text: /*
   Formatting library tests.
  
   Copyright (c) 2012-2014, Victor Zverovich
   All rights reserved.
  
   Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
  
   1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
      list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice,
      this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
      and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
  
   THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND
   ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED
   WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE
   DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR
   ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
   (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES;
   LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND
   ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
   (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS
   SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
   */
  
  #include <cctype>
  #include <cfloat>
  #include <climits>
  #include <cmath>
  #include <cstring>
  #include <fstream>
  #include <iomanip>
  #include <memory>
  #include <sstream>
  #include <stdint.h>
  
  #if FMT_USE_TYPE_TRAITS
  # include <type_traits>
  #endif
  
  #include "gmock/gmock.h"
  
  // Test that the library compiles if None is defined to 0 as done by xlib.h.
  #define None 0
  
  #include "format.h"
  #include "util.h"
  #include "mock-allocator.h"
  #include "gtest-extra.h"
  
  #undef min
  #undef max
  
  using std::size_t;
  
  using fmt::BasicWriter;
  using fmt::format;
  using fmt::FormatError;
  using fmt::StringRef;
  using fmt::CStringRef;
  using fmt::MemoryWriter;
  using fmt::WMemoryWriter;
  using fmt::pad;
  
  namespace {
  
  // Format value using the standard library.
  template <typename Char, typename T>
  void std_format(const T &value, std::basic_string<Char> &result) {
    std::basic_ostringstream<Char> os;
    os << value;
    result = os.str();
  }
  
  #ifdef __MINGW32__
  // Workaround a bug in formatting long double in MinGW.
  void std_format(long double value, std::string &result) {
    char buffer[100];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%Lg", value);
    result = buffer;
  }
  void std_format(long double value, std::wstring &result) {
    wchar_t buffer[100];
    swprintf(buffer, L"%Lg", value);
    result = buffer;
  }
  #endif
  
  // Checks if writing value to BasicWriter<Char> produces the same result
  // as writing it to std::basic_ostringstream<Char>.
  template <typename Char, typename T>
  ::testing::AssertionResult check_write(const T &value, const char *type) {
    std::basic_string<Char> actual =
        (fmt::BasicMemoryWriter<Char>() << value).str();
    std::basic_string<Char> expected;
    std_format(value, expected);
    if (expected == actual)
      return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
    return ::testing::AssertionFailure()
        << "Value of: (Writer<" << type << ">() << value).str()\n"
        << "  Actual: " << actual << "\n"
        << "Expected: " << expected << "\n";
  }
  
  struct AnyWriteChecker {
    template <typename T>
    ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char *, const T &value) const {
      ::testing::AssertionResult result = check_write<char>(value, "char");
      return result ? check_write<wchar_t>(value, "wchar_t") : result;
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Char>
  struct WriteChecker {
    template <typename T>
    ::testing::AssertionResult operator()(const char *, const T &value) const {
      return check_write<Char>(value, "char");
    }
  };
  
  // Checks if writing value to BasicWriter produces the same result
  // as writing it to std::ostringstream both for char and wchar_t.
  #define CHECK_WRITE(value) EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(AnyWriteChecker(), value)
  
  #define CHECK_WRITE_CHAR(value) \
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<char>(), value)
  #define CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(value) \
    EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(WriteChecker<wchar_t>(), value)
  }  // namespace
  
  TEST(StringRefTest, Ctor) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc", StringRef("abc").data());
    EXPECT_EQ(3u, StringRef("abc").size());
  
    EXPECT_STREQ("defg", StringRef(std::string("defg")).data());
    EXPECT_EQ(4u, StringRef(std::string("defg")).size());
  }
  
  TEST(StringRefTest, ConvertToString) {
    std::string s = StringRef("abc").to_string();
    EXPECT_EQ("abc", s);
  }
  
  TEST(CStringRefTest, Ctor) {
    EXPECT_STREQ("abc", CStringRef("abc").c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("defg", CStringRef(std::string("defg")).c_str());
  }
  
  #if FMT_USE_TYPE_TRAITS
  TEST(WriterTest, NotCopyConstructible) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_constructible<BasicWriter<char> >::value);
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, NotCopyAssignable) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(std::is_copy_assignable<BasicWriter<char> >::value);
  }
  #endif
  
  TEST(WriterTest, Ctor) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, w.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("", w.c_str());
    EXPECT_EQ("", w.str());
  }
  
  #if FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
  
  void check_move_writer(const std::string &str, MemoryWriter &w) {
    MemoryWriter w2(std::move(w));
    // Move shouldn't destroy the inline content of the first writer.
    EXPECT_EQ(str, w.str());
    EXPECT_EQ(str, w2.str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, MoveCtor) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    w << "test";
    check_move_writer("test", w);
    // This fills the inline buffer, but doesn't cause dynamic allocation.
    std::string s;
    for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i)
      s += '*';
    w.clear();
    w << s;
    check_move_writer(s, w);
    const char *inline_buffer_ptr = w.data();
    // Adding one more character causes the content to move from the inline to
    // a dynamically allocated buffer.
    w << '*';
    MemoryWriter w2(std::move(w));
    // Move should rip the guts of the first writer.
    EXPECT_EQ(inline_buffer_ptr, w.data());
    EXPECT_EQ(s + '*', w2.str());
  }
  
  void CheckMoveAssignWriter(const std::string &str, MemoryWriter &w) {
    MemoryWriter w2;
    w2 = std::move(w);
    // Move shouldn't destroy the inline content of the first writer.
    EXPECT_EQ(str, w.str());
    EXPECT_EQ(str, w2.str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, MoveAssignment) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    w << "test";
    CheckMoveAssignWriter("test", w);
    // This fills the inline buffer, but doesn't cause dynamic allocation.
    std::string s;
    for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i)
      s += '*';
    w.clear();
    w << s;
    CheckMoveAssignWriter(s, w);
    const char *inline_buffer_ptr = w.data();
    // Adding one more character causes the content to move from the inline to
    // a dynamically allocated buffer.
    w << '*';
    MemoryWriter w2;
    w2 = std::move(w);
    // Move should rip the guts of the first writer.
    EXPECT_EQ(inline_buffer_ptr, w.data());
    EXPECT_EQ(s + '*', w2.str());
  }
  
