text: /* Copyright (c) 2016 PaddlePaddle Authors. All Rights Reserved.
  
  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  You may obtain a copy of the License at
  
      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  
  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  limitations under the License. */
  
  #include "paddle/fluid/framework/tensor_util.h"
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <limits>
  #include <memory>
  #include <string>
  #include <utility>
  #include <vector>
  
  #include "paddle/fluid/framework/data_type.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/platform/complex.h"
  #include "paddle/fluid/platform/profiler.h"
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_MKLDNN
  #include "dnnl_debug.h"
  #endif
  
  namespace paddle {
  namespace framework {
  
  void TensorCopy(const Tensor& src, const platform::Place& dst_place,
                  const platform::DeviceContext& ctx, Tensor* dst) {
    if (&src == dst) {
      auto src_copy = src;
      TensorCopy(src_copy, dst_place, ctx, dst);
      return;
    }
  
    VLOG(3) << "TensorCopy " << src.dims() << " from " << src.place() << " to "
            << dst_place;
    src.check_memory_size();
  
    dst->Resize(src.dims());
    dst->set_layout(src.layout());
    auto src_place = src.place();
    auto src_ptr = src.data<void>();
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_MKLDNN
    dst->set_format(src.format());
    // oneDNN tensors due to padding may be of bigger size
    // than numel()*size(type())
    auto dst_ptr =
        src.layout() == DataLayout::kMKLDNN
            ? dst->mutable_data(dst_place, src.type(), src.memory_size())
            : dst->mutable_data(dst_place, src.type());
  #else
    auto dst_ptr = dst->mutable_data(dst_place, src.type());
  #endif
    if (src_ptr == dst_ptr && src_place == dst_place) {
      VLOG(3) << "Skip copy the same data async from " << src_place << " to "
              << dst_place;
      return;
    }
    VLOG(4) << "src:" << src_ptr << ", dst:" << dst_ptr;
  
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_MKLDNN
    auto size = src.layout() == DataLayout::kMKLDNN
                    ? src.memory_size()
                    : src.numel() * SizeOfType(src.type());
  #else
    auto size = src.numel() * SizeOfType(src.type());
  #endif
  
    if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) && platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    }
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_XPU
    else if (platform::is_xpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    } else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&
               platform::is_xpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    } else if (platform::is_xpu_place(src_place) &&
               platform::is_xpu_place(dst_place)) {
      if (src_ptr == dst_ptr) {
        VLOG(3) << "Skip copy the same data async from " << src_place << " to "
                << dst_place;
        return;
      }
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    } else {
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
          "Copy from %s to %s is not supported.", src_place, dst_place));
    }
  #endif
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_ASCEND_CL
    // TODO(zhiqiu): handle different condition like CUDA code below
    else if (platform::is_npu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::NPUDeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   stream);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_npu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::NPUDeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   stream);
    }
    else if (platform::is_npu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_npu_place(dst_place)) {
      if (src_ptr == dst_ptr) {
        VLOG(3) << "Skip copy the same data async from " << src_place << " to "
                << dst_place;
        return;
      }
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::NPUDeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   stream);
    }
    else {  // NOLINT
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
          "Copy from %s to %s is not supported.", src_place, dst_place));
    }
  #endif
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP)
    else if (platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, src_place), src_ptr,
                   size);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, src_place), src_ptr,
                   size);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    }
    else if (platform::is_gpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_cpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place);
      auto ctx_place = ctx.GetPlace();
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
          platform::is_gpu_place(ctx_place), true,
          platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
              "Context place error, excepted GPUPlace, but actually %s.",
              ctx_place));
      auto ctx_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, ctx_place);
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(src_gpu_place, ctx_gpu_place,
                        platform::errors::Unavailable(
                            "Source place and context place do not match, source "
                            "place is %s, context place is %s.",
                            src_gpu_place, ctx_gpu_place));
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(dst_cpu_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size, stream);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_cpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, dst_place);
      auto ctx_place = ctx.GetPlace();
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
          platform::is_gpu_place(ctx_place), true,
          platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
              "Context place error, excepted GPUPlace, but actually %s.",
              ctx_place));
      auto ctx_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, ctx_place);
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(dst_gpu_place, ctx_gpu_place,
                        platform::errors::Unavailable(
                            "Destination place and context place do not match, "
                            "destination place is %s, context place is %s.",
                            dst_gpu_place, ctx_gpu_place));
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_cpu_place, src_ptr, size, stream);
    }
    else if (platform::is_gpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_cuda_pinned_place =
          BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, dst_place);
      auto ctx_place = ctx.GetPlace();
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(platform::is_gpu_place(ctx_place), true,
                        platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
                            "Device context place mismatch. When copying Tensor "
                            "data from GPU memory to CUDA Pinned memory, current "
                            "device context place should be GPU."));
      auto ctx_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, ctx_place);
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(src_gpu_place, ctx_gpu_place,
                        platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
                            "The source GPU device and current device context do "
                            "not match. The source GPU device number is %d, but "
                            "device context GPU number is %d.",
                            src_gpu_place.device, ctx_gpu_place.device));
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(dst_cuda_pinned_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size,
                   stream);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_cuda_pinned_place =
          BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, dst_place);
      auto ctx_place = ctx.GetPlace();
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(platform::is_gpu_place(ctx_place), true,
                        platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
                            "Device context place mismatch. When copying Tensor "
                            "data from CUDA Pinned memory to GPU memory, current "
                            "device context place should be GPU."));
      auto ctx_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, ctx_place);
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(dst_gpu_place, ctx_gpu_place,
                        platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
                            "The target GPU device and current device context do "
                            "not match. The target GPU device number is %d, but "
                            "device context GPU number is %d.",
                            dst_gpu_place.device, ctx_gpu_place.device));
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_cuda_pinned_place, src_ptr, size,
                   stream);
    }
    else if (platform::is_gpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, dst_place);
      auto ctx_place = ctx.GetPlace();
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
          platform::is_gpu_place(ctx_place), true,
          platform::errors::PreconditionNotMet(
              "Context place error, excepted GPUPlace, but actually %s.",
              ctx_place));
      auto stream =
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(ctx).stream();
      if (platform::is_same_place(src_place, dst_place)) {
        memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size,
                     stream);
      } else {
        if (platform::is_same_place(ctx_place, src_place)) {
          memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size,
                       stream);
          platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().Get(src.place())->Wait();
        } else if (platform::is_same_place(ctx_place, dst_place)) {
          platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().Get(src.place())->Wait();
          memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size,
                       stream);
        } else {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unavailable(
              "Context place dose not match the source and destination place."));
        }
      }
    }
    else {  // NOLINT
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
          "Copying from %s to %s is not supported.", src_place, dst_place));
    }
  #endif
  }
  
