text: #!/usr/bin/env python3
  # coding: utf-8
  
  from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals
  
  import collections
  import contextlib
  import copy
  import datetime
  import errno
  import fileinput
  import functools
  import io
  import itertools
  import json
  import locale
  import operator
  import os
  import platform
  import re
  import shutil
  import subprocess
  import sys
  import tempfile
  import time
  import tokenize
  import traceback
  import random
  import unicodedata
  
  from enum import Enum
  from string import ascii_letters
  
  from .compat import (
      compat_basestring,
      compat_get_terminal_size,
      compat_kwargs,
      compat_numeric_types,
      compat_os_name,
      compat_pycrypto_AES,
      compat_shlex_quote,
      compat_str,
      compat_tokenize_tokenize,
      compat_urllib_error,
      compat_urllib_request,
      compat_urllib_request_DataHandler,
      windows_enable_vt_mode,
  )
  from .cookies import load_cookies
  from .utils import (
      age_restricted,
      args_to_str,
      ContentTooShortError,
      date_from_str,
      DateRange,
      DEFAULT_OUTTMPL,
      determine_ext,
      determine_protocol,
      DownloadCancelled,
      DownloadError,
      encode_compat_str,
      encodeFilename,
      EntryNotInPlaylist,
      error_to_compat_str,
      ExistingVideoReached,
      expand_path,
      ExtractorError,
      float_or_none,
      format_bytes,
      format_field,
      formatSeconds,
      GeoRestrictedError,
      HEADRequest,
      int_or_none,
      iri_to_uri,
      ISO3166Utils,
      LazyList,
      LINK_TEMPLATES,
      locked_file,
      make_dir,
      make_HTTPS_handler,
      MaxDownloadsReached,
      network_exceptions,
      number_of_digits,
      orderedSet,
      OUTTMPL_TYPES,
      PagedList,
      parse_filesize,
      PerRequestProxyHandler,
      platform_name,
      Popen,
      PostProcessingError,
      preferredencoding,
      prepend_extension,
      register_socks_protocols,
      RejectedVideoReached,
      render_table,
      replace_extension,
      SameFileError,
      sanitize_filename,
      sanitize_path,
      sanitize_url,
      sanitized_Request,
      std_headers,
      STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL,
      STR_FORMAT_TYPES,
      str_or_none,
      strftime_or_none,
      subtitles_filename,
      supports_terminal_sequences,
      ThrottledDownload,
      to_high_limit_path,
      traverse_obj,
      try_get,
      UnavailableVideoError,
      url_basename,
      variadic,
      version_tuple,
      write_json_file,
      write_string,
      YoutubeDLCookieProcessor,
      YoutubeDLHandler,
      YoutubeDLRedirectHandler,
  )
  from .cache import Cache
  from .minicurses import format_text
  from .extractor import (
      gen_extractor_classes,
      get_info_extractor,
      _LAZY_LOADER,
      _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_extractors
  )
  from .extractor.openload import PhantomJSwrapper
  from .downloader import (
      FFmpegFD,
      get_suitable_downloader,
      shorten_protocol_name
  )
  from .downloader.rtmp import rtmpdump_version
  from .postprocessor import (
      get_postprocessor,
      EmbedThumbnailPP,
      FFmpegFixupDurationPP,
      FFmpegFixupM3u8PP,
      FFmpegFixupM4aPP,
      FFmpegFixupStretchedPP,
      FFmpegFixupTimestampPP,
      FFmpegMergerPP,
      FFmpegPostProcessor,
      MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP,
      _PLUGIN_CLASSES as plugin_postprocessors
  )
  from .update import detect_variant
  from .version import __version__
  
  if compat_os_name == 'nt':
      import ctypes
  
  
  class YoutubeDL(object):
      """YoutubeDL class.
  
      YoutubeDL objects are the ones responsible of downloading the
      actual video file and writing it to disk if the user has requested
      it, among some other tasks. In most cases there should be one per
      program. As, given a video URL, the downloader doesn't know how to
      extract all the needed information, task that InfoExtractors do, it
      has to pass the URL to one of them.
  
      For this, YoutubeDL objects have a method that allows
      InfoExtractors to be registered in a given order. When it is passed
      a URL, the YoutubeDL object handles it to the first InfoExtractor it
      finds that reports being able to handle it. The InfoExtractor extracts
      all the information about the video or videos the URL refers to, and
      YoutubeDL process the extracted information, possibly using a File
      Downloader to download the video.
  
      YoutubeDL objects accept a lot of parameters. In order not to saturate
      the object constructor with arguments, it receives a dictionary of
      options instead. These options are available through the params
      attribute for the InfoExtractors to use. The YoutubeDL also
      registers itself as the downloader in charge for the InfoExtractors
      that are added to it, so this is a "mutual registration".
  
      Available options:
  
      username:          Username for authentication purposes.
      password:          Password for authentication purposes.
      videopassword:     Password for accessing a video.
      ap_mso:            Adobe Pass multiple-system operator identifier.
      ap_username:       Multiple-system operator account username.
      ap_password:       Multiple-system operator account password.
      usenetrc:          Use netrc for authentication instead.
      verbose:           Print additional info to stdout.
      quiet:             Do not print messages to stdout.
      no_warnings:       Do not print out anything for warnings.
      forceprint:        A list of templates to force print
      forceurl:          Force printing final URL. (Deprecated)
      forcetitle:        Force printing title. (Deprecated)
      forceid:           Force printing ID. (Deprecated)
      forcethumbnail:    Force printing thumbnail URL. (Deprecated)
      forcedescription:  Force printing description. (Deprecated)
      forcefilename:     Force printing final filename. (Deprecated)
      forceduration:     Force printing duration. (Deprecated)
      forcejson:         Force printing info_dict as JSON.
      dump_single_json:  Force printing the info_dict of the whole playlist
                         (or video) as a single JSON line.
      force_write_download_archive: Force writing download archive regardless
                         of 'skip_download' or 'simulate'.
      simulate:          Do not download the video files. If unset (or None),
                         simulate only if listsubtitles, listformats or list_thumbnails is used
      format:            Video format code. see "FORMAT SELECTION" for more details.
      allow_unplayable_formats:   Allow unplayable formats to be extracted and downloaded.
      ignore_no_formats_error: Ignore "No video formats" error. Usefull for
                         extracting metadata even if the video is not actually
                         available for download (experimental)
      format_sort:       How to sort the video formats. see "Sorting Formats"
                         for more details.
      format_sort_force: Force the given format_sort. see "Sorting Formats"
                         for more details.
      allow_multiple_video_streams:   Allow multiple video streams to be merged
                         into a single file
      allow_multiple_audio_streams:   Allow multiple audio streams to be merged
                         into a single file
      check_formats      Whether to test if the formats are downloadable.
                         Can be True (check all), False (check none),
                         'selected' (check selected formats),
                         or None (check only if requested by extractor)
      paths:             Dictionary of output paths. The allowed keys are 'home'
                         'temp' and the keys of OUTTMPL_TYPES (in utils.py)
      outtmpl:           Dictionary of templates for output names. Allowed keys
                         are 'default' and the keys of OUTTMPL_TYPES (in utils.py).
                         For compatibility with youtube-dl, a single string can also be used
      outtmpl_na_placeholder: Placeholder for unavailable meta fields.
      restrictfilenames: Do not allow "&" and spaces in file names
      trim_file_name:    Limit length of filename (extension excluded)
      windowsfilenames:  Force the filenames to be windows compatible
      ignoreerrors:      Do not stop on download/postprocessing errors.
                         Can be 'only_download' to ignore only download errors.
                         Default is 'only_download' for CLI, but False for API
      skip_playlist_after_errors: Number of allowed failures until the rest of
                         the playlist is skipped
      force_generic_extractor: Force downloader to use the generic extractor
      overwrites:        Overwrite all video and metadata files if True,
                         overwrite only non-video files if None
                         and don't overwrite any file if False
                         For compatibility with youtube-dl,
                         "nooverwrites" may also be used instead
      playliststart:     Playlist item to start at.
      playlistend:       Playlist item to end at.
      playlist_items:    Specific indices of playlist to download.
      playlistreverse:   Download playlist items in reverse order.
      playlistrandom:    Download playlist items in random order.
      matchtitle:        Download only matching titles.
      rejecttitle:       Reject downloads for matching titles.
      logger:            Log messages to a logging.Logger instance.
      logtostderr:       Log messages to stderr instead of stdout.
      consoletitle:       Display progress in console window's titlebar.
      writedescription:  Write the video description to a .description file
      writeinfojson:     Write the video description to a .info.json file
      clean_infojson:    Remove private fields from the infojson
      getcomments:       Extract video comments. This will not be written to disk
                         unless writeinfojson is also given
      writeannotations:  Write the video annotations to a .annotations.xml file
      writethumbnail:    Write the thumbnail image to a file
      allow_playlist_files: Whether to write playlists' description, infojson etc
                         also to disk when using the 'write*' options
      write_all_thumbnails:  Write all thumbnail formats to files
      writelink:         Write an internet shortcut file, depending on the
                         current platform (.url/.webloc/.desktop)
      writeurllink:      Write a Windows internet shortcut file (.url)
      writewebloclink:   Write a macOS internet shortcut file (.webloc)
      writedesktoplink:  Write a Linux internet shortcut file (.desktop)
      writesubtitles:    Write the video subtitles to a file
      writeautomaticsub: Write the automatically generated subtitles to a file
      allsubtitles:      Deprecated - Use subtitleslangs = ['all']
                         Downloads all the subtitles of the video
                         (requires writesubtitles or writeautomaticsub)
      listsubtitles:     Lists all available subtitles for the video
      subtitlesformat:   The format code for subtitles
      subtitleslangs:    List of languages of the subtitles to download (can be regex).
                         The list may contain "all" to refer to all the available
                         subtitles. The language can be prefixed with a "-" to
                         exclude it from the requested languages. Eg: ['all', '-live_chat']
      keepvideo:         Keep the video file after post-processing
      daterange:         A DateRange object, download only if the upload_date is in the range.
      skip_download:     Skip the actual download of the video file
      cachedir:          Location of the cache files in the filesystem.
                         False to disable filesystem cache.
      noplaylist:        Download single video instead of a playlist if in doubt.
      age_limit:         An integer representing the user's age in years.
                         Unsuitable videos for the given age are skipped.
      min_views:         An integer representing the minimum view count the video
                         must have in order to not be skipped.
                         Videos without view count information are always
                         downloaded. None for no limit.
      max_views:         An integer representing the maximum view count.
                         Videos that are more popular than that are not
                         downloaded.
                         Videos without view count information are always
                         downloaded. None for no limit.
      download_archive:  File name of a file where all downloads are recorded.
                         Videos already present in the file are not downloaded
                         again.
      break_on_existing: Stop the download process after attempting to download a
                         file that is in the archive.
      break_on_reject:   Stop the download process when encountering a video that
                         has been filtered out.
      cookiefile:        File name where cookies should be read from and dumped to
      cookiesfrombrowser: A tuple containing the name of the browser and the profile
                         name/path from where cookies are loaded.
                         Eg: ('chrome', ) or ('vivaldi', 'default')
      nocheckcertificate:Do not verify SSL certificates
      prefer_insecure:   Use HTTP instead of HTTPS to retrieve information.
                         At the moment, this is only supported by YouTube.
      proxy:             URL of the proxy server to use
      geo_verification_proxy:  URL of the proxy to use for IP address verification
                         on geo-restricted sites.
      socket_timeout:    Time to wait for unresponsive hosts, in seconds
      bidi_workaround:   Work around buggy terminals without bidirectional text
                         support, using fridibi
      debug_printtraffic:Print out sent and received HTTP traffic
      include_ads:       Download ads as well
      default_search:    Prepend this string if an input url is not valid.
                         'auto' for elaborate guessing
      encoding:          Use this encoding instead of the system-specified.
      extract_flat:      Do not resolve URLs, return the immediate result.
                         Pass in 'in_playlist' to only show this behavior for
                         playlist items.
      postprocessors:    A list of dictionaries, each with an entry
                         * key:  The name of the postprocessor. See
                                 yt_dlp/postprocessor/__init__.py for a list.
                         * when: When to run the postprocessor. Can be one of
                                 pre_process|before_dl|post_process|after_move.
                                 Assumed to be 'post_process' if not given
      post_hooks:        Deprecated - Register a custom postprocessor instead
                         A list of functions that get called as the final step
                         for each video file, after all postprocessors have been
                         called. The filename will be passed as the only argument.
      progress_hooks:    A list of functions that get called on download
                         progress, with a dictionary with the entries
                         * status: One of "downloading", "error", or "finished".
                                   Check this first and ignore unknown values.
                         * info_dict: The extracted info_dict
  
                         If status is one of "downloading", or "finished", the
                         following properties may also be present:
                         * filename: The final filename (always present)
                         * tmpfilename: The filename we're currently writing to
                         * downloaded_bytes: Bytes on disk
                         * total_bytes: Size of the whole file, None if unknown
                         * total_bytes_estimate: Guess of the eventual file size,
                                                 None if unavailable.
                         * elapsed: The number of seconds since download started.
                         * eta: The estimated time in seconds, None if unknown
                         * speed: The download speed in bytes/second, None if
                                  unknown
                         * fragment_index: The counter of the currently
                                           downloaded video fragment.
                         * fragment_count: The number of fragments (= individual
                                           files that will be merged)
  
                         Progress hooks are guaranteed to be called at least once
                         (with status "finished") if the download is successful.
      postprocessor_hooks:  A list of functions that get called on postprocessing
                         progress, with a dictionary with the entries
                         * status: One of "started", "processing", or "finished".
                                   Check this first and ignore unknown values.
                         * postprocessor: Name of the postprocessor
                         * info_dict: The extracted info_dict
  
                         Progress hooks are guaranteed to be called at least twice
                         (with status "started" and "finished") if the processing is successful.
      merge_output_format: Extension to use when merging formats.
      final_ext:         Expected final extension; used to detect when the file was
                         already downloaded and converted. "merge_output_format" is
                         replaced by this extension when given
      fixup:             Automatically correct known faults of the file.
                         One of:
                         - "never": do nothing
                         - "warn": only emit a warning
                         - "detect_or_warn": check whether we can do anything
                                             about it, warn otherwise (default)
      source_address:    Client-side IP address to bind to.
      call_home:         Boolean, true iff we are allowed to contact the
                         yt-dlp servers for debugging. (BROKEN)
      sleep_interval_requests: Number of seconds to sleep between requests
                         during extraction
      sleep_interval:    Number of seconds to sleep before each download when
                         used alone or a lower bound of a range for randomized
                         sleep before each download (minimum possible number
                         of seconds to sleep) when used along with
                         max_sleep_interval.
      max_sleep_interval:Upper bound of a range for randomized sleep before each
                         download (maximum possible number of seconds to sleep).
                         Must only be used along with sleep_interval.
                         Actual sleep time will be a random float from range
                         [sleep_interval; max_sleep_interval].
      sleep_interval_subtitles: Number of seconds to sleep before each subtitle download
      listformats:       Print an overview of available video formats and exit.
      list_thumbnails:   Print a table of all thumbnails and exit.
      match_filter:      A function that gets called with the info_dict of
                         every video.
                         If it returns a message, the video is ignored.
                         If it returns None, the video is downloaded.
                         match_filter_func in utils.py is one example for this.
      no_color:          Do not emit color codes in output.
      geo_bypass:        Bypass geographic restriction via faking X-Forwarded-For
                         HTTP header
      geo_bypass_country:
                         Two-letter ISO 3166-2 country code that will be used for
                         explicit geographic restriction bypassing via faking
                         X-Forwarded-For HTTP header
      geo_bypass_ip_block:
                         IP range in CIDR notation that will be used similarly to
                         geo_bypass_country
  
      The following options determine which downloader is picked:
      external_downloader: A dictionary of protocol keys and the executable of the
                         external downloader to use for it. The allowed protocols
                         are default|http|ftp|m3u8|dash|rtsp|rtmp|mms.
                         Set the value to 'native' to use the native downloader
      hls_prefer_native: Deprecated - Use external_downloader = {'m3u8': 'native'}
                         or {'m3u8': 'ffmpeg'} instead.
                         Use the native HLS downloader instead of ffmpeg/avconv
                         if True, otherwise use ffmpeg/avconv if False, otherwise
                         use downloader suggested by extractor if None.
      compat_opts:       Compatibility options. See "Differences in default behavior".
                         The following options do not work when used through the API:
                         filename, abort-on-error, multistreams, no-live-chat, format-sort
                         no-clean-infojson, no-playlist-metafiles, no-keep-subs.
                         Refer __init__.py for their implementation
      progress_template: Dictionary of templates for progress outputs.
                         Allowed keys are 'download', 'postprocess',
                         'download-title' (console title) and 'postprocess-title'.
                         The template is mapped on a dictionary with keys 'progress' and 'info'
  
      The following parameters are not used by YoutubeDL itself, they are used by
      the downloader (see yt_dlp/downloader/common.py):
      nopart, updatetime, buffersize, ratelimit, throttledratelimit, min_filesize,
      max_filesize, test, noresizebuffer, retries, fragment_retries, continuedl,
      noprogress, xattr_set_filesize, hls_use_mpegts, http_chunk_size,
      external_downloader_args.
  
