text: /**
   * State-based routing for AngularJS
   * @version v0.2.15
   * @link http://angular-ui.github.com/
   * @license MIT License, http://www.opensource.org/licenses/MIT
   */
  
  /* commonjs package manager support (eg componentjs) */
  if (typeof module !== "undefined" && typeof exports !== "undefined" && module.exports === exports) {
      module.exports = 'ui.router';
  }
  
  (function (window, angular, undefined) {
      /*jshint globalstrict:true*/
      /*global angular:false*/
      'use strict';
  
      var isDefined = angular.isDefined,
          isFunction = angular.isFunction,
          isString = angular.isString,
          isObject = angular.isObject,
          isArray = angular.isArray,
          forEach = angular.forEach,
          extend = angular.extend,
          copy = angular.copy;
  
      function inherit(parent, extra) {
          return extend(new (extend(function () {
          }, {prototype: parent}))(), extra);
      }
  
      function merge(dst) {
          forEach(arguments, function (obj) {
              if (obj !== dst) {
                  forEach(obj, function (value, key) {
                      if (!dst.hasOwnProperty(key)) dst[key] = value;
                  });
              }
          });
          return dst;
      }
  
      /**
       * Finds the common ancestor path between two states.
       *
       * @param {Object} first The first state.
       * @param {Object} second The second state.
       * @return {Array} Returns an array of state names in descending order, not including the root.
       */
      function ancestors(first, second) {
          var path = [];
  
          for (var n in first.path) {
              if (first.path[n] !== second.path[n]) break;
              path.push(first.path[n]);
          }
          return path;
      }
  
      /**
       * IE8-safe wrapper for `Object.keys()`.
       *
       * @param {Object} object A JavaScript object.
       * @return {Array} Returns the keys of the object as an array.
       */
      function objectKeys(object) {
          if (Object.keys) {
              return Object.keys(object);
          }
          var result = [];
  
          forEach(object, function (val, key) {
              result.push(key);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * IE8-safe wrapper for `Array.prototype.indexOf()`.
       *
       * @param {Array} array A JavaScript array.
       * @param {*} value A value to search the array for.
       * @return {Number} Returns the array index value of `value`, or `-1` if not present.
       */
      function indexOf(array, value) {
          if (Array.prototype.indexOf) {
              return array.indexOf(value, Number(arguments[2]) || 0);
          }
          var len = array.length >>> 0, from = Number(arguments[2]) || 0;
          from = (from < 0) ? Math.ceil(from) : Math.floor(from);
  
          if (from < 0) from += len;
  
          for (; from < len; from++) {
              if (from in array && array[from] === value) return from;
          }
          return -1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Merges a set of parameters with all parameters inherited between the common parents of the
       * current state and a given destination state.
       *
       * @param {Object} currentParams The value of the current state parameters ($stateParams).
       * @param {Object} newParams The set of parameters which will be composited with inherited params.
       * @param {Object} $current Internal definition of object representing the current state.
       * @param {Object} $to Internal definition of object representing state to transition to.
       */
      function inheritParams(currentParams, newParams, $current, $to) {
          var parents = ancestors($current, $to), parentParams, inherited = {}, inheritList = [];
  
          for (var i in parents) {
              if (!parents[i].params) continue;
              parentParams = objectKeys(parents[i].params);
              if (!parentParams.length) continue;
  
              for (var j in parentParams) {
                  if (indexOf(inheritList, parentParams[j]) >= 0) continue;
                  inheritList.push(parentParams[j]);
                  inherited[parentParams[j]] = currentParams[parentParams[j]];
              }
          }
          return extend({}, inherited, newParams);
      }
  
      /**
       * Performs a non-strict comparison of the subset of two objects, defined by a list of keys.
       *
       * @param {Object} a The first object.
       * @param {Object} b The second object.
       * @param {Array} keys The list of keys within each object to compare. If the list is empty or not specified,
       *                     it defaults to the list of keys in `a`.
       * @return {Boolean} Returns `true` if the keys match, otherwise `false`.
       */
      function equalForKeys(a, b, keys) {
          if (!keys) {
              keys = [];
              for (var n in a) keys.push(n); // Used instead of Object.keys() for IE8 compatibility
          }
  
          for (var i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
              var k = keys[i];
              if (a[k] != b[k]) return false; // Not '===', values aren't necessarily normalized
          }
          return true;
      }
  
      /**
       * Returns the subset of an object, based on a list of keys.
       *
       * @param {Array} keys
       * @param {Object} values
       * @return {Boolean} Returns a subset of `values`.
       */
      function filterByKeys(keys, values) {
          var filtered = {};
  
          forEach(keys, function (name) {
              filtered[name] = values[name];
          });
          return filtered;
      }
  
  // like _.indexBy
  // when you know that your index values will be unique, or you want last-one-in to win
      function indexBy(array, propName) {
          var result = {};
          forEach(array, function (item) {
              result[item[propName]] = item;
          });
          return result;
      }
  
  // extracted from underscore.js
  // Return a copy of the object only containing the whitelisted properties.
      function pick(obj) {
          var copy = {};
          var keys = Array.prototype.concat.apply(Array.prototype, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
          forEach(keys, function (key) {
              if (key in obj) copy[key] = obj[key];
          });
          return copy;
      }
  
  // extracted from underscore.js
  // Return a copy of the object omitting the blacklisted properties.
      function omit(obj) {
          var copy = {};
          var keys = Array.prototype.concat.apply(Array.prototype, Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments, 1));
          for (var key in obj) {
              if (indexOf(keys, key) == -1) copy[key] = obj[key];
          }
          return copy;
      }
  
      function pluck(collection, key) {
          var result = isArray(collection) ? [] : {};
  
          forEach(collection, function (val, i) {
              result[i] = isFunction(key) ? key(val) : val[key];
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      function filter(collection, callback) {
          var array = isArray(collection);
          var result = array ? [] : {};
          forEach(collection, function (val, i) {
              if (callback(val, i)) {
                  result[array ? result.length : i] = val;
              }
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      function map(collection, callback) {
          var result = isArray(collection) ? [] : {};
  
          forEach(collection, function (val, i) {
              result[i] = callback(val, i);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc overview
       * @name ui.router.util
       *
       * @description
       * # ui.router.util sub-module
       *
       * This module is a dependency of other sub-modules. Do not include this module as a dependency
       * in your angular app (use {@link ui.router} module instead).
       *
       */
      angular.module('ui.router.util', ['ng']);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc overview
       * @name ui.router.router
       *
       * @requires ui.router.util
       *
       * @description
       * # ui.router.router sub-module
       *
       * This module is a dependency of other sub-modules. Do not include this module as a dependency
       * in your angular app (use {@link ui.router} module instead).
       */
      angular.module('ui.router.router', ['ui.router.util']);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc overview
       * @name ui.router.state
       *
       * @requires ui.router.router
       * @requires ui.router.util
       *
       * @description
       * # ui.router.state sub-module
       *
       * This module is a dependency of the main ui.router module. Do not include this module as a dependency
       * in your angular app (use {@link ui.router} module instead).
       *
       */
      angular.module('ui.router.state', ['ui.router.router', 'ui.router.util']);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc overview
       * @name ui.router
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state
       *
       * @description
       * # ui.router
       *
       * ## The main module for ui.router
       * There are several sub-modules included with the ui.router module, however only this module is needed
       * as a dependency within your angular app. The other modules are for organization purposes.
       *
       * The modules are:
       * * ui.router - the main "umbrella" module
       * * ui.router.router -
       *
       * *You'll need to include **only** this module as the dependency within your angular app.*
       *
       * <pre>
       * <!doctype html>
       * <html ng-app="myApp">
       * <head>
       *   <script src="js/angular.js"></script>
       *   <!-- Include the ui-router script -->
       *   <script src="js/angular-ui-router.min.js"></script>
       *   <script>
       *     // ...and add 'ui.router' as a dependency
       *     var myApp = angular.module('myApp', ['ui.router']);
       *   </script>
       * </head>
       * <body>
       * </body>
       * </html>
       * </pre>
       */
      angular.module('ui.router', ['ui.router.state']);
  
      angular.module('ui.router.compat', ['ui.router']);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.util.$resolve
       *
       * @requires $q
       * @requires $injector
       *
       * @description
       * Manages resolution of (acyclic) graphs of promises.
       */
      $Resolve.$inject = ['$q', '$injector'];
      function $Resolve($q, $injector) {
  
          var VISIT_IN_PROGRESS = 1,
              VISIT_DONE = 2,
              NOTHING = {},
              NO_DEPENDENCIES = [],
              NO_LOCALS = NOTHING,
              NO_PARENT = extend($q.when(NOTHING), {$$promises: NOTHING, $$values: NOTHING});
  
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$resolve#study
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$resolve
           *
           * @description
           * Studies a set of invocables that are likely to be used multiple times.
           * <pre>
           * $resolve.study(invocables)(locals, parent, self)
           * </pre>
           * is equivalent to
           * <pre>
           * $resolve.resolve(invocables, locals, parent, self)
           * </pre>
           * but the former is more efficient (in fact `resolve` just calls `study`
           * internally).
           *
           * @param {object} invocables Invocable objects
           * @return {function} a function to pass in locals, parent and self
           */
          this.study = function (invocables) {
              if (!isObject(invocables)) throw new Error("'invocables' must be an object");
              var invocableKeys = objectKeys(invocables || {});
  
              // Perform a topological sort of invocables to build an ordered plan
              var plan = [], cycle = [], visited = {};
  
              function visit(value, key) {
                  if (visited[key] === VISIT_DONE) return;
  
                  cycle.push(key);
                  if (visited[key] === VISIT_IN_PROGRESS) {
                      cycle.splice(0, indexOf(cycle, key));
                      throw new Error("Cyclic dependency: " + cycle.join(" -> "));
                  }
                  visited[key] = VISIT_IN_PROGRESS;
  
                  if (isString(value)) {
                      plan.push(key, [function () {
                          return $injector.get(value);
                      }], NO_DEPENDENCIES);
                  } else {
                      var params = $injector.annotate(value);
                      forEach(params, function (param) {
                          if (param !== key && invocables.hasOwnProperty(param)) visit(invocables[param], param);
                      });
                      plan.push(key, value, params);
                  }
  
                  cycle.pop();
                  visited[key] = VISIT_DONE;
              }
  
              forEach(invocables, visit);
              invocables = cycle = visited = null; // plan is all that's required
  
              function isResolve(value) {
                  return isObject(value) && value.then && value.$$promises;
              }
  
              return function (locals, parent, self) {
                  if (isResolve(locals) && self === undefined) {
                      self = parent;
                      parent = locals;
                      locals = null;
                  }
                  if (!locals) locals = NO_LOCALS;
                  else if (!isObject(locals)) {
                      throw new Error("'locals' must be an object");
                  }
                  if (!parent) parent = NO_PARENT;
                  else if (!isResolve(parent)) {
                      throw new Error("'parent' must be a promise returned by $resolve.resolve()");
                  }
  
                  // To complete the overall resolution, we have to wait for the parent
                  // promise and for the promise for each invokable in our plan.
                  var resolution = $q.defer(),
                      result = resolution.promise,
                      promises = result.$$promises = {},
                      values = extend({}, locals),
                      wait = 1 + plan.length / 3,
                      merged = false;
  
                  function done() {
                      // Merge parent values we haven't got yet and publish our own $$values
                      if (!--wait) {
                          if (!merged) merge(values, parent.$$values);
                          result.$$values = values;
                          result.$$promises = result.$$promises || true; // keep for isResolve()
                          delete result.$$inheritedValues;
                          resolution.resolve(values);
                      }
                  }
  
                  function fail(reason) {
                      result.$$failure = reason;
                      resolution.reject(reason);
                  }
  
                  // Short-circuit if parent has already failed
                  if (isDefined(parent.$$failure)) {
                      fail(parent.$$failure);
                      return result;
                  }
  
                  if (parent.$$inheritedValues) {
                      merge(values, omit(parent.$$inheritedValues, invocableKeys));
                  }
  
                  // Merge parent values if the parent has already resolved, or merge
                  // parent promises and wait if the parent resolve is still in progress.
                  extend(promises, parent.$$promises);
                  if (parent.$$values) {
                      merged = merge(values, omit(parent.$$values, invocableKeys));
                      result.$$inheritedValues = omit(parent.$$values, invocableKeys);
                      done();
                  } else {
                      if (parent.$$inheritedValues) {
                          result.$$inheritedValues = omit(parent.$$inheritedValues, invocableKeys);
                      }
                      parent.then(done, fail);
                  }
  
                  // Process each invocable in the plan, but ignore any where a local of the same name exists.
                  for (var i = 0, ii = plan.length; i < ii; i += 3) {
                      if (locals.hasOwnProperty(plan[i])) done();
                      else invoke(plan[i], plan[i + 1], plan[i + 2]);
                  }
  
                  function invoke(key, invocable, params) {
                      // Create a deferred for this invocation. Failures will propagate to the resolution as well.
                      var invocation = $q.defer(), waitParams = 0;
  
                      function onfailure(reason) {
                          invocation.reject(reason);
                          fail(reason);
                      }
  
                      // Wait for any parameter that we have a promise for (either from parent or from this
                      // resolve; in that case study() will have made sure it's ordered before us in the plan).
                      forEach(params, function (dep) {
                          if (promises.hasOwnProperty(dep) && !locals.hasOwnProperty(dep)) {
                              waitParams++;
                              promises[dep].then(function (result) {
                                  values[dep] = result;
                                  if (!(--waitParams)) proceed();
                              }, onfailure);
                          }
                      });
                      if (!waitParams) proceed();
                      function proceed() {
                          if (isDefined(result.$$failure)) return;
                          try {
                              invocation.resolve($injector.invoke(invocable, self, values));
                              invocation.promise.then(function (result) {
                                  values[key] = result;
                                  done();
                              }, onfailure);
                          } catch (e) {
                              onfailure(e);
                          }
                      }
  
                      // Publish promise synchronously; invocations further down in the plan may depend on it.
                      promises[key] = invocation.promise;
                  }
  
                  return result;
              };
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$resolve#resolve
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$resolve
           *
           * @description
           * Resolves a set of invocables. An invocable is a function to be invoked via
           * `$injector.invoke()`, and can have an arbitrary number of dependencies.
           * An invocable can either return a value directly,
           * or a `$q` promise. If a promise is returned it will be resolved and the
           * resulting value will be used instead. Dependencies of invocables are resolved
           * (in this order of precedence)
           *
           * - from the specified `locals`
           * - from another invocable that is part of this `$resolve` call
           * - from an invocable that is inherited from a `parent` call to `$resolve`
           *   (or recursively
           * - from any ancestor `$resolve` of that parent).
           *
           * The return value of `$resolve` is a promise for an object that contains
           * (in this order of precedence)
           *
           * - any `locals` (if specified)
           * - the resolved return values of all injectables
           * - any values inherited from a `parent` call to `$resolve` (if specified)
           *
           * The promise will resolve after the `parent` promise (if any) and all promises
           * returned by injectables have been resolved. If any invocable
           * (or `$injector.invoke`) throws an exception, or if a promise returned by an
           * invocable is rejected, the `$resolve` promise is immediately rejected with the
           * same error. A rejection of a `parent` promise (if specified) will likewise be
           * propagated immediately. Once the `$resolve` promise has been rejected, no
           * further invocables will be called.
           *
           * Cyclic dependencies between invocables are not permitted and will caues `$resolve`
           * to throw an error. As a special case, an injectable can depend on a parameter
           * with the same name as the injectable, which will be fulfilled from the `parent`
           * injectable of the same name. This allows inherited values to be decorated.
           * Note that in this case any other injectable in the same `$resolve` with the same
           * dependency would see the decorated value, not the inherited value.
           *
           * Note that missing dependencies -- unlike cyclic dependencies -- will cause an
           * (asynchronous) rejection of the `$resolve` promise rather than a (synchronous)
           * exception.
           *
           * Invocables are invoked eagerly as soon as all dependencies are available.
           * This is true even for dependencies inherited from a `parent` call to `$resolve`.
           *
           * As a special case, an invocable can be a string, in which case it is taken to
           * be a service name to be passed to `$injector.get()`. This is supported primarily
           * for backwards-compatibility with the `resolve` property of `$routeProvider`
           * routes.
           *
           * @param {object} invocables functions to invoke or
           * `$injector` services to fetch.
           * @param {object} locals  values to make available to the injectables
           * @param {object} parent  a promise returned by another call to `$resolve`.
           * @param {object} self  the `this` for the invoked methods
           * @return {object} Promise for an object that contains the resolved return value
           * of all invocables, as well as any inherited and local values.
           */
          this.resolve = function (invocables, locals, parent, self) {
              return this.study(invocables)(locals, parent, self);
          };
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.util').service('$resolve', $Resolve);
  
