text: """
  Test the memory module.
  """
  
  # Author: Gael Varoquaux <gael dot varoquaux at normalesup dot org>
  # Copyright (c) 2009 Gael Varoquaux
  # License: BSD Style, 3 clauses.
  
  import shutil
  import os
  import os.path
  import pickle
  import sys
  import time
  import datetime
  
  import pytest
  
  from joblib.memory import Memory
  from joblib.memory import MemorizedFunc, NotMemorizedFunc
  from joblib.memory import MemorizedResult, NotMemorizedResult
  from joblib.memory import _FUNCTION_HASHES
  from joblib.memory import register_store_backend, _STORE_BACKENDS
  from joblib.memory import _build_func_identifier, _store_backend_factory
  from joblib.memory import JobLibCollisionWarning
  from joblib.parallel import Parallel, delayed
  from joblib._store_backends import StoreBackendBase, FileSystemStoreBackend
  from joblib.test.common import with_numpy, np
  from joblib.test.common import with_multiprocessing
  from joblib.testing import parametrize, raises, warns
  from joblib._compat import PY3_OR_LATER
  from joblib.hashing import hash
  
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Module-level variables for the tests
  def f(x, y=1):
      """ A module-level function for testing purposes.
      """
      return x ** 2 + y
  
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Helper function for the tests
  def check_identity_lazy(func, accumulator, location):
      """ Given a function and an accumulator (a list that grows every
          time the function is called), check that the function can be
          decorated by memory to be a lazy identity.
      """
      # Call each function with several arguments, and check that it is
      # evaluated only once per argument.
      memory = Memory(location=location, verbose=0)
      func = memory.cache(func)
      for i in range(3):
          for _ in range(2):
              assert func(i) == i
              assert len(accumulator) == i + 1
  
  
  def corrupt_single_cache_item(memory):
      single_cache_item, = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      output_filename = os.path.join(single_cache_item.path, 'output.pkl')
      with open(output_filename, 'w') as f:
          f.write('garbage')
  
  
  def monkeypatch_cached_func_warn(func, monkeypatch_fixture):
      # Need monkeypatch because pytest does not
      # capture stdlib logging output (see
      # https://github.com/pytest-dev/pytest/issues/2079)
  
      recorded = []
  
      def append_to_record(item):
          recorded.append(item)
      monkeypatch_fixture.setattr(func, 'warn', append_to_record)
      return recorded
  
  
  ###############################################################################
  # Tests
  def test_memory_integration(tmpdir):
      """ Simple test of memory lazy evaluation.
      """
      accumulator = list()
      # Rmk: this function has the same name than a module-level function,
      # thus it serves as a test to see that both are identified
      # as different.
  
      def f(l):
          accumulator.append(1)
          return l
  
      check_identity_lazy(f, accumulator, tmpdir.strpath)
  
      # Now test clearing
      for compress in (False, True):
          for mmap_mode in ('r', None):
              memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=10,
                              mmap_mode=mmap_mode, compress=compress)
              # First clear the cache directory, to check that our code can
              # handle that
              # NOTE: this line would raise an exception, as the database file is
              # still open; we ignore the error since we want to test what
              # happens if the directory disappears
              shutil.rmtree(tmpdir.strpath, ignore_errors=True)
              g = memory.cache(f)
              g(1)
              g.clear(warn=False)
              current_accumulator = len(accumulator)
              out = g(1)
  
          assert len(accumulator) == current_accumulator + 1
          # Also, check that Memory.eval works similarly
          assert memory.eval(f, 1) == out
          assert len(accumulator) == current_accumulator + 1
  
      # Now do a smoke test with a function defined in __main__, as the name
      # mangling rules are more complex
      f.__module__ = '__main__'
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      memory.cache(f)(1)
  
  
  def test_no_memory():
      """ Test memory with location=None: no memoize """
      accumulator = list()
  
      def ff(l):
          accumulator.append(1)
          return l
  
      memory = Memory(location=None, verbose=0)
      gg = memory.cache(ff)
      for _ in range(4):
          current_accumulator = len(accumulator)
          gg(1)
          assert len(accumulator) == current_accumulator + 1
  
  
  def test_memory_kwarg(tmpdir):
      " Test memory with a function with keyword arguments."
      accumulator = list()
  
      def g(l=None, m=1):
          accumulator.append(1)
          return l
  
      check_identity_lazy(g, accumulator, tmpdir.strpath)
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      g = memory.cache(g)
      # Smoke test with an explicit keyword argument:
      assert g(l=30, m=2) == 30
  
  
  def test_memory_lambda(tmpdir):
      " Test memory with a function with a lambda."
      accumulator = list()
  
      def helper(x):
          """ A helper function to define l as a lambda.
          """
          accumulator.append(1)
          return x
  
      l = lambda x: helper(x)
  
      check_identity_lazy(l, accumulator, tmpdir.strpath)
  
  
  def test_memory_name_collision(tmpdir):
      " Check that name collisions with functions will raise warnings"
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
  