      The following options are used by the post processors:
      prefer_ffmpeg:     If False, use avconv instead of ffmpeg if both are available,
                         otherwise prefer ffmpeg. (avconv support is deprecated)
      ffmpeg_location:   Location of the ffmpeg/avconv binary; either the path
                         to the binary or its containing directory.
      postprocessor_args: A dictionary of postprocessor/executable keys (in lower case)
                         and a list of additional command-line arguments for the
                         postprocessor/executable. The dict can also have "PP+EXE" keys
                         which are used when the given exe is used by the given PP.
                         Use 'default' as the name for arguments to passed to all PP
                         For compatibility with youtube-dl, a single list of args
                         can also be used
  
      The following options are used by the extractors:
      extractor_retries: Number of times to retry for known errors
      dynamic_mpd:       Whether to process dynamic DASH manifests (default: True)
      hls_split_discontinuity: Split HLS playlists to different formats at
                         discontinuities such as ad breaks (default: False)
      extractor_args:    A dictionary of arguments to be passed to the extractors.
                         See "EXTRACTOR ARGUMENTS" for details.
                         Eg: {'youtube': {'skip': ['dash', 'hls']}}
      youtube_include_dash_manifest: Deprecated - Use extractor_args instead.
                         If True (default), DASH manifests and related
                         data will be downloaded and processed by extractor.
                         You can reduce network I/O by disabling it if you don't
                         care about DASH. (only for youtube)
      youtube_include_hls_manifest: Deprecated - Use extractor_args instead.
                         If True (default), HLS manifests and related
                         data will be downloaded and processed by extractor.
                         You can reduce network I/O by disabling it if you don't
                         care about HLS. (only for youtube)
      """
  
      _NUMERIC_FIELDS = set((
          'width', 'height', 'tbr', 'abr', 'asr', 'vbr', 'fps', 'filesize', 'filesize_approx',
          'timestamp', 'release_timestamp',
          'duration', 'view_count', 'like_count', 'dislike_count', 'repost_count',
          'average_rating', 'comment_count', 'age_limit',
          'start_time', 'end_time',
          'chapter_number', 'season_number', 'episode_number',
          'track_number', 'disc_number', 'release_year',
      ))
  
      _format_selection_exts = {
          'audio': {'m4a', 'mp3', 'ogg', 'aac'},
          'video': {'mp4', 'flv', 'webm', '3gp'},
          'storyboards': {'mhtml'},
      }
  
      params = None
      _ies = {}
      _pps = {'pre_process': [], 'before_dl': [], 'after_move': [], 'post_process': []}
      _printed_messages = set()
      _first_webpage_request = True
      _download_retcode = None
      _num_downloads = None
      _playlist_level = 0
      _playlist_urls = set()
      _screen_file = None
  
      def __init__(self, params=None, auto_init=True):
          """Create a FileDownloader object with the given options.
          @param auto_init    Whether to load the default extractors and print header (if verbose).
                              Set to 'no_verbose_header' to not print the header
          """
          if params is None:
              params = {}
          self._ies = {}
          self._ies_instances = {}
          self._pps = {'pre_process': [], 'before_dl': [], 'after_move': [], 'post_process': []}
          self._printed_messages = set()
          self._first_webpage_request = True
          self._post_hooks = []
          self._progress_hooks = []
          self._postprocessor_hooks = []
          self._download_retcode = 0
          self._num_downloads = 0
          self._screen_file = [sys.stdout, sys.stderr][params.get('logtostderr', False)]
          self._err_file = sys.stderr
          self.params = params
          self.cache = Cache(self)
  
          windows_enable_vt_mode()
          # FIXME: This will break if we ever print color to stdout
          self._allow_colors = {
              'screen': not self.params.get('no_color') and supports_terminal_sequences(self._screen_file),
              'err': not self.params.get('no_color') and supports_terminal_sequences(self._err_file),
          }
  
          if sys.version_info < (3, 6):
              self.report_warning(
                  'Python version %d.%d is not supported! Please update to Python 3.6 or above' % sys.version_info[:2])
  
          if self.params.get('allow_unplayable_formats'):
              self.report_warning(
                  f'You have asked for {self._format_err("UNPLAYABLE", self.Styles.EMPHASIS)} formats to be listed/downloaded. '
                  'This is a developer option intended for debugging. \n'
                  '         If you experience any issues while using this option, '
                  f'{self._format_err("DO NOT", self.Styles.ERROR)} open a bug report')
  
          def check_deprecated(param, option, suggestion):
              if self.params.get(param) is not None:
                  self.report_warning('%s is deprecated. Use %s instead' % (option, suggestion))
                  return True
              return False
  
          if check_deprecated('cn_verification_proxy', '--cn-verification-proxy', '--geo-verification-proxy'):
              if self.params.get('geo_verification_proxy') is None:
                  self.params['geo_verification_proxy'] = self.params['cn_verification_proxy']
  
          check_deprecated('autonumber', '--auto-number', '-o "%(autonumber)s-%(title)s.%(ext)s"')
          check_deprecated('usetitle', '--title', '-o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"')
          check_deprecated('useid', '--id', '-o "%(id)s.%(ext)s"')
  
          for msg in self.params.get('_warnings', []):
              self.report_warning(msg)
  
          if 'list-formats' in self.params.get('compat_opts', []):
              self.params['listformats_table'] = False
  
          if 'overwrites' not in self.params and self.params.get('nooverwrites') is not None:
              # nooverwrites was unnecessarily changed to overwrites
              # in 0c3d0f51778b153f65c21906031c2e091fcfb641
              # This ensures compatibility with both keys
              self.params['overwrites'] = not self.params['nooverwrites']
          elif self.params.get('overwrites') is None:
              self.params.pop('overwrites', None)
          else:
              self.params['nooverwrites'] = not self.params['overwrites']
  
          if params.get('bidi_workaround', False):
              try:
                  import pty
                  master, slave = pty.openpty()
                  width = compat_get_terminal_size().columns
                  if width is None:
                      width_args = []
                  else:
                      width_args = ['-w', str(width)]
                  sp_kwargs = dict(
                      stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
                      stdout=slave,
                      stderr=self._err_file)
                  try:
                      self._output_process = Popen(['bidiv'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
                  except OSError:
                      self._output_process = Popen(['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
                  self._output_channel = os.fdopen(master, 'rb')
              except OSError as ose:
                  if ose.errno == errno.ENOENT:
                      self.report_warning(
                          'Could not find fribidi executable, ignoring --bidi-workaround. '
                          'Make sure that  fribidi  is an executable file in one of the directories in your $PATH.')
                  else:
                      raise
  
          if (sys.platform != 'win32'
                  and sys.getfilesystemencoding() in ['ascii', 'ANSI_X3.4-1968']
                  and not params.get('restrictfilenames', False)):
              # Unicode filesystem API will throw errors (#1474, #13027)
              self.report_warning(
                  'Assuming --restrict-filenames since file system encoding '
                  'cannot encode all characters. '
                  'Set the LC_ALL environment variable to fix this.')
              self.params['restrictfilenames'] = True
  
          self.outtmpl_dict = self.parse_outtmpl()
  
          # Creating format selector here allows us to catch syntax errors before the extraction
          self.format_selector = (
              None if self.params.get('format') is None
              else self.build_format_selector(self.params['format']))
  
          self._setup_opener()
  
          if auto_init:
              if auto_init != 'no_verbose_header':
                  self.print_debug_header()
              self.add_default_info_extractors()
  
          for pp_def_raw in self.params.get('postprocessors', []):
              pp_def = dict(pp_def_raw)
              when = pp_def.pop('when', 'post_process')
              pp_class = get_postprocessor(pp_def.pop('key'))
              pp = pp_class(self, **compat_kwargs(pp_def))
              self.add_post_processor(pp, when=when)
  
          for ph in self.params.get('post_hooks', []):
              self.add_post_hook(ph)
  
          for ph in self.params.get('progress_hooks', []):
              self.add_progress_hook(ph)
  
          register_socks_protocols()
  
          def preload_download_archive(fn):
              """Preload the archive, if any is specified"""
              if fn is None:
                  return False
              self.write_debug(f'Loading archive file {fn!r}')
              try:
                  with locked_file(fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
                      for line in archive_file:
                          self.archive.add(line.strip())
              except IOError as ioe:
                  if ioe.errno != errno.ENOENT:
                      raise
                  return False
              return True
  
          self.archive = set()
          preload_download_archive(self.params.get('download_archive'))
  
      def warn_if_short_id(self, argv):
          # short YouTube ID starting with dash?
          idxs = [
              i for i, a in enumerate(argv)
              if re.match(r'^-[0-9A-Za-z_-]{10}$', a)]
          if idxs:
              correct_argv = (
                  ['yt-dlp']
                  + [a for i, a in enumerate(argv) if i not in idxs]
                  + ['--'] + [argv[i] for i in idxs]
              )
              self.report_warning(
                  'Long argument string detected. '
                  'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n%s' %
                  args_to_str(correct_argv))
  
      def add_info_extractor(self, ie):
          """Add an InfoExtractor object to the end of the list."""
          ie_key = ie.ie_key()
          self._ies[ie_key] = ie
          if not isinstance(ie, type):
              self._ies_instances[ie_key] = ie
              ie.set_downloader(self)
  
      def _get_info_extractor_class(self, ie_key):
          ie = self._ies.get(ie_key)
          if ie is None:
              ie = get_info_extractor(ie_key)
              self.add_info_extractor(ie)
          return ie
  
      def get_info_extractor(self, ie_key):
          """
          Get an instance of an IE with name ie_key, it will try to get one from
          the _ies list, if there's no instance it will create a new one and add
          it to the extractor list.
          """
          ie = self._ies_instances.get(ie_key)
          if ie is None:
              ie = get_info_extractor(ie_key)()
              self.add_info_extractor(ie)
          return ie
  
      def add_default_info_extractors(self):
          """
          Add the InfoExtractors returned by gen_extractors to the end of the list
          """
          for ie in gen_extractor_classes():
              self.add_info_extractor(ie)
  
      def add_post_processor(self, pp, when='post_process'):
          """Add a PostProcessor object to the end of the chain."""
          self._pps[when].append(pp)
          pp.set_downloader(self)
  
      def add_post_hook(self, ph):
          """Add the post hook"""
          self._post_hooks.append(ph)
  
      def add_progress_hook(self, ph):
          """Add the download progress hook"""
          self._progress_hooks.append(ph)
  
      def add_postprocessor_hook(self, ph):
          """Add the postprocessing progress hook"""
          self._postprocessor_hooks.append(ph)
  
      def _bidi_workaround(self, message):
          if not hasattr(self, '_output_channel'):
              return message
  
          assert hasattr(self, '_output_process')
          assert isinstance(message, compat_str)
          line_count = message.count('\n') + 1
          self._output_process.stdin.write((message + '\n').encode('utf-8'))
          self._output_process.stdin.flush()
          res = ''.join(self._output_channel.readline().decode('utf-8')
                        for _ in range(line_count))
          return res[:-len('\n')]
  
      def _write_string(self, message, out=None, only_once=False):
          if only_once:
              if message in self._printed_messages:
                  return
              self._printed_messages.add(message)
          write_string(message, out=out, encoding=self.params.get('encoding'))
  
      def to_stdout(self, message, skip_eol=False, quiet=False):
          """Print message to stdout"""
          if self.params.get('logger'):
              self.params['logger'].debug(message)
          elif not quiet or self.params.get('verbose'):
              self._write_string(
                  '%s%s' % (self._bidi_workaround(message), ('' if skip_eol else '\n')),
                  self._err_file if quiet else self._screen_file)
  
      def to_stderr(self, message, only_once=False):
          """Print message to stderr"""
          assert isinstance(message, compat_str)
          if self.params.get('logger'):
              self.params['logger'].error(message)
          else:
              self._write_string('%s\n' % self._bidi_workaround(message), self._err_file, only_once=only_once)
  
      def to_console_title(self, message):
          if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
              return
          if compat_os_name == 'nt':
              if ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow():
                  # c_wchar_p() might not be necessary if `message` is
                  # already of type unicode()
                  ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleW(ctypes.c_wchar_p(message))
          elif 'TERM' in os.environ:
              self._write_string('\033]0;%s\007' % message, self._screen_file)
  
      def save_console_title(self):
          if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
              return
          if self.params.get('simulate'):
              return
          if compat_os_name != 'nt' and 'TERM' in os.environ:
              # Save the title on stack
              self._write_string('\033[22;0t', self._screen_file)
  
      def restore_console_title(self):
          if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
              return
          if self.params.get('simulate'):
              return
          if compat_os_name != 'nt' and 'TERM' in os.environ:
              # Restore the title from stack
              self._write_string('\033[23;0t', self._screen_file)
  
      def __enter__(self):
          self.save_console_title()
          return self
  
      def __exit__(self, *args):
          self.restore_console_title()
  
          if self.params.get('cookiefile') is not None:
              self.cookiejar.save(ignore_discard=True, ignore_expires=True)
  
      def trouble(self, message=None, tb=None):
          """Determine action to take when a download problem appears.
  
          Depending on if the downloader has been configured to ignore
          download errors or not, this method may throw an exception or
          not when errors are found, after printing the message.
  
          tb, if given, is additional traceback information.
          """
          if message is not None:
              self.to_stderr(message)
          if self.params.get('verbose'):
              if tb is None:
                  if sys.exc_info()[0]:  # if .trouble has been called from an except block
                      tb = ''
                      if hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
                          tb += ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info))
                      tb += encode_compat_str(traceback.format_exc())
                  else:
                      tb_data = traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_stack())
                      tb = ''.join(tb_data)
              if tb:
                  self.to_stderr(tb)
          if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors'):
              if sys.exc_info()[0] and hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
                  exc_info = sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info
              else:
                  exc_info = sys.exc_info()
              raise DownloadError(message, exc_info)
          self._download_retcode = 1
  
      def to_screen(self, message, skip_eol=False):
          """Print message to stdout if not in quiet mode"""
          self.to_stdout(
              message, skip_eol, quiet=self.params.get('quiet', False))
  
      class Styles(Enum):
          HEADERS = 'yellow'
          EMPHASIS = 'blue'
          ID = 'green'
          DELIM = 'blue'
          ERROR = 'red'
          WARNING = 'yellow'
  
      def __format_text(self, out, text, f, fallback=None, *, test_encoding=False):
          assert out in ('screen', 'err')
          if test_encoding:
              original_text = text
              handle = self._screen_file if out == 'screen' else self._err_file
              encoding = self.params.get('encoding') or getattr(handle, 'encoding', 'ascii')
              text = text.encode(encoding, 'ignore').decode(encoding)
              if fallback is not None and text != original_text:
                  text = fallback
          if isinstance(f, self.Styles):
              f = f._value_
          return format_text(text, f) if self._allow_colors[out] else text if fallback is None else fallback
  
      def _format_screen(self, *args, **kwargs):
          return self.__format_text('screen', *args, **kwargs)
  
      def _format_err(self, *args, **kwargs):
          return self.__format_text('err', *args, **kwargs)
  
      def report_warning(self, message, only_once=False):
          '''
          Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
          If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
          '''
          if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
              self.params['logger'].warning(message)
          else:
              if self.params.get('no_warnings'):
                  return
              self.to_stderr(f'{self._format_err("WARNING:", self.Styles.WARNING)} {message}', only_once)
  
      def report_error(self, message, tb=None):
          '''
          Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
          in red if stderr is a tty file.
          '''
          self.trouble(f'{self._format_err("ERROR:", self.Styles.ERROR)} {message}', tb)
  
      def write_debug(self, message, only_once=False):
          '''Log debug message or Print message to stderr'''
          if not self.params.get('verbose', False):
              return
          message = '[debug] %s' % message
          if self.params.get('logger'):
              self.params['logger'].debug(message)
          else:
              self.to_stderr(message, only_once)
  
      def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
          """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
          try:
              self.to_screen('[download] %s has already been downloaded' % file_name)
          except UnicodeEncodeError:
              self.to_screen('[download] The file has already been downloaded')
  
      def report_file_delete(self, file_name):
          """Report that existing file will be deleted."""
          try:
              self.to_screen('Deleting existing file %s' % file_name)
          except UnicodeEncodeError:
              self.to_screen('Deleting existing file')
  
      def raise_no_formats(self, info, forced=False):
          has_drm = info.get('__has_drm')
          msg = 'This video is DRM protected' if has_drm else 'No video formats found!'
          expected = self.params.get('ignore_no_formats_error')
          if forced or not expected:
              raise ExtractorError(msg, video_id=info['id'], ie=info['extractor'],
                                   expected=has_drm or expected)
          else:
              self.report_warning(msg)
  
      def parse_outtmpl(self):
          outtmpl_dict = self.params.get('outtmpl', {})
          if not isinstance(outtmpl_dict, dict):
              outtmpl_dict = {'default': outtmpl_dict}
          # Remove spaces in the default template
          if self.params.get('restrictfilenames'):
              sanitize = lambda x: x.replace(' - ', ' ').replace(' ', '-')
          else:
              sanitize = lambda x: x
          outtmpl_dict.update({
              k: sanitize(v) for k, v in DEFAULT_OUTTMPL.items()
              if outtmpl_dict.get(k) is None})
          for key, val in outtmpl_dict.items():
              if isinstance(val, bytes):
                  self.report_warning(
                      'Parameter outtmpl is bytes, but should be a unicode string. '
                      'Put  from __future__ import unicode_literals  at the top of your code file or consider switching to Python 3.x.')
          return outtmpl_dict
  
      def get_output_path(self, dir_type='', filename=None):
          paths = self.params.get('paths', {})
          assert isinstance(paths, dict)
          path = os.path.join(
              expand_path(paths.get('home', '').strip()),
              expand_path(paths.get(dir_type, '').strip()) if dir_type else '',
              filename or '')
  