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.util.$templateFactory
       *
       * @requires $http
       * @requires $templateCache
       * @requires $injector
       *
       * @description
       * Service. Manages loading of templates.
       */
      $TemplateFactory.$inject = ['$http', '$templateCache', '$injector'];
      function $TemplateFactory($http, $templateCache, $injector) {
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromConfig
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$templateFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Creates a template from a configuration object.
           *
           * @param {object} config Configuration object for which to load a template.
           * The following properties are search in the specified order, and the first one
           * that is defined is used to create the template:
           *
           * @param {string|object} config.template html string template or function to
           * load via {@link ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromString fromString}.
           * @param {string|object} config.templateUrl url to load or a function returning
           * the url to load via {@link ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromUrl fromUrl}.
           * @param {Function} config.templateProvider function to invoke via
           * {@link ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromProvider fromProvider}.
           * @param {object} params  Parameters to pass to the template function.
           * @param {object} locals Locals to pass to `invoke` if the template is loaded
           * via a `templateProvider`. Defaults to `{ params: params }`.
           *
           * @return {string|object}  The template html as a string, or a promise for
           * that string,or `null` if no template is configured.
           */
          this.fromConfig = function (config, params, locals) {
              return (
                  isDefined(config.template) ? this.fromString(config.template, params) :
                      isDefined(config.templateUrl) ? this.fromUrl(config.templateUrl, params) :
                          isDefined(config.templateProvider) ? this.fromProvider(config.templateProvider, params, locals) :
                              null
              );
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromString
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$templateFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Creates a template from a string or a function returning a string.
           *
           * @param {string|object} template html template as a string or function that
           * returns an html template as a string.
           * @param {object} params Parameters to pass to the template function.
           *
           * @return {string|object} The template html as a string, or a promise for that
           * string.
           */
          this.fromString = function (template, params) {
              return isFunction(template) ? template(params) : template;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromUrl
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$templateFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Loads a template from the a URL via `$http` and `$templateCache`.
           *
           * @param {string|Function} url url of the template to load, or a function
           * that returns a url.
           * @param {Object} params Parameters to pass to the url function.
           * @return {string|Promise.<string>} The template html as a string, or a promise
           * for that string.
           */
          this.fromUrl = function (url, params) {
              if (isFunction(url)) url = url(params);
              if (url == null) return null;
              else return $http
                  .get(url, {cache: $templateCache, headers: {Accept: 'text/html'}})
                  .then(function (response) {
                      return response.data;
                  });
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$templateFactory#fromProvider
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$templateFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Creates a template by invoking an injectable provider function.
           *
           * @param {Function} provider Function to invoke via `$injector.invoke`
           * @param {Object} params Parameters for the template.
           * @param {Object} locals Locals to pass to `invoke`. Defaults to
           * `{ params: params }`.
           * @return {string|Promise.<string>} The template html as a string, or a promise
           * for that string.
           */
          this.fromProvider = function (provider, params, locals) {
              return $injector.invoke(provider, null, locals || {params: params});
          };
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.util').service('$templateFactory', $TemplateFactory);
  
      var $$UMFP; // reference to $UrlMatcherFactoryProvider
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher
       *
       * @description
       * Matches URLs against patterns and extracts named parameters from the path or the search
       * part of the URL. A URL pattern consists of a path pattern, optionally followed by '?' and a list
       * of search parameters. Multiple search parameter names are separated by '&'. Search parameters
       * do not influence whether or not a URL is matched, but their values are passed through into
       * the matched parameters returned by {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#methods_exec exec}.
       *
       * Path parameter placeholders can be specified using simple colon/catch-all syntax or curly brace
       * syntax, which optionally allows a regular expression for the parameter to be specified:
       *
       * * `':'` name - colon placeholder
       * * `'*'` name - catch-all placeholder
       * * `'{' name '}'` - curly placeholder
       * * `'{' name ':' regexp|type '}'` - curly placeholder with regexp or type name. Should the
       *   regexp itself contain curly braces, they must be in matched pairs or escaped with a backslash.
       *
       * Parameter names may contain only word characters (latin letters, digits, and underscore) and
       * must be unique within the pattern (across both path and search parameters). For colon
       * placeholders or curly placeholders without an explicit regexp, a path parameter matches any
       * number of characters other than '/'. For catch-all placeholders the path parameter matches
       * any number of characters.
       *
       * Examples:
       *
       * * `'/hello/'` - Matches only if the path is exactly '/hello/'. There is no special treatment for
       *   trailing slashes, and patterns have to match the entire path, not just a prefix.
       * * `'/user/:id'` - Matches '/user/bob' or '/user/1234!!!' or even '/user/' but not '/user' or
       *   '/user/bob/details'. The second path segment will be captured as the parameter 'id'.
       * * `'/user/{id}'` - Same as the previous example, but using curly brace syntax.
       * * `'/user/{id:[^/]*}'` - Same as the previous example.
       * * `'/user/{id:[0-9a-fA-F]{1,8}}'` - Similar to the previous example, but only matches if the id
       *   parameter consists of 1 to 8 hex digits.
       * * `'/files/{path:.*}'` - Matches any URL starting with '/files/' and captures the rest of the
       *   path into the parameter 'path'.
       * * `'/files/*path'` - ditto.
       * * `'/calendar/{start:date}'` - Matches "/calendar/2014-11-12" (because the pattern defined
       *   in the built-in  `date` Type matches `2014-11-12`) and provides a Date object in $stateParams.start
       *
       * @param {string} pattern  The pattern to compile into a matcher.
       * @param {Object} config  A configuration object hash:
       * @param {Object=} parentMatcher Used to concatenate the pattern/config onto
       *   an existing UrlMatcher
       *
       * * `caseInsensitive` - `true` if URL matching should be case insensitive, otherwise `false`, the default value (for backward compatibility) is `false`.
       * * `strict` - `false` if matching against a URL with a trailing slash should be treated as equivalent to a URL without a trailing slash, the default value is `true`.
       *
       * @property {string} prefix  A static prefix of this pattern. The matcher guarantees that any
       *   URL matching this matcher (i.e. any string for which {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#methods_exec exec()} returns
       *   non-null) will start with this prefix.
       *
       * @property {string} source  The pattern that was passed into the constructor
       *
       * @property {string} sourcePath  The path portion of the source property
       *
       * @property {string} sourceSearch  The search portion of the source property
       *
       * @property {string} regex  The constructed regex that will be used to match against the url when
       *   it is time to determine which url will match.
       *
       * @returns {Object}  New `UrlMatcher` object
       */
      function UrlMatcher(pattern, config, parentMatcher) {
          config = extend({params: {}}, isObject(config) ? config : {});
  
          // Find all placeholders and create a compiled pattern, using either classic or curly syntax:
          //   '*' name
          //   ':' name
          //   '{' name '}'
          //   '{' name ':' regexp '}'
          // The regular expression is somewhat complicated due to the need to allow curly braces
          // inside the regular expression. The placeholder regexp breaks down as follows:
          //    ([:*])([\w\[\]]+)              - classic placeholder ($1 / $2) (search version has - for snake-case)
          //    \{([\w\[\]]+)(?:\:( ... ))?\}  - curly brace placeholder ($3) with optional regexp/type ... ($4) (search version has - for snake-case
          //    (?: ... | ... | ... )+         - the regexp consists of any number of atoms, an atom being either
          //    [^{}\\]+                       - anything other than curly braces or backslash
          //    \\.                            - a backslash escape
          //    \{(?:[^{}\\]+|\\.)*\}          - a matched set of curly braces containing other atoms
          var placeholder = /([:*])([\w\[\]]+)|\{([\w\[\]]+)(?:\:((?:[^{}\\]+|\\.|\{(?:[^{}\\]+|\\.)*\})+))?\}/g,
              searchPlaceholder = /([:]?)([\w\[\]-]+)|\{([\w\[\]-]+)(?:\:((?:[^{}\\]+|\\.|\{(?:[^{}\\]+|\\.)*\})+))?\}/g,
              compiled = '^', last = 0, m,
              segments = this.segments = [],
              parentParams = parentMatcher ? parentMatcher.params : {},
              params = this.params = parentMatcher ? parentMatcher.params.$$new() : new $$UMFP.ParamSet(),
              paramNames = [];
  
          function addParameter(id, type, config, location) {
              paramNames.push(id);
              if (parentParams[id]) return parentParams[id];
              if (!/^\w+(-+\w+)*(?:\[\])?$/.test(id)) throw new Error("Invalid parameter name '" + id + "' in pattern '" + pattern + "'");
              if (params[id]) throw new Error("Duplicate parameter name '" + id + "' in pattern '" + pattern + "'");
              params[id] = new $$UMFP.Param(id, type, config, location);
              return params[id];
          }
  
          function quoteRegExp(string, pattern, squash, optional) {
              var surroundPattern = ['', ''], result = string.replace(/[\\\[\]\^$*+?.()|{}]/g, "\\$&");
              if (!pattern) return result;
              switch (squash) {
                  case false:
                      surroundPattern = ['(', ')' + (optional ? "?" : "")];
                      break;
                  case true:
                      surroundPattern = ['?(', ')?'];
                      break;
                  default:
                      surroundPattern = ['(' + squash + "|", ')?'];
                      break;
              }
              return result + surroundPattern[0] + pattern + surroundPattern[1];
          }
  
          this.source = pattern;
  
          // Split into static segments separated by path parameter placeholders.
          // The number of segments is always 1 more than the number of parameters.
          function matchDetails(m, isSearch) {
              var id, regexp, segment, type, cfg, arrayMode;
              id = m[2] || m[3]; // IE[78] returns '' for unmatched groups instead of null
              cfg = config.params[id];
              segment = pattern.substring(last, m.index);
              regexp = isSearch ? m[4] : m[4] || (m[1] == '*' ? '.*' : null);
              type = $$UMFP.type(regexp || "string") || inherit($$UMFP.type("string"), {pattern: new RegExp(regexp, config.caseInsensitive ? 'i' : undefined)});
              return {
                  id: id, regexp: regexp, segment: segment, type: type, cfg: cfg
              };
          }
  
          var p, param, segment;
          while ((m = placeholder.exec(pattern))) {
              p = matchDetails(m, false);
              if (p.segment.indexOf('?') >= 0) break; // we're into the search part
  
              param = addParameter(p.id, p.type, p.cfg, "path");
              compiled += quoteRegExp(p.segment, param.type.pattern.source, param.squash, param.isOptional);
              segments.push(p.segment);
              last = placeholder.lastIndex;
          }
          segment = pattern.substring(last);
  
          // Find any search parameter names and remove them from the last segment
          var i = segment.indexOf('?');
  
          if (i >= 0) {
              var search = this.sourceSearch = segment.substring(i);
              segment = segment.substring(0, i);
              this.sourcePath = pattern.substring(0, last + i);
  
              if (search.length > 0) {
                  last = 0;
                  while ((m = searchPlaceholder.exec(search))) {
                      p = matchDetails(m, true);
                      param = addParameter(p.id, p.type, p.cfg, "search");
                      last = placeholder.lastIndex;
                      // check if ?&
                  }
              }
          } else {
              this.sourcePath = pattern;
              this.sourceSearch = '';
          }
  
          compiled += quoteRegExp(segment) + (config.strict === false ? '\/?' : '') + '$';
          segments.push(segment);
  
          this.regexp = new RegExp(compiled, config.caseInsensitive ? 'i' : undefined);
          this.prefix = segments[0];
          this.$$paramNames = paramNames;
      }
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#concat
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher
       *
       * @description
       * Returns a new matcher for a pattern constructed by appending the path part and adding the
       * search parameters of the specified pattern to this pattern. The current pattern is not
       * modified. This can be understood as creating a pattern for URLs that are relative to (or
       * suffixes of) the current pattern.
       *
       * @example
       * The following two matchers are equivalent:
       * <pre>
       * new UrlMatcher('/user/{id}?q').concat('/details?date');
       * new UrlMatcher('/user/{id}/details?q&date');
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param {string} pattern  The pattern to append.
       * @param {Object} config  An object hash of the configuration for the matcher.
       * @returns {UrlMatcher}  A matcher for the concatenated pattern.
       */
      UrlMatcher.prototype.concat = function (pattern, config) {
          // Because order of search parameters is irrelevant, we can add our own search
          // parameters to the end of the new pattern. Parse the new pattern by itself
          // and then join the bits together, but it's much easier to do this on a string level.
          var defaultConfig = {
              caseInsensitive: $$UMFP.caseInsensitive(),
              strict: $$UMFP.strictMode(),
              squash: $$UMFP.defaultSquashPolicy()
          };
          return new UrlMatcher(this.sourcePath + pattern + this.sourceSearch, extend(defaultConfig, config), this);
      };
  
      UrlMatcher.prototype.toString = function () {
          return this.source;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#exec
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher
       *
       * @description
       * Tests the specified path against this matcher, and returns an object containing the captured
       * parameter values, or null if the path does not match. The returned object contains the values
       * of any search parameters that are mentioned in the pattern, but their value may be null if
       * they are not present in `searchParams`. This means that search parameters are always treated
       * as optional.
       *
       * @example
       * <pre>
       * new UrlMatcher('/user/{id}?q&r').exec('/user/bob', {
   *   x: '1', q: 'hello'
   * });
       * // returns { id: 'bob', q: 'hello', r: null }
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param {string} path  The URL path to match, e.g. `$location.path()`.
       * @param {Object} searchParams  URL search parameters, e.g. `$location.search()`.
       * @returns {Object}  The captured parameter values.
       */
      UrlMatcher.prototype.exec = function (path, searchParams) {
          var m = this.regexp.exec(path);
          if (!m) return null;
          searchParams = searchParams || {};
  
          var paramNames = this.parameters(), nTotal = paramNames.length,
              nPath = this.segments.length - 1,
              values = {}, i, j, cfg, paramName;
  
          if (nPath !== m.length - 1) throw new Error("Unbalanced capture group in route '" + this.source + "'");
  
          function decodePathArray(string) {
              function reverseString(str) {
                  return str.split("").reverse().join("");
              }
  
              function unquoteDashes(str) {
                  return str.replace(/\\-/g, "-");
              }
  
              var split = reverseString(string).split(/-(?!\\)/);
              var allReversed = map(split, reverseString);
              return map(allReversed, unquoteDashes).reverse();
          }
  
          for (i = 0; i < nPath; i++) {
              paramName = paramNames[i];
              var param = this.params[paramName];
              var paramVal = m[i + 1];
              // if the param value matches a pre-replace pair, replace the value before decoding.
              for (j = 0; j < param.replace; j++) {
                  if (param.replace[j].from === paramVal) paramVal = param.replace[j].to;
              }
              if (paramVal && param.array === true) paramVal = decodePathArray(paramVal);
              values[paramName] = param.value(paramVal);
          }
          for (/**/; i < nTotal; i++) {
              paramName = paramNames[i];
              values[paramName] = this.params[paramName].value(searchParams[paramName]);
          }
  
          return values;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#parameters
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher
       *
       * @description
       * Returns the names of all path and search parameters of this pattern in an unspecified order.
       *
       * @returns {Array.<string>}  An array of parameter names. Must be treated as read-only. If the
       *    pattern has no parameters, an empty array is returned.
       */
      UrlMatcher.prototype.parameters = function (param) {
          if (!isDefined(param)) return this.$$paramNames;
          return this.params[param] || null;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#validate
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher
       *
       * @description
       * Checks an object hash of parameters to validate their correctness according to the parameter
       * types of this `UrlMatcher`.
       *
       * @param {Object} params The object hash of parameters to validate.
       * @returns {boolean} Returns `true` if `params` validates, otherwise `false`.
       */
      UrlMatcher.prototype.validates = function (params) {
          return this.params.$$validates(params);
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher#format
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher
       *
       * @description
       * Creates a URL that matches this pattern by substituting the specified values
       * for the path and search parameters. Null values for path parameters are
       * treated as empty strings.
       *
       * @example
       * <pre>
       * new UrlMatcher('/user/{id}?q').format({ id:'bob', q:'yes' });
       * // returns '/user/bob?q=yes'
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param {Object} values  the values to substitute for the parameters in this pattern.
       * @returns {string}  the formatted URL (path and optionally search part).
       */
      UrlMatcher.prototype.format = function (values) {
          values = values || {};
          var segments = this.segments, params = this.parameters(), paramset = this.params;
          if (!this.validates(values)) return null;
  
          var i, search = false, nPath = segments.length - 1, nTotal = params.length, result = segments[0];
  
          function encodeDashes(str) { // Replace dashes with encoded "\-"
              return encodeURIComponent(str).replace(/-/g, function (c) {
                  return '%5C%' + c.charCodeAt(0).toString(16).toUpperCase();
              });
          }
  
          for (i = 0; i < nTotal; i++) {
              var isPathParam = i < nPath;
              var name = params[i], param = paramset[name], value = param.value(values[name]);
              var isDefaultValue = param.isOptional && param.type.equals(param.value(), value);
              var squash = isDefaultValue ? param.squash : false;
              var encoded = param.type.encode(value);
  
              if (isPathParam) {
                  var nextSegment = segments[i + 1];
                  if (squash === false) {
                      if (encoded != null) {
                          if (isArray(encoded)) {
                              result += map(encoded, encodeDashes).join("-");
                          } else {
                              result += encodeURIComponent(encoded);
                          }
                      }
                      result += nextSegment;
                  } else if (squash === true) {
                      var capture = result.match(/\/$/) ? /\/?(.*)/ : /(.*)/;
                      result += nextSegment.match(capture)[1];
                  } else if (isString(squash)) {
                      result += squash + nextSegment;
                  }
              } else {
                  if (encoded == null || (isDefaultValue && squash !== false)) continue;
                  if (!isArray(encoded)) encoded = [encoded];
                  encoded = map(encoded, encodeURIComponent).join('&' + name + '=');
                  result += (search ? '&' : '?') + (name + '=' + encoded);
                  search = true;
              }
          }
  
          return result;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.util.type:Type
       *
       * @description
       * Implements an interface to define custom parameter types that can be decoded from and encoded to
       * string parameters matched in a URL. Used by {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher `UrlMatcher`}
       * objects when matching or formatting URLs, or comparing or validating parameter values.
       *
       * See {@link ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#methods_type `$urlMatcherFactory#type()`} for more
       * information on registering custom types.
       *
       * @param {Object} config  A configuration object which contains the custom type definition.  The object's
       *        properties will override the default methods and/or pattern in `Type`'s public interface.
       * @example
       * <pre>
       * {
   *   decode: function(val) { return parseInt(val, 10); },
   *   encode: function(val) { return val && val.toString(); },
   *   equals: function(a, b) { return this.is(a) && a === b; },
   *   is: function(val) { return angular.isNumber(val) isFinite(val) && val % 1 === 0; },
   *   pattern: /\d+/
   * }
       * </pre>
       *
       * @property {RegExp} pattern The regular expression pattern used to match values of this type when
       *           coming from a substring of a URL.
       *
       * @returns {Object}  Returns a new `Type` object.
       */
      function Type(config) {
          extend(this, config);
      }
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:Type#is
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:Type
       *
       * @description
       * Detects whether a value is of a particular type. Accepts a native (decoded) value
       * and determines whether it matches the current `Type` object.
       *
       * @param {*} val  The value to check.
       * @param {string} key  Optional. If the type check is happening in the context of a specific
       *        {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher `UrlMatcher`} object, this is the name of the
       *        parameter in which `val` is stored. Can be used for meta-programming of `Type` objects.
       * @returns {Boolean}  Returns `true` if the value matches the type, otherwise `false`.
       */
      Type.prototype.is = function (val, key) {
          return true;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:Type#encode
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:Type
       *
       * @description
       * Encodes a custom/native type value to a string that can be embedded in a URL. Note that the
       * return value does *not* need to be URL-safe (i.e. passed through `encodeURIComponent()`), it
       * only needs to be a representation of `val` that has been coerced to a string.
       *
       * @param {*} val  The value to encode.
       * @param {string} key  The name of the parameter in which `val` is stored. Can be used for
       *        meta-programming of `Type` objects.
       * @returns {string}  Returns a string representation of `val` that can be encoded in a URL.
       */
      Type.prototype.encode = function (val, key) {
          return val;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:Type#decode
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:Type
       *
       * @description
       * Converts a parameter value (from URL string or transition param) to a custom/native value.
       *
       * @param {string} val  The URL parameter value to decode.
       * @param {string} key  The name of the parameter in which `val` is stored. Can be used for
       *        meta-programming of `Type` objects.
       * @returns {*}  Returns a custom representation of the URL parameter value.
       */
      Type.prototype.decode = function (val, key) {
          return val;
      };
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc function
       * @name ui.router.util.type:Type#equals
       * @methodOf ui.router.util.type:Type
       *
       * @description
       * Determines whether two decoded values are equivalent.
       *
       * @param {*} a  A value to compare against.
       * @param {*} b  A value to compare against.
       * @returns {Boolean}  Returns `true` if the values are equivalent/equal, otherwise `false`.
       */
      Type.prototype.equals = function (a, b) {
          return a == b;
      };
  