  #endif  // FMT_USE_RVALUE_REFERENCES
  
  TEST(WriterTest, Allocator) {
    typedef testing::StrictMock< MockAllocator<char> > MockAllocator;
    typedef AllocatorRef<MockAllocator> TestAllocator;
    MockAllocator alloc;
    fmt::BasicMemoryWriter<char, TestAllocator> w((TestAllocator(&alloc)));
    std::size_t size =
        static_cast<std::size_t>(1.5 * fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
    std::vector<char> mem(size);
    EXPECT_CALL(alloc, allocate(size)).WillOnce(testing::Return(&mem[0]));
    for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE + 1; ++i)
      w << '*';
    EXPECT_CALL(alloc, deallocate(&mem[0], size));
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, Data) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    w << 42;
    EXPECT_EQ("42", std::string(w.data(), w.size()));
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteWithoutArgs) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    w.write("test");
    EXPECT_EQ("test", std::string(w.data(), w.size()));
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteInt) {
    CHECK_WRITE(42);
    CHECK_WRITE(-42);
    CHECK_WRITE(static_cast<short>(12));
    CHECK_WRITE(34u);
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<int>::min());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<int>::max());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteLong) {
    CHECK_WRITE(56l);
    CHECK_WRITE(78ul);
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long>::min());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long>::max());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<unsigned long>::max());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteLongLong) {
    CHECK_WRITE(56ll);
    CHECK_WRITE(78ull);
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long long>::min());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long long>::max());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<unsigned long long>::max());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteDouble) {
    CHECK_WRITE(4.2);
    CHECK_WRITE(-4.2);
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<double>::min());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<double>::max());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteLongDouble) {
    CHECK_WRITE(4.2l);
    CHECK_WRITE_CHAR(-4.2l);
    std::wstring str;
    std_format(4.2l, str);
    if (str[0] != '-')
      CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(-4.2l);
    else
      fmt::print("warning: long double formatting with std::swprintf is broken");
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long double>::min());
    CHECK_WRITE(std::numeric_limits<long double>::max());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteDoubleAtBufferBoundary) {
    MemoryWriter writer;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i)
      writer << 1.23456789;
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteDoubleWithFilledBuffer) {
    MemoryWriter writer;
    // Fill the buffer.
    for (int i = 0; i < fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE; ++i)
      writer << ' ';
    writer << 1.2;
    EXPECT_STREQ("1.2", writer.c_str() + fmt::internal::INLINE_BUFFER_SIZE);
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteChar) {
    CHECK_WRITE('a');
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideChar) {
    CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L'a');
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteString) {
    CHECK_WRITE_CHAR("abc");
    CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR("abc");
    // The following line shouldn't compile:
    //MemoryWriter() << L"abc";
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WriteWideString) {
    CHECK_WRITE_WCHAR(L"abc");
    // The following line shouldn't compile:
    //fmt::WMemoryWriter() << "abc";
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, bin) {
    using fmt::bin;
    EXPECT_EQ("1100101011111110", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xcafe)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("1011101010111110", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xbabeu)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("1101111010101101", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xdeadl)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("1011111011101111", (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xbeeful)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("11001010111111101011101010111110",
              (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xcafebabell)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("11011110101011011011111011101111",
              (MemoryWriter() << bin(0xdeadbeefull)).str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, oct) {
    using fmt::oct;
    EXPECT_EQ("12", (MemoryWriter() << oct(static_cast<short>(012))).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("12", (MemoryWriter() << oct(012)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("34", (MemoryWriter() << oct(034u)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("56", (MemoryWriter() << oct(056l)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("70", (MemoryWriter() << oct(070ul)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("1234", (MemoryWriter() << oct(01234ll)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("5670", (MemoryWriter() << oct(05670ull)).str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, hex) {
    using fmt::hex;
    fmt::IntFormatSpec<int, fmt::TypeSpec<'x'> > (*phex)(int value) = hex;
    phex(42);
    // This shouldn't compile:
    //fmt::IntFormatSpec<short, fmt::TypeSpec<'x'> > (*phex2)(short value) = hex;
  
    EXPECT_EQ("cafe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xcafe)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("babe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xbabeu)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("dead", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xdeadl)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("beef", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xbeeful)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("cafebabe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xcafebabell)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("deadbeef", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xdeadbeefull)).str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, hexu) {
    using fmt::hexu;
    EXPECT_EQ("CAFE", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xcafe)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("BABE", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xbabeu)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("DEAD", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xdeadl)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("BEEF", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xbeeful)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("CAFEBABE", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xcafebabell)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("DEADBEEF", (MemoryWriter() << hexu(0xdeadbeefull)).str());
  }
  
  class Date {
    int year_, month_, day_;
   public:
    Date(int year, int month, int day) : year_(year), month_(month), day_(day) {}
  
    int year() const { return year_; }
    int month() const { return month_; }
    int day() const { return day_; }
  
    friend std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, const Date &d) {
      os << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
      return os;
    }
  
    friend std::wostream &operator<<(std::wostream &os, const Date &d) {
      os << d.year_ << L'-' << d.month_ << L'-' << d.day_;
      return os;
    }
  
    template <typename Char>
    friend BasicWriter<Char> &operator<<(BasicWriter<Char> &f, const Date &d) {
      return f << d.year_ << '-' << d.month_ << '-' << d.day_;
    }
  };
  
  class ISO8601DateFormatter {
   const Date *date_;
  
  public:
    ISO8601DateFormatter(const Date &d) : date_(&d) {}
  
    template <typename Char>
    friend BasicWriter<Char> &operator<<(
        BasicWriter<Char> &w, const ISO8601DateFormatter &d) {
      return w << pad(d.date_->year(), 4, '0') << '-'
          << pad(d.date_->month(), 2, '0') << '-' << pad(d.date_->day(), 2, '0');
    }
  };
  
