text: -- ===================================================================
  -- create FDW objects
  -- ===================================================================
  
  CREATE EXTENSION postgres_fdw;
  
  CREATE SERVER testserver1 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw;
  DO $d$
      BEGIN
          EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
              OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
                       port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
              )$$;
          EXECUTE $$CREATE SERVER loopback2 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw
              OPTIONS (dbname '$$||current_database()||$$',
                       port '$$||current_setting('port')||$$'
              )$$;
      END;
  $d$;
  
  CREATE USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
  	OPTIONS (user 'value', password 'value');
  CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback;
  CREATE USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback2;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- create objects used through FDW loopback server
  -- ===================================================================
  CREATE TYPE user_enum AS ENUM ('foo', 'bar', 'buz');
  CREATE SCHEMA "S 1";
  CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 1" (
  	"C 1" int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text,
  	c4 timestamptz,
  	c5 timestamp,
  	c6 varchar(10),
  	c7 char(10),
  	c8 user_enum,
  	CONSTRAINT t1_pkey PRIMARY KEY ("C 1")
  );
  CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 2" (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 text,
  	CONSTRAINT t2_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
  );
  CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 3" (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text,
  	CONSTRAINT t3_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
  );
  CREATE TABLE "S 1"."T 4" (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text,
  	CONSTRAINT t4_pkey PRIMARY KEY (c1)
  );
  
  INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 1"
  	SELECT id,
  	       id % 10,
  	       to_char(id, 'FM00000'),
  	       '1970-01-01'::timestamptz + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
  	       '1970-01-01'::timestamp + ((id % 100) || ' days')::interval,
  	       id % 10,
  	       id % 10,
  	       'foo'::user_enum
  	FROM generate_series(1, 1000) id;
  INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 2"
  	SELECT id,
  	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
  	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
  INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 3"
  	SELECT id,
  	       id + 1,
  	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
  	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
  DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 % 2 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
  INSERT INTO "S 1"."T 4"
  	SELECT id,
  	       id + 1,
  	       'AAA' || to_char(id, 'FM000')
  	FROM generate_series(1, 100) id;
  DELETE FROM "S 1"."T 4" WHERE c1 % 3 != 0;	-- delete for outer join tests
  
  ANALYZE "S 1"."T 1";
  ANALYZE "S 1"."T 2";
  ANALYZE "S 1"."T 3";
  ANALYZE "S 1"."T 4";
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- create foreign tables
  -- ===================================================================
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft1 (
  	c0 int,
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text,
  	c4 timestamptz,
  	c5 timestamp,
  	c6 varchar(10),
  	c7 char(10) default 'ft1',
  	c8 user_enum
  ) SERVER loopback;
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP COLUMN c0;
  
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft2 (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	cx int,
  	c3 text,
  	c4 timestamptz,
  	c5 timestamp,
  	c6 varchar(10),
  	c7 char(10) default 'ft2',
  	c8 user_enum
  ) SERVER loopback;
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 DROP COLUMN cx;
  
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft4 (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text
  ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 3');
  
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft5 (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text
  ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
  
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft6 (
  	c1 int NOT NULL,
  	c2 int NOT NULL,
  	c3 text
  ) SERVER loopback2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 4');
  
  -- A table with oids. CREATE FOREIGN TABLE doesn't support the
  -- WITH OIDS option, but ALTER does.
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE ft_pg_type (
  	typname name,
  	typlen smallint
  ) SERVER loopback OPTIONS (schema_name 'pg_catalog', table_name 'pg_type');
  ALTER TABLE ft_pg_type SET WITH OIDS;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- tests for validator
  -- ===================================================================
  -- requiressl, krbsrvname and gsslib are omitted because they depend on
  -- configure options
  ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (
  	use_remote_estimate 'false',
  	updatable 'true',
  	fdw_startup_cost '123.456',
  	fdw_tuple_cost '0.123',
  	service 'value',
  	connect_timeout 'value',
  	dbname 'value',
  	host 'value',
  	hostaddr 'value',
  	port 'value',
  	--client_encoding 'value',
  	application_name 'value',
  	--fallback_application_name 'value',
  	keepalives 'value',
  	keepalives_idle 'value',
  	keepalives_interval 'value',
  	-- requiressl 'value',
  	sslcompression 'value',
  	sslmode 'value',
  	sslcert 'value',
  	sslkey 'value',
  	sslrootcert 'value',
  	sslcrl 'value'
  	--requirepeer 'value',
  	-- krbsrvname 'value',
  	-- gsslib 'value',
  	--replication 'value'
  );
  
  -- Error, invalid list syntax
  ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo; bar');
  
  -- OK but gets a warning
  ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'foo, bar');
  ALTER SERVER testserver1 OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
  
  ALTER USER MAPPING FOR public SERVER testserver1
  	OPTIONS (DROP user, DROP password);
  
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (schema_name 'S 1', table_name 'T 1');
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 ALTER COLUMN c1 OPTIONS (column_name 'C 1');
  \det+
  
  -- Test that alteration of server options causes reconnection
  -- Remote's errors might be non-English, so hide them to ensure stable results
  \set VERBOSITY terse
  SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work
  ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (SET dbname 'no such database');
  SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
  DO $d$
      BEGIN
          EXECUTE $$ALTER SERVER loopback
              OPTIONS (SET dbname '$$||current_database()||$$')$$;
      END;
  $d$;
  SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
  
  -- Test that alteration of user mapping options causes reconnection
  ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
    OPTIONS (ADD user 'no such user');
  SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should fail
  ALTER USER MAPPING FOR CURRENT_USER SERVER loopback
    OPTIONS (DROP user);
  SELECT c3, c4 FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 LIMIT 1;  -- should work again
  \set VERBOSITY default
  
