High-performance replacement for multiprocessing.Queue
I think that a lot of it depends partly on what sort of importance you place on individual messages. 
If each and every one is vital, and you have to consider what happens to them in the event of some failure somewhere, then frameworks like RabbitMQ can be useful. RabbitMQ has a broker, and it's possible to configure this for some sort of high availability, high reliability mode. With the right queue settings, RabbitMQ will look after your messages up until some part of your system consumes them.
To do all this, RabbitMQ needs a broker. This makes it fairly slow. Though at one point there was talk about reimplementing RabbitMQ on top of ZeroMQ's underlying protocols (zmtp) and doing away with the broker, implementing all the functionality in the endpoints instead.
In contrast, ZeroMQ does far less to guarantee that, in the event of failures, your messages will actually, eventually, get through to the intended destination. If a process dies, or a network connection fails, then there's a high chance that messages have got lost. More recent versions can be set up to actively monitor connections, so that if a network cable breaks or a process dies somewhere, the endpoints at the other end of the sockets can be informed about this pretty quickly. If one then implements a communicating sequential processes framework on top of ZMQ's actor framework (think: message acknowledgements, etc. This will slow it down) you can end up with a system whereby endpoints can know for sure that messages have been transfered to intended destinations.
Being brokerless allows zmq to be pretty fast. And it's efficient across a number of different transports, ranging from inproc to tcp, all of which can be blended together. If you're not worried about processes crashing or network connections failing, ZMQ gives you a guarantee to deliver messages right out of the box.
So, deciding what it is that's important in your application helps choose what technology you're doing to use as part of it - RabbitMQ, ZeroMQ, etc. Once you've decided that, then the problem of "how to get the patterns I need" is reduced to "what patterns does that technology support". RabbitMQ is, AFAIK, purely pub/sub (there can be a lot of each), whereas ZeroMQ has many more.
My distributed application consists of many producers that push tasks into several FIFO queues, and multiple consumers for every one of these queues. All these components live on a single node, so no networking involved.
This pattern is perfectly supported by Python's built-in multiprocessing.Queue, however when I am scaling up my application the queue implementation seems to be a bottleneck. I am not sending large amounts of data, so memory sharing does not solve the problem. What I need is fast guaranteed delivery of 10^4-10^5 small messages per second. Each message is about 100 bytes.
I am new to the world of fast distributed computing and I am very confused by the sheer amount of options. There is RabbitMQ, Redis, Kafka, etc.
ZeroMQ is a more focused and compact alternative, which also has successors such as nanomsg and nng. Also, implementing something like a many-to-many queue with a guaranteed delivery seems nontrivial without a broker.
I would really appreciate if someone could point me to a "standard" way of doing something like this with one of the faster frameworks.