text: /*
   * This file is part of the Micro Python project, http://micropython.org/
   *
   * The MIT License (MIT)
   *
   * Copyright (c) 2013, 2014 Damien P. George
   *
   * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
   * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
   * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
   * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
   * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
   * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
   *
   * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
   * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
   *
   * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
   * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
   * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
   * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
   * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
   * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
   * THE SOFTWARE.
   */
  
  #include <stdbool.h>
  #include <stdint.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <string.h>
  #include <assert.h>
  
  #include "py/mpstate.h"
  #include "py/emit.h"
  #include "py/bc0.h"
  
  #define BYTES_FOR_INT ((BYTES_PER_WORD * 8 + 6) / 7)
  #define DUMMY_DATA_SIZE (BYTES_FOR_INT)
  
  struct _emit_t {
      pass_kind_t pass : 8;
      mp_uint_t last_emit_was_return_value : 8;
  
      int stack_size;
  
      scope_t *scope;
  
      mp_uint_t last_source_line_offset;
      mp_uint_t last_source_line;
  
      mp_uint_t max_num_labels;
      mp_uint_t *label_offsets;
  
      mp_uint_t code_info_offset;
      mp_uint_t code_info_size;
      mp_uint_t bytecode_offset;
      mp_uint_t bytecode_size;
      byte *code_base; // stores both byte code and code info
  
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      uint16_t ct_cur_obj;
      uint16_t ct_num_obj;
      uint16_t ct_cur_raw_code;
      #endif
      mp_uint_t *const_table;
  
      // Accessed as mp_uint_t, so must be aligned as such
      byte dummy_data[DUMMY_DATA_SIZE];
  };
  
  emit_t *emit_bc_new(void) {
      emit_t *emit = m_new0(emit_t, 1);
      return emit;
  }
  
  void emit_bc_set_max_num_labels(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t max_num_labels) {
      emit->max_num_labels = max_num_labels;
      emit->label_offsets = m_new(mp_uint_t, emit->max_num_labels);
  }
  
  void emit_bc_free(emit_t *emit) {
      m_del(mp_uint_t, emit->label_offsets, emit->max_num_labels);
      m_del_obj(emit_t, emit);
  }
  
  typedef byte *(*emit_allocator_t)(emit_t *emit, int nbytes);
  
  STATIC void emit_write_uint(emit_t *emit, emit_allocator_t allocator, mp_uint_t val) {
      // We store each 7 bits in a separate byte, and that's how many bytes needed
      byte buf[BYTES_FOR_INT];
      byte *p = buf + sizeof(buf);
      // We encode in little-ending order, but store in big-endian, to help decoding
      do {
          *--p = val & 0x7f;
          val >>= 7;
      } while (val != 0);
      byte *c = allocator(emit, buf + sizeof(buf) - p);
      while (p != buf + sizeof(buf) - 1) {
          *c++ = *p++ | 0x80;
      }
      *c = *p;
  }
  
  // all functions must go through this one to emit code info
  STATIC byte *emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info(emit_t *emit, int num_bytes_to_write) {
      //printf("emit %d\n", num_bytes_to_write);
      if (emit->pass < MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          emit->code_info_offset += num_bytes_to_write;
          return emit->dummy_data;
      } else {
          assert(emit->code_info_offset + num_bytes_to_write <= emit->code_info_size);
          byte *c = emit->code_base + emit->code_info_offset;
          emit->code_info_offset += num_bytes_to_write;
          return c;
      }
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_code_info_byte(emit_t* emit, byte val) {
      *emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info(emit, 1) = val;
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_code_info_uint(emit_t* emit, mp_uint_t val) {
      emit_write_uint(emit, emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info, val);
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_code_info_qstr(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      assert((qst >> 16) == 0);
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info(emit, 2);
      c[0] = qst;
      c[1] = qst >> 8;
      #else
      emit_write_uint(emit, emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info, qst);
      #endif
  }
  
