, const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &lvalueCoherentFlags)
  {
      spv::Op unaryOp = spv::OpNop;
      int extBuiltins = -1;
      int libCall = -1;
      bool isUnsigned = isTypeUnsignedInt(typeProxy);
      bool isFloat = isTypeFloat(typeProxy);
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpNegative:
          if (isFloat) {
              unaryOp = spv::OpFNegate;
              if (builder.isMatrixType(typeId))
                  return createUnaryMatrixOperation(unaryOp, decorations, typeId, operand, typeProxy);
          } else
              unaryOp = spv::OpSNegate;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpLogicalNot:
      case glslang::EOpVectorLogicalNot:
          unaryOp = spv::OpLogicalNot;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBitwiseNot:
          unaryOp = spv::OpNot;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpDeterminant:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Determinant;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMatrixInverse:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450MatrixInverse;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpTranspose:
          unaryOp = spv::OpTranspose;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpRadians:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Radians;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDegrees:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Degrees;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSin:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Sin;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpCos:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Cos;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpTan:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Tan;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAcos:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Acos;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAsin:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Asin;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtan:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Atan;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAcosh:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Acosh;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAsinh:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Asinh;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtanh:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Atanh;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpTanh:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Tanh;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpCosh:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Cosh;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSinh:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Sinh;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpLength:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Length;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpNormalize:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Normalize;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpExp:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Exp;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLog:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Log;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpExp2:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Exp2;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLog2:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Log2;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSqrt:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Sqrt;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpInverseSqrt:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450InverseSqrt;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpFloor:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Floor;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpTrunc:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Trunc;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpRound:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Round;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpRoundEven:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450RoundEven;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpCeil:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Ceil;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFract:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Fract;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpIsNan:
          unaryOp = spv::OpIsNan;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpIsInf:
          unaryOp = spv::OpIsInf;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpIsFinite:
          unaryOp = spv::OpIsFinite;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpFloatBitsToInt:
      case glslang::EOpFloatBitsToUint:
      case glslang::EOpIntBitsToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpUintBitsToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpDoubleBitsToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpDoubleBitsToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpInt64BitsToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpUint64BitsToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpFloat16BitsToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpFloat16BitsToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpInt16BitsToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpUint16BitsToFloat16:
          unaryOp = spv::OpBitcast;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpPackSnorm2x16:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450PackSnorm2x16;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUnpackSnorm2x16:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UnpackSnorm2x16;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpPackUnorm2x16:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450PackUnorm2x16;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUnpackUnorm2x16:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UnpackUnorm2x16;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpPackHalf2x16:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450PackHalf2x16;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUnpackHalf2x16:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UnpackHalf2x16;
          break;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpPackSnorm4x8:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450PackSnorm4x8;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUnpackSnorm4x8:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UnpackSnorm4x8;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpPackUnorm4x8:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450PackUnorm4x8;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUnpackUnorm4x8:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UnpackUnorm4x8;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpPackDouble2x32:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450PackDouble2x32;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUnpackDouble2x32:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UnpackDouble2x32;
          break;
  #endif
  
      case glslang::EOpPackInt2x32:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackInt2x32:
      case glslang::EOpPackUint2x32:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackUint2x32:
      case glslang::EOpPack16:
      case glslang::EOpPack32:
      case glslang::EOpPack64:
      case glslang::EOpUnpack32:
      case glslang::EOpUnpack16:
      case glslang::EOpUnpack8:
      case glslang::EOpPackInt2x16:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackInt2x16:
      case glslang::EOpPackUint2x16:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackUint2x16:
      case glslang::EOpPackInt4x16:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackInt4x16:
      case glslang::EOpPackUint4x16:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackUint4x16:
      case glslang::EOpPackFloat2x16:
      case glslang::EOpUnpackFloat2x16:
          unaryOp = spv::OpBitcast;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpDPdx:
          unaryOp = spv::OpDPdx;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDPdy:
          unaryOp = spv::OpDPdy;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFwidth:
          unaryOp = spv::OpFwidth;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAny:
          unaryOp = spv::OpAny;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAll:
          unaryOp = spv::OpAll;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpAbs:
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FAbs;
          else
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450SAbs;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSign:
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FSign;
          else
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450SSign;
          break;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpDPdxFine:
          unaryOp = spv::OpDPdxFine;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDPdyFine:
          unaryOp = spv::OpDPdyFine;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFwidthFine:
          unaryOp = spv::OpFwidthFine;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDPdxCoarse:
          unaryOp = spv::OpDPdxCoarse;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDPdyCoarse:
          unaryOp = spv::OpDPdyCoarse;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFwidthCoarse:
          unaryOp = spv::OpFwidthCoarse;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtCentroid:
          if (typeProxy == glslang::EbtFloat16)
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float);
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450InterpolateAtCentroid;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterIncrement:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterDecrement:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounter:
      {
          // Handle all of the atomics in one place, in createAtomicOperation()
          std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
          operands.push_back(operand);
          return createAtomicOperation(op, decorations.precision, typeId, operands, typeProxy, lvalueCoherentFlags);
      }
  
      case glslang::EOpBitFieldReverse:
          unaryOp = spv::OpBitReverse;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBitCount:
          unaryOp = spv::OpBitCount;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFindLSB:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FindILsb;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFindMSB:
          if (isUnsigned)
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FindUMsb;
          else
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FindSMsb;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpCountLeadingZeros:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityIntegerFunctions2INTEL);
          builder.addExtension("SPV_INTEL_shader_integer_functions2");
          unaryOp = spv::OpUCountLeadingZerosINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpCountTrailingZeros:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityIntegerFunctions2INTEL);
          builder.addExtension("SPV_INTEL_shader_integer_functions2");
          unaryOp = spv::OpUCountTrailingZerosINTEL;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpBallot:
      case glslang::EOpReadFirstInvocation:
      case glslang::EOpAnyInvocation:
      case glslang::EOpAllInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpAllInvocationsEqual:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
      {
          std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
          operands.push_back(operand);
          return createInvocationsOperation(op, typeId, operands, typeProxy);
      }
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAll:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAny:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAllEqual:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBroadcastFirst:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallot:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInverseBallot:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotInclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotExclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotFindLSB:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotFindMSB:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapHorizontal:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapVertical:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapDiagonal: {
          std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
          operands.push_back(operand);
          return createSubgroupOperation(op, typeId, operands, typeProxy);
      }
      case glslang::EOpMbcnt:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_ballot);
          libCall = spv::MbcntAMD;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpCubeFaceIndex:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gcn_shader);
          libCall = spv::CubeFaceIndexAMD;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpCubeFaceCoord:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gcn_shader);
          libCall = spv::CubeFaceCoordAMD;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartition:
          unaryOp = spv::OpGroupNonUniformPartitionNV;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConstructReference:
          unaryOp = spv::OpBitcast;
          break;
  #endif
  
      case glslang::EOpCopyObject:
          unaryOp = spv::OpCopyObject;
          break;
  
      default:
          return 0;
      }
  
      spv::Id id;
      if (libCall >= 0) {
          std::vector<spv::Id> args;
          args.push_back(operand);
          id = builder.createBuiltinCall(typeId, extBuiltins >= 0 ? extBuiltins : stdBuiltins, libCall, args);
      } else {
          id = builder.createUnaryOp(unaryOp, typeId, operand);
      }
  
      decorations.addNoContraction(builder, id);
      decorations.addNonUniform(builder, id);
      return builder.setPrecision(id, decorations.precision);
  }
  
  // Create a unary operation on a matrix
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createUnaryMatrixOperation(spv::Op op, OpDecorations& decorations, spv::Id typeId,
                                                             spv::Id operand, glslang::TBasicType /* typeProxy */)
  {
      // Handle unary operations vector by vector.
      // The result type is the same type as the original type.
      // The algorithm is to:
      //   - break the matrix into vectors
      //   - apply the operation to each vector
      //   - make a matrix out the vector results
  
      // get the types sorted out
      int numCols = builder.getNumColumns(operand);
      int numRows = builder.getNumRows(operand);
      spv::Id srcVecType  = builder.makeVectorType(builder.getScalarTypeId(builder.getTypeId(operand)), numRows);
      spv::Id destVecType = builder.makeVectorType(builder.getScalarTypeId(typeId), numRows);
      std::vector<spv::Id> results;
  
      // do each vector op
      for (int c = 0; c < numCols; ++c) {
          std::vector<unsigned int> indexes;
          indexes.push_back(c);
          spv::Id srcVec  = builder.createCompositeExtract(operand, srcVecType, indexes);
          spv::Id destVec = builder.createUnaryOp(op, destVecType, srcVec);
          decorations.addNoContraction(builder, destVec);
          decorations.addNonUniform(builder, destVec);
          results.push_back(builder.setPrecision(destVec, decorations.precision));
      }
  
      // put the pieces together
      spv::Id result = builder.setPrecision(builder.createCompositeConstruct(typeId, results), decorations.precision);
      decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
      return result;
  }
  