      Type.prototype.$subPattern = function () {
          var sub = this.pattern.toString();
          return sub.substr(1, sub.length - 2);
      };
  
      Type.prototype.pattern = /.*/;
  
      Type.prototype.toString = function () {
          return "{Type:" + this.name + "}";
      };
  
      /** Given an encoded string, or a decoded object, returns a decoded object */
      Type.prototype.$normalize = function (val) {
          return this.is(val) ? val : this.decode(val);
      };
  
      /*
       * Wraps an existing custom Type as an array of Type, depending on 'mode'.
       * e.g.:
       * - urlmatcher pattern "/path?{queryParam[]:int}"
       * - url: "/path?queryParam=1&queryParam=2
       * - $stateParams.queryParam will be [1, 2]
       * if `mode` is "auto", then
       * - url: "/path?queryParam=1 will create $stateParams.queryParam: 1
       * - url: "/path?queryParam=1&queryParam=2 will create $stateParams.queryParam: [1, 2]
       */
      Type.prototype.$asArray = function (mode, isSearch) {
          if (!mode) return this;
          if (mode === "auto" && !isSearch) throw new Error("'auto' array mode is for query parameters only");
  
          function ArrayType(type, mode) {
              function bindTo(type, callbackName) {
                  return function () {
                      return type[callbackName].apply(type, arguments);
                  };
              }
  
              // Wrap non-array value as array
              function arrayWrap(val) {
                  return isArray(val) ? val : (isDefined(val) ? [val] : []);
              }
  
              // Unwrap array value for "auto" mode. Return undefined for empty array.
              function arrayUnwrap(val) {
                  switch (val.length) {
                      case 0:
                          return undefined;
                      case 1:
                          return mode === "auto" ? val[0] : val;
                      default:
                          return val;
                  }
              }
  
              function falsey(val) {
                  return !val;
              }
  
              // Wraps type (.is/.encode/.decode) functions to operate on each value of an array
              function arrayHandler(callback, allTruthyMode) {
                  return function handleArray(val) {
                      val = arrayWrap(val);
                      var result = map(val, callback);
                      if (allTruthyMode === true)
                          return filter(result, falsey).length === 0;
                      return arrayUnwrap(result);
                  };
              }
  
              // Wraps type (.equals) functions to operate on each value of an array
              function arrayEqualsHandler(callback) {
                  return function handleArray(val1, val2) {
                      var left = arrayWrap(val1), right = arrayWrap(val2);
                      if (left.length !== right.length) return false;
                      for (var i = 0; i < left.length; i++) {
                          if (!callback(left[i], right[i])) return false;
                      }
                      return true;
                  };
              }
  
              this.encode = arrayHandler(bindTo(type, 'encode'));
              this.decode = arrayHandler(bindTo(type, 'decode'));
              this.is = arrayHandler(bindTo(type, 'is'), true);
              this.equals = arrayEqualsHandler(bindTo(type, 'equals'));
              this.pattern = type.pattern;
              this.$normalize = arrayHandler(bindTo(type, '$normalize'));
              this.name = type.name;
              this.$arrayMode = mode;
          }
  
          return new ArrayType(this, mode);
      };
  
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
       *
       * @description
       * Factory for {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher `UrlMatcher`} instances. The factory
       * is also available to providers under the name `$urlMatcherFactoryProvider`.
       */
      function $UrlMatcherFactory() {
          $$UMFP = this;
  
          var isCaseInsensitive = false, isStrictMode = true, defaultSquashPolicy = false;
  
          function valToString(val) {
              return val != null ? val.toString().replace(/\//g, "%2F") : val;
          }
  
          function valFromString(val) {
              return val != null ? val.toString().replace(/%2F/g, "/") : val;
          }
  
          var $types = {}, enqueue = true, typeQueue = [], injector, defaultTypes = {
              string: {
                  encode: valToString,
                  decode: valFromString,
                  // TODO: in 1.0, make string .is() return false if value is undefined/null by default.
                  // In 0.2.x, string params are optional by default for backwards compat
                  is: function (val) {
                      return val == null || !isDefined(val) || typeof val === "string";
                  },
                  pattern: /[^/]*/
              },
              int: {
                  encode: valToString,
                  decode: function (val) {
                      return parseInt(val, 10);
                  },
                  is: function (val) {
                      return isDefined(val) && this.decode(val.toString()) === val;
                  },
                  pattern: /\d+/
              },
              bool: {
                  encode: function (val) {
                      return val ? 1 : 0;
                  },
                  decode: function (val) {
                      return parseInt(val, 10) !== 0;
                  },
                  is: function (val) {
                      return val === true || val === false;
                  },
                  pattern: /0|1/
              },
              date: {
                  encode: function (val) {
                      if (!this.is(val))
                          return undefined;
                      return [val.getFullYear(),
                          ('0' + (val.getMonth() + 1)).slice(-2),
                          ('0' + val.getDate()).slice(-2)
                      ].join("-");
                  },
                  decode: function (val) {
                      if (this.is(val)) return val;
                      var match = this.capture.exec(val);
                      return match ? new Date(match[1], match[2] - 1, match[3]) : undefined;
                  },
                  is: function (val) {
                      return val instanceof Date && !isNaN(val.valueOf());
                  },
                  equals: function (a, b) {
                      return this.is(a) && this.is(b) && a.toISOString() === b.toISOString();
                  },
                  pattern: /[0-9]{4}-(?:0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(?:0[1-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-1])/,
                  capture: /([0-9]{4})-(0[1-9]|1[0-2])-(0[1-9]|[1-2][0-9]|3[0-1])/
              },
              json: {
                  encode: angular.toJson,
                  decode: angular.fromJson,
                  is: angular.isObject,
                  equals: angular.equals,
                  pattern: /[^/]*/
              },
              any: { // does not encode/decode
                  encode: angular.identity,
                  decode: angular.identity,
                  equals: angular.equals,
                  pattern: /.*/
              }
          };
  
          function getDefaultConfig() {
              return {
                  strict: isStrictMode,
                  caseInsensitive: isCaseInsensitive
              };
          }
  
          function isInjectable(value) {
              return (isFunction(value) || (isArray(value) && isFunction(value[value.length - 1])));
          }
  
          /**
           * [Internal] Get the default value of a parameter, which may be an injectable function.
           */
          $UrlMatcherFactory.$$getDefaultValue = function (config) {
              if (!isInjectable(config.value)) return config.value;
              if (!injector) throw new Error("Injectable functions cannot be called at configuration time");
              return injector.invoke(config.value);
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#caseInsensitive
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Defines whether URL matching should be case sensitive (the default behavior), or not.
           *
           * @param {boolean} value `false` to match URL in a case sensitive manner; otherwise `true`;
           * @returns {boolean} the current value of caseInsensitive
           */
          this.caseInsensitive = function (value) {
              if (isDefined(value))
                  isCaseInsensitive = value;
              return isCaseInsensitive;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#strictMode
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Defines whether URLs should match trailing slashes, or not (the default behavior).
           *
           * @param {boolean=} value `false` to match trailing slashes in URLs, otherwise `true`.
           * @returns {boolean} the current value of strictMode
           */
          this.strictMode = function (value) {
              if (isDefined(value))
                  isStrictMode = value;
              return isStrictMode;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#defaultSquashPolicy
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Sets the default behavior when generating or matching URLs with default parameter values.
           *
           * @param {string} value A string that defines the default parameter URL squashing behavior.
           *    `nosquash`: When generating an href with a default parameter value, do not squash the parameter value from the URL
           *    `slash`: When generating an href with a default parameter value, squash (remove) the parameter value, and, if the
           *             parameter is surrounded by slashes, squash (remove) one slash from the URL
           *    any other string, e.g. "~": When generating an href with a default parameter value, squash (remove)
           *             the parameter value from the URL and replace it with this string.
           */
          this.defaultSquashPolicy = function (value) {
              if (!isDefined(value)) return defaultSquashPolicy;
              if (value !== true && value !== false && !isString(value))
                  throw new Error("Invalid squash policy: " + value + ". Valid policies: false, true, arbitrary-string");
              defaultSquashPolicy = value;
              return value;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#compile
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Creates a {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher `UrlMatcher`} for the specified pattern.
           *
           * @param {string} pattern  The URL pattern.
           * @param {Object} config  The config object hash.
           * @returns {UrlMatcher}  The UrlMatcher.
           */
          this.compile = function (pattern, config) {
              return new UrlMatcher(pattern, extend(getDefaultConfig(), config));
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#isMatcher
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Returns true if the specified object is a `UrlMatcher`, or false otherwise.
           *
           * @param {Object} object  The object to perform the type check against.
           * @returns {Boolean}  Returns `true` if the object matches the `UrlMatcher` interface, by
           *          implementing all the same methods.
           */
          this.isMatcher = function (o) {
              if (!isObject(o)) return false;
              var result = true;
  
              forEach(UrlMatcher.prototype, function (val, name) {
                  if (isFunction(val)) {
                      result = result && (isDefined(o[name]) && isFunction(o[name]));
                  }
              });
              return result;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#type
           * @methodOf ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory
           *
           * @description
           * Registers a custom {@link ui.router.util.type:Type `Type`} object that can be used to
           * generate URLs with typed parameters.
           *
           * @param {string} name  The type name.
           * @param {Object|Function} definition   The type definition. See
           *        {@link ui.router.util.type:Type `Type`} for information on the values accepted.
           * @param {Object|Function} definitionFn (optional) A function that is injected before the app
           *        runtime starts.  The result of this function is merged into the existing `definition`.
           *        See {@link ui.router.util.type:Type `Type`} for information on the values accepted.
           *
           * @returns {Object}  Returns `$urlMatcherFactoryProvider`.
           *
           * @example
           * This is a simple example of a custom type that encodes and decodes items from an
           * array, using the array index as the URL-encoded value:
           *
           * <pre>
           * var list = ['John', 'Paul', 'George', 'Ringo'];
           *
           * $urlMatcherFactoryProvider.type('listItem', {
     *   encode: function(item) {
     *     // Represent the list item in the URL using its corresponding index
     *     return list.indexOf(item);
     *   },
     *   decode: function(item) {
     *     // Look up the list item by index
     *     return list[parseInt(item, 10)];
     *   },
     *   is: function(item) {
     *     // Ensure the item is valid by checking to see that it appears
     *     // in the list
     *     return list.indexOf(item) > -1;
     *   }
     * });
           *
           * $stateProvider.state('list', {
     *   url: "/list/{item:listItem}",
     *   controller: function($scope, $stateParams) {
     *     console.log($stateParams.item);
     *   }
     * });
           *
           * // ...
           *
           * // Changes URL to '/list/3', logs "Ringo" to the console
           * $state.go('list', { item: "Ringo" });
           * </pre>
           *
           * This is a more complex example of a type that relies on dependency injection to
           * interact with services, and uses the parameter name from the URL to infer how to
           * handle encoding and decoding parameter values:
           *
           * <pre>
           * // Defines a custom type that gets a value from a service,
           * // where each service gets different types of values from
           * // a backend API:
           * $urlMatcherFactoryProvider.type('dbObject', {}, function(Users, Posts) {
     *
     *   // Matches up services to URL parameter names
     *   var services = {
     *     user: Users,
     *     post: Posts
     *   };
     *
     *   return {
     *     encode: function(object) {
     *       // Represent the object in the URL using its unique ID
     *       return object.id;
     *     },
     *     decode: function(value, key) {
     *       // Look up the object by ID, using the parameter
     *       // name (key) to call the correct service
     *       return services[key].findById(value);
     *     },
     *     is: function(object, key) {
     *       // Check that object is a valid dbObject
     *       return angular.isObject(object) && object.id && services[key];
     *     }
     *     equals: function(a, b) {
     *       // Check the equality of decoded objects by comparing
     *       // their unique IDs
     *       return a.id === b.id;
     *     }
     *   };
     * });
           *
           * // In a config() block, you can then attach URLs with
           * // type-annotated parameters:
           * $stateProvider.state('users', {
     *   url: "/users",
     *   // ...
     * }).state('users.item', {
     *   url: "/{user:dbObject}",
     *   controller: function($scope, $stateParams) {
     *     // $stateParams.user will now be an object returned from
     *     // the Users service
     *   },
     *   // ...
     * });
           * </pre>
           */
          this.type = function (name, definition, definitionFn) {
              if (!isDefined(definition)) return $types[name];
              if ($types.hasOwnProperty(name)) throw new Error("A type named '" + name + "' has already been defined.");
  
              $types[name] = new Type(extend({name: name}, definition));
              if (definitionFn) {
                  typeQueue.push({name: name, def: definitionFn});
                  if (!enqueue) flushTypeQueue();
              }
              return this;
          };
  
          // `flushTypeQueue()` waits until `$urlMatcherFactory` is injected before invoking the queued `definitionFn`s
          function flushTypeQueue() {
              while (typeQueue.length) {
                  var type = typeQueue.shift();
                  if (type.pattern) throw new Error("You cannot override a type's .pattern at runtime.");
                  angular.extend($types[type.name], injector.invoke(type.def));
              }
          }
  
          // Register default types. Store them in the prototype of $types.
          forEach(defaultTypes, function (type, name) {
              $types[name] = new Type(extend({name: name}, type));
          });
          $types = inherit($types, {});
  
          /* No need to document $get, since it returns this */
          this.$get = ['$injector', function ($injector) {
              injector = $injector;
              enqueue = false;
              flushTypeQueue();
  
              forEach(defaultTypes, function (type, name) {
                  if (!$types[name]) $types[name] = new Type(type);
              });
              return this;
          }];
  
          this.Param = function Param(id, type, config, location) {
              var self = this;
              config = unwrapShorthand(config);
              type = getType(config, type, location);
              var arrayMode = getArrayMode();
              type = arrayMode ? type.$asArray(arrayMode, location === "search") : type;
              if (type.name === "string" && !arrayMode && location === "path" && config.value === undefined)
                  config.value = ""; // for 0.2.x; in 0.3.0+ do not automatically default to ""
              var isOptional = config.value !== undefined;
              var squash = getSquashPolicy(config, isOptional);
              var replace = getReplace(config, arrayMode, isOptional, squash);
  
              function unwrapShorthand(config) {
                  var keys = isObject(config) ? objectKeys(config) : [];
                  var isShorthand = indexOf(keys, "value") === -1 && indexOf(keys, "type") === -1 &&
                      indexOf(keys, "squash") === -1 && indexOf(keys, "array") === -1;
                  if (isShorthand) config = {value: config};
                  config.$$fn = isInjectable(config.value) ? config.value : function () {
                      return config.value;
                  };
                  return config;
              }
  
              function getType(config, urlType, location) {
                  if (config.type && urlType) throw new Error("Param '" + id + "' has two type configurations.");
                  if (urlType) return urlType;
                  if (!config.type) return (location === "config" ? $types.any : $types.string);
                  return config.type instanceof Type ? config.type : new Type(config.type);
              }
  
              // array config: param name (param[]) overrides default settings.  explicit config overrides param name.
              function getArrayMode() {
                  var arrayDefaults = {array: (location === "search" ? "auto" : false)};
                  var arrayParamNomenclature = id.match(/\[\]$/) ? {array: true} : {};
                  return extend(arrayDefaults, arrayParamNomenclature, config).array;
              }
  
              /**
               * returns false, true, or the squash value to indicate the "default parameter url squash policy".
               */
              function getSquashPolicy(config, isOptional) {
                  var squash = config.squash;
                  if (!isOptional || squash === false) return false;
                  if (!isDefined(squash) || squash == null) return defaultSquashPolicy;
                  if (squash === true || isString(squash)) return squash;
                  throw new Error("Invalid squash policy: '" + squash + "'. Valid policies: false, true, or arbitrary string");
              }
  
              function getReplace(config, arrayMode, isOptional, squash) {
                  var replace, configuredKeys, defaultPolicy = [
                      {from: "", to: (isOptional || arrayMode ? undefined : "")},
                      {from: null, to: (isOptional || arrayMode ? undefined : "")}
                  ];
                  replace = isArray(config.replace) ? config.replace : [];
                  if (isString(squash))
                      replace.push({from: squash, to: undefined});
                  configuredKeys = map(replace, function (item) {
                      return item.from;
                  });
                  return filter(defaultPolicy, function (item) {
                      return indexOf(configuredKeys, item.from) === -1;
                  }).concat(replace);
              }
  
              /**
               * [Internal] Get the default value of a parameter, which may be an injectable function.
               */
              function $$getDefaultValue() {
                  if (!injector) throw new Error("Injectable functions cannot be called at configuration time");
                  var defaultValue = injector.invoke(config.$$fn);
                  if (defaultValue !== null && defaultValue !== undefined && !self.type.is(defaultValue))
                      throw new Error("Default value (" + defaultValue + ") for parameter '" + self.id + "' is not an instance of Type (" + self.type.name + ")");
                  return defaultValue;
              }
  