  -- Now we should be able to run ANALYZE.
  -- To exercise multiple code paths, we use local stats on ft1
  -- and remote-estimate mode on ft2.
  ANALYZE ft1;
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft2 OPTIONS (use_remote_estimate 'true');
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- simple queries
  -- ===================================================================
  -- single table without alias
  EXPLAIN (COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c3, c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- single table with alias - also test that tableoid sort is not pushed to remote side
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1, t1.tableoid OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- whole-row reference
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1 FROM ft1 t1 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- empty result
  SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE false;
  -- with WHERE clause
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 101 AND t1.c6 = '1' AND t1.c7 >= '1';
  -- with FOR UPDATE/SHARE
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 101 FOR UPDATE;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 102 FOR SHARE;
  -- aggregate
  SELECT COUNT(*) FROM ft1 t1;
  -- subquery
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 <= 10) ORDER BY c1;
  -- subquery+MAX
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c3 = (SELECT MAX(c3) FROM ft2 t2) ORDER BY c1;
  -- used in CTE
  WITH t1 AS (SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 <= 10) SELECT t2.c1, t2.c2, t2.c3, t2.c4 FROM t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 ORDER BY t1.c1;
  -- fixed values
  SELECT 'fixed', NULL FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = 1;
  -- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join.
  SET enable_hashjoin TO false;
  SET enable_nestloop TO false;
  -- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
  -- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2."C 1" FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN "S 1"."T 1" t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- A join between local table and foreign join. ORDER BY clause is added to the
  -- foreign join so that the local table can be joined using merge join strategy.
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- Test similar to above, except that the full join prevents any equivalence
  -- classes from being merged. This produces single relation equivalence classes
  -- included in join restrictions.
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 left join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- Test similar to above with all full outer joins
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1."C 1", t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1 full join ft1 t2 full join ft2 t3 on (t2.c1 = t3.c1) on (t3.c1 = t1."C 1") OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  RESET enable_hashjoin;
  RESET enable_nestloop;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- WHERE with remotely-executable conditions
  -- ===================================================================
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 1;         -- Var, OpExpr(b), Const
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = 100 AND t1.c2 = 0; -- BoolExpr
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NULL;        -- NullTest
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 IS NOT NULL;    -- NullTest
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE round(abs(c1), 0) = 1; -- FuncExpr
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = -c1;          -- OpExpr(l)
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE 1 = c1!;           -- OpExpr(r)
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE (c1 IS NOT NULL) IS DISTINCT FROM (c1 IS NOT NULL); -- DistinctExpr
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = ANY(ARRAY[c2, 1, c1 + 0]); -- ScalarArrayOpExpr
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c1 = (ARRAY[c1,c2,3])[1]; -- ArrayRef
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c6 = E'foo''s\\bar';  -- check special chars
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = 'foo';  -- can't be sent to remote
  -- parameterized remote path for foreign table
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT * FROM "S 1"."T 1" a, ft2 b WHERE a."C 1" = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b WHERE a.c1 = 47 AND b.c1 = a.c2;
  
  -- check both safe and unsafe join conditions
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
    WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
  SELECT * FROM ft2 a, ft2 b
  WHERE a.c2 = 6 AND b.c1 = a.c1 AND a.c8 = 'foo' AND b.c7 = upper(a.c7);
  -- bug before 9.3.5 due to sloppy handling of remote-estimate parameters
  SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft2 WHERE c1 < 5));
  SELECT * FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = ANY (ARRAY(SELECT c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 < 5));
  -- we should not push order by clause with volatile expressions or unsafe
  -- collations
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, random();
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  	SELECT * FROM ft2 ORDER BY ft2.c1, ft2.c3 collate "C";
  
  -- user-defined operator/function
  CREATE FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int) RETURNS int AS $$
  BEGIN
  RETURN abs($1);
  END
  $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql IMMUTABLE;
  CREATE OPERATOR === (
      LEFTARG = int,
      RIGHTARG = int,
      PROCEDURE = int4eq,
      COMMUTATOR = ===
  );
  
  -- built-in operators and functions can be shipped for remote execution
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = abs(t1.c2);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
  
  -- by default, user-defined ones cannot
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
  
  -- but let's put them in an extension ...
  ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD FUNCTION postgres_fdw_abs(int);
  ALTER EXTENSION postgres_fdw ADD OPERATOR === (int, int);
  ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  
  -- ... now they can be shipped
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
    SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
  SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- JOIN queries
  -- ===================================================================
  -- Analyze ft4 and ft5 so that we have better statistics. These tables do not
  -- have use_remote_estimate set.
  ANALYZE ft4;
  ANALYZE ft5;
  
