triplets
sequence | passage
stringlengths 0
32.9k
| label
stringlengths 4
48
⌀ | label_id
int64 0
1k
⌀ | synonyms
sequence | __index_level_1__
int64 312
64.1k
⌀ | __index_level_0__
int64 0
2.4k
⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"Willy Brandt",
"spouse",
"Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen"
] | Brandt's family
From 1941 until 1948, Brandt was married to Anna Carlotta Thorkildsen (the daughter of a Norwegian father and a German-American mother). They had a daughter, Ninja Brandt (born in 1940). After Brandt and Thorkildsen were divorced in 1948, Brandt married the Norwegian-born German writer Rut Hansen in the same year. Hansen and Brandt had three sons: Peter Brandt (born in 1948), Lars Brandt (born in 1951) and Matthias Brandt (born in 1961). After 32 years of marriage, Willy Brandt and Rut Hansen Brandt divorced in 1980, and from the day that they were divorced they never saw each other again. On 9 December 1983, Brandt married Brigitte Seebacher (born in 1946). | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Willy Brandt",
"position held",
"Member of the Abgeordnetenhaus of Berlin"
] | Politician
Brandt was elected to the West German Bundestag (the federal parliament) in the 1949 West German federal election as a SPD delegate from West Berlin, serving there until 1957. Concurrently, he was elected as an SPD representative to the Abgeordnetenhaus (the state-level parliament) of West Berlin in the 1950 West Berlin state election, and served there through 1971. In the 1969 West German federal election he was again elected to the Bundestag, but as a delegate from North Rhine-Westphalia, and remained in the Bundestag as a delegate from that state until his death in 1992.In 1950, Brandt, while a member of the Bundestag and the editor-in-chief of the Berliner Stadtblatt, received a secret payment of about 170,000 Deutsche Mark from the U.S. government (equivalent to €460,386 in 2021). | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Willy Brandt",
"position held",
"member of the German Bundestag"
] | Politician
Brandt was elected to the West German Bundestag (the federal parliament) in the 1949 West German federal election as a SPD delegate from West Berlin, serving there until 1957. Concurrently, he was elected as an SPD representative to the Abgeordnetenhaus (the state-level parliament) of West Berlin in the 1950 West Berlin state election, and served there through 1971. In the 1969 West German federal election he was again elected to the Bundestag, but as a delegate from North Rhine-Westphalia, and remained in the Bundestag as a delegate from that state until his death in 1992.In 1950, Brandt, while a member of the Bundestag and the editor-in-chief of the Berliner Stadtblatt, received a secret payment of about 170,000 Deutsche Mark from the U.S. government (equivalent to €460,386 in 2021). | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Johann Böhm",
"work location",
"Prague"
] | Johann Böhm (20 January 1895 – 27 November 1952) was a German Bohemian chemist who focused on photochemistry and radiography. The aluminum-containing mineral boehmite (or böhmite) was named after him.Böhm studied at the German Polytechnic University in Prague and then worked with Fritz Haber in Berlin where he re-designed and considerably improved the Weissenberg x-ray goniometer. In 1926 George de Hevesy, then a professor at the University of Freiburg, invited Böhm to co-operate with him on a series of experiments in spectrographic analysis. Afterwards Böhm worked at Freiburg University as an assistant and later as an associate professor. From October 1935 he was a professor of physical chemistry at the
German University in Prague. After the war Böhm was allowed to remain in the country and become again a citizen of Czechoslovakia because he had been active in the anti-Nazi movement supporting Czech scientists such as Jaroslav Heyrovský, but was not permitted to continue his academic career. He worked in an industrial research institute in Rybitví (Výzkumný ústav organických syntéz). A few days before his death he was appointed Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
He died in Prague on 27 November 1952. | work location | 67 | [
"place of work",
"office location",
"employment site",
"workplace",
"job site"
] | null | null |
[
"Johann Böhm",
"field of work",
"chemistry"
] | Johann Böhm (20 January 1895 – 27 November 1952) was a German Bohemian chemist who focused on photochemistry and radiography. The aluminum-containing mineral boehmite (or böhmite) was named after him.Böhm studied at the German Polytechnic University in Prague and then worked with Fritz Haber in Berlin where he re-designed and considerably improved the Weissenberg x-ray goniometer. In 1926 George de Hevesy, then a professor at the University of Freiburg, invited Böhm to co-operate with him on a series of experiments in spectrographic analysis. Afterwards Böhm worked at Freiburg University as an assistant and later as an associate professor. From October 1935 he was a professor of physical chemistry at the
German University in Prague. After the war Böhm was allowed to remain in the country and become again a citizen of Czechoslovakia because he had been active in the anti-Nazi movement supporting Czech scientists such as Jaroslav Heyrovský, but was not permitted to continue his academic career. He worked in an industrial research institute in Rybitví (Výzkumný ústav organických syntéz). A few days before his death he was appointed Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.
He died in Prague on 27 November 1952. | field of work | 20 | [
"profession",
"occupation",
"area of expertise",
"specialization"
] | null | null |
[
"Rose Peltesohn",
"place of birth",
"Berlin"
] | Life
Rose Peltesohn was the daughter of the physician Ludwig Peltesohn (1882–1937) and of Cilly Caro. After graduation (Abitur) in March 1931 she studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin and got her Ph.D. in Mathematics at 1936 with Issai Schur as supervisor (Das Turnierproblem für Spiele zu je dreien, The tournament problem for three person games). Her dissertation was valued opus valde laudabile(de). Being Jewish she emigrated through Italy to Palestine, arriving 1938. Between the years 1939–1942 she worked in a bank and later as a lawyer's secretary and translator in Tel Aviv. She married her cousin Gerhard Peltesohn, a lawyer (1909–1965), and they had two daughters, Ruth (born 1940) and Judith (born 1943). | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Rose Peltesohn",
"field of work",
"combinatorics"
] | Solution of Heffter's Difference Problems
Peltesohn solved the Difference Problems of Lothar Heffter (1896) in combinatorics in 1939. A Difference Triple (a, b, c) is defined as three different elements from the set
1
,
2
,
…
,
v
−
1
{\displaystyle 1,2,\dots ,v-1}
, whose sum
mod
v
{\displaystyle {\bmod {v}}}
equals zero (
a
+
b
+
c
=
0
mod
v
{\displaystyle a+b+c=0{\bmod {v}}}
) or for which one element
mod
v
{\displaystyle {\bmod {v}}}
equals the sum of the other two (
a
+
b
=
c
mod
v
{\displaystyle a+b=c{\bmod {v}}}
). | field of work | 20 | [
"profession",
"occupation",
"area of expertise",
"specialization"
] | null | null |
[
"Rose Peltesohn",
"educated at",
"Humboldt University of Berlin"
] | Life
Rose Peltesohn was the daughter of the physician Ludwig Peltesohn (1882–1937) and of Cilly Caro. After graduation (Abitur) in March 1931 she studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin and got her Ph.D. in Mathematics at 1936 with Issai Schur as supervisor (Das Turnierproblem für Spiele zu je dreien, The tournament problem for three person games). Her dissertation was valued opus valde laudabile(de). Being Jewish she emigrated through Italy to Palestine, arriving 1938. Between the years 1939–1942 she worked in a bank and later as a lawyer's secretary and translator in Tel Aviv. She married her cousin Gerhard Peltesohn, a lawyer (1909–1965), and they had two daughters, Ruth (born 1940) and Judith (born 1943). | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Rose Peltesohn",
"sex or gender",
"female"
] | Rose Pauline Peltesohn (16 May 1913 – 21 March 1998) was an Israeli mathematician of German origin.Life
Rose Peltesohn was the daughter of the physician Ludwig Peltesohn (1882–1937) and of Cilly Caro. After graduation (Abitur) in March 1931 she studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin and got her Ph.D. in Mathematics at 1936 with Issai Schur as supervisor (Das Turnierproblem für Spiele zu je dreien, The tournament problem for three person games). Her dissertation was valued opus valde laudabile(de). Being Jewish she emigrated through Italy to Palestine, arriving 1938. Between the years 1939–1942 she worked in a bank and later as a lawyer's secretary and translator in Tel Aviv. She married her cousin Gerhard Peltesohn, a lawyer (1909–1965), and they had two daughters, Ruth (born 1940) and Judith (born 1943). | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"country of citizenship",
"Germany"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"occupation",
"engineer"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"field of work",
"Lepidoptera"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | field of work | 20 | [
"profession",
"occupation",
"area of expertise",
"specialization"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"occupation",
"lepidopterist"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"occupation",
"entomologist"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"given name",
"Max"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Max Gaede",
"family name",
"Gaede"
] | Max Gaede (29 November 1871 – 27 October 1946) was a German engineer and entomologist of international fame who described several hundred of new species of Lepidoptera, mainly African Noctuidae.
He became a member of the Internationaler Entomologischer Verein in 1899.