  ISO8601DateFormatter iso8601(const Date &d) { return ISO8601DateFormatter(d); }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, pad) {
    using fmt::hex;
    EXPECT_EQ("    cafe", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xcafe), 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("    babe", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xbabeu), 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("    dead", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xdeadl), 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("    beef", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xbeeful), 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("    dead", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xdeadll), 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("    beef", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xbeefull), 8)).str());
  
    EXPECT_EQ("     11", (MemoryWriter() << pad(11, 7)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("     22", (MemoryWriter() << pad(22u, 7)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("     33", (MemoryWriter() << pad(33l, 7)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("     44", (MemoryWriter() << pad(44ul, 7)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("     33", (MemoryWriter() << pad(33ll, 7)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("     44", (MemoryWriter() << pad(44ull, 7)).str());
  
    MemoryWriter w;
    w.clear();
    w << pad(42, 5, '0');
    EXPECT_EQ("00042", w.str());
    w.clear();
    w << Date(2012, 12, 9);
    EXPECT_EQ("2012-12-9", w.str());
    w.clear();
    w << iso8601(Date(2012, 1, 9));
    EXPECT_EQ("2012-01-09", w.str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, PadString) {
    EXPECT_EQ("test    ", (MemoryWriter() << pad("test", 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("test******", (MemoryWriter() << pad("test", 10, '*')).str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, PadWString) {
    EXPECT_EQ(L"test    ", (WMemoryWriter() << pad(L"test", 8)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ(L"test******", (WMemoryWriter() << pad(L"test", 10, '*')).str());
    EXPECT_EQ(L"test******", (WMemoryWriter() << pad(L"test", 10, L'*')).str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, NoConflictWithIOManip) {
    using namespace std;
    using namespace fmt;
    EXPECT_EQ("cafe", (MemoryWriter() << hex(0xcafe)).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("12", (MemoryWriter() << oct(012)).str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, Format) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    w.write("part{0}", 1);
    EXPECT_EQ(strlen("part1"), w.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("part1", w.c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("part1", w.data());
    EXPECT_EQ("part1", w.str());
    w.write("part{0}", 2);
    EXPECT_EQ(strlen("part1part2"), w.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("part1part2", w.c_str());
    EXPECT_STREQ("part1part2", w.data());
    EXPECT_EQ("part1part2", w.str());
  }
  
  TEST(WriterTest, WWriter) {
    EXPECT_EQ(L"cafe", (fmt::WMemoryWriter() << fmt::hex(0xcafe)).str());
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayWriterTest, Ctor) {
    char array[10] = "garbage";
    fmt::ArrayWriter w(array, sizeof(array));
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, w.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("", w.c_str());
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayWriterTest, CompileTimeSizeCtor) {
    char array[10] = "garbage";
    fmt::ArrayWriter w(array);
    EXPECT_EQ(0u, w.size());
    EXPECT_STREQ("", w.c_str());
    w.write("{:10}", 1);
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayWriterTest, Write) {
    char array[10];
    fmt::ArrayWriter w(array, sizeof(array));
    w.write("{}", 42);
    EXPECT_EQ("42", w.str());
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayWriterTest, BufferOverflow) {
    char array[10];
    fmt::ArrayWriter w(array, sizeof(array));
    w.write("{:10}", 1);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(w.write("{}", 1), std::runtime_error, "buffer overflow");
  }
  
  TEST(ArrayWriterTest, WChar) {
    wchar_t array[10];
    fmt::WArrayWriter w(array);
    w.write(L"{}", 42);
    EXPECT_EQ(L"42", w.str());
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, Escape) {
    EXPECT_EQ("{", format("{{"));
    EXPECT_EQ("before {", format("before {{"));
    EXPECT_EQ("{ after", format("{{ after"));
    EXPECT_EQ("before { after", format("before {{ after"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("}", format("}}"));
    EXPECT_EQ("before }", format("before }}"));
    EXPECT_EQ("} after", format("}} after"));
    EXPECT_EQ("before } after", format("before }} after"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("{}", format("{{}}"));
    EXPECT_EQ("{42}", format("{{{0}}}", 42));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, UnmatchedBraces) {
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("}"), FormatError, "unmatched '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0{}"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, NoArgs) {
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("test"));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, ArgsInDifferentPositions) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("before 42", format("before {0}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42 after", format("{0} after", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("before 42 after", format("before {0} after", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("answer = 42", format("{0} = {1}", "answer", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42 is the answer", format("{1} is the {0}", "answer", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("abracadabra", format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad"));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, ArgErrors) {
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{?}"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0"), FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}"), FormatError, "argument index out of range");
  
    char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u", INT_MAX);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError, "invalid format string");
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u}", INT_MAX);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError,
        "argument index out of range");
  
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError, "number is too big");
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str), FormatError, "number is too big");
  }
  