  #if MICROPY_ENABLE_SOURCE_LINE
  STATIC void emit_write_code_info_bytes_lines(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t bytes_to_skip, mp_uint_t lines_to_skip) {
      assert(bytes_to_skip > 0 || lines_to_skip > 0);
      //printf("  %d %d\n", bytes_to_skip, lines_to_skip);
      while (bytes_to_skip > 0 || lines_to_skip > 0) {
          mp_uint_t b, l;
          if (lines_to_skip <= 6) {
              // use 0b0LLBBBBB encoding
              b = MIN(bytes_to_skip, 0x1f);
              l = MIN(lines_to_skip, 0x3);
              *emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info(emit, 1) = b | (l << 5);
          } else {
              // use 0b1LLLBBBB 0bLLLLLLLL encoding (l's LSB in second byte)
              b = MIN(bytes_to_skip, 0xf);
              l = MIN(lines_to_skip, 0x7ff);
              byte *ci = emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info(emit, 2);
              ci[0] = 0x80 | b | ((l >> 4) & 0x70);
              ci[1] = l;
          }
          bytes_to_skip -= b;
          lines_to_skip -= l;
      }
  }
  #endif
  
  // all functions must go through this one to emit byte code
  STATIC byte *emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit_t *emit, int num_bytes_to_write) {
      //printf("emit %d\n", num_bytes_to_write);
      if (emit->pass < MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          emit->bytecode_offset += num_bytes_to_write;
          return emit->dummy_data;
      } else {
          assert(emit->bytecode_offset + num_bytes_to_write <= emit->bytecode_size);
          byte *c = emit->code_base + emit->code_info_size + emit->bytecode_offset;
          emit->bytecode_offset += num_bytes_to_write;
          return c;
      }
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit_t *emit, byte b1) {
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, 1);
      c[0] = b1;
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_byte(emit_t* emit, byte b1, byte b2) {
      assert((b2 & (~0xff)) == 0);
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, 2);
      c[0] = b1;
      c[1] = b2;
  }
  
  // Similar to emit_write_bytecode_uint(), just some extra handling to encode sign
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_int(emit_t *emit, byte b1, mp_int_t num) {
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, b1);
  
      // We store each 7 bits in a separate byte, and that's how many bytes needed
      byte buf[BYTES_FOR_INT];
      byte *p = buf + sizeof(buf);
      // We encode in little-ending order, but store in big-endian, to help decoding
      do {
          *--p = num & 0x7f;
          num >>= 7;
      } while (num != 0 && num != -1);
      // Make sure that highest bit we stored (mask 0x40) matches sign
      // of the number. If not, store extra byte just to encode sign
      if (num == -1 && (*p & 0x40) == 0) {
          *--p = 0x7f;
      } else if (num == 0 && (*p & 0x40) != 0) {
          *--p = 0;
      }
  
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, buf + sizeof(buf) - p);
      while (p != buf + sizeof(buf) - 1) {
          *c++ = *p++ | 0x80;
      }
      *c = *p;
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit_t *emit, byte b, mp_uint_t val) {
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, b);
      emit_write_uint(emit, emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode, val);
  }
  
  #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_const(emit_t *emit, byte b, mp_uint_t n, mp_uint_t c) {
      if (emit->pass == MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          emit->const_table[n] = c;
      }
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, b, n);
  }
  #else
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_ptr(emit_t *emit, byte b, void *ptr) {
      // aligns the pointer so it is friendly to GC
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, b);
      emit->bytecode_offset = (mp_uint_t)MP_ALIGN(emit->bytecode_offset, sizeof(mp_uint_t));
      mp_uint_t *c = (mp_uint_t*)emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, sizeof(mp_uint_t));
      // Verify thar c is already uint-aligned
      assert(c == MP_ALIGN(c, sizeof(mp_uint_t)));
      *c = (mp_uint_t)ptr;
  }
  #endif
  
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit_t* emit, byte b, qstr qst) {
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      assert((qst >> 16) == 0);
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, 3);
      c[0] = b;
      c[1] = qst;
      c[2] = qst >> 8;
      #else
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, b, qst);
      #endif
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_obj(emit_t *emit, byte b, void *ptr) {
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_const(emit, b,
          emit->scope->num_pos_args + emit->scope->num_kwonly_args
          + emit->ct_cur_obj++, (mp_uint_t)ptr);
      #else
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_ptr(emit, b, ptr);
      #endif
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_raw_code(emit_t *emit, byte b, mp_raw_code_t *rc) {
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_const(emit, b,
          emit->scope->num_pos_args + emit->scope->num_kwonly_args
          + emit->ct_num_obj + emit->ct_cur_raw_code++, (mp_uint_t)rc);
      #else
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_ptr(emit, b, rc);
      #endif
  }
  