  // For converting integers where both the bitwidth and the signedness could
  // change, but only do the width change here. The caller is still responsible
  // for the signedness conversion.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createIntWidthConversion(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Id operand, int vectorSize)
  {
      // Get the result type width, based on the type to convert to.
      int width = 32;
      switch(op) {
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt8:
          width = 8;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt16:
          width = 16;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt:
          width = 32;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt64:
          width = 64;
          break;
  
      default:
          assert(false && "Default missing");
          break;
      }
  
      // Get the conversion operation and result type,
      // based on the target width, but the source type.
      spv::Id type = spv::NoType;
      spv::Op convOp = spv::OpNop;
      switch(op) {
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint:
          convOp = spv::OpSConvert;
          type = builder.makeIntType(width);
          break;
      default:
          convOp = spv::OpUConvert;
          type = builder.makeUintType(width);
          break;
      }
  
      if (vectorSize > 0)
          type = builder.makeVectorType(type, vectorSize);
  
      return builder.createUnaryOp(convOp, type, operand);
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createConversion(glslang::TOperator op, OpDecorations& decorations, spv::Id destType,
                                                   spv::Id operand, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy)
  {
      spv::Op convOp = spv::OpNop;
      spv::Id zero = 0;
      spv::Id one = 0;
  
      int vectorSize = builder.isVectorType(destType) ? builder.getNumTypeComponents(destType) : 0;
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToBool:
          zero = builder.makeUintConstant(0);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToBool:
          zero = builder.makeFloatConstant(0.0F);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpFOrdNotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToFloat:
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          zero = builder.makeFloatConstant(0.0F);
          one  = builder.makeFloatConstant(1.0F);
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToInt64:
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          if (op == glslang::EOpConvBoolToInt64) {
              zero = builder.makeInt64Constant(0);
              one = builder.makeInt64Constant(1);
          } else
  #endif
          {
              zero = builder.makeIntConstant(0);
              one = builder.makeIntConstant(1);
          }
  
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToUint64:
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          if (op == glslang::EOpConvBoolToUint64) {
              zero = builder.makeUint64Constant(0);
              one = builder.makeUint64Constant(1);
          } else
  #endif
          {
              zero = builder.makeUintConstant(0);
              one = builder.makeUintConstant(1);
          }
  
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToFloat16:
          convOp = spv::OpConvertSToF;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToFloat16:
          convOp = spv::OpConvertUToF;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToInt64:
          convOp = spv::OpConvertFToS;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint64:
          if (builder.isInSpecConstCodeGenMode()) {
              // Build zero scalar or vector for OpIAdd.
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
              if(op == glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt8 || op == glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint8) {
                  zero = builder.makeUint8Constant(0);
              } else if (op == glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt16 || op == glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint16) {
                  zero = builder.makeUint16Constant(0);
              } else if (op == glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt64 || op == glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint64) {
                  zero = builder.makeUint64Constant(0);
              } else
  #endif
              {
                  zero = builder.makeUintConstant(0);
              }
              zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
              // Use OpIAdd, instead of OpBitcast to do the conversion when
              // generating for OpSpecConstantOp instruction.
              return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpIAdd, destType, operand, zero);
          }
          // For normal run-time conversion instruction, use OpBitcast.
          convOp = spv::OpBitcast;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToUint64:
          convOp = spv::OpConvertFToU;
          break;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToBool:
          zero = builder.makeUint8Constant(0);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToBool:
          zero = builder.makeUint16Constant(0);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToBool:
          zero = builder.makeUint64Constant(0);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpINotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToBool:
          zero = builder.makeDoubleConstant(0.0);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpFOrdNotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToBool:
          zero = builder.makeFloat16Constant(0.0F);
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpFOrdNotEqual, destType, operand, zero);
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToDouble:
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          zero = builder.makeDoubleConstant(0.0);
          one  = builder.makeDoubleConstant(1.0);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToFloat16:
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          zero = builder.makeFloat16Constant(0.0F);
          one = builder.makeFloat16Constant(1.0F);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToInt8:
          zero = builder.makeInt8Constant(0);
          one  = builder.makeInt8Constant(1);
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToUint8:
          zero = builder.makeUint8Constant(0);
          one  = builder.makeUint8Constant(1);
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToInt16:
          zero = builder.makeInt16Constant(0);
          one  = builder.makeInt16Constant(1);
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvBoolToUint16:
          zero = builder.makeUint16Constant(0);
          one  = builder.makeUint16Constant(1);
          convOp = spv::OpSelect;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToFloat:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToDouble:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToFloat16:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloat16ToFloat:
          convOp = spv::OpFConvert;
          if (builder.isMatrixType(destType))
              return createUnaryMatrixOperation(convOp, decorations, destType, operand, typeProxy);
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToInt:
          convOp = spv::OpSConvert;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToUint:
          convOp = spv::OpUConvert;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint64:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint8:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint16:
      case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt64:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt8:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt16:
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt:
          // OpSConvert/OpUConvert + OpBitCast
          operand = createIntWidthConversion(op, operand, vectorSize);
  
          if (builder.isInSpecConstCodeGenMode()) {
              // Build zero scalar or vector for OpIAdd.
              switch(op) {
              case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint8:
              case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint8:
              case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint8:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt8:
              case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt8:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt8:
                  zero = builder.makeUint8Constant(0);
                  break;
              case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint16:
              case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint16:
              case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint16:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt16:
              case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt16:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt16:
                  zero = builder.makeUint16Constant(0);
                  break;
              case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint:
              case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint:
              case glslang::EOpConvInt64ToUint:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToInt:
                  zero = builder.makeUintConstant(0);
                  break;
              case glslang::EOpConvInt8ToUint64:
              case glslang::EOpConvInt16ToUint64:
              case glslang::EOpConvIntToUint64:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint8ToInt64:
              case glslang::EOpConvUint16ToInt64:
              case glslang::EOpConvUintToInt64:
                  zero = builder.makeUint64Constant(0);
                  break;
              default:
                  assert(false && "Default missing");
                  break;
              }
              zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
              // Use OpIAdd, instead of OpBitcast to do the conversion when
              // generating for OpSpecConstantOp instruction.
              return builder.createBinOp(spv::OpIAdd, destType, operand, zero);
          }
          // For normal run-time conversion instruction, use OpBitcast.
          convOp = spv::OpBitcast;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvUint64ToPtr:
          convOp = spv::OpConvertUToPtr;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvPtrToUint64:
          convOp = spv::OpConvertPtrToU;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpConvPtrToUvec2:
      case glslang::EOpConvUvec2ToPtr:
          if (builder.isVector(operand))
              builder.promoteIncorporatedExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_physical_storage_buffer,
                                                   spv::E_SPV_KHR_physical_storage_buffer, spv::Spv_1_5);
          convOp = spv::OpBitcast;
          break;
  #endif
  
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      spv::Id result = 0;
      if (convOp == spv::OpNop)
          return result;
  
      if (convOp == spv::OpSelect) {
          zero = makeSmearedConstant(zero, vectorSize);
          one  = makeSmearedConstant(one, vectorSize);
          result = builder.createTriOp(convOp, destType, operand, one, zero);
      } else
          result = builder.createUnaryOp(convOp, destType, operand);
  
      result = builder.setPrecision(result, decorations.precision);
      decorations.addNonUniform(builder, result);
      return result;
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::makeSmearedConstant(spv::Id constant, int vectorSize)
  {
      if (vectorSize == 0)
          return constant;
  
      spv::Id vectorTypeId = builder.makeVectorType(builder.getTypeId(constant), vectorSize);
      std::vector<spv::Id> components;
      for (int c = 0; c < vectorSize; ++c)
          components.push_back(constant);
      return builder.makeCompositeConstant(vectorTypeId, components);
  }
  
  // For glslang ops that map to SPV atomic opCodes
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createAtomicOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Decoration /*precision*/, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy, const spv::Builder::AccessChain::CoherentFlags &lvalueCoherentFlags)
  {
      spv::Op opCode = spv::OpNop;
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpAtomicAdd:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicAdd:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterAdd:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicIAdd;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterSubtract:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicISub;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicMin:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicMin:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterMin:
          opCode = (typeProxy == glslang::EbtUint || typeProxy == glslang::EbtUint64) ? spv::OpAtomicUMin : spv::OpAtomicSMin;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicMax:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicMax:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterMax:
          opCode = (typeProxy == glslang::EbtUint || typeProxy == glslang::EbtUint64) ? spv::OpAtomicUMax : spv::OpAtomicSMax;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicAnd:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicAnd:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterAnd:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicAnd;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicOr:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicOr:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterOr:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicOr;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicXor:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicXor:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterXor:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicXor;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicExchange:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicExchange:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterExchange:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicExchange;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCompSwap:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicCompSwap:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterCompSwap:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicCompareExchange;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterIncrement:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicIIncrement;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounterDecrement:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicIDecrement;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicCounter:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicLoad:
      case glslang::EOpAtomicLoad:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicLoad;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtomicStore:
      case glslang::EOpImageAtomicStore:
          opCode = spv::OpAtomicStore;
          break;
      default:
          assert(0);
          break;
      }
  
      if (typeProxy == glslang::EbtInt64 || typeProxy == glslang::EbtUint64)
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityInt64Atomics);
  
