code: """
  ====================================
  Outlier detection on a real data set
  ====================================
  
  This example illustrates the need for robust covariance estimation
  on a real data set. It is useful both for outlier detection and for
  a better understanding of the data structure.
  
  We selected two sets of two variables from the Boston housing data set
  as an illustration of what kind of analysis can be done with several
  outlier detection tools. For the purpose of visualization, we are working
  with two-dimensional examples, but one should be aware that things are
  not so trivial in high-dimension, as it will be pointed out.
  
  In both examples below, the main result is that the empirical covariance
  estimate, as a non-robust one, is highly influenced by the heterogeneous
  structure of the observations. Although the robust covariance estimate is
  able to focus on the main mode of the data distribution, it sticks to the
  assumption that the data should be Gaussian distributed, yielding some biased
  estimation of the data structure, but yet accurate to some extent.
  The One-Class SVM does not assume any parametric form of the data distribution
  and can therefore model the complex shape of the data much better.
  
  First example
  -------------
  The first example illustrates how the Minimum Covariance Determinant
  robust estimator can help concentrate on a relevant cluster when outlying
  points exist. Here the empirical covariance estimation is skewed by points
  outside of the main cluster. Of course, some screening tools would have pointed
  out the presence of two clusters (Support Vector Machines, Gaussian Mixture
  Models, univariate outlier detection, ...). But had it been a high-dimensional
  example, none of these could be applied that easily.
  
  """
  print(__doc__)
  
  # Author: Virgile Fritsch <virgile.fritsch@inria.fr>
  # License: BSD 3 clause
  
  import numpy as np
  from sklearn.covariance import EllipticEnvelope
  from sklearn.svm import OneClassSVM
  import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
  import matplotlib.font_manager
  from sklearn.datasets import load_wine
  
  # Define "classifiers" to be used
  classifiers = {
      "Empirical Covariance": EllipticEnvelope(support_fraction=1.,
                                               contamination=0.25),
      "Robust Covariance (Minimum Covariance Determinant)":
      EllipticEnvelope(contamination=0.25),
      "OCSVM": OneClassSVM(nu=0.25, gamma=0.35)}
  colors = ['m', 'g', 'b']
  legend1 = {}
  legend2 = {}
  
  # Get data
  X1 = load_wine()['data'][:, [1, 2]]  # two clusters
  
  # Learn a frontier for outlier detection with several classifiers
  xx1, yy1 = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(0, 6, 500), np.linspace(1, 4.5, 500))
  for i, (clf_name, clf) in enumerate(classifiers.items()):
      plt.figure(1)
      clf.fit(X1)
      Z1 = clf.decision_function(np.c_[xx1.ravel(), yy1.ravel()])
      Z1 = Z1.reshape(xx1.shape)
      legend1[clf_name] = plt.contour(
          xx1, yy1, Z1, levels=[0], linewidths=2, colors=colors[i])
  
  legend1_values_list = list(legend1.values())
  legend1_keys_list = list(legend1.keys())
  
  # Plot the results (= shape of the data points cloud)
  plt.figure(1)  # two clusters
  plt.title("Outlier detection on a real data set (wine recognition)")
  plt.scatter(X1[:, 0], X1[:, 1], color='black')
  bbox_args = dict(boxstyle="round", fc="0.8")
  arrow_args = dict(arrowstyle="->")
  plt.annotate("outlying points", xy=(4, 2),
               xycoords="data", textcoords="data",
               xytext=(3, 1.25), bbox=bbox_args, arrowprops=arrow_args)
  plt.xlim((xx1.min(), xx1.max()))
  plt.ylim((yy1.min(), yy1.max()))
  plt.legend((legend1_values_list[0].collections[0],
              legend1_values_list[1].collections[0],
              legend1_values_list[2].collections[0]),
             (legend1_keys_list[0], legend1_keys_list[1], legend1_keys_list[2]),
             loc="upper center",
             prop=matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties(size=11))
  plt.ylabel("ash")
  plt.xlabel("malic_acid")
  
  plt.show()
  
  ##############################################################################
  # Second example
  # --------------
  # The second example shows the ability of the Minimum Covariance Determinant
  # robust estimator of covariance to concentrate on the main mode of the data
  # distribution: the location seems to be well estimated, although the
  # covariance is hard to estimate due to the banana-shaped distribution. Anyway,
  # we can get rid of some outlying observations. The One-Class SVM is able to
  # capture the real data structure, but the difficulty is to adjust its kernel
  # bandwidth parameter so as to obtain a good compromise between the shape of
  # the data scatter matrix and the risk of over-fitting the data.
  
  # Get data
  X2 = load_wine()['data'][:, [6, 9]]  # "banana"-shaped
  
  # Learn a frontier for outlier detection with several classifiers
  xx2, yy2 = np.meshgrid(np.linspace(-1, 5.5, 500), np.linspace(-2.5, 19, 500))
  for i, (clf_name, clf) in enumerate(classifiers.items()):
      plt.figure(2)
      clf.fit(X2)
      Z2 = clf.decision_function(np.c_[xx2.ravel(), yy2.ravel()])
      Z2 = Z2.reshape(xx2.shape)
      legend2[clf_name] = plt.contour(
          xx2, yy2, Z2, levels=[0], linewidths=2, colors=colors[i])
  
  legend2_values_list = list(legend2.values())
  legend2_keys_list = list(legend2.keys())
  
  # Plot the results (= shape of the data points cloud)
  plt.figure(2)  # "banana" shape
  plt.title("Outlier detection on a real data set (wine recognition)")
  plt.scatter(X2[:, 0], X2[:, 1], color='black')
  plt.xlim((xx2.min(), xx2.max()))
  plt.ylim((yy2.min(), yy2.max()))
  plt.legend((legend2_values_list[0].collections[0],
              legend2_values_list[1].collections[0],
              legend2_values_list[2].collections[0]),
             (legend2_keys_list[0], legend2_keys_list[1], legend2_keys_list[2]),
             loc="upper center",
             prop=matplotlib.font_manager.FontProperties(size=11))
  plt.ylabel("color_intensity")
  plt.xlabel("flavanoids")
  
  plt.show()
  