A gravitationally-boosted MUSE survey for emission-line galaxies at z>~5 behind the massive cluster RCS 0224
Renske Smit A. M. Swinbank Richard Massey Johan Richard Ian Smail J. -P. Kneib






2017



Contagion dynamics of extremist propaganda in social networks
    [
    Accepted 2017 January 26. Received 2017 January 16; in original form 2016 September 4
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We present a VLT/MUSE survey of lensed high-redshift galaxies behind the z=0.77 cluster RCS 0224-0002. 
We study the detailed internal properties of a highly magnified  (μ∼29)
z = 4.88 galaxy seen through the cluster. We detect wide-spread nebular Civλλ1548,1551 Å emission from this galaxy as well as a bright Lyα halo with a spatially-uniform wind and absorption profile across 12 kpc in the image plane. 
Blueshifted high- and low-ionisation interstellar absorption indicate the presence of a high-velocity outflow (Δ v∼300  km s^-1) from the galaxy. 
Unlike similar observations of galaxies at z∼2-3, the Lyα emission from the halo emerges close to the systemic velocity - an order of magnitude lower in velocity offset than predicted in “shell”-like outflow models. To explain these observations we favour a model of an outflow with a strong velocity gradient, which changes the effective column density seen by the Lyα photons.  

We also search for high-redshift Lyα emitters and identify 14 candidates between z=4.8-6.6, including an over-density at z=4.88, of which only one has a detected counterpart in  HST/ACS+WFC3 imaging.  




galaxies: high-redshift –  galaxies: formation – galaxies: evolution 




§ INTRODUCTION


Over the last decade,  deep observations of blank fields, in particular with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) have identified a substantial poplation of galaxies beyond z>3, using broadband photometry <cit.>. 
Despite the progress in identifying large numbers of galaxies, it remains challenging to obtain spectroscopic redshifts and determine the physical properties of these systems. This is largely due to their inherent faintness and the fact that bright rest-frame optical emission-line tracers such as Hα and [Oiii], which are traditionally used to measure the properties of the ISM, are shifted to observed mid-infrared wavelengths for sources at z≳3-4.  The small physical sizes of galaxies at z>3 compared to typical ground-based seeing also makes spatially resolved observations difficult to obtain, inhibiting measurements of dynamical masses, star-formation distributions and wind energetics. 


Recently, the commissioning of the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) on the Very Large Telescope (VLT) has led to an advance in the identification and characterisation of z∼3-6 galaxies though wide-field and deep spectroscopy of the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) spectra of these sources. 
For example, MUSE is starting to probe the physical properties of Hii regions within galaxies by exploiting gravitationally lensing through their faint UV nebular emission lines such as Civλλ1548,1551 Å, Heiiλ1640 Å, Oiii]λλ1661,1666 Å and Ciii]λλ1907,1909 Å <cit.>, lines which are rarely seen in local star-forming galaxies <cit.>. These lines are produced either by young, metal-poor stellar populations with high-ionization parameters <cit.>, or gas photo-ionisation by faint active galactic nuclei <cit.>. Furthermore, MUSE has enabled the detailed modelling of extended Lyα emission, gaining insights into the inflowing neutral gas and/or wind energetics in the circum-galactic medium (CGM) of galaxies <cit.>.  

Moreover, MUSE is a promising new instrument for undertaking unbiased spectroscopic surveys. <cit.> used a 27 hour MUSE pointing of the Hubble Deep Fields South (HDF-S)
to detect 89 Lyman-α emitters in the redshift range z∼3-6.
Remarkably, 66% of the Lyα emitters above z≳5 have
no counterpart in the HST broadband imaging (to a
limiting magnitude of m_i∼29.5), 

In this paper, we extend current work on characterising the UV spectra of intrinsically faint high-redshift galaxies out to z∼5 through the analysis of VLT/MUSE observations of one of the most strongly magnified galaxies known above a redshift of z>3; the highly magnified (μ=13-145×) z=4.88  lensed arc seen through the core of the compact z=0.77 cluster  RCS 0224-0002 <cit.>. 


S07 observed nebular [Oii] emission and an extended Lyα halo  in this z=4.88 source and they hypothesized that a galactic-scale bipolar outflow has recently bursted out of this system and into the intergalactic medium (IGM). Our new observations obtain significantly higher signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) in the UV emission and continuum, allowing us to resolve the shape of the Lyα profile and detect the UV-interstellar medium (ISM)
lines.  Furthermore, our MUSE pointing covers the complete z∼6 critical curves, which allows for an efficient survey for faint high-redshift Lyα emitters. These sources are important targets to study in order to understand the properties of the ultra-faint galaxy population that could have contributed significantly to reionisation. 

This paper is organised as follows: we describe our MUSE dataset and we summarize the complementary data presented by S07 in <ref>. We analyse the spectral properties of the main z=4.88 arc in <ref>. We present the results of a blind search for Lyα emitters in <ref> and finally we summarise our findings in <ref>.  

For ease of comparison with previous studies we take H_0=70  km s^-1 Mpc^-1, Ω_m=0.3,andΩ_Λ=0.7, resulting in an angular scale of 6.4 kpc per arcsecond at z=4.88. Magnitudes are quoted in the AB system <cit.>.










§ DATA





 §.§ HST imaging

We obtained HST imaging from the Space Telescope Science Institute  MAST data archive (GO:14497, PI: Smit and GO: 9135, PI:Gladdders). RCS 0224-0002 (α = 02:24:34.26, δ= -00:02:32.4) was observed with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) using the F666W (V_666) filter (10.5 ks), the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) using the F814W (I_814) filter (2.2 ks) and the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) using the F125W (J_125) and F160W (H_160) filters (2.6 ks each). The ACS and WFC3 images were reduced with Drizzlepac v2.1.3 to 0.05 and 0.128 arcsec pixel^-1 resolution respectively. The depth of the I_814, J_125 and H_160 band images is 26.3, 26.8 and 26.7 mag respectively (5σ in a 0.5-diameter aperture). The WFPC2 data was reduced with the STSDAS package from IRAF to ∼0.1 arcsec pixel^-1 resolution as described by S07. A false-color image using the I_814, J_125 and H_160 bands are shown in Figure <ref>. The color image shows two bright arcs at  z=2.40 (lensed images B1–B6) and z=4.88 (lensed images 1–4).  



 §.§ MUSE spectroscopy


We observed the cluster RCS 0224-0002  with a single pointing (∼1× 1 arcmin) of the VLT/MUSE IFU spectrograph <cit.> between November 13, 2014, and September 16, 2015, programme 094.A-0141. Each individual exposure was 1500 seconds, with spatial dithers of ∼15 arcsec to account for cosmic rays and defects. One observing block was partly taken in twilight and therefore omitted from the final data-cube, resulting in a co-added exposure time of 13.5 ks. All the observations we use were taken in dark time with <0.8" V-band seeing and clear atmospheric conditions. 

We reduced the data with the public MUSE ESOREX pipeline version 1.2.1, including bias, dark, flat-fielding, sky subtraction, wavelength and flux calibrations. For each individual exposure we used the lamp flat-field taken adjacent in time to the observation for illumination correction. The reduced data-cubes were registered and stacked using the EXP_COMBINE routine.
 The seeing measured on the combined exposure is ∼0.68" full width half max (FWHM), with a spectral resolution of 94 km s^-1 (2.2  Å) FWHM at 7000 Å. 
 