      // Sort out the operands
      //  - mapping from glslang -> SPV
      //  - there are extra SPV operands that are optional in glslang
      //  - compare-exchange swaps the value and comparator
      //  - compare-exchange has an extra memory semantics
      //  - EOpAtomicCounterDecrement needs a post decrement
      spv::Id pointerId = 0, compareId = 0, valueId = 0;
      // scope defaults to Device in the old model, QueueFamilyKHR in the new model
      spv::Id scopeId;
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel()) {
          scopeId = builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeQueueFamilyKHR);
      } else {
          scopeId = builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeDevice);
      }
      // semantics default to relaxed 
      spv::Id semanticsId = builder.makeUintConstant(lvalueCoherentFlags.isVolatile() && glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() ?
                                                      spv::MemorySemanticsVolatileMask :
                                                      spv::MemorySemanticsMaskNone);
      spv::Id semanticsId2 = semanticsId;
  
      pointerId = operands[0];
      if (opCode == spv::OpAtomicIIncrement || opCode == spv::OpAtomicIDecrement) {
          // no additional operands
      } else if (opCode == spv::OpAtomicCompareExchange) {
          compareId = operands[1];
          valueId = operands[2];
          if (operands.size() > 3) {
              scopeId = operands[3];
              semanticsId = builder.makeUintConstant(builder.getConstantScalar(operands[4]) | builder.getConstantScalar(operands[5]));
              semanticsId2 = builder.makeUintConstant(builder.getConstantScalar(operands[6]) | builder.getConstantScalar(operands[7]));
          }
      } else if (opCode == spv::OpAtomicLoad) {
          if (operands.size() > 1) {
              scopeId = operands[1];
              semanticsId = builder.makeUintConstant(builder.getConstantScalar(operands[2]) | builder.getConstantScalar(operands[3]));
          }
      } else {
          // atomic store or RMW
          valueId = operands[1];
          if (operands.size() > 2) {
              scopeId = operands[2];
              semanticsId = builder.makeUintConstant(builder.getConstantScalar(operands[3]) | builder.getConstantScalar(operands[4]));
          }
      }
  
      // Check for capabilities
      unsigned semanticsImmediate = builder.getConstantScalar(semanticsId) | builder.getConstantScalar(semanticsId2);
      if (semanticsImmediate & (spv::MemorySemanticsMakeAvailableKHRMask |
                                spv::MemorySemanticsMakeVisibleKHRMask |
                                spv::MemorySemanticsOutputMemoryKHRMask |
                                spv::MemorySemanticsVolatileMask)) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
      }
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() && builder.getConstantScalar(scopeId) == spv::ScopeDevice) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelDeviceScopeKHR);
      }
  
      std::vector<spv::Id> spvAtomicOperands;  // hold the spv operands
      spvAtomicOperands.push_back(pointerId);
      spvAtomicOperands.push_back(scopeId);
      spvAtomicOperands.push_back(semanticsId);
      if (opCode == spv::OpAtomicCompareExchange) {
          spvAtomicOperands.push_back(semanticsId2);
          spvAtomicOperands.push_back(valueId);
          spvAtomicOperands.push_back(compareId);
      } else if (opCode != spv::OpAtomicLoad && opCode != spv::OpAtomicIIncrement && opCode != spv::OpAtomicIDecrement) {
          spvAtomicOperands.push_back(valueId);
      }
  
      if (opCode == spv::OpAtomicStore) {
          builder.createNoResultOp(opCode, spvAtomicOperands);
          return 0;
      } else {
          spv::Id resultId = builder.createOp(opCode, typeId, spvAtomicOperands);
  
          // GLSL and HLSL atomic-counter decrement return post-decrement value,
          // while SPIR-V returns pre-decrement value. Translate between these semantics.
          if (op == glslang::EOpAtomicCounterDecrement)
              resultId = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpISub, typeId, resultId, builder.makeIntConstant(1));
  
          return resultId;
      }
  }
  
  // Create group invocation operations.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createInvocationsOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy)
  {
      bool isUnsigned = isTypeUnsignedInt(typeProxy);
      bool isFloat = isTypeFloat(typeProxy);
  
      spv::Op opCode = spv::OpNop;
      std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> spvGroupOperands;
      spv::GroupOperation groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationMax;
  
      if (op == glslang::EOpBallot || op == glslang::EOpReadFirstInvocation ||
          op == glslang::EOpReadInvocation) {
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_ballot);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupBallotKHR);
      } else if (op == glslang::EOpAnyInvocation ||
          op == glslang::EOpAllInvocations ||
          op == glslang::EOpAllInvocationsEqual) {
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_subgroup_vote);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySubgroupVoteKHR);
      } else {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroups);
          if (op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpAddInvocationsNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform)
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_ballot);
  
          switch (op) {
          case glslang::EOpMinInvocations:
          case glslang::EOpMaxInvocations:
          case glslang::EOpAddInvocations:
          case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsNonUniform:
          case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsNonUniform:
          case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsNonUniform:
              groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationReduce;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScan:
          case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScan:
          case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScan:
          case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
          case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
          case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
              groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationInclusiveScan;
              break;
          case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScan:
          case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScan:
          case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScan:
          case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
          case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
          case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
              groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationExclusiveScan;
              break;
          default:
              break;
          }
          spv::IdImmediate scope = { true, builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeSubgroup) };
          spvGroupOperands.push_back(scope);
          if (groupOperation != spv::GroupOperationMax) {
              spv::IdImmediate groupOp = { false, (unsigned)groupOperation };
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(groupOp);
          }
      }
  
      for (auto opIt = operands.begin(); opIt != operands.end(); ++opIt) {
          spv::IdImmediate op = { true, *opIt };
          spvGroupOperands.push_back(op);
      }
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpAnyInvocation:
          opCode = spv::OpSubgroupAnyKHR;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAllInvocations:
          opCode = spv::OpSubgroupAllKHR;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAllInvocationsEqual:
          opCode = spv::OpSubgroupAllEqualKHR;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpReadInvocation:
          opCode = spv::OpSubgroupReadInvocationKHR;
          if (builder.isVectorType(typeId))
              return CreateInvocationsVectorOperation(opCode, groupOperation, typeId, operands);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpReadFirstInvocation:
          opCode = spv::OpSubgroupFirstInvocationKHR;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBallot:
      {
          // NOTE: According to the spec, the result type of "OpSubgroupBallotKHR" must be a 4 component vector of 32
          // bit integer types. The GLSL built-in function "ballotARB()" assumes the maximum number of invocations in
          // a subgroup is 64. Thus, we have to convert uvec4.xy to uint64_t as follow:
          //
          //     result = Bitcast(SubgroupBallotKHR(Predicate).xy)
          //
          spv::Id uintType  = builder.makeUintType(32);
          spv::Id uvec4Type = builder.makeVectorType(uintType, 4);
          spv::Id result = builder.createOp(spv::OpSubgroupBallotKHR, uvec4Type, spvGroupOperands);
  
          std::vector<spv::Id> components;
          components.push_back(builder.createCompositeExtract(result, uintType, 0));
          components.push_back(builder.createCompositeExtract(result, uintType, 1));
  
          spv::Id uvec2Type = builder.makeVectorType(uintType, 2);
          return builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpBitcast, typeId,
                                       builder.createCompositeConstruct(uvec2Type, components));
      }
  
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocations:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScan:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScan:
          if (op == glslang::EOpMinInvocations ||
              op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScan ||
              op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScan) {
              if (isFloat)
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupFMin;
              else {
                  if (isUnsigned)
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupUMin;
                  else
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupSMin;
              }
          } else if (op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocations ||
                     op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScan ||
                     op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScan) {
              if (isFloat)
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupFMax;
              else {
                  if (isUnsigned)
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupUMax;
                  else
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupSMax;
              }
          } else {
              if (isFloat)
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupFAdd;
              else
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupIAdd;
          }
  
          if (builder.isVectorType(typeId))
              return CreateInvocationsVectorOperation(opCode, groupOperation, typeId, operands);
  
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
      case glslang::EOpAddInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform:
          if (op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform ||
              op == glslang::EOpMinInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform) {
              if (isFloat)
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupFMinNonUniformAMD;
              else {
                  if (isUnsigned)
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupUMinNonUniformAMD;
                  else
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupSMinNonUniformAMD;
              }
          }
          else if (op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsNonUniform ||
                   op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsInclusiveScanNonUniform ||
                   op == glslang::EOpMaxInvocationsExclusiveScanNonUniform) {
              if (isFloat)
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupFMaxNonUniformAMD;
              else {
                  if (isUnsigned)
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupUMaxNonUniformAMD;
                  else
                      opCode = spv::OpGroupSMaxNonUniformAMD;
              }
          }
          else {
              if (isFloat)
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupFAddNonUniformAMD;
              else
                  opCode = spv::OpGroupIAddNonUniformAMD;
          }
  
          if (builder.isVectorType(typeId))
              return CreateInvocationsVectorOperation(opCode, groupOperation, typeId, operands);
  
          break;
      default:
          logger->missingFunctionality("invocation operation");
          return spv::NoResult;
      }
  
      assert(opCode != spv::OpNop);
      return builder.createOp(opCode, typeId, spvGroupOperands);
  }
  
  // Create group invocation operations on a vector
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::CreateInvocationsVectorOperation(spv::Op op, spv::GroupOperation groupOperation,
      spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands)
  {
      assert(op == spv::OpGroupFMin || op == spv::OpGroupUMin || op == spv::OpGroupSMin ||
             op == spv::OpGroupFMax || op == spv::OpGroupUMax || op == spv::OpGroupSMax ||
             op == spv::OpGroupFAdd || op == spv::OpGroupIAdd || op == spv::OpGroupBroadcast ||
             op == spv::OpSubgroupReadInvocationKHR ||
             op == spv::OpGroupFMinNonUniformAMD || op == spv::OpGroupUMinNonUniformAMD || op == spv::OpGroupSMinNonUniformAMD ||
             op == spv::OpGroupFMaxNonUniformAMD || op == spv::OpGroupUMaxNonUniformAMD || op == spv::OpGroupSMaxNonUniformAMD ||
             op == spv::OpGroupFAddNonUniformAMD || op == spv::OpGroupIAddNonUniformAMD);
  