              /**
               * [Internal] Gets the decoded representation of a value if the value is defined, otherwise, returns the
               * default value, which may be the result of an injectable function.
               */
              function $value(value) {
                  function hasReplaceVal(val) {
                      return function (obj) {
                          return obj.from === val;
                      };
                  }
  
                  function $replace(value) {
                      var replacement = map(filter(self.replace, hasReplaceVal(value)), function (obj) {
                          return obj.to;
                      });
                      return replacement.length ? replacement[0] : value;
                  }
  
                  value = $replace(value);
                  return !isDefined(value) ? $$getDefaultValue() : self.type.$normalize(value);
              }
  
              function toString() {
                  return "{Param:" + id + " " + type + " squash: '" + squash + "' optional: " + isOptional + "}";
              }
  
              extend(this, {
                  id: id,
                  type: type,
                  location: location,
                  array: arrayMode,
                  squash: squash,
                  replace: replace,
                  isOptional: isOptional,
                  value: $value,
                  dynamic: undefined,
                  config: config,
                  toString: toString
              });
          };
  
          function ParamSet(params) {
              extend(this, params || {});
          }
  
          ParamSet.prototype = {
              $$new: function () {
                  return inherit(this, extend(new ParamSet(), {$$parent: this}));
              },
              $$keys: function () {
                  var keys = [], chain = [], parent = this,
                      ignore = objectKeys(ParamSet.prototype);
                  while (parent) {
                      chain.push(parent);
                      parent = parent.$$parent;
                  }
                  chain.reverse();
                  forEach(chain, function (paramset) {
                      forEach(objectKeys(paramset), function (key) {
                          if (indexOf(keys, key) === -1 && indexOf(ignore, key) === -1) keys.push(key);
                      });
                  });
                  return keys;
              },
              $$values: function (paramValues) {
                  var values = {}, self = this;
                  forEach(self.$$keys(), function (key) {
                      values[key] = self[key].value(paramValues && paramValues[key]);
                  });
                  return values;
              },
              $$equals: function (paramValues1, paramValues2) {
                  var equal = true, self = this;
                  forEach(self.$$keys(), function (key) {
                      var left = paramValues1 && paramValues1[key], right = paramValues2 && paramValues2[key];
                      if (!self[key].type.equals(left, right)) equal = false;
                  });
                  return equal;
              },
              $$validates: function $$validate(paramValues) {
                  var keys = this.$$keys(), i, param, rawVal, normalized, encoded;
                  for (i = 0; i < keys.length; i++) {
                      param = this[keys[i]];
                      rawVal = paramValues[keys[i]];
                      if ((rawVal === undefined || rawVal === null) && param.isOptional)
                          break; // There was no parameter value, but the param is optional
                      normalized = param.type.$normalize(rawVal);
                      if (!param.type.is(normalized))
                          return false; // The value was not of the correct Type, and could not be decoded to the correct Type
                      encoded = param.type.encode(normalized);
                      if (angular.isString(encoded) && !param.type.pattern.exec(encoded))
                          return false; // The value was of the correct type, but when encoded, did not match the Type's regexp
                  }
                  return true;
              },
              $$parent: undefined
          };
  
          this.ParamSet = ParamSet;
      }
  
  // Register as a provider so it's available to other providers
      angular.module('ui.router.util').provider('$urlMatcherFactory', $UrlMatcherFactory);
      angular.module('ui.router.util').run(['$urlMatcherFactory', function ($urlMatcherFactory) {
      }]);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
       *
       * @requires ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactoryProvider
       * @requires $locationProvider
       *
       * @description
       * `$urlRouterProvider` has the responsibility of watching `$location`.
       * When `$location` changes it runs through a list of rules one by one until a
       * match is found. `$urlRouterProvider` is used behind the scenes anytime you specify
       * a url in a state configuration. All urls are compiled into a UrlMatcher object.
       *
       * There are several methods on `$urlRouterProvider` that make it useful to use directly
       * in your module config.
       */
      $UrlRouterProvider.$inject = ['$locationProvider', '$urlMatcherFactoryProvider'];
      function $UrlRouterProvider($locationProvider, $urlMatcherFactory) {
          var rules = [], otherwise = null, interceptDeferred = false, listener;
  
          // Returns a string that is a prefix of all strings matching the RegExp
          function regExpPrefix(re) {
              var prefix = /^\^((?:\\[^a-zA-Z0-9]|[^\\\[\]\^$*+?.()|{}]+)*)/.exec(re.source);
              return (prefix != null) ? prefix[1].replace(/\\(.)/g, "$1") : '';
          }
  
          // Interpolates matched values into a String.replace()-style pattern
          function interpolate(pattern, match) {
              return pattern.replace(/\$(\$|\d{1,2})/, function (m, what) {
                  return match[what === '$' ? 0 : Number(what)];
              });
          }
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider#rule
           * @methodOf ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Defines rules that are used by `$urlRouterProvider` to find matches for
           * specific URLs.
           *
           * @example
           * <pre>
           * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router.router']);
           *
           * app.config(function ($urlRouterProvider) {
     *   // Here's an example of how you might allow case insensitive urls
     *   $urlRouterProvider.rule(function ($injector, $location) {
     *     var path = $location.path(),
     *         normalized = path.toLowerCase();
     *
     *     if (path !== normalized) {
     *       return normalized;
     *     }
     *   });
     * });
           * </pre>
           *
           * @param {object} rule Handler function that takes `$injector` and `$location`
           * services as arguments. You can use them to return a valid path as a string.
           *
           * @return {object} `$urlRouterProvider` - `$urlRouterProvider` instance
           */
          this.rule = function (rule) {
              if (!isFunction(rule)) throw new Error("'rule' must be a function");
              rules.push(rule);
              return this;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc object
           * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider#otherwise
           * @methodOf ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Defines a path that is used when an invalid route is requested.
           *
           * @example
           * <pre>
           * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router.router']);
           *
           * app.config(function ($urlRouterProvider) {
     *   // if the path doesn't match any of the urls you configured
     *   // otherwise will take care of routing the user to the
     *   // specified url
     *   $urlRouterProvider.otherwise('/index');
     *
     *   // Example of using function rule as param
     *   $urlRouterProvider.otherwise(function ($injector, $location) {
     *     return '/a/valid/url';
     *   });
     * });
           * </pre>
           *
           * @param {string|object} rule The url path you want to redirect to or a function
           * rule that returns the url path. The function version is passed two params:
           * `$injector` and `$location` services, and must return a url string.
           *
           * @return {object} `$urlRouterProvider` - `$urlRouterProvider` instance
           */
          this.otherwise = function (rule) {
              if (isString(rule)) {
                  var redirect = rule;
                  rule = function () {
                      return redirect;
                  };
              }
              else if (!isFunction(rule)) throw new Error("'rule' must be a function");
              otherwise = rule;
              return this;
          };
  
  
          function handleIfMatch($injector, handler, match) {
              if (!match) return false;
              var result = $injector.invoke(handler, handler, {$match: match});
              return isDefined(result) ? result : true;
          }
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider#when
           * @methodOf ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Registers a handler for a given url matching. if handle is a string, it is
           * treated as a redirect, and is interpolated according to the syntax of match
           * (i.e. like `String.replace()` for `RegExp`, or like a `UrlMatcher` pattern otherwise).
           *
           * If the handler is a function, it is injectable. It gets invoked if `$location`
           * matches. You have the option of inject the match object as `$match`.
           *
           * The handler can return
           *
           * - **falsy** to indicate that the rule didn't match after all, then `$urlRouter`
           *   will continue trying to find another one that matches.
           * - **string** which is treated as a redirect and passed to `$location.url()`
           * - **void** or any **truthy** value tells `$urlRouter` that the url was handled.
           *
           * @example
           * <pre>
           * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router.router']);
           *
           * app.config(function ($urlRouterProvider) {
     *   $urlRouterProvider.when($state.url, function ($match, $stateParams) {
     *     if ($state.$current.navigable !== state ||
     *         !equalForKeys($match, $stateParams) {
     *      $state.transitionTo(state, $match, false);
     *     }
     *   });
     * });
           * </pre>
           *
           * @param {string|object} what The incoming path that you want to redirect.
           * @param {string|object} handler The path you want to redirect your user to.
           */
          this.when = function (what, handler) {
              var redirect, handlerIsString = isString(handler);
              if (isString(what)) what = $urlMatcherFactory.compile(what);
  
              if (!handlerIsString && !isFunction(handler) && !isArray(handler))
                  throw new Error("invalid 'handler' in when()");
  
              var strategies = {
                  matcher: function (what, handler) {
                      if (handlerIsString) {
                          redirect = $urlMatcherFactory.compile(handler);
                          handler = ['$match', function ($match) {
                              return redirect.format($match);
                          }];
                      }
                      return extend(function ($injector, $location) {
                          return handleIfMatch($injector, handler, what.exec($location.path(), $location.search()));
                      }, {
                          prefix: isString(what.prefix) ? what.prefix : ''
                      });
                  },
                  regex: function (what, handler) {
                      if (what.global || what.sticky) throw new Error("when() RegExp must not be global or sticky");
  
                      if (handlerIsString) {
                          redirect = handler;
                          handler = ['$match', function ($match) {
                              return interpolate(redirect, $match);
                          }];
                      }
                      return extend(function ($injector, $location) {
                          return handleIfMatch($injector, handler, what.exec($location.path()));
                      }, {
                          prefix: regExpPrefix(what)
                      });
                  }
              };
  
              var check = {matcher: $urlMatcherFactory.isMatcher(what), regex: what instanceof RegExp};
  
              for (var n in check) {
                  if (check[n]) return this.rule(strategies[n](what, handler));
              }
  
              throw new Error("invalid 'what' in when()");
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider#deferIntercept
           * @methodOf ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Disables (or enables) deferring location change interception.
           *
           * If you wish to customize the behavior of syncing the URL (for example, if you wish to
           * defer a transition but maintain the current URL), call this method at configuration time.
           * Then, at run time, call `$urlRouter.listen()` after you have configured your own
           * `$locationChangeSuccess` event handler.
           *
           * @example
           * <pre>
           * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router.router']);
           *
           * app.config(function ($urlRouterProvider) {
     *
     *   // Prevent $urlRouter from automatically intercepting URL changes;
     *   // this allows you to configure custom behavior in between
     *   // location changes and route synchronization:
     *   $urlRouterProvider.deferIntercept();
     *
     * }).run(function ($rootScope, $urlRouter, UserService) {
     *
     *   $rootScope.$on('$locationChangeSuccess', function(e) {
     *     // UserService is an example service for managing user state
     *     if (UserService.isLoggedIn()) return;
     *
     *     // Prevent $urlRouter's default handler from firing
     *     e.preventDefault();
     *
     *     UserService.handleLogin().then(function() {
     *       // Once the user has logged in, sync the current URL
     *       // to the router:
     *       $urlRouter.sync();
     *     });
     *   });
     *
     *   // Configures $urlRouter's listener *after* your custom listener
     *   $urlRouter.listen();
     * });
           * </pre>
           *
           * @param {boolean} defer Indicates whether to defer location change interception. Passing
           no parameter is equivalent to `true`.
           */
          this.deferIntercept = function (defer) {
              if (defer === undefined) defer = true;
              interceptDeferred = defer;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc object
           * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouter
           *
           * @requires $location
           * @requires $rootScope
           * @requires $injector
           * @requires $browser
           *
           * @description
           *
           */
          this.$get = $get;
          $get.$inject = ['$location', '$rootScope', '$injector', '$browser'];
          function $get($location, $rootScope, $injector, $browser) {
  
              var baseHref = $browser.baseHref(), location = $location.url(), lastPushedUrl;
  
              function appendBasePath(url, isHtml5, absolute) {
                  if (baseHref === '/') return url;
                  if (isHtml5) return baseHref.slice(0, -1) + url;
                  if (absolute) return baseHref.slice(1) + url;
                  return url;
              }
  
              // TODO: Optimize groups of rules with non-empty prefix into some sort of decision tree
              function update(evt) {
                  if (evt && evt.defaultPrevented) return;
                  var ignoreUpdate = lastPushedUrl && $location.url() === lastPushedUrl;
                  lastPushedUrl = undefined;
                  // TODO: Re-implement this in 1.0 for https://github.com/angular-ui/ui-router/issues/1573
                  //if (ignoreUpdate) return true;
  
                  function check(rule) {
                      var handled = rule($injector, $location);
  
                      if (!handled) return false;
                      if (isString(handled)) $location.replace().url(handled);
                      return true;
                  }
  
                  var n = rules.length, i;
  
                  for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
                      if (check(rules[i])) return;
                  }
                  // always check otherwise last to allow dynamic updates to the set of rules
                  if (otherwise) check(otherwise);
              }
  
              function listen() {
                  listener = listener || $rootScope.$on('$locationChangeSuccess', update);
                  return listener;
              }
  
              if (!interceptDeferred) listen();
  
              return {
                  /**
                   * @ngdoc function
                   * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouter#sync
                   * @methodOf ui.router.router.$urlRouter
                   *
                   * @description
                   * Triggers an update; the same update that happens when the address bar url changes, aka `$locationChangeSuccess`.
                   * This method is useful when you need to use `preventDefault()` on the `$locationChangeSuccess` event,
                   * perform some custom logic (route protection, auth, config, redirection, etc) and then finally proceed
                   * with the transition by calling `$urlRouter.sync()`.
                   *
                   * @example
                   * <pre>
                   * angular.module('app', ['ui.router'])
                   *   .run(function($rootScope, $urlRouter) {
         *     $rootScope.$on('$locationChangeSuccess', function(evt) {
         *       // Halt state change from even starting
         *       evt.preventDefault();
         *       // Perform custom logic
         *       var meetsRequirement = ...
         *       // Continue with the update and state transition if logic allows
         *       if (meetsRequirement) $urlRouter.sync();
         *     });
         * });
                   * </pre>
                   */
                  sync: function () {
                      update();
                  },
  
                  listen: function () {
                      return listen();
                  },
  
                  update: function (read) {
                      if (read) {
                          location = $location.url();
                          return;
                      }
                      if ($location.url() === location) return;
  
                      $location.url(location);
                      $location.replace();
                  },
  
                  push: function (urlMatcher, params, options) {
                      var url = urlMatcher.format(params || {});
  
                      // Handle the special hash param, if needed
                      if (url !== null && params && params['#']) {
                          url += '#' + params['#'];
                      }
  
                      $location.url(url);
                      lastPushedUrl = options && options.$$avoidResync ? $location.url() : undefined;
                      if (options && options.replace) $location.replace();
                  },
  
                  /**
                   * @ngdoc function
                   * @name ui.router.router.$urlRouter#href
                   * @methodOf ui.router.router.$urlRouter
                   *
                   * @description
                   * A URL generation method that returns the compiled URL for a given
                   * {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher `UrlMatcher`}, populated with the provided parameters.
                   *
                   * @example
                   * <pre>
                   * $bob = $urlRouter.href(new UrlMatcher("/about/:person"), {
         *   person: "bob"
         * });
                   * // $bob == "/about/bob";
                   * </pre>
                   *
                   * @param {UrlMatcher} urlMatcher The `UrlMatcher` object which is used as the template of the URL to generate.
                   * @param {object=} params An object of parameter values to fill the matcher's required parameters.
                   * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
                   *
                   * - **`absolute`** - {boolean=false},  If true will generate an absolute url, e.g. "http://www.example.com/fullurl".
                   *
                   * @returns {string} Returns the fully compiled URL, or `null` if `params` fail validation against `urlMatcher`
                   */
                  href: function (urlMatcher, params, options) {
                      if (!urlMatcher.validates(params)) return null;
  
                      var isHtml5 = $locationProvider.html5Mode();
                      if (angular.isObject(isHtml5)) {
                          isHtml5 = isHtml5.enabled;
                      }
  
                      var url = urlMatcher.format(params);
                      options = options || {};
  
                      if (!isHtml5 && url !== null) {
                          url = "#" + $locationProvider.hashPrefix() + url;
                      }
  
                      // Handle special hash param, if needed
                      if (url !== null && params && params['#']) {
                          url += '#' + params['#'];
                      }
  
                      url = appendBasePath(url, isHtml5, options.absolute);
  
                      if (!options.absolute || !url) {
                          return url;
                      }
  
                      var slash = (!isHtml5 && url ? '/' : ''), port = $location.port();
                      port = (port === 80 || port === 443 ? '' : ':' + port);
  
                      return [$location.protocol(), '://', $location.host(), port, slash, url].join('');
                  }
              };
          }
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.router').provider('$urlRouter', $UrlRouterProvider);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.state.$stateProvider
       *
       * @requires ui.router.router.$urlRouterProvider
       * @requires ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactoryProvider
       *
       * @description
       * The new `$stateProvider` works similar to Angular's v1 router, but it focuses purely
       * on state.
       *
       * A state corresponds to a "place" in the application in terms of the overall UI and
       * navigation. A state describes (via the controller / template / view properties) what
       * the UI looks like and does at that place.
       *
       * States often have things in common, and the primary way of factoring out these
       * commonalities in this model is via the state hierarchy, i.e. parent/child states aka
       * nested states.
       *
       * The `$stateProvider` provides interfaces to declare these states for your app.
       */
      $StateProvider.$inject = ['$urlRouterProvider', '$urlMatcherFactoryProvider'];
      function $StateProvider($urlRouterProvider, $urlMatcherFactory) {
  
          var root, states = {}, $state, queue = {}, abstractKey = 'abstract';
  
          // Builds state properties from definition passed to registerState()
          var stateBuilder = {
  
              // Derive parent state from a hierarchical name only if 'parent' is not explicitly defined.
              // state.children = [];
              // if (parent) parent.children.push(state);
              parent: function (state) {
                  if (isDefined(state.parent) && state.parent) return findState(state.parent);
                  // regex matches any valid composite state name
                  // would match "contact.list" but not "contacts"
                  var compositeName = /^(.+)\.[^.]+$/.exec(state.name);
                  return compositeName ? findState(compositeName[1]) : root;
              },
  
              // inherit 'data' from parent and override by own values (if any)
              data: function (state) {
                  if (state.parent && state.parent.data) {
                      state.data = state.self.data = extend({}, state.parent.data, state.data);
                  }
                  return state.data;
              },
  
              // Build a URLMatcher if necessary, either via a relative or absolute URL
              url: function (state) {
                  var url = state.url, config = {params: state.params || {}};
  
                  if (isString(url)) {
                      if (url.charAt(0) == '^') return $urlMatcherFactory.compile(url.substring(1), config);
                      return (state.parent.navigable || root).url.concat(url, config);
                  }
  
                  if (!url || $urlMatcherFactory.isMatcher(url)) return url;
                  throw new Error("Invalid url '" + url + "' in state '" + state + "'");
              },
  