      @memory.cache
      def name_collision(x):
          """ A first function called name_collision
          """
          return x
  
      a = name_collision
  
      @memory.cache
      def name_collision(x):
          """ A second function called name_collision
          """
          return x
  
      b = name_collision
  
      with warns(JobLibCollisionWarning) as warninfo:
          a(1)
          b(1)
  
      assert len(warninfo) == 1
      assert "collision" in str(warninfo[0].message)
  
  
  def test_memory_warning_lambda_collisions(tmpdir):
      # Check that multiple use of lambda will raise collisions
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      a = lambda x: x
      a = memory.cache(a)
      b = lambda x: x + 1
      b = memory.cache(b)
  
      with warns(JobLibCollisionWarning) as warninfo:
          assert a(0) == 0
          assert b(1) == 2
          assert a(1) == 1
  
      # In recent Python versions, we can retrieve the code of lambdas,
      # thus nothing is raised
      assert len(warninfo) == 4
  
  
  def test_memory_warning_collision_detection(tmpdir):
      # Check that collisions impossible to detect will raise appropriate
      # warnings.
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      a1 = eval('lambda x: x')
      a1 = memory.cache(a1)
      b1 = eval('lambda x: x+1')
      b1 = memory.cache(b1)
  
      with warns(JobLibCollisionWarning) as warninfo:
          a1(1)
          b1(1)
          a1(0)
  
      assert len(warninfo) == 2
      assert "cannot detect" in str(warninfo[0].message).lower()
  
  
  def test_memory_partial(tmpdir):
      " Test memory with functools.partial."
      accumulator = list()
  
      def func(x, y):
          """ A helper function to define l as a lambda.
          """
          accumulator.append(1)
          return y
  
      import functools
      function = functools.partial(func, 1)
  
      check_identity_lazy(function, accumulator, tmpdir.strpath)
  
  
  def test_memory_eval(tmpdir):
      " Smoke test memory with a function with a function defined in an eval."
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
  
      m = eval('lambda x: x')
      mm = memory.cache(m)
  
      assert mm(1) == 1
  
  
  def count_and_append(x=[]):
      """ A function with a side effect in its arguments.
  
          Return the lenght of its argument and append one element.
      """
      len_x = len(x)
      x.append(None)
      return len_x
  
  
  def test_argument_change(tmpdir):
      """ Check that if a function has a side effect in its arguments, it
          should use the hash of changing arguments.
      """
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      func = memory.cache(count_and_append)
      # call the function for the first time, is should cache it with
      # argument x=[]
      assert func() == 0
      # the second time the argument is x=[None], which is not cached
      # yet, so the functions should be called a second time
      assert func() == 1
  
  
  @with_numpy
  @parametrize('mmap_mode', [None, 'r'])
  def test_memory_numpy(tmpdir, mmap_mode):
      " Test memory with a function with numpy arrays."
      accumulator = list()
  
      def n(l=None):
          accumulator.append(1)
          return l
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, mmap_mode=mmap_mode,
                      verbose=0)
      cached_n = memory.cache(n)
  
      rnd = np.random.RandomState(0)
      for i in range(3):
          a = rnd.random_sample((10, 10))
          for _ in range(3):
              assert np.all(cached_n(a) == a)
              assert len(accumulator) == i + 1
  
  
  @with_numpy
  def test_memory_numpy_check_mmap_mode(tmpdir, monkeypatch):
      """Check that mmap_mode is respected even at the first call"""
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, mmap_mode='r', verbose=0)
  
      @memory.cache()
      def twice(a):
          return a * 2
  
      a = np.ones(3)
  
      b = twice(a)
      c = twice(a)
  
      assert isinstance(c, np.memmap)
      assert c.mode == 'r'
  
      assert isinstance(b, np.memmap)
      assert b.mode == 'r'
  
      # Corrupts the file,  Deleting b and c mmaps
      # is necessary to be able edit the file
      del b
      del c
      corrupt_single_cache_item(memory)
  