Many Lepidoptera species have been named after Max Gaede. Some of them are: | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"country of citizenship",
"United States of America"
] | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( PIN-chon, commonly PINCH-in; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel Inherent Vice was adapted into a feature film by Paul Thomas Anderson in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously reclusive from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s, although he did voice himself on two episodes of The Simpsons. Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published on September 17, 2013. | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"residence",
"Manhattan"
] | The Crying of Lot 49
In an April 1964 letter to his agent, Candida Donadio, Pynchon wrote that he was facing a creative crisis, with four novels in progress, announcing: "If they come out on paper anything like they are inside my head then it will be the literary event of the millennium."In the mid-1960s, Pynchon lived at 217 33rd St. in Manhattan Beach, California, in a small downstairs apartment.In December 1965, Pynchon politely turned down an invitation from Stanley Edgar Hyman to teach literature at Bennington College, writing that he had resolved, two or three years earlier, to write three novels at once. Pynchon described the decision as "a moment of temporary insanity", but noted that he was "too stubborn to let any of them go, let alone all of them."Pynchon's second novel, The Crying of Lot 49, was published a few months later in 1966. Whether it was one of the three or four novels Pynchon had in progress is not known, but in a 1965 letter to Donadio, Pynchon had written that he was in the middle of writing a "potboiler". When the book grew to 155 pages, he called it, "a short story, but with gland trouble", and hoped that Donadio could "unload it on some poor sucker."The Crying of Lot 49 won the Richard and Hinda Rosenthal Foundation Award shortly after publication. Although more concise and linear in its structure than Pynchon's other novels, its labyrinthine plot features an ancient, underground mail service known as "The Tristero" or "Trystero", a parody of a Jacobean revenge drama called The Courier's Tragedy, and a corporate conspiracy involving the bones of World War II American GIs being used as charcoal cigarette filters. It proposes a series of seemingly incredible interconnections between these events and other similarly bizarre revelations that confront the novel's protagonist, Oedipa Maas. Like V., the novel contains a wealth of references to science and technology and to obscure historical events.The Crying of Lot 49 also continues Pynchon's habits of writing satiric song lyrics and referencing popular culture. An example of both can be seen in allusion to the narrator of Nabokov's Lolita in the lyric of a love lament sung by a member of "The Paranoids", an American teenage band who deliberately sing their songs with British accents (p. 17). Despite Pynchon's alleged dislike, Lot 49 received positive reviews; Harold Bloom named it one of Pynchon's "canonical works", along with Gravity's Rainbow and Mason & Dixon. It was included on Time's list of the 100 best English-language novels published since the magazine's founding in 1923. Richard Lacayao wrote, "With its slapstick paranoia and heartbreaking metaphysical soliloquies, Lot 49 takes place in the tragicomic universe that is instantly recognizable as Pynchon-land. Is it also a mystery novel? Absolutely, so long as you recognize the mystery here is the one at the heart of everything." | residence | 49 | [
"living place",
"dwelling",
"abode",
"habitat",
"domicile"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"educated at",
"Cornell University"
] | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( PIN-chon, commonly PINCH-in; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel Inherent Vice was adapted into a feature film by Paul Thomas Anderson in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously reclusive from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s, although he did voice himself on two episodes of The Simpsons. Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published on September 17, 2013. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"nominated for",
"National Book Award for Fiction"
] | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( PIN-chon, commonly PINCH-in; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel Inherent Vice was adapted into a feature film by Paul Thomas Anderson in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously reclusive from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s, although he did voice himself on two episodes of The Simpsons. Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published on September 17, 2013.The novel invokes anti-authority sentiments, often through violations of narrative conventions and integrity. For example, as the protagonist, Tyrone Slothrop, considers the fact that his own family "made its money killing trees", he apostrophizes his apology and plea for advice to the coppice within which he has momentarily taken refuge. In an overt incitement to eco-activism, Pynchon's narrative agency then has it that "a medium-sized pine nearby nods its top and suggests, 'Next time you come across a logging operation out here, find one of their tractors that isn't being guarded, and take its oil filter with you. That's what you can do.'" (p. 553)
Encyclopedic in scope and often self-conscious in style, the novel displays erudition in its treatment of an array of material drawn from the fields of psychology, chemistry, mathematics, history, religion, music, literature, human sexuality, and film. Pynchon wrote the first draft of Gravity's Rainbow in "neat, tiny script on engineer's quadrille paper". Pynchon worked on the novel throughout the 1960s and early 1970s while he was living in California and Mexico City.
Gravity's Rainbow shared the 1974 National Book Award with A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories by Isaac Bashevis Singer (split award). That same year, the Pulitzer Prize For Fiction panel unanimously recommended Gravity's Rainbow for the award, but the Pulitzer board vetoed the jury's recommendation, describing the novel as "unreadable", "turgid", "overwritten", and in parts "obscene". (No Pulitzer Prize For Fiction was awarded that year and finalists were not recognized before 1980.) In 1975, Pynchon declined the William Dean Howells Medal. Along with Lot 49, Gravity's Rainbow was included on Time's list of the 100 greatest English-language novels published since the magazine's founding, with Lev Grossman and Richard Lacayao commenting on its "fantastic multitude of meditations upon the human need to build systems of intellectual order even as we use the same powers of intellect to hasten our destruction. (Did we mention that this is also a comedy, more or less?) Among American writers of the second half of the 20th century, Pynchon is the indisputed candidate for lasting literary greatness. This book is why." | nominated for | 103 | [
"up for",
"shortlisted for",
"in the running for",
"selected for",
"contending for"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"educated at",
"Oyster Bay High School"
] | Education and military career
A "voracious reader and precocious writer", Pynchon is believed to have skipped two grades before high school. Pynchon attended Oyster Bay High School in Oyster Bay, where he was awarded "student of the year" and contributed short fictional pieces to his school newspaper. These juvenilia incorporated some of the literary motifs and recurring subject matter he would use throughout his career: oddball names, sophomoric humor, illicit drug use, and paranoia.
Pynchon graduated from high school in 1953 at the age of 16. That fall, he went to Cornell University to study engineering physics. At the end of his sophomore year, he enlisted to serve in the U.S. Navy. He attended boot camp at United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, Maryland, then received training to be an electrician at a base in Norfolk, Virginia. In 1956, he was aboard the destroyer USS Hank in the Mediterranean during the Suez Crisis. According to recollections from his Navy friends, Pynchon said at the time that he did not intend to complete his college education. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"award received",
"MacArthur Fellows Program"
] | Vineland
Pynchon's fourth novel, Vineland, was published in 1990 and disappointed some fans and critics. It did, however, receive a positive review from Salman Rushdie, who called it "free-flowing and light and funny and maybe the most readily accessible piece of writing the old Invisible Man ever came up with... the entropy's still flowing, but there is something new to report, some faint possibility of redemption, some fleeting hints of happiness and grace. Thomas Pynchon, like Paul Simon's girl in New York City, who calls herself the Human Trampoline, is bouncing into Graceland." The novel is set in California in the 1980s and 1960s and describes the relationship between an FBI COINTELPRO agent and a female radical filmmaker. Its strong socio-political undercurrents detail the constant battle between authoritarianism and communalism, and the nexus between resistance and complicity, but with a typically Pynchonian sense of humor.In 1988, he received a MacArthur Fellowship and, since the early 1990s at least, he has been frequently cited as a contender for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Pynchon provided a blurb for Don DeLillo's novel Mao II, about a reclusive novelist and partly inspired by the fatwa on Salman Rushdie: "This novel's a beauty. DeLillo takes us on a breathtaking journey, beyond all the official versions of our daily history, behind all the easy assumptions about who we're supposed to be, with a vision as bold and a voice as eloquent and morally focused as any in American writing." | award received | 62 | [
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"academic degree",
"Bachelor of Arts"
] | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( PIN-chon, commonly PINCH-in; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel Inherent Vice was adapted into a feature film by Paul Thomas Anderson in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously reclusive from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s, although he did voice himself on two episodes of The Simpsons. Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published on September 17, 2013. | academic degree | 91 | [
"degree",
"academic qualification",
"educational credential",
"scholarly degree",
"postsecondary degree"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"award received",
"National Book Award for Fiction"
] | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( PIN-chon, commonly PINCH-in; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel Inherent Vice was adapted into a feature film by Paul Thomas Anderson in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously reclusive from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s, although he did voice himself on two episodes of The Simpsons. Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published on September 17, 2013. | award received | 62 | [
"received an award",
"given an award",
"won an award",
"received a prize",
"awarded with"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"family name",
"Pynchon"
] | Early life
Thomas Pynchon was born on May 8, 1937, in Glen Cove, Long Island, New York, one of three children of engineer and politician Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Sr. (1907–1995) and Katherine Frances Bennett (1909–1996), a nurse. His earliest American ancestor, William Pynchon, emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, then became the founder of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1636, and thereafter a long line of Pynchon descendants found wealth and repute on American soil. Aspects of Pynchon's ancestry and family background have partially inspired his fiction writing, particularly in the Slothrop family histories related in the short story "The Secret Integration" (1964) and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). During his childhood, Pynchon alternately attended Episcopal services with his father and Roman Catholic services with his mother.Education and military career
A "voracious reader and precocious writer", Pynchon is believed to have skipped two grades before high school. Pynchon attended Oyster Bay High School in Oyster Bay, where he was awarded "student of the year" and contributed short fictional pieces to his school newspaper. These juvenilia incorporated some of the literary motifs and recurring subject matter he would use throughout his career: oddball names, sophomoric humor, illicit drug use, and paranoia.
Pynchon graduated from high school in 1953 at the age of 16. That fall, he went to Cornell University to study engineering physics. At the end of his sophomore year, he enlisted to serve in the U.S. Navy. He attended boot camp at United States Naval Training Center Bainbridge, Maryland, then received training to be an electrician at a base in Norfolk, Virginia. In 1956, he was aboard the destroyer USS Hank in the Mediterranean during the Suez Crisis. According to recollections from his Navy friends, Pynchon said at the time that he did not intend to complete his college education. | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"father",
"Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Sr."
] | Early life
Thomas Pynchon was born on May 8, 1937, in Glen Cove, Long Island, New York, one of three children of engineer and politician Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Sr. (1907–1995) and Katherine Frances Bennett (1909–1996), a nurse. His earliest American ancestor, William Pynchon, emigrated to the Massachusetts Bay Colony with the Winthrop Fleet in 1630, then became the founder of Springfield, Massachusetts, in 1636, and thereafter a long line of Pynchon descendants found wealth and repute on American soil. Aspects of Pynchon's ancestry and family background have partially inspired his fiction writing, particularly in the Slothrop family histories related in the short story "The Secret Integration" (1964) and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). During his childhood, Pynchon alternately attended Episcopal services with his father and Roman Catholic services with his mother. | father | 57 | [
"dad",
"daddy",
"papa",
"pop",
"sire"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas Pynchon",
"occupation",
"novelist"
] | Thomas Ruggles Pynchon Jr. ( PIN-chon, commonly PINCH-in; born May 8, 1937) is an American novelist noted for his dense and complex novels. His fiction and non-fiction writings encompass a vast array of subject matter, genres and themes, including history, music, science, and mathematics. For Gravity's Rainbow, Pynchon won the 1973 U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.Hailing from Long Island, Pynchon served two years in the United States Navy and earned an English degree from Cornell University. After publishing several short stories in the late 1950s and early 1960s, he began composing the novels for which he is best known: V. (1963), The Crying of Lot 49 (1966), and Gravity's Rainbow (1973). Rumors of a historical novel about Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon had circulated as early as the 1980s; the novel, Mason & Dixon, was published in 1997 to critical acclaim. His 2009 novel Inherent Vice was adapted into a feature film by Paul Thomas Anderson in 2014. Pynchon is notoriously reclusive from the media; few photographs of him have been published, and rumors about his location and identity have circulated since the 1960s, although he did voice himself on two episodes of The Simpsons. Pynchon's most recent novel, Bleeding Edge, was published on September 17, 2013. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"country of citizenship",
"United States of America"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"given name",
"Christopher"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"family name",
"Ferguson"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"employer",
"Boeing"
] | Post-NASA career
Ferguson retired from NASA in 2011. He currently works for Boeing as director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. Ferguson was elected to the Astronaut Hall of Fame in January 2022.Boe-CFT
In July 2018, Boeing announced his assignment to the first human CST-100 orbital test known as Boe-CFT. Ferguson was slated to be the capsule commander, with 2 other NASA astronauts. It was scheduled to launch in 2021. In October 2020 he announced on his personal Twitter that he was stepping down as the commander and will not fly on CFT, for personal reasons. | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"place of birth",
"Philadelphia"
] | Education
Ferguson was born September 1, 1961, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended Archbishop Ryan High School, from which he graduated in 1979. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Drexel University in 1984, and earned his Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1991. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"occupation",
"astronaut"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"occupation",
"commercial astronaut"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"educated at",
"Archbishop Ryan High School"
] | Education
Ferguson was born September 1, 1961, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He attended Archbishop Ryan High School, from which he graduated in 1979. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from Drexel University in 1984, and earned his Master of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in 1991. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Christopher Ferguson",
"educated at",
"United States Naval Test Pilot School"
] | Christopher J. "Fergy" Ferguson (born September 1, 1961) is a Boeing commercial astronaut and a retired United States Navy Captain and NASA astronaut. He was the pilot of Space Shuttle Atlantis on his first mission to space, STS-115, which launched on September 9, 2006 and returned to Earth on September 21, 2006. He then commanded STS-126 aboard Space Shuttle Endeavour. In 2011, he was assigned as commander of STS-135, which was the final mission of the space shuttle program.
