text: //===------------------------- locale.cpp ---------------------------------===//
  //
  //                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
  //
  // This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
  // Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
  //
  //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
  
  #undef _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE
  #define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE(...) extern template __VA_ARGS__;
  
  // On Solaris, we need to define something to make the C99 parts of localeconv
  // visible.
  #ifdef __sun__
  #define _LCONV_C99
  #endif
  
  #include "string"
  #include "locale"
  #include "codecvt"
  #include "vector"
  #include "algorithm"
  #include "typeinfo"
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #  include "type_traits"
  #endif
  #include "clocale"
  #include "cstring"
  #include "cwctype"
  #include "__sso_allocator"
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
  #include "support/win32/locale_win32.h"
  #elif !defined(__ANDROID__)
  #include <langinfo.h>
  #endif
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  
  // On Linux, wint_t and wchar_t have different signed-ness, and this causes
  // lots of noise in the build log, but no bugs that I know of. 
  #if defined(__clang__)
  #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
  #endif
  
  _LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
  
  #ifdef __cloc_defined
  locale_t __cloc() {
    // In theory this could create a race condition. In practice
    // the race condition is non-fatal since it will just create
    // a little resource leak. Better approach would be appreciated.
    static locale_t result = newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, "C", 0);
    return result;
  }
  #endif // __cloc_defined
  
  namespace {
  
  struct release
  {
      void operator()(locale::facet* p) {p->__release_shared();}
  };
  
  template <class T, class A0>
  inline
  T&
  make(A0 a0)
  {
      static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
      ::new (&buf) T(a0);
      return *reinterpret_cast<T*>(&buf);
  }
  
  template <class T, class A0, class A1>
  inline
  T&
  make(A0 a0, A1 a1)
  {
      static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
      ::new (&buf) T(a0, a1);
      return *reinterpret_cast<T*>(&buf);
  }
  
  template <class T, class A0, class A1, class A2>
  inline
  T&
  make(A0 a0, A1 a1, A2 a2)
  {
      static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
      ::new (&buf) T(a0, a1, a2);
      return *reinterpret_cast<T*>(&buf);
  }
  
  template <typename T, size_t N>
  inline
  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
  size_t
  countof(const T (&)[N])
  {
      return N;
  }
  
  template <typename T>
  inline
  _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
  size_t
  countof(const T * const begin, const T * const end)
  {
      return static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
  }
  
  }
  
  #if defined(_AIX)
  // Set priority to INT_MIN + 256 + 150
  # pragma priority ( -2147483242 )
  #endif
  
  const locale::category locale::none;
  const locale::category locale::collate;
  const locale::category locale::ctype;
  const locale::category locale::monetary;
  const locale::category locale::numeric;
  const locale::category locale::time;
  const locale::category locale::messages;
  const locale::category locale::all;
  
  #if defined(__clang__)
  #pragma clang diagnostic push
  #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
  #endif
  
  class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN locale::__imp
      : public facet
  {
      enum {N = 28};
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVC)
  // FIXME: MSVC doesn't support aligned parameters by value.
  // I can't get the __sso_allocator to work here
  // for MSVC I think for this reason.
      vector<facet*> facets_;
  #else
      vector<facet*, __sso_allocator<facet*, N> > facets_;
  #endif
      string         name_;
  public:
      explicit __imp(size_t refs = 0);
      explicit __imp(const string& name, size_t refs = 0);
      __imp(const __imp&);
      __imp(const __imp&, const string&, locale::category c);
      __imp(const __imp& other, const __imp& one, locale::category c);
      __imp(const __imp&, facet* f, long id);
      ~__imp();
  
      const string& name() const {return name_;}
      bool has_facet(long id) const
          {return static_cast<size_t>(id) < facets_.size() && facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)];}
      const locale::facet* use_facet(long id) const;
  
      static const locale& make_classic();
      static       locale& make_global();
  private:
      void install(facet* f, long id);
      template <class F> void install(F* f) {install(f, f->id.__get());}
      template <class F> void install_from(const __imp& other);
  };
  