      # Make sure that corrupting the file causes recomputation and that
      # a warning is issued.
      recorded_warnings = monkeypatch_cached_func_warn(twice, monkeypatch)
      d = twice(a)
      assert len(recorded_warnings) == 1
      exception_msg = 'Exception while loading results'
      assert exception_msg in recorded_warnings[0]
      # Asserts that the recomputation returns a mmmap
      assert isinstance(d, np.memmap)
      assert d.mode == 'r'
  
  
  def test_memory_exception(tmpdir):
      """ Smoketest the exception handling of Memory.
      """
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
  
      class MyException(Exception):
          pass
  
      @memory.cache
      def h(exc=0):
          if exc:
              raise MyException
  
      # Call once, to initialise the cache
      h()
  
      for _ in range(3):
          # Call 3 times, to be sure that the Exception is always raised
          with raises(MyException):
              h(1)
  
  
  def test_memory_ignore(tmpdir):
      " Test the ignore feature of memory "
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      accumulator = list()
  
      @memory.cache(ignore=['y'])
      def z(x, y=1):
          accumulator.append(1)
  
      assert z.ignore == ['y']
  
      z(0, y=1)
      assert len(accumulator) == 1
      z(0, y=1)
      assert len(accumulator) == 1
      z(0, y=2)
      assert len(accumulator) == 1
  
  
  def test_memory_args_as_kwargs(tmpdir):
      """Non-regression test against 0.12.0 changes.
  
      https://github.com/joblib/joblib/pull/751
      """
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
  
      @memory.cache
      def plus_one(a):
          return a + 1
  
      # It's possible to call a positional arg as a kwarg.
      assert plus_one(1) == 2
      assert plus_one(a=1) == 2
  
      # However, a positional argument that joblib hadn't seen
      # before would cause a failure if it was passed as a kwarg.
      assert plus_one(a=2) == 3
  
  
  @parametrize('ignore, verbose, mmap_mode', [(['x'], 100, 'r'),
                                              ([], 10, None)])
  def test_partial_decoration(tmpdir, ignore, verbose, mmap_mode):
      "Check cache may be called with kwargs before decorating"
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
  
      @memory.cache(ignore=ignore, verbose=verbose, mmap_mode=mmap_mode)
      def z(x):
          pass
  
      assert z.ignore == ignore
      assert z._verbose == verbose
      assert z.mmap_mode == mmap_mode
  
  
  def test_func_dir(tmpdir):
      # Test the creation of the memory cache directory for the function.
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      path = __name__.split('.')
      path.append('f')
      path = tmpdir.join('joblib', *path).strpath
  
      g = memory.cache(f)
      # Test that the function directory is created on demand
      func_id = _build_func_identifier(f)
      location = os.path.join(g.store_backend.location, func_id)
      assert location == path
      assert os.path.exists(path)
      assert memory.location == os.path.dirname(g.store_backend.location)
      with warns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
          assert memory.cachedir == g.store_backend.location
      assert len(w) == 1
      assert "The 'cachedir' attribute has been deprecated" in str(w[-1].message)
  
      # Test that the code is stored.
      # For the following test to be robust to previous execution, we clear
      # the in-memory store
      _FUNCTION_HASHES.clear()
      assert not g._check_previous_func_code()
      assert os.path.exists(os.path.join(path, 'func_code.py'))
      assert g._check_previous_func_code()
  
      # Test the robustness to failure of loading previous results.
      func_id, args_id = g._get_output_identifiers(1)
      output_dir = os.path.join(g.store_backend.location, func_id, args_id)
      a = g(1)
      assert os.path.exists(output_dir)
      os.remove(os.path.join(output_dir, 'output.pkl'))
      assert a == g(1)
  
  
  def test_persistence(tmpdir):
      # Test the memorized functions can be pickled and restored.
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      g = memory.cache(f)
      output = g(1)
  
      h = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(g))
  
      func_id, args_id = h._get_output_identifiers(1)
      output_dir = os.path.join(h.store_backend.location, func_id, args_id)
      assert os.path.exists(output_dir)
      assert output == h.store_backend.load_item([func_id, args_id])
      memory2 = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(memory))
      assert memory.store_backend.location == memory2.store_backend.location
  
      # Smoke test that pickling a memory with location=None works
      memory = Memory(location=None, verbose=0)
      pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(memory))
      g = memory.cache(f)
      gp = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(g))
      gp(1)
  
  
  def test_call_and_shelve(tmpdir):
      # Test MemorizedFunc outputting a reference to cache.
  