      // Handle group invocation operations scalar by scalar.
      // The result type is the same type as the original type.
      // The algorithm is to:
      //   - break the vector into scalars
      //   - apply the operation to each scalar
      //   - make a vector out the scalar results
  
      // get the types sorted out
      int numComponents = builder.getNumComponents(operands[0]);
      spv::Id scalarType = builder.getScalarTypeId(builder.getTypeId(operands[0]));
      std::vector<spv::Id> results;
  
      // do each scalar op
      for (int comp = 0; comp < numComponents; ++comp) {
          std::vector<unsigned int> indexes;
          indexes.push_back(comp);
          spv::IdImmediate scalar = { true, builder.createCompositeExtract(operands[0], scalarType, indexes) };
          std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> spvGroupOperands;
          if (op == spv::OpSubgroupReadInvocationKHR) {
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(scalar);
              spv::IdImmediate operand = { true, operands[1] };
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(operand);
          } else if (op == spv::OpGroupBroadcast) {
              spv::IdImmediate scope = { true, builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeSubgroup) };
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(scope);
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(scalar);
              spv::IdImmediate operand = { true, operands[1] };
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(operand);
          } else {
              spv::IdImmediate scope = { true, builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeSubgroup) };
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(scope);
              spv::IdImmediate groupOp = { false, (unsigned)groupOperation };
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(groupOp);
              spvGroupOperands.push_back(scalar);
          }
  
          results.push_back(builder.createOp(op, scalarType, spvGroupOperands));
      }
  
      // put the pieces together
      return builder.createCompositeConstruct(typeId, results);
  }
  
  // Create subgroup invocation operations.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createSubgroupOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Id typeId,
      std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy)
  {
      // Add the required capabilities.
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupElect:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAll:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAny:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAllEqual:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformVote);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBroadcast:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBroadcastFirst:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallot:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInverseBallot:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitExtract:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotInclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotExclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotFindLSB:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotFindMSB:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformBallot);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffle:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleXor:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformShuffle);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleUp:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleDown:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformShuffleRelative);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveXor:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformArithmetic);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredXor:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformClustered);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadBroadcast:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapHorizontal:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapVertical:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapDiagonal:
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniform);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformQuad);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveXor:
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_shader_subgroup_partitioned);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGroupNonUniformPartitionedNV);
          break;
      default: assert(0 && "Unhandled subgroup operation!");
      }
  
  
      const bool isUnsigned = isTypeUnsignedInt(typeProxy);
      const bool isFloat = isTypeFloat(typeProxy);
      const bool isBool = typeProxy == glslang::EbtBool;
  
      spv::Op opCode = spv::OpNop;
  
      // Figure out which opcode to use.
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupElect:                   opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformElect; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAll:                     opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformAll; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAny:                     opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformAny; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAllEqual:                opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformAllEqual; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBroadcast:               opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBroadcast; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBroadcastFirst:          opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBroadcastFirst; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallot:                  opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBallot; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInverseBallot:           opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformInverseBallot; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitExtract:        opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBallotBitExtract; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotInclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotExclusiveBitCount: opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBallotBitCount; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotFindLSB:           opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBallotFindLSB; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotFindMSB:           opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBallotFindMSB; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffle:                 opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformShuffle; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleXor:              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformShuffleXor; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleUp:               opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformShuffleUp; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleDown:             opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformShuffleDown; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAdd:
          if (isFloat) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformFAdd;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformIAdd;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMul:
          if (isFloat) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformFMul;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformIMul;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMin:
          if (isFloat) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformFMin;
          } else if (isUnsigned) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformUMin;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformSMin;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMax:
          if (isFloat) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformFMax;
          } else if (isUnsigned) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformUMax;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformSMax;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAnd:
          if (isBool) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformLogicalAnd;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBitwiseAnd;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveOr:
          if (isBool) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformLogicalOr;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBitwiseOr;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveXor:
          if (isBool) {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformLogicalXor;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformBitwiseXor;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadBroadcast:      opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformQuadBroadcast; break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapHorizontal:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapVertical:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapDiagonal:   opCode = spv::OpGroupNonUniformQuadSwap; break;
      default: assert(0 && "Unhandled subgroup operation!");
      }
  
      // get the right Group Operation
      spv::GroupOperation groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationMax;
      switch (op) {
      default:
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationReduce;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotInclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupInclusiveXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationInclusiveScan;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotExclusiveBitCount:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupExclusiveXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationExclusiveScan;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationClusteredReduce;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationPartitionedReduceNV;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationPartitionedInclusiveScanNV;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveXor:
          groupOperation = spv::GroupOperationPartitionedExclusiveScanNV;
          break;
      }
  
      // build the instruction
      std::vector<spv::IdImmediate> spvGroupOperands;
  
      // Every operation begins with the Execution Scope operand.
      spv::IdImmediate executionScope = { true, builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeSubgroup) };
      spvGroupOperands.push_back(executionScope);
  
      // Next, for all operations that use a Group Operation, push that as an operand.
      if (groupOperation != spv::GroupOperationMax) {
          spv::IdImmediate groupOperand = { false, (unsigned)groupOperation };
          spvGroupOperands.push_back(groupOperand);
      }
  
      // Push back the operands next.
      for (auto opIt = operands.cbegin(); opIt != operands.cend(); ++opIt) {
          spv::IdImmediate operand = { true, *opIt };
          spvGroupOperands.push_back(operand);
      }
  
      // Some opcodes have additional operands.
      spv::Id directionId = spv::NoResult;
      switch (op) {
      default: break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapHorizontal: directionId = builder.makeUintConstant(0); break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapVertical:   directionId = builder.makeUintConstant(1); break;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadSwapDiagonal:   directionId = builder.makeUintConstant(2); break;
      }
      if (directionId != spv::NoResult) {
          spv::IdImmediate direction = { true, directionId };
          spvGroupOperands.push_back(direction);
      }
  
      return builder.createOp(opCode, typeId, spvGroupOperands);
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createMiscOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Decoration precision, spv::Id typeId, std::vector<spv::Id>& operands, glslang::TBasicType typeProxy)
  {
      bool isUnsigned = isTypeUnsignedInt(typeProxy);
      bool isFloat = isTypeFloat(typeProxy);
  
      spv::Op opCode = spv::OpNop;
      int extBuiltins = -1;
      int libCall = -1;
      size_t consumedOperands = operands.size();
      spv::Id typeId0 = 0;
      if (consumedOperands > 0)
          typeId0 = builder.getTypeId(operands[0]);
      spv::Id typeId1 = 0;
      if (consumedOperands > 1)
          typeId1 = builder.getTypeId(operands[1]);
      spv::Id frexpIntType = 0;
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpMin:
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = nanMinMaxClamp ? spv::GLSLstd450NMin : spv::GLSLstd450FMin;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UMin;
          else
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450SMin;
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands.front(), operands.back());
          break;
      case glslang::EOpModf:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Modf;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMax:
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = nanMinMaxClamp ? spv::GLSLstd450NMax : spv::GLSLstd450FMax;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UMax;
          else
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450SMax;
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands.front(), operands.back());
          break;
      case glslang::EOpPow:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Pow;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpDot:
          opCode = spv::OpDot;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAtan:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Atan2;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpClamp:
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = nanMinMaxClamp ? spv::GLSLstd450NClamp : spv::GLSLstd450FClamp;
          else if (isUnsigned)
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450UClamp;
          else
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450SClamp;
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands.front(), operands[1]);
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands.front(), operands[2]);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMix:
          if (! builder.isBoolType(builder.getScalarTypeId(builder.getTypeId(operands.back())))) {
              assert(isFloat);
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FMix;
          } else {
              opCode = spv::OpSelect;
              std::swap(operands.front(), operands.back());
          }
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands.front(), operands.back());
          break;
      case glslang::EOpStep:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Step;
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands.front(), operands.back());
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSmoothStep:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450SmoothStep;
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands[0], operands[2]);
          builder.promoteScalar(precision, operands[1], operands[2]);
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpDistance:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Distance;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpCross:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Cross;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFaceForward:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FaceForward;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpReflect:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Reflect;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpRefract:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Refract;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBarrier:
          {
              // This is for the extended controlBarrier function, with four operands.
              // The unextended barrier() goes through createNoArgOperation.
              assert(operands.size() == 4);
              unsigned int executionScope = builder.getConstantScalar(operands[0]);
              unsigned int memoryScope = builder.getConstantScalar(operands[1]);
              unsigned int semantics = builder.getConstantScalar(operands[2]) | builder.getConstantScalar(operands[3]);
              builder.createControlBarrier((spv::Scope)executionScope, (spv::Scope)memoryScope, (spv::MemorySemanticsMask)semantics);
              if (semantics & (spv::MemorySemanticsMakeAvailableKHRMask |
                               spv::MemorySemanticsMakeVisibleKHRMask |
                               spv::MemorySemanticsOutputMemoryKHRMask |
                               spv::MemorySemanticsVolatileMask)) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
              }
              if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() && (executionScope == spv::ScopeDevice || memoryScope == spv::ScopeDevice)) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelDeviceScopeKHR);
              }
              return 0;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrier:
          {
              // This is for the extended memoryBarrier function, with three operands.
              // The unextended memoryBarrier() goes through createNoArgOperation.
              assert(operands.size() == 3);
              unsigned int memoryScope = builder.getConstantScalar(operands[0]);
              unsigned int semantics = builder.getConstantScalar(operands[1]) | builder.getConstantScalar(operands[2]);
              builder.createMemoryBarrier((spv::Scope)memoryScope, (spv::MemorySemanticsMask)semantics);
              if (semantics & (spv::MemorySemanticsMakeAvailableKHRMask |
                               spv::MemorySemanticsMakeVisibleKHRMask |
                               spv::MemorySemanticsOutputMemoryKHRMask |
                               spv::MemorySemanticsVolatileMask)) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
              }
              if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() && memoryScope == spv::ScopeDevice) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelDeviceScopeKHR);
              }
              return 0;
          }
          break;
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtSample:
          if (typeProxy == glslang::EbtFloat16)
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float);
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450InterpolateAtSample;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtOffset:
          if (typeProxy == glslang::EbtFloat16)
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float);
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450InterpolateAtOffset;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpAddCarry:
          opCode = spv::OpIAddCarry;
          typeId = builder.makeStructResultType(typeId0, typeId0);
          consumedOperands = 2;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSubBorrow:
          opCode = spv::OpISubBorrow;
          typeId = builder.makeStructResultType(typeId0, typeId0);
          consumedOperands = 2;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUMulExtended:
          opCode = spv::OpUMulExtended;
          typeId = builder.makeStructResultType(typeId0, typeId0);
          consumedOperands = 2;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpIMulExtended:
          opCode = spv::OpSMulExtended;
          typeId = builder.makeStructResultType(typeId0, typeId0);
          consumedOperands = 2;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBitfieldExtract:
          if (isUnsigned)
              opCode = spv::OpBitFieldUExtract;
          else
              opCode = spv::OpBitFieldSExtract;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpBitfieldInsert:
          opCode = spv::OpBitFieldInsert;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpFma:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Fma;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFrexp:
          {
              libCall = spv::GLSLstd450FrexpStruct;
              assert(builder.isPointerType(typeId1));
              typeId1 = builder.getContainedTypeId(typeId1);
              int width = builder.getScalarTypeWidth(typeId1);
              if (width == 16)
                  // Using 16-bit exp operand, enable extension SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_int16
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_int16);
              if (builder.getNumComponents(operands[0]) == 1)
                  frexpIntType = builder.makeIntegerType(width, true);
              else
                  frexpIntType = builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeIntegerType(width, true), builder.getNumComponents(operands[0]));
              typeId = builder.makeStructResultType(typeId0, frexpIntType);
              consumedOperands = 1;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpLdexp:
          libCall = spv::GLSLstd450Ldexp;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpReadInvocation:
          return createInvocationsOperation(op, typeId, operands, typeProxy);
  