  #if defined(__clang__)
  #pragma clang diagnostic pop
  #endif
  
  locale::__imp::__imp(size_t refs)
      : facet(refs),
        facets_(N),
        name_("C")
  {
      facets_.clear();
      install(&make<_VSTD::collate<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<_VSTD::collate<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<_VSTD::ctype<char> >(nullptr, false, 1u));
      install(&make<_VSTD::ctype<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<numpunct<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<numpunct<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<num_get<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<num_get<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<num_put<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<num_put<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<moneypunct<char, false> >(1u));
      install(&make<moneypunct<char, true> >(1u));
      install(&make<moneypunct<wchar_t, false> >(1u));
      install(&make<moneypunct<wchar_t, true> >(1u));
      install(&make<money_get<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<money_get<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<money_put<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<money_put<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<time_get<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<time_get<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<time_put<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<time_put<wchar_t> >(1u));
      install(&make<_VSTD::messages<char> >(1u));
      install(&make<_VSTD::messages<wchar_t> >(1u));
  }
  
  locale::__imp::__imp(const string& name, size_t refs)
      : facet(refs),
        facets_(N),
        name_(name)
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      try
      {
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
          facets_ = locale::classic().__locale_->facets_;
          for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
              if (facets_[i])
                  facets_[i]->__add_shared();
          install(new collate_byname<char>(name_));
          install(new collate_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
          install(new ctype_byname<char>(name_));
          install(new ctype_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
          install(new codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
          install(new codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
          install(new codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
          install(new codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
          install(new numpunct_byname<char>(name_));
          install(new numpunct_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
          install(new moneypunct_byname<char, false>(name_));
          install(new moneypunct_byname<char, true>(name_));
          install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>(name_));
          install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>(name_));
          install(new time_get_byname<char>(name_));
          install(new time_get_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
          install(new time_put_byname<char>(name_));
          install(new time_put_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
          install(new messages_byname<char>(name_));
          install(new messages_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      }
      catch (...)
      {
          for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
              if (facets_[i])
                  facets_[i]->__release_shared();
          throw;
      }
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  // NOTE avoid the `base class should be explicitly initialized in the
  // copy constructor` warning emitted by GCC
  #if defined(__clang__) || _GNUC_VER >= 406
  #pragma GCC diagnostic push
  #pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
  #endif
  
  locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other)
      : facets_(max<size_t>(N, other.facets_.size())),
        name_(other.name_)
  {
      facets_ = other.facets_;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
          if (facets_[i])
              facets_[i]->__add_shared();
  }
  
  #if defined(__clang__) || _GNUC_VER >= 406
  #pragma GCC diagnostic pop
  #endif
  
  locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, const string& name, locale::category c)
      : facets_(N),
        name_("*")
  {
      facets_ = other.facets_;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
          if (facets_[i])
              facets_[i]->__add_shared();
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      try
      {
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
          if (c & locale::collate)
          {
              install(new collate_byname<char>(name));
              install(new collate_byname<wchar_t>(name));
          }
          if (c & locale::ctype)
          {
              install(new ctype_byname<char>(name));
              install(new ctype_byname<wchar_t>(name));
              install(new codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>(name));
              install(new codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
              install(new codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
              install(new codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
          }
          if (c & locale::monetary)
          {
              install(new moneypunct_byname<char, false>(name));
              install(new moneypunct_byname<char, true>(name));
              install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>(name));
              install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>(name));
          }
          if (c & locale::numeric)
          {
              install(new numpunct_byname<char>(name));
              install(new numpunct_byname<wchar_t>(name));
          }
          if (c & locale::time)
          {
              install(new time_get_byname<char>(name));
              install(new time_get_byname<wchar_t>(name));
              install(new time_put_byname<char>(name));
              install(new time_put_byname<wchar_t>(name));
          }
          if (c & locale::messages)
          {
              install(new messages_byname<char>(name));
              install(new messages_byname<wchar_t>(name));
          }
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      }
      catch (...)
      {
          for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
              if (facets_[i])
                  facets_[i]->__release_shared();
          throw;
      }
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  template<class F>
  inline
  void
  locale::__imp::install_from(const locale::__imp& one)
  {
      long id = F::id.__get();
      install(const_cast<F*>(static_cast<const F*>(one.use_facet(id))), id);
  }
  
  locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, const __imp& one, locale::category c)
      : facets_(N),
        name_("*")
  {
      facets_ = other.facets_;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
          if (facets_[i])
              facets_[i]->__add_shared();
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      try
      {
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
          if (c & locale::collate)
          {
              install_from<_VSTD::collate<char> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::collate<wchar_t> >(one);
          }
          if (c & locale::ctype)
          {
              install_from<_VSTD::ctype<char> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::ctype<wchar_t> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
          }
          if (c & locale::monetary)
          {
              install_from<moneypunct<char, false> >(one);
              install_from<moneypunct<char, true> >(one);
              install_from<moneypunct<wchar_t, false> >(one);
              install_from<moneypunct<wchar_t, true> >(one);
              install_from<money_get<char> >(one);
              install_from<money_get<wchar_t> >(one);
              install_from<money_put<char> >(one);
              install_from<money_put<wchar_t> >(one);
          }
          if (c & locale::numeric)
          {
              install_from<numpunct<char> >(one);
              install_from<numpunct<wchar_t> >(one);
              install_from<num_get<char> >(one);
              install_from<num_get<wchar_t> >(one);
              install_from<num_put<char> >(one);
              install_from<num_put<wchar_t> >(one);
          }
          if (c & locale::time)
          {
              install_from<time_get<char> >(one);
              install_from<time_get<wchar_t> >(one);
              install_from<time_put<char> >(one);
              install_from<time_put<wchar_t> >(one);
          }
          if (c & locale::messages)
          {
              install_from<_VSTD::messages<char> >(one);
              install_from<_VSTD::messages<wchar_t> >(one);
          }
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      }
      catch (...)
      {
          for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
              if (facets_[i])
                  facets_[i]->__release_shared();
          throw;
      }
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, facet* f, long id)
      : facets_(max<size_t>(N, other.facets_.size()+1)),
        name_("*")
  {
      f->__add_shared();
      unique_ptr<facet, release> hold(f);
      facets_ = other.facets_;
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < other.facets_.size(); ++i)
          if (facets_[i])
              facets_[i]->__add_shared();
      install(hold.get(), id);
  }
  
  locale::__imp::~__imp()
  {
      for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
          if (facets_[i])
              facets_[i]->__release_shared();
  }
  
  void
  locale::__imp::install(facet* f, long id)
  {
      f->__add_shared();
      unique_ptr<facet, release> hold(f);
      if (static_cast<size_t>(id) >= facets_.size())
          facets_.resize(static_cast<size_t>(id+1));
      if (facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)])
          facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)]->__release_shared();
      facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)] = hold.release();
  }
  
  const locale::facet*
  locale::__imp::use_facet(long id) const
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (!has_facet(id))
          throw bad_cast();
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      return facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)];
  }
  
  // locale
  
  const locale&
  locale::__imp::make_classic()
  {
      // only one thread can get in here and it only gets in once
      static aligned_storage<sizeof(locale)>::type buf;
      locale* c = reinterpret_cast<locale*>(&buf);
      c->__locale_ = &make<__imp>(1u);
      return *c;
  }
  
  const locale&
  locale::classic()
  {
      static const locale& c = __imp::make_classic();
      return c;
  }
  
  locale&
  locale::__imp::make_global()
  {
      // only one thread can get in here and it only gets in once
      static aligned_storage<sizeof(locale)>::type buf;
      ::new (&buf) locale(locale::classic());
      return *reinterpret_cast<locale*>(&buf);
  }
  
  locale&
  locale::__global()
  {
      static locale& g = __imp::make_global();
      return g;
  }
  
  locale::locale()  _NOEXCEPT
      : __locale_(__global().__locale_)
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale::locale(const locale& l)  _NOEXCEPT
      : __locale_(l.__locale_)
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale::~locale()
  {
      __locale_->__release_shared();
  }
  
  const locale&
  locale::operator=(const locale& other)  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      other.__locale_->__add_shared();
      __locale_->__release_shared();
      __locale_ = other.__locale_;
      return *this;
  }
  
  locale::locale(const char* name)
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      : __locale_(name ? new __imp(name)
                       : throw runtime_error("locale constructed with null"))
  #else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      : __locale_(new __imp(name))
  #endif
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale::locale(const string& name)
      : __locale_(new __imp(name))
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale::locale(const locale& other, const char* name, category c)
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      : __locale_(name ? new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c)
                       : throw runtime_error("locale constructed with null"))
  #else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c))
  #endif
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale::locale(const locale& other, const string& name, category c)
      : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c))
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale::locale(const locale& other, const locale& one, category c)
      : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, *one.__locale_, c))
  {
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  string
  locale::name() const
  {
      return __locale_->name();
  }
  
  void
  locale::__install_ctor(const locale& other, facet* f, long id)
  {
      if (f)
          __locale_ = new __imp(*other.__locale_, f, id);
      else
          __locale_ = other.__locale_;
      __locale_->__add_shared();
  }
  
  locale
  locale::global(const locale& loc)
  {
      locale& g = __global();
      locale r = g;
      g = loc;
  #ifndef __CloudABI__
      if (g.name() != "*")
          setlocale(LC_ALL, g.name().c_str());
  #endif
      return r;
  }
  
  bool
  locale::has_facet(id& x) const
  {
      return __locale_->has_facet(x.__get());
  }
  
  const locale::facet*
  locale::use_facet(id& x) const
  {
      return __locale_->use_facet(x.__get());
  }
  
  bool
  locale::operator==(const locale& y) const
  {
      return (__locale_ == y.__locale_)
          || (__locale_->name() != "*" && __locale_->name() == y.__locale_->name());
  }
  