          # Temporary fix for #4787
          # 'Treat' all problem characters by passing filename through preferredencoding
          # to workaround encoding issues with subprocess on python2 @ Windows
          if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and sys.platform == 'win32':
              path = encodeFilename(path, True).decode(preferredencoding())
          return sanitize_path(path, force=self.params.get('windowsfilenames'))
  
      @staticmethod
      def _outtmpl_expandpath(outtmpl):
          # expand_path translates '%%' into '%' and '$$' into '$'
          # correspondingly that is not what we want since we need to keep
          # '%%' intact for template dict substitution step. Working around
          # with boundary-alike separator hack.
          sep = ''.join([random.choice(ascii_letters) for _ in range(32)])
          outtmpl = outtmpl.replace('%%', '%{0}%'.format(sep)).replace('$$', '${0}$'.format(sep))
  
          # outtmpl should be expand_path'ed before template dict substitution
          # because meta fields may contain env variables we don't want to
          # be expanded. For example, for outtmpl "%(title)s.%(ext)s" and
          # title "Hello $PATH", we don't want `$PATH` to be expanded.
          return expand_path(outtmpl).replace(sep, '')
  
      @staticmethod
      def escape_outtmpl(outtmpl):
          ''' Escape any remaining strings like %s, %abc% etc. '''
          return re.sub(
              STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('', '(?![%(\0])'),
              lambda mobj: ('' if mobj.group('has_key') else '%') + mobj.group(0),
              outtmpl)
  
      @classmethod
      def validate_outtmpl(cls, outtmpl):
          ''' @return None or Exception object '''
          outtmpl = re.sub(
              STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('[^)]*', '[ljqBU]'),
              lambda mobj: f'{mobj.group(0)[:-1]}s',
              cls._outtmpl_expandpath(outtmpl))
          try:
              cls.escape_outtmpl(outtmpl) % collections.defaultdict(int)
              return None
          except ValueError as err:
              return err
  
      @staticmethod
      def _copy_infodict(info_dict):
          info_dict = dict(info_dict)
          for key in ('__original_infodict', '__postprocessors'):
              info_dict.pop(key, None)
          return info_dict
  
      def prepare_outtmpl(self, outtmpl, info_dict, sanitize=None):
          """ Make the outtmpl and info_dict suitable for substitution: ydl.escape_outtmpl(outtmpl) % info_dict """
          info_dict.setdefault('epoch', int(time.time()))  # keep epoch consistent once set
  
          info_dict = self._copy_infodict(info_dict)
          info_dict['duration_string'] = (  # %(duration>%H-%M-%S)s is wrong if duration > 24hrs
              formatSeconds(info_dict['duration'], '-' if sanitize else ':')
              if info_dict.get('duration', None) is not None
              else None)
          info_dict['autonumber'] = self.params.get('autonumber_start', 1) - 1 + self._num_downloads
          if info_dict.get('resolution') is None:
              info_dict['resolution'] = self.format_resolution(info_dict, default=None)
  
          # For fields playlist_index, playlist_autonumber and autonumber convert all occurrences
          # of %(field)s to %(field)0Nd for backward compatibility
          field_size_compat_map = {
              'playlist_index': number_of_digits(info_dict.get('_last_playlist_index') or 0),
              'playlist_autonumber': number_of_digits(info_dict.get('n_entries') or 0),
              'autonumber': self.params.get('autonumber_size') or 5,
          }
  
          TMPL_DICT = {}
          EXTERNAL_FORMAT_RE = re.compile(STR_FORMAT_RE_TMPL.format('[^)]*', f'[{STR_FORMAT_TYPES}ljqBU]'))
          MATH_FUNCTIONS = {
              '+': float.__add__,
              '-': float.__sub__,
          }
          # Field is of the form key1.key2...
          # where keys (except first) can be string, int or slice
          FIELD_RE = r'\w*(?:\.(?:\w+|{num}|{num}?(?::{num}?){{1,2}}))*'.format(num=r'(?:-?\d+)')
          MATH_FIELD_RE = r'''{field}|{num}'''.format(field=FIELD_RE, num=r'-?\d+(?:.\d+)?')
          MATH_OPERATORS_RE = r'(?:%s)' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, MATH_FUNCTIONS.keys()))
          INTERNAL_FORMAT_RE = re.compile(r'''(?x)
              (?P<negate>-)?
              (?P<fields>{field})
              (?P<maths>(?:{math_op}{math_field})*)
              (?:>(?P<strf_format>.+?))?
              (?P<alternate>(?<!\\),[^|)]+)?
              (?:\|(?P<default>.*?))?
              $'''.format(field=FIELD_RE, math_op=MATH_OPERATORS_RE, math_field=MATH_FIELD_RE))
  
          def _traverse_infodict(k):
              k = k.split('.')
              if k[0] == '':
                  k.pop(0)
              return traverse_obj(info_dict, k, is_user_input=True, traverse_string=True)
  
          def get_value(mdict):
              # Object traversal
              value = _traverse_infodict(mdict['fields'])
              # Negative
              if mdict['negate']:
                  value = float_or_none(value)
                  if value is not None:
                      value *= -1
              # Do maths
              offset_key = mdict['maths']
              if offset_key:
                  value = float_or_none(value)
                  operator = None
                  while offset_key:
                      item = re.match(
                          MATH_FIELD_RE if operator else MATH_OPERATORS_RE,
                          offset_key).group(0)
                      offset_key = offset_key[len(item):]
                      if operator is None:
                          operator = MATH_FUNCTIONS[item]
                          continue
                      item, multiplier = (item[1:], -1) if item[0] == '-' else (item, 1)
                      offset = float_or_none(item)
                      if offset is None:
                          offset = float_or_none(_traverse_infodict(item))
                      try:
                          value = operator(value, multiplier * offset)
                      except (TypeError, ZeroDivisionError):
                          return None
                      operator = None
              # Datetime formatting
              if mdict['strf_format']:
                  value = strftime_or_none(value, mdict['strf_format'].replace('\\,', ','))
  
              return value
  
          na = self.params.get('outtmpl_na_placeholder', 'NA')
  
          def _dumpjson_default(obj):
              if isinstance(obj, (set, LazyList)):
                  return list(obj)
              raise TypeError(f'Object of type {type(obj).__name__} is not JSON serializable')
  
          def create_key(outer_mobj):
              if not outer_mobj.group('has_key'):
                  return outer_mobj.group(0)
              key = outer_mobj.group('key')
              mobj = re.match(INTERNAL_FORMAT_RE, key)
              initial_field = mobj.group('fields').split('.')[-1] if mobj else ''
              value, default = None, na
              while mobj:
                  mobj = mobj.groupdict()
                  default = mobj['default'] if mobj['default'] is not None else default
                  value = get_value(mobj)
                  if value is None and mobj['alternate']:
                      mobj = re.match(INTERNAL_FORMAT_RE, mobj['alternate'][1:])
                  else:
                      break
  
              fmt = outer_mobj.group('format')
              if fmt == 's' and value is not None and key in field_size_compat_map.keys():
                  fmt = '0{:d}d'.format(field_size_compat_map[key])
  
              value = default if value is None else value
  
              str_fmt = f'{fmt[:-1]}s'
              if fmt[-1] == 'l':  # list
                  delim = '\n' if '#' in (outer_mobj.group('conversion') or '') else ', '
                  value, fmt = delim.join(variadic(value)), str_fmt
              elif fmt[-1] == 'j':  # json
                  value, fmt = json.dumps(value, default=_dumpjson_default), str_fmt
              elif fmt[-1] == 'q':  # quoted
                  value, fmt = compat_shlex_quote(str(value)), str_fmt
              elif fmt[-1] == 'B':  # bytes
                  value = f'%{str_fmt}'.encode('utf-8') % str(value).encode('utf-8')
                  value, fmt = value.decode('utf-8', 'ignore'), 's'
              elif fmt[-1] == 'U':  # unicode normalized
                  opts = outer_mobj.group('conversion') or ''
                  value, fmt = unicodedata.normalize(
                      # "+" = compatibility equivalence, "#" = NFD
                      'NF%s%s' % ('K' if '+' in opts else '', 'D' if '#' in opts else 'C'),
                      value), str_fmt
              elif fmt[-1] == 'c':
                  if value:
                      value = str(value)[0]
                  else:
                      fmt = str_fmt
              elif fmt[-1] not in 'rs':  # numeric
                  value = float_or_none(value)
                  if value is None:
                      value, fmt = default, 's'
  
              if sanitize:
                  if fmt[-1] == 'r':
                      # If value is an object, sanitize might convert it to a string
                      # So we convert it to repr first
                      value, fmt = repr(value), str_fmt
                  if fmt[-1] in 'csr':
                      value = sanitize(initial_field, value)
  
              key = '%s\0%s' % (key.replace('%', '%\0'), outer_mobj.group('format'))
              TMPL_DICT[key] = value
              return '{prefix}%({key}){fmt}'.format(key=key, fmt=fmt, prefix=outer_mobj.group('prefix'))
  
          return EXTERNAL_FORMAT_RE.sub(create_key, outtmpl), TMPL_DICT
  
      def evaluate_outtmpl(self, outtmpl, info_dict, *args, **kwargs):
          outtmpl, info_dict = self.prepare_outtmpl(outtmpl, info_dict, *args, **kwargs)
          return self.escape_outtmpl(outtmpl) % info_dict
  
      def _prepare_filename(self, info_dict, tmpl_type='default'):
          try:
              sanitize = lambda k, v: sanitize_filename(
                  compat_str(v),
                  restricted=self.params.get('restrictfilenames'),
                  is_id=(k == 'id' or k.endswith('_id')))
              outtmpl = self._outtmpl_expandpath(self.outtmpl_dict.get(tmpl_type, self.outtmpl_dict['default']))
              filename = self.evaluate_outtmpl(outtmpl, info_dict, sanitize)
  
              force_ext = OUTTMPL_TYPES.get(tmpl_type)
              if filename and force_ext is not None:
                  filename = replace_extension(filename, force_ext, info_dict.get('ext'))
  
              # https://github.com/blackjack4494/youtube-dlc/issues/85
              trim_file_name = self.params.get('trim_file_name', False)
              if trim_file_name:
                  fn_groups = filename.rsplit('.')
                  ext = fn_groups[-1]
                  sub_ext = ''
                  if len(fn_groups) > 2:
                      sub_ext = fn_groups[-2]
                  filename = '.'.join(filter(None, [fn_groups[0][:trim_file_name], sub_ext, ext]))
  
              return filename
          except ValueError as err:
              self.report_error('Error in output template: ' + str(err) + ' (encoding: ' + repr(preferredencoding()) + ')')
              return None
  
      def prepare_filename(self, info_dict, dir_type='', warn=False):
          """Generate the output filename."""
  
          filename = self._prepare_filename(info_dict, dir_type or 'default')
          if not filename and dir_type not in ('', 'temp'):
              return ''
  
          if warn:
              if not self.params.get('paths'):
                  pass
              elif filename == '-':
                  self.report_warning('--paths is ignored when an outputting to stdout', only_once=True)
              elif os.path.isabs(filename):
                  self.report_warning('--paths is ignored since an absolute path is given in output template', only_once=True)
          if filename == '-' or not filename:
              return filename
  
          return self.get_output_path(dir_type, filename)
  
      def _match_entry(self, info_dict, incomplete=False, silent=False):
          """ Returns None if the file should be downloaded """
  
          video_title = info_dict.get('title', info_dict.get('id', 'video'))
  
          def check_filter():
              if 'title' in info_dict:
                  # This can happen when we're just evaluating the playlist
                  title = info_dict['title']
                  matchtitle = self.params.get('matchtitle', False)
                  if matchtitle:
                      if not re.search(matchtitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
                          return '"' + title + '" title did not match pattern "' + matchtitle + '"'
                  rejecttitle = self.params.get('rejecttitle', False)
                  if rejecttitle:
                      if re.search(rejecttitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
                          return '"' + title + '" title matched reject pattern "' + rejecttitle + '"'
              date = info_dict.get('upload_date')
              if date is not None:
                  dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
                  if date not in dateRange:
                      return '%s upload date is not in range %s' % (date_from_str(date).isoformat(), dateRange)
              view_count = info_dict.get('view_count')
              if view_count is not None:
                  min_views = self.params.get('min_views')
                  if min_views is not None and view_count < min_views:
                      return 'Skipping %s, because it has not reached minimum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, min_views)
                  max_views = self.params.get('max_views')
                  if max_views is not None and view_count > max_views:
                      return 'Skipping %s, because it has exceeded the maximum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, max_views)
              if age_restricted(info_dict.get('age_limit'), self.params.get('age_limit')):
                  return 'Skipping "%s" because it is age restricted' % video_title
  
              match_filter = self.params.get('match_filter')
              if match_filter is not None:
                  try:
                      ret = match_filter(info_dict, incomplete=incomplete)
                  except TypeError:
                      # For backward compatibility
                      ret = None if incomplete else match_filter(info_dict)
                  if ret is not None:
                      return ret
              return None
  
          if self.in_download_archive(info_dict):
              reason = '%s has already been recorded in the archive' % video_title
              break_opt, break_err = 'break_on_existing', ExistingVideoReached
          else:
              reason = check_filter()
              break_opt, break_err = 'break_on_reject', RejectedVideoReached
          if reason is not None:
              if not silent:
                  self.to_screen('[download] ' + reason)
              if self.params.get(break_opt, False):
                  raise break_err()
          return reason
  
      @staticmethod
      def add_extra_info(info_dict, extra_info):
          '''Set the keys from extra_info in info dict if they are missing'''
          for key, value in extra_info.items():
              info_dict.setdefault(key, value)
  
      def extract_info(self, url, download=True, ie_key=None, extra_info=None,
                       process=True, force_generic_extractor=False):
          """
          Return a list with a dictionary for each video extracted.
  
          Arguments:
          url -- URL to extract
  
          Keyword arguments:
          download -- whether to download videos during extraction
          ie_key -- extractor key hint
          extra_info -- dictionary containing the extra values to add to each result
          process -- whether to resolve all unresolved references (URLs, playlist items),
              must be True for download to work.
          force_generic_extractor -- force using the generic extractor
          """
  
          if extra_info is None:
              extra_info = {}
  
          if not ie_key and force_generic_extractor:
              ie_key = 'Generic'
  
          if ie_key:
              ies = {ie_key: self._get_info_extractor_class(ie_key)}
          else:
              ies = self._ies
  
          for ie_key, ie in ies.items():
              if not ie.suitable(url):
                  continue
  
              if not ie.working():
                  self.report_warning('The program functionality for this site has been marked as broken, '
                                      'and will probably not work.')
  
              temp_id = ie.get_temp_id(url)
              if temp_id is not None and self.in_download_archive({'id': temp_id, 'ie_key': ie_key}):
                  self.to_screen("[%s] %s: has already been recorded in archive" % (
                                 ie_key, temp_id))
                  break
              return self.__extract_info(url, self.get_info_extractor(ie_key), download, extra_info, process)
          else:
              self.report_error('no suitable InfoExtractor for URL %s' % url)
  
      def __handle_extraction_exceptions(func):
          @functools.wraps(func)
          def wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs):
              try:
                  return func(self, *args, **kwargs)
              except GeoRestrictedError as e:
                  msg = e.msg
                  if e.countries:
                      msg += '\nThis video is available in %s.' % ', '.join(
                          map(ISO3166Utils.short2full, e.countries))
                  msg += '\nYou might want to use a VPN or a proxy server (with --proxy) to workaround.'
                  self.report_error(msg)
              except ExtractorError as e:  # An error we somewhat expected
                  self.report_error(compat_str(e), e.format_traceback())
              except ThrottledDownload:
                  self.to_stderr('\r')
                  self.report_warning('The download speed is below throttle limit. Re-extracting data')
                  return wrapper(self, *args, **kwargs)
              except (DownloadCancelled, LazyList.IndexError):
                  raise
              except Exception as e:
                  if self.params.get('ignoreerrors'):
                      self.report_error(error_to_compat_str(e), tb=encode_compat_str(traceback.format_exc()))
                  else:
                      raise
          return wrapper
  
      @__handle_extraction_exceptions
      def __extract_info(self, url, ie, download, extra_info, process):
          ie_result = ie.extract(url)
          if ie_result is None:  # Finished already (backwards compatibility; listformats and friends should be moved here)
              return
          if isinstance(ie_result, list):
              # Backwards compatibility: old IE result format
              ie_result = {
                  '_type': 'compat_list',
                  'entries': ie_result,
              }
          if extra_info.get('original_url'):
              ie_result.setdefault('original_url', extra_info['original_url'])
          self.add_default_extra_info(ie_result, ie, url)
          if process:
              return self.process_ie_result(ie_result, download, extra_info)
          else:
              return ie_result
  
      def add_default_extra_info(self, ie_result, ie, url):
          if url is not None:
              self.add_extra_info(ie_result, {
                  'webpage_url': url,
                  'original_url': url,
                  'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(url),
              })
          if ie is not None:
              self.add_extra_info(ie_result, {
                  'extractor': ie.IE_NAME,
                  'extractor_key': ie.ie_key(),
              })
  
      def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info=None):
          """
          Take the result of the ie(may be modified) and resolve all unresolved
          references (URLs, playlist items).
  
