text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 1985, 1993
   *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
   *
   * %sccs.include.redist.c%
   */
  
  #ifndef lint
  static char sccsid[] = "@(#)atan2.c	8.1 (Berkeley) 06/04/93";
  #endif /* not lint */
  
  /* ATAN2(Y,X)
   * RETURN ARG (X+iY)
   * DOUBLE PRECISION (VAX D format 56 bits, IEEE DOUBLE 53 BITS)
   * CODED IN C BY K.C. NG, 1/8/85; 
   * REVISED BY K.C. NG on 2/7/85, 2/13/85, 3/7/85, 3/30/85, 6/29/85.
   *
   * Required system supported functions :
   *	copysign(x,y)
   *	scalb(x,y)
   *	logb(x)
   *	
   * Method :
   *	1. Reduce y to positive by atan2(y,x)=-atan2(-y,x).
   *	2. Reduce x to positive by (if x and y are unexceptional): 
   *		ARG (x+iy) = arctan(y/x)   	   ... if x > 0,
   *		ARG (x+iy) = pi - arctan[y/(-x)]   ... if x < 0,
   *	3. According to the integer k=4t+0.25 truncated , t=y/x, the argument 
   *	   is further reduced to one of the following intervals and the 
   *	   arctangent of y/x is evaluated by the corresponding formula:
   *
   *         [0,7/16]	   atan(y/x) = t - t^3*(a1+t^2*(a2+...(a10+t^2*a11)...)
   *	   [7/16,11/16]    atan(y/x) = atan(1/2) + atan( (y-x/2)/(x+y/2) )
   *	   [11/16.19/16]   atan(y/x) = atan( 1 ) + atan( (y-x)/(x+y) )
   *	   [19/16,39/16]   atan(y/x) = atan(3/2) + atan( (y-1.5x)/(x+1.5y) )
   *	   [39/16,INF]     atan(y/x) = atan(INF) + atan( -x/y )
   *
   * Special cases:
   * Notations: atan2(y,x) == ARG (x+iy) == ARG(x,y).
   *
   *	ARG( NAN , (anything) ) is NaN;
   *	ARG( (anything), NaN ) is NaN;
   *	ARG(+(anything but NaN), +-0) is +-0  ;
   *	ARG(-(anything but NaN), +-0) is +-PI ;
   *	ARG( 0, +-(anything but 0 and NaN) ) is +-PI/2;
   *	ARG( +INF,+-(anything but INF and NaN) ) is +-0 ;
   *	ARG( -INF,+-(anything but INF and NaN) ) is +-PI;
   *	ARG( +INF,+-INF ) is +-PI/4 ;
   *	ARG( -INF,+-INF ) is +-3PI/4;
   *	ARG( (anything but,0,NaN, and INF),+-INF ) is +-PI/2;
   *
   * Accuracy:
   *	atan2(y,x) returns (PI/pi) * the exact ARG (x+iy) nearly rounded, 
   *	where
   *
   *	in decimal:
   *		pi = 3.141592653589793 23846264338327 ..... 
   *    53 bits   PI = 3.141592653589793 115997963 ..... ,
   *    56 bits   PI = 3.141592653589793 227020265 ..... ,  
   *
   *	in hexadecimal:
   *		pi = 3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E....
   *    53 bits   PI = 3.243F6A8885A30  =  2 * 1.921FB54442D18	error=.276ulps
   *    56 bits   PI = 3.243F6A8885A308 =  4 * .C90FDAA22168C2    error=.206ulps
   *	
   *	In a test run with 356,000 random argument on [-1,1] * [-1,1] on a
   *	VAX, the maximum observed error was 1.41 ulps (units of the last place)
   *	compared with (PI/pi)*(the exact ARG(x+iy)).
   *
   * Note:
   *	We use machine PI (the true pi rounded) in place of the actual
   *	value of pi for all the trig and inverse trig functions. In general, 
   *	if trig is one of sin, cos, tan, then computed trig(y) returns the 
   *	exact trig(y*pi/PI) nearly rounded; correspondingly, computed arctrig 
   *	returns the exact arctrig(y)*PI/pi nearly rounded. These guarantee the 
   *	trig functions have period PI, and trig(arctrig(x)) returns x for
   *	all critical values x.
   *	
   * Constants:
   * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following constants.
   * The decimal values may be used, provided that the compiler will convert
   * from decimal to binary accurately enough to produce the hexadecimal values
   * shown.
   */
  