  // locale::facet
  
  locale::facet::~facet()
  {
  }
  
  void
  locale::facet::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      delete this;
  }
  
  // locale::id
  
  int32_t locale::id::__next_id = 0;
  
  namespace
  {
  
  class __fake_bind
  {
      locale::id* id_;
      void (locale::id::* pmf_)();
  public:
      __fake_bind(void (locale::id::* pmf)(), locale::id* id)
          : id_(id), pmf_(pmf) {}
  
      void operator()() const
      {
          (id_->*pmf_)();
      }
  };
  
  }
  
  long
  locale::id::__get()
  {
      call_once(__flag_, __fake_bind(&locale::id::__init, this));
      return __id_ - 1;
  }
  
  void
  locale::id::__init()
  {
      __id_ = __sync_add_and_fetch(&__next_id, 1);
  }
  
  // template <> class collate_byname<char>
  
  collate_byname<char>::collate_byname(const char* n, size_t refs)
      : collate<char>(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, n, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("collate_byname<char>::collate_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(n));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  collate_byname<char>::collate_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
      : collate<char>(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("collate_byname<char>::collate_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + name);
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  collate_byname<char>::~collate_byname()
  {
      freelocale(__l);
  }
  
  int
  collate_byname<char>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
                                   const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
  {
      string_type lhs(__lo1, __hi1);
      string_type rhs(__lo2, __hi2);
      int r = strcoll_l(lhs.c_str(), rhs.c_str(), __l);
      if (r < 0)
          return -1;
      if (r > 0)
          return 1;
      return r;
  }
  
  collate_byname<char>::string_type
  collate_byname<char>::do_transform(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
  {
      const string_type in(lo, hi);
      string_type out(strxfrm_l(0, in.c_str(), 0, __l), char());
      strxfrm_l(const_cast<char*>(out.c_str()), in.c_str(), out.size()+1, __l);
      return out;
  }
  
  // template <> class collate_byname<wchar_t>
  
  collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(const char* n, size_t refs)
      : collate<wchar_t>(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, n, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(size_t refs)"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(n));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
      : collate<wchar_t>(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(size_t refs)"
                              " failed to construct for " + name);
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  collate_byname<wchar_t>::~collate_byname()
  {
      freelocale(__l);
  }
  
  int
  collate_byname<wchar_t>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
                                   const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
  {
      string_type lhs(__lo1, __hi1);
      string_type rhs(__lo2, __hi2);
      int r = wcscoll_l(lhs.c_str(), rhs.c_str(), __l);
      if (r < 0)
          return -1;
      if (r > 0)
          return 1;
      return r;
  }
  
  collate_byname<wchar_t>::string_type
  collate_byname<wchar_t>::do_transform(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
  {
      const string_type in(lo, hi);
      string_type out(wcsxfrm_l(0, in.c_str(), 0, __l), wchar_t());
      wcsxfrm_l(const_cast<wchar_t*>(out.c_str()), in.c_str(), out.size()+1, __l);
      return out;
  }
  
  // template <> class ctype<wchar_t>;
  
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::space;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::print;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::cntrl;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::upper;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::lower;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::alpha;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::digit;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::punct;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::xdigit;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::blank;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::alnum;
  const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::graph;
      
  locale::id ctype<wchar_t>::id;
  
  ctype<wchar_t>::~ctype()
  {
  }
  
  bool
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_is(mask m, char_type c) const
  {
      return isascii(c) ? (ctype<char>::classic_table()[c] & m) != 0 : false;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_is(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, mask* vec) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++vec)
          *vec = static_cast<mask>(isascii(*low) ?
                                     ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] : 0);
      return low;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_scan_is(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
          if (isascii(*low) && (ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] & m))
              break;
      return low;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_scan_not(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
          if (!(isascii(*low) && (ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] & m)))
              break;
      return low;
  }
  