  // unsigned labels are relative to ip following this instruction, stored as 16 bits
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_unsigned_label(emit_t *emit, byte b1, mp_uint_t label) {
      mp_uint_t bytecode_offset;
      if (emit->pass < MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          bytecode_offset = 0;
      } else {
          bytecode_offset = emit->label_offsets[label] - emit->bytecode_offset - 3;
      }
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, 3);
      c[0] = b1;
      c[1] = bytecode_offset;
      c[2] = bytecode_offset >> 8;
  }
  
  // signed labels are relative to ip following this instruction, stored as 16 bits, in excess
  STATIC void emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit_t *emit, byte b1, mp_uint_t label) {
      int bytecode_offset;
      if (emit->pass < MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          bytecode_offset = 0;
      } else {
          bytecode_offset = emit->label_offsets[label] - emit->bytecode_offset - 3 + 0x8000;
      }
      byte *c = emit_get_cur_to_write_bytecode(emit, 3);
      c[0] = b1;
      c[1] = bytecode_offset;
      c[2] = bytecode_offset >> 8;
  }
  
  #if MICROPY_EMIT_NATIVE
  STATIC void mp_emit_bc_set_native_type(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t op, mp_uint_t arg1, qstr arg2) {
      (void)emit;
      (void)op;
      (void)arg1;
      (void)arg2;
  }
  #endif
  
  void mp_emit_bc_start_pass(emit_t *emit, pass_kind_t pass, scope_t *scope) {
      emit->pass = pass;
      emit->stack_size = 0;
      emit->last_emit_was_return_value = false;
      emit->scope = scope;
      emit->last_source_line_offset = 0;
      emit->last_source_line = 1;
      if (pass < MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          memset(emit->label_offsets, -1, emit->max_num_labels * sizeof(mp_uint_t));
      }
      emit->bytecode_offset = 0;
      emit->code_info_offset = 0;
  
      // Write local state size and exception stack size.
      {
          mp_uint_t n_state = scope->num_locals + scope->stack_size;
          if (n_state == 0) {
              // Need at least 1 entry in the state, in the case an exception is
              // propagated through this function, the exception is returned in
              // the highest slot in the state (fastn[0], see vm.c).
              n_state = 1;
          }
          emit_write_code_info_uint(emit, n_state);
          emit_write_code_info_uint(emit, scope->exc_stack_size);
      }
  
      // Write scope flags and number of arguments.
      // TODO check that num args all fit in a byte
      emit_write_code_info_byte(emit, emit->scope->scope_flags);
      emit_write_code_info_byte(emit, emit->scope->num_pos_args);
      emit_write_code_info_byte(emit, emit->scope->num_kwonly_args);
      emit_write_code_info_byte(emit, emit->scope->num_def_pos_args);
  
      // Write size of the rest of the code info.  We don't know how big this
      // variable uint will be on the MP_PASS_CODE_SIZE pass so we reserve 2 bytes
      // for it and hope that is enough!  TODO assert this or something.
      if (pass == MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          emit_write_code_info_uint(emit, emit->code_info_size - emit->code_info_offset);
      } else  {
          emit_get_cur_to_write_code_info(emit, 2);
      }
  
      // Write the name and source file of this function.
      emit_write_code_info_qstr(emit, scope->simple_name);
      emit_write_code_info_qstr(emit, scope->source_file);
  
      // bytecode prelude: initialise closed over variables
      for (int i = 0; i < scope->id_info_len; i++) {
          id_info_t *id = &scope->id_info[i];
          if (id->kind == ID_INFO_KIND_CELL) {
              assert(id->local_num < 255);
              emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, id->local_num); // write the local which should be converted to a cell
          }
      }
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, 255); // end of list sentinel
  
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      emit->ct_cur_obj = 0;
      emit->ct_cur_raw_code = 0;
      #endif
  
      if (pass == MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          // Write argument names (needed to resolve positional args passed as
          // keywords).  We store them as full word-sized objects for efficient access
          // in mp_setup_code_state this is the start of the prelude and is guaranteed
          // to be aligned on a word boundary.
  