  void TensorCopy(const Tensor& src, const platform::Place& dst_place,
                  Tensor* dst) {
    platform::DeviceContextPool& pool = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance();
    const platform::DeviceContext* dev_ctx;
    if (platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place) || platform::is_npu_place(dst_place)) {
      dev_ctx = pool.Get(dst_place);
    } else {
      dev_ctx = pool.Get(src.place());
    }
    TensorCopy(src, dst_place, *dev_ctx, dst);
  }
  
  void TensorCopySync(const Tensor& src, const platform::Place& dst_place,
                      Tensor* dst) {
    if (&src == dst) {
      auto src_copy = src;
      TensorCopySync(src_copy, dst_place, dst);
      return;
    }
  
    VLOG(3) << "TensorCopySync " << src.dims() << " from " << src.place()
            << " to " << dst_place;
    src.check_memory_size();
    dst->Resize(src.dims());
    dst->set_layout(src.layout());
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_MKLDNN
    dst->set_format(src.format());
  #endif
    auto src_place = src.place();
    auto src_ptr = src.data<void>();
    auto dst_ptr = dst->mutable_data(dst_place, src.type());
  
    if (src_ptr == dst_ptr && src_place == dst_place) {
      VLOG(3) << "Skip copy the same data from " << src_place << " to "
              << dst_place;
      return;
    }
  
    auto size = src.numel() * SizeOfType(src.type());
    if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) && platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    }
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_XPU
    else if (platform::is_xpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    } else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
               platform::is_xpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    } else if (platform::is_xpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
               platform::is_xpu_place(dst_place)) {
      if (src_ptr == dst_ptr) {
        VLOG(3) << "Skip copy the same data async from " << src_place << " to "
                << dst_place;
        return;
      }
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    } else {  // NOLINT
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
          "Copy from %s to %s is not supported.", src_place, dst_place));
    }
  #endif
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_ASCEND_CL
    else if (platform::is_npu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {  /* npu -> cpu*/
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   nullptr);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_npu_place(dst_place)) {  /* cpu -> npu*/
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   nullptr);
    }
    else if (platform::is_npu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_npu_place(dst_place)) {  /* npu -> npu*/
      if (src_ptr == dst_ptr) {
        VLOG(3) << "Skip copy the same data sync from " << src_place << " to "
                << dst_place;
        return;
      }
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   nullptr);
    }
    else {  // NOLINT
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
          "Copy from %s to %s is not supported.", src_place, dst_place));
    }
  #endif
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP)
    else if (platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, src_place), src_ptr,
                   size);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, src_place), src_ptr,
                   size);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size);
    }
    else if (platform::is_gpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(dst_place)) {
      memory::Copy(BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, dst_place), dst_ptr,
                   BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, src_place), src_ptr, size,
                   nullptr);
    }
    else if (platform::is_gpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_cpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_cpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, dst_place);
      memory::Copy(dst_cpu_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size, nullptr);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_cpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CPUPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, dst_place);
      memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_cpu_place, src_ptr, size, nullptr);
    }
    else if (platform::is_gpu_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, dst_place);
      memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_gpu_place, src_ptr, size, nullptr);
    }
    else if (platform::is_cuda_pinned_place(src_place) &&  // NOLINT
             platform::is_gpu_place(dst_place)) {
      auto src_pinned_place =
          BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPinnedPlace, src_place);
      auto dst_gpu_place = BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, dst_place);
      memory::Copy(dst_gpu_place, dst_ptr, src_pinned_place, src_ptr, size,
                   nullptr);
    }
    else {  // NOLINT
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
          "Copy from %s to %s is not supported.", src_place, dst_place));
    }
  #endif
  }
  