          It will also download the videos if 'download'.
          Returns the resolved ie_result.
          """
          if extra_info is None:
              extra_info = {}
          result_type = ie_result.get('_type', 'video')
  
          if result_type in ('url', 'url_transparent'):
              ie_result['url'] = sanitize_url(ie_result['url'])
              if ie_result.get('original_url'):
                  extra_info.setdefault('original_url', ie_result['original_url'])
  
              extract_flat = self.params.get('extract_flat', False)
              if ((extract_flat == 'in_playlist' and 'playlist' in extra_info)
                      or extract_flat is True):
                  info_copy = ie_result.copy()
                  ie = try_get(ie_result.get('ie_key'), self.get_info_extractor)
                  if ie and not ie_result.get('id'):
                      info_copy['id'] = ie.get_temp_id(ie_result['url'])
                  self.add_default_extra_info(info_copy, ie, ie_result['url'])
                  self.add_extra_info(info_copy, extra_info)
                  self.__forced_printings(info_copy, self.prepare_filename(info_copy), incomplete=True)
                  if self.params.get('force_write_download_archive', False):
                      self.record_download_archive(info_copy)
                  return ie_result
  
          if result_type == 'video':
              self.add_extra_info(ie_result, extra_info)
              ie_result = self.process_video_result(ie_result, download=download)
              additional_urls = (ie_result or {}).get('additional_urls')
              if additional_urls:
                  # TODO: Improve MetadataParserPP to allow setting a list
                  if isinstance(additional_urls, compat_str):
                      additional_urls = [additional_urls]
                  self.to_screen(
                      '[info] %s: %d additional URL(s) requested' % (ie_result['id'], len(additional_urls)))
                  self.write_debug('Additional URLs: "%s"' % '", "'.join(additional_urls))
                  ie_result['additional_entries'] = [
                      self.extract_info(
                          url, download, extra_info,
                          force_generic_extractor=self.params.get('force_generic_extractor'))
                      for url in additional_urls
                  ]
              return ie_result
          elif result_type == 'url':
              # We have to add extra_info to the results because it may be
              # contained in a playlist
              return self.extract_info(
                  ie_result['url'], download,
                  ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
                  extra_info=extra_info)
          elif result_type == 'url_transparent':
              # Use the information from the embedding page
              info = self.extract_info(
                  ie_result['url'], ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
                  extra_info=extra_info, download=False, process=False)
  
              # extract_info may return None when ignoreerrors is enabled and
              # extraction failed with an error, don't crash and return early
              # in this case
              if not info:
                  return info
  
              force_properties = dict(
                  (k, v) for k, v in ie_result.items() if v is not None)
              for f in ('_type', 'url', 'id', 'extractor', 'extractor_key', 'ie_key'):
                  if f in force_properties:
                      del force_properties[f]
              new_result = info.copy()
              new_result.update(force_properties)
  
              # Extracted info may not be a video result (i.e.
              # info.get('_type', 'video') != video) but rather an url or
              # url_transparent. In such cases outer metadata (from ie_result)
              # should be propagated to inner one (info). For this to happen
              # _type of info should be overridden with url_transparent. This
              # fixes issue from https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/11163.
              if new_result.get('_type') == 'url':
                  new_result['_type'] = 'url_transparent'
  
              return self.process_ie_result(
                  new_result, download=download, extra_info=extra_info)
          elif result_type in ('playlist', 'multi_video'):
              # Protect from infinite recursion due to recursively nested playlists
              # (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/27833)
              webpage_url = ie_result['webpage_url']
              if webpage_url in self._playlist_urls:
                  self.to_screen(
                      '[download] Skipping already downloaded playlist: %s'
                      % ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id'))
                  return
  
              self._playlist_level += 1
              self._playlist_urls.add(webpage_url)
              self._sanitize_thumbnails(ie_result)
              try:
                  return self.__process_playlist(ie_result, download)
              finally:
                  self._playlist_level -= 1
                  if not self._playlist_level:
                      self._playlist_urls.clear()
          elif result_type == 'compat_list':
              self.report_warning(
                  'Extractor %s returned a compat_list result. '
                  'It needs to be updated.' % ie_result.get('extractor'))
  
              def _fixup(r):
                  self.add_extra_info(r, {
                      'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                      'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],
                      'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(ie_result['webpage_url']),
                      'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
                  })
                  return r
              ie_result['entries'] = [
                  self.process_ie_result(_fixup(r), download, extra_info)
                  for r in ie_result['entries']
              ]
              return ie_result
          else:
              raise Exception('Invalid result type: %s' % result_type)
  
      def _ensure_dir_exists(self, path):
          return make_dir(path, self.report_error)
  
      def __process_playlist(self, ie_result, download):
          # We process each entry in the playlist
          playlist = ie_result.get('title') or ie_result.get('id')
          self.to_screen('[download] Downloading playlist: %s' % playlist)
  
          if 'entries' not in ie_result:
              raise EntryNotInPlaylist()
          incomplete_entries = bool(ie_result.get('requested_entries'))
          if incomplete_entries:
              def fill_missing_entries(entries, indexes):
                  ret = [None] * max(*indexes)
                  for i, entry in zip(indexes, entries):
                      ret[i - 1] = entry
                  return ret
              ie_result['entries'] = fill_missing_entries(ie_result['entries'], ie_result['requested_entries'])
  
          playlist_results = []
  
          playliststart = self.params.get('playliststart', 1)
          playlistend = self.params.get('playlistend')
          # For backwards compatibility, interpret -1 as whole list
          if playlistend == -1:
              playlistend = None
  
          playlistitems_str = self.params.get('playlist_items')
          playlistitems = None
          if playlistitems_str is not None:
              def iter_playlistitems(format):
                  for string_segment in format.split(','):
                      if '-' in string_segment:
                          start, end = string_segment.split('-')
                          for item in range(int(start), int(end) + 1):
                              yield int(item)
                      else:
                          yield int(string_segment)
              playlistitems = orderedSet(iter_playlistitems(playlistitems_str))
  
          ie_entries = ie_result['entries']
          msg = (
              'Downloading %d videos' if not isinstance(ie_entries, list)
              else 'Collected %d videos; downloading %%d of them' % len(ie_entries))
  
          if isinstance(ie_entries, list):
              def get_entry(i):
                  return ie_entries[i - 1]
          else:
              if not isinstance(ie_entries, PagedList):
                  ie_entries = LazyList(ie_entries)
  
              def get_entry(i):
                  return YoutubeDL.__handle_extraction_exceptions(
                      lambda self, i: ie_entries[i - 1]
                  )(self, i)
  
          entries = []
          items = playlistitems if playlistitems is not None else itertools.count(playliststart)
          for i in items:
              if i == 0:
                  continue
              if playlistitems is None and playlistend is not None and playlistend < i:
                  break
              entry = None
              try:
                  entry = get_entry(i)
                  if entry is None:
                      raise EntryNotInPlaylist()
              except (IndexError, EntryNotInPlaylist):
                  if incomplete_entries:
                      raise EntryNotInPlaylist()
                  elif not playlistitems:
                      break
              entries.append(entry)
              try:
                  if entry is not None:
                      self._match_entry(entry, incomplete=True, silent=True)
              except (ExistingVideoReached, RejectedVideoReached):
                  break
          ie_result['entries'] = entries
  
          # Save playlist_index before re-ordering
          entries = [
              ((playlistitems[i - 1] if playlistitems else i + playliststart - 1), entry)
              for i, entry in enumerate(entries, 1)
              if entry is not None]
          n_entries = len(entries)
  
          if not playlistitems and (playliststart or playlistend):
              playlistitems = list(range(playliststart, playliststart + n_entries))
          ie_result['requested_entries'] = playlistitems
  
          if not self.params.get('simulate') and self.params.get('allow_playlist_files', True):
              ie_copy = {
                  'playlist': playlist,
                  'playlist_id': ie_result.get('id'),
                  'playlist_title': ie_result.get('title'),
                  'playlist_uploader': ie_result.get('uploader'),
                  'playlist_uploader_id': ie_result.get('uploader_id'),
                  'playlist_index': 0,
                  'n_entries': n_entries,
              }
              ie_copy.update(dict(ie_result))
  
              if self._write_info_json('playlist', ie_result,
                                       self.prepare_filename(ie_copy, 'pl_infojson')) is None:
                  return
              if self._write_description('playlist', ie_result,
                                         self.prepare_filename(ie_copy, 'pl_description')) is None:
                  return
              # TODO: This should be passed to ThumbnailsConvertor if necessary
              self._write_thumbnails('playlist', ie_copy, self.prepare_filename(ie_copy, 'pl_thumbnail'))
  
          if self.params.get('playlistreverse', False):
              entries = entries[::-1]
          if self.params.get('playlistrandom', False):
              random.shuffle(entries)
  
          x_forwarded_for = ie_result.get('__x_forwarded_for_ip')
  
          self.to_screen('[%s] playlist %s: %s' % (ie_result['extractor'], playlist, msg % n_entries))
          failures = 0
          max_failures = self.params.get('skip_playlist_after_errors') or float('inf')
          for i, entry_tuple in enumerate(entries, 1):
              playlist_index, entry = entry_tuple
              if 'playlist-index' in self.params.get('compat_opts', []):
                  playlist_index = playlistitems[i - 1] if playlistitems else i + playliststart - 1
              self.to_screen('[download] Downloading video %s of %s' % (i, n_entries))
              # This __x_forwarded_for_ip thing is a bit ugly but requires
              # minimal changes
              if x_forwarded_for:
                  entry['__x_forwarded_for_ip'] = x_forwarded_for
              extra = {
                  'n_entries': n_entries,
                  '_last_playlist_index': max(playlistitems) if playlistitems else (playlistend or n_entries),
                  'playlist_index': playlist_index,
                  'playlist_autonumber': i,
                  'playlist': playlist,
                  'playlist_id': ie_result.get('id'),
                  'playlist_title': ie_result.get('title'),
                  'playlist_uploader': ie_result.get('uploader'),
                  'playlist_uploader_id': ie_result.get('uploader_id'),
                  'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                  'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],
                  'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(ie_result['webpage_url']),
                  'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
              }
  
              if self._match_entry(entry, incomplete=True) is not None:
                  continue
  
              entry_result = self.__process_iterable_entry(entry, download, extra)
              if not entry_result:
                  failures += 1
              if failures >= max_failures:
                  self.report_error(
                      'Skipping the remaining entries in playlist "%s" since %d items failed extraction' % (playlist, failures))
                  break
              # TODO: skip failed (empty) entries?
              playlist_results.append(entry_result)
          ie_result['entries'] = playlist_results
          self.to_screen('[download] Finished downloading playlist: %s' % playlist)
          return ie_result
  
      @__handle_extraction_exceptions
      def __process_iterable_entry(self, entry, download, extra_info):
          return self.process_ie_result(
              entry, download=download, extra_info=extra_info)
  
      def _build_format_filter(self, filter_spec):
          " Returns a function to filter the formats according to the filter_spec "
  
          OPERATORS = {
              '<': operator.lt,
              '<=': operator.le,
              '>': operator.gt,
              '>=': operator.ge,
              '=': operator.eq,
              '!=': operator.ne,
          }
          operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
              (?P<key>width|height|tbr|abr|vbr|asr|filesize|filesize_approx|fps)\s*
              (?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
              (?P<value>[0-9.]+(?:[kKmMgGtTpPeEzZyY]i?[Bb]?)?)\s*
              ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, OPERATORS.keys())))
          m = operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_spec)
          if m:
              try:
                  comparison_value = int(m.group('value'))
              except ValueError:
                  comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('value'))
                  if comparison_value is None:
                      comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('value') + 'B')
                  if comparison_value is None:
                      raise ValueError(
                          'Invalid value %r in format specification %r' % (
                              m.group('value'), filter_spec))
              op = OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
  
          if not m:
              STR_OPERATORS = {
                  '=': operator.eq,
                  '^=': lambda attr, value: attr.startswith(value),
                  '$=': lambda attr, value: attr.endswith(value),
                  '*=': lambda attr, value: value in attr,
              }
              str_operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
                  (?P<key>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)\s*
                  (?P<negation>!\s*)?(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
                  (?P<value>[a-zA-Z0-9._-]+)\s*
                  ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, STR_OPERATORS.keys())))
              m = str_operator_rex.fullmatch(filter_spec)
              if m:
                  comparison_value = m.group('value')
                  str_op = STR_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
                  if m.group('negation'):
                      op = lambda attr, value: not str_op(attr, value)
                  else:
                      op = str_op
  
          if not m:
              raise SyntaxError('Invalid filter specification %r' % filter_spec)
  
          def _filter(f):
              actual_value = f.get(m.group('key'))
              if actual_value is None:
                  return m.group('none_inclusive')
              return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
          return _filter
  
      def _check_formats(self, formats):
          for f in formats:
              self.to_screen('[info] Testing format %s' % f['format_id'])
              temp_file = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(
                  suffix='.tmp', delete=False,
                  dir=self.get_output_path('temp') or None)
              temp_file.close()
              try:
                  success, _ = self.dl(temp_file.name, f, test=True)
              except (DownloadError, IOError, OSError, ValueError) + network_exceptions:
                  success = False
              finally:
                  if os.path.exists(temp_file.name):
                      try:
                          os.remove(temp_file.name)
                      except OSError:
                          self.report_warning('Unable to delete temporary file "%s"' % temp_file.name)
              if success:
                  yield f
              else:
                  self.to_screen('[info] Unable to download format %s. Skipping...' % f['format_id'])
  
      def _default_format_spec(self, info_dict, download=True):
  
          def can_merge():
              merger = FFmpegMergerPP(self)
              return merger.available and merger.can_merge()
  
          prefer_best = (
              not self.params.get('simulate')
              and download
              and (
                  not can_merge()
                  or info_dict.get('is_live', False)
                  or self.outtmpl_dict['default'] == '-'))
          compat = (
              prefer_best
              or self.params.get('allow_multiple_audio_streams', False)
              or 'format-spec' in self.params.get('compat_opts', []))
  
          return (
              'best/bestvideo+bestaudio' if prefer_best
              else 'bestvideo*+bestaudio/best' if not compat
              else 'bestvideo+bestaudio/best')
  
      def build_format_selector(self, format_spec):
          def syntax_error(note, start):
              message = (
                  'Invalid format specification: '
                  '{0}\n\t{1}\n\t{2}^'.format(note, format_spec, ' ' * start[1]))
              return SyntaxError(message)
  