  wchar_t
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
      return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[c] : c;
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
      return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table()[c] : c;
  #else
      return (isascii(c) && iswlower_l(c, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? c-L'a'+L'A' : c;
  #endif
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
          *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[*low] : *low;
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
          *low = isascii(*low) ? ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table()[*low]
                               : *low;
  #else
          *low = (isascii(*low) && islower_l(*low, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? (*low-L'a'+L'A') : *low;
  #endif
      return low;
  }
  
  wchar_t
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
      return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[c] : c;
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
      return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table()[c] : c;
  #else
      return (isascii(c) && isupper_l(c, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? c-L'A'+'a' : c;
  #endif
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
          *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[*low] : *low;
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
          *low = isascii(*low) ? ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table()[*low]
                               : *low;
  #else
          *low = (isascii(*low) && isupper_l(*low, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? *low-L'A'+L'a' : *low;
  #endif
      return low;
  }
  
  wchar_t
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_widen(char c) const
  {
      return c;
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
          *dest = *low;
      return low;
  }
  
  char
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
  {
      if (isascii(c))
          return static_cast<char>(c);
      return dfault;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype<wchar_t>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
          if (isascii(*low))
              *dest = static_cast<char>(*low);
          else
              *dest = dfault;
      return low;
  }
  
  // template <> class ctype<char>;
  
  locale::id ctype<char>::id;
  
  ctype<char>::ctype(const mask* tab, bool del, size_t refs)
      : locale::facet(refs),
        __tab_(tab),
        __del_(del)
  {
    if (__tab_ == 0)
        __tab_ = classic_table();
  }
  
  ctype<char>::~ctype()
  {
      if (__tab_ && __del_)
          delete [] __tab_;
  }
  
  char
  ctype<char>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
      return isascii(c) ?
        static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(c)]) : c;
  #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
      return static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]);
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
      return isascii(c) ? 
        static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]) : c;
  #else
      return (isascii(c) && islower_l(c, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? c-'a'+'A' : c;
  #endif
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype<char>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
          *low = isascii(*low) ?
            static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(*low)]) : *low;
  #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
          *low = static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(*low)]);
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
          *low = isascii(*low) ?
            static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<size_t>(*low)]) : *low;
  #else
          *low = (isascii(*low) && islower_l(*low, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? *low-'a'+'A' : *low;
  #endif
      return low;
  }
  
  char
  ctype<char>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
      return isascii(c) ?
        static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(c)]) : c;
  #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
      return static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]);
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
      return isascii(c) ?
        static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<size_t>(c)]) : c;
  #else
      return (isascii(c) && isupper_l(c, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? c-'A'+'a' : c;
  #endif
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype<char>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
          *low = isascii(*low) ? static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(*low)]) : *low;
  #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
          *low = static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(*low)]);
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
          *low = isascii(*low) ? static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<size_t>(*low)]) : *low;
  #else
          *low = (isascii(*low) && isupper_l(*low, _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)) ? *low-'A'+'a' : *low;
  #endif
      return low;
  }
  
  char
  ctype<char>::do_widen(char c) const
  {
      return c;
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype<char>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
          *dest = *low;
      return low;
  }
  
  char
  ctype<char>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
  {
      if (isascii(c))
          return static_cast<char>(c);
      return dfault;
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype<char>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
          if (isascii(*low))
              *dest = *low;
          else
              *dest = dfault;
      return low;
  }
  
  #ifdef __EMSCRIPTEN__
  extern "C" const unsigned short ** __ctype_b_loc();
  extern "C" const int ** __ctype_tolower_loc();
  extern "C" const int ** __ctype_toupper_loc();
  #endif
  