  template <typename Predicate, typename DevCtx>
  struct AnyDTypeVisitor {
    Predicate predicate_;
    const Tensor& tensor_;
    const DevCtx& ctx_;
    Tensor* out_;
  
    AnyDTypeVisitor(Predicate predicate, const Tensor& tensor, const DevCtx& ctx,
                    Tensor* out)
        : predicate_(predicate), tensor_(tensor), ctx_(ctx), out_(out) {}
  
    template <typename T>
    void apply() const {
      auto t = EigenVector<T>::Flatten(tensor_);
      auto o = EigenScalar<bool>::From(*out_);
      // return any of predicate_(t) is true.
      o.device(*ctx_.eigen_device()) = predicate_(t).any();
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Predicate, typename DevCtx>
  inline void AnyImpl(Predicate predicate, const framework::Tensor& tensor,
                      const DevCtx& ctx, framework::Tensor* out) {
    VisitDataType(tensor.type(), AnyDTypeVisitor<Predicate, DevCtx>(
                                     predicate, tensor, ctx, out));
  }
  
  template <typename Predicate>
  class AnyVisitor : public boost::static_visitor<bool> {
   private:
    const framework::Tensor& tensor_;
    Predicate predicate_;
  
    bool GetResultHelper(const framework::Tensor& out,
                         const platform::Place& place) const {
      platform::CPUPlace cpu;
      framework::Tensor tmp;
      tmp.Resize({1});
      tmp.mutable_data<bool>(cpu);
      auto ctx = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().Get(place);
      ctx->Wait();
      TensorCopy(out, cpu, *ctx, &tmp);
      ctx->Wait();
      return GetResult(tmp, cpu);
    }
  
   public:
    AnyVisitor(const framework::Tensor& tensor, Predicate predicate)
        : tensor_(tensor), predicate_(std::move(predicate)) {}
  
    template <typename Place>
    bool operator()(const Place& place) const {
      framework::Tensor out;
      out.Resize({1});
      out.mutable_data<bool>(place);
      auto* ctx = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().GetByPlace(place);
      AnyImpl(predicate_, tensor_, *ctx, &out);
      return this->GetResult(out, place);
    }
  
    bool GetResult(const framework::Tensor& out,
                   const platform::XPUPlace& xpu) const {
      return GetResultHelper(out, xpu);
    }
  
    bool GetResult(const framework::Tensor& out,
                   const platform::CUDAPlace& gpu) const {
      return GetResultHelper(out, gpu);
    }
  
    bool GetResult(const framework::Tensor& out,
                   const platform::NPUPlace& npu) const {
      PADDLE_THROW(
          platform::errors::Unimplemented("Not supported on place (%s) ", npu));
      // return GetResultHelper(out, npu);
    }
  
    bool GetResult(const framework::Tensor& out,
                   const platform::NPUPinnedPlace& cpu) const {
      return *out.data<bool>();
    }
  
    bool GetResult(const framework::Tensor& out,
                   const platform::CPUPlace& cpu) const {
      return *out.data<bool>();
    }
  
    bool GetResult(const framework::Tensor& out,
                   const platform::CUDAPinnedPlace& cpu) const {
      return *out.data<bool>();
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Predicate>
  class AnyOutVisitor : public boost::static_visitor<> {
   private:
    const framework::Tensor& tensor_;
    mutable framework::Tensor* out_;
    Predicate predicate_;
  
   public:
    AnyOutVisitor(const framework::Tensor& tensor, Predicate predicate,
                  framework::Tensor* out)
        : tensor_(tensor), out_(out), predicate_(std::move(predicate)) {}
  
    template <typename Place>
    void operator()(const Place& place) const {
      auto* ctx = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().GetByPlace(place);
      out_->Resize({1});
      out_->mutable_data<bool>(place);
      AnyImpl(predicate_, tensor_, *ctx, out_);
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Predicate>
  inline bool Any(const framework::Tensor& tensor, Predicate predicate) {
    AnyVisitor<Predicate> visitor(tensor, predicate);
    auto place = tensor.place();
    return platform::VisitPlace(place, visitor);
  }
  
  template <typename Predicate>
  inline void Any(const framework::Tensor& tensor, Predicate predicate,
                  framework::Tensor* out) {
    AnyOutVisitor<Predicate> visitor(tensor, predicate, out);
    auto place = tensor.place();
    platform::VisitPlace(place, visitor);
  }
  
  template <typename Predicate, typename DevCtx>
  struct AllDTypeVisitor {
    Predicate predicate_;
    const Tensor& tensor_;
    const DevCtx& ctx_;
    Tensor* out_;
  