  #if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
  template <int N>
  struct TestFormat {
    template <typename... Args>
    static std::string format(fmt::CStringRef format_str, const Args & ... args) {
      return TestFormat<N - 1>::format(format_str, N - 1, args...);
    }
  };
  
  template <>
  struct TestFormat<0> {
    template <typename... Args>
    static std::string format(fmt::CStringRef format_str, const Args & ... args) {
      return fmt::format(format_str, args...);
    }
  };
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, ManyArgs) {
    EXPECT_EQ("19", TestFormat<20>::format("{19}"));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<20>::format("{20}"),
                     FormatError, "argument index out of range");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<21>::format("{21}"),
                     FormatError, "argument index out of range");
    enum { MAX_PACKED_ARGS = fmt::ArgList::MAX_PACKED_ARGS };
    std::string format_str = fmt::format("{{{}}}", MAX_PACKED_ARGS + 1);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(TestFormat<MAX_PACKED_ARGS>::format(format_str),
                     FormatError, "argument index out of range");
  }
  #endif
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, NamedArg) {
    EXPECT_EQ("1/a/A", format("{_1}/{a_}/{A_}", fmt::arg("a_", 'a'),
                              fmt::arg("A_", "A"), fmt::arg("_1", 1)));
    char a = 'A', b = 'B', c = 'C';
    EXPECT_EQ("BB/AA/CC", format("{1}{b}/{0}{a}/{2}{c}", FMT_CAPTURE(a, b, c)));
    EXPECT_EQ(" A", format("{a:>2}", FMT_CAPTURE(a)));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{a+}", FMT_CAPTURE(a)), FormatError,
                     "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{a}"), FormatError, "argument not found");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{d}", FMT_CAPTURE(a, b, c)), FormatError,
                     "argument not found");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{a}{}", FMT_CAPTURE(a)),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}{a}", FMT_CAPTURE(a)),
      FormatError, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42", format("{0:{width}}", -42, fmt::arg("width", 4)));
    EXPECT_EQ("st", format("{0:.{precision}}", "str", fmt::arg("precision", 2)));
    int n = 100;
    EXPECT_EQ(L"n=100", format(L"n={n}", FMT_CAPTURE_W(n)));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, AutoArgIndex) {
    EXPECT_EQ("abc", format("{}{}{}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}{}", 'a', 'b'),
        FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}{0}", 'a', 'b'),
        FormatError, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{:.{}}", 1.2345, 2));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}:.{}", 1.2345, 2),
        FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{:.{0}}", 1.2345, 2),
        FormatError, "cannot switch from automatic to manual argument indexing");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{}"), FormatError, "argument index out of range");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, EmptySpecs) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:}", 42));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, LeftAlign) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ("42  ", format("{0:<4x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("42   ", format("{0:<5}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42  ", format("{0:<5}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_EQ("c    ", format("{0:<5}", 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ("abc  ", format("{0:<5}", "abc"));
    EXPECT_EQ("0xface  ", format("{0:<8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
    EXPECT_EQ("def  ", format("{0:<5}", TestString("def")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, RightAlign) {
    EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:>4}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:>4o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:>4x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:>5}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("  -42", format("{0:>5}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_EQ("    c", format("{0:>5}", 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ("  abc", format("{0:>5}", "abc"));
    EXPECT_EQ("  0xface", format("{0:>8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
    EXPECT_EQ("  def", format("{0:>5}", TestString("def")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, NumericAlign) {
    EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:=4}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("+ 42", format("{0:=+4}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:=4o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ("+ 42", format("{0:=+4o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ("  42", format("{0:=4x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("+ 42", format("{0:=+4x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:=5}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("-  42", format("{0:=5}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5", 'c'),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", "abc"),
        FormatError, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)),
        FormatError, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:=5}", TestString("def")),
        FormatError, "format specifier '=' requires numeric argument");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, CenterAlign) {
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42  ", format("{0:^5}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42  ", format("{0:^6}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42 ", format("{0:^5}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_EQ("  c  ", format("{0:^5}", 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ(" abc  ", format("{0:^6}", "abc"));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 0xface ", format("{0:^8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
    EXPECT_EQ(" def ", format("{0:^5}", TestString("def")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, Fill) {
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid fill character '{'");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{<5}}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid fill character '{'");
    EXPECT_EQ("**42", format("{0:*>4}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("***42", format("{0:*>5}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("**-42", format("{0:*>5}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_EQ("c****", format("{0:*<5}", 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ("abc**", format("{0:*<5}", "abc"));
    EXPECT_EQ("**0xface", format("{0:*>8}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xface)));
    EXPECT_EQ("def**", format("{0:*<5}", TestString("def")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, PlusSign) {
    EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:+}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42u),
        FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ul),
        FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42ll));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 42ull),
        FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("+42", format("{0:+}", 42.0l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+", 'c'),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", "abc"),
        FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
        FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:+}", TestString()),
        FormatError, "format specifier '+' requires numeric argument");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, MinusSign) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:-}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42u),
        FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ul),
        FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42ll));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 42ull),
        FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:-}", 42.0l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-", 'c'),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", "abc"),
        FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
        FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:-}", TestString()),
        FormatError, "format specifier '-' requires numeric argument");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, SpaceSign) {
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0: }", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42u),
        FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ul),
        FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42ll));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 42ull),
        FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires signed argument");
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 42", format("{0: }", 42.0l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: ", 'c'),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", "abc"),
        FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
        FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0: }", TestString()),
        FormatError, "format specifier ' ' requires numeric argument");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, HashFlag) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:#}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("0b101010", format("{0:#b}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("0B101010", format("{0:#B}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0b101010", format("{0:#b}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("0X42", format("{0:#X}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0x42", format("{0:#x}", -0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ("-042", format("{0:#o}", -042));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042u));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:#}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0x42", format("{0:#x}", -0x42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042l));
    EXPECT_EQ("-042", format("{0:#o}", -042l));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ul));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:#}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0x42", format("{0:#x}", -0x42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("-042", format("{0:#o}", -042ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:#}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x42", format("{0:#x}", 0x42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("042", format("{0:#o}", 042ull));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("-42.0000", format("{0:#}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42.0000", format("{0:#}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#", 'c'),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", "abc"),
        FormatError, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
        FormatError, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:#}", TestString()),
        FormatError, "format specifier '#' requires numeric argument");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, ZeroFlag) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:0}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("00042", format("{0:05}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("-0042", format("{0:05}", -42.0l));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:0", 'c'),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", 'c'),
        FormatError, "invalid format specifier for char");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", "abc"),
        FormatError, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x42)),
        FormatError, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:05}", TestString()),
        FormatError, "format specifier '0' requires numeric argument");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, Width) {
    char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:%u", UINT_MAX);
    increment(format_str + 3);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
    format_str[size] = '}';
    format_str[size + 1] = 0;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42", format("{0:4}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:5}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("   -42", format("{0:6}", -42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("     42", format("{0:7}", 42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("   -42", format("{0:6}", -42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("     42", format("{0:7}", 42ull));
    EXPECT_EQ("   -1.23", format("{0:8}", -1.23));
    EXPECT_EQ("    -1.23", format("{0:9}", -1.23l));
    EXPECT_EQ("    0xcafe", format("{0:10}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)));
    EXPECT_EQ("x          ", format("{0:11}", 'x'));
    EXPECT_EQ("str         ", format("{0:12}", "str"));
    EXPECT_EQ("test         ", format("{0:13}", TestString("test")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, RuntimeWidth) {
    char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:{%u", UINT_MAX);
    increment(format_str + 4);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
    format_str[size] = '}';
    format_str[size + 1] = 0;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    format_str[size + 1] = '}';
    format_str[size + 2] = 0;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{", 0),
        FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{}", 0),
        FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{?}}", 0),
        FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0),
        FormatError, "argument index out of range");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{0:}}", 0),
        FormatError, "invalid format string");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, -1),
        FormatError, "negative width");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)),
        FormatError, "number is too big");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, -1l),
        FormatError, "negative width");
    if (fmt::internal::check(sizeof(long) > sizeof(int))) {
      long value = INT_MAX;
      EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (value + 1)),
          FormatError, "number is too big");
    }
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)),
        FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, '0'),
        FormatError, "width is not integer");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:{1}}", 0, 0.0),
        FormatError, "width is not integer");
  