          PICKFIRST = 'PICKFIRST'
          MERGE = 'MERGE'
          SINGLE = 'SINGLE'
          GROUP = 'GROUP'
          FormatSelector = collections.namedtuple('FormatSelector', ['type', 'selector', 'filters'])
  
          allow_multiple_streams = {'audio': self.params.get('allow_multiple_audio_streams', False),
                                    'video': self.params.get('allow_multiple_video_streams', False)}
  
          check_formats = self.params.get('check_formats') == 'selected'
  
          def _parse_filter(tokens):
              filter_parts = []
              for type, string, start, _, _ in tokens:
                  if type == tokenize.OP and string == ']':
                      return ''.join(filter_parts)
                  else:
                      filter_parts.append(string)
  
          def _remove_unused_ops(tokens):
              # Remove operators that we don't use and join them with the surrounding strings
              # for example: 'mp4' '-' 'baseline' '-' '16x9' is converted to 'mp4-baseline-16x9'
              ALLOWED_OPS = ('/', '+', ',', '(', ')')
              last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line = None, None, None, None
              for type, string, start, end, line in tokens:
                  if type == tokenize.OP and string == '[':
                      if last_string:
                          yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                          last_string = None
                      yield type, string, start, end, line
                      # everything inside brackets will be handled by _parse_filter
                      for type, string, start, end, line in tokens:
                          yield type, string, start, end, line
                          if type == tokenize.OP and string == ']':
                              break
                  elif type == tokenize.OP and string in ALLOWED_OPS:
                      if last_string:
                          yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
                          last_string = None
                      yield type, string, start, end, line
                  elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER, tokenize.OP]:
                      if not last_string:
                          last_string = string
                          last_start = start
                          last_end = end
                      else:
                          last_string += string
              if last_string:
                  yield tokenize.NAME, last_string, last_start, last_end, last_line
  
          def _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=False, inside_choice=False, inside_group=False):
              selectors = []
              current_selector = None
              for type, string, start, _, _ in tokens:
                  # ENCODING is only defined in python 3.x
                  if type == getattr(tokenize, 'ENCODING', None):
                      continue
                  elif type in [tokenize.NAME, tokenize.NUMBER]:
                      current_selector = FormatSelector(SINGLE, string, [])
                  elif type == tokenize.OP:
                      if string == ')':
                          if not inside_group:
                              # ')' will be handled by the parentheses group
                              tokens.restore_last_token()
                          break
                      elif inside_merge and string in ['/', ',']:
                          tokens.restore_last_token()
                          break
                      elif inside_choice and string == ',':
                          tokens.restore_last_token()
                          break
                      elif string == ',':
                          if not current_selector:
                              raise syntax_error('"," must follow a format selector', start)
                          selectors.append(current_selector)
                          current_selector = None
                      elif string == '/':
                          if not current_selector:
                              raise syntax_error('"/" must follow a format selector', start)
                          first_choice = current_selector
                          second_choice = _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_choice=True)
                          current_selector = FormatSelector(PICKFIRST, (first_choice, second_choice), [])
                      elif string == '[':
                          if not current_selector:
                              current_selector = FormatSelector(SINGLE, 'best', [])
                          format_filter = _parse_filter(tokens)
                          current_selector.filters.append(format_filter)
                      elif string == '(':
                          if current_selector:
                              raise syntax_error('Unexpected "("', start)
                          group = _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_group=True)
                          current_selector = FormatSelector(GROUP, group, [])
                      elif string == '+':
                          if not current_selector:
                              raise syntax_error('Unexpected "+"', start)
                          selector_1 = current_selector
                          selector_2 = _parse_format_selection(tokens, inside_merge=True)
                          if not selector_2:
                              raise syntax_error('Expected a selector', start)
                          current_selector = FormatSelector(MERGE, (selector_1, selector_2), [])
                      else:
                          raise syntax_error('Operator not recognized: "{0}"'.format(string), start)
                  elif type == tokenize.ENDMARKER:
                      break
              if current_selector:
                  selectors.append(current_selector)
              return selectors
  
          def _merge(formats_pair):
              format_1, format_2 = formats_pair
  
              formats_info = []
              formats_info.extend(format_1.get('requested_formats', (format_1,)))
              formats_info.extend(format_2.get('requested_formats', (format_2,)))
  
              if not allow_multiple_streams['video'] or not allow_multiple_streams['audio']:
                  get_no_more = {'video': False, 'audio': False}
                  for (i, fmt_info) in enumerate(formats_info):
                      if fmt_info.get('acodec') == fmt_info.get('vcodec') == 'none':
                          formats_info.pop(i)
                          continue
                      for aud_vid in ['audio', 'video']:
                          if not allow_multiple_streams[aud_vid] and fmt_info.get(aud_vid[0] + 'codec') != 'none':
                              if get_no_more[aud_vid]:
                                  formats_info.pop(i)
                                  break
                              get_no_more[aud_vid] = True
  
              if len(formats_info) == 1:
                  return formats_info[0]
  
              video_fmts = [fmt_info for fmt_info in formats_info if fmt_info.get('vcodec') != 'none']
              audio_fmts = [fmt_info for fmt_info in formats_info if fmt_info.get('acodec') != 'none']
  
              the_only_video = video_fmts[0] if len(video_fmts) == 1 else None
              the_only_audio = audio_fmts[0] if len(audio_fmts) == 1 else None
  
              output_ext = self.params.get('merge_output_format')
              if not output_ext:
                  if the_only_video:
                      output_ext = the_only_video['ext']
                  elif the_only_audio and not video_fmts:
                      output_ext = the_only_audio['ext']
                  else:
                      output_ext = 'mkv'
  
              filtered = lambda *keys: filter(None, (traverse_obj(fmt, *keys) for fmt in formats_info))
  
              new_dict = {
                  'requested_formats': formats_info,
                  'format': '+'.join(filtered('format')),
                  'format_id': '+'.join(filtered('format_id')),
                  'ext': output_ext,
                  'protocol': '+'.join(map(determine_protocol, formats_info)),
                  'language': '+'.join(orderedSet(filtered('language'))),
                  'format_note': '+'.join(orderedSet(filtered('format_note'))),
                  'filesize_approx': sum(filtered('filesize', 'filesize_approx')),
                  'tbr': sum(filtered('tbr', 'vbr', 'abr')),
              }
  
              if the_only_video:
                  new_dict.update({
                      'width': the_only_video.get('width'),
                      'height': the_only_video.get('height'),
                      'resolution': the_only_video.get('resolution') or self.format_resolution(the_only_video),
                      'fps': the_only_video.get('fps'),
                      'dynamic_range': the_only_video.get('dynamic_range'),
                      'vcodec': the_only_video.get('vcodec'),
                      'vbr': the_only_video.get('vbr'),
                      'stretched_ratio': the_only_video.get('stretched_ratio'),
                  })
  
              if the_only_audio:
                  new_dict.update({
                      'acodec': the_only_audio.get('acodec'),
                      'abr': the_only_audio.get('abr'),
                      'asr': the_only_audio.get('asr'),
                  })
  
              return new_dict
  
          def _check_formats(formats):
              if not check_formats:
                  yield from formats
                  return
              yield from self._check_formats(formats)
  
          def _build_selector_function(selector):
              if isinstance(selector, list):  # ,
                  fs = [_build_selector_function(s) for s in selector]
  
                  def selector_function(ctx):
                      for f in fs:
                          yield from f(ctx)
                  return selector_function
  
              elif selector.type == GROUP:  # ()
                  selector_function = _build_selector_function(selector.selector)
  
              elif selector.type == PICKFIRST:  # /
                  fs = [_build_selector_function(s) for s in selector.selector]
  
                  def selector_function(ctx):
                      for f in fs:
                          picked_formats = list(f(ctx))
                          if picked_formats:
                              return picked_formats
                      return []
  
              elif selector.type == MERGE:  # +
                  selector_1, selector_2 = map(_build_selector_function, selector.selector)
  
                  def selector_function(ctx):
                      for pair in itertools.product(
                              selector_1(copy.deepcopy(ctx)), selector_2(copy.deepcopy(ctx))):
                          yield _merge(pair)
  
              elif selector.type == SINGLE:  # atom
                  format_spec = selector.selector or 'best'
  
                  # TODO: Add allvideo, allaudio etc by generalizing the code with best/worst selector
                  if format_spec == 'all':
                      def selector_function(ctx):
                          yield from _check_formats(ctx['formats'])
                  elif format_spec == 'mergeall':
                      def selector_function(ctx):
                          formats = list(_check_formats(ctx['formats']))
                          if not formats:
                              return
                          merged_format = formats[-1]
                          for f in formats[-2::-1]:
                              merged_format = _merge((merged_format, f))
                          yield merged_format
  
                  else:
                      format_fallback, format_reverse, format_idx = False, True, 1
                      mobj = re.match(
                          r'(?P<bw>best|worst|b|w)(?P<type>video|audio|v|a)?(?P<mod>\*)?(?:\.(?P<n>[1-9]\d*))?$',
                          format_spec)
                      if mobj is not None:
                          format_idx = int_or_none(mobj.group('n'), default=1)
                          format_reverse = mobj.group('bw')[0] == 'b'
                          format_type = (mobj.group('type') or [None])[0]
                          not_format_type = {'v': 'a', 'a': 'v'}.get(format_type)
                          format_modified = mobj.group('mod') is not None
  
                          format_fallback = not format_type and not format_modified  # for b, w
                          _filter_f = (
                              (lambda f: f.get('%scodec' % format_type) != 'none')
                              if format_type and format_modified  # bv*, ba*, wv*, wa*
                              else (lambda f: f.get('%scodec' % not_format_type) == 'none')
                              if format_type  # bv, ba, wv, wa
                              else (lambda f: f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none')
                              if not format_modified  # b, w
                              else lambda f: True)  # b*, w*
                          filter_f = lambda f: _filter_f(f) and (
                              f.get('vcodec') != 'none' or f.get('acodec') != 'none')
                      else:
                          if format_spec in self._format_selection_exts['audio']:
                              filter_f = lambda f: f.get('ext') == format_spec and f.get('acodec') != 'none'
                          elif format_spec in self._format_selection_exts['video']:
                              filter_f = lambda f: f.get('ext') == format_spec and f.get('acodec') != 'none' and f.get('vcodec') != 'none'
                          elif format_spec in self._format_selection_exts['storyboards']:
                              filter_f = lambda f: f.get('ext') == format_spec and f.get('acodec') == 'none' and f.get('vcodec') == 'none'
                          else:
                              filter_f = lambda f: f.get('format_id') == format_spec  # id
  
                      def selector_function(ctx):
                          formats = list(ctx['formats'])
                          matches = list(filter(filter_f, formats)) if filter_f is not None else formats
                          if format_fallback and ctx['incomplete_formats'] and not matches:
                              # for extractors with incomplete formats (audio only (soundcloud)
                              # or video only (imgur)) best/worst will fallback to
                              # best/worst {video,audio}-only format
                              matches = formats
                          matches = LazyList(_check_formats(matches[::-1 if format_reverse else 1]))
                          try:
                              yield matches[format_idx - 1]
                          except IndexError:
                              return
  
              filters = [self._build_format_filter(f) for f in selector.filters]
  
              def final_selector(ctx):
                  ctx_copy = copy.deepcopy(ctx)
                  for _filter in filters:
                      ctx_copy['formats'] = list(filter(_filter, ctx_copy['formats']))
                  return selector_function(ctx_copy)
              return final_selector
  
          stream = io.BytesIO(format_spec.encode('utf-8'))
          try:
              tokens = list(_remove_unused_ops(compat_tokenize_tokenize(stream.readline)))
          except tokenize.TokenError:
              raise syntax_error('Missing closing/opening brackets or parenthesis', (0, len(format_spec)))
  
          class TokenIterator(object):
              def __init__(self, tokens):
                  self.tokens = tokens
                  self.counter = 0
  
              def __iter__(self):
                  return self
  
              def __next__(self):
                  if self.counter >= len(self.tokens):
                      raise StopIteration()
                  value = self.tokens[self.counter]
                  self.counter += 1
                  return value
  
              next = __next__
  
              def restore_last_token(self):
                  self.counter -= 1
  
          parsed_selector = _parse_format_selection(iter(TokenIterator(tokens)))
          return _build_selector_function(parsed_selector)
  
      def _calc_headers(self, info_dict):
          res = std_headers.copy()
  
          add_headers = info_dict.get('http_headers')
          if add_headers:
              res.update(add_headers)
  
          cookies = self._calc_cookies(info_dict)
          if cookies:
              res['Cookie'] = cookies
  
          if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in res:
              x_forwarded_for_ip = info_dict.get('__x_forwarded_for_ip')
              if x_forwarded_for_ip:
                  res['X-Forwarded-For'] = x_forwarded_for_ip
  
          return res
  
      def _calc_cookies(self, info_dict):
          pr = sanitized_Request(info_dict['url'])
          self.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(pr)
          return pr.get_header('Cookie')
  
      def _sort_thumbnails(self, thumbnails):
          thumbnails.sort(key=lambda t: (
              t.get('preference') if t.get('preference') is not None else -1,
              t.get('width') if t.get('width') is not None else -1,
              t.get('height') if t.get('height') is not None else -1,
              t.get('id') if t.get('id') is not None else '',
              t.get('url')))
  
      def _sanitize_thumbnails(self, info_dict):
          thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
          if thumbnails is None:
              thumbnail = info_dict.get('thumbnail')
              if thumbnail:
                  info_dict['thumbnails'] = thumbnails = [{'url': thumbnail}]
          if not thumbnails:
              return
  
          def check_thumbnails(thumbnails):
              for t in thumbnails:
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] Testing thumbnail {t["id"]}')
                  try:
                      self.urlopen(HEADRequest(t['url']))
                  except network_exceptions as err:
                      self.to_screen(f'[info] Unable to connect to thumbnail {t["id"]} URL {t["url"]!r} - {err}. Skipping...')
                      continue
                  yield t
  
          self._sort_thumbnails(thumbnails)
          for i, t in enumerate(thumbnails):
              if t.get('id') is None:
                  t['id'] = '%d' % i
              if t.get('width') and t.get('height'):
                  t['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (t['width'], t['height'])
              t['url'] = sanitize_url(t['url'])
  
          if self.params.get('check_formats') is True:
              info_dict['thumbnails'] = LazyList(check_thumbnails(thumbnails[::-1])).reverse()
          else:
              info_dict['thumbnails'] = thumbnails
  
      def process_video_result(self, info_dict, download=True):
          assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
  
          if 'id' not in info_dict:
              raise ExtractorError('Missing "id" field in extractor result')
          if 'title' not in info_dict:
              raise ExtractorError('Missing "title" field in extractor result',
                                   video_id=info_dict['id'], ie=info_dict['extractor'])
  
          def report_force_conversion(field, field_not, conversion):
              self.report_warning(
                  '"%s" field is not %s - forcing %s conversion, there is an error in extractor'
                  % (field, field_not, conversion))
  
          def sanitize_string_field(info, string_field):
              field = info.get(string_field)
              if field is None or isinstance(field, compat_str):
                  return
              report_force_conversion(string_field, 'a string', 'string')
              info[string_field] = compat_str(field)
  
          def sanitize_numeric_fields(info):
              for numeric_field in self._NUMERIC_FIELDS:
                  field = info.get(numeric_field)
                  if field is None or isinstance(field, compat_numeric_types):
                      continue
                  report_force_conversion(numeric_field, 'numeric', 'int')
                  info[numeric_field] = int_or_none(field)
  
          sanitize_string_field(info_dict, 'id')
          sanitize_numeric_fields(info_dict)
  
          if 'playlist' not in info_dict:
              # It isn't part of a playlist
              info_dict['playlist'] = None
              info_dict['playlist_index'] = None
  
          self._sanitize_thumbnails(info_dict)
  
          thumbnail = info_dict.get('thumbnail')
          thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
          if thumbnail:
              info_dict['thumbnail'] = sanitize_url(thumbnail)
          elif thumbnails:
              info_dict['thumbnail'] = thumbnails[-1]['url']
  
          if info_dict.get('display_id') is None and 'id' in info_dict:
              info_dict['display_id'] = info_dict['id']
  
          if info_dict.get('duration') is not None:
              info_dict['duration_string'] = formatSeconds(info_dict['duration'])
  
          for ts_key, date_key in (
                  ('timestamp', 'upload_date'),
                  ('release_timestamp', 'release_date'),
          ):
              if info_dict.get(date_key) is None and info_dict.get(ts_key) is not None:
                  # Working around out-of-range timestamp values (e.g. negative ones on Windows,
                  # see http://bugs.python.org/issue1646728)
                  try:
                      upload_date = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(info_dict[ts_key])
                      info_dict[date_key] = upload_date.strftime('%Y%m%d')
                  except (ValueError, OverflowError, OSError):
                      pass
  
          live_keys = ('is_live', 'was_live')
          live_status = info_dict.get('live_status')
          if live_status is None:
              for key in live_keys:
                  if info_dict.get(key) is False:
                      continue
                  if info_dict.get(key):
                      live_status = key
                  break
              if all(info_dict.get(key) is False for key in live_keys):
                  live_status = 'not_live'
          if live_status:
              info_dict['live_status'] = live_status
              for key in live_keys:
                  if info_dict.get(key) is None:
                      info_dict[key] = (live_status == key)
  
          # Auto generate title fields corresponding to the *_number fields when missing
          # in order to always have clean titles. This is very common for TV series.
          for field in ('chapter', 'season', 'episode'):
              if info_dict.get('%s_number' % field) is not None and not info_dict.get(field):
                  info_dict[field] = '%s %d' % (field.capitalize(), info_dict['%s_number' % field])
  
          for cc_kind in ('subtitles', 'automatic_captions'):
              cc = info_dict.get(cc_kind)
              if cc:
                  for _, subtitle in cc.items():
                      for subtitle_format in subtitle:
                          if subtitle_format.get('url'):
                              subtitle_format['url'] = sanitize_url(subtitle_format['url'])
                          if subtitle_format.get('ext') is None:
                              subtitle_format['ext'] = determine_ext(subtitle_format['url']).lower()
  
          automatic_captions = info_dict.get('automatic_captions')
          subtitles = info_dict.get('subtitles')
  
          info_dict['requested_subtitles'] = self.process_subtitles(
              info_dict['id'], subtitles, automatic_captions)
  
          if info_dict.get('formats') is None:
              # There's only one format available
              formats = [info_dict]
          else:
              formats = info_dict['formats']
  
          info_dict['__has_drm'] = any(f.get('has_drm') for f in formats)
          if not self.params.get('allow_unplayable_formats'):
              formats = [f for f in formats if not f.get('has_drm')]
  
          if not formats:
              self.raise_no_formats(info_dict)
  
          def is_wellformed(f):
              url = f.get('url')
              if not url:
                  self.report_warning(
                      '"url" field is missing or empty - skipping format, '
                      'there is an error in extractor')
                  return False
              if isinstance(url, bytes):
                  sanitize_string_field(f, 'url')
              return True
  