      for func, Result in zip((MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath),
                               NotMemorizedFunc(f),
                               Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath,
                                      verbose=0).cache(f),
                               Memory(location=None).cache(f),
                               ),
                              (MemorizedResult, NotMemorizedResult,
                               MemorizedResult, NotMemorizedResult)):
          assert func(2) == 5
          result = func.call_and_shelve(2)
          assert isinstance(result, Result)
          assert result.get() == 5
  
          result.clear()
          with raises(KeyError):
              result.get()
          result.clear()  # Do nothing if there is no cache.
  
  
  def test_call_and_shelve_argument_hash(tmpdir):
      # Verify that a warning is raised when accessing arguments_hash
      # attribute from MemorizedResult
      func = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0).cache(f)
      result = func.call_and_shelve(2)
      assert isinstance(result, MemorizedResult)
      with warns(DeprecationWarning) as w:
          assert result.argument_hash == result.args_id
      assert len(w) == 1
      assert "The 'argument_hash' attribute has been deprecated" \
          in str(w[-1].message)
  
  
  def test_memorized_pickling(tmpdir):
      for func in (MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath), NotMemorizedFunc(f)):
          filename = tmpdir.join('pickling_test.dat').strpath
          result = func.call_and_shelve(2)
          with open(filename, 'wb') as fp:
              pickle.dump(result, fp)
          with open(filename, 'rb') as fp:
              result2 = pickle.load(fp)
          assert result2.get() == result.get()
          os.remove(filename)
  
  
  def test_memorized_repr(tmpdir):
      func = MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath)
      result = func.call_and_shelve(2)
  
      func2 = MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath)
      result2 = func2.call_and_shelve(2)
      assert result.get() == result2.get()
      assert repr(func) == repr(func2)
  
      # Smoke test with NotMemorizedFunc
      func = NotMemorizedFunc(f)
      repr(func)
      repr(func.call_and_shelve(2))
  
      # Smoke test for message output (increase code coverage)
      func = MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath, verbose=11, timestamp=time.time())
      result = func.call_and_shelve(11)
      result.get()
  
      func = MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath, verbose=11)
      result = func.call_and_shelve(11)
      result.get()
  
      func = MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath, verbose=5, timestamp=time.time())
      result = func.call_and_shelve(11)
      result.get()
  
      func = MemorizedFunc(f, tmpdir.strpath, verbose=5)
      result = func.call_and_shelve(11)
      result.get()
  
  
  def test_memory_file_modification(capsys, tmpdir, monkeypatch):
      # Test that modifying a Python file after loading it does not lead to
      # Recomputation
      dir_name = tmpdir.mkdir('tmp_import').strpath
      filename = os.path.join(dir_name, 'tmp_joblib_.py')
      content = 'def f(x):\n    print(x)\n    return x\n'
      with open(filename, 'w') as module_file:
          module_file.write(content)
  
      # Load the module:
      monkeypatch.syspath_prepend(dir_name)
      import tmp_joblib_ as tmp
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      f = memory.cache(tmp.f)
      # First call f a few times
      f(1)
      f(2)
      f(1)
  
      # Now modify the module where f is stored without modifying f
      with open(filename, 'w') as module_file:
          module_file.write('\n\n' + content)
  
      # And call f a couple more times
      f(1)
      f(1)
  
      # Flush the .pyc files
      shutil.rmtree(dir_name)
      os.mkdir(dir_name)
      # Now modify the module where f is stored, modifying f
      content = 'def f(x):\n    print("x=%s" % x)\n    return x\n'
      with open(filename, 'w') as module_file:
          module_file.write(content)
  
      # And call f more times prior to reloading: the cache should not be
      # invalidated at this point as the active function definition has not
      # changed in memory yet.
      f(1)
      f(1)
  
      # Now reload
      sys.stdout.write('Reloading\n')
      sys.modules.pop('tmp_joblib_')
      import tmp_joblib_ as tmp
      f = memory.cache(tmp.f)
  