  -- join two tables
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- join three tables
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t3.c1 = t1.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- left outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- left outer join three tables
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- left outer join + placement of clauses.
  -- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but top level clause on
  -- non-nullable side is pushed into non-nullable side
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c1 < 10;
  -- clauses within the nullable side are not pulled up, but the top level clause
  -- on nullable side is not pushed down into nullable side
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
  			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t1.c2, t2.c1, t2.c2 FROM ft4 t1 LEFT JOIN (SELECT * FROM ft5 WHERE c1 < 10) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)
  			WHERE (t2.c1 < 10 OR t2.c1 IS NULL) AND t1.c1 < 10;
  -- right outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft4 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t2.c1, t1.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- right outer join three tables
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 45 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join with restrictions on the joining relations
  -- a. the joining relations are both base relations
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT 1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 ON (TRUE) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- b. one of the joining relations is a base relation and the other is a join
  -- relation
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
  SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t2 LEFT JOIN ft5 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE (t2.c1 between 50 and 60)) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
  -- c. test deparsing the remote query as nested subqueries
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
  SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t1 FULL JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (t1.c1 = ss.a) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b;
  -- d. test deparsing rowmarked relations as subqueries
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
  SELECT t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FROM (SELECT c1 FROM "S 1"."T 3" WHERE c1 = 50) t1 INNER JOIN (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM (SELECT c1 FROM ft4 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t2 FULL JOIN (SELECT c1 FROM ft5 WHERE c1 between 50 and 60) t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) WHERE t2.c1 IS NULL OR t2.c1 IS NOT NULL) ss(a, b) ON (TRUE) ORDER BY t1.c1, ss.a, ss.b FOR UPDATE OF t1;
  -- full outer join + inner join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft4 t1 INNER JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1 + 1 and t1.c1 between 50 and 60) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1, t3.c1 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join three tables
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join + right outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- right outer join + full outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join + left outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- left outer join + full outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) FULL JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- right outer join + left outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) LEFT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- left outer join + right outer join
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t3.c3 FROM ft2 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) RIGHT JOIN ft4 t3 ON (t2.c1 = t3.c1) OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join + WHERE clause, only matched rows
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft4 t1 FULL JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE (t1.c1 = t2.c1 OR t1.c1 IS NULL) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  -- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions set
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
  -- full outer join + WHERE clause with shippable extensions not set
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2, t1.c3 FROM ft1 t1 FULL JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c1) > 0 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  -- join two tables with FOR UPDATE clause
  -- tests whole-row reference for row marks
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE OF t1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR UPDATE;
  -- join two tables with FOR SHARE clause
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE OF t1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10 FOR SHARE;
  -- join in CTE
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  WITH t (c1_1, c1_3, c2_1) AS (SELECT t1.c1, t1.c3, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) SELECT c1_1, c2_1 FROM t ORDER BY c1_3, c1_1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- ctid with whole-row reference
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.ctid, t1, t2, t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- SEMI JOIN, not pushed down
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- ANTI JOIN, not pushed down
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1 FROM ft1 t1 WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT 1 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2) ORDER BY t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- CROSS JOIN, not pushed down
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 CROSS JOIN ft2 t2 ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- different server, not pushed down. No result expected.
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft5 t1 JOIN ft6 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- unsafe join conditions (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down. Practically a CROSS
  -- JOIN since c8 in both tables has same value.
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c8 = t2.c8) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- unsafe conditions on one side (c8 has a UDT), not pushed down.
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 LEFT JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = 'foo' ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- join where unsafe to pushdown condition in WHERE clause has a column not
  -- in the SELECT clause. In this test unsafe clause needs to have column
  -- references from both joining sides so that the clause is not pushed down
  -- into one of the joining sides.
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) WHERE t1.c8 = t2.c8 ORDER BY t1.c3, t1.c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- Aggregate after UNION, for testing setrefs
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1c1, avg(t1c1 + t2c1) FROM (SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) UNION SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1 FROM ft1 t1 JOIN ft2 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1)) AS t (t1c1, t2c1) GROUP BY t1c1 ORDER BY t1c1 OFFSET 100 LIMIT 10;
  -- join with lateral reference
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT t1."C 1" FROM "S 1"."T 1" t1, LATERAL (SELECT DISTINCT t2.c1, t3.c1 FROM ft1 t2, ft2 t3 WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t2.c2 = t1.c2) q ORDER BY t1."C 1" OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  
  -- non-Var items in targetlist of the nullable rel of a join preventing
  -- push-down in some cases
  -- unable to push {ft1, ft2}
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
  SELECT q.a, ft2.c1 FROM (SELECT 13 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 13) q(a) RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (q.a = ft2.c1) WHERE ft2.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
  
  -- ok to push {ft1, ft2} but not {ft1, ft2, ft4}
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
  SELECT ft4.c1, q.* FROM ft4 LEFT JOIN (SELECT 13, ft1.c1, ft2.c1 FROM ft1 RIGHT JOIN ft2 ON (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1) WHERE ft1.c1 = 12) q(a, b, c) ON (ft4.c1 = q.b) WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 AND 15;
  
  -- join with nullable side with some columns with null values
  UPDATE ft5 SET c3 = null where c1 % 9 = 0;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
  SELECT ft5, ft5.c1, ft5.c2, ft5.c3, ft4.c1, ft4.c2 FROM ft5 left join ft4 on ft5.c1 = ft4.c1 WHERE ft4.c1 BETWEEN 10 and 30 ORDER BY ft5.c1, ft4.c1;
  
  -- check join pushdown in situations where multiple userids are involved
  CREATE ROLE regress_view_owner;
  CREATE USER MAPPING FOR regress_view_owner SERVER loopback;
  GRANT SELECT ON ft4 TO regress_view_owner;
  GRANT SELECT ON ft5 TO regress_view_owner;
  
  CREATE VIEW v4 AS SELECT * FROM ft4;
  CREATE VIEW v5 AS SELECT * FROM ft5;
  ALTER VIEW v5 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, different view owners
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN v5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can't be pushed down, view owner not current user
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO CURRENT_USER;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;  -- can be pushed down
  SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM v4 t1 LEFT JOIN ft5 t2 ON (t1.c1 = t2.c1) ORDER BY t1.c1, t2.c1 OFFSET 10 LIMIT 10;
  ALTER VIEW v4 OWNER TO regress_view_owner;
  
  -- cleanup
  DROP OWNED BY regress_view_owner;
  DROP ROLE regress_view_owner;
  
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- Aggregate and grouping queries
  -- ===================================================================
  
  -- Simple aggregates
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
  select count(c6), sum(c1), avg(c1), min(c2), max(c1), stddev(c2), sum(c1) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum2 from ft1 where c2 < 5 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
  
  -- Aggregate is not pushed down as aggregation contains random()
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) as sum, avg(c1) from ft1;
  
  -- Aggregate over join query
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
  select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft1 t2 on (t1.c2 = t2.c2) where t1.c2 = 6;
  
  -- Not pushed down due to local conditions present in underneath input rel
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(t1.c1), count(t2.c1) from ft1 t1 inner join ft2 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where ((t1.c1 * t2.c1)/(t1.c1 * t2.c1)) * random() <= 1;
  
  -- GROUP BY clause having expressions
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
  select c2/2, sum(c2) * (c2/2) from ft1 group by c2/2 order by c2/2;
  
  -- Aggregates in subquery are pushed down.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
  select count(x.a), sum(x.a) from (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2, sqrt(c1) order by 1, 2) x;
  
  -- Aggregate is still pushed down by taking unshippable expression out
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
  select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as sum1, sum(c1) * c2 as sum2 from ft1 group by c2 order by 1, 2;
  
  -- Aggregate with unshippable GROUP BY clause are not pushed
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2 * (random() <= 1)::int as c2 from ft2 group by c2 * (random() <= 1)::int order by 1;
  
  -- GROUP BY clause in various forms, cardinal, alias and constant expression
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
  select count(c2) w, c2 x, 5 y, 7.0 z from ft1 group by 2, y, 9.0::int order by 2;
  
  -- Testing HAVING clause shippability
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
  select c2, sum(c1) from ft2 group by c2 having avg(c1) < 500 and sum(c1) < 49800 order by c2;
  