On December 9, 2011, he retired from NASA and became director of Crew and Mission Operations for Boeing's Commercial Crew Program. In August 2018, Ferguson was assigned to the first test flight of the Boeing CST-100 Starliner, although he stepped down from the mission in October 2020.Military career
Ferguson was commissioned from the Navy ROTC program at the University of Pennsylvania. He received his Naval Aviator wings in NAS Kingsville, Texas in 1986 and was ordered to the F-14 Tomcat training squadron in Virginia Beach, Virginia. After a brief period of instruction, he joined the 'Red Rippers' of VF-11 deploying to the North Atlantic, Mediterranean and Indian Ocean on board the aircraft carrier USS Forrestal. While with VF-11, he also attended the Navy Fighter Weapons School (TOPGUN). He was selected for the United States Naval Test Pilot School program in 1989 and graduated in 1992.
Through June 1994 he was assigned to the Weapons Branch of the Strike Aircraft Test Directorate at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland, where he served as the project officer for the F-14D weapon separation program, becoming the first pilot to release several types of air-to-ground weapons from the Tomcat. He served one year as an instructor at the Naval Test Pilot School before joining the 'Checkmates' of VF-211 in 1995 and completing a deployment to the Western Pacific and Persian Gulf in defense of the Iraqi no-fly zone on board USS Nimitz. He briefly served as an F-14 logistics officer for the Atlantic Fleet prior to his selection to the space program.NASA career
Ferguson was selected for astronaut training in 1998 and completed training as a pilot. Ferguson was the deputy chief of the astronaut office prior to his selection to the STS-135 crew and served as CAPCOM for the STS-118, STS-128, and STS-129 missions. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"member of",
"Phi Beta Kappa Society"
] | Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | member of | 55 | [
"part of",
"belonging to",
"affiliated with",
"associated with",
"connected to"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"family name",
"Pickering"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"given name",
"Thomas"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"educated at",
"Tufts University"
] | Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"occupation",
"diplomat"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander.Diplomatic career
His four-decade-long career in Foreign Service included ambassadorships in Russia (1993–1996); India (1992–1993); to the United Nations (1989–1992); Israel (1985–1988); El Salvador (1983–1985); Nigeria (1981–1983); and Jordan (1974–1978). Additionally, he served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1997 to 2000. He holds the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest in the U.S. Foreign Service.Early career
Early in his career, he was assigned to the U.S. embassy in Tanzania and later was Special Assistant to Secretaries of State William P. Rogers and Henry Kissinger. When Pickering served as United States Ambassador to Jordan in the mid-1970s, King Hussein declared him "the best American ambassador I've dealt with." From 1978 to 1981, he served as Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. He then spent time as the United States Ambassador to Nigeria before President Ronald Reagan surprisingly replaced the Ambassador to El Salvador, Deane R. Hinton, and put Pickering in his place.Pickering's time as United States Ambassador to El Salvador was particularly eventful. Only a year after having been appointed ambassador in 1984, Pickering was the subject of assassination threats from right-wing Salvadoran politicians. The same year, Republican Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina urged that Pickering be dismissed, arguing that he helped manipulate the country's elections. In both cases, President Ronald Reagan offered Pickering his full support and he secured him a job as United States Ambassador to Israel after his appointment in El Salvador. It was later noted when Pickering was nominated as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations that he played a minor role in the Iran–Contra affair while Ambassador to El Salvador.As Ambassador to Israel, Pickering led the United States' criticism of an Israeli policy that expelled Palestinians accused of instilling uprising. Pickering stressed to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir that the United States considered the actions illegal and unhelpful for peace efforts. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"educated at",
"University of Melbourne"
] | Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"educated at",
"Bowdoin College"
] | Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"educated at",
"The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy"
] | Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"place of birth",
"Orange"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992.Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"position held",
"United States Ambassador to the United Nations"
] | Thomas Reeve "Tom" Pickering (born November 5, 1931) is a retired United States ambassador. Among his many diplomatic appointments, he served as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations from 1989 to 1992. | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"educated at",
"Rutherford High School"
] | Early life and education
Born in Orange, New Jersey, Pickering is the son of Hamilton Reeve Pickering and Sarah Chasteney Pickering. He graduated from Rutherford High School in Rutherford, New Jersey.He enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine in 1949 with plans to join the ministry and graduated cum laude in 1953 with high honors in history and is a member of Theta Delta Chi and Phi Beta Kappa. He then earned a master's degree from the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at Tufts University in Medford, Massachusetts. Upon graduation from Tufts, he was awarded a Fulbright Fellowship and attended the University of Melbourne in Australia where he received a second master's degree in 1956. In addition to the honorary doctorate-in-laws degree that Bowdoin awarded him in 1984, Pickering has been the recipient of 12 honorary degrees.Before joining the State Department, Pickering served on active duty in the United States Navy from 1956 to 1959, and later served in the Naval Reserve where he reached the rank of Lieutenant Commander. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"position held",
"United States Ambassador to El Salvador"
] | Diplomatic career
His four-decade-long career in Foreign Service included ambassadorships in Russia (1993–1996); India (1992–1993); to the United Nations (1989–1992); Israel (1985–1988); El Salvador (1983–1985); Nigeria (1981–1983); and Jordan (1974–1978). Additionally, he served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1997 to 2000. He holds the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest in the U.S. Foreign Service.Early career
Early in his career, he was assigned to the U.S. embassy in Tanzania and later was Special Assistant to Secretaries of State William P. Rogers and Henry Kissinger. When Pickering served as United States Ambassador to Jordan in the mid-1970s, King Hussein declared him "the best American ambassador I've dealt with." From 1978 to 1981, he served as Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. He then spent time as the United States Ambassador to Nigeria before President Ronald Reagan surprisingly replaced the Ambassador to El Salvador, Deane R. Hinton, and put Pickering in his place.Pickering's time as United States Ambassador to El Salvador was particularly eventful. Only a year after having been appointed ambassador in 1984, Pickering was the subject of assassination threats from right-wing Salvadoran politicians. The same year, Republican Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina urged that Pickering be dismissed, arguing that he helped manipulate the country's elections. In both cases, President Ronald Reagan offered Pickering his full support and he secured him a job as United States Ambassador to Israel after his appointment in El Salvador. It was later noted when Pickering was nominated as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations that he played a minor role in the Iran–Contra affair while Ambassador to El Salvador.As Ambassador to Israel, Pickering led the United States' criticism of an Israeli policy that expelled Palestinians accused of instilling uprising. Pickering stressed to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir that the United States considered the actions illegal and unhelpful for peace efforts. | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"position held",
"United States Ambassador to Nigeria"
] | Diplomatic career
His four-decade-long career in Foreign Service included ambassadorships in Russia (1993–1996); India (1992–1993); to the United Nations (1989–1992); Israel (1985–1988); El Salvador (1983–1985); Nigeria (1981–1983); and Jordan (1974–1978). Additionally, he served as Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs from 1997 to 2000. He holds the rank of Career Ambassador, the highest in the U.S. Foreign Service.Early career
Early in his career, he was assigned to the U.S. embassy in Tanzania and later was Special Assistant to Secretaries of State William P. Rogers and Henry Kissinger. When Pickering served as United States Ambassador to Jordan in the mid-1970s, King Hussein declared him "the best American ambassador I've dealt with." From 1978 to 1981, he served as Assistant Secretary of State for Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs. He then spent time as the United States Ambassador to Nigeria before President Ronald Reagan surprisingly replaced the Ambassador to El Salvador, Deane R. Hinton, and put Pickering in his place.Pickering's time as United States Ambassador to El Salvador was particularly eventful. Only a year after having been appointed ambassador in 1984, Pickering was the subject of assassination threats from right-wing Salvadoran politicians. The same year, Republican Senator Jesse Helms of North Carolina urged that Pickering be dismissed, arguing that he helped manipulate the country's elections. In both cases, President Ronald Reagan offered Pickering his full support and he secured him a job as United States Ambassador to Israel after his appointment in El Salvador. It was later noted when Pickering was nominated as U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations that he played a minor role in the Iran–Contra affair while Ambassador to El Salvador.As Ambassador to Israel, Pickering led the United States' criticism of an Israeli policy that expelled Palestinians accused of instilling uprising. Pickering stressed to Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir that the United States considered the actions illegal and unhelpful for peace efforts. | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"Thomas R. Pickering",
"occupation",
"international forum participant"
] | Pickering also serves as Co-Chairman of the International Economic Alliance (IEA), where he actively hosts and partakes in international forums attended by notable corporate leaders, ambassadors, and senior government officials from member nations of the Alliance.