      # And call f more times
      f(1)
      f(1)
  
      out, err = capsys.readouterr()
      assert out == '1\n2\nReloading\nx=1\n'
  
  
  def _function_to_cache(a, b):
      # Just a place holder function to be mutated by tests
      pass
  
  
  def _sum(a, b):
      return a + b
  
  
  def _product(a, b):
      return a * b
  
  
  def test_memory_in_memory_function_code_change(tmpdir):
      _function_to_cache.__code__ = _sum.__code__
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      f = memory.cache(_function_to_cache)
  
      assert f(1, 2) == 3
      assert f(1, 2) == 3
  
      with warns(JobLibCollisionWarning):
          # Check that inline function modification triggers a cache invalidation
          _function_to_cache.__code__ = _product.__code__
          assert f(1, 2) == 2
          assert f(1, 2) == 2
  
  
  def test_clear_memory_with_none_location():
      memory = Memory(location=None)
      memory.clear()
  
  
  if PY3_OR_LATER:
      # Avoid flake8 F821 "undefined name" warning. func_with_kwonly_args and
      # func_with_signature are redefined in the exec statement a few lines below
      def func_with_kwonly_args():
          pass
  
      def func_with_signature():
          pass
  
      # exec is needed to define a function with a keyword-only argument and a
      # function with signature while avoiding a SyntaxError on Python 2
      exec("""
  def func_with_kwonly_args(a, b, *, kw1='kw1', kw2='kw2'):
      return a, b, kw1, kw2
  
  def func_with_signature(a: int, b: float) -> float:
      return a + b
  """)
  
      def test_memory_func_with_kwonly_args(tmpdir):
          memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
          func_cached = memory.cache(func_with_kwonly_args)
  
          assert func_cached(1, 2, kw1=3) == (1, 2, 3, 'kw2')
  
          # Making sure that providing a keyword-only argument by
          # position raises an exception
          with raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
              func_cached(1, 2, 3, kw2=4)
          excinfo.match("Keyword-only parameter 'kw1' was passed as positional "
                        "parameter")
  
          # Keyword-only parameter passed by position with cached call
          # should still raise ValueError
          func_cached(1, 2, kw1=3, kw2=4)
  
          with raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
              func_cached(1, 2, 3, kw2=4)
          excinfo.match("Keyword-only parameter 'kw1' was passed as positional "
                        "parameter")
  
          # Test 'ignore' parameter
          func_cached = memory.cache(func_with_kwonly_args, ignore=['kw2'])
          assert func_cached(1, 2, kw1=3, kw2=4) == (1, 2, 3, 4)
          assert func_cached(1, 2, kw1=3, kw2='ignored') == (1, 2, 3, 4)
  
      def test_memory_func_with_signature(tmpdir):
          memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
          func_cached = memory.cache(func_with_signature)
  
          assert func_cached(1, 2.) == 3.
  
  
  def _setup_toy_cache(tmpdir, num_inputs=10):
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
  
      @memory.cache()
      def get_1000_bytes(arg):
          return 'a' * 1000
  
      inputs = list(range(num_inputs))
      for arg in inputs:
          get_1000_bytes(arg)
  
      func_id = _build_func_identifier(get_1000_bytes)
      hash_dirnames = [get_1000_bytes._get_output_identifiers(arg)[1]
                       for arg in inputs]
  
      full_hashdirs = [os.path.join(get_1000_bytes.store_backend.location,
                                    func_id, dirname)
                       for dirname in hash_dirnames]
      return memory, full_hashdirs, get_1000_bytes
  
  
  def test__get_items(tmpdir):
      memory, expected_hash_dirs, _ = _setup_toy_cache(tmpdir)
      items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      hash_dirs = [ci.path for ci in items]
      assert set(hash_dirs) == set(expected_hash_dirs)
  
      def get_files_size(directory):
          full_paths = [os.path.join(directory, fn)
                        for fn in os.listdir(directory)]
          return sum(os.path.getsize(fp) for fp in full_paths)
  
      expected_hash_cache_sizes = [get_files_size(hash_dir)
                                   for hash_dir in hash_dirs]
      hash_cache_sizes = [ci.size for ci in items]
      assert hash_cache_sizes == expected_hash_cache_sizes
  
      output_filenames = [os.path.join(hash_dir, 'output.pkl')
                          for hash_dir in hash_dirs]
  
      expected_last_accesses = [
          datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(os.path.getatime(fn))
          for fn in output_filenames]
      last_accesses = [ci.last_access for ci in items]
      assert last_accesses == expected_last_accesses
  
  
  def test__get_items_to_delete(tmpdir):
      memory, expected_hash_cachedirs, _ = _setup_toy_cache(tmpdir)
      items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      # bytes_limit set to keep only one cache item (each hash cache
      # folder is about 1000 bytes + metadata)
      items_to_delete = memory.store_backend._get_items_to_delete('2K')
      nb_hashes = len(expected_hash_cachedirs)
      assert set.issubset(set(items_to_delete), set(items))
      assert len(items_to_delete) == nb_hashes - 1
  