          # Filter out malformed formats for better extraction robustness
          formats = list(filter(is_wellformed, formats))
  
          formats_dict = {}
  
          # We check that all the formats have the format and format_id fields
          for i, format in enumerate(formats):
              sanitize_string_field(format, 'format_id')
              sanitize_numeric_fields(format)
              format['url'] = sanitize_url(format['url'])
              if not format.get('format_id'):
                  format['format_id'] = compat_str(i)
              else:
                  # Sanitize format_id from characters used in format selector expression
                  format['format_id'] = re.sub(r'[\s,/+\[\]()]', '_', format['format_id'])
              format_id = format['format_id']
              if format_id not in formats_dict:
                  formats_dict[format_id] = []
              formats_dict[format_id].append(format)
  
          # Make sure all formats have unique format_id
          common_exts = set(itertools.chain(*self._format_selection_exts.values()))
          for format_id, ambiguous_formats in formats_dict.items():
              ambigious_id = len(ambiguous_formats) > 1
              for i, format in enumerate(ambiguous_formats):
                  if ambigious_id:
                      format['format_id'] = '%s-%d' % (format_id, i)
                  if format.get('ext') is None:
                      format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url']).lower()
                  # Ensure there is no conflict between id and ext in format selection
                  # See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1282
                  if format['format_id'] != format['ext'] and format['format_id'] in common_exts:
                      format['format_id'] = 'f%s' % format['format_id']
  
          for i, format in enumerate(formats):
              if format.get('format') is None:
                  format['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
                      id=format['format_id'],
                      res=self.format_resolution(format),
                      note=format_field(format, 'format_note', ' (%s)'),
                  )
              if format.get('protocol') is None:
                  format['protocol'] = determine_protocol(format)
              if format.get('resolution') is None:
                  format['resolution'] = self.format_resolution(format, default=None)
              if format.get('dynamic_range') is None and format.get('vcodec') != 'none':
                  format['dynamic_range'] = 'SDR'
              if (info_dict.get('duration') and format.get('tbr')
                      and not format.get('filesize') and not format.get('filesize_approx')):
                  format['filesize_approx'] = info_dict['duration'] * format['tbr'] * (1024 / 8)
  
              # Add HTTP headers, so that external programs can use them from the
              # json output
              full_format_info = info_dict.copy()
              full_format_info.update(format)
              format['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(full_format_info)
          # Remove private housekeeping stuff
          if '__x_forwarded_for_ip' in info_dict:
              del info_dict['__x_forwarded_for_ip']
  
          # TODO Central sorting goes here
  
          if self.params.get('check_formats') is True:
              formats = LazyList(self._check_formats(formats[::-1])).reverse()
  
          if not formats or formats[0] is not info_dict:
              # only set the 'formats' fields if the original info_dict list them
              # otherwise we end up with a circular reference, the first (and unique)
              # element in the 'formats' field in info_dict is info_dict itself,
              # which can't be exported to json
              info_dict['formats'] = formats
  
          info_dict, _ = self.pre_process(info_dict)
  
          if self.params.get('list_thumbnails'):
              self.list_thumbnails(info_dict)
          if self.params.get('listformats'):
              if not info_dict.get('formats') and not info_dict.get('url'):
                  self.to_screen('%s has no formats' % info_dict['id'])
              else:
                  self.list_formats(info_dict)
          if self.params.get('listsubtitles'):
              if 'automatic_captions' in info_dict:
                  self.list_subtitles(
                      info_dict['id'], automatic_captions, 'automatic captions')
              self.list_subtitles(info_dict['id'], subtitles, 'subtitles')
          list_only = self.params.get('simulate') is None and (
              self.params.get('list_thumbnails') or self.params.get('listformats') or self.params.get('listsubtitles'))
          if list_only:
              # Without this printing, -F --print-json will not work
              self.__forced_printings(info_dict, self.prepare_filename(info_dict), incomplete=True)
              return
  
          format_selector = self.format_selector
          if format_selector is None:
              req_format = self._default_format_spec(info_dict, download=download)
              self.write_debug('Default format spec: %s' % req_format)
              format_selector = self.build_format_selector(req_format)
  
          # While in format selection we may need to have an access to the original
          # format set in order to calculate some metrics or do some processing.
          # For now we need to be able to guess whether original formats provided
          # by extractor are incomplete or not (i.e. whether extractor provides only
          # video-only or audio-only formats) for proper formats selection for
          # extractors with such incomplete formats (see
          # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/5556).
          # Since formats may be filtered during format selection and may not match
          # the original formats the results may be incorrect. Thus original formats
          # or pre-calculated metrics should be passed to format selection routines
          # as well.
          # We will pass a context object containing all necessary additional data
          # instead of just formats.
          # This fixes incorrect format selection issue (see
          # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10083).
          incomplete_formats = (
              # All formats are video-only or
              all(f.get('vcodec') != 'none' and f.get('acodec') == 'none' for f in formats)
              # all formats are audio-only
              or all(f.get('vcodec') == 'none' and f.get('acodec') != 'none' for f in formats))
  
          ctx = {
              'formats': formats,
              'incomplete_formats': incomplete_formats,
          }
  
          formats_to_download = list(format_selector(ctx))
          if not formats_to_download:
              if not self.params.get('ignore_no_formats_error'):
                  raise ExtractorError('Requested format is not available', expected=True,
                                       video_id=info_dict['id'], ie=info_dict['extractor'])
              else:
                  self.report_warning('Requested format is not available')
                  # Process what we can, even without any available formats.
                  self.process_info(dict(info_dict))
          elif download:
              self.to_screen(
                  '[info] %s: Downloading %d format(s): %s' % (
                      info_dict['id'], len(formats_to_download),
                      ", ".join([f['format_id'] for f in formats_to_download])))
              for fmt in formats_to_download:
                  new_info = dict(info_dict)
                  # Save a reference to the original info_dict so that it can be modified in process_info if needed
                  new_info['__original_infodict'] = info_dict
                  new_info.update(fmt)
                  self.process_info(new_info)
          # We update the info dict with the selected best quality format (backwards compatibility)
          if formats_to_download:
              info_dict.update(formats_to_download[-1])
          return info_dict
  
      def process_subtitles(self, video_id, normal_subtitles, automatic_captions):
          """Select the requested subtitles and their format"""
          available_subs = {}
          if normal_subtitles and self.params.get('writesubtitles'):
              available_subs.update(normal_subtitles)
          if automatic_captions and self.params.get('writeautomaticsub'):
              for lang, cap_info in automatic_captions.items():
                  if lang not in available_subs:
                      available_subs[lang] = cap_info
  
          if (not self.params.get('writesubtitles') and not
                  self.params.get('writeautomaticsub') or not
                  available_subs):
              return None
  
          all_sub_langs = available_subs.keys()
          if self.params.get('allsubtitles', False):
              requested_langs = all_sub_langs
          elif self.params.get('subtitleslangs', False):
              # A list is used so that the order of languages will be the same as
              # given in subtitleslangs. See https://github.com/yt-dlp/yt-dlp/issues/1041
              requested_langs = []
              for lang_re in self.params.get('subtitleslangs'):
                  if lang_re == 'all':
                      requested_langs.extend(all_sub_langs)
                      continue
                  discard = lang_re[0] == '-'
                  if discard:
                      lang_re = lang_re[1:]
                  current_langs = filter(re.compile(lang_re + '$').match, all_sub_langs)
                  if discard:
                      for lang in current_langs:
                          while lang in requested_langs:
                              requested_langs.remove(lang)
                  else:
                      requested_langs.extend(current_langs)
              requested_langs = orderedSet(requested_langs)
          elif 'en' in available_subs:
              requested_langs = ['en']
          else:
              requested_langs = [list(all_sub_langs)[0]]
          if requested_langs:
              self.write_debug('Downloading subtitles: %s' % ', '.join(requested_langs))
  
          formats_query = self.params.get('subtitlesformat', 'best')
          formats_preference = formats_query.split('/') if formats_query else []
          subs = {}
          for lang in requested_langs:
              formats = available_subs.get(lang)
              if formats is None:
                  self.report_warning('%s subtitles not available for %s' % (lang, video_id))
                  continue
              for ext in formats_preference:
                  if ext == 'best':
                      f = formats[-1]
                      break
                  matches = list(filter(lambda f: f['ext'] == ext, formats))
                  if matches:
                      f = matches[-1]
                      break
              else:
                  f = formats[-1]
                  self.report_warning(
                      'No subtitle format found matching "%s" for language %s, '
                      'using %s' % (formats_query, lang, f['ext']))
              subs[lang] = f
          return subs
  
      def __forced_printings(self, info_dict, filename, incomplete):
          def print_mandatory(field, actual_field=None):
              if actual_field is None:
                  actual_field = field
              if (self.params.get('force%s' % field, False)
                      and (not incomplete or info_dict.get(actual_field) is not None)):
                  self.to_stdout(info_dict[actual_field])
  
          def print_optional(field):
              if (self.params.get('force%s' % field, False)
                      and info_dict.get(field) is not None):
                  self.to_stdout(info_dict[field])
  
          info_dict = info_dict.copy()
          if filename is not None:
              info_dict['filename'] = filename
          if info_dict.get('requested_formats') is not None:
              # For RTMP URLs, also include the playpath
              info_dict['urls'] = '\n'.join(f['url'] + f.get('play_path', '') for f in info_dict['requested_formats'])
          elif 'url' in info_dict:
              info_dict['urls'] = info_dict['url'] + info_dict.get('play_path', '')
  
          if self.params.get('forceprint') or self.params.get('forcejson'):
              self.post_extract(info_dict)
          for tmpl in self.params.get('forceprint', []):
              mobj = re.match(r'\w+(=?)$', tmpl)
              if mobj and mobj.group(1):
                  tmpl = f'{tmpl[:-1]} = %({tmpl[:-1]})s'
              elif mobj:
                  tmpl = '%({})s'.format(tmpl)
              self.to_stdout(self.evaluate_outtmpl(tmpl, info_dict))
  
          print_mandatory('title')
          print_mandatory('id')
          print_mandatory('url', 'urls')
          print_optional('thumbnail')
          print_optional('description')
          print_optional('filename')
          if self.params.get('forceduration') and info_dict.get('duration') is not None:
              self.to_stdout(formatSeconds(info_dict['duration']))
          print_mandatory('format')
  
          if self.params.get('forcejson'):
              self.to_stdout(json.dumps(self.sanitize_info(info_dict)))
  
      def dl(self, name, info, subtitle=False, test=False):
          if not info.get('url'):
              self.raise_no_formats(info, True)
  
          if test:
              verbose = self.params.get('verbose')
              params = {
                  'test': True,
                  'quiet': self.params.get('quiet') or not verbose,
                  'verbose': verbose,
                  'noprogress': not verbose,
                  'nopart': True,
                  'skip_unavailable_fragments': False,
                  'keep_fragments': False,
                  'overwrites': True,
                  '_no_ytdl_file': True,
              }
          else:
              params = self.params
          fd = get_suitable_downloader(info, params, to_stdout=(name == '-'))(self, params)
          if not test:
              for ph in self._progress_hooks:
                  fd.add_progress_hook(ph)
              urls = '", "'.join([f['url'] for f in info.get('requested_formats', [])] or [info['url']])
              self.write_debug('Invoking downloader on "%s"' % urls)
  
          new_info = copy.deepcopy(self._copy_infodict(info))
          if new_info.get('http_headers') is None:
              new_info['http_headers'] = self._calc_headers(new_info)
          return fd.download(name, new_info, subtitle)
  
      def process_info(self, info_dict):
          """Process a single resolved IE result."""
  
          assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
  
          max_downloads = self.params.get('max_downloads')
          if max_downloads is not None:
              if self._num_downloads >= int(max_downloads):
                  raise MaxDownloadsReached()
  
          # TODO: backward compatibility, to be removed
          info_dict['fulltitle'] = info_dict['title']
  
          if 'format' not in info_dict and 'ext' in info_dict:
              info_dict['format'] = info_dict['ext']
  
          if self._match_entry(info_dict) is not None:
              return
  
          self.post_extract(info_dict)
          self._num_downloads += 1
  
          # info_dict['_filename'] needs to be set for backward compatibility
          info_dict['_filename'] = full_filename = self.prepare_filename(info_dict, warn=True)
          temp_filename = self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'temp')
          files_to_move = {}
  
          # Forced printings
          self.__forced_printings(info_dict, full_filename, incomplete=('format' not in info_dict))
  
          if self.params.get('simulate'):
              if self.params.get('force_write_download_archive', False):
                  self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
              # Do nothing else if in simulate mode
              return
  
          if full_filename is None:
              return
          if not self._ensure_dir_exists(encodeFilename(full_filename)):
              return
          if not self._ensure_dir_exists(encodeFilename(temp_filename)):
              return
  
          if self._write_description('video', info_dict,
                                     self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'description')) is None:
              return
  
          sub_files = self._write_subtitles(info_dict, temp_filename)
          if sub_files is None:
              return
          files_to_move.update(dict(sub_files))
  
          thumb_files = self._write_thumbnails(
              'video', info_dict, temp_filename, self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'thumbnail'))
          if thumb_files is None:
              return
          files_to_move.update(dict(thumb_files))
  
          infofn = self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'infojson')
          _infojson_written = self._write_info_json('video', info_dict, infofn)
          if _infojson_written:
              info_dict['__infojson_filename'] = infofn
          elif _infojson_written is None:
              return
  
          # Note: Annotations are deprecated
          annofn = None
          if self.params.get('writeannotations', False):
              annofn = self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'annotation')
          if annofn:
              if not self._ensure_dir_exists(encodeFilename(annofn)):
                  return
              if not self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(annofn)):
                  self.to_screen('[info] Video annotations are already present')
              elif not info_dict.get('annotations'):
                  self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
              else:
                  try:
                      self.to_screen('[info] Writing video annotations to: ' + annofn)
                      with io.open(encodeFilename(annofn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
                          annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
                  except (KeyError, TypeError):
                      self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
                  except (OSError, IOError):
                      self.report_error('Cannot write annotations file: ' + annofn)
                      return
  
          # Write internet shortcut files
          def _write_link_file(link_type):
              if 'webpage_url' not in info_dict:
                  self.report_error('Cannot write internet shortcut file because the "webpage_url" field is missing in the media information')
                  return False
              linkfn = replace_extension(self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'link'), link_type, info_dict.get('ext'))
              if self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(linkfn)):
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] Internet shortcut (.{link_type}) is already present')
                  return True
              try:
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing internet shortcut (.{link_type}) to: {linkfn}')
                  with io.open(encodeFilename(to_high_limit_path(linkfn)), 'w', encoding='utf-8',
                               newline='\r\n' if link_type == 'url' else '\n') as linkfile:
                      template_vars = {'url': iri_to_uri(info_dict['webpage_url'])}
                      if link_type == 'desktop':
                          template_vars['filename'] = linkfn[:-(len(link_type) + 1)]
                      linkfile.write(LINK_TEMPLATES[link_type] % template_vars)
              except (OSError, IOError):
                  self.report_error(f'Cannot write internet shortcut {linkfn}')
                  return False
              return True
  
          write_links = {
              'url': self.params.get('writeurllink'),
              'webloc': self.params.get('writewebloclink'),
              'desktop': self.params.get('writedesktoplink'),
          }
          if self.params.get('writelink'):
              link_type = ('webloc' if sys.platform == 'darwin'
                           else 'desktop' if sys.platform.startswith('linux')
                           else 'url')
              write_links[link_type] = True
  
          if any(should_write and not _write_link_file(link_type)
                 for link_type, should_write in write_links.items()):
              return
  
          try:
              info_dict, files_to_move = self.pre_process(info_dict, 'before_dl', files_to_move)
          except PostProcessingError as err:
              self.report_error('Preprocessing: %s' % str(err))
              return
  
          must_record_download_archive = False
          if self.params.get('skip_download', False):
              info_dict['filepath'] = temp_filename
              info_dict['__finaldir'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(full_filename)))
              info_dict['__files_to_move'] = files_to_move
              info_dict = self.run_pp(MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP(self, False), info_dict)
          else:
              # Download
              info_dict.setdefault('__postprocessors', [])
              try:
  
                  def existing_file(*filepaths):
                      ext = info_dict.get('ext')
                      final_ext = self.params.get('final_ext', ext)
                      existing_files = []
                      for file in orderedSet(filepaths):
                          if final_ext != ext:
                              converted = replace_extension(file, final_ext, ext)
                              if os.path.exists(encodeFilename(converted)):
                                  existing_files.append(converted)
                          if os.path.exists(encodeFilename(file)):
                              existing_files.append(file)
  
                      if not existing_files or self.params.get('overwrites', False):
                          for file in orderedSet(existing_files):
                              self.report_file_delete(file)
                              os.remove(encodeFilename(file))
                          return None
  
                      info_dict['ext'] = os.path.splitext(existing_files[0])[1][1:]
                      return existing_files[0]
  
                  success = True
                  if info_dict.get('requested_formats') is not None:
  
                      def compatible_formats(formats):
                          # TODO: some formats actually allow this (mkv, webm, ogg, mp4), but not all of them.
                          video_formats = [format for format in formats if format.get('vcodec') != 'none']
                          audio_formats = [format for format in formats if format.get('acodec') != 'none']
                          if len(video_formats) > 2 or len(audio_formats) > 2:
                              return False
  