  -- Unshippable HAVING clause will be evaluated locally, and other qual in HAVING clause is pushed down
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
  select count(*) from (select c5, count(c1) from ft1 group by c5, sqrt(c2) having (avg(c1) / avg(c1)) * random() <= 1 and avg(c1) < 500) x;
  
  -- Aggregate in HAVING clause is not pushable, and thus aggregation is not pushed down
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c1) from ft1 group by c2 having avg(c1 * (random() <= 1)::int) > 100 order by 1;
  
  
  -- Testing ORDER BY, DISTINCT, FILTER, Ordered-sets and VARIADIC within aggregates
  
  -- ORDER BY within aggregate, same column used to order
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
  select array_agg(c1 order by c1) from ft1 where c1 < 100 group by c2 order by 1;
  
  -- ORDER BY within aggregate, different column used to order also using DESC
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
  select array_agg(c5 order by c1 desc) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 50;
  
  -- DISTINCT within aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
  select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
  
  -- DISTINCT combined with ORDER BY within aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
  select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
  
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
  select array_agg(distinct (t1.c1)%5 order by (t1.c1)%5 desc nulls last) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) where t1.c1 < 20 or (t1.c1 is null and t2.c1 < 5) group by (t2.c1)%3 order by 1;
  
  -- FILTER within aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
  select sum(c1) filter (where c1 < 100 and c2 > 5) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
  
  -- DISTINCT, ORDER BY and FILTER within aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
  select sum(c1%3), sum(distinct c1%3 order by c1%3) filter (where c1%3 < 2), c2 from ft1 where c2 = 6 group by c2;
  
  -- Outer query is aggregation query
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
  select distinct (select count(*) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
  -- Inner query is aggregation query
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
  select distinct (select count(t1.c1) filter (where t2.c2 = 6 and t2.c1 < 10) from ft1 t1 where t1.c1 = 6) from ft2 t2 where t2.c2 % 6 = 0 order by 1;
  
  -- Aggregate not pushed down as FILTER condition is not pushable
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c1) filter (where (c1 / c1) * random() <= 1) from ft1 group by c2 order by 1;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c2) filter (where c2 in (select c2 from ft1 where c2 < 5)) from ft1;
  
  -- Ordered-sets within aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
  select c2, rank('10'::varchar) within group (order by c6), percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 having percentile_cont(c2/10::numeric) within group (order by c1) < 500 order by c2;
  
  -- Using multiple arguments within aggregates
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
  select c1, rank(c1, c2) within group (order by c1, c2) from ft1 group by c1, c2 having c1 = 6 order by 1;
  
  -- User defined function for user defined aggregate, VARIADIC
  create function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray)
  returns anyelement language sql as
    'select least($1, min($2[i])) from generate_subscripts($2,1) g(i)';
  create aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray) (
    stype = anyelement, sfunc = least_accum
  );
  
  -- Disable hash aggregation for plan stability.
  set enable_hashagg to false;
  
  -- Not pushed down due to user defined aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
  
  -- Add function and aggregate into extension
  alter extension postgres_fdw add function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
  alter extension postgres_fdw add aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
  alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  
  -- Now aggregate will be pushed.  Aggregate will display VARIADIC argument.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
  select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 100 group by c2 order by c2;
  
  -- Remove function and aggregate from extension
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
  alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  
  -- Not pushed down as we have dropped objects from extension.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, least_agg(c1) from ft1 group by c2 order by c2;
  
  -- Cleanup
  reset enable_hashagg;
  drop aggregate least_agg(variadic items anyarray);
  drop function least_accum(anyelement, variadic anyarray);
  
  
  -- Testing USING OPERATOR() in ORDER BY within aggregate.
  -- For this, we need user defined operators along with operator family and
  -- operator class.  Create those and then add them in extension.  Note that
  -- user defined objects are considered unshippable unless they are part of
  -- the extension.
  create operator public.<^ (
   leftarg = int4,
   rightarg = int4,
   procedure = int4eq
  );
  
  create operator public.=^ (
   leftarg = int4,
   rightarg = int4,
   procedure = int4lt
  );
  
  create operator public.>^ (
   leftarg = int4,
   rightarg = int4,
   procedure = int4gt
  );
  
  create operator family my_op_family using btree;
  
  create function my_op_cmp(a int, b int) returns int as
    $$begin return btint4cmp(a, b); end $$ language plpgsql;
  
  create operator class my_op_class for type int using btree family my_op_family as
   operator 1 public.<^,
   operator 3 public.=^,
   operator 5 public.>^,
   function 1 my_op_cmp(int, int);
  
  -- This will not be pushed as user defined sort operator is not part of the
  -- extension yet.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
  
  -- Add into extension
  alter extension postgres_fdw add operator class my_op_class using btree;
  alter extension postgres_fdw add function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
  alter extension postgres_fdw add operator family my_op_family using btree;
  alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.<^(int, int);
  alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.=^(int, int);
  alter extension postgres_fdw add operator public.>^(int, int);
  alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  
  -- Now this will be pushed as sort operator is part of the extension.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
  select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
  
  -- Remove from extension
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.<^(int, int);
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.=^(int, int);
  alter extension postgres_fdw drop operator public.>^(int, int);
  alter server loopback options (set extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  
  -- This will not be pushed as sort operator is now removed from the extension.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select array_agg(c1 order by c1 using operator(public.<^)) from ft2 where c2 = 6 and c1 < 100 group by c2;
  
  -- Cleanup
  drop operator class my_op_class using btree;
  drop function my_op_cmp(a int, b int);
  drop operator family my_op_family using btree;
  drop operator public.>^(int, int);
  drop operator public.=^(int, int);
  drop operator public.<^(int, int);
  
  -- Input relation to aggregate push down hook is not safe to pushdown and thus
  -- the aggregate cannot be pushed down to foreign server.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(t1.c3) from ft1 t1, ft1 t2 where t1.c1 = postgres_fdw_abs(t1.c2);
  
  -- Subquery in FROM clause having aggregate
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
  select count(*), x.b from ft1, (select c2 a, sum(c1) b from ft1 group by c2) x where ft1.c2 = x.a group by x.b order by 1, 2;
  