      # Sanity check bytes_limit=2048 is the same as bytes_limit='2K'
      items_to_delete_2048b = memory.store_backend._get_items_to_delete(2048)
      assert sorted(items_to_delete) == sorted(items_to_delete_2048b)
  
      # bytes_limit greater than the size of the cache
      items_to_delete_empty = memory.store_backend._get_items_to_delete('1M')
      assert items_to_delete_empty == []
  
      # All the cache items need to be deleted
      bytes_limit_too_small = 500
      items_to_delete_500b = memory.store_backend._get_items_to_delete(
          bytes_limit_too_small)
      assert set(items_to_delete_500b), set(items)
  
      # Test LRU property: surviving cache items should all have a more
      # recent last_access that the ones that have been deleted
      items_to_delete_6000b = memory.store_backend._get_items_to_delete(6000)
      surviving_items = set(items).difference(items_to_delete_6000b)
  
      assert (max(ci.last_access for ci in items_to_delete_6000b) <=
              min(ci.last_access for ci in surviving_items))
  
  
  def test_memory_reduce_size(tmpdir):
      memory, _, _ = _setup_toy_cache(tmpdir)
      ref_cache_items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
  
      # By default memory.bytes_limit is None and reduce_size is a noop
      memory.reduce_size()
      cache_items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      assert sorted(ref_cache_items) == sorted(cache_items)
  
      # No cache items deleted if bytes_limit greater than the size of
      # the cache
      memory.bytes_limit = '1M'
      memory.reduce_size()
      cache_items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      assert sorted(ref_cache_items) == sorted(cache_items)
  
      # bytes_limit is set so that only two cache items are kept
      memory.bytes_limit = '3K'
      memory.reduce_size()
      cache_items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      assert set.issubset(set(cache_items), set(ref_cache_items))
      assert len(cache_items) == 2
  
      # bytes_limit set so that no cache item is kept
      bytes_limit_too_small = 500
      memory.bytes_limit = bytes_limit_too_small
      memory.reduce_size()
      cache_items = memory.store_backend.get_items()
      assert cache_items == []
  
  
  def test_memory_clear(tmpdir):
      memory, _, _ = _setup_toy_cache(tmpdir)
      memory.clear()
  
      assert os.listdir(memory.store_backend.location) == []
  
  
  def fast_func_with_complex_output():
      complex_obj = ['a' * 1000] * 1000
      return complex_obj
  
  
  def fast_func_with_conditional_complex_output(complex_output=True):
      complex_obj = {str(i): i for i in range(int(1e5))}
      return complex_obj if complex_output else 'simple output'
  
  
  @with_multiprocessing
  def test_cached_function_race_condition_when_persisting_output(tmpdir, capfd):
      # Test race condition where multiple processes are writing into
      # the same output.pkl. See
      # https://github.com/joblib/joblib/issues/490 for more details.
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath)
      func_cached = memory.cache(fast_func_with_complex_output)
  
      Parallel(n_jobs=2)(delayed(func_cached)() for i in range(3))
  
      stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
  
      # Checking both stdout and stderr (ongoing PR #434 may change
      # logging destination) to make sure there is no exception while
      # loading the results
      exception_msg = 'Exception while loading results'
      assert exception_msg not in stdout
      assert exception_msg not in stderr
  
  
  @with_multiprocessing
  def test_cached_function_race_condition_when_persisting_output_2(tmpdir,
                                                                   capfd):
      # Test race condition in first attempt at solving
      # https://github.com/joblib/joblib/issues/490. The race condition
      # was due to the delay between seeing the cache directory created
      # (interpreted as the result being cached) and the output.pkl being
      # pickled.
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath)
      func_cached = memory.cache(fast_func_with_conditional_complex_output)
  
      Parallel(n_jobs=2)(delayed(func_cached)(True if i % 2 == 0 else False)
                         for i in range(3))
  
      stdout, stderr = capfd.readouterr()
  
      # Checking both stdout and stderr (ongoing PR #434 may change
      # logging destination) to make sure there is no exception while
      # loading the results
      exception_msg = 'Exception while loading results'
      assert exception_msg not in stdout
      assert exception_msg not in stderr
  
  
  def test_memory_recomputes_after_an_error_while_loading_results(tmpdir,
                                                                monkeypatch):
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath)
  
      def func(arg):
          # This makes sure that the timestamp returned by two calls of
          # func are different. This is needed on Windows where
          # time.time resolution may not be accurate enough
          time.sleep(0.01)
          return arg, time.time()
  
      cached_func = memory.cache(func)
      input_arg = 'arg'
      arg, timestamp = cached_func(input_arg)
  