Pickering is a member of the Global Leadership Foundation, an organization that works to support democratic leadership, prevent and resolve conflict through mediation, and promote good governance. He is also a board member of the National Iranian American Council (NIAC).In 2012, along with former Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Admiral Michael Mullen, Pickering helped lead a State-Department-sponsored panel investigating the Attack on the U.S. diplomatic mission in Benghazi.In 2014, Pickering gave the keynote speech at the Student Conference on U.S. Affairs at West Point, New York, addressing the unique challenges that disaster preparedness poses to United States foreign policy planning. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Cornelius Lanczos",
"country of citizenship",
"Hungary"
] | Cornelius (Cornel) Lanczos (Hungarian: Lánczos Kornél, pronounced [ˈlaːnt͡soʃ ˈkorneːl]; born as Kornél Lőwy, until 1906: Löwy (Lőwy) Kornél; February 2, 1893 – June 25, 1974) was a Hungarian-American and later Hungarian-Irish mathematician and physicist. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians.Biography
He was born in Fehérvár (Alba Regia), Fejér County, Kingdom of Hungary to Károly Lőwy and Adél Hahn. Lanczos' Ph.D. thesis (1921) was on relativity theory. He sent his thesis copy to Albert Einstein, and Einstein wrote back, saying:
"I studied your paper as far as my present overload allowed. I believe I may say this much: this does involve competent and original brainwork, on the basis of which a doctorate should be obtainable ... I gladly accept the honorable dedication.": 20 In 1924 he discovered an exact solution of the Einstein field equation representing a cylindrically symmetric rigidly rotating configuration of dust particles. This was later rediscovered by Willem Jacob van Stockum and is known today as the van Stockum dust. It is one of the simplest known exact solutions in general relativity and is regarded as an important example, in part because it exhibits closed timelike curves.
Lanczos served as assistant to Albert Einstein during the period of 1928–29.: 27 In 1927 Lanczos married Maria Rupp. He was offered a one-year visiting professorship from Purdue University. For a dozen years (1927–39) Lanczos split his life between two continents. His wife Maria Rupp stayed with Lanczos' parents in Székesfehérvár year-around while Lanczos went to Purdue for half the year, teaching graduate students matrix mechanics and tensor analysis. In 1933 his son Elmar was born; Elmar came to Lafayette, Indiana with his father in August 1939, just before WW II broke out.: 41 & 53 Maria was too ill to travel and died several weeks later from tuberculosis. When the Nazis purged Hungary of Jews in 1944, of Lanczos' family, only his sister and a nephew survived. Elmar married, moved to Seattle and raised two sons. When Elmar looked at his own firstborn son, he said: "For me, it proves that Hitler did not win."
During the McCarthy era, Lanczos came under suspicion for possible communist links.: 89 In 1952, he left the U.S. and moved to the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in Ireland, where he succeeded Erwin Schrödinger and stayed until his death in 1974.In 1956 Lanczos published Applied Analysis. The topics covered include "algebraic equations, matrices and eigenvalue problems, large scale linear systems, harmonic analysis, data analysis, quadrature and power expansions...illustrated by numerical examples worked out in detail." The contents of the book are stylized "parexic analysis lies between classical analysis and numerical analysis: it is roughly the theory of approximation by finite (or truncated infinite) algorithms." | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"Cornelius Lanczos",
"languages spoken, written or signed",
"Hungarian"
] | Cornelius (Cornel) Lanczos (Hungarian: Lánczos Kornél, pronounced [ˈlaːnt͡soʃ ˈkorneːl]; born as Kornél Lőwy, until 1906: Löwy (Lőwy) Kornél; February 2, 1893 – June 25, 1974) was a Hungarian-American and later Hungarian-Irish mathematician and physicist. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians. | languages spoken, written or signed | 38 | [
"linguistic abilities",
"language proficiency",
"language command"
] | null | null |
[
"Cornelius Lanczos",
"notable work",
"Lanczos algorithm"
] | the Lanczos algorithm for finding eigenvalues of large symmetric matrices,
the Lanczos approximation for the gamma function,
the conjugate gradient method for solving systems of linear equations.In 1962, Lanczos showed that the Weyl tensor, which plays a fundamental role in general relativity, can be obtained from a tensor potential that is now called the Lanczos potential.
Lanczos resampling is based on a windowed sinc function as a practical upsampling filter approximating the ideal sinc function. Lanczos resampling is widely used in video up-sampling for digital zoom applications and image scaling.
Books such as The Variational Principles of Mechanics (1949) is a classic graduate text on mechanics. He shows his explanatory ability and enthusiasm as a physics teacher: in the preface of the first edition he says it is taught for a two-semester graduate course of three hours weekly. | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Cornelius Lanczos",
"notable work",
"Lanczos tensor"
] | the Lanczos algorithm for finding eigenvalues of large symmetric matrices,
the Lanczos approximation for the gamma function,
the conjugate gradient method for solving systems of linear equations.In 1962, Lanczos showed that the Weyl tensor, which plays a fundamental role in general relativity, can be obtained from a tensor potential that is now called the Lanczos potential.
Lanczos resampling is based on a windowed sinc function as a practical upsampling filter approximating the ideal sinc function. Lanczos resampling is widely used in video up-sampling for digital zoom applications and image scaling.
Books such as The Variational Principles of Mechanics (1949) is a classic graduate text on mechanics. He shows his explanatory ability and enthusiasm as a physics teacher: in the preface of the first edition he says it is taught for a two-semester graduate course of three hours weekly. | notable work | 73 | [
"masterpiece",
"landmark",
"tour de force",
"most significant work",
"famous creation"
] | null | null |
[
"Cornelius Lanczos",
"native language",
"Hungarian"
] | Cornelius (Cornel) Lanczos (Hungarian: Lánczos Kornél, pronounced [ˈlaːnt͡soʃ ˈkorneːl]; born as Kornél Lőwy, until 1906: Löwy (Lőwy) Kornél; February 2, 1893 – June 25, 1974) was a Hungarian-American and later Hungarian-Irish mathematician and physicist. According to György Marx he was one of The Martians.Biography
He was born in Fehérvár (Alba Regia), Fejér County, Kingdom of Hungary to Károly Lőwy and Adél Hahn. Lanczos' Ph.D. thesis (1921) was on relativity theory. He sent his thesis copy to Albert Einstein, and Einstein wrote back, saying:
"I studied your paper as far as my present overload allowed. I believe I may say this much: this does involve competent and original brainwork, on the basis of which a doctorate should be obtainable ... I gladly accept the honorable dedication.": 20 In 1924 he discovered an exact solution of the Einstein field equation representing a cylindrically symmetric rigidly rotating configuration of dust particles. This was later rediscovered by Willem Jacob van Stockum and is known today as the van Stockum dust. It is one of the simplest known exact solutions in general relativity and is regarded as an important example, in part because it exhibits closed timelike curves.
Lanczos served as assistant to Albert Einstein during the period of 1928–29.: 27 In 1927 Lanczos married Maria Rupp. He was offered a one-year visiting professorship from Purdue University. For a dozen years (1927–39) Lanczos split his life between two continents. His wife Maria Rupp stayed with Lanczos' parents in Székesfehérvár year-around while Lanczos went to Purdue for half the year, teaching graduate students matrix mechanics and tensor analysis. In 1933 his son Elmar was born; Elmar came to Lafayette, Indiana with his father in August 1939, just before WW II broke out.: 41 & 53 Maria was too ill to travel and died several weeks later from tuberculosis. When the Nazis purged Hungary of Jews in 1944, of Lanczos' family, only his sister and a nephew survived. Elmar married, moved to Seattle and raised two sons. When Elmar looked at his own firstborn son, he said: "For me, it proves that Hitler did not win."
During the McCarthy era, Lanczos came under suspicion for possible communist links.: 89 In 1952, he left the U.S. and moved to the School of Theoretical Physics at the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies in Ireland, where he succeeded Erwin Schrödinger and stayed until his death in 1974.In 1956 Lanczos published Applied Analysis. The topics covered include "algebraic equations, matrices and eigenvalue problems, large scale linear systems, harmonic analysis, data analysis, quadrature and power expansions...illustrated by numerical examples worked out in detail." The contents of the book are stylized "parexic analysis lies between classical analysis and numerical analysis: it is roughly the theory of approximation by finite (or truncated infinite) algorithms." | native language | 46 | [
"mother tongue",
"first language",
"mother language",
"primary language",
"L1"
] | null | null |
[
"Cornelius Lanczos",
"employer",
"National Institute of Standards and Technology"
] | Research
Lanczos did pioneering work along with G. C. Danielson on what is now called the fast Fourier transform (FFT, 1940), but the significance of his discovery was not appreciated at the time, and today the FFT is credited to Cooley and Tukey (1965). (As a matter of fact, similar claims can be made for several other mathematicians, including Carl Friedrich Gauss.). Lanczos was the one who introduced Chebyshev polynomials to numerical computing. He discovered the diagonalizable matrix.Working in Washington DC at the U.S. National Bureau of Standards after 1949, Lanczos developed a number of techniques for mathematical calculations using digital computers, including: | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"archives at",
"Stanford University Libraries Department of Special Collections and University Archives"
] | George Elmer Forsythe (January 8, 1917 – April 9, 1972) was an American computer scientist and numerical analyst who founded and led Stanford University's Computer Science Department. Forsythe is often credited with coining the term "computer science" and is recognized as a founding figure in the field.Forsythe came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959, and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death. He served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology, and edited more than 75 other books on computer science. | archives at | 34 | [
"maintains records at",
"keeps archives at",
"houses archives at",
"stores records at",
"holds archives at"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"given name",
"George"
] | George Elmer Forsythe (January 8, 1917 – April 9, 1972) was an American computer scientist and numerical analyst who founded and led Stanford University's Computer Science Department. Forsythe is often credited with coining the term "computer science" and is recognized as a founding figure in the field.Forsythe came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959, and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death. He served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology, and edited more than 75 other books on computer science. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"field of work",
"computer science"
] | George Elmer Forsythe (January 8, 1917 – April 9, 1972) was an American computer scientist and numerical analyst who founded and led Stanford University's Computer Science Department. Forsythe is often credited with coining the term "computer science" and is recognized as a founding figure in the field.Forsythe came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959, and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death. He served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology, and edited more than 75 other books on computer science. | field of work | 20 | [
"profession",
"occupation",
"area of expertise",
"specialization"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"employer",
"Stanford University"
] | George Elmer Forsythe (January 8, 1917 – April 9, 1972) was an American computer scientist and numerical analyst who founded and led Stanford University's Computer Science Department. Forsythe is often credited with coining the term "computer science" and is recognized as a founding figure in the field.Forsythe came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959, and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death. He served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology, and edited more than 75 other books on computer science.Early life
George Elmer Forsythe was born on January 8, 1917, in State College, Pennsylvania. Forsythe's family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan when George was a young boy. Forsythe became interested in computing at a young age, experimenting with hand-cranked desk calculators.