 A false-color image constructed from the final MUSE cube is shown in Figure <ref>. We use median images centered on 5375 Å, 6125 Å and 8275 Å as broadband inputs and we add a 8 Å wide mean image centered on 7146 Å to the red channel to emphasize the Lyα emission in the z=4.88 arc. All bright HST sources are detected in the MUSE continuum, while the z=4.88 arc is clearly detected with spatially extended Lyα emission. A number of other Lyα sources are identified at the same redshift (see <ref>).



 §.§ SINFONI spectroscopy

To complement the MUSE dataset we exploit the SINFONI IFU spectroscopy presented by S07. Briefly, the SINFONI data was taken in the HK grating (λ/Δλ = 1700) covering the [Oii]λλ3726.1,3728.8 Å doublet redshifted to ∼2.2 μm. The ∼8× 8 arcsec field-of-view (with a spatial resolution 0.25 arcsec pixel^-1) covers the lensed images 2  and 3 of the z=4.88 arc . 






§ ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION






 §.§ Lens model


To constrain the intrinsic properties of the emission-line galaxies in this study we require an accurate lens-model. S07 constructed a simple mass-model of RCS 0224-0002 with the two main elliptical galaxies in the centre of the cluster and the dark matter component approximated by single truncated pseudo-isothermal elliptical mass distributions. Their primary observational constraints on the mass configuration are the four lensed images of the z=4.88 arc. However, our MUSE observations also cover the other arcs in the cluster. We extract spectra over the multiply-imaged central blue arcs (B1–B6 in Figure <ref>) and detect Ciii]λλ1907,1909 Å, Oiii]λλ1661,1666 Å emission and Siiiλ1403 Å, Siivλλ1394,1403 Å, Siiiλ1526 Å, Civλλ1548,1551 Å, Feiiλ1608 Å, Aliiλ1671 Å absorption in images B1–B6 and measure a redshift z_Ciii]=2.396±0.001 from the integrated light of these images (Smit et al., in preparation). 

We use these new constraints to update the lens model by S07.  As in S07, the lens modelling is performed using the LENSTOOL software <cit.>. LENSTOOL is a parametric  method for  modelling  galaxy clusters that uses a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) fit for a specified number of mass peaks. Each mass peak corresponds to a dark matter halo  modelled with a truncated pseudo-isothermal elliptical that is characterised by a position (RA, dec), velocity dispersion σ_ V, ellipticity ε, truncation radius r_ cut and core radius r_ core.

For our updated mass model we include mass components for the brightest 22 cluster members and two components for the cluster halo.
We include constraints from the six images B1–B6 of the z=2.396 galaxy arc, including the de-magnified image in the centre. Another faint arc is identified in the HST imaging (D1–D3 in Table <ref>), just inside the z=4.88 arc, but we do not detect any emission lines from this source in the MUSE data-cube. Furthermore, we search the MUSE cube for bright multiply lensed line emitters and find a Lyα emitter without an HST continuum counterpart at z_ Lyα=5.500 ± 0.002  (labelled C1 at α = 02:24:34.86, δ= -00:02:16.2 and C2 at α = 02:24:34.02, δ= -00:02:36.3 in Figure <ref>). The locations of the Lyα emitter images are well predicted by the lens-model that uses all other constraints and therefore we include this doubly lensed image as an additional constraint. In Figure <ref> we show the critical curve of our new model at a redshift of z=4.88 and we list all multiple images used to constrain the model in Table <ref> in Appendix <ref>. 

Our mass model differs from that of S07 in three ways. First, owing to the different assumed cosmology, our model is ∼35% less massive: M=(3.8±0.2)×10^14M_⊙ compared to M=(5.9±0.4)×10^14M_⊙. We recover the S07 mass if we switch back to their cosmology. Second, the inclusion of mass from all cluster member galaxies makes the z=2.4 critical line better match the observed features of lensed system B. Third, our distribution of mass is more elongated toward the North-West. The S07 model had close to circular symmetry, forced by a prior on the ellipticity of the cluster-scale dark matter. This resulted in a scatter of rms^A_i=1.21 between the predicted and observed positions of images A1-A4 (G. Smith et al. private comm.). By dropping the prior (and simultaneously imposing constraints from newly identified lens systems), a cluster-scale mass distribution with ellipticity ε=0.63 achieves rms_i^A=0.52, or rms_i=1.03 for all image systems. However, we achieve a still-better fit (rms_i^A=0.48, rms_i=0.88) using two cluster-scale halos. These were given a Gaussian prior centred on the two BCGs. The first gets asymmetrically offset to the North-West; the second remains near CG2. This two-halo model achieves a superior log(Likelihood) of –26.57 and χ^2=61.3 in 11 degrees of freedom compared to the best-fitting one-halo model, which has log(Likelihood) of –142.92 and χ^2=294 in 17 degrees of freedom. The best-fit parameters are listed in Table <ref> in Appendix <ref>.



  



 §.§ The z=4.88 arc



The z=4.88 arc was first discovered  in the Red-Sequence Cluster (RCS) by <cit.>. <cit.> detected the bright Lyα emission in galaxy images 1–3 at z_ Lyα=4.8786 with VLT/FORS-2 spectroscopy. S07 targeted the arc with VLT/VIMOS (galaxy images 1–4) and VLT/SINFONI  (galaxy images 2–3) spectroscopy and detected Lyα at z_ Lyα=4.8760 and [Oii]λλ3726.1,3728.8 Å at z_ [Oii]=4.8757. S07 measured  a star-formation rate of 12±2 M_⊙  yr^-1, a velocity gradient of ≲60 km s^-1, and an estimated dynamical mass of ∼ 10^10  M_⊙ within 2 kpc from the [Oii] emission lines.


For our MUSE study of the z=4.88 arc we will assume the systemic velocity of the galaxy is best estimated by z_ sys=z_ [Oii]=4.8757±0.0005 (integrated over galaxy images 2–3). Furthermore, from our lens-model we find luminosity weighted amplifications of μ=29^+9_-11, μ=21^+12_-8, μ=138^+7_-74 and μ=1.30^+0.01_-0.01 for images 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively (note that image 3 has a very high amplification, but also a very large uncertainty, because the arc crosses the critical curve).  These values are slightly higher than the mean, luminosity-weighted magnification of μ=16±2 found by S07 for images 1,2 and 3 integrated (though within the uncertainties for images 1 and 2). The uncertainty on our numbers is largely due to the fact that a small shift of the critical curve can change the luminosity weighted amplification significantly. In particular, we note that the high magnification of image 3 is dominated by a few pixels that overlap with the critical curve, while the estimated magnification for any modelling method is most uncertain near the critical curves <cit.>.     

To measure the detailed properties of the UV spectrum of this galaxy we first construct a one-dimensional spectrum (up to ∼1600 Å in the rest-frame) of the z=4.88 arc from the MUSE cube by measuring the integrated (non-weighted) spectrum extracted from pixels in the lensed images 1, 2 and 3 with a S/N>2σ in the continuum image of the MUSE data-cube. The resulting  spectrum is shown in Figure <ref>. As well as bright Lyα emission, which has an observed equivalent width (EW) of 793±159 Å (rest-frame EW_0=135±27 Å), we clearly detect the absorption line doublet Siivλλ1394,1403 Å, which originates in the ISM and/or CGM and the emission line doublet Civλλ1548,1551 Å, with some evidence for an absorption component as well (see inset panels), which is likely to arise from a combination of stellar, nebular and ISM/CGM components. The observational parameters of the UV spectroscopic features in the MUSE data are listed in Table <ref> (see Appendix <ref> for measurements on the individual lensed galaxy images).