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBroadcast:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBallotBitExtract:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffle:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleUp:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupShuffleDown:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupClusteredXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupQuadBroadcast:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedInclusiveXor:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAdd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMul:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMin:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveMax:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveAnd:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveOr:
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupPartitionedExclusiveXor:
          return createSubgroupOperation(op, typeId, operands, typeProxy);
  
      case glslang::EOpSwizzleInvocations:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_ballot);
          libCall = spv::SwizzleInvocationsAMD;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpSwizzleInvocationsMasked:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_ballot);
          libCall = spv::SwizzleInvocationsMaskedAMD;
          break;
      case glslang::EOpWriteInvocation:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_ballot);
          libCall = spv::WriteInvocationAMD;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpMin3:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_trinary_minmax);
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = spv::FMin3AMD;
          else {
              if (isUnsigned)
                  libCall = spv::UMin3AMD;
              else
                  libCall = spv::SMin3AMD;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMax3:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_trinary_minmax);
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = spv::FMax3AMD;
          else {
              if (isUnsigned)
                  libCall = spv::UMax3AMD;
              else
                  libCall = spv::SMax3AMD;
          }
          break;
      case glslang::EOpMid3:
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_trinary_minmax);
          if (isFloat)
              libCall = spv::FMid3AMD;
          else {
              if (isUnsigned)
                  libCall = spv::UMid3AMD;
              else
                  libCall = spv::SMid3AMD;
          }
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpInterpolateAtVertex:
          if (typeProxy == glslang::EbtFloat16)
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gpu_shader_half_float);
          extBuiltins = getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_shader_explicit_vertex_parameter);
          libCall = spv::InterpolateAtVertexAMD;
          break;
  
      case glslang::EOpReportIntersectionNV:
      {
          typeId = builder.makeBoolType();
          opCode = spv::OpReportIntersectionNV;
      }
      break;
      case glslang::EOpTraceNV:
      {
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpTraceNV, operands);
          return 0;
      }
      break;
      case glslang::EOpExecuteCallableNV:
      {
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpExecuteCallableNV, operands);
          return 0;
      }
      break;
      case glslang::EOpWritePackedPrimitiveIndices4x8NV:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpWritePackedPrimitiveIndices4x8NV, operands);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpCooperativeMatrixMulAdd:
          opCode = spv::OpCooperativeMatrixMulAddNV;
          break;
  #endif // GLSLANG_WEB
      default:
          return 0;
      }
  
      spv::Id id = 0;
      if (libCall >= 0) {
          // Use an extended instruction from the standard library.
          // Construct the call arguments, without modifying the original operands vector.
          // We might need the remaining arguments, e.g. in the EOpFrexp case.
          std::vector<spv::Id> callArguments(operands.begin(), operands.begin() + consumedOperands);
          id = builder.createBuiltinCall(typeId, extBuiltins >= 0 ? extBuiltins : stdBuiltins, libCall, callArguments);
      } else if (opCode == spv::OpDot && !isFloat) {
          // int dot(int, int)
          // NOTE: never called for scalar/vector1, this is turned into simple mul before this can be reached
          const int componentCount = builder.getNumComponents(operands[0]);
          spv::Id mulOp = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpIMul, builder.getTypeId(operands[0]), operands[0], operands[1]);
          builder.setPrecision(mulOp, precision);
          id = builder.createCompositeExtract(mulOp, typeId, 0);
          for (int i = 1; i < componentCount; ++i) {
              builder.setPrecision(id, precision);
              id = builder.createBinOp(spv::OpIAdd, typeId, id, builder.createCompositeExtract(mulOp, typeId, i));
          }
      } else {
          switch (consumedOperands) {
          case 0:
              // should all be handled by visitAggregate and createNoArgOperation
              assert(0);
              return 0;
          case 1:
              // should all be handled by createUnaryOperation
              assert(0);
              return 0;
          case 2:
              id = builder.createBinOp(opCode, typeId, operands[0], operands[1]);
              break;
          default:
              // anything 3 or over doesn't have l-value operands, so all should be consumed
              assert(consumedOperands == operands.size());
              id = builder.createOp(opCode, typeId, operands);
              break;
          }
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      // Decode the return types that were structures
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpAddCarry:
      case glslang::EOpSubBorrow:
          builder.createStore(builder.createCompositeExtract(id, typeId0, 1), operands[2]);
          id = builder.createCompositeExtract(id, typeId0, 0);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpUMulExtended:
      case glslang::EOpIMulExtended:
          builder.createStore(builder.createCompositeExtract(id, typeId0, 0), operands[3]);
          builder.createStore(builder.createCompositeExtract(id, typeId0, 1), operands[2]);
          break;
      case glslang::EOpFrexp:
          {
              assert(operands.size() == 2);
              if (builder.isFloatType(builder.getScalarTypeId(typeId1))) {
                  // "exp" is floating-point type (from HLSL intrinsic)
                  spv::Id member1 = builder.createCompositeExtract(id, frexpIntType, 1);
                  member1 = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpConvertSToF, typeId1, member1);
                  builder.createStore(member1, operands[1]);
              } else
                  // "exp" is integer type (from GLSL built-in function)
                  builder.createStore(builder.createCompositeExtract(id, frexpIntType, 1), operands[1]);
              id = builder.createCompositeExtract(id, typeId0, 0);
          }
          break;
      default:
          break;
      }
  #endif
  
      return builder.setPrecision(id, precision);
  }
  
  // Intrinsics with no arguments (or no return value, and no precision).
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createNoArgOperation(glslang::TOperator op, spv::Decoration precision, spv::Id typeId)
  {
      // GLSL memory barriers use queuefamily scope in new model, device scope in old model
      spv::Scope memoryBarrierScope = glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel() ? spv::ScopeQueueFamilyKHR : spv::ScopeDevice;
  