Forsythe earned a Bachelor of Science in mathematics at Swarthmore College in 1937, where he was awarded a scholarship. He completed a Ph.D. in mathematics at Brown University in 1941 under the direction of Jacob David Tamarkin. After receiving his doctorate, Forsythe went to Stanford University to work as an instructor in mathematics. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Air Force and a stint at Boeing. | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"occupation",
"computer scientist"
] | Professional life
Forsythe married Alexandra I. Forsythe, who wrote the first published textbook in computer science and actively participated in her husband's work, while promoting a more active role for women than was common at the time. Between 1950 and 1958 both of them programmed using the SWAC at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Los Angeles and later at UCLA after the western division of NBS was closed due to political pressures (see Oral History cited below). With his wife, Forsythe had a daughter and a son.
According to Donald Knuth, Forsythe's greatest contributions were helping to establish computer science as its own academic discipline and starting the field of refereeing and editing algorithms as scholarly work. Professor Forsythe supervised 17 PhD graduates; many of them went into academic careers. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1969 and again in 1971. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"educated at",
"Brown University"
] | Early life
George Elmer Forsythe was born on January 8, 1917, in State College, Pennsylvania. Forsythe's family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan when George was a young boy. Forsythe became interested in computing at a young age, experimenting with hand-cranked desk calculators.
Forsythe earned a Bachelor of Science in mathematics at Swarthmore College in 1937, where he was awarded a scholarship. He completed a Ph.D. in mathematics at Brown University in 1941 under the direction of Jacob David Tamarkin. After receiving his doctorate, Forsythe went to Stanford University to work as an instructor in mathematics. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Air Force and a stint at Boeing. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"position held",
"chairperson"
] | George Elmer Forsythe (January 8, 1917 – April 9, 1972) was an American computer scientist and numerical analyst who founded and led Stanford University's Computer Science Department. Forsythe is often credited with coining the term "computer science" and is recognized as a founding figure in the field.Forsythe came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959, and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death. He served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology, and edited more than 75 other books on computer science. | position held | 59 | [
"occupation",
"job title",
"post",
"office",
"rank"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"occupation",
"mathematician"
] | Early life
George Elmer Forsythe was born on January 8, 1917, in State College, Pennsylvania. Forsythe's family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan when George was a young boy. Forsythe became interested in computing at a young age, experimenting with hand-cranked desk calculators.
Forsythe earned a Bachelor of Science in mathematics at Swarthmore College in 1937, where he was awarded a scholarship. He completed a Ph.D. in mathematics at Brown University in 1941 under the direction of Jacob David Tamarkin. After receiving his doctorate, Forsythe went to Stanford University to work as an instructor in mathematics. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Air Force and a stint at Boeing. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"educated at",
"Swarthmore College"
] | Early life
George Elmer Forsythe was born on January 8, 1917, in State College, Pennsylvania. Forsythe's family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan when George was a young boy. Forsythe became interested in computing at a young age, experimenting with hand-cranked desk calculators.
Forsythe earned a Bachelor of Science in mathematics at Swarthmore College in 1937, where he was awarded a scholarship. He completed a Ph.D. in mathematics at Brown University in 1941 under the direction of Jacob David Tamarkin. After receiving his doctorate, Forsythe went to Stanford University to work as an instructor in mathematics. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Air Force and a stint at Boeing. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"occupation",
"university teacher"
] | George Elmer Forsythe (January 8, 1917 – April 9, 1972) was an American computer scientist and numerical analyst who founded and led Stanford University's Computer Science Department. Forsythe is often credited with coining the term "computer science" and is recognized as a founding figure in the field.Forsythe came to Stanford in the Mathematics Department in 1959, and served as professor and chairman of the Computer Science department from 1965 until his death. He served as the president of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), and also co-authored four books on computer science and a fifth on meteorology, and edited more than 75 other books on computer science.Early life
George Elmer Forsythe was born on January 8, 1917, in State College, Pennsylvania. Forsythe's family moved to Ann Arbor, Michigan when George was a young boy. Forsythe became interested in computing at a young age, experimenting with hand-cranked desk calculators.
Forsythe earned a Bachelor of Science in mathematics at Swarthmore College in 1937, where he was awarded a scholarship. He completed a Ph.D. in mathematics at Brown University in 1941 under the direction of Jacob David Tamarkin. After receiving his doctorate, Forsythe went to Stanford University to work as an instructor in mathematics. His teaching career was interrupted by service in the U.S. Air Force and a stint at Boeing. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"George Forsythe",
"spouse",
"Alexandra Illmer Forsythe"
] | Professional life
Forsythe married Alexandra I. Forsythe, who wrote the first published textbook in computer science and actively participated in her husband's work, while promoting a more active role for women than was common at the time. Between 1950 and 1958 both of them programmed using the SWAC at the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Los Angeles and later at UCLA after the western division of NBS was closed due to political pressures (see Oral History cited below). With his wife, Forsythe had a daughter and a son.
According to Donald Knuth, Forsythe's greatest contributions were helping to establish computer science as its own academic discipline and starting the field of refereeing and editing algorithms as scholarly work. Professor Forsythe supervised 17 PhD graduates; many of them went into academic careers. He won a Lester R. Ford Award in 1969 and again in 1971. | spouse | 51 | [
"partner"
] | null | null |
[
"Étienne Dormoy",
"occupation",
"engineer"
] | Étienne Dormoy (10 February 1885, in Vandoncourt, France – 28 February 1959, in San Diego, USA) was an aeronautical engineer and a designer of aircraft.Biography
Etienne Dormoy graduated in 1906 as an electrical engineer from Institut industriel du Nord (École Centrale de Lille, France). He worked as an aircraft designer for Deperdussin (Deperdussin Monocoque (SPAD)) in France.
He met Harold D. Kantner in France in 1913. He was then seconded to Maximilian Schmitt Aeroplane & Motor Works (Paterson, NJ), wherein he designed the first monocoque fuselage aircraft produced in USA. With this monoplane, Harold D. Kantner won the NY Times race on 4 April 1914. The aircraft was re-engineered as a biplane with a 100 hp engine and tested for military applications at San Diego, CA.
Dormoy returned to France at the beginning of World War I, working for SPAD. In 1917, he joined the French industry delegation in the United States for SPAD technology transfer to Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company at Elmwood (Buffalo, NY).
After the war, Dormoy worked for the Engineering Division of the United States Army Air Service at McCook Field (Dayton, OH) from 1919 to 1925. There, he tested aerial applications, including a United States Army Air Service Curtiss JN-4 modified for aerial crop dusting in 1921
. At McCook Field, he designed the ultra-light Dormoy Bathtub in 1924, after two prototypes built in 1919 and 1920. Dormoy earned the 'Dayton Daily News Light Airplane Race and Rickenbacker Trophy' in 1924.
Dormoy joined Buhl Aircraft Company in Detroit, MI, from 1925 to 1932, wherein he designed several types of sport and utility aircraft. Dormoy contributed to the first type-approval of a US aircraft (US type certificate n°1 - March 1927 for Buhl-Verville CA-3/J-4 Airster). Acting as Buhl's chief engineer, Dormoy designed the Buhl Airsedan in 1928 (number built > 60) and the cheap Buhl Bull Pup in 1930 (number built > 100) that were relative successes at the onset of the Great Depression. Buhl Airsedan Spokane Sun God was used to make the first nonstop roundtrip flight across the United States in August 1929. Dormoy also prototyped the Buhl A-1 Autogyro, world first autogyro with rear propulsion motor in 1931.
Dormoy joined Boeing in Seattle, WA, around 1932-1934 and Consolidated Aircraft Corporation of San Diego (Convair-General Dynamics) in San Diego, CA, from 1936 to 1958. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Étienne Dormoy",
"occupation",
"aerospace engineer"
] | Biography
Etienne Dormoy graduated in 1906 as an electrical engineer from Institut industriel du Nord (École Centrale de Lille, France). He worked as an aircraft designer for Deperdussin (Deperdussin Monocoque (SPAD)) in France.
He met Harold D. Kantner in France in 1913. He was then seconded to Maximilian Schmitt Aeroplane & Motor Works (Paterson, NJ), wherein he designed the first monocoque fuselage aircraft produced in USA. With this monoplane, Harold D. Kantner won the NY Times race on 4 April 1914. The aircraft was re-engineered as a biplane with a 100 hp engine and tested for military applications at San Diego, CA.
Dormoy returned to France at the beginning of World War I, working for SPAD. In 1917, he joined the French industry delegation in the United States for SPAD technology transfer to Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company at Elmwood (Buffalo, NY).
After the war, Dormoy worked for the Engineering Division of the United States Army Air Service at McCook Field (Dayton, OH) from 1919 to 1925. There, he tested aerial applications, including a United States Army Air Service Curtiss JN-4 modified for aerial crop dusting in 1921
. At McCook Field, he designed the ultra-light Dormoy Bathtub in 1924, after two prototypes built in 1919 and 1920. Dormoy earned the 'Dayton Daily News Light Airplane Race and Rickenbacker Trophy' in 1924.
Dormoy joined Buhl Aircraft Company in Detroit, MI, from 1925 to 1932, wherein he designed several types of sport and utility aircraft. Dormoy contributed to the first type-approval of a US aircraft (US type certificate n°1 - March 1927 for Buhl-Verville CA-3/J-4 Airster). Acting as Buhl's chief engineer, Dormoy designed the Buhl Airsedan in 1928 (number built > 60) and the cheap Buhl Bull Pup in 1930 (number built > 100) that were relative successes at the onset of the Great Depression. Buhl Airsedan Spokane Sun God was used to make the first nonstop roundtrip flight across the United States in August 1929. Dormoy also prototyped the Buhl A-1 Autogyro, world first autogyro with rear propulsion motor in 1931.
Dormoy joined Boeing in Seattle, WA, around 1932-1934 and Consolidated Aircraft Corporation of San Diego (Convair-General Dynamics) in San Diego, CA, from 1936 to 1958. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Étienne Dormoy",
"employer",
"Buhl Aircraft Company"
] | Biography
Etienne Dormoy graduated in 1906 as an electrical engineer from Institut industriel du Nord (École Centrale de Lille, France). He worked as an aircraft designer for Deperdussin (Deperdussin Monocoque (SPAD)) in France.