In the next sections we will first discuss the morphology of the emission lines, before moving to a detailed analysis of the spectral properties of the z=4.88 arc, the kinematics of the system and the physical picture that emerges from these observations.  
















  §.§.§ Lyα morphology



The Lyα emission in the z=4.88 arc (see Figure <ref>) appears to be significantly extended.
Lyman Break galaxies and Lyα emitters at z∼2-6 often exhibit extended Lyα halos around the stellar continuum of the galaxies, following an exponential surface brightness distribution <cit.>. These  Lyα halos are thought to be generated either by cooling radiation <cit.> or by resonant scattering from a central powering source, such as star-formation or AGN <cit.>.
First, we  investigate the morphology of Lyα in the z=4.88 arc behind RCS 0224-0002. 

Figure <ref> shows the source-plane reconstruction of the continuum subtracted Lyα halo. We use image 4, since the Lyα halos of images 1 to 3 are incomplete and merged together (see the right panel of Figure <ref>).  For the spatial profile we use bins of 0.1 arcsec in concentric circles around the peak flux of the Lyα emission.  The MUSE Lyα halo has an observed FWHM of 2.2 kpc, while the HST continuum has a FWHM of 0.2 kpc. A number of foreground cluster galaxies contaminate the measurement of the stellar spatial profile directly from the continuum image. Therefore we construct a broadband image redwards of Lyα, centered on 7400Å, and we subtract a continuum image bluewards of the Lyα break centered on  6975Å in order to remove most of the foreground contamination. We mask any remaining flux from foreground sources by hand. Furthermore, we extract the PSF from a nearby star and place this at the position of the Lyα peak in our lens model in order to construct the source-plane image of the PSF and measure its spatial profile.  

The Lyα halo appears roughly isotropic, with little substructure, except for an extended lower luminosity region in the South-East. Comparing the Lyα halo with the UV continuum image in Figure <ref> indicates the extended nature of the faint Lyα profile beyond the continuum. The Lyα halo is consistent with an exponential profile. For comparison with Lyα halos in the literature, we measure the Petrosian radius <cit.> of the halo, defined as the annulus where the Lyα flux is equal to η times the mean flux within the annulus. The Petrosian radius is a useful measure, since it is only weakly dependent on the seeing of the observations. For η=20% we find R_ p20,Lyα=8.1±0.4  kpc and R_ p20,UV=2.9±0.8  kpc, which is somewhat lower than the range of Petrosian radii R_ p20,Lyα∼10-30  kpc (for R_ p20,UV∼1.3-3.5  kpc) found by <cit.>, but similar to some of the largest Lyα halos around z∼0 analogues in the LARS sample <cit.>, which typically show radii R_ p20,Lyα≲8  kpc (Figure <ref>). 

<cit.> and <cit.> use radiative transfer simulations to investigate the expected morphology of Lyα halos generated by cooling radiation and they predict concentrated emission, which can extend out to 10-30  kpc.  While stacked Lyα halos extend out to ∼ 100  kpc <cit.>, indicating cooling is not the origin of Lyα emission in typical galaxies, our observations do not have sufficient S/N to trace the z=4.88 Lyα halo beyond 10  kpc, necessary to rule out a gas cooling scenario. We will therefore further investigate whether the faint, extended Lyα emission is produced by resonant scattering from a central source or by cooling radiation in <ref> based on the spectral properties of the line. 
 

 
 
 


 



  §.§.§ Spectral properties of the Lyα line



High-redshift  Lyα emitters can exhibit a wide range of spectral properties, such as blueshifted and redshifted emission, single and double peaked lines and different line widths and velocity offsets, which gives insight into the emission mechanism of Lyα and the column density and velocity distribution of the ISM and CGM neutral gas <cit.>.

 For the z=4.88 arc, the Lyα emission line profile is very asymmetric and we find a single redshifted Lyα line, with a peak at z_ Lyα=4.8770±0.0005 (using the wavelength and width of the spectral element where Lyα peaks), ∼40-90 km s^-1 redshifted with respect to the [Oii] emission which marks the systemic redshift, and FWHM_red=285 km s^-1, with very little flux bluewards of the [Oii] redshift (see Figures <ref> and <ref>). We set an upper limit on the presence of a weaker blue line; at -v_ red we find an upper limit on the flux ratio of any blue peak to the red peak F_ peak,blue/F_ peak,red<0.027. Furthermore, we detect a faint tail of redshifted Lyα emission out to ∼1000 km s^-1. A simplified model for this asymmetric line shape is that of a Gaussian emission line profile convolved with a Voigt profile, describing the collisional and Doppler broadening of interstellar absorption lines, as shown in Figure <ref>, where we fix the redshift of the underlying Gaussian emission to the [Oii] redshift z=4.8757. The best-fit model in Figure <ref> indicates a Hi absorber with a column density of 10^19  cm^-2, however, the fit fails to reproduce both the narrow peak and the high-velocity tail of the Lyα line. In fact, the emission-line component of the Lyα line shows a strongly non-gaussian shape; instead we observe an exponential profile as a function of velocity over two orders of magnitude in flux (Figure <ref>), remarkably similar to the exponential surface brightness profile (Figure <ref>). 


S07 observed the modest redshifted  narrow Lyα line in combination with the high velocity tail, and interpreted this as a combination of emission from the central source combined with redshifted emission from an outflow. To test this model, in Figure <ref> we show the spatial variation of the spectral Lyα profile in the image-plane of the lensed galaxy image 1 (the highest S/N image). While we used the source-plane reconstruction of galaxy image 4  for deriving the spatial properties of the Lyα halo, we use the brightest galaxy image for spectral analysis to obtain higher signal-to-noise information. First, we partition the halo along contours of constant observed Lyα flux. While the Lyα flux in the halo drops by more than an order of magnitude compared to the emission over the stellar continuum, the shape of the Lyα profile, after normalising to the peak flux, changes only marginally from the Lyα profile extracted over the stellar continuum. Across the lensed image, the wavelength of the peak of the Lyα line changes by less than  ∼50 km s^-1, while the width and the shape of the high velocity tail stays nearly constant <cit.>. 

These results differ strongly from the scenario described in S07, where the main peak of the Lyα profile comes directly from the star-forming regions and the high velocity wing is re-scattered in an expanding shell of gas within the CGM. For this model to hold we would expect the star-formation component (the peak of Lyα) to drop off rapidly with increasing radius, while the back-scattered CGM component changes little with radius, and therefore the peak flux would shift to higher velocities and the shape would change significantly. The spatially-uniform Lyα spectral profile instead suggests that the Lyα peak is also produced or resonantly scattered within the CGM, which generates  Lyα emission with a wide range in velocities.

We can test this further by searching for any deviations from the average Lyα profile. We  use the spectrum extracted over the stellar continuum as a model for fitting the Lyα line in each individual pixel of the z=4.88 arc, leaving the normalisation as the only free parameter and considering only the peak of the Lyα line as a model constraint. After subtracting our one-parameter model we detect only a weak residual. In  Figure <ref> we show the spectrum extracted over the region with the largest residual, which shows a slightly offset peak compared to the Lyα extracted over the stellar continuum and a broadened profile out to 1000 km s^-1, indicating a collimated high-velocity outflow on top of the isotropic Lyα halo component that is described above. 