      # Make sure the function is correctly cached
      assert arg == input_arg
  
      # Corrupting output.pkl to make sure that an error happens when
      # loading the cached result
      corrupt_single_cache_item(memory)
  
      # Make sure that corrupting the file causes recomputation and that
      # a warning is issued.
      recorded_warnings = monkeypatch_cached_func_warn(cached_func, monkeypatch)
      recomputed_arg, recomputed_timestamp = cached_func(arg)
      assert len(recorded_warnings) == 1
      exception_msg = 'Exception while loading results'
      assert exception_msg in recorded_warnings[0]
      assert recomputed_arg == arg
      assert recomputed_timestamp > timestamp
  
  
  def test_deprecated_cachedir_behaviour(tmpdir):
      # verify the right deprecation warnings are raised when using cachedir
      # option instead of new location parameter.
      with warns(None) as w:
          memory = Memory(cachedir=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
          assert memory.store_backend.location.startswith(tmpdir.strpath)
  
      assert len(w) == 1
      assert "The 'cachedir' parameter has been deprecated" in str(w[-1].message)
  
      with warns(None) as w:
          memory = Memory()
          assert memory.cachedir is None
  
      assert len(w) == 1
      assert "The 'cachedir' attribute has been deprecated" in str(w[-1].message)
  
      error_regex = """You set both "location='.+ and "cachedir='.+"""
      with raises(ValueError, match=error_regex):
          memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, cachedir=tmpdir.strpath,
                          verbose=0)
  
  
  class IncompleteStoreBackend(StoreBackendBase):
      """This backend cannot be instanciated and should raise a TypeError."""
      pass
  
  
  class DummyStoreBackend(StoreBackendBase):
      """A dummy store backend that does nothing."""
  
      def _open_item(self, *args, **kwargs):
          """Open an item on store."""
          "Does nothing"
  
      def _item_exists(self, location):
          """Check if an item location exists."""
          "Does nothing"
  
      def _move_item(self, src, dst):
          """Move an item from src to dst in store."""
          "Does nothing"
  
      def create_location(self, location):
          """Create location on store."""
          "Does nothing"
  
      def exists(self, obj):
          """Check if an object exists in the store"""
          return False
  
      def clear_location(self, obj):
          """Clear object on store"""
          "Does nothing"
  
      def get_items(self):
          """Returns the whole list of items available in cache."""
          return []
  
      def configure(self, location, *args, **kwargs):
          """Configure the store"""
          "Does nothing"
  
  
  @parametrize("invalid_prefix", [None, dict(), list()])
  def test_register_invalid_store_backends_key(invalid_prefix):
      # verify the right exceptions are raised when passing a wrong backend key.
      with raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
          register_store_backend(invalid_prefix, None)
      excinfo.match(r'Store backend name should be a string*')
  
  
  def test_register_invalid_store_backends_object():
      # verify the right exceptions are raised when passing a wrong backend
      # object.
      with raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
          register_store_backend("fs", None)
      excinfo.match(r'Store backend should inherit StoreBackendBase*')
  
  
  def test_memory_default_store_backend():
      # test an unknow backend falls back into a FileSystemStoreBackend
      with raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
          Memory(location='/tmp/joblib', backend='unknown')
      excinfo.match(r"Unknown location*")
  
  
  def test_instanciate_incomplete_store_backend():
      # Verify that registering an external incomplete store backend raises an
      # exception when one tries to instanciate it.
      backend_name = "isb"
      register_store_backend(backend_name, IncompleteStoreBackend)
      assert (backend_name, IncompleteStoreBackend) in _STORE_BACKENDS.items()
      with raises(TypeError) as excinfo:
          _store_backend_factory(backend_name, "fake_location")
      excinfo.match(r"Can't instantiate abstract class "
                    "IncompleteStoreBackend with abstract methods*")
  
  
  def test_dummy_store_backend():
      # Verify that registering an external store backend works.
  
      backend_name = "dsb"
      register_store_backend(backend_name, DummyStoreBackend)
      assert (backend_name, DummyStoreBackend) in _STORE_BACKENDS.items()
  
      backend_obj = _store_backend_factory(backend_name, "dummy_location")
      assert isinstance(backend_obj, DummyStoreBackend)
  
  
  def test_filesystem_store_backend_repr(tmpdir):
      # Verify string representation of a filesystem store backend.
  