He met Harold D. Kantner in France in 1913. He was then seconded to Maximilian Schmitt Aeroplane & Motor Works (Paterson, NJ), wherein he designed the first monocoque fuselage aircraft produced in USA. With this monoplane, Harold D. Kantner won the NY Times race on 4 April 1914. The aircraft was re-engineered as a biplane with a 100 hp engine and tested for military applications at San Diego, CA.
Dormoy returned to France at the beginning of World War I, working for SPAD. In 1917, he joined the French industry delegation in the United States for SPAD technology transfer to Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company at Elmwood (Buffalo, NY).
After the war, Dormoy worked for the Engineering Division of the United States Army Air Service at McCook Field (Dayton, OH) from 1919 to 1925. There, he tested aerial applications, including a United States Army Air Service Curtiss JN-4 modified for aerial crop dusting in 1921
. At McCook Field, he designed the ultra-light Dormoy Bathtub in 1924, after two prototypes built in 1919 and 1920. Dormoy earned the 'Dayton Daily News Light Airplane Race and Rickenbacker Trophy' in 1924.
Dormoy joined Buhl Aircraft Company in Detroit, MI, from 1925 to 1932, wherein he designed several types of sport and utility aircraft. Dormoy contributed to the first type-approval of a US aircraft (US type certificate n°1 - March 1927 for Buhl-Verville CA-3/J-4 Airster). Acting as Buhl's chief engineer, Dormoy designed the Buhl Airsedan in 1928 (number built > 60) and the cheap Buhl Bull Pup in 1930 (number built > 100) that were relative successes at the onset of the Great Depression. Buhl Airsedan Spokane Sun God was used to make the first nonstop roundtrip flight across the United States in August 1929. Dormoy also prototyped the Buhl A-1 Autogyro, world first autogyro with rear propulsion motor in 1931.
Dormoy joined Boeing in Seattle, WA, around 1932-1934 and Consolidated Aircraft Corporation of San Diego (Convair-General Dynamics) in San Diego, CA, from 1936 to 1958. | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
[
"Clara Fraser",
"member of political party",
"Socialist Workers Party"
] | Biography
Early life and activism
Clara Fraser was born in 1923 to Jewish immigrant parents in multi-ethnic, working class East Los Angeles. Her father, Samuel Goodman, was a Teamster and anarchist. Her mother, Emma Goodman, was a garment worker and later a Business Agent of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. Fraser joined the Socialist Party's youth group in junior high school.
By 1945, after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in literature and education, Fraser was a recruit to the ideas of Leon Trotsky, whose campaign against Stalinism had gained adherents worldwide. She joined the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) that year. Fraser moved to Chicago and participated in a union drive at a department store. In 1946, she moved to the Pacific Northwest to help build the SWP's Seattle branch.As an assembly line electrician, Fraser joined the Boeing Strike of 1948. When the union was slapped with an anti-picketing injunction, she put together a mothers' brigade to walk the line with baby strollers. After the strike, Boeing fired and blacklisted Fraser, and the FBI pursued her for a decade. | member of political party | 95 | [
"affiliated with political party",
"party membership",
"political party member",
"partisan affiliation",
"political affiliation"
] | null | null |
[
"Clara Fraser",
"educated at",
"University of California"
] | Biography
Early life and activism
Clara Fraser was born in 1923 to Jewish immigrant parents in multi-ethnic, working class East Los Angeles. Her father, Samuel Goodman, was a Teamster and anarchist. Her mother, Emma Goodman, was a garment worker and later a Business Agent of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. Fraser joined the Socialist Party's youth group in junior high school.
By 1945, after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in literature and education, Fraser was a recruit to the ideas of Leon Trotsky, whose campaign against Stalinism had gained adherents worldwide. She joined the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) that year. Fraser moved to Chicago and participated in a union drive at a department store. In 1946, she moved to the Pacific Northwest to help build the SWP's Seattle branch.As an assembly line electrician, Fraser joined the Boeing Strike of 1948. When the union was slapped with an anti-picketing injunction, she put together a mothers' brigade to walk the line with baby strollers. After the strike, Boeing fired and blacklisted Fraser, and the FBI pursued her for a decade. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Clara Fraser",
"employer",
"Seattle City Light"
] | Seattle City Light Career and Discrimination Lawsuits
After being fired by Boeing and blacklisted as a communist by the FBI, Fraser struggled to find stable employment. Fraser took a job as a receptionist in a psychologist's office, where her communist affiliations were accepted, and worked there for seven years. Fraser was then hired as a job coordinator for a federal anti-poverty program, where she worked until she was recruited by Seattle City Light.
In 1973, Fraser began work at Seattle City Light as a training and education coordinator. Fraser was charged with designing and implementing an all-female Electrical Trades Trainee (ETT) affirmative action program to integrate women into the trades. Fraser's hiring and the creation of an all-female ETT program was a calculated political move by Gordon Vickery, the superintendent of City Light at the time. Vickery, the former chief of the Seattle Fire Department, had been exploring the possibility of running for mayor. He was appointed to the superintendent position by Seattle mayor Wes Uhlman in an attempt to forge an alliance and prevent a future electoral challenge. In his role, Vickery was tasked with reducing City Light's budget through work speed-ups and wage cuts. Vickery and Uhlman chose to hire Fraser, a known radical, to implement a successful program for a few women in the hopes of avoiding discrimination lawsuits like the ones filed against the city by Black workers in the late 1960s. In addition, Vickery hoped to make a successful ETT program for women a cornerstone of his experience in future electoral campaigns. | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
[
"Clara Fraser",
"occupation",
"activist"
] | Organizing the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women
In the 1950s and 1960s, Fraser stayed active in the labor arena, worked to end segregation, advocated for women, and opposed the Vietnam War. She worked with her then-husband, Richard S. Fraser, in developing Revolutionary Integration to explain the interdependence of the struggles for socialism and African American freedom and argue the key importance of Black leadership for the U.S. working class.Within the SWP, Fraser opposed the party's support for the Nation of Islam. The Seattle local conducted a long campaign to try to win the national party to its perspective, but a clampdown on internal party democracy brought this effort to a dead end. Fraser co-authored the branch's critique of the SWP's political and organizational degeneration in a series of documents that have been re-published under the title Crisis and Leadership (Seattle: Red Letter Press, 2000).
The Seattle branch left the SWP in 1966 and launched the Freedom Socialist Party (FSP), founded on a program emphasizing the leadership role of the underprivileged in achieving progress for all of humanity. In 1967, Fraser formed Radical Women (RW), along with Gloria Martin and young women of the New Left. RW's ambition was to teach women leadership, theoretical skills, class consciousness. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Clara Fraser",
"occupation",
"trade unionist"
] | Biography
Early life and activism
Clara Fraser was born in 1923 to Jewish immigrant parents in multi-ethnic, working class East Los Angeles. Her father, Samuel Goodman, was a Teamster and anarchist. Her mother, Emma Goodman, was a garment worker and later a Business Agent of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. Fraser joined the Socialist Party's youth group in junior high school.
By 1945, after graduating from the University of California, Los Angeles with a degree in literature and education, Fraser was a recruit to the ideas of Leon Trotsky, whose campaign against Stalinism had gained adherents worldwide. She joined the Trotskyist Socialist Workers Party (SWP) that year. Fraser moved to Chicago and participated in a union drive at a department store. In 1946, she moved to the Pacific Northwest to help build the SWP's Seattle branch.As an assembly line electrician, Fraser joined the Boeing Strike of 1948. When the union was slapped with an anti-picketing injunction, she put together a mothers' brigade to walk the line with baby strollers. After the strike, Boeing fired and blacklisted Fraser, and the FBI pursued her for a decade. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Clara Fraser",
"member of political party",
"Freedom Socialist Party"
] | Organizing the Freedom Socialist Party and Radical Women
In the 1950s and 1960s, Fraser stayed active in the labor arena, worked to end segregation, advocated for women, and opposed the Vietnam War. She worked with her then-husband, Richard S. Fraser, in developing Revolutionary Integration to explain the interdependence of the struggles for socialism and African American freedom and argue the key importance of Black leadership for the U.S. working class.Within the SWP, Fraser opposed the party's support for the Nation of Islam. The Seattle local conducted a long campaign to try to win the national party to its perspective, but a clampdown on internal party democracy brought this effort to a dead end. Fraser co-authored the branch's critique of the SWP's political and organizational degeneration in a series of documents that have been re-published under the title Crisis and Leadership (Seattle: Red Letter Press, 2000).
The Seattle branch left the SWP in 1966 and launched the Freedom Socialist Party (FSP), founded on a program emphasizing the leadership role of the underprivileged in achieving progress for all of humanity. In 1967, Fraser formed Radical Women (RW), along with Gloria Martin and young women of the New Left. RW's ambition was to teach women leadership, theoretical skills, class consciousness. | member of political party | 95 | [
"affiliated with political party",
"party membership",
"political party member",
"partisan affiliation",
"political affiliation"
] | null | null |
[
"Edward Curtis Wells",
"place of birth",
"Boise"
] | Biography
Wells was born in Boise, Idaho on August 26, 1910, and graduated from Grant High School in Portland, Oregon. He attended Willamette University for two years then attended Stanford University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in engineering.
Wells joined Boeing Company's engineering staff in 1931 and was named Boeing's chief engineer in 1943.He died on July 1, 1986 in Bellevue, Washington. | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"Edward Curtis Wells",
"place of death",
"Bellevue"
] | Biography
Wells was born in Boise, Idaho on August 26, 1910, and graduated from Grant High School in Portland, Oregon. He attended Willamette University for two years then attended Stanford University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in engineering.
Wells joined Boeing Company's engineering staff in 1931 and was named Boeing's chief engineer in 1943.He died on July 1, 1986 in Bellevue, Washington. | place of death | 45 | [
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"Edward Curtis Wells",
"educated at",
"Willamette University"
] | Biography
Wells was born in Boise, Idaho on August 26, 1910, and graduated from Grant High School in Portland, Oregon. He attended Willamette University for two years then attended Stanford University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in engineering.