          // For a given argument position (indexed by i) we need to find the
          // corresponding id_info which is a parameter, as it has the correct
          // qstr name to use as the argument name.  Note that it's not a simple
          // 1-1 mapping (ie i!=j in general) because of possible closed-over
          // variables.  In the case that the argument i has no corresponding
          // parameter we use "*" as its name (since no argument can ever be named
          // "*").  We could use a blank qstr but "*" is better for debugging.
          // Note: there is some wasted RAM here for the case of storing a qstr
          // for each closed-over variable, and maybe there is a better way to do
          // it, but that would require changes to mp_setup_code_state.
          for (int i = 0; i < scope->num_pos_args + scope->num_kwonly_args; i++) {
              qstr qst = MP_QSTR__star_;
              for (int j = 0; j < scope->id_info_len; ++j) {
                  id_info_t *id = &scope->id_info[j];
                  if ((id->flags & ID_FLAG_IS_PARAM) && id->local_num == i) {
                      qst = id->qst;
                      break;
                  }
              }
              emit->const_table[i] = (mp_uint_t)MP_OBJ_NEW_QSTR(qst);
          }
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_end_pass(emit_t *emit) {
      if (emit->pass == MP_PASS_SCOPE) {
          return;
      }
  
      // check stack is back to zero size
      if (emit->stack_size != 0) {
          mp_printf(&mp_plat_print, "ERROR: stack size not back to zero; got %d\n", emit->stack_size);
      }
  
      emit_write_code_info_byte(emit, 0); // end of line number info
  
      #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
      assert(emit->pass <= MP_PASS_STACK_SIZE || (emit->ct_num_obj == emit->ct_cur_obj));
      emit->ct_num_obj = emit->ct_cur_obj;
      #endif
  
      if (emit->pass == MP_PASS_CODE_SIZE) {
          #if !MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
          // so bytecode is aligned
          emit->code_info_offset = (mp_uint_t)MP_ALIGN(emit->code_info_offset, sizeof(mp_uint_t));
          #endif
  
          // calculate size of total code-info + bytecode, in bytes
          emit->code_info_size = emit->code_info_offset;
          emit->bytecode_size = emit->bytecode_offset;
          emit->code_base = m_new0(byte, emit->code_info_size + emit->bytecode_size);
  
          #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE
          emit->const_table = m_new0(mp_uint_t,
              emit->scope->num_pos_args + emit->scope->num_kwonly_args
              + emit->ct_cur_obj + emit->ct_cur_raw_code);
          #else
          emit->const_table = m_new0(mp_uint_t,
              emit->scope->num_pos_args + emit->scope->num_kwonly_args);
          #endif
  
      } else if (emit->pass == MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          mp_emit_glue_assign_bytecode(emit->scope->raw_code, emit->code_base,
              emit->code_info_size + emit->bytecode_size,
              emit->const_table,
              #if MICROPY_PERSISTENT_CODE_SAVE
              emit->ct_cur_obj, emit->ct_cur_raw_code,
              #endif
              emit->scope->scope_flags);
      }
  }
  