              // Keep track of the closest ancestor state that has a URL (i.e. is navigable)
              navigable: function (state) {
                  return state.url ? state : (state.parent ? state.parent.navigable : null);
              },
  
              // Own parameters for this state. state.url.params is already built at this point. Create and add non-url params
              ownParams: function (state) {
                  var params = state.url && state.url.params || new $$UMFP.ParamSet();
                  forEach(state.params || {}, function (config, id) {
                      if (!params[id]) params[id] = new $$UMFP.Param(id, null, config, "config");
                  });
                  return params;
              },
  
              // Derive parameters for this state and ensure they're a super-set of parent's parameters
              params: function (state) {
                  return state.parent && state.parent.params ? extend(state.parent.params.$$new(), state.ownParams) : new $$UMFP.ParamSet();
              },
  
              // If there is no explicit multi-view configuration, make one up so we don't have
              // to handle both cases in the view directive later. Note that having an explicit
              // 'views' property will mean the default unnamed view properties are ignored. This
              // is also a good time to resolve view names to absolute names, so everything is a
              // straight lookup at link time.
              views: function (state) {
                  var views = {};
  
                  forEach(isDefined(state.views) ? state.views : {'': state}, function (view, name) {
                      if (name.indexOf('@') < 0) name += '@' + state.parent.name;
                      views[name] = view;
                  });
                  return views;
              },
  
              // Keep a full path from the root down to this state as this is needed for state activation.
              path: function (state) {
                  return state.parent ? state.parent.path.concat(state) : []; // exclude root from path
              },
  
              // Speed up $state.contains() as it's used a lot
              includes: function (state) {
                  var includes = state.parent ? extend({}, state.parent.includes) : {};
                  includes[state.name] = true;
                  return includes;
              },
  
              $delegates: {}
          };
  
          function isRelative(stateName) {
              return stateName.indexOf(".") === 0 || stateName.indexOf("^") === 0;
          }
  
          function findState(stateOrName, base) {
              if (!stateOrName) return undefined;
  
              var isStr = isString(stateOrName),
                  name = isStr ? stateOrName : stateOrName.name,
                  path = isRelative(name);
  
              if (path) {
                  if (!base) throw new Error("No reference point given for path '" + name + "'");
                  base = findState(base);
  
                  var rel = name.split("."), i = 0, pathLength = rel.length, current = base;
  
                  for (; i < pathLength; i++) {
                      if (rel[i] === "" && i === 0) {
                          current = base;
                          continue;
                      }
                      if (rel[i] === "^") {
                          if (!current.parent) throw new Error("Path '" + name + "' not valid for state '" + base.name + "'");
                          current = current.parent;
                          continue;
                      }
                      break;
                  }
                  rel = rel.slice(i).join(".");
                  name = current.name + (current.name && rel ? "." : "") + rel;
              }
              var state = states[name];
  
              if (state && (isStr || (!isStr && (state === stateOrName || state.self === stateOrName)))) {
                  return state;
              }
              return undefined;
          }
  
          function queueState(parentName, state) {
              if (!queue[parentName]) {
                  queue[parentName] = [];
              }
              queue[parentName].push(state);
          }
  
          function flushQueuedChildren(parentName) {
              var queued = queue[parentName] || [];
              while (queued.length) {
                  registerState(queued.shift());
              }
          }
  
          function registerState(state) {
              // Wrap a new object around the state so we can store our private details easily.
              state = inherit(state, {
                  self: state,
                  resolve: state.resolve || {},
                  toString: function () {
                      return this.name;
                  }
              });
  
              var name = state.name;
              if (!isString(name) || name.indexOf('@') >= 0) throw new Error("State must have a valid name");
              if (states.hasOwnProperty(name)) throw new Error("State '" + name + "'' is already defined");
  
              // Get parent name
              var parentName = (name.indexOf('.') !== -1) ? name.substring(0, name.lastIndexOf('.'))
                  : (isString(state.parent)) ? state.parent
                  : (isObject(state.parent) && isString(state.parent.name)) ? state.parent.name
                  : '';
  
              // If parent is not registered yet, add state to queue and register later
              if (parentName && !states[parentName]) {
                  return queueState(parentName, state.self);
              }
  
              for (var key in stateBuilder) {
                  if (isFunction(stateBuilder[key])) state[key] = stateBuilder[key](state, stateBuilder.$delegates[key]);
              }
              states[name] = state;
  
              // Register the state in the global state list and with $urlRouter if necessary.
              if (!state[abstractKey] && state.url) {
                  $urlRouterProvider.when(state.url, ['$match', '$stateParams', function ($match, $stateParams) {
                      if ($state.$current.navigable != state || !equalForKeys($match, $stateParams)) {
                          $state.transitionTo(state, $match, {inherit: true, location: false});
                      }
                  }]);
              }
  
              // Register any queued children
              flushQueuedChildren(name);
  
              return state;
          }
  
          // Checks text to see if it looks like a glob.
          function isGlob(text) {
              return text.indexOf('*') > -1;
          }
  
          // Returns true if glob matches current $state name.
          function doesStateMatchGlob(glob) {
              var globSegments = glob.split('.'),
                  segments = $state.$current.name.split('.');
  
              //match single stars
              for (var i = 0, l = globSegments.length; i < l; i++) {
                  if (globSegments[i] === '*') {
                      segments[i] = '*';
                  }
              }
  
              //match greedy starts
              if (globSegments[0] === '**') {
                  segments = segments.slice(indexOf(segments, globSegments[1]));
                  segments.unshift('**');
              }
              //match greedy ends
              if (globSegments[globSegments.length - 1] === '**') {
                  segments.splice(indexOf(segments, globSegments[globSegments.length - 2]) + 1, Number.MAX_VALUE);
                  segments.push('**');
              }
  
              if (globSegments.length != segments.length) {
                  return false;
              }
  
              return segments.join('') === globSegments.join('');
          }
  
  
          // Implicit root state that is always active
          root = registerState({
              name: '',
              url: '^',
              views: null,
              'abstract': true
          });
          root.navigable = null;
  
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.state.$stateProvider#decorator
           * @methodOf ui.router.state.$stateProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Allows you to extend (carefully) or override (at your own peril) the
           * `stateBuilder` object used internally by `$stateProvider`. This can be used
           * to add custom functionality to ui-router, for example inferring templateUrl
           * based on the state name.
           *
           * When passing only a name, it returns the current (original or decorated) builder
           * function that matches `name`.
           *
           * The builder functions that can be decorated are listed below. Though not all
           * necessarily have a good use case for decoration, that is up to you to decide.
           *
           * In addition, users can attach custom decorators, which will generate new
           * properties within the state's internal definition. There is currently no clear
           * use-case for this beyond accessing internal states (i.e. $state.$current),
           * however, expect this to become increasingly relevant as we introduce additional
           * meta-programming features.
           *
           * **Warning**: Decorators should not be interdependent because the order of
           * execution of the builder functions in non-deterministic. Builder functions
           * should only be dependent on the state definition object and super function.
           *
           *
           * Existing builder functions and current return values:
           *
           * - **parent** `{object}` - returns the parent state object.
           * - **data** `{object}` - returns state data, including any inherited data that is not
           *   overridden by own values (if any).
           * - **url** `{object}` - returns a {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher UrlMatcher}
           *   or `null`.
           * - **navigable** `{object}` - returns closest ancestor state that has a URL (aka is
           *   navigable).
           * - **params** `{object}` - returns an array of state params that are ensured to
           *   be a super-set of parent's params.
           * - **views** `{object}` - returns a views object where each key is an absolute view
           *   name (i.e. "viewName@stateName") and each value is the config object
           *   (template, controller) for the view. Even when you don't use the views object
           *   explicitly on a state config, one is still created for you internally.
           *   So by decorating this builder function you have access to decorating template
           *   and controller properties.
           * - **ownParams** `{object}` - returns an array of params that belong to the state,
           *   not including any params defined by ancestor states.
           * - **path** `{string}` - returns the full path from the root down to this state.
           *   Needed for state activation.
           * - **includes** `{object}` - returns an object that includes every state that
           *   would pass a `$state.includes()` test.
           *
           * @example
           * <pre>
           * // Override the internal 'views' builder with a function that takes the state
           * // definition, and a reference to the internal function being overridden:
           * $stateProvider.decorator('views', function (state, parent) {
     *   var result = {},
     *       views = parent(state);
     *
     *   angular.forEach(views, function (config, name) {
     *     var autoName = (state.name + '.' + name).replace('.', '/');
     *     config.templateUrl = config.templateUrl || '/partials/' + autoName + '.html';
     *     result[name] = config;
     *   });
     *   return result;
     * });
           *
           * $stateProvider.state('home', {
     *   views: {
     *     'contact.list': { controller: 'ListController' },
     *     'contact.item': { controller: 'ItemController' }
     *   }
     * });
           *
           * // ...
           *
           * $state.go('home');
           * // Auto-populates list and item views with /partials/home/contact/list.html,
           * // and /partials/home/contact/item.html, respectively.
           * </pre>
           *
           * @param {string} name The name of the builder function to decorate.
           * @param {object} func A function that is responsible for decorating the original
           * builder function. The function receives two parameters:
           *
           *   - `{object}` - state - The state config object.
           *   - `{object}` - super - The original builder function.
           *
           * @return {object} $stateProvider - $stateProvider instance
           */
          this.decorator = decorator;
          function decorator(name, func) {
              /*jshint validthis: true */
              if (isString(name) && !isDefined(func)) {
                  return stateBuilder[name];
              }
              if (!isFunction(func) || !isString(name)) {
                  return this;
              }
              if (stateBuilder[name] && !stateBuilder.$delegates[name]) {
                  stateBuilder.$delegates[name] = stateBuilder[name];
              }
              stateBuilder[name] = func;
              return this;
          }
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.state.$stateProvider#state
           * @methodOf ui.router.state.$stateProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Registers a state configuration under a given state name. The stateConfig object
           * has the following acceptable properties.
           *
           * @param {string} name A unique state name, e.g. "home", "about", "contacts".
           * To create a parent/child state use a dot, e.g. "about.sales", "home.newest".
           * @param {object} stateConfig State configuration object.
           * @param {string|function=} stateConfig.template
           * <a id='template'></a>
           *   html template as a string or a function that returns
           *   an html template as a string which should be used by the uiView directives. This property
           *   takes precedence over templateUrl.
           *
           *   If `template` is a function, it will be called with the following parameters:
           *
           *   - {array.&lt;object&gt;} - state parameters extracted from the current $location.path() by
           *     applying the current state
           *
           * <pre>template:
           *   "<h1>inline template definition</h1>" +
           *   "<div ui-view></div>"</pre>
           * <pre>template: function(params) {
     *       return "<h1>generated template</h1>"; }</pre>
           * </div>
           *
           * @param {string|function=} stateConfig.templateUrl
           * <a id='templateUrl'></a>
           *
           *   path or function that returns a path to an html
           *   template that should be used by uiView.
           *
           *   If `templateUrl` is a function, it will be called with the following parameters:
           *
           *   - {array.&lt;object&gt;} - state parameters extracted from the current $location.path() by
           *     applying the current state
           *
           * <pre>templateUrl: "home.html"</pre>
           * <pre>templateUrl: function(params) {
     *     return myTemplates[params.pageId]; }</pre>
           *
           * @param {function=} stateConfig.templateProvider
           * <a id='templateProvider'></a>
           *    Provider function that returns HTML content string.
           * <pre> templateProvider:
           *       function(MyTemplateService, params) {
     *         return MyTemplateService.getTemplate(params.pageId);
     *       }</pre>
           *
           * @param {string|function=} stateConfig.controller
           * <a id='controller'></a>
           *
           *  Controller fn that should be associated with newly
           *   related scope or the name of a registered controller if passed as a string.
           *   Optionally, the ControllerAs may be declared here.
           * <pre>controller: "MyRegisteredController"</pre>
           * <pre>controller:
           *     "MyRegisteredController as fooCtrl"}</pre>
           * <pre>controller: function($scope, MyService) {
     *     $scope.data = MyService.getData(); }</pre>
           *
           * @param {function=} stateConfig.controllerProvider
           * <a id='controllerProvider'></a>
           *
           * Injectable provider function that returns the actual controller or string.
           * <pre>controllerProvider:
           *   function(MyResolveData) {
     *     if (MyResolveData.foo)
     *       return "FooCtrl"
     *     else if (MyResolveData.bar)
     *       return "BarCtrl";
     *     else return function($scope) {
     *       $scope.baz = "Qux";
     *     }
     *   }</pre>
           *
           * @param {string=} stateConfig.controllerAs
           * <a id='controllerAs'></a>
           *
           * A controller alias name. If present the controller will be
           *   published to scope under the controllerAs name.
           * <pre>controllerAs: "myCtrl"</pre>
           *
           * @param {string|object=} stateConfig.parent
           * <a id='parent'></a>
           * Optionally specifies the parent state of this state.
           *
           * <pre>parent: 'parentState'</pre>
           * <pre>parent: parentState // JS variable</pre>
           *
           * @param {object=} stateConfig.resolve
           * <a id='resolve'></a>
           *
           * An optional map&lt;string, function&gt; of dependencies which
           *   should be injected into the controller. If any of these dependencies are promises,
           *   the router will wait for them all to be resolved before the controller is instantiated.
           *   If all the promises are resolved successfully, the $stateChangeSuccess event is fired
           *   and the values of the resolved promises are injected into any controllers that reference them.
           *   If any  of the promises are rejected the $stateChangeError event is fired.
           *
           *   The map object is:
           *
           *   - key - {string}: name of dependency to be injected into controller
           *   - factory - {string|function}: If string then it is alias for service. Otherwise if function,
           *     it is injected and return value it treated as dependency. If result is a promise, it is
           *     resolved before its value is injected into controller.
           *
           * <pre>resolve: {
     *     myResolve1:
     *       function($http, $stateParams) {
     *         return $http.get("/api/foos/"+stateParams.fooID);
     *       }
     *     }</pre>
           *
           * @param {string=} stateConfig.url
           * <a id='url'></a>
           *
           *   A url fragment with optional parameters. When a state is navigated or
           *   transitioned to, the `$stateParams` service will be populated with any
           *   parameters that were passed.
           *
           *   (See {@link ui.router.util.type:UrlMatcher UrlMatcher} `UrlMatcher`} for
           *   more details on acceptable patterns )
           *
           * examples:
           * <pre>url: "/home"
           * url: "/users/:userid"
           * url: "/books/{bookid:[a-zA-Z_-]}"
           * url: "/books/{categoryid:int}"
           * url: "/books/{publishername:string}/{categoryid:int}"
           * url: "/messages?before&after"
           * url: "/messages?{before:date}&{after:date}"
           * url: "/messages/:mailboxid?{before:date}&{after:date}"
           * </pre>
           *
           * @param {object=} stateConfig.views
           * <a id='views'></a>
           * an optional map&lt;string, object&gt; which defined multiple views, or targets views
           * manually/explicitly.
           *
           * Examples:
           *
           * Targets three named `ui-view`s in the parent state's template
           * <pre>views: {
     *     header: {
     *       controller: "headerCtrl",
     *       templateUrl: "header.html"
     *     }, body: {
     *       controller: "bodyCtrl",
     *       templateUrl: "body.html"
     *     }, footer: {
     *       controller: "footCtrl",
     *       templateUrl: "footer.html"
     *     }
     *   }</pre>
           *
           * Targets named `ui-view="header"` from grandparent state 'top''s template, and named `ui-view="body" from parent state's template.
           * <pre>views: {
     *     'header@top': {
     *       controller: "msgHeaderCtrl",
     *       templateUrl: "msgHeader.html"
     *     }, 'body': {
     *       controller: "messagesCtrl",
     *       templateUrl: "messages.html"
     *     }
     *   }</pre>
           *
           * @param {boolean=} [stateConfig.abstract=false]
           * <a id='abstract'></a>
           * An abstract state will never be directly activated,
           *   but can provide inherited properties to its common children states.
           * <pre>abstract: true</pre>
           *
           * @param {function=} stateConfig.onEnter
           * <a id='onEnter'></a>
           *
           * Callback function for when a state is entered. Good way
           *   to trigger an action or dispatch an event, such as opening a dialog.
           * If minifying your scripts, make sure to explictly annotate this function,
           * because it won't be automatically annotated by your build tools.
           *
           * <pre>onEnter: function(MyService, $stateParams) {
     *     MyService.foo($stateParams.myParam);
     * }</pre>
           *
           * @param {function=} stateConfig.onExit
           * <a id='onExit'></a>
           *
           * Callback function for when a state is exited. Good way to
           *   trigger an action or dispatch an event, such as opening a dialog.
           * If minifying your scripts, make sure to explictly annotate this function,
           * because it won't be automatically annotated by your build tools.
           *
           * <pre>onExit: function(MyService, $stateParams) {
     *     MyService.cleanup($stateParams.myParam);
     * }</pre>
           *
           * @param {boolean=} [stateConfig.reloadOnSearch=true]
           * <a id='reloadOnSearch'></a>
           *
           * If `false`, will not retrigger the same state
           *   just because a search/query parameter has changed (via $location.search() or $location.hash()).
           *   Useful for when you'd like to modify $location.search() without triggering a reload.
           * <pre>reloadOnSearch: false</pre>
           *
           * @param {object=} stateConfig.data
           * <a id='data'></a>
           *
           * Arbitrary data object, useful for custom configuration.  The parent state's `data` is
           *   prototypally inherited.  In other words, adding a data property to a state adds it to
           *   the entire subtree via prototypal inheritance.
           *
           * <pre>data: {
     *     requiredRole: 'foo'
     * } </pre>
           *
           * @param {object=} stateConfig.params
           * <a id='params'></a>
           *
           * A map which optionally configures parameters declared in the `url`, or
           *   defines additional non-url parameters.  For each parameter being
           *   configured, add a configuration object keyed to the name of the parameter.
           *
           *   Each parameter configuration object may contain the following properties:
           *
           *   - ** value ** - {object|function=}: specifies the default value for this
           *     parameter.  This implicitly sets this parameter as optional.
           *
           *     When UI-Router routes to a state and no value is
           *     specified for this parameter in the URL or transition, the
           *     default value will be used instead.  If `value` is a function,
           *     it will be injected and invoked, and the return value used.
           *
           *     *Note*: `undefined` is treated as "no default value" while `null`
           *     is treated as "the default value is `null`".
           *
           *     *Shorthand*: If you only need to configure the default value of the
           *     parameter, you may use a shorthand syntax.   In the **`params`**
           *     map, instead mapping the param name to a full parameter configuration
           *     object, simply set map it to the default parameter value, e.g.:
           *
           * <pre>// define a parameter's default value
           * params: {
     *     param1: { value: "defaultValue" }
     * }
           * // shorthand default values
           * params: {
     *     param1: "defaultValue",
     *     param2: "param2Default"
     * }</pre>
           *
           *   - ** array ** - {boolean=}: *(default: false)* If true, the param value will be
           *     treated as an array of values.  If you specified a Type, the value will be
           *     treated as an array of the specified Type.  Note: query parameter values
           *     default to a special `"auto"` mode.
           *
           *     For query parameters in `"auto"` mode, if multiple  values for a single parameter
           *     are present in the URL (e.g.: `/foo?bar=1&bar=2&bar=3`) then the values
           *     are mapped to an array (e.g.: `{ foo: [ '1', '2', '3' ] }`).  However, if
           *     only one value is present (e.g.: `/foo?bar=1`) then the value is treated as single
           *     value (e.g.: `{ foo: '1' }`).
           *
           * <pre>params: {
     *     param1: { array: true }
     * }</pre>
           *
           *   - ** squash ** - {bool|string=}: `squash` configures how a default parameter value is represented in the URL when
           *     the current parameter value is the same as the default value. If `squash` is not set, it uses the
           *     configured default squash policy.
           *     (See {@link ui.router.util.$urlMatcherFactory#methods_defaultSquashPolicy `defaultSquashPolicy()`})
           *
           *   There are three squash settings:
           *
           *     - false: The parameter's default value is not squashed.  It is encoded and included in the URL
           *     - true: The parameter's default value is omitted from the URL.  If the parameter is preceeded and followed
           *       by slashes in the state's `url` declaration, then one of those slashes are omitted.
           *       This can allow for cleaner looking URLs.
           *     - `"<arbitrary string>"`: The parameter's default value is replaced with an arbitrary placeholder of  your choice.
           *
           * <pre>params: {
     *     param1: {
     *       value: "defaultId",
     *       squash: true
     * } }
           * // squash "defaultValue" to "~"
           * params: {
     *     param1: {
     *       value: "defaultValue",
     *       squash: "~"
     * } }
           * </pre>
           *
           *
           * @example
           * <pre>
           * // Some state name examples
           *
           * // stateName can be a single top-level name (must be unique).
           * $stateProvider.state("home", {});
           *
           * // Or it can be a nested state name. This state is a child of the
           * // above "home" state.
           * $stateProvider.state("home.newest", {});
           *
           * // Nest states as deeply as needed.
           * $stateProvider.state("home.newest.abc.xyz.inception", {});
           *
           * // state() returns $stateProvider, so you can chain state declarations.
           * $stateProvider
           *   .state("home", {})
           *   .state("about", {})
           *   .state("contacts", {});
           * </pre>
           *
           */
          this.state = state;
          function state(name, definition) {
              /*jshint validthis: true */
              if (isObject(name)) definition = name;
              else definition.name = name;
              registerState(definition);
              return this;
          }
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc object
           * @name ui.router.state.$state
           *
           * @requires $rootScope
           * @requires $q
           * @requires ui.router.state.$view
           * @requires $injector
           * @requires ui.router.util.$resolve
           * @requires ui.router.state.$stateParams
           * @requires ui.router.router.$urlRouter
           *
           * @property {object} params A param object, e.g. {sectionId: section.id)}, that
           * you'd like to test against the current active state.
           * @property {object} current A reference to the state's config object. However
           * you passed it in. Useful for accessing custom data.
           * @property {object} transition Currently pending transition. A promise that'll
           * resolve or reject.
           *
           * @description
           * `$state` service is responsible for representing states as well as transitioning
           * between them. It also provides interfaces to ask for current state or even states
           * you're coming from.
           */
          this.$get = $get;
          $get.$inject = ['$rootScope', '$q', '$view', '$injector', '$resolve', '$stateParams', '$urlRouter', '$location', '$urlMatcherFactory'];
          function $get($rootScope, $q, $view, $injector, $resolve, $stateParams, $urlRouter, $location, $urlMatcherFactory) {
  