  -- FULL join with IS NULL check in HAVING
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
  select avg(t1.c1), sum(t2.c1) from ft4 t1 full join ft5 t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1) group by t2.c1 having (avg(t1.c1) is null and sum(t2.c1) < 10) or sum(t2.c1) is null order by 1 nulls last, 2;
  
  -- Aggregate over FULL join needing to deparse the joining relations as
  -- subqueries.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
  select count(*), sum(t1.c1), avg(t2.c1) from (select c1 from ft4 where c1 between 50 and 60) t1 full join (select c1 from ft5 where c1 between 50 and 60) t2 on (t1.c1 = t2.c1);
  
  -- ORDER BY expression is part of the target list but not pushed down to
  -- foreign server.
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
  select sum(c2) * (random() <= 1)::int as sum from ft1 order by 1;
  
  -- LATERAL join, with parameterization
  set enable_hashagg to false;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
  select c2, sum from "S 1"."T 1" t1, lateral (select sum(t2.c1 + t1."C 1") sum from ft2 t2 group by t2.c1) qry where t1.c2 * 2 = qry.sum and t1.c2 < 3 and t1."C 1" < 100 order by 1;
  reset enable_hashagg;
  
  -- Check with placeHolderVars
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
  select sum(q.a), count(q.b) from ft4 left join (select 13, avg(ft1.c1), sum(ft2.c1) from ft1 right join ft2 on (ft1.c1 = ft2.c1)) q(a, b, c) on (ft4.c1 <= q.b);
  
  
  -- Not supported cases
  -- Grouping sets
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
  select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by rollup(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
  select c2, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by cube(c2) order by 1 nulls last;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
  select c2, c6, sum(c1) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by grouping sets(c2, c6) order by 1 nulls last, 2 nulls last;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
  select c2, sum(c1), grouping(c2) from ft1 where c2 < 3 group by c2 order by 1 nulls last;
  
  -- DISTINCT itself is not pushed down, whereas underneath aggregate is pushed
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
  select distinct sum(c1)/1000 s from ft2 where c2 < 6 group by c2 order by 1;
  
  -- WindowAgg
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
  select c2, sum(c2), count(c2) over (partition by c2%2) from ft2 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
  select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 desc) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
  select c2, array_agg(c2) over (partition by c2%2 order by c2 range between current row and unbounded following) from ft1 where c2 < 10 group by c2 order by 1;
  
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- parameterized queries
  -- ===================================================================
  -- simple join
  PREPARE st1(int, int) AS SELECT t1.c3, t2.c3 FROM ft1 t1, ft2 t2 WHERE t1.c1 = $1 AND t2.c1 = $2;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st1(1, 2);
  EXECUTE st1(1, 1);
  EXECUTE st1(101, 101);
  -- subquery using stable function (can't be sent to remote)
  PREPARE st2(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c4) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
  EXECUTE st2(10, 20);
  EXECUTE st2(101, 121);
  -- subquery using immutable function (can be sent to remote)
  PREPARE st3(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 < $2 AND t1.c3 IN (SELECT c3 FROM ft2 t2 WHERE c1 > $1 AND date(c5) = '1970-01-17'::date) ORDER BY c1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
  EXECUTE st3(10, 20);
  EXECUTE st3(20, 30);
  -- custom plan should be chosen initially
  PREPARE st4(int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = $1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
  -- once we try it enough times, should switch to generic plan
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st4(1);
  -- value of $1 should not be sent to remote
  PREPARE st5(user_enum,int) AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE c8 = $1 and c1 = $2;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  EXECUTE st5('foo', 1);
  
  -- altering FDW options requires replanning
  PREPARE st6 AS SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 = t1.c2;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
  PREPARE st7 AS INSERT INTO ft1 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1001,101,'foo');
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
  ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" RENAME TO "T 0";
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 0');
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st6;
  EXECUTE st6;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st7;
  ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 0" RENAME TO "T 1";
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 OPTIONS (SET table_name 'T 1');
  
  PREPARE st8 AS SELECT count(c3) FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.c1 === t1.c2;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
  ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (DROP extensions);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) EXECUTE st8;
  EXECUTE st8;
  ALTER SERVER loopback OPTIONS (ADD extensions 'postgres_fdw');
  
  -- cleanup
  DEALLOCATE st1;
  DEALLOCATE st2;
  DEALLOCATE st3;
  DEALLOCATE st4;
  DEALLOCATE st5;
  DEALLOCATE st6;
  DEALLOCATE st7;
  DEALLOCATE st8;
  
  -- System columns, except ctid and oid, should not be sent to remote
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'pg_class'::regclass LIMIT 1;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.tableoid = 'ft1'::regclass LIMIT 1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
  SELECT * FROM ft1 t1 WHERE t1.ctid = '(0,2)';
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
  SELECT ctid, * FROM ft1 t1 LIMIT 1;
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF)
  SELECT oid, * FROM ft_pg_type WHERE typname = 'int4';
  SELECT oid, * FROM ft_pg_type WHERE typname = 'int4';
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- used in PL/pgSQL function
  -- ===================================================================
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION f_test(p_c1 int) RETURNS int AS $$
  DECLARE
  	v_c1 int;
  BEGIN
      SELECT c1 INTO v_c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 LIMIT 1;
      PERFORM c1 FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = p_c1 AND p_c1 = v_c1 LIMIT 1;
      RETURN v_c1;
  END;
  $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  SELECT f_test(100);
  DROP FUNCTION f_test(int);
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- conversion error
  -- ===================================================================
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE int;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- ERROR
  SELECT  ft1.c1,  ft2.c2, ft1.c8 FROM ft1, ft2 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 = 1; -- ERROR
  SELECT  ft1.c1,  ft2.c2, ft1 FROM ft1, ft2 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c1 AND ft1.c1 = 1; -- ERROR
  SELECT sum(c2), array_agg(c8) FROM ft1 GROUP BY c8; -- ERROR
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ALTER COLUMN c8 TYPE user_enum;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- subtransaction
  --  + local/remote error doesn't break cursor
  -- ===================================================================
  BEGIN;
  DECLARE c CURSOR FOR SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1;
  FETCH c;
  SAVEPOINT s;
  ERROR OUT;          -- ERROR
  ROLLBACK TO s;
  FETCH c;
  SAVEPOINT s;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 WHERE 1 / (c1 - 1) > 0;  -- ERROR
  ROLLBACK TO s;
  FETCH c;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1;
  COMMIT;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test handling of collations
  -- ===================================================================
  create table loct3 (f1 text collate "C" unique, f2 text, f3 varchar(10) unique);
  create foreign table ft3 (f1 text collate "C", f2 text, f3 varchar(10))
    server loopback options (table_name 'loct3', use_remote_estimate 'true');
  