    AllDTypeVisitor(Predicate predicate, const Tensor& tensor, const DevCtx& ctx,
                    Tensor* out)
        : predicate_(predicate), tensor_(tensor), ctx_(ctx), out_(out) {}
  
    template <typename T>
    void apply() const {
      auto t = EigenVector<T>::Flatten(tensor_);
      auto o = EigenVector<bool>::Flatten(*out_);
      o.device(*ctx_.eigen_device()) = predicate_(t);
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Predicate, typename DevCtx>
  inline void AllImpl(Predicate predicate, const framework::Tensor& tensor,
                      const DevCtx& ctx, framework::Tensor* out) {
    VisitDataType(tensor.type(), AllDTypeVisitor<Predicate, DevCtx>(
                                     predicate, tensor, ctx, out));
  }
  
  template <typename Predicate>
  class AllOutVisitor : public boost::static_visitor<> {
   private:
    const framework::Tensor& tensor_;
    mutable framework::Tensor* out_;
    Predicate predicate_;
  
   public:
    AllOutVisitor(const framework::Tensor& tensor, Predicate predicate,
                  framework::Tensor* out)
        : tensor_(tensor), out_(out), predicate_(predicate) {}
  
    template <typename Place>
    void operator()(const Place& place) const {
      auto* ctx = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().GetByPlace(place);
      out_->Resize(tensor_.dims());
      out_->mutable_data<bool>(place);
      AllImpl(predicate_, tensor_, *ctx, out_);
    }
  };
  
  template <typename Predicate>
  inline void All(const framework::Tensor& tensor, Predicate predicate,
                  framework::Tensor* out) {
    AllOutVisitor<Predicate> visitor(tensor, predicate, out);
    auto place = tensor.place();
    platform::VisitPlace(place, visitor);
  }
  
  struct ContainsNANPredicate {
    template <typename T>
    auto operator()(const T& eigen_vec) const
        -> decltype(std::declval<T>().isnan()) {
      // Cast eigen_vector to vector of bool. true if is inf.
      return eigen_vec.isnan();
    }
  };
  
  bool TensorContainsNAN(const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    ContainsNANPredicate predicate;
    return Any(tensor, predicate);
  }
  
  void TensorContainsNAN(const framework::Tensor& tensor,
                         framework::Tensor* out) {
    ContainsNANPredicate predicate;
    Any(tensor, predicate, out);
  }
  
  void TensorContainsNANV2(const framework::Tensor& tensor,
                           framework::Tensor* out) {
    ContainsNANPredicate predicate;
    All(tensor, predicate, out);
  }
  
  struct ContainsInfPredicate {
    template <typename T>
    auto operator()(const T& eigen_vec) const
        -> decltype(std::declval<T>().isinf()) {
      // Cast eigen_vector to vector of bool. true if is inf.
      return eigen_vec.isinf();
    }
  };
  
  bool TensorContainsInf(const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    ContainsInfPredicate predicate;
    return Any(tensor, predicate);
  }
  
  void TensorContainsInf(const framework::Tensor& tensor,
                         framework::Tensor* out) {
    ContainsInfPredicate predicate;
    Any(tensor, predicate, out);
  }
  
  void TensorContainsInfV2(const framework::Tensor& tensor,
                           framework::Tensor* out) {
    ContainsInfPredicate predicate;
    All(tensor, predicate, out);
  }
  
  // NOTE(dzhwinter):
  // Isfinite need a AllVisitor to loop through all the elements.
  // We choose two cuda call instead of one allvisitor. The AllVisitor
  // should be implemented if the performance hurts.
  bool TensorIsfinite(const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    ContainsInfPredicate pred_inf;
    ContainsNANPredicate pred_nan;
    return !Any(tensor, pred_inf) && !Any(tensor, pred_nan);
  }
  