Given the extended nature of the Lyα emission (<ref>) we now consider various generation mechanisms for the emission. Given the spatially invariant Lyα line profile, which indicates that only a minor fraction of the Lyα emission reaches us directly from the galaxy, it is reasonable to consider whether the halo can be produced by cooling radiation from the CGM. <cit.> and <cit.> model such scenarios using radiative transfer simulations and find that Lyα should typically be double peaked and blueshifted with respect to the systemic velocity of the galaxy. Assuming these models provide a reasonable description of the system, the single redshifted Lyα peak we observe excludes cooling as a source of Lyα photons in the z=4.88 arc. 

To reproduce the Lyα line profile for the z=4.88 arc we thus favour a picture where a central powering source is surrounded by a largely isotropic halo of neutral gas, which dampens Lyα bluewards of the systemic velocity and resonantly scatters the vast majority of photons towards higher velocities within the expanding gas behind the galaxy <cit.>. 

The strong similarity between the Lyα surface brightness profile (Fig. <ref>) and the spectral profile in the z=4.88 arc could suggest the presence of a smoothly varying velocity gradient in the CGM gas that resonantly scatters the Lyα photons into our line of sight. This scenario is qualitatively in good agreement with the Lyα profile considered in <cit.>, shown in Appendix <ref>, where the relatively low column density (at a given velocity) created by the strong velocity gradient causes  the escape of Lyα photons predominantly at low velocity (and small radii), while a weak high-velocity tail is still observed due to the photons that are resonantly scattered through the accelerating outflow. A model with a gas velocity gradient furthermore predicts the absence of a blue peak, which is difficult to reproduce in a shell model, since a low velocity shell with low covering fraction which gives rise to a red Lyα peak close to the systemic velocity also produces a nearly symmetric blue peak. 
In <ref> we will discuss how this model fits into a physical picture that can explain our full set of observations.



 

 







  §.§.§ C IV emission


The detection of narrow (FWHM = 156± 16  km s^-1) Civλλ1548,1551 Å emission in the z=4.88 arc is interesting since the UV spectra of field galaxies generally show  Civ in absorption from ISM/CGM gas, or else exhibit a P-Cygni profile from the stellar winds of O-stars, with Civ emission redshifted by a few hundred km s^-1 <cit.>.  AGN can also produce  Civ in emission, though with typical line-widths of at least a few hundred km s^-1. Narrow Civλλ1548,1551 Å has so far been observed in a handful of strongly lensed high-redshift galaxies <cit.>. To date these galaxies have either been studied with slit spectroscopy or they are unresolved  in ground-based observations, inhibiting the study of the spatial distribution of the Civλλ1548,1551 Å. The MUSE observations of the brightly lensed z=4.88 arc therefore provides us with a unique opportunity to investigate the origin of this line in more detail. 


In the absence of rest-frame optical spectroscopy, a common approach to assessing the possible presence of AGN is using UV emission line ratios <cit.>. At z=4.88, this requires near-infrared spectroscopy to measure the Heiiλ1640 Å and Ciii]λλ1907,1909 Å lines. With the current observations we can only assess the Civ/Lyα ratio, which has a ratio of ≳0.2 in the composite spectra of AGN <cit.>. In contrast, this ratio is Civ/Lyα =0.054±0.006 in the z=4.88 arc, with little variation along the images, consistent with the interpretation that this line is associated with star formation and not with a hidden AGN. 
Figure <ref> shows the Civ/Lyα ratio as a function of Lyα equivalent width for various  lensed galaxies in the literature <cit.> and in 5 spatial bins along the lensed image 1 of the z=4.88 arc (using both the 1548 and 1551 Å lines).  The Civ/Lyα ratio and the observed equivalent width of Civ 55±2 Å (rest-frame EW_0=9.3±0.4 Å) do not change significantly as a function of position along galaxy image 1. Furthermore, we observe no strong emission from typical AGN lines such as Nvλ1240 Å, Sivλλ1393,1402 Å and  Nivλλ1483,1486 Å <cit.>.

In Figure <ref> we show the spatial distribution of Civλλ1548,1551 Å, using a continuum subtracted narrowband image of the Civ emission and overlaying the contours on the HST continuum image.  Civ clearly extends along the arc and shows a morphology that is consistent with the [Oii] emission. While we would expect a centrally concentrated source for Civ if it was originating from an AGN, we can distinguish at least four different `clumps' in the Civ morphology with similar brightness,  suggesting that the  Civ emission is nebular in origin and emerging from multiple star-forming regions throughout the galaxy. 

Finally, we measure the UV-continuum slope β (f_λ∝λ^β)  from the J_125-H_160 color of galaxy image 1 (integrated flux) and find  β=-2.19±0.14, while the individual star-forming clumps along the arc show slopes between β=-1.68--2.64. Since high-redshift galaxies that host faint AGN have measured UV continuum slopes of β∼-1.4--0.3 <cit.> and we therefore conclude that low-mass accreting black holes are unlikely to contribute to the radiation field giving rise to the Civ emission. 







  §.§.§ Metal absorption lines



The high-ionisation Civλλ1548,1551 Å line is expected to be a combination of nebular, stellar and ISM/CGM components.
While no absorption by the ISM appears present at the systemic velocity of  Civ, blueshifted Civ absorption is observed at Δ v=-322±26  km s^-1 which also has a narrow profile, with FWHM∼200  km s^-1. 

The spectrum displays a strong similarity between the Civλ1548 Å and Siivλ1394 Å absorption profiles  (Figure <ref>), indicating the absorption of both lines is due to highly ionised gas clouds in the ISM/CGM of the galaxy moving towards us. 
Furthermore, both  Siivλ1394 Å and Siiiλ1304 Å show no evidence for absorption at the systemic velocity (Figure <ref>) and we even find weak emission lines, possibly indicating a low covering fraction of gas in the ISM of the galaxy. Given the strong absoprtion of the high-ionisation lines at ∼-300  km s^-1, galactic feedback in this galaxy has possibly ejected a large fraction of the interstellar gas into the CGM/IGM.



The Siiiλ1304 Å absorption appears to be weaker than  the Civλ1548 Å and Siivλ1394 Å absorption lines. The ratio of the equivalent with of the Siiiλ1304 Å line over that of Siivλ1394 Å is EW(Siiiλ1304 Å)/EW(Siivλ1394 Å)=0.2 (see Table <ref>). 
This is in contrast to the typical UV spectra of high-redshift galaxies, where the low-ionisation lines are stronger than the high-ionisation lines of the same species, with for example EW(Siiiλ1304 Å)/EW(Siivλ1394 Å)=1.2 in the composite spectrum of Lyman break galaxies by <cit.>.
We also fit the low- and high-ionisation lines with a Gaussian profile convolved with a Voigt-profile absorber and estimate column densities of logN/ cm^-2=14.5±0.3 and logN/ cm^-2=14.6±0.1 respectively.
 Possibly a larger fraction of the outflowing gas is highly ionised due to a hard ionisation field, which is present given the widespread nebular  Civλλ1548,1551 Å emission in the galaxy. 
It is possible that the neutral gas swept up by the ionised outflow is optically thin because of this, or else that the covering fraction of neutral gas in the CGM is incomplete <cit.>. To distinguish between these explanations we would need a clean observation of the Siiiλ1260 Å and Siiiλ1527 Å absorption features, which are currently obscured by skylines.