  -- can be sent to remote
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo';
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo';
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f3 = 'foo';
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
    where f.f3 = l.f3 and l.f1 = 'foo';
  -- can't be sent to remote
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 COLLATE "POSIX" = 'foo';
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f1 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 COLLATE "C" = 'foo';
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 where f2 = 'foo' COLLATE "C";
  explain (verbose, costs off) select * from ft3 f, loct3 l
    where f.f3 = l.f3 COLLATE "POSIX" and l.f1 = 'foo';
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test writable foreign table stuff
  -- ===================================================================
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) SELECT c1+1000,c2+100, c3 || c3 FROM ft2 LIMIT 20;
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3)
    VALUES (1101,201,'aaa'), (1102,202,'bbb'), (1103,203,'ccc') RETURNING *;
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1104,204,'ddd'), (1105,205,'eee');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;              -- can be pushed down
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 300, c3 = c3 || '_update3' WHERE c1 % 10 = 3;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;  -- can be pushed down
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 400, c3 = c3 || '_update7' WHERE c1 % 10 = 7 RETURNING *;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
    FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;                               -- can't be pushed down
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = ft2.c2 + 500, c3 = ft2.c3 || '_update9', c7 = DEFAULT
    FROM ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 9;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
    DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;                               -- can be pushed down
  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 % 10 = 5 RETURNING c1, c4;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;                -- can't be pushed down
  DELETE FROM ft2 USING ft1 WHERE ft1.c1 = ft2.c2 AND ft1.c1 % 10 = 2;
  SELECT c1,c2,c3,c4 FROM ft2 ORDER BY c1;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (9999,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (9999,999,'foo') RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 9999 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;             -- can be pushed down
  UPDATE ft2 SET c3 = 'bar' WHERE c1 = 9999 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 9999 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;                       -- can be pushed down
  DELETE FROM ft2 WHERE c1 = 9999 RETURNING tableoid::regclass;
  
  -- Test that trigger on remote table works as expected
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION "S 1".F_BRTRIG() RETURNS trigger AS $$
  BEGIN
      NEW.c3 = NEW.c3 || '_trig_update';
      RETURN NEW;
  END;
  $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  CREATE TRIGGER t1_br_insert BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE
      ON "S 1"."T 1" FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE "S 1".F_BRTRIG();
  
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3) VALUES (1208, 818, 'fff') RETURNING *;
  INSERT INTO ft2 (c1,c2,c3,c6) VALUES (1218, 818, 'ggg', '(--;') RETURNING *;
  UPDATE ft2 SET c2 = c2 + 600 WHERE c1 % 10 = 8 AND c1 < 1200 RETURNING *;
  
  -- Test errors thrown on remote side during update
  ALTER TABLE "S 1"."T 1" ADD CONSTRAINT c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
  
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12);  -- duplicate key
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING; -- works
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO NOTHING; -- unsupported
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(11, 12) ON CONFLICT (c1, c2) DO UPDATE SET c3 = 'ffg'; -- unsupported
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
  UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
  
  -- Test savepoint/rollback behavior
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  begin;
  update ft2 set c2 = 42 where c2 = 0;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  savepoint s1;
  update ft2 set c2 = 44 where c2 = 4;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  release savepoint s1;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  savepoint s2;
  update ft2 set c2 = 46 where c2 = 6;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  rollback to savepoint s2;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  release savepoint s2;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  savepoint s3;
  update ft2 set c2 = -2 where c2 = 42 and c1 = 10; -- fail on remote side
  rollback to savepoint s3;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  release savepoint s3;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  -- none of the above is committed yet remotely
  select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  commit;
  select c2, count(*) from ft2 where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  select c2, count(*) from "S 1"."T 1" where c2 < 500 group by 1 order by 1;
  
  -- Above DMLs add data with c6 as NULL in ft1, so test ORDER BY NULLS LAST and NULLs
  -- FIRST behavior here.
  -- ORDER BY DESC NULLS LAST options
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS LAST, c1 OFFSET 795  LIMIT 10;
  -- ORDER BY DESC NULLS FIRST options
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 DESC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
  -- ORDER BY ASC NULLS FIRST options
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
  SELECT * FROM ft1 ORDER BY c6 ASC NULLS FIRST, c1 OFFSET 15 LIMIT 10;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test check constraints
  -- ===================================================================
  
  -- Consistent check constraints provide consistent results
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive CHECK (c2 >= 0);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
  SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
  SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
  SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 < 0;
  RESET constraint_exclusion;
  -- check constraint is enforced on the remote side, not locally
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, -2);  -- c2positive
  UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = -c2 WHERE c1 = 1;  -- c2positive
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2positive;
  
  -- But inconsistent check constraints provide inconsistent results
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 ADD CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative CHECK (c2 < 0);
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
  SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
  SET constraint_exclusion = 'on';
  EXPLAIN (VERBOSE, COSTS OFF) SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
  SELECT count(*) FROM ft1 WHERE c2 >= 0;
  RESET constraint_exclusion;
  -- local check constraint is not actually enforced
  INSERT INTO ft1(c1, c2) VALUES(1111, 2);
  UPDATE ft1 SET c2 = c2 + 1 WHERE c1 = 1;
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE ft1 DROP CONSTRAINT ft1_c2negative;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test serial columns (ie, sequence-based defaults)
  -- ===================================================================
  create table loc1 (f1 serial, f2 text);
  create foreign table rem1 (f1 serial, f2 text)
    server loopback options(table_name 'loc1');
  select pg_catalog.setval('rem1_f1_seq', 10, false);
  insert into loc1(f2) values('hi');
  insert into rem1(f2) values('hi remote');
  insert into loc1(f2) values('bye');
  insert into rem1(f2) values('bye remote');
  select * from loc1;
  select * from rem1;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test local triggers
  -- ===================================================================
  