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP)
  template <typename T>
  static inline void __global__ BothFalse(const T* cmp, T* out, int element_num) {
    CUDA_KERNEL_LOOP(i, element_num) { out[i] = (!cmp[i]) && (!out[i]); }
  }
  #endif
  
  struct BothFalseVisitor : public boost::static_visitor<> {
    const framework::Tensor& in_;
    mutable framework::Tensor* out_;
    BothFalseVisitor(const framework::Tensor& in, framework::Tensor* out)
        : in_(in), out_(out) {}
  
    template <typename Place>
    void operator()(const Place& place) const {
      VisitorImpl(place);
    }
  
    void VisitorImpl(const platform::XPUPlace& xpu) const {
      PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented("XPUPlace is not supported"));
    }
  
    void VisitorImpl(const platform::CUDAPlace& gpu) const {
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP)
      auto* ctx = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().GetByPlace(gpu);
      constexpr int MAX_BLOCK_DIM = 512;
      const int MAX_GRID_DIM = ctx->GetMaxPhysicalThreadCount() / MAX_BLOCK_DIM;
      int element_num = in_.numel();
      int block_size = (element_num >= MAX_BLOCK_DIM)
                           ? MAX_BLOCK_DIM
                           : (1 << static_cast<int>(std::log2(element_num)));
      int grid_size = element_num / block_size;
      grid_size = (grid_size >= MAX_GRID_DIM) ? MAX_GRID_DIM : grid_size;
      BothFalse<bool><<<grid_size, block_size, 0, ctx->stream()>>>(
          in_.data<bool>(), out_->mutable_data<bool>(gpu), element_num);
  #endif
    }
  
    void VisitorImpl(const platform::NPUPlace& npu) const {
      // TODO(zhiqiu)
    }
  
    void VisitorImpl(const platform::CPUPlace& cpu) const {
      int num = in_.numel();
      const bool* in_ptr = in_.data<bool>();
      bool* out_ptr = out_->data<bool>();
      for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
        bool lhs = !in_ptr[i];
        bool rhs = !out_ptr[i];
        out_ptr[i] = lhs && rhs;
      }
    }
  
    void VisitorImpl(
        const platform::CUDAPinnedPlace& cpu /* equals to cpu*/) const {
      int num = in_.numel();
      const bool* in_ptr = in_.data<bool>();
      bool* out_ptr = out_->data<bool>();
      for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
        bool lhs = !in_ptr[i];
        bool rhs = !out_ptr[i];
        out_ptr[i] = lhs && rhs;
      }
    }
  
    void VisitorImpl(
        const platform::NPUPinnedPlace& cpu /* equals to cpu*/) const {
      int num = in_.numel();
      const bool* in_ptr = in_.data<bool>();
      bool* out_ptr = out_->data<bool>();
      for (int i = 0; i < num; ++i) {
        bool lhs = !in_ptr[i];
        bool rhs = !out_ptr[i];
        out_ptr[i] = lhs && rhs;
      }
    }
  };
  
  void TensorIsfinite(const framework::Tensor& tensor, framework::Tensor* out) {
    framework::Tensor tmp;
    TensorContainsInf(tensor, &tmp);
    TensorContainsNAN(tensor, out);
    BothFalseVisitor visitor(tmp, out);
    auto place = tensor.place();
    platform::VisitPlace(place, visitor);
  }
  
  void TensorIsfiniteV2(const framework::Tensor& tensor, framework::Tensor* out) {
    framework::Tensor tmp;
    TensorContainsInfV2(tensor, &tmp);
    TensorContainsNANV2(tensor, out);
    BothFalseVisitor visitor(tmp, out);
    auto place = tensor.place();
    platform::VisitPlace(place, visitor);
  }
  
  void TensorToStream(std::ostream& os, const Tensor& tensor,
                      const platform::DeviceContext& dev_ctx) {
    {  // the 1st field, uint32_t version
      constexpr uint32_t version = 0;
      os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&version), sizeof(version));
    }
    {  // the 2nd field, tensor description
       // int32_t  size
       // void*    protobuf message
      proto::VarType::TensorDesc desc;
      desc.set_data_type(tensor.type());
      auto dims = framework::vectorize(tensor.dims());
      auto* pb_dims = desc.mutable_dims();
      pb_dims->Resize(static_cast<int>(dims.size()), 0);
      std::copy(dims.begin(), dims.end(), pb_dims->begin());
      int32_t size = desc.ByteSize();
      os.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&size), sizeof(size));
      auto out = desc.SerializeAsString();
      os.write(out.data(), size);
    }
    {  // the 3rd field, tensor data
      uint64_t size = tensor.numel() * framework::SizeOfType(tensor.type());
  