              var TransitionSuperseded = $q.reject(new Error('transition superseded'));
              var TransitionPrevented = $q.reject(new Error('transition prevented'));
              var TransitionAborted = $q.reject(new Error('transition aborted'));
              var TransitionFailed = $q.reject(new Error('transition failed'));
  
              // Handles the case where a state which is the target of a transition is not found, and the user
              // can optionally retry or defer the transition
              function handleRedirect(redirect, state, params, options) {
                  /**
                   * @ngdoc event
                   * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateNotFound
                   * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
                   * @eventType broadcast on root scope
                   * @description
                   * Fired when a requested state **cannot be found** using the provided state name during transition.
                   * The event is broadcast allowing any handlers a single chance to deal with the error (usually by
                   * lazy-loading the unfound state). A special `unfoundState` object is passed to the listener handler,
                   * you can see its three properties in the example. You can use `event.preventDefault()` to abort the
                   * transition and the promise returned from `go` will be rejected with a `'transition aborted'` value.
                   *
                   * @param {Object} event Event object.
                   * @param {Object} unfoundState Unfound State information. Contains: `to, toParams, options` properties.
                   * @param {State} fromState Current state object.
                   * @param {Object} fromParams Current state params.
                   *
                   * @example
                   *
                   * <pre>
                   * // somewhere, assume lazy.state has not been defined
                   * $state.go("lazy.state", {a:1, b:2}, {inherit:false});
                   *
                   * // somewhere else
                   * $scope.$on('$stateNotFound',
                   * function(event, unfoundState, fromState, fromParams){
         *     console.log(unfoundState.to); // "lazy.state"
         *     console.log(unfoundState.toParams); // {a:1, b:2}
         *     console.log(unfoundState.options); // {inherit:false} + default options
         * })
                   * </pre>
                   */
                  var evt = $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateNotFound', redirect, state, params);
  
                  if (evt.defaultPrevented) {
                      $urlRouter.update();
                      return TransitionAborted;
                  }
  
                  if (!evt.retry) {
                      return null;
                  }
  
                  // Allow the handler to return a promise to defer state lookup retry
                  if (options.$retry) {
                      $urlRouter.update();
                      return TransitionFailed;
                  }
                  var retryTransition = $state.transition = $q.when(evt.retry);
  
                  retryTransition.then(function () {
                      if (retryTransition !== $state.transition) return TransitionSuperseded;
                      redirect.options.$retry = true;
                      return $state.transitionTo(redirect.to, redirect.toParams, redirect.options);
                  }, function () {
                      return TransitionAborted;
                  });
                  $urlRouter.update();
  
                  return retryTransition;
              }
  
              root.locals = {resolve: null, globals: {$stateParams: {}}};
  
              $state = {
                  params: {},
                  current: root.self,
                  $current: root,
                  transition: null
              };
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#reload
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * A method that force reloads the current state. All resolves are re-resolved,
               * controllers reinstantiated, and events re-fired.
               *
               * @example
               * <pre>
               * var app angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
               *
               * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
       *   $scope.reload = function(){
       *     $state.reload();
       *   }
       * });
               * </pre>
               *
               * `reload()` is just an alias for:
               * <pre>
               * $state.transitionTo($state.current, $stateParams, { 
       *   reload: true, inherit: false, notify: true
       * });
               * </pre>
               *
               * @param {string=|object=} state - A state name or a state object, which is the root of the resolves to be re-resolved.
               * @example
               * <pre>
               * //assuming app application consists of 3 states: 'contacts', 'contacts.detail', 'contacts.detail.item'
               * //and current state is 'contacts.detail.item'
               * var app angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
               *
               * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
       *   $scope.reload = function(){
       *     //will reload 'contact.detail' and 'contact.detail.item' states
       *     $state.reload('contact.detail');
       *   }
       * });
               * </pre>
               *
               * `reload()` is just an alias for:
               * <pre>
               * $state.transitionTo($state.current, $stateParams, { 
       *   reload: true, inherit: false, notify: true
       * });
               * </pre>
  
               * @returns {promise} A promise representing the state of the new transition. See
               * {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_go $state.go}.
               */
              $state.reload = function reload(state) {
                  return $state.transitionTo($state.current, $stateParams, {
                      reload: state || true,
                      inherit: false,
                      notify: true
                  });
              };
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#go
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * Convenience method for transitioning to a new state. `$state.go` calls
               * `$state.transitionTo` internally but automatically sets options to
               * `{ location: true, inherit: true, relative: $state.$current, notify: true }`.
               * This allows you to easily use an absolute or relative to path and specify
               * only the parameters you'd like to update (while letting unspecified parameters
               * inherit from the currently active ancestor states).
               *
               * @example
               * <pre>
               * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
               *
               * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
       *   $scope.changeState = function () {
       *     $state.go('contact.detail');
       *   };
       * });
               * </pre>
               * <img src='../ngdoc_assets/StateGoExamples.png'/>
               *
               * @param {string} to Absolute state name or relative state path. Some examples:
               *
               * - `$state.go('contact.detail')` - will go to the `contact.detail` state
               * - `$state.go('^')` - will go to a parent state
               * - `$state.go('^.sibling')` - will go to a sibling state
               * - `$state.go('.child.grandchild')` - will go to grandchild state
               *
               * @param {object=} params A map of the parameters that will be sent to the state,
               * will populate $stateParams. Any parameters that are not specified will be inherited from currently
               * defined parameters. This allows, for example, going to a sibling state that shares parameters
               * specified in a parent state. Parameter inheritance only works between common ancestor states, I.e.
               * transitioning to a sibling will get you the parameters for all parents, transitioning to a child
               * will get you all current parameters, etc.
               * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
               *
               * - **`location`** - {boolean=true|string=} - If `true` will update the url in the location bar, if `false`
               *    will not. If string, must be `"replace"`, which will update url and also replace last history record.
               * - **`inherit`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will inherit url parameters from current url.
               * - **`relative`** - {object=$state.$current}, When transitioning with relative path (e.g '^'),
               *    defines which state to be relative from.
               * - **`notify`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will broadcast $stateChangeStart and $stateChangeSuccess events.
               * - **`reload`** (v0.2.5) - {boolean=false}, If `true` will force transition even if the state or params
               *    have not changed, aka a reload of the same state. It differs from reloadOnSearch because you'd
               *    use this when you want to force a reload when *everything* is the same, including search params.
               *
               * @returns {promise} A promise representing the state of the new transition.
               *
               * Possible success values:
               *
               * - $state.current
               *
               * <br/>Possible rejection values:
               *
               * - 'transition superseded' - when a newer transition has been started after this one
               * - 'transition prevented' - when `event.preventDefault()` has been called in a `$stateChangeStart` listener
               * - 'transition aborted' - when `event.preventDefault()` has been called in a `$stateNotFound` listener or
               *   when a `$stateNotFound` `event.retry` promise errors.
               * - 'transition failed' - when a state has been unsuccessfully found after 2 tries.
               * - *resolve error* - when an error has occurred with a `resolve`
               *
               */
              $state.go = function go(to, params, options) {
                  return $state.transitionTo(to, params, extend({inherit: true, relative: $state.$current}, options));
              };
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#transitionTo
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * Low-level method for transitioning to a new state. {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_go $state.go}
               * uses `transitionTo` internally. `$state.go` is recommended in most situations.
               *
               * @example
               * <pre>
               * var app = angular.module('app', ['ui.router']);
               *
               * app.controller('ctrl', function ($scope, $state) {
       *   $scope.changeState = function () {
       *     $state.transitionTo('contact.detail');
       *   };
       * });
               * </pre>
               *
               * @param {string} to State name.
               * @param {object=} toParams A map of the parameters that will be sent to the state,
               * will populate $stateParams.
               * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
               *
               * - **`location`** - {boolean=true|string=} - If `true` will update the url in the location bar, if `false`
               *    will not. If string, must be `"replace"`, which will update url and also replace last history record.
               * - **`inherit`** - {boolean=false}, If `true` will inherit url parameters from current url.
               * - **`relative`** - {object=}, When transitioning with relative path (e.g '^'),
               *    defines which state to be relative from.
               * - **`notify`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will broadcast $stateChangeStart and $stateChangeSuccess events.
               * - **`reload`** (v0.2.5) - {boolean=false|string=|object=}, If `true` will force transition even if the state or params
               *    have not changed, aka a reload of the same state. It differs from reloadOnSearch because you'd
               *    use this when you want to force a reload when *everything* is the same, including search params.
               *    if String, then will reload the state with the name given in reload, and any children.
               *    if Object, then a stateObj is expected, will reload the state found in stateObj, and any children.
               *
               * @returns {promise} A promise representing the state of the new transition. See
               * {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_go $state.go}.
               */
              $state.transitionTo = function transitionTo(to, toParams, options) {
                  toParams = toParams || {};
                  options = extend({
                      location: true, inherit: false, relative: null, notify: true, reload: false, $retry: false
                  }, options || {});
  
                  var from = $state.$current, fromParams = $state.params, fromPath = from.path;
                  var evt, toState = findState(to, options.relative);
  
                  // Store the hash param for later (since it will be stripped out by various methods)
                  var hash = toParams['#'];
  
                  if (!isDefined(toState)) {
                      var redirect = {to: to, toParams: toParams, options: options};
                      var redirectResult = handleRedirect(redirect, from.self, fromParams, options);
  
                      if (redirectResult) {
                          return redirectResult;
                      }
  
                      // Always retry once if the $stateNotFound was not prevented
                      // (handles either redirect changed or state lazy-definition)
                      to = redirect.to;
                      toParams = redirect.toParams;
                      options = redirect.options;
                      toState = findState(to, options.relative);
  
                      if (!isDefined(toState)) {
                          if (!options.relative) throw new Error("No such state '" + to + "'");
                          throw new Error("Could not resolve '" + to + "' from state '" + options.relative + "'");
                      }
                  }
                  if (toState[abstractKey]) throw new Error("Cannot transition to abstract state '" + to + "'");
                  if (options.inherit) toParams = inheritParams($stateParams, toParams || {}, $state.$current, toState);
                  if (!toState.params.$$validates(toParams)) return TransitionFailed;
  
                  toParams = toState.params.$$values(toParams);
                  to = toState;
  
                  var toPath = to.path;
  
                  // Starting from the root of the path, keep all levels that haven't changed
                  var keep = 0, state = toPath[keep], locals = root.locals, toLocals = [];
  
                  if (!options.reload) {
                      while (state && state === fromPath[keep] && state.ownParams.$$equals(toParams, fromParams)) {
                          locals = toLocals[keep] = state.locals;
                          keep++;
                          state = toPath[keep];
                      }
                  } else if (isString(options.reload) || isObject(options.reload)) {
                      if (isObject(options.reload) && !options.reload.name) {
                          throw new Error('Invalid reload state object');
                      }
  
                      var reloadState = options.reload === true ? fromPath[0] : findState(options.reload);
                      if (options.reload && !reloadState) {
                          throw new Error("No such reload state '" + (isString(options.reload) ? options.reload : options.reload.name) + "'");
                      }
  
                      while (state && state === fromPath[keep] && state !== reloadState) {
                          locals = toLocals[keep] = state.locals;
                          keep++;
                          state = toPath[keep];
                      }
                  }
  
                  // If we're going to the same state and all locals are kept, we've got nothing to do.
                  // But clear 'transition', as we still want to cancel any other pending transitions.
                  // TODO: We may not want to bump 'transition' if we're called from a location change
                  // that we've initiated ourselves, because we might accidentally abort a legitimate
                  // transition initiated from code?
                  if (shouldSkipReload(to, toParams, from, fromParams, locals, options)) {
                      if (hash) toParams['#'] = hash;
                      $state.params = toParams;
                      copy($state.params, $stateParams);
                      if (options.location && to.navigable && to.navigable.url) {
                          $urlRouter.push(to.navigable.url, toParams, {
                              $$avoidResync: true, replace: options.location === 'replace'
                          });
                          $urlRouter.update(true);
                      }
                      $state.transition = null;
                      return $q.when($state.current);
                  }
  
                  // Filter parameters before we pass them to event handlers etc.
                  toParams = filterByKeys(to.params.$$keys(), toParams || {});
  
                  // Broadcast start event and cancel the transition if requested
                  if (options.notify) {
                      /**
                       * @ngdoc event
                       * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateChangeStart
                       * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
                       * @eventType broadcast on root scope
                       * @description
                       * Fired when the state transition **begins**. You can use `event.preventDefault()`
                       * to prevent the transition from happening and then the transition promise will be
                       * rejected with a `'transition prevented'` value.
                       *
                       * @param {Object} event Event object.
                       * @param {State} toState The state being transitioned to.
                       * @param {Object} toParams The params supplied to the `toState`.
                       * @param {State} fromState The current state, pre-transition.
                       * @param {Object} fromParams The params supplied to the `fromState`.
                       *
                       * @example
                       *
                       * <pre>
                       * $rootScope.$on('$stateChangeStart',
                       * function(event, toState, toParams, fromState, fromParams){
           *     event.preventDefault();
           *     // transitionTo() promise will be rejected with
           *     // a 'transition prevented' error
           * })
                       * </pre>
                       */
                      if ($rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeStart', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams).defaultPrevented) {
                          $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeCancel', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams);
                          $urlRouter.update();
                          return TransitionPrevented;
                      }
                  }
  
                  // Resolve locals for the remaining states, but don't update any global state just
                  // yet -- if anything fails to resolve the current state needs to remain untouched.
                  // We also set up an inheritance chain for the locals here. This allows the view directive
                  // to quickly look up the correct definition for each view in the current state. Even
                  // though we create the locals object itself outside resolveState(), it is initially
                  // empty and gets filled asynchronously. We need to keep track of the promise for the
                  // (fully resolved) current locals, and pass this down the chain.
                  var resolved = $q.when(locals);
  
                  for (var l = keep; l < toPath.length; l++, state = toPath[l]) {
                      locals = toLocals[l] = inherit(locals);
                      resolved = resolveState(state, toParams, state === to, resolved, locals, options);
                  }
  