  §.§.§ Stellar population



Given  that the Civ emission appears to be nebular in origin and powered by star formation (see <ref>), we investigate the properties of the stellar population that are needed to reproduce the ∼9 Å rest-frame equivalent width nebular Civ emission. 

Figure <ref> shows the evolution of the nebular Civ equivalent width with metallicity, obtained from the Binary Population and Spectral Synthesis  <cit.> models, using a single stellar population and including binary stellar evolution. The highly ionising photons needed to generate the high-equivalent width nebular Civ lines can be generated by a young stellar population (1-3 Myr old) with a low metallicity Z=0.05Z_⊙. 

The low-metallicity BPASS models also predict significantly reduced equivalent width stellar P-Cygni profiles, due to the fact that the winds of hot stars are driven by metal line absorption and therefore low-metallicity stars are much less efficient in driving stellar winds. This is consistent with the observed profile of Civ in the z=4.88 arc (see Figure <ref>), where we see no evidence for any redshifted stellar emission (>500  km s^-1 ) or broad blueshifted absorption (<-500  km s^-1) from the systemic velocity. In fact, a lower equivalent width stellar P-Cygni profile could provide an improved fit to our data, suggesting that the stellar iron abundance of the stellar population of the z=4.88 arc could be even lower than that assumed in the lowest-metallicity BPASS models available. The reasonable consistency between the stellar and nebular components in the Civ  line profile provides confidence that we are indeed witnessing the early star formation in a galaxy with a very metal-poor stellar population. 








 





  §.§.§ Kinematics


To derive spatially resolved dynamics of the stars and gas, we exploit the enhanced spatial resolution of the strongly lensed z=4.88 arc and the IFU data to understand the spatial variation in the kinematics of the ISM/CGM. 

In Figure <ref> we show the spatial variation of Lyα, Civλλ1548,1551 Å and Siivλλ1394,1403 Å  along the lensed galaxy image 1 running from the North-East to South-West. We use galaxy image 1, since galaxy images 2 and 3 are incomplete images that cross the critical curve (see Figure <ref>) and the stellar continuum of galaxy image 4 is not spatially resolved in the MUSE data. The velocities in Figure <ref> are given with respect to a redshift of z_[Oii]=4.8757 obtained from galaxy images 2 and 3 (S07). 

As noted in <ref>, the Lyα profile is not well described by a traditional Gaussian profile convolved with a Voigt-profile absorber and we therefore choose a non-parametric description of the Lyα profile. We characterise the spatial variation in the shape of the asymmetric Lyα profile by finding the wavelength that corresponds to 50%, 25% and 10% of the peak flux redwards of the Lyα peak. 

The Civλλ1548,1551 Å emission lines are modelled using a Gaussian emission line doublet. We model the Siivλλ1394,1403 Å  absorption line doublet using Gaussians convolved with a Voigt-profile absorber. We detect these lines with >5σ significance against the brightest continuum clump in galaxy image 1, corresponding to the North of the galaxy in the source plane. To obtain better constraints on the Siiv kinematics over the whole galaxy, we combine the bright clumps in galaxy images 1, 2 and 3 that correspond to the Southern bright star-forming region in the source-plane (we also show this in Fig. <ref>). 

The Civ emission shows a velocity gradient of less than 50  km s^-1 along the arc, with an irregular velocity pattern that is repeated in the lensed images 2 and 3.  This is broadly consistent with the systemic velocity derived by S07, who find a velocity gradient in [Oii] of ≲60  km s^-1. Moreover, the width of the  Civ doublet does not change significantly as a function of position but stays either unresolved or marginally resolved at a FWHM ∼ 100   km s^-1. 

 For the high-ionisation Siiv line, we derive a blueshift of 300-400  km s^-1 from the systemic redshift, consistent with the measured velocity offset by S07. The Lyα emission shows very little variation in the peak velocity, but broadens along the South-West side of the extended Lyα halo.  This is consistent with the analysis in <ref>, which suggests a collimated high-velocity outflow on top of a halo of isotropically out-flowing neutral gas. The small (<60  km s^-1) velocity gradient in the Civ and [Oii] lines as well as the ∼100  km s^-1 velocity gradient in the Siiv absorption also support this picture of an outflow over the interpretation of large scale rotation in the halo.
 
Comparing the high-ionisation absorption features and the Lyα line, the Lyα peak produced by the receding outflow emits at significantly lower velocities (<100  km s^-1)  than where the absorption of  interstellar Siiv takes place in the approaching outflow (300-400  km s^-1). This is in contradiction to a simple symmetric shell model <cit.>, which predicts that the Lyα peak be shifted by ∼2×Δ v_ exp, where Δ v_ exp is the outflow velocity of the shell as measured from the interstellar absorption features. In this model the Lyα peak velocity of the z=4.88 arc would be expected at ∼600-800  km s^-1, a full order of magnitude higher than our observations (see Figure <ref>).  For comparison, the <cit.> composite spectrum of Lyman Break Galaxies at z∼3  shows a Lyα velocity offset of +360  km s^-1 and low-ionisation lines at -150  km s^-1, consistent with the symmetric shell model. 

While some asymmetry could be present in the outflow, as indicated by the changing  Lyα linewidth on one side of the galaxy,  the peak velocity of Lyα changes by less than 50  km s^-1 and it therefore seems unlikely that asymmetry in the outflowing gas explains the difference of hundreds of km s^-1 between the approaching and receding gas tracers. We therefore suggest that a complex kinematic structure of the CGM, such as the velocity gradient we argued for in <ref> must affect the absorption and escape of Lyα photons. 







 §.§ A physical picture for the z=4.88 arc




In <ref> we analysed the morphological and spectral properties of the Lyα, Civ, Siiv and Siii  emission and absorption lines in the z=4.88 lensed galaxy arc behind  RCS 0224-0002. Widespread nebular emission of the highly ionised Civ line implies that the source is an actively star-forming galaxy with a hard ionisation field impacting upon the ISM surrounding the sites of star-formation, while the blueshifted Siiv  absorption line and spatially extended redshifted Lyα halo indicate galaxy-wide outflows. 

A notable difficulty in this picture is the difference between the gas outflow velocities indicated by Lyα emission and by low-ionisation absorption, suggesting the two tracers are dominated by different parts of a CGM which hosts a complex kinematic gas structure (<ref>). To find a model that qualitatively describes the Lyα spectral properties we argued for a strong velocity gradient in the gas (<ref> and Appendix <ref>), implying an accelerating outflow. In this model the velocity gradient affects the column density seen by the Lyα photons at any given velocity and the neutral gas at low velocity (and small radii) becomes transparent and produces the low velocity Lyα peak, while a small fraction of the photons is scattered to the outer, high-velocity halo (see Figure <ref>). This model could also explain the strong blueshift of the interstellar absorption lines compared to the peak of the Lyα emission, since these lines are absorbed by both low and high velocity gas.
While we expect a similar high-velocity tail in the interstellar absorption lines as is present in the Lyα emission line, we do not have the S/N to confirm this prediction. Finally, the spatial extend of the Lyα halo, which is strongly centrally peaked but shows a faint extended wing, is also well described by this model.