  bool mp_emit_bc_last_emit_was_return_value(emit_t *emit) {
      return emit->last_emit_was_return_value;
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_adjust_stack_size(emit_t *emit, mp_int_t delta) {
      emit->stack_size += delta;
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_set_source_line(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t source_line) {
      //printf("source: line %d -> %d  offset %d -> %d\n", emit->last_source_line, source_line, emit->last_source_line_offset, emit->bytecode_offset);
  #if MICROPY_ENABLE_SOURCE_LINE
      if (MP_STATE_VM(mp_optimise_value) >= 3) {
          // If we compile with -O3, don't store line numbers.
          return;
      }
      if (source_line > emit->last_source_line) {
          mp_uint_t bytes_to_skip = emit->bytecode_offset - emit->last_source_line_offset;
          mp_uint_t lines_to_skip = source_line - emit->last_source_line;
          emit_write_code_info_bytes_lines(emit, bytes_to_skip, lines_to_skip);
          emit->last_source_line_offset = emit->bytecode_offset;
          emit->last_source_line = source_line;
      }
  #else
      (void)emit;
      (void)source_line;
  #endif
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_bc_pre(emit_t *emit, mp_int_t stack_size_delta) {
      if (emit->pass == MP_PASS_SCOPE) {
          return;
      }
      assert((mp_int_t)emit->stack_size + stack_size_delta >= 0);
      emit->stack_size += stack_size_delta;
      if (emit->stack_size > emit->scope->stack_size) {
          emit->scope->stack_size = emit->stack_size;
      }
      emit->last_emit_was_return_value = false;
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_label_assign(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t l) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      if (emit->pass == MP_PASS_SCOPE) {
          return;
      }
      assert(l < emit->max_num_labels);
      if (emit->pass < MP_PASS_EMIT) {
          // assign label offset
          assert(emit->label_offsets[l] == (mp_uint_t)-1);
          emit->label_offsets[l] = emit->bytecode_offset;
      } else {
          // ensure label offset has not changed from MP_PASS_CODE_SIZE to MP_PASS_EMIT
          //printf("l%d: (at %d vs %d)\n", l, emit->bytecode_offset, emit->label_offsets[l]);
          assert(emit->label_offsets[l] == emit->bytecode_offset);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_import_name(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_IMPORT_NAME, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_import_from(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_IMPORT_FROM, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_import_star(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_IMPORT_STAR);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_const_tok(emit_t *emit, mp_token_kind_t tok) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      switch (tok) {
          case MP_TOKEN_KW_FALSE: emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_FALSE); break;
          case MP_TOKEN_KW_NONE: emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_NONE); break;
          case MP_TOKEN_KW_TRUE: emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_TRUE); break;
          no_other_choice:
          case MP_TOKEN_ELLIPSIS: emit_write_bytecode_byte_obj(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_OBJ, (void*)&mp_const_ellipsis_obj); break;
          default: assert(0); goto no_other_choice; // to help flow control analysis
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_const_small_int(emit_t *emit, mp_int_t arg) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      if (-16 <= arg && arg <= 47) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT_MULTI + 16 + arg);
      } else {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_int(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_SMALL_INT, arg);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_const_str(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_STRING, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_const_obj(emit_t *emit, void *obj) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_obj(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_CONST_OBJ, obj);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_null(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_NULL);
  };
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_fast(emit_t *emit, qstr qst, mp_uint_t local_num) {
      (void)qst;
      assert(local_num >= 0);
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      if (local_num <= 15) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_MULTI + local_num);
      } else {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_FAST_N, local_num);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_deref(emit_t *emit, qstr qst, mp_uint_t local_num) {
      (void)qst;
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_DEREF, local_num);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_name(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      (void)qst;
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_NAME, qst);
      if (MICROPY_OPT_CACHE_MAP_LOOKUP_IN_BYTECODE) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, 0);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_global(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      (void)qst;
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_GLOBAL, qst);
      if (MICROPY_OPT_CACHE_MAP_LOOKUP_IN_BYTECODE) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, 0);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_attr(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_ATTR, qst);
      if (MICROPY_OPT_CACHE_MAP_LOOKUP_IN_BYTECODE) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, 0);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_method(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_METHOD, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_build_class(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_BUILD_CLASS);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_load_subscr(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_LOAD_SUBSCR);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_fast(emit_t *emit, qstr qst, mp_uint_t local_num) {
      (void)qst;
      assert(local_num >= 0);
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      if (local_num <= 15) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_STORE_FAST_MULTI + local_num);
      } else {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_STORE_FAST_N, local_num);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_deref(emit_t *emit, qstr qst, mp_uint_t local_num) {
      (void)qst;
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_STORE_DEREF, local_num);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_name(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_STORE_NAME, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_global(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_STORE_GLOBAL, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_attr(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -2);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_STORE_ATTR, qst);
      if (MICROPY_OPT_CACHE_MAP_LOOKUP_IN_BYTECODE) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, 0);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_subscr(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -3);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_STORE_SUBSCR);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_delete_fast(emit_t *emit, qstr qst, mp_uint_t local_num) {