                  // Once everything is resolved, we are ready to perform the actual transition
                  // and return a promise for the new state. We also keep track of what the
                  // current promise is, so that we can detect overlapping transitions and
                  // keep only the outcome of the last transition.
                  var transition = $state.transition = resolved.then(function () {
                      var l, entering, exiting;
  
                      if ($state.transition !== transition) return TransitionSuperseded;
  
                      // Exit 'from' states not kept
                      for (l = fromPath.length - 1; l >= keep; l--) {
                          exiting = fromPath[l];
                          if (exiting.self.onExit) {
                              $injector.invoke(exiting.self.onExit, exiting.self, exiting.locals.globals);
                          }
                          exiting.locals = null;
                      }
  
                      // Enter 'to' states not kept
                      for (l = keep; l < toPath.length; l++) {
                          entering = toPath[l];
                          entering.locals = toLocals[l];
                          if (entering.self.onEnter) {
                              $injector.invoke(entering.self.onEnter, entering.self, entering.locals.globals);
                          }
                      }
  
                      // Re-add the saved hash before we start returning things
                      if (hash) toParams['#'] = hash;
  
                      // Run it again, to catch any transitions in callbacks
                      if ($state.transition !== transition) return TransitionSuperseded;
  
                      // Update globals in $state
                      $state.$current = to;
                      $state.current = to.self;
                      $state.params = toParams;
                      copy($state.params, $stateParams);
                      $state.transition = null;
  
                      if (options.location && to.navigable) {
                          $urlRouter.push(to.navigable.url, to.navigable.locals.globals.$stateParams, {
                              $$avoidResync: true, replace: options.location === 'replace'
                          });
                      }
  
                      if (options.notify) {
                          /**
                           * @ngdoc event
                           * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateChangeSuccess
                           * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
                           * @eventType broadcast on root scope
                           * @description
                           * Fired once the state transition is **complete**.
                           *
                           * @param {Object} event Event object.
                           * @param {State} toState The state being transitioned to.
                           * @param {Object} toParams The params supplied to the `toState`.
                           * @param {State} fromState The current state, pre-transition.
                           * @param {Object} fromParams The params supplied to the `fromState`.
                           */
                          $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeSuccess', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams);
                      }
                      $urlRouter.update(true);
  
                      return $state.current;
                  }, function (error) {
                      if ($state.transition !== transition) return TransitionSuperseded;
  
                      $state.transition = null;
                      /**
                       * @ngdoc event
                       * @name ui.router.state.$state#$stateChangeError
                       * @eventOf ui.router.state.$state
                       * @eventType broadcast on root scope
                       * @description
                       * Fired when an **error occurs** during transition. It's important to note that if you
                       * have any errors in your resolve functions (javascript errors, non-existent services, etc)
                       * they will not throw traditionally. You must listen for this $stateChangeError event to
                       * catch **ALL** errors.
                       *
                       * @param {Object} event Event object.
                       * @param {State} toState The state being transitioned to.
                       * @param {Object} toParams The params supplied to the `toState`.
                       * @param {State} fromState The current state, pre-transition.
                       * @param {Object} fromParams The params supplied to the `fromState`.
                       * @param {Error} error The resolve error object.
                       */
                      evt = $rootScope.$broadcast('$stateChangeError', to.self, toParams, from.self, fromParams, error);
  
                      if (!evt.defaultPrevented) {
                          $urlRouter.update();
                      }
  
                      return $q.reject(error);
                  });
  
                  return transition;
              };
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#is
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * Similar to {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_includes $state.includes},
               * but only checks for the full state name. If params is supplied then it will be
               * tested for strict equality against the current active params object, so all params
               * must match with none missing and no extras.
               *
               * @example
               * <pre>
               * $state.$current.name = 'contacts.details.item';
               *
               * // absolute name
               * $state.is('contact.details.item'); // returns true
               * $state.is(contactDetailItemStateObject); // returns true
               *
               * // relative name (. and ^), typically from a template
               * // E.g. from the 'contacts.details' template
               * <div ng-class="{highlighted: $state.is('.item')}">Item</div>
               * </pre>
               *
               * @param {string|object} stateOrName The state name (absolute or relative) or state object you'd like to check.
               * @param {object=} params A param object, e.g. `{sectionId: section.id}`, that you'd like
               * to test against the current active state.
               * @param {object=} options An options object.  The options are:
               *
               * - **`relative`** - {string|object} -  If `stateOrName` is a relative state name and `options.relative` is set, .is will
               * test relative to `options.relative` state (or name).
               *
               * @returns {boolean} Returns true if it is the state.
               */
              $state.is = function is(stateOrName, params, options) {
                  options = extend({relative: $state.$current}, options || {});
                  var state = findState(stateOrName, options.relative);
  
                  if (!isDefined(state)) {
                      return undefined;
                  }
                  if ($state.$current !== state) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  return params ? equalForKeys(state.params.$$values(params), $stateParams) : true;
              };
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#includes
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * A method to determine if the current active state is equal to or is the child of the
               * state stateName. If any params are passed then they will be tested for a match as well.
               * Not all the parameters need to be passed, just the ones you'd like to test for equality.
               *
               * @example
               * Partial and relative names
               * <pre>
               * $state.$current.name = 'contacts.details.item';
               *
               * // Using partial names
               * $state.includes("contacts"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("contacts.details"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("contacts.details.item"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("contacts.list"); // returns false
               * $state.includes("about"); // returns false
               *
               * // Using relative names (. and ^), typically from a template
               * // E.g. from the 'contacts.details' template
               * <div ng-class="{highlighted: $state.includes('.item')}">Item</div>
               * </pre>
               *
               * Basic globbing patterns
               * <pre>
               * $state.$current.name = 'contacts.details.item.url';
               *
               * $state.includes("*.details.*.*"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("*.details.**"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("**.item.**"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("*.details.item.url"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("*.details.*.url"); // returns true
               * $state.includes("*.details.*"); // returns false
               * $state.includes("item.**"); // returns false
               * </pre>
               *
               * @param {string} stateOrName A partial name, relative name, or glob pattern
               * to be searched for within the current state name.
               * @param {object=} params A param object, e.g. `{sectionId: section.id}`,
               * that you'd like to test against the current active state.
               * @param {object=} options An options object.  The options are:
               *
               * - **`relative`** - {string|object=} -  If `stateOrName` is a relative state reference and `options.relative` is set,
               * .includes will test relative to `options.relative` state (or name).
               *
               * @returns {boolean} Returns true if it does include the state
               */
              $state.includes = function includes(stateOrName, params, options) {
                  options = extend({relative: $state.$current}, options || {});
                  if (isString(stateOrName) && isGlob(stateOrName)) {
                      if (!doesStateMatchGlob(stateOrName)) {
                          return false;
                      }
                      stateOrName = $state.$current.name;
                  }
  
                  var state = findState(stateOrName, options.relative);
                  if (!isDefined(state)) {
                      return undefined;
                  }
                  if (!isDefined($state.$current.includes[state.name])) {
                      return false;
                  }
                  return params ? equalForKeys(state.params.$$values(params), $stateParams, objectKeys(params)) : true;
              };
  
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#href
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * A url generation method that returns the compiled url for the given state populated with the given params.
               *
               * @example
               * <pre>
               * expect($state.href("about.person", { person: "bob" })).toEqual("/about/bob");
               * </pre>
               *
               * @param {string|object} stateOrName The state name or state object you'd like to generate a url from.
               * @param {object=} params An object of parameter values to fill the state's required parameters.
               * @param {object=} options Options object. The options are:
               *
               * - **`lossy`** - {boolean=true} -  If true, and if there is no url associated with the state provided in the
               *    first parameter, then the constructed href url will be built from the first navigable ancestor (aka
               *    ancestor with a valid url).
               * - **`inherit`** - {boolean=true}, If `true` will inherit url parameters from current url.
               * - **`relative`** - {object=$state.$current}, When transitioning with relative path (e.g '^'),
               *    defines which state to be relative from.
               * - **`absolute`** - {boolean=false},  If true will generate an absolute url, e.g. "http://www.example.com/fullurl".
               *
               * @returns {string} compiled state url
               */
              $state.href = function href(stateOrName, params, options) {
                  options = extend({
                      lossy: true,
                      inherit: true,
                      absolute: false,
                      relative: $state.$current
                  }, options || {});
  
                  var state = findState(stateOrName, options.relative);
  
                  if (!isDefined(state)) return null;
                  if (options.inherit) params = inheritParams($stateParams, params || {}, $state.$current, state);
  
                  var nav = (state && options.lossy) ? state.navigable : state;
  
                  if (!nav || nav.url === undefined || nav.url === null) {
                      return null;
                  }
                  return $urlRouter.href(nav.url, filterByKeys(state.params.$$keys().concat('#'), params || {}), {
                      absolute: options.absolute
                  });
              };
  
              /**
               * @ngdoc function
               * @name ui.router.state.$state#get
               * @methodOf ui.router.state.$state
               *
               * @description
               * Returns the state configuration object for any specific state or all states.
               *
               * @param {string|object=} stateOrName (absolute or relative) If provided, will only get the config for
               * the requested state. If not provided, returns an array of ALL state configs.
               * @param {string|object=} context When stateOrName is a relative state reference, the state will be retrieved relative to context.
               * @returns {Object|Array} State configuration object or array of all objects.
               */
              $state.get = function (stateOrName, context) {
                  if (arguments.length === 0) return map(objectKeys(states), function (name) {
                      return states[name].self;
                  });
                  var state = findState(stateOrName, context || $state.$current);
                  return (state && state.self) ? state.self : null;
              };
  
              function resolveState(state, params, paramsAreFiltered, inherited, dst, options) {
                  // Make a restricted $stateParams with only the parameters that apply to this state if
                  // necessary. In addition to being available to the controller and onEnter/onExit callbacks,
                  // we also need $stateParams to be available for any $injector calls we make during the
                  // dependency resolution process.
                  var $stateParams = (paramsAreFiltered) ? params : filterByKeys(state.params.$$keys(), params);
                  var locals = {$stateParams: $stateParams};
  
                  // Resolve 'global' dependencies for the state, i.e. those not specific to a view.
                  // We're also including $stateParams in this; that way the parameters are restricted
                  // to the set that should be visible to the state, and are independent of when we update
                  // the global $state and $stateParams values.
                  dst.resolve = $resolve.resolve(state.resolve, locals, dst.resolve, state);
                  var promises = [dst.resolve.then(function (globals) {
                      dst.globals = globals;
                  })];
                  if (inherited) promises.push(inherited);
  
                  function resolveViews() {
                      var viewsPromises = [];
  
                      // Resolve template and dependencies for all views.
                      forEach(state.views, function (view, name) {
                          var injectables = (view.resolve && view.resolve !== state.resolve ? view.resolve : {});
                          injectables.$template = [function () {
                              return $view.load(name, {
                                      view: view,
                                      locals: dst.globals,
                                      params: $stateParams,
                                      notify: options.notify
                                  }) || '';
                          }];
  
                          viewsPromises.push($resolve.resolve(injectables, dst.globals, dst.resolve, state).then(function (result) {
                              // References to the controller (only instantiated at link time)
                              if (isFunction(view.controllerProvider) || isArray(view.controllerProvider)) {
                                  var injectLocals = angular.extend({}, injectables, dst.globals);
                                  result.$$controller = $injector.invoke(view.controllerProvider, null, injectLocals);
                              } else {
                                  result.$$controller = view.controller;
                              }
                              // Provide access to the state itself for internal use
                              result.$$state = state;
                              result.$$controllerAs = view.controllerAs;
                              dst[name] = result;
                          }));
                      });
  
                      return $q.all(viewsPromises).then(function () {
                          return dst.globals;
                      });
                  }
  
                  // Wait for all the promises and then return the activation object
                  return $q.all(promises).then(resolveViews).then(function (values) {
                      return dst;
                  });
              }
  
              return $state;
          }
  
          function shouldSkipReload(to, toParams, from, fromParams, locals, options) {
              // Return true if there are no differences in non-search (path/object) params, false if there are differences
              function nonSearchParamsEqual(fromAndToState, fromParams, toParams) {
                  // Identify whether all the parameters that differ between `fromParams` and `toParams` were search params.
                  function notSearchParam(key) {
                      return fromAndToState.params[key].location != "search";
                  }
  
                  var nonQueryParamKeys = fromAndToState.params.$$keys().filter(notSearchParam);
                  var nonQueryParams = pick.apply({}, [fromAndToState.params].concat(nonQueryParamKeys));
                  var nonQueryParamSet = new $$UMFP.ParamSet(nonQueryParams);
                  return nonQueryParamSet.$$equals(fromParams, toParams);
              }
  
              // If reload was not explicitly requested
              // and we're transitioning to the same state we're already in
              // and    the locals didn't change
              //     or they changed in a way that doesn't merit reloading
              //        (reloadOnParams:false, or reloadOnSearch.false and only search params changed)
              // Then return true.
              if (!options.reload && to === from &&
                  (locals === from.locals || (to.self.reloadOnSearch === false && nonSearchParamsEqual(from, fromParams, toParams)))) {
                  return true;
              }
          }
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.state')
          .value('$stateParams', {})
          .provider('$state', $StateProvider);
  
  
      $ViewProvider.$inject = [];
      function $ViewProvider() {
  
          this.$get = $get;
          /**
           * @ngdoc object
           * @name ui.router.state.$view
           *
           * @requires ui.router.util.$templateFactory
           * @requires $rootScope
           *
           * @description
           *
           */
          $get.$inject = ['$rootScope', '$templateFactory'];
          function $get($rootScope, $templateFactory) {
              return {
                  // $view.load('full.viewName', { template: ..., controller: ..., resolve: ..., async: false, params: ... })
                  /**
                   * @ngdoc function
                   * @name ui.router.state.$view#load
                   * @methodOf ui.router.state.$view
                   *
                   * @description
                   *
                   * @param {string} name name
                   * @param {object} options option object.
                   */
                  load: function load(name, options) {
                      var result, defaults = {
                          template: null,
                          controller: null,
                          view: null,
                          locals: null,
                          notify: true,
                          async: true,
                          params: {}
                      };
                      options = extend(defaults, options);
  
                      if (options.view) {
                          result = $templateFactory.fromConfig(options.view, options.params, options.locals);
                      }
                      if (result && options.notify) {
                          /**
                           * @ngdoc event
                           * @name ui.router.state.$state#$viewContentLoading
                           * @eventOf ui.router.state.$view
                           * @eventType broadcast on root scope
                           * @description
                           *
                           * Fired once the view **begins loading**, *before* the DOM is rendered.
                           *
                           * @param {Object} event Event object.
                           * @param {Object} viewConfig The view config properties (template, controller, etc).
                           *
                           * @example
                           *
                           * <pre>
                           * $scope.$on('$viewContentLoading',
                           * function(event, viewConfig){
           *     // Access to all the view config properties.
           *     // and one special property 'targetView'
           *     // viewConfig.targetView
           * });
                           * </pre>
                           */
                          $rootScope.$broadcast('$viewContentLoading', options);
                      }
                      return result;
                  }
              };
          }
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.state').provider('$view', $ViewProvider);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc object
       * @name ui.router.state.$uiViewScrollProvider
       *
       * @description
       * Provider that returns the {@link ui.router.state.$uiViewScroll} service function.
       */
      function $ViewScrollProvider() {
  
          var useAnchorScroll = false;
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc function
           * @name ui.router.state.$uiViewScrollProvider#useAnchorScroll
           * @methodOf ui.router.state.$uiViewScrollProvider
           *
           * @description
           * Reverts back to using the core [`$anchorScroll`](http://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng.$anchorScroll) service for
           * scrolling based on the url anchor.
           */
          this.useAnchorScroll = function () {
              useAnchorScroll = true;
          };
  
          /**
           * @ngdoc object
           * @name ui.router.state.$uiViewScroll
           *
           * @requires $anchorScroll
           * @requires $timeout
           *
           * @description
           * When called with a jqLite element, it scrolls the element into view (after a
           * `$timeout` so the DOM has time to refresh).
           *
           * If you prefer to rely on `$anchorScroll` to scroll the view to the anchor,
           * this can be enabled by calling {@link ui.router.state.$uiViewScrollProvider#methods_useAnchorScroll `$uiViewScrollProvider.useAnchorScroll()`}.
           */
          this.$get = ['$anchorScroll', '$timeout', function ($anchorScroll, $timeout) {
              if (useAnchorScroll) {
                  return $anchorScroll;
              }
  
              return function ($element) {
                  return $timeout(function () {
                      $element[0].scrollIntoView();
                  }, 0, false);
              };
          }];
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.state').provider('$uiViewScroll', $ViewScrollProvider);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc directive
       * @name ui.router.state.directive:ui-view
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state.$state
       * @requires $compile
       * @requires $controller
       * @requires $injector
       * @requires ui.router.state.$uiViewScroll
       * @requires $document
       *
       * @restrict ECA
       *
       * @description
       * The ui-view directive tells $state where to place your templates.
       *
       * @param {string=} name A view name. The name should be unique amongst the other views in the
       * same state. You can have views of the same name that live in different states.
       *
       * @param {string=} autoscroll It allows you to set the scroll behavior of the browser window
       * when a view is populated. By default, $anchorScroll is overridden by ui-router's custom scroll
       * service, {@link ui.router.state.$uiViewScroll}. This custom service let's you
       * scroll ui-view elements into view when they are populated during a state activation.
       *
       * *Note: To revert back to old [`$anchorScroll`](http://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng.$anchorScroll)
       * functionality, call `$uiViewScrollProvider.useAnchorScroll()`.*
       *
       * @param {string=} onload Expression to evaluate whenever the view updates.
       *
       * @example
       * A view can be unnamed or named.
       * <pre>
       * <!-- Unnamed -->
       * <div ui-view></div>
       *
       * <!-- Named -->
       * <div ui-view="viewName"></div>
       * </pre>
       *
       * You can only have one unnamed view within any template (or root html). If you are only using a
       * single view and it is unnamed then you can populate it like so:
       * <pre>
       * <div ui-view></div>
       * $stateProvider.state("home", {
   *   template: "<h1>HELLO!</h1>"
   * })
       * </pre>
       *
       * The above is a convenient shortcut equivalent to specifying your view explicitly with the {@link ui.router.state.$stateProvider#views `views`}
       * config property, by name, in this case an empty name:
       * <pre>
       * $stateProvider.state("home", {
   *   views: {
   *     "": {
   *       template: "<h1>HELLO!</h1>"
   *     }
   *   }    
   * })
       * </pre>
       *
       * But typically you'll only use the views property if you name your view or have more than one view
       * in the same template. There's not really a compelling reason to name a view if its the only one,
       * but you could if you wanted, like so:
       * <pre>
       * <div ui-view="main"></div>
       * </pre>
       * <pre>
       * $stateProvider.state("home", {
   *   views: {
   *     "main": {
   *       template: "<h1>HELLO!</h1>"
   *     }
   *   }    
   * })
       * </pre>
       *
       * Really though, you'll use views to set up multiple views:
       * <pre>
       * <div ui-view></div>
       * <div ui-view="chart"></div>
       * <div ui-view="data"></div>
       * </pre>
       *
       * <pre>
       * $stateProvider.state("home", {
   *   views: {
   *     "": {
   *       template: "<h1>HELLO!</h1>"
   *     },
   *     "chart": {
   *       template: "<chart_thing/>"
   *     },
   *     "data": {
   *       template: "<data_thing/>"
   *     }
   *   }    
   * })
       * </pre>
       *
       * Examples for `autoscroll`:
       *
       * <pre>
       * <!-- If autoscroll present with no expression,
       *      then scroll ui-view into view -->
       * <ui-view autoscroll/>
       *
       * <!-- If autoscroll present with valid expression,
       *      then scroll ui-view into view if expression evaluates to true -->
       * <ui-view autoscroll='true'/>
       * <ui-view autoscroll='false'/>
       * <ui-view autoscroll='scopeVariable'/>
       * </pre>
       */
      $ViewDirective.$inject = ['$state', '$injector', '$uiViewScroll', '$interpolate'];
      function $ViewDirective($state, $injector, $uiViewScroll, $interpolate) {
  
          function getService() {
              return ($injector.has) ? function (service) {
                  return $injector.has(service) ? $injector.get(service) : null;
              } : function (service) {
                  try {
                      return $injector.get(service);
                  } catch (e) {
                      return null;
                  }
              };
          }
  
          var service = getService(),
              $animator = service('$animator'),
              $animate = service('$animate');
  
