Which Clustering algorithm and data visualization tool should I use to locate and visualize geographical weather data
It really depends how you would use it. You do mention outliers, thus DBSCAN could be used (it essentially creates clusters, and points not in a cluster is considered an outlier).
If all you care about is which points are outliers, and not which points are clustered, you can use e.g Isolation Forrest
I am working on finding statistical outliers in weather-related data. More specifically, I have the temperature and the location(longitude and latitude)of 10000 data points where the temperature was recorded at a specific time. What would be the best method to locate geographical-weather-related outliers and visualize the data in a way where the outliers become dominantly visible. For the visualization part, a python tool would be most appreciated and the locating the outliers part an algorithm or technique would be most useful. (I am thinking of cluster)