Bayezid II country of citizenship Ottoman Empire
Find the relation between <e1>Bayezid II<\e1> and <e2>Ottoman Empire<\e2>.
İspençe was a tax levied on non - Muslims in the Ottoman Empire. İspençe was a land - tax on non - Muslims in parts of the Ottoman Empire ; its counterpart, for Muslim taxpayers, was the resm - i çift - which was set at slightly lower rate. The treasury was well aware of the difference in tax takes, and the incentive to convert ; the legal reforms of Bayezid II halved some criminal penalties on nonmuslim taxpayers " so that the taxpayers shall not vanish " ; this rule was reconfimed, a century later, in 1587. In other cases, local taxes were imposed on nonmuslims specifically to encourage conversion. İspençe had existed in the Balkans before the Ottoman conquest ; the Ottoman Empire typically adapted local taxes and institutions in each conquered area, leading to a patchwork of different taxes and rates. The concept of İspençe, theoretically a payment in lieu of corvee labour, was derived from the Byzantine " zeugaratikion ", a land tax based on the zeugarion - the area of farmland which could be ploughed by a pair of oxen. The zeugarion itself was taken up as the Ottoman " çift ", a word meaning " pair ". 
Bayezid II Ottoman Empire