      (void)qst;
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_DELETE_FAST, local_num);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_delete_deref(emit_t *emit, qstr qst, mp_uint_t local_num) {
      (void)qst;
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_DELETE_DEREF, local_num);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_delete_name(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_DELETE_NAME, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_delete_global(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_qstr(emit, MP_BC_DELETE_GLOBAL, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_delete_attr(emit_t *emit, qstr qst) {
      mp_emit_bc_load_null(emit);
      mp_emit_bc_rot_two(emit);
      mp_emit_bc_store_attr(emit, qst);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_delete_subscr(emit_t *emit) {
      mp_emit_bc_load_null(emit);
      mp_emit_bc_rot_three(emit);
      mp_emit_bc_store_subscr(emit);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_dup_top(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_DUP_TOP);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_dup_top_two(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 2);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_DUP_TOP_TWO);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_pop_top(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_POP_TOP);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_rot_two(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_ROT_TWO);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_rot_three(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_ROT_THREE);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_jump(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t label) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_JUMP, label);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_pop_jump_if(emit_t *emit, bool cond, mp_uint_t label) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      if (cond) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE, label);
      } else {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE, label);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_jump_if_or_pop(emit_t *emit, bool cond, mp_uint_t label) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      if (cond) {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP, label);
      } else {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP, label);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_unwind_jump(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t label, mp_uint_t except_depth) {
      if (except_depth == 0) {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
          if (label & MP_EMIT_BREAK_FROM_FOR) {
              // need to pop the iterator if we are breaking out of a for loop
              emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_POP_TOP);
          }
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_JUMP, label & ~MP_EMIT_BREAK_FROM_FOR);
      } else {
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_signed_label(emit, MP_BC_UNWIND_JUMP, label & ~MP_EMIT_BREAK_FROM_FOR);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, ((label & MP_EMIT_BREAK_FROM_FOR) ? 0x80 : 0) | except_depth);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_setup_with(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t label) {
      // TODO We can probably optimise the amount of needed stack space, since
      // we don't actually need 4 slots during the entire with block, only in
      // the cleanup handler in certain cases.  It needs some thinking.
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 4);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_unsigned_label(emit, MP_BC_SETUP_WITH, label);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_with_cleanup(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -4);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_WITH_CLEANUP);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_setup_except(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t label) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_unsigned_label(emit, MP_BC_SETUP_EXCEPT, label);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_setup_finally(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t label) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_unsigned_label(emit, MP_BC_SETUP_FINALLY, label);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_end_finally(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_END_FINALLY);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_get_iter(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_GET_ITER);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_for_iter(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t label) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_unsigned_label(emit, MP_BC_FOR_ITER, label);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_for_iter_end(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_pop_block(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_POP_BLOCK);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_pop_except(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_POP_EXCEPT);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_unary_op(emit_t *emit, mp_unary_op_t op) {
      if (op == MP_UNARY_OP_NOT) {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_UNARY_OP_MULTI + MP_UNARY_OP_BOOL);
          emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_NOT);
      } else {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_UNARY_OP_MULTI + op);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_binary_op(emit_t *emit, mp_binary_op_t op) {
      bool invert = false;
      if (op == MP_BINARY_OP_NOT_IN) {
          invert = true;
          op = MP_BINARY_OP_IN;
      } else if (op == MP_BINARY_OP_IS_NOT) {
          invert = true;
          op = MP_BINARY_OP_IS;
      }
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_BINARY_OP_MULTI + op);
      if (invert) {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_NOT);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_build_tuple(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1 - n_args);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_BUILD_TUPLE, n_args);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_build_list(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1 - n_args);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_BUILD_LIST, n_args);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_list_append(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t list_stack_index) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_LIST_APPEND, list_stack_index);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_build_map(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_BUILD_MAP, n_args);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_store_map(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -2);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_STORE_MAP);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_map_add(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t map_stack_index) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -2);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_MAP_ADD, map_stack_index);
  }
  