      switch (op) {
      case glslang::EOpBarrier:
          if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangTessControl) {
              if (glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel()) {
                  builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::ScopeWorkgroup,
                                               spv::MemorySemanticsOutputMemoryKHRMask |
                                               spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityVulkanMemoryModelKHR);
              } else {
                  builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::ScopeInvocation, spv::MemorySemanticsMaskNone);
              }
          } else {
              builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::ScopeWorkgroup,
                                              spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask |
                                              spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          }
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrier:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(memoryBarrierScope, spv::MemorySemanticsAllMemory |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierBuffer:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(memoryBarrierScope, spv::MemorySemanticsUniformMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierShared:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(memoryBarrierScope, spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpGroupMemoryBarrier:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsAllMemory |
                                                           spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierAtomicCounter:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(memoryBarrierScope, spv::MemorySemanticsAtomicCounterMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpMemoryBarrierImage:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(memoryBarrierScope, spv::MemorySemanticsImageMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpAllMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync:
          builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::ScopeDevice,
                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAllMemory |
                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpDeviceMemoryBarrier:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeDevice, spv::MemorySemanticsUniformMemoryMask |
                                                        spv::MemorySemanticsImageMemoryMask |
                                                        spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpDeviceMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync:
          builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::ScopeDevice, spv::MemorySemanticsUniformMemoryMask |
                                                                              spv::MemorySemanticsImageMemoryMask |
                                                                              spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpWorkgroupMemoryBarrier:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask |
                                                           spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpWorkgroupMemoryBarrierWithGroupSync:
          builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeWorkgroup, spv::ScopeWorkgroup,
                                          spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask |
                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupBarrier:
          builder.createControlBarrier(spv::ScopeSubgroup, spv::ScopeSubgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsAllMemory |
                                                                               spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return spv::NoResult;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrier:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeSubgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsAllMemory |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return spv::NoResult;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrierBuffer:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeSubgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsUniformMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return spv::NoResult;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrierImage:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeSubgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsImageMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return spv::NoResult;
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupMemoryBarrierShared:
          builder.createMemoryBarrier(spv::ScopeSubgroup, spv::MemorySemanticsWorkgroupMemoryMask |
                                                          spv::MemorySemanticsAcquireReleaseMask);
          return spv::NoResult;
  
      case glslang::EOpEmitVertex:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpEmitVertex);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpEndPrimitive:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpEndPrimitive);
          return 0;
  
      case glslang::EOpSubgroupElect: {
          std::vector<spv::Id> operands;
          return createSubgroupOperation(op, typeId, operands, glslang::EbtVoid);
      }
      case glslang::EOpTime:
      {
          std::vector<spv::Id> args; // Dummy arguments
          spv::Id id = builder.createBuiltinCall(typeId, getExtBuiltins(spv::E_SPV_AMD_gcn_shader), spv::TimeAMD, args);
          return builder.setPrecision(id, precision);
      }
      case glslang::EOpIgnoreIntersectionNV:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpIgnoreIntersectionNV);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpTerminateRayNV:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpTerminateRayNV);
          return 0;
  
      case glslang::EOpBeginInvocationInterlock:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpBeginInvocationInterlockEXT);
          return 0;
      case glslang::EOpEndInvocationInterlock:
          builder.createNoResultOp(spv::OpEndInvocationInterlockEXT);
          return 0;
  
      case glslang::EOpIsHelperInvocation:
      {
          std::vector<spv::Id> args; // Dummy arguments
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_EXT_demote_to_helper_invocation);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityDemoteToHelperInvocationEXT);
          return builder.createOp(spv::OpIsHelperInvocationEXT, typeId, args);
      }
  
      case glslang::EOpReadClockSubgroupKHR: {
          std::vector<spv::Id> args;
          args.push_back(builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeSubgroup));
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_clock);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderClockKHR);
          return builder.createOp(spv::OpReadClockKHR, typeId, args);
      }
  
      case glslang::EOpReadClockDeviceKHR: {
          std::vector<spv::Id> args;
          args.push_back(builder.makeUintConstant(spv::ScopeDevice));
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_KHR_shader_clock);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderClockKHR);
          return builder.createOp(spv::OpReadClockKHR, typeId, args);
      }
  #endif
      default:
          break;
      }
  
      logger->missingFunctionality("unknown operation with no arguments");
  
      return 0;
  }
  
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getSymbolId(const glslang::TIntermSymbol* symbol)
  {
      auto iter = symbolValues.find(symbol->getId());
      spv::Id id;
      if (symbolValues.end() != iter) {
          id = iter->second;
          return id;
      }
  
      // it was not found, create it
      spv::BuiltIn builtIn = TranslateBuiltInDecoration(symbol->getQualifier().builtIn, false);
      auto forcedType = getForcedType(builtIn, symbol->getType());
      id = createSpvVariable(symbol, forcedType.first);
      symbolValues[symbol->getId()] = id;
      if (forcedType.second != spv::NoType)
          forceType[id] = forcedType.second;
  
      if (symbol->getBasicType() != glslang::EbtBlock) {
          builder.addDecoration(id, TranslatePrecisionDecoration(symbol->getType()));
          builder.addDecoration(id, TranslateInterpolationDecoration(symbol->getType().getQualifier()));
          builder.addDecoration(id, TranslateAuxiliaryStorageDecoration(symbol->getType().getQualifier()));
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          addMeshNVDecoration(id, /*member*/ -1, symbol->getType().getQualifier());
          if (symbol->getQualifier().hasComponent())
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationComponent, symbol->getQualifier().layoutComponent);
          if (symbol->getQualifier().hasIndex())
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationIndex, symbol->getQualifier().layoutIndex);
  #endif
          if (symbol->getType().getQualifier().hasSpecConstantId())
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationSpecId, symbol->getType().getQualifier().layoutSpecConstantId);
          // atomic counters use this:
          if (symbol->getQualifier().hasOffset())
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationOffset, symbol->getQualifier().layoutOffset);
      }
  
      if (symbol->getQualifier().hasLocation())
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationLocation, symbol->getQualifier().layoutLocation);
      builder.addDecoration(id, TranslateInvariantDecoration(symbol->getType().getQualifier()));
      if (symbol->getQualifier().hasStream() && glslangIntermediate->isMultiStream()) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometryStreams);
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationStream, symbol->getQualifier().layoutStream);
      }
      if (symbol->getQualifier().hasSet())
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationDescriptorSet, symbol->getQualifier().layoutSet);
      else if (IsDescriptorResource(symbol->getType())) {
          // default to 0
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationDescriptorSet, 0);
      }
      if (symbol->getQualifier().hasBinding())
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationBinding, symbol->getQualifier().layoutBinding);
      else if (IsDescriptorResource(symbol->getType())) {
          // default to 0
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationBinding, 0);
      }
      if (symbol->getQualifier().hasAttachment())
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationInputAttachmentIndex, symbol->getQualifier().layoutAttachment);
      if (glslangIntermediate->getXfbMode()) {
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityTransformFeedback);
          if (symbol->getQualifier().hasXfbBuffer()) {
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationXfbBuffer, symbol->getQualifier().layoutXfbBuffer);
              unsigned stride = glslangIntermediate->getXfbStride(symbol->getQualifier().layoutXfbBuffer);
              if (stride != glslang::TQualifier::layoutXfbStrideEnd)
                  builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationXfbStride, stride);
          }
          if (symbol->getQualifier().hasXfbOffset())
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationOffset, symbol->getQualifier().layoutXfbOffset);
      }
  
      // add built-in variable decoration
      if (builtIn != spv::BuiltInMax) {
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationBuiltIn, (int)builtIn);
      }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      if (symbol->getType().isImage()) {
          std::vector<spv::Decoration> memory;
          TranslateMemoryDecoration(symbol->getType().getQualifier(), memory, glslangIntermediate->usingVulkanMemoryModel());
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < memory.size(); ++i)
              builder.addDecoration(id, memory[i]);
      }
  
      // nonuniform
      builder.addDecoration(id, TranslateNonUniformDecoration(symbol->getType().getQualifier()));
  
      if (builtIn == spv::BuiltInSampleMask) {
            spv::Decoration decoration;
            // GL_NV_sample_mask_override_coverage extension
            if (glslangIntermediate->getLayoutOverrideCoverage())
                decoration = (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationOverrideCoverageNV;
            else
                decoration = (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationMax;
          builder.addDecoration(id, decoration);
          if (decoration != spv::DecorationMax) {
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilitySampleMaskOverrideCoverageNV);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_sample_mask_override_coverage);
          }
      }
      else if (builtIn == spv::BuiltInLayer) {
          // SPV_NV_viewport_array2 extension
          if (symbol->getQualifier().layoutViewportRelative) {
              builder.addDecoration(id, (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationViewportRelativeNV);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderViewportMaskNV);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_viewport_array2);
          }
          if (symbol->getQualifier().layoutSecondaryViewportRelativeOffset != -2048) {
              builder.addDecoration(id, (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationSecondaryViewportRelativeNV,
                                    symbol->getQualifier().layoutSecondaryViewportRelativeOffset);
              builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityShaderStereoViewNV);
              builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_stereo_view_rendering);
          }
      }
  
      if (symbol->getQualifier().layoutPassthrough) {
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationPassthroughNV);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityGeometryShaderPassthroughNV);
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_geometry_shader_passthrough);
      }
      if (symbol->getQualifier().pervertexNV) {
          builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationPerVertexNV);
          builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityFragmentBarycentricNV);
          builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_fragment_shader_barycentric);
      }
  
      if (glslangIntermediate->getHlslFunctionality1() && symbol->getType().getQualifier().semanticName != nullptr) {
          builder.addExtension("SPV_GOOGLE_hlsl_functionality1");
          builder.addDecoration(id, (spv::Decoration)spv::DecorationHlslSemanticGOOGLE,
                                symbol->getType().getQualifier().semanticName);
      }
  
      if (symbol->isReference()) {
          builder.addDecoration(id, symbol->getType().getQualifier().restrict ? spv::DecorationRestrictPointerEXT : spv::DecorationAliasedPointerEXT);
      }
  #endif
  