      auto* data_ptr = tensor.data<void>();
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_LT(size, (std::numeric_limits<std::streamsize>::max)(),
                        platform::errors::ResourceExhausted(
                            "tensor size %d overflow when writing tensor", size));
      if (platform::is_gpu_place(tensor.place())) {
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP)
        constexpr size_t kBufSize = 1024 * 1024 * 64;  // 64MB
        std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[kBufSize]);
        auto& gpu_dev_ctx =
            static_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(dev_ctx);
        platform::CPUPlace cpu;
        uintptr_t data = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data_ptr);
        while (size != 0) {
          size_t size_to_write = std::min(kBufSize, static_cast<size_t>(size));
          memory::Copy(cpu, buf.get(),
                       BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::CUDAPlace, tensor.place()),
                       reinterpret_cast<const void*>(data), size_to_write,
                       gpu_dev_ctx.stream());
          gpu_dev_ctx.Wait();
          os.write(buf.get(), size_to_write);
          data += size_to_write;
          size -= size_to_write;
        }
  #else
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "CUDAPlace is not supported when not compiled with CUDA"));
  #endif
      } else if (platform::is_xpu_place(tensor.place())) {
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_XPU
        constexpr size_t kBufSize = 1024 * 1024 * 64;  // 64MB
        std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[kBufSize]);
        auto& xpu_dev_ctx =
            static_cast<const platform::XPUDeviceContext&>(dev_ctx);
        platform::CPUPlace cpu;
        uintptr_t data = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data_ptr);
        while (size != 0) {
          size_t size_to_write = std::min(kBufSize, static_cast<size_t>(size));
          memory::Copy(cpu, buf.get(),
                       BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::XPUPlace, tensor.place()),
                       reinterpret_cast<const void*>(data), size_to_write);
          xpu_dev_ctx.Wait();
          os.write(buf.get(), size_to_write);
          data += size_to_write;
          size -= size_to_write;
        }
  #else
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "XPUPlace is not supported when not compiled with XPU"));
  #endif
      } else if (platform::is_npu_place(tensor.place())) {
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_ASCEND_CL
        constexpr size_t kBufSize = 1024 * 1024 * 64;  // 64MB
        std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[kBufSize]);
        auto& npu_dev_ctx =
            static_cast<const platform::NPUDeviceContext&>(dev_ctx);
        platform::CPUPlace cpu;
        uintptr_t data = reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(data_ptr);
        while (size != 0) {
          size_t size_to_write = std::min(kBufSize, static_cast<size_t>(size));
          memory::Copy(cpu, buf.get(),
                       BOOST_GET_CONST(platform::NPUPlace, tensor.place()),
                       reinterpret_cast<const void*>(data), size_to_write,
                       npu_dev_ctx.stream());
          npu_dev_ctx.Wait();
          os.write(buf.get(), size_to_write);
          data += size_to_write;
          size -= size_to_write;
        }
  #else
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "NPUPlace is not supported when not compiled with NPU"));
  #endif
      } else {
        os.write(static_cast<const char*>(data_ptr),
                 static_cast<std::streamsize>(size));
      }
    }
  }
  
  struct DeserializedDataFunctor {
    DeserializedDataFunctor(void** buf, Tensor* tensor,
                            const platform::Place& place)
        : buf_(buf), tensor_(tensor), place_(place) {}
  
    template <typename T>
    void apply() {
      *buf_ = tensor_->mutable_data<T>(place_);
    }
  
    void** buf_;
    Tensor* tensor_;
    platform::Place place_;
  };
  
  void TensorFromStream(std::istream& is, Tensor* tensor,
                        const platform::DeviceContext& dev_ctx,
                        const size_t& seek, const std::vector<int64_t>& shape) {
    uint32_t version;
    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&version), sizeof(version));
  
    PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
        version, 0U,
        platform::errors::InvalidArgument(
            "tensor version %u is not supported, Only version 0 is supported",
            version));
  
    proto::VarType::TensorDesc desc;
    {  // int32_t size
      // proto buffer
      int32_t size;
      is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&size), sizeof(size));
      std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[size]);
      is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf.get()), size);
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
          desc.ParseFromArray(buf.get(), size), true,
          platform::errors::InvalidArgument("Cannot parse tensor desc"));
    }
    {  // read tensor
      tensor->Resize(framework::make_ddim(shape));
      size_t seekg = seek * framework::SizeOfType(desc.data_type());
      is.seekg(seekg, is.cur);
  
      void* buf;
      auto ctx = platform::CPUDeviceContext();
      size_t size = tensor->numel() * framework::SizeOfType(desc.data_type());
      if (platform::is_gpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace()) ||
          platform::is_xpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace()) ||
          platform::is_npu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP) || \
      defined(PADDLE_WITH_XPU) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_ASCEND_CL)
        Tensor cpu_tensor;
        cpu_tensor.Resize(framework::make_ddim(shape));
        framework::VisitDataType(
            desc.data_type(),
            DeserializedDataFunctor(&buf, &cpu_tensor, ctx.GetPlace()));
        is.read(static_cast<char*>(buf), size);
        auto dst_place = dev_ctx.GetPlace();
        framework::TensorCopy(cpu_tensor, dst_place, dev_ctx, tensor);
        if (platform::is_npu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
          dev_ctx.Wait();
        }
  #else
        if (platform::is_gpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
              "CUDAPlace is not supported when not compiled with CUDA"));
        } else if (platform::is_xpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
              "XPUPlace is not supported when not compiled with XPU"));
        } else {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
              "NPUPlace is not supported when not compiled with NPU"));
        }
  #endif
      } else {
        framework::VisitDataType(
            desc.data_type(),
            DeserializedDataFunctor(&buf, tensor, ctx.GetPlace()));
        is.read(static_cast<char*>(buf), size);
      }
    }
  }
  