  #if MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_SET
  void mp_emit_bc_build_set(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1 - n_args);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_BUILD_SET, n_args);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_set_add(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t set_stack_index) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_SET_ADD, set_stack_index);
  }
  #endif
  
  #if MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_SLICE
  void mp_emit_bc_build_slice(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 1 - n_args);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_BUILD_SLICE, n_args);
  }
  #endif
  
  void mp_emit_bc_unpack_sequence(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1 + n_args);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_UNPACK_SEQUENCE, n_args);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_unpack_ex(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_left, mp_uint_t n_right) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1 + n_left + n_right + 1);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, MP_BC_UNPACK_EX, n_left | (n_right << 8));
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_make_function(emit_t *emit, scope_t *scope, mp_uint_t n_pos_defaults, mp_uint_t n_kw_defaults) {
      if (n_pos_defaults == 0 && n_kw_defaults == 0) {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, 1);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_raw_code(emit, MP_BC_MAKE_FUNCTION, scope->raw_code);
      } else {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_raw_code(emit, MP_BC_MAKE_FUNCTION_DEFARGS, scope->raw_code);
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_make_closure(emit_t *emit, scope_t *scope, mp_uint_t n_closed_over, mp_uint_t n_pos_defaults, mp_uint_t n_kw_defaults) {
      if (n_pos_defaults == 0 && n_kw_defaults == 0) {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, -n_closed_over + 1);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_raw_code(emit, MP_BC_MAKE_CLOSURE, scope->raw_code);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, n_closed_over);
      } else {
          assert(n_closed_over <= 255);
          emit_bc_pre(emit, -2 - n_closed_over + 1);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_raw_code(emit, MP_BC_MAKE_CLOSURE_DEFARGS, scope->raw_code);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, n_closed_over);
      }
  }
  
  STATIC void emit_bc_call_function_method_helper(emit_t *emit, mp_int_t stack_adj, mp_uint_t bytecode_base, mp_uint_t n_positional, mp_uint_t n_keyword, mp_uint_t star_flags) {
      if (star_flags) {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, stack_adj - (mp_int_t)n_positional - 2 * (mp_int_t)n_keyword - 2);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, bytecode_base + 1, (n_keyword << 8) | n_positional); // TODO make it 2 separate uints?
      } else {
          emit_bc_pre(emit, stack_adj - (mp_int_t)n_positional - 2 * (mp_int_t)n_keyword);
          emit_write_bytecode_byte_uint(emit, bytecode_base, (n_keyword << 8) | n_positional); // TODO make it 2 separate uints?
      }
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_call_function(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_positional, mp_uint_t n_keyword, mp_uint_t star_flags) {
      emit_bc_call_function_method_helper(emit, 0, MP_BC_CALL_FUNCTION, n_positional, n_keyword, star_flags);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_call_method(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_positional, mp_uint_t n_keyword, mp_uint_t star_flags) {
      emit_bc_call_function_method_helper(emit, -1, MP_BC_CALL_METHOD, n_positional, n_keyword, star_flags);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_return_value(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit->last_emit_was_return_value = true;
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_RETURN_VALUE);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_raise_varargs(emit_t *emit, mp_uint_t n_args) {
      assert(0 <= n_args && n_args <= 2);
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -n_args);
      emit_write_bytecode_byte_byte(emit, MP_BC_RAISE_VARARGS, n_args);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_yield_value(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, 0);
      emit->scope->scope_flags |= MP_SCOPE_FLAG_GENERATOR;
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_YIELD_VALUE);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_yield_from(emit_t *emit) {
      emit_bc_pre(emit, -1);
      emit->scope->scope_flags |= MP_SCOPE_FLAG_GENERATOR;
      emit_write_bytecode_byte(emit, MP_BC_YIELD_FROM);
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_start_except_handler(emit_t *emit) {
      mp_emit_bc_adjust_stack_size(emit, 6); // stack adjust for the 3 exception items, +3 for possible UNWIND_JUMP state
  }
  
  void mp_emit_bc_end_except_handler(emit_t *emit) {
      mp_emit_bc_adjust_stack_size(emit, -5); // stack adjust
  }
  