  #include "mathimpl.h"
  
  vc(athfhi, 4.6364760900080611433E-1  ,6338,3fed,da7b,2b0d,  -1, .ED63382B0DDA7B)
  vc(athflo, 1.9338828231967579916E-19 ,5005,2164,92c0,9cfe, -62, .E450059CFE92C0)
  vc(PIo4,   7.8539816339744830676E-1  ,0fda,4049,68c2,a221,   0, .C90FDAA22168C2)
  vc(at1fhi, 9.8279372324732906796E-1  ,985e,407b,b4d9,940f,   0, .FB985E940FB4D9)
  vc(at1flo,-3.5540295636764633916E-18 ,1edc,a383,eaea,34d6, -57,-.831EDC34D6EAEA)
  vc(PIo2,   1.5707963267948966135E0   ,0fda,40c9,68c2,a221,   1, .C90FDAA22168C2)
  vc(PI,     3.1415926535897932270E0   ,0fda,4149,68c2,a221,   2, .C90FDAA22168C2)
  vc(a1,     3.3333333333333473730E-1  ,aaaa,3faa,ab75,aaaa,  -1, .AAAAAAAAAAAB75)
  vc(a2,    -2.0000000000017730678E-1  ,cccc,bf4c,946e,cccd,  -2,-.CCCCCCCCCD946E)
  vc(a3,     1.4285714286694640301E-1  ,4924,3f12,4262,9274,  -2, .92492492744262)
  vc(a4,    -1.1111111135032672795E-1  ,8e38,bee3,6292,ebc6,  -3,-.E38E38EBC66292)
  vc(a5,     9.0909091380563043783E-2  ,2e8b,3eba,d70c,b31b,  -3, .BA2E8BB31BD70C)
  vc(a6,    -7.6922954286089459397E-2  ,89c8,be9d,7f18,27c3,  -3,-.9D89C827C37F18)
  vc(a7,     6.6663180891693915586E-2  ,86b4,3e88,9e58,ae37,  -3, .8886B4AE379E58)
  vc(a8,    -5.8772703698290408927E-2  ,bba5,be70,a942,8481,  -4,-.F0BBA58481A942)
  vc(a9,     5.2170707402812969804E-2  ,b0f3,3e55,13ab,a1ab,  -4, .D5B0F3A1AB13AB)
  vc(a10,   -4.4895863157820361210E-2  ,e4b9,be37,048f,7fd1,  -4,-.B7E4B97FD1048F)
  vc(a11,    3.3006147437343875094E-2  ,3174,3e07,2d87,3cf7,  -4, .8731743CF72D87)
  vc(a12,   -1.4614844866464185439E-2  ,731a,bd6f,76d9,2f34,  -6,-.EF731A2F3476D9)
  
  ic(athfhi, 4.6364760900080609352E-1  ,  -2,  1.DAC670561BB4F)
  ic(athflo, 4.6249969567426939759E-18 , -58,  1.5543B8F253271)
  ic(PIo4,   7.8539816339744827900E-1  ,  -1,  1.921FB54442D18)
  ic(at1fhi, 9.8279372324732905408E-1  ,  -1,  1.F730BD281F69B)
  ic(at1flo,-2.4407677060164810007E-17 , -56, -1.C23DFEFEAE6B5)
  ic(PIo2,   1.5707963267948965580E0   ,   0,  1.921FB54442D18)
  ic(PI,     3.1415926535897931160E0   ,   1,  1.921FB54442D18)
  ic(a1,     3.3333333333333942106E-1  ,  -2,  1.55555555555C3)
  ic(a2,    -1.9999999999979536924E-1  ,  -3, -1.9999999997CCD)
  ic(a3,     1.4285714278004377209E-1  ,  -3,  1.24924921EC1D7)
  ic(a4,    -1.1111110579344973814E-1  ,  -4, -1.C71C7059AF280)
  ic(a5,     9.0908906105474668324E-2  ,  -4,  1.745CE5AA35DB2)
  ic(a6,    -7.6919217767468239799E-2  ,  -4, -1.3B0FA54BEC400)
  ic(a7,     6.6614695906082474486E-2  ,  -4,  1.10DA924597FFF)
  ic(a8,    -5.8358371008508623523E-2  ,  -5, -1.DE125FDDBD793)
  ic(a9,     4.9850617156082015213E-2  ,  -5,  1.9860524BDD807)
  ic(a10,   -3.6700606902093604877E-2  ,  -5, -1.2CA6C04C6937A)
  ic(a11,    1.6438029044759730479E-2  ,  -6,  1.0D52174A1BB54)
  