Wells joined Boeing Company's engineering staff in 1931 and was named Boeing's chief engineer in 1943.He died on July 1, 1986 in Bellevue, Washington. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Edward Curtis Wells",
"educated at",
"Grant High School"
] | Biography
Wells was born in Boise, Idaho on August 26, 1910, and graduated from Grant High School in Portland, Oregon. He attended Willamette University for two years then attended Stanford University where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1931 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in engineering.
Wells joined Boeing Company's engineering staff in 1931 and was named Boeing's chief engineer in 1943.He died on July 1, 1986 in Bellevue, Washington. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"instance of",
"human"
] | William Fetter, also known as William Alan Fetter or Bill Fetter (March 14, 1928 – June 23, 2002), was an American graphic designer and pioneer in the field of computer graphics. He explored the perspective fundamentals of computer animation of a human figure from 1960 on and was the first to create a human figure as a 3D model. The First Man was a pilot in a short 1964 computer animation, also known as Boeing Man and now as Boeman by the Boeing company. Fetter preferred the term "Human Figure" for the pilot. In 1960, working in a team supervised by Verne Hudson, he helped coin the term Computer graphics. He was art director at the Boeing Company in Wichita.Computer Graphics
From the start of the 1950s, successful developments were underway in controlling machines with computers for industrial production. Subsequent development of computer aided design programs for 2D and 3D production drawings began in the mid-50s. In 1959, Fetter was recruited by Boeing as art director of the CAD department to explore creative new ideas for the production of 3D drawings.
He created a new concept of drawing perspectives. Supported by Walter Bernhardt, assistant professor of Applied Mechanics at Wichita State University, Kansas, his ideas were successfully implemented as mathematical formulae. Programmers subsequently entered these into the computer. Fetter was the team leader (supervisor) of this group. Due to the success of the first experiments, a Boeing research program was launched in November 1960 with Fetter as manager. The result of the research was registered as a "Planar Illustration Method and Apparatus" under US patent in November 1961 – Patent 1970 obtained with the number 3,519,997. The January 1965 issue of Architectural Record magazine described how Fetter had worked as a graphic designer in a team of engineers and programmers to create computer graphics.
Mr. Fetter, who is a graphic artist and not a mathematician, achieved the results he desired by describing the process of perspective drawing on a chalk board, and letting others write a computer program for the mathematically equivalent operations.
In 1963, the research department relocated from Wichita to Seattle, where Fetter became the manager of Boeing's newly founded Computer Graphics Group. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"country of citizenship",
"United States of America"
] | William Fetter, also known as William Alan Fetter or Bill Fetter (March 14, 1928 – June 23, 2002), was an American graphic designer and pioneer in the field of computer graphics. He explored the perspective fundamentals of computer animation of a human figure from 1960 on and was the first to create a human figure as a 3D model. The First Man was a pilot in a short 1964 computer animation, also known as Boeing Man and now as Boeman by the Boeing company. Fetter preferred the term "Human Figure" for the pilot. In 1960, working in a team supervised by Verne Hudson, he helped coin the term Computer graphics. He was art director at the Boeing Company in Wichita. | country of citizenship | 63 | [
"citizenship country",
"place of citizenship",
"country of origin",
"citizenship nation",
"country of citizenship status"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"employer",
"Boeing"
] | The need for a computer to simplify certain graphic procedures first became evident to me at the University of Illinois Press Art Division, when I had to design and render an illustrated title page for "Space Medicine".
In 1954, he became art director for Family Weekly magazine in Chicago. In his article "Computer Graphics at Boeing" for Print magazine he wrote that he was interested in developing a computer program that could simplify the designing of the magazine in the closing stages. Together with a computer manager, he worked on the development of a program but before the project was completed, Fetter accepted employment as art director of Boeing in Wichita in 1959. | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"place of birth",
"Independence"
] | Life
Born in Independence, Missouri, Fetter attended school in Englewood and graduated in 1945 from Northeast High School in Kansas City. He studied at the University of Illinois where he was awarded a BA in graphic design in 1952. His professional career started while studying at the University of Illinois Press (UIP), an American university press. Employed there from 1952-1954, even at this early date he thought of using computers as a tool for his work as a graphic designer. He wrote in 1966: | place of birth | 42 | [
"birthplace",
"place of origin",
"native place",
"homeland",
"birth city"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"has works in the collection",
"ZKM | Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe"
] | Exhibitions
The Landmark exhibitions from August 1968 to August 1969 were staged in London, New York City and in Zagreb. During both exhibitions in Zagreb, international scientific symposiums were held. Another exhibition and conference was held in Berlin. The Cybernetic Serendipity exhibition in London over the years received the most attention in secondary literature. Today, it is dependent on the nationality and education and research level of the observer as to which of the three they consider the most important. There were already critical voices about the 1968 exhibition in London. Gustav Metzger was at the Tendencies 4 symposium in Zagreb and wrote 1969 a critic in a journal by Studio International: At a time when there is a widespread concern about computers, the advertising and presentation of the I.C.A.'s ′Cybernetic Serendipity′ exhibition as a ′technological fun-fair′ is a perfectly adequate demonstration of the reactionary potential of art and technology.
The Human Figure by Fetter was seen in all exhibitions as Boeing Man. In the catalog for Cybernetic Serendipity only The Boeing Computer Graphics organization is mentioned as the author.
1968: Cybernetic Serendipity: The Computer and the Arts, London, Institute of Contemporary Art.
1968: On the Path to Computer Art, MIT, und TU Berlin, Berlin.
1968: Some More Beginnings: An Exhibition of Submitted Works Involving Technical Materials and Processes, E.A.T., New York, Brooklyn Museum.
1969: Tendencija 4, Computers and Visual Research, galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Contemporary Art Gallery, Zagreb.
1969: Computerkunst-On the Eve of Tomorrow, Galerie Kubus, Hanover. Thereafter, in Munich, Hamburg, Oslo, Brussels, Rome and Tokyo.
1989: 25 Jahre Computerkunst – Grafik, Animation und Technik, BMW Pavillon, München.
2007: Ex Machina - Frühe Computergrafik bis 1979: Herbert W. Franke zum 80. Geburtstag, Kunsthalle Bremen, Bremen.
2007: bit international: [Nove] Tendencije - Neue Galerie Graz - Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz.
2008: Bit International, (Nove) tendencije, 1961 bis 1973, Zagreb, In: ZKM, Medienmuseum, Karlsruhe.
2009: Digital Pioneers, Victoria & Albert Museum, London
2015: Galerija suvremene umjetnosti, Contemporary Art Gallery, Zagreb
2015: Tendenzen 4, Computer und Visuelle Forschung, ZKM, Karlsruhe | has works in the collection | 74 | [
"holds works in the collection"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"place of death",
"Bellevue"
] | From 1969
After completion of his tenure at Boeing, from 1969-1970 Fetter was Vice-President of Graphcomp Sciences Corporation in California. He began to teach at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, in 1970 and at the same time continued his research. He was there for two years as Head of Design. In 1977 he became director of research at Southern Illinois Research Institute (SIRIUS) in Bellevue.Through an agreement with the Boeing Company and Computer Graphics, Inc., in 1970 Fetter was permitted to use the source code for the First Man for a 30-second TV spot. For this purpose, additional animation of the lips to move in synchronization with the text was added. This may have been the first use of a simulated human figure on TV.Fetter died on June 23, 2002 in Bellevue, Washington. | place of death | 45 | [
"location of death",
"death place",
"place where they died",
"place of passing",
"final resting place"
] | null | null |
[
"William Fetter",
"given name",
"William"
] | William Fetter, also known as William Alan Fetter or Bill Fetter (March 14, 1928 – June 23, 2002), was an American graphic designer and pioneer in the field of computer graphics. He explored the perspective fundamentals of computer animation of a human figure from 1960 on and was the first to create a human figure as a 3D model. The First Man was a pilot in a short 1964 computer animation, also known as Boeing Man and now as Boeman by the Boeing company. Fetter preferred the term "Human Figure" for the pilot. In 1960, working in a team supervised by Verne Hudson, he helped coin the term Computer graphics. He was art director at the Boeing Company in Wichita. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Philip G. Johnson",
"instance of",
"human"
] | Philip Gustav Johnson (November 5, 1894 – September 14, 1944) was a pioneer in the manufacturing of airplanes and in the creation and operation of commercial airlines in the United States and Canada. With backgrounds as an engineer and businessman, Johnson served as president of Boeing, United Airlines and Kenworth.Biography
Philip Gustav Johnson was born the son of Swedish immigrants Charles and Hannah Johnson in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1917 with a degree in mechanical engineering. In Johnson's senior year, William Boeing recruited him for a position at the fledgling Boeing Company, which came into being in July 1916. Johnson started working for Boeing as draftsman in the engineering department. He was named president in 1926.
In 1929, Boeing combined with Pratt & Whitney and other companies to form a large conglomerate known as the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. Johnson headed this holding company, which was broken up by legislative action in the aftermath of the Air Mail scandal of 1934. Johnson became president of United Airlines, which emerged from this restructuring, but was officially barred from the airline industry for several years, along with many other air executives who had attended the so-called "Spoils Conference" of 1930, when commercial air mail contracts were first awarded. Subsequent evaluation vindicated Johnson and his fellow airline industry captains, who were unfairly tarred in the press because no collusive behavior counter to the public good in fact occurred at that meeting.Unable at that time to participate in the U.S. airline industry, Johnson in 1937 departed the United States for Canada, where he helped form Trans-Canada Airlines as its Vice President of Operations. A superb businessman, he also served as president of truck manufacturer Kenworth Truck Company from 1937 until his death. In 1939, the federal legislation that had driven Johnson out of Boeing was rescinded. He returned to Boeing as president, focusing on the war production required by World War II.Johnson also served on the Board of Directors for the Pacific National Bank, Puget Sound Power and Light, and Puget Sound Navigation Company. For his numerous accomplishments, he was also named the “First Citizen” of Seattle in 1943. While overseeing operations at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, he died the following year at the age of 49 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1990, Philip G. Johnson was honored when The Boeing Company endowed an engineering chair at the University of Washington in his name. | instance of | 5 | [
"type of",
"example of",
"manifestation of",
"representation of"
] | null | null |
[
"Philip G. Johnson",
"occupation",
"businessperson"
] | Philip Gustav Johnson (November 5, 1894 – September 14, 1944) was a pioneer in the manufacturing of airplanes and in the creation and operation of commercial airlines in the United States and Canada. With backgrounds as an engineer and businessman, Johnson served as president of Boeing, United Airlines and Kenworth.Biography
Philip Gustav Johnson was born the son of Swedish immigrants Charles and Hannah Johnson in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1917 with a degree in mechanical engineering. In Johnson's senior year, William Boeing recruited him for a position at the fledgling Boeing Company, which came into being in July 1916. Johnson started working for Boeing as draftsman in the engineering department. He was named president in 1926.