    EXPECT_EQ(" -42", format("{0:{1}}", -42, 4));
    EXPECT_EQ("   42", format("{0:{1}}", 42u, 5));
    EXPECT_EQ("   -42", format("{0:{1}}", -42l, 6));
    EXPECT_EQ("     42", format("{0:{1}}", 42ul, 7));
    EXPECT_EQ("   -42", format("{0:{1}}", -42ll, 6));
    EXPECT_EQ("     42", format("{0:{1}}", 42ull, 7));
    EXPECT_EQ("   -1.23", format("{0:{1}}", -1.23, 8));
    EXPECT_EQ("    -1.23", format("{0:{1}}", -1.23l, 9));
    EXPECT_EQ("    0xcafe",
              format("{0:{1}}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 10));
    EXPECT_EQ("x          ", format("{0:{1}}", 'x', 11));
    EXPECT_EQ("str         ", format("{0:{1}}", "str", 12));
    EXPECT_EQ("test         ", format("{0:{1}}", TestString("test"), 13));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, Precision) {
    char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u", UINT_MAX);
    increment(format_str + 4);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
    format_str[size] = '}';
    format_str[size + 1] = 0;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u", INT_MAX + 1u);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.%u}", INT_MAX + 1u);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.", 0),
        FormatError, "missing precision specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.}", 0),
        FormatError, "missing precision specifier");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2", 0),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42u),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42u),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42l),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42l),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ul),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ul),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ll),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ll),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", 42ull),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", 42ull),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:3.0}", 'x'),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.2}", 1.2345));
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.2}", 1.2345l));
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in pointer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.2f}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe)),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in pointer format specifier");
  
    EXPECT_EQ("st", format("{0:.2}", "str"));
    EXPECT_EQ("te", format("{0:.2}", TestString("test")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, RuntimePrecision) {
    char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:.{%u", UINT_MAX);
    increment(format_str + 5);
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    std::size_t size = std::strlen(format_str);
    format_str[size] = '}';
    format_str[size + 1] = 0;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
    format_str[size + 1] = '}';
    format_str[size + 2] = 0;
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, 0), FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{", 0),
        FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{}", 0),
        FormatError, "cannot switch from manual to automatic argument indexing");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{?}}", 0),
        FormatError, "invalid format string");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}", 0, 0),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0),
        FormatError, "argument index out of range");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{0:}}", 0),
        FormatError, "invalid format string");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1),
        FormatError, "negative precision");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1u)),
        FormatError, "number is too big");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, -1l),
        FormatError, "negative precision");
    if (fmt::internal::check(sizeof(long) > sizeof(int))) {
      long value = INT_MAX;
      EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (value + 1)),
          FormatError, "number is too big");
    }
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, (INT_MAX + 1ul)),
        FormatError, "number is too big");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, '0'),
        FormatError, "precision is not integer");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 0, 0.0),
        FormatError, "precision is not integer");
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42u, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42u, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42l, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42l, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ul, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ul, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ll, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ll, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", 42ull, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", 42ull, 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:3.{1}}", 'x', 0),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in integer format specifier");
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{0:.{1}}", 1.2345, 2));
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2", format("{1:.{0}}", 2, 1.2345l));
  
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in pointer format specifier");
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:.{1}f}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xcafe), 2),
        FormatError, "precision not allowed in pointer format specifier");
  
    EXPECT_EQ("st", format("{0:.{1}}", "str", 2));
    EXPECT_EQ("te", format("{0:.{1}}", TestString("test"), 2));
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  void check_unknown_types(
      const T &value, const char *types, const char *type_name) {
    char format_str[BUFFER_SIZE], message[BUFFER_SIZE];
    const char *special = ".0123456789}";
    for (int i = CHAR_MIN; i <= CHAR_MAX; ++i) {
      char c = static_cast<char>(i);
      if (std::strchr(types, c) || std::strchr(special, c) || !c) continue;
      safe_sprintf(format_str, "{0:10%c}", c);
      if (std::isprint(static_cast<unsigned char>(c))) {
        safe_sprintf(message, "unknown format code '%c' for %s", c, type_name);
      } else {
        safe_sprintf(message, "unknown format code '\\x%02x' for %s", c,
                     type_name);
      }
      EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format(format_str, value), FormatError, message)
        << format_str << " " << message;
    }
  }
  