      return id;
  }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
  // add per-primitive, per-view. per-task decorations to a struct member (member >= 0) or an object
  void TGlslangToSpvTraverser::addMeshNVDecoration(spv::Id id, int member, const glslang::TQualifier& qualifier)
  {
      if (member >= 0) {
          if (qualifier.perPrimitiveNV) {
              // Need to add capability/extension for fragment shader.
              // Mesh shader already adds this by default.
              if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangFragment) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityMeshShadingNV);
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_mesh_shader);
              }
              builder.addMemberDecoration(id, (unsigned)member, spv::DecorationPerPrimitiveNV);
          }
          if (qualifier.perViewNV)
              builder.addMemberDecoration(id, (unsigned)member, spv::DecorationPerViewNV);
          if (qualifier.perTaskNV)
              builder.addMemberDecoration(id, (unsigned)member, spv::DecorationPerTaskNV);
      } else {
          if (qualifier.perPrimitiveNV) {
              // Need to add capability/extension for fragment shader.
              // Mesh shader already adds this by default.
              if (glslangIntermediate->getStage() == EShLangFragment) {
                  builder.addCapability(spv::CapabilityMeshShadingNV);
                  builder.addExtension(spv::E_SPV_NV_mesh_shader);
              }
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationPerPrimitiveNV);
          }
          if (qualifier.perViewNV)
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationPerViewNV);
          if (qualifier.perTaskNV)
              builder.addDecoration(id, spv::DecorationPerTaskNV);
      }
  }
  #endif
  
  // Make a full tree of instructions to build a SPIR-V specialization constant,
  // or regular constant if possible.
  //
  // TBD: this is not yet done, nor verified to be the best design, it does do the leaf symbols though
  //
  // Recursively walk the nodes.  The nodes form a tree whose leaves are
  // regular constants, which themselves are trees that createSpvConstant()
  // recursively walks.  So, this function walks the "top" of the tree:
  //  - emit specialization constant-building instructions for specConstant
  //  - when running into a non-spec-constant, switch to createSpvConstant()
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createSpvConstant(const glslang::TIntermTyped& node)
  {
      assert(node.getQualifier().isConstant());
  
      // Handle front-end constants first (non-specialization constants).
      if (! node.getQualifier().specConstant) {
          // hand off to the non-spec-constant path
          assert(node.getAsConstantUnion() != nullptr || node.getAsSymbolNode() != nullptr);
          int nextConst = 0;
          return createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(node.getType(), node.getAsConstantUnion() ? node.getAsConstantUnion()->getConstArray() : node.getAsSymbolNode()->getConstArray(),
                                   nextConst, false);
      }
  
      // We now know we have a specialization constant to build
  
      // gl_WorkGroupSize is a special case until the front-end handles hierarchical specialization constants,
      // even then, it's specialization ids are handled by special case syntax in GLSL: layout(local_size_x = ...
      if (node.getType().getQualifier().builtIn == glslang::EbvWorkGroupSize) {
          std::vector<spv::Id> dimConstId;
          for (int dim = 0; dim < 3; ++dim) {
              bool specConst = (glslangIntermediate->getLocalSizeSpecId(dim) != glslang::TQualifier::layoutNotSet);
              dimConstId.push_back(builder.makeUintConstant(glslangIntermediate->getLocalSize(dim), specConst));
              if (specConst) {
                  builder.addDecoration(dimConstId.back(), spv::DecorationSpecId,
                                        glslangIntermediate->getLocalSizeSpecId(dim));
              }
          }
          return builder.makeCompositeConstant(builder.makeVectorType(builder.makeUintType(32), 3), dimConstId, true);
      }
  
      // An AST node labelled as specialization constant should be a symbol node.
      // Its initializer should either be a sub tree with constant nodes, or a constant union array.
      if (auto* sn = node.getAsSymbolNode()) {
          spv::Id result;
          if (auto* sub_tree = sn->getConstSubtree()) {
              // Traverse the constant constructor sub tree like generating normal run-time instructions.
              // During the AST traversal, if the node is marked as 'specConstant', SpecConstantOpModeGuard
              // will set the builder into spec constant op instruction generating mode.
              sub_tree->traverse(this);
              result = accessChainLoad(sub_tree->getType());
          } else if (auto* const_union_array = &sn->getConstArray()) {
              int nextConst = 0;
              result = createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(sn->getType(), *const_union_array, nextConst, true);
          } else {
              logger->missingFunctionality("Invalid initializer for spec onstant.");
              return spv::NoResult;
          }
          builder.addName(result, sn->getName().c_str());
          return result;
      }
  
      // Neither a front-end constant node, nor a specialization constant node with constant union array or
      // constant sub tree as initializer.
      logger->missingFunctionality("Neither a front-end constant nor a spec constant.");
      return spv::NoResult;
  }
  
  // Use 'consts' as the flattened glslang source of scalar constants to recursively
  // build the aggregate SPIR-V constant.
  //
  // If there are not enough elements present in 'consts', 0 will be substituted;
  // an empty 'consts' can be used to create a fully zeroed SPIR-V constant.
  //
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(const glslang::TType& glslangType, const glslang::TConstUnionArray& consts, int& nextConst, bool specConstant)
  {
      // vector of constants for SPIR-V
      std::vector<spv::Id> spvConsts;
  
      // Type is used for struct and array constants
      spv::Id typeId = convertGlslangToSpvType(glslangType);
  
      if (glslangType.isArray()) {
          glslang::TType elementType(glslangType, 0);
          for (int i = 0; i < glslangType.getOuterArraySize(); ++i)
              spvConsts.push_back(createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(elementType, consts, nextConst, false));
      } else if (glslangType.isMatrix()) {
          glslang::TType vectorType(glslangType, 0);
          for (int col = 0; col < glslangType.getMatrixCols(); ++col)
              spvConsts.push_back(createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(vectorType, consts, nextConst, false));
      } else if (glslangType.isCoopMat()) {
          glslang::TType componentType(glslangType.getBasicType());
          spvConsts.push_back(createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(componentType, consts, nextConst, false));
      } else if (glslangType.isStruct()) {
          glslang::TVector<glslang::TTypeLoc>::const_iterator iter;
          for (iter = glslangType.getStruct()->begin(); iter != glslangType.getStruct()->end(); ++iter)
              spvConsts.push_back(createSpvConstantFromConstUnionArray(*iter->type, consts, nextConst, false));
      } else if (glslangType.getVectorSize() > 1) {
          for (unsigned int i = 0; i < (unsigned int)glslangType.getVectorSize(); ++i) {
              bool zero = nextConst >= consts.size();
              switch (glslangType.getBasicType()) {
              case glslang::EbtInt:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeIntConstant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getIConst()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtUint:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeUintConstant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getUConst()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtFloat:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeFloatConstant(zero ? 0.0F : (float)consts[nextConst].getDConst()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtBool:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeBoolConstant(zero ? false : consts[nextConst].getBConst()));
                  break;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
              case glslang::EbtInt8:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeInt8Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getI8Const()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtUint8:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeUint8Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU8Const()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtInt16:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeInt16Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getI16Const()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtUint16:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeUint16Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU16Const()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtInt64:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeInt64Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getI64Const()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtUint64:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeUint64Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU64Const()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtDouble:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeDoubleConstant(zero ? 0.0 : consts[nextConst].getDConst()));
                  break;
              case glslang::EbtFloat16:
                  spvConsts.push_back(builder.makeFloat16Constant(zero ? 0.0F : (float)consts[nextConst].getDConst()));
                  break;
  #endif
              default:
                  assert(0);
                  break;
              }
              ++nextConst;
          }
      } else {
          // we have a non-aggregate (scalar) constant
          bool zero = nextConst >= consts.size();
          spv::Id scalar = 0;
          switch (glslangType.getBasicType()) {
          case glslang::EbtInt:
              scalar = builder.makeIntConstant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getIConst(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtUint:
              scalar = builder.makeUintConstant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getUConst(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtFloat:
              scalar = builder.makeFloatConstant(zero ? 0.0F : (float)consts[nextConst].getDConst(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtBool:
              scalar = builder.makeBoolConstant(zero ? false : consts[nextConst].getBConst(), specConstant);
              break;
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
          case glslang::EbtInt8:
              scalar = builder.makeInt8Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getI8Const(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtUint8:
              scalar = builder.makeUint8Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU8Const(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtInt16:
              scalar = builder.makeInt16Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getI16Const(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtUint16:
              scalar = builder.makeUint16Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU16Const(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtInt64:
              scalar = builder.makeInt64Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getI64Const(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtUint64:
              scalar = builder.makeUint64Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU64Const(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtDouble:
              scalar = builder.makeDoubleConstant(zero ? 0.0 : consts[nextConst].getDConst(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtFloat16:
              scalar = builder.makeFloat16Constant(zero ? 0.0F : (float)consts[nextConst].getDConst(), specConstant);
              break;
          case glslang::EbtReference:
              scalar = builder.makeUint64Constant(zero ? 0 : consts[nextConst].getU64Const(), specConstant);
              scalar = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpBitcast, typeId, scalar);
              break;
  #endif
          default:
              assert(0);
              break;
          }
          ++nextConst;
          return scalar;
      }
  
      return builder.makeCompositeConstant(typeId, spvConsts);
  }
  
  // Return true if the node is a constant or symbol whose reading has no
  // non-trivial observable cost or effect.
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::isTrivialLeaf(const glslang::TIntermTyped* node)
  {
      // don't know what this is
      if (node == nullptr)
          return false;
  