  #if MICROPY_EMIT_NATIVE
  const emit_method_table_t emit_bc_method_table = {
      mp_emit_bc_set_native_type,
      mp_emit_bc_start_pass,
      mp_emit_bc_end_pass,
      mp_emit_bc_last_emit_was_return_value,
      mp_emit_bc_adjust_stack_size,
      mp_emit_bc_set_source_line,
  
      {
          mp_emit_bc_load_fast,
          mp_emit_bc_load_deref,
          mp_emit_bc_load_name,
          mp_emit_bc_load_global,
      },
      {
          mp_emit_bc_store_fast,
          mp_emit_bc_store_deref,
          mp_emit_bc_store_name,
          mp_emit_bc_store_global,
      },
      {
          mp_emit_bc_delete_fast,
          mp_emit_bc_delete_deref,
          mp_emit_bc_delete_name,
          mp_emit_bc_delete_global,
      },
  
      mp_emit_bc_label_assign,
      mp_emit_bc_import_name,
      mp_emit_bc_import_from,
      mp_emit_bc_import_star,
      mp_emit_bc_load_const_tok,
      mp_emit_bc_load_const_small_int,
      mp_emit_bc_load_const_str,
      mp_emit_bc_load_const_obj,
      mp_emit_bc_load_null,
      mp_emit_bc_load_attr,
      mp_emit_bc_load_method,
      mp_emit_bc_load_build_class,
      mp_emit_bc_load_subscr,
      mp_emit_bc_store_attr,
      mp_emit_bc_store_subscr,
      mp_emit_bc_delete_attr,
      mp_emit_bc_delete_subscr,
      mp_emit_bc_dup_top,
      mp_emit_bc_dup_top_two,
      mp_emit_bc_pop_top,
      mp_emit_bc_rot_two,
      mp_emit_bc_rot_three,
      mp_emit_bc_jump,
      mp_emit_bc_pop_jump_if,
      mp_emit_bc_jump_if_or_pop,
      mp_emit_bc_unwind_jump,
      mp_emit_bc_unwind_jump,
      mp_emit_bc_setup_with,
      mp_emit_bc_with_cleanup,
      mp_emit_bc_setup_except,
      mp_emit_bc_setup_finally,
      mp_emit_bc_end_finally,
      mp_emit_bc_get_iter,
      mp_emit_bc_for_iter,
      mp_emit_bc_for_iter_end,
      mp_emit_bc_pop_block,
      mp_emit_bc_pop_except,
      mp_emit_bc_unary_op,
      mp_emit_bc_binary_op,
      mp_emit_bc_build_tuple,
      mp_emit_bc_build_list,
      mp_emit_bc_list_append,
      mp_emit_bc_build_map,
      mp_emit_bc_store_map,
      mp_emit_bc_map_add,
      #if MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_SET
      mp_emit_bc_build_set,
      mp_emit_bc_set_add,
      #endif
      #if MICROPY_PY_BUILTINS_SLICE
      mp_emit_bc_build_slice,
      #endif
      mp_emit_bc_unpack_sequence,
      mp_emit_bc_unpack_ex,
      mp_emit_bc_make_function,
      mp_emit_bc_make_closure,
      mp_emit_bc_call_function,
      mp_emit_bc_call_method,
      mp_emit_bc_return_value,
      mp_emit_bc_raise_varargs,
      mp_emit_bc_yield_value,
      mp_emit_bc_yield_from,
  
      mp_emit_bc_start_except_handler,
      mp_emit_bc_end_except_handler,
  };
  #else
  const mp_emit_method_table_id_ops_t mp_emit_bc_method_table_load_id_ops = {
      mp_emit_bc_load_fast,
      mp_emit_bc_load_deref,
      mp_emit_bc_load_name,
      mp_emit_bc_load_global,
  };
  
  const mp_emit_method_table_id_ops_t mp_emit_bc_method_table_store_id_ops = {
      mp_emit_bc_store_fast,
      mp_emit_bc_store_deref,
      mp_emit_bc_store_name,
      mp_emit_bc_store_global,
  };
  
  const mp_emit_method_table_id_ops_t mp_emit_bc_method_table_delete_id_ops = {
      mp_emit_bc_delete_fast,
      mp_emit_bc_delete_deref,
      mp_emit_bc_delete_name,
      mp_emit_bc_delete_global,
  };
  #endif
  