  #ifdef vccast
  #define	athfhi	vccast(athfhi)
  #define	athflo	vccast(athflo)
  #define	PIo4	vccast(PIo4)
  #define	at1fhi	vccast(at1fhi)
  #define	at1flo	vccast(at1flo)
  #define	PIo2	vccast(PIo2)
  #define	PI	vccast(PI)
  #define	a1	vccast(a1)
  #define	a2	vccast(a2)
  #define	a3	vccast(a3)
  #define	a4	vccast(a4)
  #define	a5	vccast(a5)
  #define	a6	vccast(a6)
  #define	a7	vccast(a7)
  #define	a8	vccast(a8)
  #define	a9	vccast(a9)
  #define	a10	vccast(a10)
  #define	a11	vccast(a11)
  #define	a12	vccast(a12)
  #endif
  
  double atan2(y,x)
  double  y,x;
  {  
  	static const double zero=0, one=1, small=1.0E-9, big=1.0E18;
  	double t,z,signy,signx,hi,lo;
  	int k,m;
  
  #if !defined(vax)&&!defined(tahoe)
      /* if x or y is NAN */
  	if(x!=x) return(x); if(y!=y) return(y);
  #endif	/* !defined(vax)&&!defined(tahoe) */
  
      /* copy down the sign of y and x */
  	signy = copysign(one,y) ;  
  	signx = copysign(one,x) ;  
  
      /* if x is 1.0, goto begin */
  	if(x==1) { y=copysign(y,one); t=y; if(finite(t)) goto begin;}
  
      /* when y = 0 */
  	if(y==zero) return((signx==one)?y:copysign(PI,signy));
  
      /* when x = 0 */
  	if(x==zero) return(copysign(PIo2,signy));
  	    
      /* when x is INF */
  	if(!finite(x))
  	    if(!finite(y)) 
  		return(copysign((signx==one)?PIo4:3*PIo4,signy));
  	    else
  		return(copysign((signx==one)?zero:PI,signy));
  
      /* when y is INF */
  	if(!finite(y)) return(copysign(PIo2,signy));
  
      /* compute y/x */
  	x=copysign(x,one); 
  	y=copysign(y,one); 
  	if((m=(k=logb(y))-logb(x)) > 60) t=big+big; 
  	    else if(m < -80 ) t=y/x;
  	    else { t = y/x ; y = scalb(y,-k); x=scalb(x,-k); }
  
      /* begin argument reduction */
  begin:
  	if (t < 2.4375) {		 
  
  	/* truncate 4(t+1/16) to integer for branching */
  	    k = 4 * (t+0.0625);
  	    switch (k) {
  
  	    /* t is in [0,7/16] */
  	    case 0:                    
  	    case 1:
  		if (t < small) 
  		    { big + small ;  /* raise inexact flag */
  		      return (copysign((signx>zero)?t:PI-t,signy)); }
  
  		hi = zero;  lo = zero;  break;
  
  	    /* t is in [7/16,11/16] */
  	    case 2:                    
  		hi = athfhi; lo = athflo;
  		z = x+x;
  		t = ( (y+y) - x ) / ( z +  y ); break;
  
  	    /* t is in [11/16,19/16] */
  	    case 3:                    
  	    case 4:
  		hi = PIo4; lo = zero;
  		t = ( y - x ) / ( x + y ); break;
  
  	    /* t is in [19/16,39/16] */
  	    default:                   
  		hi = at1fhi; lo = at1flo;
  		z = y-x; y=y+y+y; t = x+x;
  		t = ( (z+z)-x ) / ( t + y ); break;
  	    }
  	}
  	/* end of if (t < 2.4375) */
  
  	else                           
  	{
  	    hi = PIo2; lo = zero;
  
  	    /* t is in [2.4375, big] */
  	    if (t <= big)  t = - x / y;
  
  	    /* t is in [big, INF] */
  	    else          
  	      { big+small;	/* raise inexact flag */
  		t = zero; }
  	}
      /* end of argument reduction */
  
      /* compute atan(t) for t in [-.4375, .4375] */
  	z = t*t;
  #if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)
  	z = t*(z*(a1+z*(a2+z*(a3+z*(a4+z*(a5+z*(a6+z*(a7+z*(a8+
  			z*(a9+z*(a10+z*(a11+z*a12))))))))))));
  #else	/* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
  	z = t*(z*(a1+z*(a2+z*(a3+z*(a4+z*(a5+z*(a6+z*(a7+z*(a8+
  			z*(a9+z*(a10+z*a11)))))))))));
  #endif	/* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
  	z = lo - z; z += t; z += hi;
  
  	return(copysign((signx>zero)?z:PI-z,signy));
  }
  