      // a constant is safe
      if (node->getAsConstantUnion() != nullptr)
          return true;
  
      // not a symbol means non-trivial
      if (node->getAsSymbolNode() == nullptr)
          return false;
  
      // a symbol, depends on what's being read
      switch (node->getType().getQualifier().storage) {
      case glslang::EvqTemporary:
      case glslang::EvqGlobal:
      case glslang::EvqIn:
      case glslang::EvqInOut:
      case glslang::EvqConst:
      case glslang::EvqConstReadOnly:
      case glslang::EvqUniform:
          return true;
      default:
          return false;
      }
  }
  
  // A node is trivial if it is a single operation with no side effects.
  // HLSL (and/or vectors) are always trivial, as it does not short circuit.
  // Otherwise, error on the side of saying non-trivial.
  // Return true if trivial.
  bool TGlslangToSpvTraverser::isTrivial(const glslang::TIntermTyped* node)
  {
      if (node == nullptr)
          return false;
  
      // count non scalars as trivial, as well as anything coming from HLSL
      if (! node->getType().isScalarOrVec1() || glslangIntermediate->getSource() == glslang::EShSourceHlsl)
          return true;
  
      // symbols and constants are trivial
      if (isTrivialLeaf(node))
          return true;
  
      // otherwise, it needs to be a simple operation or one or two leaf nodes
  
      // not a simple operation
      const glslang::TIntermBinary* binaryNode = node->getAsBinaryNode();
      const glslang::TIntermUnary* unaryNode = node->getAsUnaryNode();
      if (binaryNode == nullptr && unaryNode == nullptr)
          return false;
  
      // not on leaf nodes
      if (binaryNode && (! isTrivialLeaf(binaryNode->getLeft()) || ! isTrivialLeaf(binaryNode->getRight())))
          return false;
  
      if (unaryNode && ! isTrivialLeaf(unaryNode->getOperand())) {
          return false;
      }
  
      switch (node->getAsOperator()->getOp()) {
      case glslang::EOpLogicalNot:
      case glslang::EOpConvIntToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvUintToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvFloatToBool:
      case glslang::EOpConvDoubleToBool:
      case glslang::EOpEqual:
      case glslang::EOpNotEqual:
      case glslang::EOpLessThan:
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThan:
      case glslang::EOpLessThanEqual:
      case glslang::EOpGreaterThanEqual:
      case glslang::EOpIndexDirect:
      case glslang::EOpIndexDirectStruct:
      case glslang::EOpLogicalXor:
      case glslang::EOpAny:
      case glslang::EOpAll:
          return true;
      default:
          return false;
      }
  }
  
  // Emit short-circuiting code, where 'right' is never evaluated unless
  // the left side is true (for &&) or false (for ||).
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::createShortCircuit(glslang::TOperator op, glslang::TIntermTyped& left, glslang::TIntermTyped& right)
  {
      spv::Id boolTypeId = builder.makeBoolType();
  
      // emit left operand
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      left.traverse(this);
      spv::Id leftId = accessChainLoad(left.getType());
  
      // Operands to accumulate OpPhi operands
      std::vector<spv::Id> phiOperands;
      // accumulate left operand's phi information
      phiOperands.push_back(leftId);
      phiOperands.push_back(builder.getBuildPoint()->getId());
  
      // Make the two kinds of operation symmetric with a "!"
      //   || => emit "if (! left) result = right"
      //   && => emit "if (  left) result = right"
      //
      // TODO: this runtime "not" for || could be avoided by adding functionality
      // to 'builder' to have an "else" without an "then"
      if (op == glslang::EOpLogicalOr)
          leftId = builder.createUnaryOp(spv::OpLogicalNot, boolTypeId, leftId);
  
      // make an "if" based on the left value
      spv::Builder::If ifBuilder(leftId, spv::SelectionControlMaskNone, builder);
  
      // emit right operand as the "then" part of the "if"
      builder.clearAccessChain();
      right.traverse(this);
      spv::Id rightId = accessChainLoad(right.getType());
  
      // accumulate left operand's phi information
      phiOperands.push_back(rightId);
      phiOperands.push_back(builder.getBuildPoint()->getId());
  
      // finish the "if"
      ifBuilder.makeEndIf();
  
      // phi together the two results
      return builder.createOp(spv::OpPhi, boolTypeId, phiOperands);
  }
  
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
  // Return type Id of the imported set of extended instructions corresponds to the name.
  // Import this set if it has not been imported yet.
  spv::Id TGlslangToSpvTraverser::getExtBuiltins(const char* name)
  {
      if (extBuiltinMap.find(name) != extBuiltinMap.end())
          return extBuiltinMap[name];
      else {
          builder.addExtension(name);
          spv::Id extBuiltins = builder.import(name);
          extBuiltinMap[name] = extBuiltins;
          return extBuiltins;
      }
  }
  #endif
  
  };  // end anonymous namespace
  
  namespace glslang {
  
  void GetSpirvVersion(std::string& version)
  {
      const int bufSize = 100;
      char buf[bufSize];
      snprintf(buf, bufSize, "0x%08x, Revision %d", spv::Version, spv::Revision);
      version = buf;
  }
  
  // For low-order part of the generator's magic number. Bump up
  // when there is a change in the style (e.g., if SSA form changes,
  // or a different instruction sequence to do something gets used).
  int GetSpirvGeneratorVersion()
  {
      // return 1; // start
      // return 2; // EOpAtomicCounterDecrement gets a post decrement, to map between GLSL -> SPIR-V
      // return 3; // change/correct barrier-instruction operands, to match memory model group decisions
      // return 4; // some deeper access chains: for dynamic vector component, and local Boolean component
      // return 5; // make OpArrayLength result type be an int with signedness of 0
      // return 6; // revert version 5 change, which makes a different (new) kind of incorrect code,
                   // versions 4 and 6 each generate OpArrayLength as it has long been done
      // return 7; // GLSL volatile keyword maps to both SPIR-V decorations Volatile and Coherent
      return 8; // switch to new dead block eliminator; use OpUnreachable
  }
  
  // Write SPIR-V out to a binary file
  void OutputSpvBin(const std::vector<unsigned int>& spirv, const char* baseName)
  {
      std::ofstream out;
      out.open(baseName, std::ios::binary | std::ios::out);
      if (out.fail())
          printf("ERROR: Failed to open file: %s\n", baseName);
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)spirv.size(); ++i) {
          unsigned int word = spirv[i];
          out.write((const char*)&word, 4);
      }
      out.close();
  }
  
  // Write SPIR-V out to a text file with 32-bit hexadecimal words
  void OutputSpvHex(const std::vector<unsigned int>& spirv, const char* baseName, const char* varName)
  {
  #ifndef GLSLANG_WEB
      std::ofstream out;
      out.open(baseName, std::ios::binary | std::ios::out);
      if (out.fail())
          printf("ERROR: Failed to open file: %s\n", baseName);
      out << "\t// " << 
          GetSpirvGeneratorVersion() << "." << GLSLANG_MINOR_VERSION << "." << GLSLANG_PATCH_LEVEL <<
          std::endl;
      if (varName != nullptr) {
          out << "\t #pragma once" << std::endl;
          out << "const uint32_t " << varName << "[] = {" << std::endl;
      }
      const int WORDS_PER_LINE = 8;
      for (int i = 0; i < (int)spirv.size(); i += WORDS_PER_LINE) {
          out << "\t";
          for (int j = 0; j < WORDS_PER_LINE && i + j < (int)spirv.size(); ++j) {
              const unsigned int word = spirv[i + j];
              out << "0x" << std::hex << std::setw(8) << std::setfill('0') << word;
              if (i + j + 1 < (int)spirv.size()) {
                  out << ",";
              }
          }
          out << std::endl;
      }
      if (varName != nullptr) {
          out << "};";
      }
      out.close();
  #endif
  }
  
  //
  // Set up the glslang traversal
  //
  void GlslangToSpv(const TIntermediate& intermediate, std::vector<unsigned int>& spirv, SpvOptions* options)
  {
      spv::SpvBuildLogger logger;
      GlslangToSpv(intermediate, spirv, &logger, options);
  }
  
  void GlslangToSpv(const TIntermediate& intermediate, std::vector<unsigned int>& spirv,
                    spv::SpvBuildLogger* logger, SpvOptions* options)
  {
      TIntermNode* root = intermediate.getTreeRoot();
  
      if (root == 0)
          return;
  
      SpvOptions defaultOptions;
      if (options == nullptr)
          options = &defaultOptions;
  
      GetThreadPoolAllocator().push();
  
      TGlslangToSpvTraverser it(intermediate.getSpv().spv, &intermediate, logger, *options);
      root->traverse(&it);
      it.finishSpv();
      it.dumpSpv(spirv);
  
  #if ENABLE_OPT
      // If from HLSL, run spirv-opt to "legalize" the SPIR-V for Vulkan
      // eg. forward and remove memory writes of opaque types.
      bool prelegalization = intermediate.getSource() == EShSourceHlsl;
      if ((intermediate.getSource() == EShSourceHlsl || options->optimizeSize) && !options->disableOptimizer) {
          SpirvToolsLegalize(intermediate, spirv, logger, options);
          prelegalization = false;
      }
  
      if (options->validate)
          SpirvToolsValidate(intermediate, spirv, logger, prelegalization);
  
      if (options->disassemble)
          SpirvToolsDisassemble(std::cout, spirv);
  
  #endif
  
      GetThreadPoolAllocator().pop();
  }
  
  }; // end namespace glslang
  