  void TensorFromStream(std::istream& is, Tensor* tensor,
                        const platform::DeviceContext& dev_ctx) {
    uint32_t version;
    is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&version), sizeof(version));
    PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
        version, 0U,
        platform::errors::InvalidArgument(
            "tensor version %u is not supported, Only version 0 is supported",
            version));
    proto::VarType::TensorDesc desc;
    {  // int32_t size
       // proto buffer
      int32_t size;
      is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(&size), sizeof(size));
      std::unique_ptr<char[]> buf(new char[size]);
      is.read(reinterpret_cast<char*>(buf.get()), size);
      PADDLE_ENFORCE_EQ(
          desc.ParseFromArray(buf.get(), size), true,
          platform::errors::InvalidArgument("Cannot parse tensor desc"));
    }
    {  // read tensor
      std::vector<int64_t> dims;
      dims.reserve(static_cast<size_t>(desc.dims().size()));
      std::copy(desc.dims().begin(), desc.dims().end(), std::back_inserter(dims));
      tensor->Resize(framework::make_ddim(dims));
      void* buf;
      auto ctx = platform::CPUDeviceContext();
      size_t size = tensor->numel() * framework::SizeOfType(desc.data_type());
      if (platform::is_gpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace()) ||
          platform::is_xpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace()) ||
          platform::is_npu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP) || \
      defined(PADDLE_WITH_XPU) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_ASCEND_CL)
        Tensor cpu_tensor;
        cpu_tensor.Resize(framework::make_ddim(dims));
        framework::VisitDataType(
            desc.data_type(),
            DeserializedDataFunctor(&buf, &cpu_tensor, ctx.GetPlace()));
        is.read(static_cast<char*>(buf), size);
        auto dst_place = dev_ctx.GetPlace();
        framework::TensorCopy(cpu_tensor, dst_place, dev_ctx, tensor);
        if (platform::is_npu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
          dev_ctx.Wait();
        }
  #else
        if (platform::is_gpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
              "CUDAPlace is not supported when not compiled with CUDA"));
        } else if (platform::is_xpu_place(dev_ctx.GetPlace())) {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
              "XPUPlace is not supported when not compiled with XPU"));
        } else {
          PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
              "NPUPlace is not supported when not compiled with NPU"));
        }
  #endif
      } else {
        framework::VisitDataType(
            desc.data_type(),
            DeserializedDataFunctor(&buf, tensor, ctx.GetPlace()));
        is.read(static_cast<char*>(buf), size);
      }
    }
  }
  
  // get tensor data point by DLDataType
  void* GetDstPtrByDLDataType(DLDataType type, framework::Tensor* dst,
                              const platform::Place& dst_place) {
    // vector types not currently supported
    PADDLE_ENFORCE_LE(type.lanes, 1,
                      platform::errors::Unimplemented(
                          "Vector type is not supported currently."));
  
    switch (type.bits) {
      case 8:
        if (type.code == kDLInt)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<int8_t>(dst_place));
        if (type.code == kDLUInt)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<uint8_t>(dst_place));
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "DLDataType code <%d> is illegal when DLDataType.bits is <%d>.",
            type.code, type.bits));
      case 16:
        if (type.code == kDLInt)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<int16_t>(dst_place));
        if (type.code == kDLFloat)
          return static_cast<void*>(
              dst->mutable_data<paddle::platform::float16>(dst_place));
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "DLDataType code <%d> is illegal when DLDataType.bits is <%d>.",
            type.code, type.bits));
      case 32:
        if (type.code == kDLInt)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<int32_t>(dst_place));
        if (type.code == kDLFloat)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<float>(dst_place));
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "DLDataType code <%d> is illegal when DLDataType.bits is <%d>.",
            type.code, type.bits));
      case 64:
        if (type.code == kDLInt)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<int64_t>(dst_place));
        if (type.code == kDLFloat)
          return static_cast<void*>(dst->mutable_data<double>(dst_place));
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "DLDataType code <%d> is illegal when DLDataType.bits is <%d>.",
            type.code, type.bits));
      default:
        PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented(
            "Unsupported DLDataType.bits %d.", type.bits));
    }
  }
  
  void TensorFromDLPack(const ::DLTensor& dl_tensor, framework::Tensor* dst) {
    platform::CPUPlace dst_place = platform::CPUPlace();
    platform::CPUPlace src_place = platform::CPUPlace();
  
    std::vector<int64_t> vec;
    std::copy(dl_tensor.shape, dl_tensor.shape + dl_tensor.ndim,
              std::back_inserter(vec));
  
    framework::DDim vddim = framework::make_ddim(vec);
  