  TEST(BoolTest, FormatBool) {
    EXPECT_EQ("true", format("{}", true));
    EXPECT_EQ("false", format("{}", false));
    EXPECT_EQ("1", format("{:d}", true));
    EXPECT_EQ("true ", format("{:5}", true));
    EXPECT_EQ(L"true", format(L"{}", true));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatShort) {
    short s = 42;
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:d}", s));
    unsigned short us = 42;
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:d}", us));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatInt) {
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0:v", 42),
        FormatError, "missing '}' in format string");
    check_unknown_types(42, "bBdoxX", "integer");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatBin) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:b}", 0));
    EXPECT_EQ("101010", format("{0:b}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("101010", format("{0:b}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-101010", format("{0:b}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("11000000111001", format("{0:b}", 12345));
    EXPECT_EQ("10010001101000101011001111000", format("{0:b}", 0x12345678));
    EXPECT_EQ("10010000101010111100110111101111", format("{0:b}", 0x90ABCDEF));
    EXPECT_EQ("11111111111111111111111111111111",
              format("{0:b}", std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatDec) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0}", 0));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:d}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", 42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0}", -42));
    EXPECT_EQ("12345", format("{0}", 12345));
    EXPECT_EQ("67890", format("{0}", 67890));
    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%d", INT_MIN);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", INT_MIN));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%d", INT_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", INT_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%u", UINT_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", UINT_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%ld", 0 - static_cast<unsigned long>(LONG_MIN));
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", LONG_MIN));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%ld", LONG_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", LONG_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lu", ULONG_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0}", ULONG_MAX));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatHex) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:x}", 0));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:x}", 0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:x}", 0x42u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:x}", -0x42));
    EXPECT_EQ("12345678", format("{0:x}", 0x12345678));
    EXPECT_EQ("90abcdef", format("{0:x}", 0x90abcdef));
    EXPECT_EQ("12345678", format("{0:X}", 0x12345678));
    EXPECT_EQ("90ABCDEF", format("{0:X}", 0x90ABCDEF));
  
    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%x", 0 - static_cast<unsigned>(INT_MIN));
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", INT_MIN));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%x", INT_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", INT_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%x", UINT_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", UINT_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%lx", 0 - static_cast<unsigned long>(LONG_MIN));
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", LONG_MIN));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lx", LONG_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", LONG_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lx", ULONG_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:x}", ULONG_MAX));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatOct) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:o}", 0));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:o}", 042));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0:o}", 042u));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format("{0:o}", -042));
    EXPECT_EQ("12345670", format("{0:o}", 012345670));
    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%o", 0 - static_cast<unsigned>(INT_MIN));
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", INT_MIN));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%o", INT_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", INT_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%o", UINT_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", UINT_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "-%lo", 0 - static_cast<unsigned long>(LONG_MIN));
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", LONG_MIN));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lo", LONG_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", LONG_MAX));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%lo", ULONG_MAX);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:o}", ULONG_MAX));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatFloat) {
    EXPECT_EQ("392.500000", format("{0:f}", 392.5f));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatDouble) {
    check_unknown_types(1.2, "eEfFgGaA", "double");
    EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:}", 0.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("0.000000", format("{0:f}", 0.0));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:}", 392.65));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:g}", 392.65));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:G}", 392.65));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:f}", 392.65));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:F}", 392.65));
    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%e", 392.65);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:e}", 392.65));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%E", 392.65);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:E}", 392.65));
    EXPECT_EQ("+0000392.6", format("{0:+010.4g}", 392.65));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%a", -42.0);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:a}", -42.0));
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%A", -42.0);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:A}", -42.0));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatNaN) {
    double nan = std::numeric_limits<double>::quiet_NaN();
    EXPECT_EQ("nan", format("{}", nan));
    EXPECT_EQ("+nan", format("{:+}", nan));
    EXPECT_EQ(" nan", format("{: }", nan));
    EXPECT_EQ("NAN", format("{:F}", nan));
    EXPECT_EQ("nan    ", format("{:<7}", nan));
    EXPECT_EQ("  nan  ", format("{:^7}", nan));
    EXPECT_EQ("    nan", format("{:>7}", nan));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatInfinity) {
    double inf = std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity();
    EXPECT_EQ("inf", format("{}", inf));
    EXPECT_EQ("+inf", format("{:+}", inf));
    EXPECT_EQ("-inf", format("{}", -inf));
    EXPECT_EQ(" inf", format("{: }", inf));
    EXPECT_EQ("INF", format("{:F}", inf));
    EXPECT_EQ("inf    ", format("{:<7}", inf));
    EXPECT_EQ("  inf  ", format("{:^7}", inf));
    EXPECT_EQ("    inf", format("{:>7}", inf));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatLongDouble) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0", format("{0:}", 0.0l));
    EXPECT_EQ("0.000000", format("{0:f}", 0.0l));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:}", 392.65l));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:g}", 392.65l));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.65", format("{0:G}", 392.65l));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:f}", 392.65l));
    EXPECT_EQ("392.650000", format("{0:F}", 392.65l));
    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%Le", 392.65l);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{0:e}", 392.65l));
    EXPECT_EQ("+0000392.6", format("{0:+010.4g}", 392.64l));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatChar) {
    const char types[] = "cbBdoxX";
    check_unknown_types('a', types, "char");
    EXPECT_EQ("a", format("{0}", 'a'));
    EXPECT_EQ("z", format("{0:c}", 'z'));
    EXPECT_EQ(L"a", format(L"{0}", 'a'));
    int n = 'x';
    for (const char *type = types + 1; *type; ++type) {
      std::string format_str = fmt::format("{{:{}}}", *type);
      EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format(format_str, n), fmt::format(format_str, 'x'));
    }
    EXPECT_EQ(fmt::format("{:02X}", n), fmt::format("{:02X}", 'x'));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUnsignedChar) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{}", static_cast<unsigned char>(42)));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{}", static_cast<uint8_t>(42)));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatWChar) {
    EXPECT_EQ(L"a", format(L"{0}", L'a'));
    // This shouldn't compile:
    //format("{}", L'a');
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatCString) {
    check_unknown_types("test", "sp", "string");
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", "test"));
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", "test"));
    char nonconst[] = "nonconst";
    EXPECT_EQ("nonconst", format("{0}", nonconst));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<const char*>(0)),
        FormatError, "string pointer is null");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatSCharString) {
    signed char str[] = "test";
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", str));
    const signed char *const_str = str;
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", const_str));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUCharString) {
    unsigned char str[] = "test";
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", str));
    const unsigned char *const_str = str;
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0:s}", const_str));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatPointer) {
    check_unknown_types(reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234), "p", "pointer");
    EXPECT_EQ("0x0", format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0)));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x1234", format("{0:p}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(0x1234)));
    EXPECT_EQ("0x" + std::string(sizeof(void*) * CHAR_BIT / 4, 'f'),
        format("{0}", reinterpret_cast<void*>(~uintptr_t())));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatString) {
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", std::string("test")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatStringRef) {
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", StringRef("test")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatCStringRef) {
    EXPECT_EQ("test", format("{0}", CStringRef("test")));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatUsingIOStreams) {
    EXPECT_EQ("a string", format("{0}", TestString("a string")));
    std::string s = format("The date is {0}", Date(2012, 12, 9));
    EXPECT_EQ("The date is 2012-12-9", s);
    Date date(2012, 12, 9);
    check_unknown_types(date, "s", "string");
    EXPECT_EQ(L"The date is 2012-12-9",
              format(L"The date is {0}", Date(2012, 12, 9)));
  }
  