Accelerating outflows have already been inferred in lower redshift studies <cit.>.   For example, <cit.> observed a “saw-tooth” profile and a long, high-velocity tail in the Mgii absorption features of 0.4<z<1.4 star-forming galaxies which can be explained by accelerated cool gas.  
  <cit.> suggest ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) at z∼0.25 have lower covering fractions for their higher velocity gas, implying the highest velocity gas is found at the largest radii and therefore the presence of a velocity gradient in the outflow.
Furthermore, <cit.> used UV-selected galaxy pairs at z∼2-3 to measure the typical gas covering fraction of outflowing gas as a function of impact parameter and argued that consistency between the absorption line strength as a function of impact parameter, and the strength and profile shape of lines observed in the spectra of the galaxies, required large velocities and velocity gradients in the gas. 


A physical explanation for accelerating gas is that the outflows are momentum driven <cit.>. Momentum injection is  thought to be provided by radiation pressure produced on the dust grains. However, recent studies using deep ALMA observations <cit.> have shown that low-mass high-redshift galaxies have low dust content and the z=4.88 arc does not appear heavily reddened (i.e. the continuum is bluer than that observed in the composite spectrum of , see Fig. <ref>), indicating only a small fraction of the star-formation radiation is available to drive winds. <cit.> also consider momentum injection through ram pressure by supernovae, which can deposit roughly the same amount of momentum as the radiation pressure on the dust and is therefore potentially a more likely source of momentum injection. Alternatively, <cit.> considers momentum transfer due to the radiation of ionising photons, which could be a preferred source of momentum injection given the hard ionisation radiation field we know is present throughout the galaxy, because of the wide-spread high-equivalent-width Civ emission.   

In summary, a physical picture consistent with our observations is that of a vigorously star-forming galaxy, inducing a galaxy-wide momentum-driven wind, either due to supernova ram pressure or to the strong radiation field. 



 




  §.§.§ Comparison with UV properties of sources at z≲3


To date, only a small sample of high-redshift galaxies have been studied with high S/N rest-frame UV spectroscopy and all below z<4, due to their faintness and hence the long integration times needed to detect faint spectral features.  Therefore, we will compare the z=4.88 arc with lower redshift sources in order to understand if the features observed in this arc are common in z≲3 galaxies, or if there is evidence for a change in the ISM/CGM properties of galaxies as we start observing sources at higher redshifts.  


The brightest targets for rest-frame UV studies at z∼2-3 are identified from ground-based surveys, which select strongly lensed galaxies, that are often relatively massive (M_∗>10^9.5 M_⊙) and strongly star forming (SFR ≳50 M_⊙ yr^-1), including cB58 <cit.>, the Cosmic Eye <cit.>, the Cosmic Horseshoe <cit.> and SGAS J105039.6+001730 <cit.>. Typical UV-spectroscopic signatures in these massive galaxies include strong P-Cygni profiles seen in the Civ  line profile, strong low-ionisation absorption features with respect to high-ionisation ISM lines of the same species and a wide velocity range for both low- and high-ionisation absorption lines (FWHM∼500-1000 km s^-1). This is in strong contrast to the z=4.88 arc, where we detect no evidence for stellar winds through the  Civ P-Cygni line and also where the high-ionisation ISM absorption lines are only a few hundred km s^-1 wide, indicating a marked difference in the properties of the stellar winds and the galaxy outflows of our source. 

 A few of these massive galaxies show strong Ciii]λλ1907,1909 Å emission, an uncommon feature in local galaxies <cit.> as it requires a significant flux above 24 eV and therefore indicates that these high-redshift galaxies have harder ionisation fields and/or higher ionisation parameters compared to their local counterparts. However, the nebular Civλλ1548,1551 Å doublet in the z=4.88 arc (which is only seen when significant amount of flux above 48 eV is produced) is typically not detected. 

With a dynamical mass of ∼ 10^10 M_⊙ and SFR of 12 M_⊙  yr^-1  (see S07) the z=4.88 arc behind  RCS 0224-0002 might be more likely to share similar properties to lower mass sources such as the Lynx arc <cit.>, BX418 <cit.> and a sample of z=1.4-2.9 galaxies behind Abell 1689 and MACS 0451 targeted by <cit.>.
Indeed, the Lynx arc and three of the 17 galaxies in the <cit.> all show evidence for narrow Civ. <cit.> also require a significant contribution from nebular Civ emission  as well as  stellar P-Cygni emisison to explain their observations. 

Due to the faintness of most of these low-mass sources a detailed analysis of the absorption features is rarely possible. <cit.>, however, notice an almost complete absence of P-Cygni and ISM absorption features in the galaxies where they do detect the continuum (similar to local galaxies selected on their low oxygen abundance presented by ). Furthermore, <cit.> are able to detect numerous absorption features in BX418 at z=2.3, due to an extremely deep integration, and find that the low-ionisation absorption lines in this galaxy are typically significantly weaker than the high-ionisation ISM lines, similar to the z=4.88 arc. An obvious difference between BX814 and the z=4.88 arc behind  RCS 0224-0002 is the spectral shape of Lyα; BX814 has an extremely broad, FWHM∼850  km s^-1, Lyα line, as opposed to FWHM<300  km s^-1 observed in this galaxy. Furthermore, in BX814  the peak Lyα emerges at Δ v∼+300  km s^-1, more than 3 times higher than for the z=4.88 arc, while the interstellar absorption lines show a 1.5-2 times lower velocity offset (Δ v∼-150  km s^-1). 


In summary, there appear significant differences in the nebular lines, stellar and ISM absorption features between the z=4.88 arc behind  RCS 0224-0002 and lower redshift sources with masses  above M_∗>10^9.5 M_⊙. Typically, low-mass sources and/or low-metallicity galaxies at z<3 can in some cases have very similar highly ionised nebular features and some similar features in the absorption lines of low mass galaxies have been detected as well, however, no galaxy spectrum or composite spectrum of galaxies matches the full set of observations of  the z=4.88 arc, highlighting the need for larger samples of high S/N observations of very high-redshift galaxies in order to understand if the physical properties of the earliest systems are systematically different from their later-time counterparts or if the z=4.88 arc is a rare outlier in the z∼5 galaxy population. 







  §.§.§ Implications for reionisation studies


Whether galaxies can reionise the Universe and what sources contribute most to reionisation, depends on a large number of parameters, including the Lyman-continuum photon production efficiency of galaxies, ξ_ ion, and the escape fraction of ionising photons <cit.>. While determining the physical properties of galaxies in the reionisation epoch remains challenging, recent spectroscopy of z≳7 galaxies has shown evidence for strong rest-frame UV nebular emission lines such as Civλλ1548,1551 Å <cit.>. Spitzer/IRAC imaging studies have also inferred extremely strong  [Oiii]λλ4959,5007 Å in the rest-frame optical spectra of typical z∼7-8 galaxies <cit.>. These results suggest that galaxies in the reionisation epoch could have similar hard radiation field and/or high ionisation parameter as the z=4.88 arc and it is therefore interesting to assess this galaxy as an analogue of the sources that might be responsible for reionisation. 

Using the BPASS stellar population template of a young extremely low metallicity galaxy needed to match the Civ equivalent width (see <ref>) we derive a Lyman-continuum photon production efficiency in the z=4.88 arc of  log_10ξ_ ion=25.74   Hz erg^-1, 0.63 dex higher than the canonical value of log_10ξ_ ion=25.11   Hz erg^-1 <cit.>. Systemic deviations of ∼0.1 dex from the canonical value of ξ_ ion have been derived from the inferred Hα emission in typical z∼4-5 UV-selected galaxies <cit.>.  The bluest z∼4-5 galaxies (β<-2.3), likely very young and dust-free sources, have a significantly higher Lyman-continuum photon production efficiency  of log_10ξ_ ion=25.53-25.78   Hz erg^-1 <cit.>, in good agreement with our derived value for the z=4.88 arc, which also has a blue UV-continuum colour (β=-2.2). If similarly young  and low-metallicity galaxies are common at z≳7, they could contribute significantly to reionisation even for modest (≲5%) escape fractions. 