  -- Trigger functions "borrowed" from triggers regress test.
  CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  BEGIN
  	RAISE NOTICE 'trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %',
  		TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
  	RETURN NULL;
  END;$$;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
  
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
  LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  
  declare
  	oldnew text[];
  	relid text;
      argstr text;
  begin
  
  	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
  	argstr := '';
  	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
  		if i > 0 then
  			argstr := argstr || ', ';
  		end if;
  		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
  	end loop;
  
      RAISE NOTICE '%(%) % % % ON %',
  		tg_name, argstr, TG_when, TG_level, TG_OP, relid;
      oldnew := '{}'::text[];
  	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
  		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('OLD: %s', OLD));
  	end if;
  
  	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
  		oldnew := array_append(oldnew, format('NEW: %s', NEW));
  	end if;
  
      RAISE NOTICE '%', array_to_string(oldnew, ',');
  
  	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
  		return OLD;
  	else
  		return NEW;
  	end if;
  end;
  $$;
  
  -- Test basic functionality
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
  AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  delete from rem1;
  insert into rem1 values(1,'insert');
  update rem1 set f2  = 'update' where f1 = 1;
  update rem1 set f2 = f2 || f2;
  
  
  -- cleanup
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
  
  DELETE from rem1;
  
  
  -- Test WHEN conditions
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW
  WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd
  AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW
  WHEN (NEW.f2 like '%update%')
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  -- Insert or update not matching: nothing happens
  INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'test';
  
  -- Insert or update matching: triggers are fired
  INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'update');
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'update update' where f1 = '2';
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
  BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW
  WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
  AFTER DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW
  WHEN (OLD.f2 like '%update%')
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  -- Trigger is fired for f1=2, not for f1=1
  DELETE FROM rem1;
  
  -- cleanup
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insupd ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
  
  
  -- Test various RETURN statements in BEFORE triggers.
  
  CREATE FUNCTION trig_row_before_insupdate() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
    BEGIN
      NEW.f2 := NEW.f2 || ' triggered !';
      RETURN NEW;
    END
  $$ language plpgsql;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
  
  -- The new values should have 'triggered' appended
  INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
  SELECT * from loc1;
  INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
  SELECT * from loc1;
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
  SELECT * from loc1;
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
  SELECT * from loc1;
  
  DELETE FROM rem1;
  
  -- Add a second trigger, to check that the changes are propagated correctly
  -- from trigger to trigger
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
  
  INSERT INTO rem1 values(1, 'insert');
  SELECT * from loc1;
  INSERT INTO rem1 values(2, 'insert') RETURNING f2;
  SELECT * from loc1;
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';
  SELECT * from loc1;
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = 'skidoo' RETURNING f2;
  SELECT * from loc1;
  
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insupd2 ON rem1;
  
  DELETE from rem1;
  
  INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (1, 'test');
  
  -- Test with a trigger returning NULL
  CREATE FUNCTION trig_null() RETURNS TRIGGER AS $$
    BEGIN
      RETURN NULL;
    END
  $$ language plpgsql;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_null
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_null();
  
  -- Nothing should have changed.
  INSERT INTO rem1 VALUES (2, 'test2');
  
  SELECT * from loc1;
  
  UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'test2';
  
  SELECT * from loc1;
  
  DELETE from rem1;
  
  SELECT * from loc1;
  
  DROP TRIGGER trig_null ON rem1;
  DELETE from rem1;
  
  -- Test a combination of local and remote triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after
  AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_local_before BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON loc1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trig_row_before_insupdate();
  
  INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test');
  UPDATE rem1 SET f2 = 'testo';
  
  -- Test returning a system attribute
  INSERT INTO rem1(f2) VALUES ('test') RETURNING ctid;
  
  -- cleanup
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after ON rem1;
  DROP TRIGGER trig_local_before ON loc1;
  
  
  -- Test direct foreign table modification functionality
  
  -- Test with statement-level triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_before
  	BEFORE DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_before ON rem1;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_stmt_after
  	AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON rem1
  	FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func();
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_stmt_after ON rem1;
  
  -- Test with row-level ON INSERT triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert
  BEFORE INSERT ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_insert ON rem1;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert
  AFTER INSERT ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_insert ON rem1;
  
  -- Test with row-level ON UPDATE triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_update
  BEFORE UPDATE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_update ON rem1;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_update
  AFTER UPDATE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can't be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_update ON rem1;
  
  -- Test with row-level ON DELETE triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete
  BEFORE DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_before_delete ON rem1;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete
  AFTER DELETE ON rem1
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  UPDATE rem1 set f2 = '';          -- can be pushed down
  EXPLAIN (verbose, costs off)
  DELETE FROM rem1;                 -- can't be pushed down
  DROP TRIGGER trig_row_after_delete ON rem1;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test inheritance features
  -- ===================================================================
  
  CREATE TABLE a (aa TEXT);
  CREATE TABLE loct (aa TEXT, bb TEXT);
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE b (bb TEXT) INHERITS (a)
    SERVER loopback OPTIONS (table_name 'loct');
  
  INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaa');
  INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaa');
  INSERT INTO a(aa) VALUES('aaaaa');
  
  INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbb');
  INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbb');
  INSERT INTO b(aa) VALUES('bbbbb');
  
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
  
  UPDATE a SET aa = 'zzzzzz' WHERE aa LIKE 'aaaa%';
  
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
  
  UPDATE b SET aa = 'new';
  
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
  
  UPDATE a SET aa = 'newtoo';
  
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
  
  DELETE FROM a;
  
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM a;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM b;
  SELECT tableoid::regclass, * FROM ONLY a;
  
  DROP TABLE a CASCADE;
  DROP TABLE loct;
  