  class Answer {};
  
  template <typename Char>
  void format(fmt::BasicFormatter<Char> &f, const Char *, Answer) {
    f.writer() << "42";
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, CustomFormat) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{0}", Answer()));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, WideFormatString) {
    EXPECT_EQ(L"42", format(L"{}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ(L"4.2", format(L"{}", 4.2));
    EXPECT_EQ(L"abc", format(L"{}", L"abc"));
    EXPECT_EQ(L"z", format(L"{}", L'z'));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatStringFromSpeedTest) {
    EXPECT_EQ("1.2340000000:0042:+3.13:str:0x3e8:X:%",
        format("{0:0.10f}:{1:04}:{2:+g}:{3}:{4}:{5}:%",
            1.234, 42, 3.13, "str", reinterpret_cast<void*>(1000), 'X'));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, FormatExamples) {
    using fmt::hex;
    EXPECT_EQ("0000cafe", (MemoryWriter() << pad(hex(0xcafe), 8, '0')).str());
  
    std::string message = format("The answer is {}", 42);
    EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42", message);
  
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format("{}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format(std::string("{}"), 42));
  
    MemoryWriter out;
    out << "The answer is " << 42 << "\n";
    out.write("({:+f}, {:+f})", -3.14, 3.14);
    EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42\n(-3.140000, +3.140000)", out.str());
  
    {
      MemoryWriter writer;
      for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
        writer.write("{}", i);
      std::string s = writer.str(); // s == 0123456789
      EXPECT_EQ("0123456789", s);
    }
  
    const char *filename = "nonexistent";
    FILE *ftest = safe_fopen(filename, "r");
    if (ftest) fclose(ftest);
    int error_code = errno;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ftest == 0);
    EXPECT_SYSTEM_ERROR({
      FILE *f = safe_fopen(filename, "r");
      if (!f)
        throw fmt::SystemError(errno, "Cannot open file '{}'", filename);
      fclose(f);
    }, error_code, "Cannot open file 'nonexistent'");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatterTest, Examples) {
    EXPECT_EQ("First, thou shalt count to three",
        format("First, thou shalt count to {0}", "three"));
    EXPECT_EQ("Bring me a shrubbery",
        format("Bring me a {}", "shrubbery"));
    EXPECT_EQ("From 1 to 3", format("From {} to {}", 1, 3));
  
    char buffer[BUFFER_SIZE];
    safe_sprintf(buffer, "%03.2f", -1.2);
    EXPECT_EQ(buffer, format("{:03.2f}", -1.2));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("a, b, c", format("{0}, {1}, {2}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ("a, b, c", format("{}, {}, {}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ("c, b, a", format("{2}, {1}, {0}", 'a', 'b', 'c'));
    EXPECT_EQ("abracadabra", format("{0}{1}{0}", "abra", "cad"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("left aligned                  ",
        format("{:<30}", "left aligned"));
    EXPECT_EQ("                 right aligned",
        format("{:>30}", "right aligned"));
    EXPECT_EQ("           centered           ",
        format("{:^30}", "centered"));
    EXPECT_EQ("***********centered***********",
        format("{:*^30}", "centered"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("+3.140000; -3.140000",
        format("{:+f}; {:+f}", 3.14, -3.14));
    EXPECT_EQ(" 3.140000; -3.140000",
        format("{: f}; {: f}", 3.14, -3.14));
    EXPECT_EQ("3.140000; -3.140000",
        format("{:-f}; {:-f}", 3.14, -3.14));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("int: 42;  hex: 2a;  oct: 52",
        format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:x};  oct: {0:o}", 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("int: 42;  hex: 0x2a;  oct: 052",
        format("int: {0:d};  hex: {0:#x};  oct: {0:#o}", 42));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("The answer is 42", format("The answer is {}", 42));
    EXPECT_THROW_MSG(
      format("The answer is {:d}", "forty-two"), FormatError,
      "unknown format code 'd' for string");
  