                          # Check extension
                          exts = set(format.get('ext') for format in formats)
                          COMPATIBLE_EXTS = (
                              set(('mp3', 'mp4', 'm4a', 'm4p', 'm4b', 'm4r', 'm4v', 'ismv', 'isma')),
                              set(('webm',)),
                          )
                          for ext_sets in COMPATIBLE_EXTS:
                              if ext_sets.issuperset(exts):
                                  return True
                          # TODO: Check acodec/vcodec
                          return False
  
                      requested_formats = info_dict['requested_formats']
                      old_ext = info_dict['ext']
                      if self.params.get('merge_output_format') is None:
                          if not compatible_formats(requested_formats):
                              info_dict['ext'] = 'mkv'
                              self.report_warning(
                                  'Requested formats are incompatible for merge and will be merged into mkv')
                          if (info_dict['ext'] == 'webm'
                                  and info_dict.get('thumbnails')
                                  # check with type instead of pp_key, __name__, or isinstance
                                  # since we dont want any custom PPs to trigger this
                                  and any(type(pp) == EmbedThumbnailPP for pp in self._pps['post_process'])):
                              info_dict['ext'] = 'mkv'
                              self.report_warning(
                                  'webm doesn\'t support embedding a thumbnail, mkv will be used')
                      new_ext = info_dict['ext']
  
                      def correct_ext(filename, ext=new_ext):
                          if filename == '-':
                              return filename
                          filename_real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)[1][1:]
                          filename_wo_ext = (
                              os.path.splitext(filename)[0]
                              if filename_real_ext in (old_ext, new_ext)
                              else filename)
                          return '%s.%s' % (filename_wo_ext, ext)
  
                      # Ensure filename always has a correct extension for successful merge
                      full_filename = correct_ext(full_filename)
                      temp_filename = correct_ext(temp_filename)
                      dl_filename = existing_file(full_filename, temp_filename)
                      info_dict['__real_download'] = False
  
                      if dl_filename is not None:
                          self.report_file_already_downloaded(dl_filename)
                      elif get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, self.params, to_stdout=temp_filename == '-'):
                          info_dict['url'] = '\n'.join(f['url'] for f in requested_formats)
                          success, real_download = self.dl(temp_filename, info_dict)
                          info_dict['__real_download'] = real_download
                      else:
                          downloaded = []
                          merger = FFmpegMergerPP(self)
                          if self.params.get('allow_unplayable_formats'):
                              self.report_warning(
                                  'You have requested merging of multiple formats '
                                  'while also allowing unplayable formats to be downloaded. '
                                  'The formats won\'t be merged to prevent data corruption.')
                          elif not merger.available:
                              self.report_warning(
                                  'You have requested merging of multiple formats but ffmpeg is not installed. '
                                  'The formats won\'t be merged.')
  
                          if temp_filename == '-':
                              reason = ('using a downloader other than ffmpeg' if FFmpegFD.can_merge_formats(info_dict)
                                        else 'but the formats are incompatible for simultaneous download' if merger.available
                                        else 'but ffmpeg is not installed')
                              self.report_warning(
                                  f'You have requested downloading multiple formats to stdout {reason}. '
                                  'The formats will be streamed one after the other')
                              fname = temp_filename
                          for f in requested_formats:
                              new_info = dict(info_dict)
                              del new_info['requested_formats']
                              new_info.update(f)
                              if temp_filename != '-':
                                  fname = prepend_extension(
                                      correct_ext(temp_filename, new_info['ext']),
                                      'f%s' % f['format_id'], new_info['ext'])
                                  if not self._ensure_dir_exists(fname):
                                      return
                                  f['filepath'] = fname
                                  downloaded.append(fname)
                              partial_success, real_download = self.dl(fname, new_info)
                              info_dict['__real_download'] = info_dict['__real_download'] or real_download
                              success = success and partial_success
                          if merger.available and not self.params.get('allow_unplayable_formats'):
                              info_dict['__postprocessors'].append(merger)
                              info_dict['__files_to_merge'] = downloaded
                              # Even if there were no downloads, it is being merged only now
                              info_dict['__real_download'] = True
                          else:
                              for file in downloaded:
                                  files_to_move[file] = None
                  else:
                      # Just a single file
                      dl_filename = existing_file(full_filename, temp_filename)
                      if dl_filename is None or dl_filename == temp_filename:
                          # dl_filename == temp_filename could mean that the file was partially downloaded with --no-part.
                          # So we should try to resume the download
                          success, real_download = self.dl(temp_filename, info_dict)
                          info_dict['__real_download'] = real_download
                      else:
                          self.report_file_already_downloaded(dl_filename)
  
                  dl_filename = dl_filename or temp_filename
                  info_dict['__finaldir'] = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(encodeFilename(full_filename)))
  
              except network_exceptions as err:
                  self.report_error('unable to download video data: %s' % error_to_compat_str(err))
                  return
              except (OSError, IOError) as err:
                  raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
              except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:
                  self.report_error('content too short (expected %s bytes and served %s)' % (err.expected, err.downloaded))
                  return
  
              if success and full_filename != '-':
  
                  def fixup():
                      do_fixup = True
                      fixup_policy = self.params.get('fixup')
                      vid = info_dict['id']
  
                      if fixup_policy in ('ignore', 'never'):
                          return
                      elif fixup_policy == 'warn':
                          do_fixup = False
                      elif fixup_policy != 'force':
                          assert fixup_policy in ('detect_or_warn', None)
                          if not info_dict.get('__real_download'):
                              do_fixup = False
  
                      def ffmpeg_fixup(cndn, msg, cls):
                          if not cndn:
                              return
                          if not do_fixup:
                              self.report_warning(f'{vid}: {msg}')
                              return
                          pp = cls(self)
                          if pp.available:
                              info_dict['__postprocessors'].append(pp)
                          else:
                              self.report_warning(f'{vid}: {msg}. Install ffmpeg to fix this automatically')
  
                      stretched_ratio = info_dict.get('stretched_ratio')
                      ffmpeg_fixup(
                          stretched_ratio not in (1, None),
                          f'Non-uniform pixel ratio {stretched_ratio}',
                          FFmpegFixupStretchedPP)
  
                      ffmpeg_fixup(
                          (info_dict.get('requested_formats') is None
                           and info_dict.get('container') == 'm4a_dash'
                           and info_dict.get('ext') == 'm4a'),
                          'writing DASH m4a. Only some players support this container',
                          FFmpegFixupM4aPP)
  
                      downloader = get_suitable_downloader(info_dict, self.params) if 'protocol' in info_dict else None
                      downloader = downloader.__name__ if downloader else None
                      ffmpeg_fixup(info_dict.get('requested_formats') is None and downloader == 'HlsFD',
                                   'malformed AAC bitstream detected', FFmpegFixupM3u8PP)
                      ffmpeg_fixup(downloader == 'WebSocketFragmentFD', 'malformed timestamps detected', FFmpegFixupTimestampPP)
                      ffmpeg_fixup(downloader == 'WebSocketFragmentFD', 'malformed duration detected', FFmpegFixupDurationPP)
  
                  fixup()
                  try:
                      info_dict = self.post_process(dl_filename, info_dict, files_to_move)
                  except PostProcessingError as err:
                      self.report_error('Postprocessing: %s' % str(err))
                      return
                  try:
                      for ph in self._post_hooks:
                          ph(info_dict['filepath'])
                  except Exception as err:
                      self.report_error('post hooks: %s' % str(err))
                      return
                  must_record_download_archive = True
  
          if must_record_download_archive or self.params.get('force_write_download_archive', False):
              self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
          max_downloads = self.params.get('max_downloads')
          if max_downloads is not None and self._num_downloads >= int(max_downloads):
              raise MaxDownloadsReached()
  
      def download(self, url_list):
          """Download a given list of URLs."""
          outtmpl = self.outtmpl_dict['default']
          if (len(url_list) > 1
                  and outtmpl != '-'
                  and '%' not in outtmpl
                  and self.params.get('max_downloads') != 1):
              raise SameFileError(outtmpl)
  
          for url in url_list:
              try:
                  # It also downloads the videos
                  res = self.extract_info(
                      url, force_generic_extractor=self.params.get('force_generic_extractor', False))
              except UnavailableVideoError:
                  self.report_error('unable to download video')
              except DownloadCancelled as e:
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] {e.msg}')
                  raise
              else:
                  if self.params.get('dump_single_json', False):
                      self.post_extract(res)
                      self.to_stdout(json.dumps(self.sanitize_info(res)))
  
          return self._download_retcode
  
      def download_with_info_file(self, info_filename):
          with contextlib.closing(fileinput.FileInput(
                  [info_filename], mode='r',
                  openhook=fileinput.hook_encoded('utf-8'))) as f:
              # FileInput doesn't have a read method, we can't call json.load
              info = self.sanitize_info(json.loads('\n'.join(f)), self.params.get('clean_infojson', True))
          try:
              self.process_ie_result(info, download=True)
          except (DownloadError, EntryNotInPlaylist, ThrottledDownload):
              webpage_url = info.get('webpage_url')
              if webpage_url is not None:
                  self.report_warning('The info failed to download, trying with "%s"' % webpage_url)
                  return self.download([webpage_url])
              else:
                  raise
          return self._download_retcode
  
      @staticmethod
      def sanitize_info(info_dict, remove_private_keys=False):
          ''' Sanitize the infodict for converting to json '''
          if info_dict is None:
              return info_dict
          info_dict.setdefault('epoch', int(time.time()))
          remove_keys = {'__original_infodict'}  # Always remove this since this may contain a copy of the entire dict
          keep_keys = ['_type'],  # Always keep this to facilitate load-info-json
          if remove_private_keys:
              remove_keys |= {
                  'requested_formats', 'requested_subtitles', 'requested_entries',
                  'filepath', 'entries', 'original_url', 'playlist_autonumber',
              }
              empty_values = (None, {}, [], set(), tuple())
              reject = lambda k, v: k not in keep_keys and (
                  k.startswith('_') or k in remove_keys or v in empty_values)
          else:
              reject = lambda k, v: k in remove_keys
          filter_fn = lambda obj: (
              list(map(filter_fn, obj)) if isinstance(obj, (LazyList, list, tuple, set))
              else obj if not isinstance(obj, dict)
              else dict((k, filter_fn(v)) for k, v in obj.items() if not reject(k, v)))
          return filter_fn(info_dict)
  
      @staticmethod
      def filter_requested_info(info_dict, actually_filter=True):
          ''' Alias of sanitize_info for backward compatibility '''
          return YoutubeDL.sanitize_info(info_dict, actually_filter)
  
      def run_pp(self, pp, infodict):
          files_to_delete = []
          if '__files_to_move' not in infodict:
              infodict['__files_to_move'] = {}
          try:
              files_to_delete, infodict = pp.run(infodict)
          except PostProcessingError as e:
              # Must be True and not 'only_download'
              if self.params.get('ignoreerrors') is True:
                  self.report_error(e)
                  return infodict
              raise
  
          if not files_to_delete:
              return infodict
          if self.params.get('keepvideo', False):
              for f in files_to_delete:
                  infodict['__files_to_move'].setdefault(f, '')
          else:
              for old_filename in set(files_to_delete):
                  self.to_screen('Deleting original file %s (pass -k to keep)' % old_filename)
                  try:
                      os.remove(encodeFilename(old_filename))
                  except (IOError, OSError):
                      self.report_warning('Unable to remove downloaded original file')
                  if old_filename in infodict['__files_to_move']:
                      del infodict['__files_to_move'][old_filename]
          return infodict
  
      @staticmethod
      def post_extract(info_dict):
          def actual_post_extract(info_dict):
              if info_dict.get('_type') in ('playlist', 'multi_video'):
                  for video_dict in info_dict.get('entries', {}):
                      actual_post_extract(video_dict or {})
                  return
  
              post_extractor = info_dict.get('__post_extractor') or (lambda: {})
              extra = post_extractor().items()
              info_dict.update(extra)
              info_dict.pop('__post_extractor', None)
  
              original_infodict = info_dict.get('__original_infodict') or {}
              original_infodict.update(extra)
              original_infodict.pop('__post_extractor', None)
  
          actual_post_extract(info_dict or {})
  
      def pre_process(self, ie_info, key='pre_process', files_to_move=None):
          info = dict(ie_info)
          info['__files_to_move'] = files_to_move or {}
          for pp in self._pps[key]:
              info = self.run_pp(pp, info)
          return info, info.pop('__files_to_move', None)
  
      def post_process(self, filename, ie_info, files_to_move=None):
          """Run all the postprocessors on the given file."""
          info = dict(ie_info)
          info['filepath'] = filename
          info['__files_to_move'] = files_to_move or {}
  
          for pp in ie_info.get('__postprocessors', []) + self._pps['post_process']:
              info = self.run_pp(pp, info)
          info = self.run_pp(MoveFilesAfterDownloadPP(self), info)
          del info['__files_to_move']
          for pp in self._pps['after_move']:
              info = self.run_pp(pp, info)
          return info
  
      def _make_archive_id(self, info_dict):
          video_id = info_dict.get('id')
          if not video_id:
              return
          # Future-proof against any change in case
          # and backwards compatibility with prior versions
          extractor = info_dict.get('extractor_key') or info_dict.get('ie_key')  # key in a playlist
          if extractor is None:
              url = str_or_none(info_dict.get('url'))
              if not url:
                  return
              # Try to find matching extractor for the URL and take its ie_key
              for ie_key, ie in self._ies.items():
                  if ie.suitable(url):
                      extractor = ie_key
                      break
              else:
                  return
          return '%s %s' % (extractor.lower(), video_id)
  
      def in_download_archive(self, info_dict):
          fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
          if fn is None:
              return False
  
          vid_id = self._make_archive_id(info_dict)
          if not vid_id:
              return False  # Incomplete video information
  
          return vid_id in self.archive
  
      def record_download_archive(self, info_dict):
          fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
          if fn is None:
              return
          vid_id = self._make_archive_id(info_dict)
          assert vid_id
          with locked_file(fn, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
              archive_file.write(vid_id + '\n')
          self.archive.add(vid_id)
  