  -- Check SELECT FOR UPDATE/SHARE with an inherited source table
  create table loct1 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
  create table loct2 (f1 int, f2 int, f3 int);
  
  create table foo (f1 int, f2 int);
  create foreign table foo2 (f3 int) inherits (foo)
    server loopback options (table_name 'loct1');
  create table bar (f1 int, f2 int);
  create foreign table bar2 (f3 int) inherits (bar)
    server loopback options (table_name 'loct2');
  
  insert into foo values(1,1);
  insert into foo values(3,3);
  insert into foo2 values(2,2,2);
  insert into foo2 values(4,4,4);
  insert into bar values(1,11);
  insert into bar values(2,22);
  insert into bar values(6,66);
  insert into bar2 values(3,33,33);
  insert into bar2 values(4,44,44);
  insert into bar2 values(7,77,77);
  
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
  select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for update;
  
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
  select * from bar where f1 in (select f1 from foo) for share;
  
  -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an inherited source table
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
  update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 where f1 in (select f1 from foo);
  
  select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
  
  -- Check UPDATE with inherited target and an appendrel subquery
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
  from
    ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
  where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
  update bar set f2 = f2 + 100
  from
    ( select f1 from foo union all select f1+3 from foo ) ss
  where bar.f1 = ss.f1;
  
  select tableoid::regclass, * from bar order by 1,2;
  
  -- Test forcing the remote server to produce sorted data for a merge join,
  -- but the foreign table is an inheritance child.
  truncate table loct1;
  truncate table only foo;
  \set num_rows_foo 2000
  insert into loct1 select generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(0, :num_rows_foo, 2);
  insert into foo select generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2), generate_series(1, :num_rows_foo, 2);
  SET enable_hashjoin to false;
  SET enable_nestloop to false;
  alter foreign table foo2 options (use_remote_estimate 'true');
  create index i_loct1_f1 on loct1(f1);
  create index i_foo_f1 on foo(f1);
  analyze foo;
  analyze loct1;
  -- inner join; expressions in the clauses appear in the equivalence class list
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
  select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
  -- outer join; expressions in the clauses do not appear in equivalence class
  -- list but no output change as compared to the previous query
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  	select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
  select foo.f1, loct1.f1 from foo left join loct1 on (foo.f1 = loct1.f1) order by foo.f2 offset 10 limit 10;
  RESET enable_hashjoin;
  RESET enable_nestloop;
  
  -- Test that WHERE CURRENT OF is not supported
  begin;
  declare c cursor for select * from bar where f1 = 7;
  fetch from c;
  update bar set f2 = null where current of c;
  rollback;
  
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
  delete from foo where f1 < 5 returning *;
  explain (verbose, costs off)
  update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
  update bar set f2 = f2 + 100 returning *;
  
  drop table foo cascade;
  drop table bar cascade;
  drop table loct1;
  drop table loct2;
  
  -- ===================================================================
  -- test IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA
  -- ===================================================================
  
  CREATE SCHEMA import_source;
  CREATE TABLE import_source.t1 (c1 int, c2 varchar NOT NULL);
  CREATE TABLE import_source.t2 (c1 int default 42, c2 varchar NULL, c3 text collate "POSIX");
  CREATE TYPE typ1 AS (m1 int, m2 varchar);
  CREATE TABLE import_source.t3 (c1 timestamptz default now(), c2 typ1);
  CREATE TABLE import_source."x 4" (c1 float8, "C 2" text, c3 varchar(42));
  CREATE TABLE import_source."x 5" (c1 float8);
  ALTER TABLE import_source."x 5" DROP COLUMN c1;
  CREATE TABLE import_source.t4 (c1 int) PARTITION BY RANGE (c1);
  CREATE TABLE import_source.t4_part PARTITION OF import_source.t4
    FOR VALUES FROM (1) TO (100);
  
  CREATE SCHEMA import_dest1;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest1;
  \det+ import_dest1.*
  \d import_dest1.*
  
  -- Options
  CREATE SCHEMA import_dest2;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest2
    OPTIONS (import_default 'true');
  \det+ import_dest2.*
  \d import_dest2.*
  CREATE SCHEMA import_dest3;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest3
    OPTIONS (import_collate 'false', import_not_null 'false');
  \det+ import_dest3.*
  \d import_dest3.*
  
  -- Check LIMIT TO and EXCEPT
  CREATE SCHEMA import_dest4;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t1, nonesuch)
    FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
  \det+ import_dest4.*
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source EXCEPT (t1, "x 4", nonesuch)
    FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
  \det+ import_dest4.*
  
  -- Assorted error cases
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest4;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER loopback INTO notthere;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA nonesuch FROM SERVER nowhere INTO notthere;
  
  -- Check case of a type present only on the remote server.
  -- We can fake this by dropping the type locally in our transaction.
  CREATE TYPE "Colors" AS ENUM ('red', 'green', 'blue');
  CREATE TABLE import_source.t5 (c1 int, c2 text collate "C", "Col" "Colors");
  
  CREATE SCHEMA import_dest5;
  BEGIN;
  DROP TYPE "Colors" CASCADE;
  IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA import_source LIMIT TO (t5)
    FROM SERVER loopback INTO import_dest5;  -- ERROR
  
  ROLLBACK;
  
  BEGIN;
  
  
  CREATE SERVER fetch101 FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgres_fdw OPTIONS( fetch_size '101' );
  
  SELECT count(*)
  FROM pg_foreign_server
  WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
  AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
  
  ALTER SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS( SET fetch_size '202' );
  
  SELECT count(*)
  FROM pg_foreign_server
  WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
  AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=101'];
  
  SELECT count(*)
  FROM pg_foreign_server
  WHERE srvname = 'fetch101'
  AND srvoptions @> array['fetch_size=202'];
  
  CREATE FOREIGN TABLE table30000 ( x int ) SERVER fetch101 OPTIONS ( fetch_size '30000' );
  
  SELECT COUNT(*)
  FROM pg_foreign_table
  WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
  AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
  
  ALTER FOREIGN TABLE table30000 OPTIONS ( SET fetch_size '60000');
  
  SELECT COUNT(*)
  FROM pg_foreign_table
  WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
  AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=30000'];
  
  SELECT COUNT(*)
  FROM pg_foreign_table
  WHERE ftrelid = 'table30000'::regclass
  AND ftoptions @> array['fetch_size=60000'];
  
  ROLLBACK;
  