    EXPECT_EQ(L"Cyrillic letter \x42e",
      format(L"Cyrillic letter {}", L'\x42e'));
  
    EXPECT_WRITE(stdout,
        fmt::print("{}", std::numeric_limits<double>::infinity()), "inf");
  }
  
  TEST(FormatIntTest, Data) {
    fmt::FormatInt format_int(42);
    EXPECT_EQ("42", std::string(format_int.data(), format_int.size()));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatIntTest, FormatInt) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::FormatInt(42).str());
    EXPECT_EQ(2u, fmt::FormatInt(42).size());
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", fmt::FormatInt(-42).str());
    EXPECT_EQ(3u, fmt::FormatInt(-42).size());
    EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::FormatInt(42ul).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", fmt::FormatInt(-42l).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("42", fmt::FormatInt(42ull).str());
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", fmt::FormatInt(-42ll).str());
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max();
    EXPECT_EQ(os.str(),
              fmt::FormatInt(std::numeric_limits<int64_t>::max()).str());
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  std::string format_decimal(T value) {
    char buffer[10];
    char *ptr = buffer;
    fmt::format_decimal(ptr, value);
    return std::string(buffer, ptr);
  }
  
  TEST(FormatIntTest, FormatDec) {
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(static_cast<signed char>(-42)));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(static_cast<short>(-42)));
    std::ostringstream os;
    os << std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max();
    EXPECT_EQ(os.str(),
              format_decimal(std::numeric_limits<unsigned short>::max()));
    EXPECT_EQ("1", format_decimal(1));
    EXPECT_EQ("-1", format_decimal(-1));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42));
    EXPECT_EQ("-42", format_decimal(-42));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42l));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ul));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ll));
    EXPECT_EQ("42", format_decimal(42ull));
  }
  
  TEST(FormatTest, Print) {
  #if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
    EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print("Don't {}!", "panic"), "Don't panic!");
    EXPECT_WRITE(stderr,
        fmt::print(stderr, "Don't {}!", "panic"), "Don't panic!");
  #endif
    std::ostringstream os;
    fmt::print(os, "Don't {}!", "panic");
    EXPECT_EQ("Don't panic!", os.str());
  }
  
  #if FMT_USE_FILE_DESCRIPTORS
  TEST(FormatTest, PrintColored) {
    EXPECT_WRITE(stdout, fmt::print_colored(fmt::RED, "Hello, {}!\n", "world"),
      "\x1b[31mHello, world!\n\x1b[0m");
  }
  #endif
  
  TEST(FormatTest, Variadic) {
    EXPECT_EQ("abc1", format("{}c{}", "ab", 1));
    EXPECT_EQ(L"abc1", format(L"{}c{}", L"ab", 1));
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  std::string str(const T &value) {
    return fmt::format("{}", value);
  }
  
  TEST(StrTest, Convert) {
    EXPECT_EQ("42", str(42));
    std::string s = str(Date(2012, 12, 9));
    EXPECT_EQ("2012-12-9", s);
  }
  
  std::string format_message(int id, const char *format,
      const fmt::ArgList &args) {
    MemoryWriter w;
    w.write("[{}] ", id);
    w.write(format, args);
    return w.str();
  }
  
  FMT_VARIADIC(std::string, format_message, int, const char *)
  
  TEST(FormatTest, FormatMessageExample) {
    EXPECT_EQ("[42] something happened",
        format_message(42, "{} happened", "something"));
  }
  
  #if FMT_USE_VARIADIC_TEMPLATES
  template<typename... Args>
  void print_error(const char *file, int line, const char *format,
                   const Args & ... args) {
    fmt::print("{}: {}: ", file, line);
    fmt::print(format, args...);
  }
  #endif
  
  TEST(FormatTest, MaxArgs) {
    EXPECT_EQ("0123456789abcde",
              fmt::format("{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}{}",
                          0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 'a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'));
  }
  
  #if FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
  // Passing user-defined literals directly to EXPECT_EQ causes problems
  // with macro argument stringification (#) on some versions of GCC.
  // Workaround: Assing the UDL result to a variable before the macro.
  
  using namespace fmt::literals;
  
  TEST(LiteralsTest, Format) {
    auto udl_format = "{}c{}"_format("ab", 1);
    EXPECT_EQ(format("{}c{}", "ab", 1), udl_format);
    auto udl_format_w = L"{}c{}"_format(L"ab", 1);
    EXPECT_EQ(format(L"{}c{}", L"ab", 1), udl_format_w);
  }
  
  TEST(LiteralsTest, NamedArg) {
    auto udl_a = format("{first}{second}{first}{third}",
                        "first"_a="abra", "second"_a="cad", "third"_a=99);
    EXPECT_EQ(format("{first}{second}{first}{third}",
                     fmt::arg("first", "abra"), fmt::arg("second", "cad"),
                     fmt::arg("third", 99)),
              udl_a);
    auto udl_a_w = format(L"{first}{second}{first}{third}",
                          L"first"_a=L"abra", L"second"_a=L"cad", L"third"_a=99);
    EXPECT_EQ(format(L"{first}{second}{first}{third}",
                     fmt::arg(L"first", L"abra"), fmt::arg(L"second", L"cad"),
                     fmt::arg(L"third", 99)),
              udl_a_w);
  }
  #endif // FMT_USE_USER_DEFINED_LITERALS
  
  enum TestEnum {};
  std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, TestEnum) {
    return os << "TestEnum";
  }
  
  enum TestEnum2 { A };
  
  TEST(FormatTest, Enum) {
    EXPECT_EQ("TestEnum", fmt::format("{}", TestEnum()));
    EXPECT_EQ("0", fmt::format("{}", A));
  }
  
  struct EmptyTest {};
  std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &os, EmptyTest) {
    return os << "";
  }
  
  TEST(FormatTest, EmptyCustomOutput) {
    EXPECT_EQ("", fmt::format("{}", EmptyTest()));
  }
  