      @staticmethod
      def format_resolution(format, default='unknown'):
          is_images = format.get('vcodec') == 'none' and format.get('acodec') == 'none'
          if format.get('vcodec') == 'none' and format.get('acodec') != 'none':
              return 'audio only'
          if format.get('resolution') is not None:
              return format['resolution']
          if format.get('width') and format.get('height'):
              res = '%dx%d' % (format['width'], format['height'])
          elif format.get('height'):
              res = '%sp' % format['height']
          elif format.get('width'):
              res = '%dx?' % format['width']
          elif is_images:
              return 'images'
          else:
              return default
          return f'{res} images' if is_images else res
  
      def _format_note(self, fdict):
          res = ''
          if fdict.get('ext') in ['f4f', 'f4m']:
              res += '(unsupported) '
          if fdict.get('language'):
              if res:
                  res += ' '
              res += '[%s] ' % fdict['language']
          if fdict.get('format_note') is not None:
              res += fdict['format_note'] + ' '
          if fdict.get('tbr') is not None:
              res += '%4dk ' % fdict['tbr']
          if fdict.get('container') is not None:
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              res += '%s container' % fdict['container']
          if (fdict.get('vcodec') is not None
                  and fdict.get('vcodec') != 'none'):
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              res += fdict['vcodec']
              if fdict.get('vbr') is not None:
                  res += '@'
          elif fdict.get('vbr') is not None and fdict.get('abr') is not None:
              res += 'video@'
          if fdict.get('vbr') is not None:
              res += '%4dk' % fdict['vbr']
          if fdict.get('fps') is not None:
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              res += '%sfps' % fdict['fps']
          if fdict.get('acodec') is not None:
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              if fdict['acodec'] == 'none':
                  res += 'video only'
              else:
                  res += '%-5s' % fdict['acodec']
          elif fdict.get('abr') is not None:
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              res += 'audio'
          if fdict.get('abr') is not None:
              res += '@%3dk' % fdict['abr']
          if fdict.get('asr') is not None:
              res += ' (%5dHz)' % fdict['asr']
          if fdict.get('filesize') is not None:
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              res += format_bytes(fdict['filesize'])
          elif fdict.get('filesize_approx') is not None:
              if res:
                  res += ', '
              res += '~' + format_bytes(fdict['filesize_approx'])
          return res
  
      def _list_format_headers(self, *headers):
          if self.params.get('listformats_table', True) is not False:
              return [self._format_screen(header, self.Styles.HEADERS) for header in headers]
          return headers
  
      def list_formats(self, info_dict):
          formats = info_dict.get('formats', [info_dict])
          new_format = self.params.get('listformats_table', True) is not False
          if new_format:
              tbr_digits = number_of_digits(max(f.get('tbr') or 0 for f in formats))
              vbr_digits = number_of_digits(max(f.get('vbr') or 0 for f in formats))
              abr_digits = number_of_digits(max(f.get('abr') or 0 for f in formats))
              delim = self._format_screen('\u2502', self.Styles.DELIM, '|', test_encoding=True)
              table = [
                  [
                      self._format_screen(format_field(f, 'format_id'), self.Styles.ID),
                      format_field(f, 'ext'),
                      self.format_resolution(f),
                      format_field(f, 'fps', '%d'),
                      format_field(f, 'dynamic_range', '%s', ignore=(None, 'SDR')).replace('HDR', ''),
                      delim,
                      format_field(f, 'filesize', ' %s', func=format_bytes) + format_field(f, 'filesize_approx', '~%s', func=format_bytes),
                      format_field(f, 'tbr', f'%{tbr_digits}dk'),
                      shorten_protocol_name(f.get('protocol', '').replace("native", "n")),
                      delim,
                      format_field(f, 'vcodec', default='unknown').replace('none', ''),
                      format_field(f, 'vbr', f'%{vbr_digits}dk'),
                      format_field(f, 'acodec', default='unknown').replace('none', ''),
                      format_field(f, 'abr', f'%{abr_digits}dk'),
                      format_field(f, 'asr', '%5dHz'),
                      ', '.join(filter(None, (
                          self._format_screen('UNSUPPORTED', 'light red') if f.get('ext') in ('f4f', 'f4m') else '',
                          format_field(f, 'language', '[%s]'),
                          format_field(f, 'format_note'),
                          format_field(f, 'container', ignore=(None, f.get('ext'))),
                      ))),
                  ] for f in formats if f.get('preference') is None or f['preference'] >= -1000]
              header_line = self._list_format_headers(
                  'ID', 'EXT', 'RESOLUTION', 'FPS', 'HDR', delim, ' FILESIZE', '  TBR', 'PROTO',
                  delim, 'VCODEC', '  VBR', 'ACODEC', ' ABR', ' ASR', 'MORE INFO')
          else:
              table = [
                  [
                      format_field(f, 'format_id'),
                      format_field(f, 'ext'),
                      self.format_resolution(f),
                      self._format_note(f)]
                  for f in formats
                  if f.get('preference') is None or f['preference'] >= -1000]
              header_line = ['format code', 'extension', 'resolution', 'note']
  
          self.to_screen(
              '[info] Available formats for %s:' % info_dict['id'])
          self.to_stdout(render_table(
              header_line, table,
              extraGap=(0 if new_format else 1),
              hideEmpty=new_format,
              delim=new_format and self._format_screen('\u2500', self.Styles.DELIM, '-', test_encoding=True)))
  
      def list_thumbnails(self, info_dict):
          thumbnails = list(info_dict.get('thumbnails'))
          if not thumbnails:
              self.to_screen('[info] No thumbnails present for %s' % info_dict['id'])
              return
  
          self.to_screen(
              '[info] Thumbnails for %s:' % info_dict['id'])
          self.to_stdout(render_table(
              self._list_format_headers('ID', 'Width', 'Height', 'URL'),
              [[t['id'], t.get('width', 'unknown'), t.get('height', 'unknown'), t['url']] for t in thumbnails]))
  
      def list_subtitles(self, video_id, subtitles, name='subtitles'):
          if not subtitles:
              self.to_screen('%s has no %s' % (video_id, name))
              return
          self.to_screen(
              'Available %s for %s:' % (name, video_id))
  
          def _row(lang, formats):
              exts, names = zip(*((f['ext'], f.get('name') or 'unknown') for f in reversed(formats)))
              if len(set(names)) == 1:
                  names = [] if names[0] == 'unknown' else names[:1]
              return [lang, ', '.join(names), ', '.join(exts)]
  
          self.to_stdout(render_table(
              self._list_format_headers('Language', 'Name', 'Formats'),
              [_row(lang, formats) for lang, formats in subtitles.items()],
              hideEmpty=True))
  
      def urlopen(self, req):
          """ Start an HTTP download """
          if isinstance(req, compat_basestring):
              req = sanitized_Request(req)
          return self._opener.open(req, timeout=self._socket_timeout)
  
      def print_debug_header(self):
          if not self.params.get('verbose'):
              return
  
          def get_encoding(stream):
              ret = getattr(stream, 'encoding', 'missing (%s)' % type(stream).__name__)
              if not supports_terminal_sequences(stream):
                  ret += ' (No ANSI)'
              return ret
  
          encoding_str = 'Encodings: locale %s, fs %s, out %s, err %s, pref %s' % (
              locale.getpreferredencoding(),
              sys.getfilesystemencoding(),
              get_encoding(self._screen_file), get_encoding(self._err_file),
              self.get_encoding())
  
          logger = self.params.get('logger')
          if logger:
              write_debug = lambda msg: logger.debug(f'[debug] {msg}')
              write_debug(encoding_str)
          else:
              write_string(f'[debug] {encoding_str}\n', encoding=None)
              write_debug = lambda msg: self._write_string(f'[debug] {msg}\n')
  
          source = detect_variant()
          write_debug('yt-dlp version %s%s' % (__version__, '' if source == 'unknown' else f' ({source})'))
          if not _LAZY_LOADER:
              if os.environ.get('YTDLP_NO_LAZY_EXTRACTORS'):
                  write_debug('Lazy loading extractors is forcibly disabled')
              else:
                  write_debug('Lazy loading extractors is disabled')
          if plugin_extractors or plugin_postprocessors:
              write_debug('Plugins: %s' % [
                  '%s%s' % (klass.__name__, '' if klass.__name__ == name else f' as {name}')
                  for name, klass in itertools.chain(plugin_extractors.items(), plugin_postprocessors.items())])
          if self.params.get('compat_opts'):
              write_debug('Compatibility options: %s' % ', '.join(self.params.get('compat_opts')))
          try:
              sp = Popen(
                  ['git', 'rev-parse', '--short', 'HEAD'],
                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
                  cwd=os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
              out, err = sp.communicate_or_kill()
              out = out.decode().strip()
              if re.match('[0-9a-f]+', out):
                  write_debug('Git HEAD: %s' % out)
          except Exception:
              try:
                  sys.exc_clear()
              except Exception:
                  pass
  
          def python_implementation():
              impl_name = platform.python_implementation()
              if impl_name == 'PyPy' and hasattr(sys, 'pypy_version_info'):
                  return impl_name + ' version %d.%d.%d' % sys.pypy_version_info[:3]
              return impl_name
  
          write_debug('Python version %s (%s %s) - %s' % (
              platform.python_version(),
              python_implementation(),
              platform.architecture()[0],
              platform_name()))
  
          exe_versions = FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions(self)
          exe_versions['rtmpdump'] = rtmpdump_version()
          exe_versions['phantomjs'] = PhantomJSwrapper._version()
          exe_str = ', '.join(
              f'{exe} {v}' for exe, v in sorted(exe_versions.items()) if v
          ) or 'none'
          write_debug('exe versions: %s' % exe_str)
  
          from .downloader.websocket import has_websockets
          from .postprocessor.embedthumbnail import has_mutagen
          from .cookies import SQLITE_AVAILABLE, KEYRING_AVAILABLE
  
          lib_str = ', '.join(sorted(filter(None, (
              compat_pycrypto_AES and compat_pycrypto_AES.__name__.split('.')[0],
              has_websockets and 'websockets',
              has_mutagen and 'mutagen',
              SQLITE_AVAILABLE and 'sqlite',
              KEYRING_AVAILABLE and 'keyring',
          )))) or 'none'
          write_debug('Optional libraries: %s' % lib_str)
  
          proxy_map = {}
          for handler in self._opener.handlers:
              if hasattr(handler, 'proxies'):
                  proxy_map.update(handler.proxies)
          write_debug(f'Proxy map: {proxy_map}')
  
          # Not implemented
          if False and self.params.get('call_home'):
              ipaddr = self.urlopen('https://yt-dl.org/ip').read().decode('utf-8')
              write_debug('Public IP address: %s' % ipaddr)
              latest_version = self.urlopen(
                  'https://yt-dl.org/latest/version').read().decode('utf-8')
              if version_tuple(latest_version) > version_tuple(__version__):
                  self.report_warning(
                      'You are using an outdated version (newest version: %s)! '
                      'See https://yt-dl.org/update if you need help updating.' %
                      latest_version)
  
      def _setup_opener(self):
          timeout_val = self.params.get('socket_timeout')
          self._socket_timeout = 20 if timeout_val is None else float(timeout_val)
  
          opts_cookiesfrombrowser = self.params.get('cookiesfrombrowser')
          opts_cookiefile = self.params.get('cookiefile')
          opts_proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
  
          self.cookiejar = load_cookies(opts_cookiefile, opts_cookiesfrombrowser, self)
  
          cookie_processor = YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(self.cookiejar)
          if opts_proxy is not None:
              if opts_proxy == '':
                  proxies = {}
              else:
                  proxies = {'http': opts_proxy, 'https': opts_proxy}
          else:
              proxies = compat_urllib_request.getproxies()
              # Set HTTPS proxy to HTTP one if given (https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/805)
              if 'http' in proxies and 'https' not in proxies:
                  proxies['https'] = proxies['http']
          proxy_handler = PerRequestProxyHandler(proxies)
  
          debuglevel = 1 if self.params.get('debug_printtraffic') else 0
          https_handler = make_HTTPS_handler(self.params, debuglevel=debuglevel)
          ydlh = YoutubeDLHandler(self.params, debuglevel=debuglevel)
          redirect_handler = YoutubeDLRedirectHandler()
          data_handler = compat_urllib_request_DataHandler()
  
          # When passing our own FileHandler instance, build_opener won't add the
          # default FileHandler and allows us to disable the file protocol, which
          # can be used for malicious purposes (see
          # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8227)
          file_handler = compat_urllib_request.FileHandler()
  
          def file_open(*args, **kwargs):
              raise compat_urllib_error.URLError('file:// scheme is explicitly disabled in yt-dlp for security reasons')
          file_handler.file_open = file_open
  
          opener = compat_urllib_request.build_opener(
              proxy_handler, https_handler, cookie_processor, ydlh, redirect_handler, data_handler, file_handler)
  
          # Delete the default user-agent header, which would otherwise apply in
          # cases where our custom HTTP handler doesn't come into play
          # (See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/1309 for details)
          opener.addheaders = []
          self._opener = opener
  
      def encode(self, s):
          if isinstance(s, bytes):
              return s  # Already encoded
  
          try:
              return s.encode(self.get_encoding())
          except UnicodeEncodeError as err:
              err.reason = err.reason + '. Check your system encoding configuration or use the --encoding option.'
              raise
  
      def get_encoding(self):
          encoding = self.params.get('encoding')
          if encoding is None:
              encoding = preferredencoding()
          return encoding
  
      def _write_info_json(self, label, ie_result, infofn):
          ''' Write infojson and returns True = written, False = skip, None = error '''
          if not self.params.get('writeinfojson'):
              return False
          elif not infofn:
              self.write_debug(f'Skipping writing {label} infojson')
              return False
          elif not self._ensure_dir_exists(infofn):
              return None
          elif not self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(infofn):
              self.to_screen(f'[info] {label.title()} metadata is already present')
          else:
              self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing {label} metadata as JSON to: {infofn}')
              try:
                  write_json_file(self.sanitize_info(ie_result, self.params.get('clean_infojson', True)), infofn)
              except (OSError, IOError):
                  self.report_error(f'Cannot write {label} metadata to JSON file {infofn}')
                  return None
          return True
  
      def _write_description(self, label, ie_result, descfn):
          ''' Write description and returns True = written, False = skip, None = error '''
          if not self.params.get('writedescription'):
              return False
          elif not descfn:
              self.write_debug(f'Skipping writing {label} description')
              return False
          elif not self._ensure_dir_exists(descfn):
              return None
          elif not self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(descfn):
              self.to_screen(f'[info] {label.title()} description is already present')
          elif ie_result.get('description') is None:
              self.report_warning(f'There\'s no {label} description to write')
              return False
          else:
              try:
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing {label} description to: {descfn}')
                  with io.open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
                      descfile.write(ie_result['description'])
              except (OSError, IOError):
                  self.report_error(f'Cannot write {label} description file {descfn}')
                  return None
          return True
  
      def _write_subtitles(self, info_dict, filename):
          ''' Write subtitles to file and return list of (sub_filename, final_sub_filename); or None if error'''
          ret = []
          subtitles = info_dict.get('requested_subtitles')
          if not subtitles or not (self.params.get('writesubtitles') or self.params.get('writeautomaticsub')):
              # subtitles download errors are already managed as troubles in relevant IE
              # that way it will silently go on when used with unsupporting IE
              return ret
  
          sub_filename_base = self.prepare_filename(info_dict, 'subtitle')
          if not sub_filename_base:
              self.to_screen('[info] Skipping writing video subtitles')
              return ret
          for sub_lang, sub_info in subtitles.items():
              sub_format = sub_info['ext']
              sub_filename = subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format, info_dict.get('ext'))
              sub_filename_final = subtitles_filename(sub_filename_base, sub_lang, sub_format, info_dict.get('ext'))
              if not self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(sub_filename):
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] Video subtitle {sub_lang}.{sub_format} is already present')
                  sub_info['filepath'] = sub_filename
                  ret.append((sub_filename, sub_filename_final))
                  continue
  
              self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing video subtitles to: {sub_filename}')
              if sub_info.get('data') is not None:
                  try:
                      # Use newline='' to prevent conversion of newline characters
                      # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/10268
                      with io.open(sub_filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8', newline='') as subfile:
                          subfile.write(sub_info['data'])
                      sub_info['filepath'] = sub_filename
                      ret.append((sub_filename, sub_filename_final))
                      continue
                  except (OSError, IOError):
                      self.report_error(f'Cannot write video subtitles file {sub_filename}')
                      return None
  
              try:
                  sub_copy = sub_info.copy()
                  sub_copy.setdefault('http_headers', info_dict.get('http_headers'))
                  self.dl(sub_filename, sub_copy, subtitle=True)
                  sub_info['filepath'] = sub_filename
                  ret.append((sub_filename, sub_filename_final))
              except (ExtractorError, IOError, OSError, ValueError) + network_exceptions as err:
                  self.report_warning(f'Unable to download video subtitles for {sub_lang!r}: {err}')
                  continue
          return ret
  
      def _write_thumbnails(self, label, info_dict, filename, thumb_filename_base=None):
          ''' Write thumbnails to file and return list of (thumb_filename, final_thumb_filename) '''
          write_all = self.params.get('write_all_thumbnails', False)
          thumbnails, ret = [], []
          if write_all or self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
              thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails') or []
          multiple = write_all and len(thumbnails) > 1
  
          if thumb_filename_base is None:
              thumb_filename_base = filename
          if thumbnails and not thumb_filename_base:
              self.write_debug(f'Skipping writing {label} thumbnail')
              return ret
  
          for t in thumbnails[::-1]:
              thumb_ext = (f'{t["id"]}.' if multiple else '') + determine_ext(t['url'], 'jpg')
              thumb_display_id = f'{label} thumbnail' + (f' {t["id"]}' if multiple else '')
              thumb_filename = replace_extension(filename, thumb_ext, info_dict.get('ext'))
              thumb_filename_final = replace_extension(thumb_filename_base, thumb_ext, info_dict.get('ext'))
  
              if not self.params.get('overwrites', True) and os.path.exists(thumb_filename):
                  ret.append((thumb_filename, thumb_filename_final))
                  t['filepath'] = thumb_filename
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] {thumb_display_id.title()} is already present')
              else:
                  self.to_screen(f'[info] Downloading {thumb_display_id} ...')
                  try:
                      uf = self.urlopen(t['url'])
                      self.to_screen(f'[info] Writing {thumb_display_id} to: {thumb_filename}')
                      with open(encodeFilename(thumb_filename), 'wb') as thumbf:
                          shutil.copyfileobj(uf, thumbf)
                      ret.append((thumb_filename, thumb_filename_final))
                      t['filepath'] = thumb_filename
                  except network_exceptions as err:
                      self.report_warning(f'Unable to download {thumb_display_id}: {err}')
              if ret and not write_all:
                  break
          return ret
  