In 1929, Boeing combined with Pratt & Whitney and other companies to form a large conglomerate known as the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. Johnson headed this holding company, which was broken up by legislative action in the aftermath of the Air Mail scandal of 1934. Johnson became president of United Airlines, which emerged from this restructuring, but was officially barred from the airline industry for several years, along with many other air executives who had attended the so-called "Spoils Conference" of 1930, when commercial air mail contracts were first awarded. Subsequent evaluation vindicated Johnson and his fellow airline industry captains, who were unfairly tarred in the press because no collusive behavior counter to the public good in fact occurred at that meeting.Unable at that time to participate in the U.S. airline industry, Johnson in 1937 departed the United States for Canada, where he helped form Trans-Canada Airlines as its Vice President of Operations. A superb businessman, he also served as president of truck manufacturer Kenworth Truck Company from 1937 until his death. In 1939, the federal legislation that had driven Johnson out of Boeing was rescinded. He returned to Boeing as president, focusing on the war production required by World War II.Johnson also served on the Board of Directors for the Pacific National Bank, Puget Sound Power and Light, and Puget Sound Navigation Company. For his numerous accomplishments, he was also named the “First Citizen” of Seattle in 1943. While overseeing operations at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, he died the following year at the age of 49 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1990, Philip G. Johnson was honored when The Boeing Company endowed an engineering chair at the University of Washington in his name. | occupation | 48 | [
"job",
"profession",
"career",
"vocation",
"employment"
] | null | null |
[
"Philip G. Johnson",
"educated at",
"University of Washington"
] | Biography
Philip Gustav Johnson was born the son of Swedish immigrants Charles and Hannah Johnson in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1917 with a degree in mechanical engineering. In Johnson's senior year, William Boeing recruited him for a position at the fledgling Boeing Company, which came into being in July 1916. Johnson started working for Boeing as draftsman in the engineering department. He was named president in 1926.
In 1929, Boeing combined with Pratt & Whitney and other companies to form a large conglomerate known as the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. Johnson headed this holding company, which was broken up by legislative action in the aftermath of the Air Mail scandal of 1934. Johnson became president of United Airlines, which emerged from this restructuring, but was officially barred from the airline industry for several years, along with many other air executives who had attended the so-called "Spoils Conference" of 1930, when commercial air mail contracts were first awarded. Subsequent evaluation vindicated Johnson and his fellow airline industry captains, who were unfairly tarred in the press because no collusive behavior counter to the public good in fact occurred at that meeting.Unable at that time to participate in the U.S. airline industry, Johnson in 1937 departed the United States for Canada, where he helped form Trans-Canada Airlines as its Vice President of Operations. A superb businessman, he also served as president of truck manufacturer Kenworth Truck Company from 1937 until his death. In 1939, the federal legislation that had driven Johnson out of Boeing was rescinded. He returned to Boeing as president, focusing on the war production required by World War II.Johnson also served on the Board of Directors for the Pacific National Bank, Puget Sound Power and Light, and Puget Sound Navigation Company. For his numerous accomplishments, he was also named the “First Citizen” of Seattle in 1943. While overseeing operations at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, he died the following year at the age of 49 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1990, Philip G. Johnson was honored when The Boeing Company endowed an engineering chair at the University of Washington in his name. | educated at | 56 | [
"studied at",
"graduated from",
"attended",
"enrolled at",
"completed education at"
] | null | null |
[
"Philip G. Johnson",
"given name",
"Philip"
] | Biography
Philip Gustav Johnson was born the son of Swedish immigrants Charles and Hannah Johnson in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1917 with a degree in mechanical engineering. In Johnson's senior year, William Boeing recruited him for a position at the fledgling Boeing Company, which came into being in July 1916. Johnson started working for Boeing as draftsman in the engineering department. He was named president in 1926.
In 1929, Boeing combined with Pratt & Whitney and other companies to form a large conglomerate known as the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. Johnson headed this holding company, which was broken up by legislative action in the aftermath of the Air Mail scandal of 1934. Johnson became president of United Airlines, which emerged from this restructuring, but was officially barred from the airline industry for several years, along with many other air executives who had attended the so-called "Spoils Conference" of 1930, when commercial air mail contracts were first awarded. Subsequent evaluation vindicated Johnson and his fellow airline industry captains, who were unfairly tarred in the press because no collusive behavior counter to the public good in fact occurred at that meeting.Unable at that time to participate in the U.S. airline industry, Johnson in 1937 departed the United States for Canada, where he helped form Trans-Canada Airlines as its Vice President of Operations. A superb businessman, he also served as president of truck manufacturer Kenworth Truck Company from 1937 until his death. In 1939, the federal legislation that had driven Johnson out of Boeing was rescinded. He returned to Boeing as president, focusing on the war production required by World War II.Johnson also served on the Board of Directors for the Pacific National Bank, Puget Sound Power and Light, and Puget Sound Navigation Company. For his numerous accomplishments, he was also named the “First Citizen” of Seattle in 1943. While overseeing operations at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, he died the following year at the age of 49 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1990, Philip G. Johnson was honored when The Boeing Company endowed an engineering chair at the University of Washington in his name. | given name | 60 | [
"first name",
"forename",
"given title",
"personal name"
] | null | null |
[
"Philip G. Johnson",
"sex or gender",
"male"
] | Biography
Philip Gustav Johnson was born the son of Swedish immigrants Charles and Hannah Johnson in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1917 with a degree in mechanical engineering. In Johnson's senior year, William Boeing recruited him for a position at the fledgling Boeing Company, which came into being in July 1916. Johnson started working for Boeing as draftsman in the engineering department. He was named president in 1926.
In 1929, Boeing combined with Pratt & Whitney and other companies to form a large conglomerate known as the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. Johnson headed this holding company, which was broken up by legislative action in the aftermath of the Air Mail scandal of 1934. Johnson became president of United Airlines, which emerged from this restructuring, but was officially barred from the airline industry for several years, along with many other air executives who had attended the so-called "Spoils Conference" of 1930, when commercial air mail contracts were first awarded. Subsequent evaluation vindicated Johnson and his fellow airline industry captains, who were unfairly tarred in the press because no collusive behavior counter to the public good in fact occurred at that meeting.Unable at that time to participate in the U.S. airline industry, Johnson in 1937 departed the United States for Canada, where he helped form Trans-Canada Airlines as its Vice President of Operations. A superb businessman, he also served as president of truck manufacturer Kenworth Truck Company from 1937 until his death. In 1939, the federal legislation that had driven Johnson out of Boeing was rescinded. He returned to Boeing as president, focusing on the war production required by World War II.Johnson also served on the Board of Directors for the Pacific National Bank, Puget Sound Power and Light, and Puget Sound Navigation Company. For his numerous accomplishments, he was also named the “First Citizen” of Seattle in 1943. While overseeing operations at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, he died the following year at the age of 49 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1990, Philip G. Johnson was honored when The Boeing Company endowed an engineering chair at the University of Washington in his name. | sex or gender | 65 | [
"biological sex",
"gender identity",
"gender expression",
"sexual orientation",
"gender classification"
] | null | null |
[
"Philip G. Johnson",
"family name",
"Johnson"
] | Biography
Philip Gustav Johnson was born the son of Swedish immigrants Charles and Hannah Johnson in Seattle, Washington. He graduated from the University of Washington in 1917 with a degree in mechanical engineering. In Johnson's senior year, William Boeing recruited him for a position at the fledgling Boeing Company, which came into being in July 1916. Johnson started working for Boeing as draftsman in the engineering department. He was named president in 1926.
In 1929, Boeing combined with Pratt & Whitney and other companies to form a large conglomerate known as the United Aircraft and Transport Corporation. Johnson headed this holding company, which was broken up by legislative action in the aftermath of the Air Mail scandal of 1934. Johnson became president of United Airlines, which emerged from this restructuring, but was officially barred from the airline industry for several years, along with many other air executives who had attended the so-called "Spoils Conference" of 1930, when commercial air mail contracts were first awarded. Subsequent evaluation vindicated Johnson and his fellow airline industry captains, who were unfairly tarred in the press because no collusive behavior counter to the public good in fact occurred at that meeting.Unable at that time to participate in the U.S. airline industry, Johnson in 1937 departed the United States for Canada, where he helped form Trans-Canada Airlines as its Vice President of Operations. A superb businessman, he also served as president of truck manufacturer Kenworth Truck Company from 1937 until his death. In 1939, the federal legislation that had driven Johnson out of Boeing was rescinded. He returned to Boeing as president, focusing on the war production required by World War II.Johnson also served on the Board of Directors for the Pacific National Bank, Puget Sound Power and Light, and Puget Sound Navigation Company. For his numerous accomplishments, he was also named the “First Citizen” of Seattle in 1943. While overseeing operations at the Boeing plant in Wichita, Kansas, he died the following year at the age of 49 from a cerebral hemorrhage. In 1990, Philip G. Johnson was honored when The Boeing Company endowed an engineering chair at the University of Washington in his name. | family name | 54 | [
"surname",
"last name",
"patronymic",
"family surname",
"clan name"
] | null | null |
[
"Adeline Smith",
"employer",
"Boeing"
] | Biography
Early life
Smith was born on March 15, 1918. She was raised on a family homestead on the Elwha River, just outside Port Angeles, Washington. Her family spoke only Klallam at home and Smith did not have an English language name until she first enrolled in public school when she was seven years old. Her great-grandparents passed down the family's unwritten, oral history with events from the late 18th century.Smith was forced to leave Chemawa Indian School, a boarding school in Salem, Oregon, shortly before her graduation due to the death of her mother and needs of her family. At age 18 she moved to Seattle with her niece, Bea Charles, to find work, despite the widespread discrimination against Native Americans at the time. (Bea Charles, who died in 2009, later became a noted Klallam linguist).Smith worked a series of jobs, finding employment as a waitress and an employee of Goodwill Industries. During World War II, Smith worked as a welder at a submarine factory in San Francisco and at a Boeing plant in Seattle. | employer | 86 | [
"boss",
"supervisor",
"manager",
"chief",
"director"
] | null | null |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.