Measuring the direct escape of Lyman-continuum photons at z∼5 is challenging due to the intervening Lyα forest in the IGM. However, the Siiiλ1304 Å absoprtion in the z=4.88 arc shows no sign of absorption at the systemic velocity by low-ionisation gas in the ISM, indicating Lyman-continuum photons might also easily escape. Furthermore, the collimated high-velocity outflow discussed in <ref> could blow holes into the ISM through which the photons preferentially escape <cit.>.   

Another important implication of the z=4.88 arc as an z≳7 galaxy analogue, is the opportunity to identify similar sources with future facilities such as the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the various Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). Most of the Lyα emission of galaxies in the reionisation epoch will be absorbed due to the surrounding neutral IGM, but strong nebular lines such as Civλλ1548,1551 Å (seen at an observed EW of ∼80 Å at z∼8) can be easily identified. While these lines are uncommon in the local Universe, our results indicate that these lines are widely produced by the young and low-metallicity stellar population within the z=4.88 arc. These characteristics are likely to be more common as we start observing galaxies at earlier epochs.






§ A BLIND SEARCH FOR HIGH-REDSHIFT LYΑ EMITTERS


Finally, we can use the relatively wide field of view of MUSE to search for other emitters in the field. 
Deep MUSE observations in the Hubble deep fields have proven efficient in detecting Lyα out to redshift z∼6.6 <cit.>. The extremely faint or undetected HST counterparts of these high-redshift Lyα emitters indicate we are sensitive to the faint end of the UV luminosity function; sources with similar properties to the galaxies expected to be responsible for cosmic reionisation. While these observations require integration times of ∼30 hours, similar sources can potentially be found behind by strong lensing clusters within reasonable integrations times <cit.>. 



Due to its high mass, relative compactness and high redshift RCS 0224-0002 appears to be an efficient lens for high-redshift galaxies. Unlike low-redshift strong-lensing clusters, our single MUSE pointing covers the entire z∼6 critical curves of RCS 0224-0002. We therefore explore the potential of RCS 0224-0002 as a window into the very high-redshift Universe.  We search for emission line candidates in our MUSE dataset in three windows with low sky contamination, 7100-7200 Å, 8070-8270 Å and 9060-9300 Å, corresponding to Lyα redshift ranges of z=4.84-4.92, z=5.64-5.80 and z=6.54-6.65 respectively. To achieve this, we develop a blind line detection method that follows a number of consecutive steps to identify extremely faint sources, while minimizing spurious detections. First, for each pixel in the MUSE field of view (masking bright continuum sources and removing cluster galaxies from the sample), we extract a one-dimensional spectrum by averaging 5×5 pixels, where we use the PSF measured from the MUSE data to assign a weight to each of the pixels. For each of the one-dimensional spectra we search for individual spectral pixels that have a value >3.5σ above the noise (estimated from the same one-dimensional spectrum, but masking the skylines) to identify potential lines. For each candidate, we fit a single Gaussian profile to the spectrum and we require a Δχ^2≥7.5^2 between the Gaussian and a straight line fit with a constant value. 

To remove spurious detections we next generate a 12×12 arcsec continuum-subtracted narrowband image around the line. We create this image by extracting the images from the cube with a wavelength within the FWHM of the line (as measured from the Gaussian profile fit) and averaging them, we then subtract the median continuum in two bands (20 Å wide) at each side of the line (20 Å removed from the centre). On the continuum-subtracted narrowband image we measure 1000 randomly selected point-source fluxes, using the PSF extracted from a isolated star in the MUSE continuum image to weight the pixels around each point. We require the line candidates to have a flux ≥3σ above the random sampled point-source flux distribution. 

We visually inspect our line-candidates and remove all sources that are clearly [Oii], [Oiii] or Hα emission and we remove low-redshift interlopers when bright continuum flux is detected blueward of the rest-frame 912 Å limit (based on the Lyα redshift). Note that while we do not exclude sources which show continuum flux between rest-frame 912 Å and 1216 Å, we detect flux below the rest-frame 1216 Å break in only one Lyα candidate (RCS0224_LAEz4p8773) from our final sample. Furthermore, we remove sources that appear due to noise artefacts at the edges of the CCDs, or sources that are strongly affected by an uneven background. 

A significant uncertainty in our interloper rejection is that almost none of our Lyα candidates are detected in the HST/ACS+WFC3 imaging, and therefore no prior based on photometric redshift of the sources can be applied to our Lyα selection. Furthermore, many of our Lyα candidates are observed with too low S/N to identify the expected asymmetric Lyα spectral line shape and therefore our sample could be contaminated by for example high-equivalent-width [Oiii]λ5007 Å lines of lower redshift galaxies, for which the [Oiii]λ4959 Å line is too faint to be detected. 

To make an estimate of the number of spurious detections we expect in our blind search we perform a test for false-positives by running our source selection code on the inverted data-cube. To identify a “pure” sample, we calculate the S/N required in the algorithm to give a false positive rate of zero; which is Δχ^2≥7.5^2 for the line fit and ≥3σ for the continuum-subtracted point source flux. 

In our final sample of Lyα candidates we have five sources at z∼4.8, eight sources at z∼5.7 and one source at z∼6.6. The sources are listed in Table <ref> and thumbnails of all the sources presented in Appendix <ref>. For comparison, in a 30h exposure over a 1 arcmin^2 field over the HDF-S <cit.> find for the same redshift intervals seven Lyα emitters at z∼4.8, six emitters at z∼5.7 and no emitters at z∼6.6, see Figure <ref>. Using a 4h exposure and 1 arcmin^2 field, <cit.> find only 1 (multiply-lensed) source above z>4.5 behind the Frontier Fields cluster Abell S1063. 




A notable result from our blind search for Lyα line candidates  is the presence of a large number of bright Lyα emitting sources at  z∼4.88. Three bright sources at  2.5- 5.8×10^-17 erg s^-1 cm^-2 are located at ∼+250-300 km s^-1 or ∼200 kpc from the bright arc, while two more sources are located ∼-1000 km s^-1 or ∼1.7 Mpc from the arc. With the exception of one of these sources, none of the line-emitters are detected in the HST imaging (at >5σ), however they all exhibit a clear asymmetric line profile that provides evidence of these sources being Lyα emitters. After correcting for the lensing magnification these sources have Lyα line luminosities ∼1-3 × 10^-17  erg s^-1 cm^-2 (L=2.6-5.1× 10^42  erg s^-1), ∼2-10×  brighter than sources found in the Hubble Deep Field South by <cit.> at the same redshift. Comparing to the faint end of the Lyα luminosity functions obtained through narrow-band surveys at z=3.5-5.7 <cit.>, we would predict 0.1-0.9 Lyα emitters as bright as logL/ erg s^-1=42.5 in our MUSE data in the redshift window z=4.84-4.92.
This suggests that either  the Lyα luminosity function is steeper at the faint-end than measured in narrow-band surveys <cit.>, or else that the z=4.88 arc is located in a ∼ 7-60× over-dense region, or group. 