      repr_pattern = 'FileSystemStoreBackend(location="{location}")'
      backend = FileSystemStoreBackend()
      assert backend.location is None
  
      repr(backend)  # Should not raise an exception
  
      assert str(backend) == repr_pattern.format(location=None)
  
      # backend location is passed explicitely via the configure method (called
      # by the internal _store_backend_factory function)
      backend.configure(tmpdir.strpath)
  
      assert str(backend) == repr_pattern.format(location=tmpdir.strpath)
  
      repr(backend)  # Should not raise an exception
  
  
  def test_memory_objects_repr(tmpdir):
      # Verify printable reprs of MemorizedResult, MemorizedFunc and Memory.
  
      def my_func(a, b):
          return a + b
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, verbose=0)
      memorized_func = memory.cache(my_func)
  
      memorized_func_repr = 'MemorizedFunc(func={func}, location={location})'
  
      assert str(memorized_func) == memorized_func_repr.format(
          func=my_func,
          location=memory.store_backend.location)
  
      memorized_result = memorized_func.call_and_shelve(42, 42)
  
      memorized_result_repr = ('MemorizedResult(location="{location}", '
                               'func="{func}", args_id="{args_id}")')
  
      assert str(memorized_result) == memorized_result_repr.format(
          location=memory.store_backend.location,
          func=memorized_result.func_id,
          args_id=memorized_result.args_id)
  
      assert str(memory) == 'Memory(location={location})'.format(
          location=memory.store_backend.location)
  
  
  def test_memorized_result_pickle(tmpdir):
      # Verify a MemoryResult object can be pickled/depickled. Non regression
      # test introduced following issue
      # https://github.com/joblib/joblib/issues/747
  
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath)
  
      @memory.cache
      def g(x):
          return x**2
  
      memorized_result = g.call_and_shelve(4)
      memorized_result_pickle = pickle.dumps(memorized_result)
      memorized_result_loads = pickle.loads(memorized_result_pickle)
  
      assert memorized_result.store_backend.location == \
          memorized_result_loads.store_backend.location
      assert memorized_result.func == memorized_result_loads.func
      assert memorized_result.args_id == memorized_result_loads.args_id
      assert str(memorized_result) == str(memorized_result_loads)
  
  
  def compare(left, right, ignored_attrs=None):
      if ignored_attrs is None:
          ignored_attrs = []
  
      left_vars = vars(left)
      right_vars = vars(right)
      assert set(left_vars.keys()) == set(right_vars.keys())
      for attr in left_vars.keys():
          if attr in ignored_attrs:
              continue
          assert left_vars[attr] == right_vars[attr]
  
  
  @pytest.mark.parametrize('memory_kwargs',
                           [{'compress': 3, 'verbose': 2},
                            {'mmap_mode': 'r', 'verbose': 5, 'bytes_limit': 1e6,
                             'backend_options': {'parameter': 'unused'}}])
  def test_memory_pickle_dump_load(tmpdir, memory_kwargs):
      memory = Memory(location=tmpdir.strpath, **memory_kwargs)
  
      memory_reloaded = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(memory))
  
      # Compare Memory instance before and after pickle roundtrip
      compare(memory.store_backend, memory_reloaded.store_backend)
      compare(memory, memory_reloaded,
              ignored_attrs=set(['store_backend', 'timestamp']))
      assert hash(memory) == hash(memory_reloaded)
  
      func_cached = memory.cache(f)
  
      func_cached_reloaded = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(func_cached))
  
      # Compare MemorizedFunc instance before/after pickle roundtrip
      compare(func_cached.store_backend, func_cached_reloaded.store_backend)
      compare(func_cached, func_cached_reloaded,
              ignored_attrs=set(['store_backend', 'timestamp']))
      assert hash(func_cached) == hash(func_cached_reloaded)
  
      # Compare MemorizedResult instance before/after pickle roundtrip
      memorized_result = func_cached.call_and_shelve(1)
      memorized_result_reloaded = pickle.loads(pickle.dumps(memorized_result))
  
      compare(memorized_result.store_backend,
              memorized_result_reloaded.store_backend)
      compare(memorized_result, memorized_result_reloaded,
              ignored_attrs=set(['store_backend', 'timestamp']))
      assert hash(memorized_result) == hash(memorized_result_reloaded)
  