    dst->Resize(vddim);
    ::DLDataType type = dl_tensor.dtype;
    void* dst_ptr = GetDstPtrByDLDataType(type, dst, dst_place);
  
    auto src_ptr = static_cast<const void*>(dl_tensor.data);
    auto size = paddle::framework::product(vddim) * type.bits / 8;
  
    if (dl_tensor.ctx.device_type == kDLCPU) {
      memory::Copy(dst_place, dst_ptr, src_place, src_ptr, size);
    }
  #if defined(PADDLE_WITH_CUDA) || defined(PADDLE_WITH_HIP)
    if (dl_tensor.ctx.device_type == kDLGPU) {
      platform::CUDAPlace dst_place =
          platform::CUDAPlace(dl_tensor.ctx.device_id);
      platform::CUDAPlace src_place =
          platform::CUDAPlace(dl_tensor.ctx.device_id);
      dst_ptr = GetDstPtrByDLDataType(type, dst, dst_place);
      auto* ctx = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance().GetByPlace(dst_place);
      memory::Copy(
          dst_place, dst_ptr, src_place, src_ptr, size,
          reinterpret_cast<const platform::CUDADeviceContext&>(*ctx).stream());
    }
  #endif
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_XPU
    PADDLE_THROW(platform::errors::Unimplemented("XPUPlace is not supported"));
  #endif
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  std::string format_tensor(const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    // TODO(zhiqiu): use the print option to format tensor.
    return "NOT IMPLEMENTED";
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  std::ostream& print_tensor(std::ostream& os, const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    auto inspect = tensor.data<T>();
    auto element_num = tensor.numel();
  
    os << "  - data: [";
    // Note: int8_t && uint8_t is typedf of char, ostream unable to print properly
    if (typeid(int8_t) == typeid(T) || typeid(uint8_t) == typeid(T)) {
      if (element_num > 0) {
        os << signed(inspect[0]);
        for (int j = 1; j < element_num; ++j) {
          os << " " << signed(inspect[j]);
        }
      }
    } else {
      if (element_num > 0) {
        os << inspect[0];
        for (int j = 1; j < element_num; ++j) {
          os << " " << inspect[j];
        }
      }
    }
    os << "]";
    return os;
  }
  
  template <>
  std::ostream& print_tensor<paddle::platform::complex<float>>(
      std::ostream& os, const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    auto inspect = tensor.data<paddle::platform::complex<float>>();
    auto element_num = tensor.numel();
  
    os << "  - data: [";
    if (element_num > 0) {
      os << signed(inspect[0].real) << "+" << signed(inspect[0].imag) << "j";
      for (int j = 1; j < element_num; ++j) {
        os << " " << signed(inspect[j].real) << "+" << signed(inspect[j].imag)
           << "j";
      }
    }
    os << "]";
    return os;
  }
  
  template <>
  std::ostream& print_tensor<paddle::platform::complex<double>>(
      std::ostream& os, const framework::Tensor& tensor) {
    auto inspect = tensor.data<paddle::platform::complex<double>>();
    auto element_num = tensor.numel();
  
    os << "  - data: [";
    if (element_num > 0) {
      os << signed(inspect[0].real) << "+" << signed(inspect[0].imag) << "j";
      for (int j = 1; j < element_num; ++j) {
        os << " " << signed(inspect[j].real) << "+" << signed(inspect[j].imag)
           << "j";
      }
    }
    os << "]";
    return os;
  }
  
  std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Tensor& t) {
    os << "  - place: " << t.place() << "\n";
    os << "  - shape: [" << t.dims() << "]\n";
    os << "  - layout: " << DataLayoutToString(t.layout()) << "\n";
  
  #ifdef PADDLE_WITH_MKLDNN
    os << "  - format: "
       << dnnl_fmt_tag2str(static_cast<dnnl_format_tag_t>(t.format())) << "\n";
  #endif
  
    Tensor tensor;
    tensor.Resize(t.dims());
    if (platform::is_cpu_place(t.place())) {
      tensor.ShareDataWith(t);
    } else {
      platform::CPUPlace place;
      framework::TensorCopy(t, place, &tensor);
      platform::DeviceContextPool& pool = platform::DeviceContextPool::Instance();
      auto& dev_ctx = *pool.Get(t.place());
      dev_ctx.Wait();
    }
  
  #define PrintTensorCallback(cpp_type, proto_type) \
    do {                                            \
      if (tensor.type() == proto_type) {            \
        os << "  - dtype: " << proto_type << "\n";  \
        print_tensor<cpp_type>(os, tensor);         \
        return os;                                  \
      }                                             \
    } while (0)
  
    _ForEachDataType_(PrintTensorCallback);
    VLOG(1) << "PrintVar: unrecognized data type:" << t.type();
    return os;
  }
  
  }  // namespace framework
  }  // namespace paddle
  