          // Returns a set of DOM manipulation functions based on which Angular version
          // it should use
          function getRenderer(attrs, scope) {
              var statics = function () {
                  return {
                      enter: function (element, target, cb) {
                          target.after(element);
                          cb();
                      },
                      leave: function (element, cb) {
                          element.remove();
                          cb();
                      }
                  };
              };
  
              if ($animate) {
                  return {
                      enter: function (element, target, cb) {
                          var promise = $animate.enter(element, null, target, cb);
                          if (promise && promise.then) promise.then(cb);
                      },
                      leave: function (element, cb) {
                          var promise = $animate.leave(element, cb);
                          if (promise && promise.then) promise.then(cb);
                      }
                  };
              }
  
              if ($animator) {
                  var animate = $animator && $animator(scope, attrs);
  
                  return {
                      enter: function (element, target, cb) {
                          animate.enter(element, null, target);
                          cb();
                      },
                      leave: function (element, cb) {
                          animate.leave(element);
                          cb();
                      }
                  };
              }
  
              return statics();
          }
  
          var directive = {
              restrict: 'ECA',
              terminal: true,
              priority: 400,
              transclude: 'element',
              compile: function (tElement, tAttrs, $transclude) {
                  return function (scope, $element, attrs) {
                      var previousEl, currentEl, currentScope, latestLocals,
                          onloadExp = attrs.onload || '',
                          autoScrollExp = attrs.autoscroll,
                          renderer = getRenderer(attrs, scope);
  
                      scope.$on('$stateChangeSuccess', function () {
                          updateView(false);
                      });
                      scope.$on('$viewContentLoading', function () {
                          updateView(false);
                      });
  
                      updateView(true);
  
                      function cleanupLastView() {
                          if (previousEl) {
                              previousEl.remove();
                              previousEl = null;
                          }
  
                          if (currentScope) {
                              currentScope.$destroy();
                              currentScope = null;
                          }
  
                          if (currentEl) {
                              renderer.leave(currentEl, function () {
                                  previousEl = null;
                              });
  
                              previousEl = currentEl;
                              currentEl = null;
                          }
                      }
  
                      function updateView(firstTime) {
                          var newScope,
                              name = getUiViewName(scope, attrs, $element, $interpolate),
                              previousLocals = name && $state.$current && $state.$current.locals[name];
  
                          if (!firstTime && previousLocals === latestLocals) return; // nothing to do
                          newScope = scope.$new();
                          latestLocals = $state.$current.locals[name];
  
                          var clone = $transclude(newScope, function (clone) {
                              renderer.enter(clone, $element, function onUiViewEnter() {
                                  if (currentScope) {
                                      currentScope.$emit('$viewContentAnimationEnded');
                                  }
  
                                  if (angular.isDefined(autoScrollExp) && !autoScrollExp || scope.$eval(autoScrollExp)) {
                                      $uiViewScroll(clone);
                                  }
                              });
                              cleanupLastView();
                          });
  
                          currentEl = clone;
                          currentScope = newScope;
                          /**
                           * @ngdoc event
                           * @name ui.router.state.directive:ui-view#$viewContentLoaded
                           * @eventOf ui.router.state.directive:ui-view
                           * @eventType emits on ui-view directive scope
                           * @description           *
                           * Fired once the view is **loaded**, *after* the DOM is rendered.
                           *
                           * @param {Object} event Event object.
                           */
                          currentScope.$emit('$viewContentLoaded');
                          currentScope.$eval(onloadExp);
                      }
                  };
              }
          };
  
          return directive;
      }
  
      $ViewDirectiveFill.$inject = ['$compile', '$controller', '$state', '$interpolate'];
      function $ViewDirectiveFill($compile, $controller, $state, $interpolate) {
          return {
              restrict: 'ECA',
              priority: -400,
              compile: function (tElement) {
                  var initial = tElement.html();
                  return function (scope, $element, attrs) {
                      var current = $state.$current,
                          name = getUiViewName(scope, attrs, $element, $interpolate),
                          locals = current && current.locals[name];
  
                      if (!locals) {
                          return;
                      }
  
                      $element.data('$uiView', {name: name, state: locals.$$state});
                      $element.html(locals.$template ? locals.$template : initial);
  
                      var link = $compile($element.contents());
  
                      if (locals.$$controller) {
                          locals.$scope = scope;
                          locals.$element = $element;
                          var controller = $controller(locals.$$controller, locals);
                          if (locals.$$controllerAs) {
                              scope[locals.$$controllerAs] = controller;
                          }
                          $element.data('$ngControllerController', controller);
                          $element.children().data('$ngControllerController', controller);
                      }
  
                      link(scope);
                  };
              }
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Shared ui-view code for both directives:
       * Given scope, element, and its attributes, return the view's name
       */
      function getUiViewName(scope, attrs, element, $interpolate) {
          var name = $interpolate(attrs.uiView || attrs.name || '')(scope);
          var inherited = element.inheritedData('$uiView');
          return name.indexOf('@') >= 0 ? name : (name + '@' + (inherited ? inherited.state.name : ''));
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.state').directive('uiView', $ViewDirective);
      angular.module('ui.router.state').directive('uiView', $ViewDirectiveFill);
  
      function parseStateRef(ref, current) {
          var preparsed = ref.match(/^\s*({[^}]*})\s*$/), parsed;
          if (preparsed) ref = current + '(' + preparsed[1] + ')';
          parsed = ref.replace(/\n/g, " ").match(/^([^(]+?)\s*(\((.*)\))?$/);
          if (!parsed || parsed.length !== 4) throw new Error("Invalid state ref '" + ref + "'");
          return {state: parsed[1], paramExpr: parsed[3] || null};
      }
  
      function stateContext(el) {
          var stateData = el.parent().inheritedData('$uiView');
  
          if (stateData && stateData.state && stateData.state.name) {
              return stateData.state;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc directive
       * @name ui.router.state.directive:ui-sref
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state.$state
       * @requires $timeout
       *
       * @restrict A
       *
       * @description
       * A directive that binds a link (`<a>` tag) to a state. If the state has an associated
       * URL, the directive will automatically generate & update the `href` attribute via
       * the {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_href $state.href()} method. Clicking
       * the link will trigger a state transition with optional parameters.
       *
       * Also middle-clicking, right-clicking, and ctrl-clicking on the link will be
       * handled natively by the browser.
       *
       * You can also use relative state paths within ui-sref, just like the relative
       * paths passed to `$state.go()`. You just need to be aware that the path is relative
       * to the state that the link lives in, in other words the state that loaded the
       * template containing the link.
       *
       * You can specify options to pass to {@link ui.router.state.$state#go $state.go()}
       * using the `ui-sref-opts` attribute. Options are restricted to `location`, `inherit`,
       * and `reload`.
       *
       * @example
       * Here's an example of how you'd use ui-sref and how it would compile. If you have the
       * following template:
       * <pre>
       * <a ui-sref="home">Home</a> | <a ui-sref="about">About</a> | <a ui-sref="{page: 2}">Next page</a>
       *
       * <ul>
       *     <li ng-repeat="contact in contacts">
       *         <a ui-sref="contacts.detail({ id: contact.id })">{{ contact.name }}</a>
       *     </li>
       * </ul>
       * </pre>
       *
       * Then the compiled html would be (assuming Html5Mode is off and current state is contacts):
       * <pre>
       * <a href="#/home" ui-sref="home">Home</a> | <a href="#/about" ui-sref="about">About</a> | <a href="#/contacts?page=2" ui-sref="{page: 2}">Next page</a>
       *
       * <ul>
       *     <li ng-repeat="contact in contacts">
       *         <a href="#/contacts/1" ui-sref="contacts.detail({ id: contact.id })">Joe</a>
       *     </li>
       *     <li ng-repeat="contact in contacts">
       *         <a href="#/contacts/2" ui-sref="contacts.detail({ id: contact.id })">Alice</a>
       *     </li>
       *     <li ng-repeat="contact in contacts">
       *         <a href="#/contacts/3" ui-sref="contacts.detail({ id: contact.id })">Bob</a>
       *     </li>
       * </ul>
       *
       * <a ui-sref="home" ui-sref-opts="{reload: true}">Home</a>
       * </pre>
       *
       * @param {string} ui-sref 'stateName' can be any valid absolute or relative state
       * @param {Object} ui-sref-opts options to pass to {@link ui.router.state.$state#go $state.go()}
       */
      $StateRefDirective.$inject = ['$state', '$timeout'];
      function $StateRefDirective($state, $timeout) {
          var allowedOptions = ['location', 'inherit', 'reload', 'absolute'];
  
          return {
              restrict: 'A',
              require: ['?^uiSrefActive', '?^uiSrefActiveEq'],
              link: function (scope, element, attrs, uiSrefActive) {
                  var ref = parseStateRef(attrs.uiSref, $state.current.name);
                  var params = null, url = null, base = stateContext(element) || $state.$current;
                  // SVGAElement does not use the href attribute, but rather the 'xlinkHref' attribute.
                  var hrefKind = Object.prototype.toString.call(element.prop('href')) === '[object SVGAnimatedString]' ?
                      'xlink:href' : 'href';
                  var newHref = null, isAnchor = element.prop("tagName").toUpperCase() === "A";
                  var isForm = element[0].nodeName === "FORM";
                  var attr = isForm ? "action" : hrefKind, nav = true;
  
                  var options = {relative: base, inherit: true};
                  var optionsOverride = scope.$eval(attrs.uiSrefOpts) || {};
  
                  angular.forEach(allowedOptions, function (option) {
                      if (option in optionsOverride) {
                          options[option] = optionsOverride[option];
                      }
                  });
  
                  var update = function (newVal) {
                      if (newVal) params = angular.copy(newVal);
                      if (!nav) return;
  
                      newHref = $state.href(ref.state, params, options);
  
                      var activeDirective = uiSrefActive[1] || uiSrefActive[0];
                      if (activeDirective) {
                          activeDirective.$$addStateInfo(ref.state, params);
                      }
                      if (newHref === null) {
                          nav = false;
                          return false;
                      }
                      attrs.$set(attr, newHref);
                  };
  
                  if (ref.paramExpr) {
                      scope.$watch(ref.paramExpr, function (newVal, oldVal) {
                          if (newVal !== params) update(newVal);
                      }, true);
                      params = angular.copy(scope.$eval(ref.paramExpr));
                  }
                  update();
  
                  if (isForm) return;
  
                  element.bind("click", function (e) {
                      var button = e.which || e.button;
                      if (!(button > 1 || e.ctrlKey || e.metaKey || e.shiftKey || element.attr('target'))) {
                          // HACK: This is to allow ng-clicks to be processed before the transition is initiated:
                          var transition = $timeout(function () {
                              $state.go(ref.state, params, options);
                          });
                          e.preventDefault();
  
                          // if the state has no URL, ignore one preventDefault from the <a> directive.
                          var ignorePreventDefaultCount = isAnchor && !newHref ? 1 : 0;
                          e.preventDefault = function () {
                              if (ignorePreventDefaultCount-- <= 0)
                                  $timeout.cancel(transition);
                          };
                      }
                  });
              }
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc directive
       * @name ui.router.state.directive:ui-sref-active
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state.$state
       * @requires ui.router.state.$stateParams
       * @requires $interpolate
       *
       * @restrict A
       *
       * @description
       * A directive working alongside ui-sref to add classes to an element when the
       * related ui-sref directive's state is active, and removing them when it is inactive.
       * The primary use-case is to simplify the special appearance of navigation menus
       * relying on `ui-sref`, by having the "active" state's menu button appear different,
       * distinguishing it from the inactive menu items.
       *
       * ui-sref-active can live on the same element as ui-sref or on a parent element. The first
       * ui-sref-active found at the same level or above the ui-sref will be used.
       *
       * Will activate when the ui-sref's target state or any child state is active. If you
       * need to activate only when the ui-sref target state is active and *not* any of
       * it's children, then you will use
       * {@link ui.router.state.directive:ui-sref-active-eq ui-sref-active-eq}
       *
       * @example
       * Given the following template:
       * <pre>
       * <ul>
       *   <li ui-sref-active="active" class="item">
       *     <a href ui-sref="app.user({user: 'bilbobaggins'})">@bilbobaggins</a>
       *   </li>
       * </ul>
       * </pre>
       *
       *
       * When the app state is "app.user" (or any children states), and contains the state parameter "user" with value "bilbobaggins",
       * the resulting HTML will appear as (note the 'active' class):
       * <pre>
       * <ul>
       *   <li ui-sref-active="active" class="item active">
       *     <a ui-sref="app.user({user: 'bilbobaggins'})" href="/users/bilbobaggins">@bilbobaggins</a>
       *   </li>
       * </ul>
       * </pre>
       *
       * The class name is interpolated **once** during the directives link time (any further changes to the
       * interpolated value are ignored).
       *
       * Multiple classes may be specified in a space-separated format:
       * <pre>
       * <ul>
       *   <li ui-sref-active='class1 class2 class3'>
       *     <a ui-sref="app.user">link</a>
       *   </li>
       * </ul>
       * </pre>
       */
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc directive
       * @name ui.router.state.directive:ui-sref-active-eq
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state.$state
       * @requires ui.router.state.$stateParams
       * @requires $interpolate
       *
       * @restrict A
       *
       * @description
       * The same as {@link ui.router.state.directive:ui-sref-active ui-sref-active} but will only activate
       * when the exact target state used in the `ui-sref` is active; no child states.
       *
       */
      $StateRefActiveDirective.$inject = ['$state', '$stateParams', '$interpolate'];
      function $StateRefActiveDirective($state, $stateParams, $interpolate) {
          return {
              restrict: "A",
              controller: ['$scope', '$element', '$attrs', function ($scope, $element, $attrs) {
                  var states = [], activeClass;
  
                  // There probably isn't much point in $observing this
                  // uiSrefActive and uiSrefActiveEq share the same directive object with some
                  // slight difference in logic routing
                  activeClass = $interpolate($attrs.uiSrefActiveEq || $attrs.uiSrefActive || '', false)($scope);
  
                  // Allow uiSref to communicate with uiSrefActive[Equals]
                  this.$$addStateInfo = function (newState, newParams) {
                      var state = $state.get(newState, stateContext($element));
  
                      states.push({
                          state: state || {name: newState},
                          params: newParams
                      });
  
                      update();
                  };
  
                  $scope.$on('$stateChangeSuccess', update);
  
                  // Update route state
                  function update() {
                      if (anyMatch()) {
                          $element.addClass(activeClass);
                      } else {
                          $element.removeClass(activeClass);
                      }
                  }
  
                  function anyMatch() {
                      for (var i = 0; i < states.length; i++) {
                          if (isMatch(states[i].state, states[i].params)) {
                              return true;
                          }
                      }
                      return false;
                  }
  
                  function isMatch(state, params) {
                      if (typeof $attrs.uiSrefActiveEq !== 'undefined') {
                          return $state.is(state.name, params);
                      } else {
                          return $state.includes(state.name, params);
                      }
                  }
              }]
          };
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.state')
          .directive('uiSref', $StateRefDirective)
          .directive('uiSrefActive', $StateRefActiveDirective)
          .directive('uiSrefActiveEq', $StateRefActiveDirective);
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc filter
       * @name ui.router.state.filter:isState
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state.$state
       *
       * @description
       * Translates to {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_is $state.is("stateName")}.
       */
      $IsStateFilter.$inject = ['$state'];
      function $IsStateFilter($state) {
          var isFilter = function (state) {
              return $state.is(state);
          };
          isFilter.$stateful = true;
          return isFilter;
      }
  
      /**
       * @ngdoc filter
       * @name ui.router.state.filter:includedByState
       *
       * @requires ui.router.state.$state
       *
       * @description
       * Translates to {@link ui.router.state.$state#methods_includes $state.includes('fullOrPartialStateName')}.
       */
      $IncludedByStateFilter.$inject = ['$state'];
      function $IncludedByStateFilter($state) {
          var includesFilter = function (state) {
              return $state.includes(state);
          };
          includesFilter.$stateful = true;
          return includesFilter;
      }
  
      angular.module('ui.router.state')
          .filter('isState', $IsStateFilter)
          .filter('includedByState', $IncludedByStateFilter);
  })(window, window.angular);