§ SUMMARY


We present a survey for line emitter galaxies behind the strong lensing cluster RCS 0224-0002. We analyse the rest-frame UV spectrum of a lensed galaxy  magnified 29 times at z=4.88. For this source we observe the following properties:



  * The z=4.88 galaxy is surrounded by a spatially extended Lyα halo with an exponential spatial profile. The spectral properties of the Lyα halo are spatially-uniform, showing a single redshifted peak close to the systemic velocity (Δ v<100 km s^-1) and  high-velocity tail (Δ v>1000 km s^-1). The spatial and spectral properties of the halo are consistent with resonantly scattered Lyα photons produced in a central source and backscattered in a receding outflow from the galaxy. 


  * We detect spatially resolved narrow Civλλ1548,1551 Å emission. The spatial distribution of Civ strongly resembles that of the [Oii] line, suggesting a nebular origin of the line, powered by star-formation. We argue that the strong Civ emission (EW_0∼9Å) can be reproduced with a young (t<5 Myr),  low-metallicity (Z≲0.05Z_⊙) stellar population. The blue UV-continuum color (β=-2.2) and the absence of a P-Cygni profile, indicating low-metallicity stars with significantly reduced stellar winds, is consistent with this analysis.  


  * We observe strong high-ionisation interstellar absorption lines in Civ and Siv with a significant blueshift (Δ v∼300 km s^-1) from the systemic velocity and much weaker low-ionisation Sii absorption (EW(Siiiλ1304 Å)/EW(Siivλ1394 Å)=0.2). The blueshift of the interstellar lines is surprising when considering how close to the systemic velocity we observe the Lyα line and given that an outflowing-shell model suggests Δ v_ IS∼ v_ shell and Δ v_ Lyα∼ 2× v_ shell. 

We propose a physical model for this galaxy in which the outflowing gas follows a strong velocity gradient such that the effective column density of neutral gas, as seen by the outwards scattering Lyα photons, is significantly reduced, allowing for Lyα to escape at much lower velocities than the mean gas outflow <cit.>. This velocity gradient likely requires a momentum ejection into the gas, which can originate from supernovae ram pressure or radiation pressure <cit.>. These results emphasize the importance of increasing the samples of high-redshift low-mass galaxies where we are able to detect the interstellar absorption features, as relying on Lyα as a tracer of galaxy outflows can significantly underestimate the feedback in galaxies such as the z=4.88 arc behind RCS 0224.  

We perform a blind line search for high-redshift Lyα using three wavelength ranges that are relatively free of sky lines, corresponding to z_ Lyα=4.84-4.92, z_ Lyα=5.64-5.80 and z_ Lyα=6.54-6.65. We select sources above the significance level needed such that a line search on the inverted data results in zero false positives. We find a total of 14 Lyα candidates, of which only one is detected in the HST imaging. This suggests line surveys over strong lensing clusters with MUSE are efficient at finding ultra-faint galaxies out to z∼6.6 and hence study the properties of faint Lyα emitting galaxies that are likely to have contributed to reionisation.





§ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We are grateful to Graham Smith for recovering the parameters of the S07 lensing model. We thank Matthew Hayes, Bethan James, Vera Patricio, Max Pettini, Tom Theuns, Ryan Trainor and Anne Verhamme for useful discussions. We are grateful to Max Gronke for giving us access to the on-line tool TLAC_WEB. RS, AMS, RJM and IRS acknowledge support from STFC (ST/L0075X/1). RS and IRS also acknowledge support from the ERC Advanced Investigator programme DUSTYGAL 321334.  In addition, RS acknowledges support from the Leverhulme Trust, AMS from an STFC Advanced Fellowship (ST/H005234/1), RJM acknowledges support from a Royal Society URF and IRS acknowledges support from a Royal Society/Wolfson Merit Award. JPK acknowledges support from the ERC advanced grant LIDA and from CNRS.





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§ BEST-FIT PARAMETERS OF THE LENS MODEL


In <ref> we described the set-up and main results of our LENSTOOL modelling. In this appendix we present the full observational constraints in Table <ref> and the best fit parameters of the lensing model that is used in this work in Table <ref>. 



  

  



§ MEASURED PROPERTIES IN THE INDIVIDUAL LENSED IMAGES OF THE Z=4.88 ARC



In <ref> we discussed the emission lines properties of the z=4.88 arc from the integrated spectrum over galaxy images 1, 2 and 3. In this appendix, we present the constraints that we can measure on the individual galaxy images. In Table <ref> we give the redshift and equivalent width measurements of the Lyα, Civλ1548 Å and Civλ1551 Å emission lines. The individual images (with the exception of galaxy image 1) are too faint to detect the weaker emission lines or the absorption features, while galaxy image 4 is too faint to detect even the Civ lines at >3.5σ and we therefore do not include these lines. We find that the Lyα lines peaks at the same pixel for every image, while the Lyα equivalent width measurements are consistent with each other within the uncertainties. The Civ EWs are larger for image 2 and 3, which can be explained by the fact that these galaxy images are incomplete and the brightest star-forming region is not included in the measurement. 



  







§ LYΑ LINE PROFILES


In <ref> we described the spectral line shape of the Lyα line observed in the z=4.88 arc. The features of this line are well described by the model <cit.> in which a smooth velocity gradient is present in the outflow of the galaxy. 
In this appendix we present a comparison of the <cit.> models for velocity gradients with different maximum outflow velocities (20, 200 and 2000  km s^-1, see their Fig. 7) with the Lyα emission from the z=4.88 arc in Figure <ref>. 
We show spectra as a function of the velocity shift, converting from Doppler units assuming a gas temperature T = 20000 K and column density of 2 × 10^20  cm^-2 as assumed in <cit.> and we show the spectrum of the  z=4.88 arc with respect to z_[Oii]=4.8757. 
The main elements of the Lyα emission, such as the single peak emerging close to the systemic velocity and the exponential tail to higher velocities, are present in the model with a high (2000  km s^-1) maximum velocity and the strongest velocity gradient. 





§ LYΑ LINE EMITTER CANDIDATES



In <ref> we described our method and testing of a blind line-search for Lyα emitters at z=4.84-4.92, z=5.64-5.80 and z=6.54-6.65. Here we present the HST and MUSE thumbnails of the individual sources and the one-dimensional spectrum from which the sources are identified in figures <ref>, <ref> and <ref>. We also list the sources in table <ref>. We detect asymmetric line profiles in all five sources at z=4.84-4.92. However, measuring the continuum flux from the HST imaging using a fixed 0.5-diameter aperture centered on the Lyα detection, we find only one source (RCS0224_LAEz4p8773) detected at >5σ in the I_814, J_125 and H_160  bands. A slightly weaker signal (4.6σ) is detected for RCS0224_LAEz4p8784 in the WFPC2 V_606 band, while no significant detection (<2σ) is measured from the redder HST bands of the same source. If real, this flux belongs either to a foreground galaxy or else it would indicate that we have misidentified  RCS0224_LAEz4p8784 as Lyα emission. However, the asymmetry of the line and the lack of secondary components in the spectrum favour the former interpretation. Furthermore, we find ∼3σ detections in the J_125 band for two sources at z∼5.7, RCS0224_LAEz5p7405 and RCS0224_LAEz5p7360. For the 9 Lyα candidates at z=5.64-5.80 and z=6.54-6.65 we do not have enough S/N to detect the asymmetric profiles, nor do we detect the sources in the HST imaging at >3.5σ .



  