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_PROVIDES_DEFAULT_RUNE_TABLE
  const ctype<char>::mask*
  ctype<char>::classic_table()  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      static _LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR const ctype<char>::mask builtin_table[table_size] = {
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl | space | blank,
          cntrl | space,                  cntrl | space,
          cntrl | space,                  cntrl | space,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          cntrl,                          cntrl,
          space | blank | print,          punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          digit | print | xdigit,         digit | print | xdigit,
          digit | print | xdigit,         digit | print | xdigit,
          digit | print | xdigit,         digit | print | xdigit,
          digit | print | xdigit,         digit | print | xdigit,
          digit | print | xdigit,         digit | print | xdigit,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  upper | xdigit | print | alpha,
          upper | xdigit | print | alpha, upper | xdigit | print | alpha,
          upper | xdigit | print | alpha, upper | xdigit | print | alpha,
          upper | xdigit | print | alpha, upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          upper | print | alpha,
          upper | print | alpha,          punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  lower | xdigit | print | alpha,
          lower | xdigit | print | alpha, lower | xdigit | print | alpha,
          lower | xdigit | print | alpha, lower | xdigit | print | alpha,
          lower | xdigit | print | alpha, lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          lower | print | alpha,
          lower | print | alpha,          punct | print,
          punct | print,                  punct | print,
          punct | print,                  cntrl,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0,
          0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0
      };
      return builtin_table;
  }
  #else
  const ctype<char>::mask*
  ctype<char>::classic_table()  _NOEXCEPT
  {
  #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
      return _DefaultRuneLocale.__runetype;
  #elif defined(__NetBSD__)
      return _C_ctype_tab_ + 1;
  #elif defined(__GLIBC__)
      return _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE->__ctype_b;
  #elif __sun__
      return __ctype_mask;
  #elif defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      return _ctype+1; // internal ctype mask table defined in msvcrt.dll
  // This is assumed to be safe, which is a nonsense assumption because we're
  // going to end up dereferencing it later...
  #elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
      return *__ctype_b_loc();
  #elif defined(_NEWLIB_VERSION)
      // Newlib has a 257-entry table in ctype_.c, where (char)0 starts at [1].
      return _ctype_ + 1;
  #elif defined(_AIX)
      return (const unsigned int *)__lc_ctype_ptr->obj->mask;
  #else
      // Platform not supported: abort so the person doing the port knows what to
      // fix
  # warning  ctype<char>::classic_table() is not implemented
      printf("ctype<char>::classic_table() is not implemented\n");
      abort();
      return NULL;
  #endif
  }
  #endif
  
  #if defined(__GLIBC__)
  const int*
  ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE->__ctype_tolower;
  }
  
  const int*
  ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE->__ctype_toupper;
  }
  #elif __NetBSD__
  const short*
  ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return _C_tolower_tab_ + 1;
  }
  
  const short*
  ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return _C_toupper_tab_ + 1;
  }
  
  #elif defined(__EMSCRIPTEN__)
  const int*
  ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return *__ctype_tolower_loc();
  }
  
  const int*
  ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return *__ctype_toupper_loc();
  }
  #endif // __GLIBC__ || __EMSCRIPTEN__ || __NETBSD__
  
  // template <> class ctype_byname<char>
  
  ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname(const char* name, size_t refs)
      : ctype<char>(0, false, refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(name));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
      : ctype<char>(0, false, refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + name);
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  ctype_byname<char>::~ctype_byname()
  {
      freelocale(__l);
  }
  
  char
  ctype_byname<char>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
  {
      return static_cast<char>(toupper_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), __l));
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype_byname<char>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
          *low = static_cast<char>(toupper_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(*low), __l));
      return low;
  }
  
  char
  ctype_byname<char>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
  {
      return static_cast<char>(tolower_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), __l));
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype_byname<char>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
          *low = static_cast<char>(tolower_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(*low), __l));
      return low;
  }
  
  // template <> class ctype_byname<wchar_t>
  
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname(const char* name, size_t refs)
      : ctype<wchar_t>(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(name));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
      : ctype<wchar_t>(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + name);
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::~ctype_byname()
  {
      freelocale(__l);
  }
  
  bool
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_is(mask m, char_type c) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
      return static_cast<bool>(iswctype_l(c, m, __l));
  #else
      bool result = false;
      wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(c);
      if ((m & space) == space) result |= (iswspace_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & print) == print) result |= (iswprint_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & cntrl) == cntrl) result |= (iswcntrl_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & upper) == upper) result |= (iswupper_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & lower) == lower) result |= (iswlower_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & alpha) == alpha) result |= (iswalpha_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & digit) == digit) result |= (iswdigit_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & punct) == punct) result |= (iswpunct_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & xdigit) == xdigit) result |= (iswxdigit_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      if ((m & blank) == blank) result |= (iswblank_l(ch, __l) != 0);
      return result;
  #endif
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_is(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, mask* vec) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++vec)
      {
          if (isascii(*low))
              *vec = static_cast<mask>(ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low]);
          else
          {
              *vec = 0;
              wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(*low);
              if (iswspace_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= space;
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_PRINT
              if (iswprint_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= print;
  #endif
              if (iswcntrl_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= cntrl;
              if (iswupper_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= upper;
              if (iswlower_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= lower;
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_ALPHA
              if (iswalpha_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= alpha;
  #endif
              if (iswdigit_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= digit;
              if (iswpunct_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= punct;
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_CTYPE_MASK_IS_COMPOSITE_XDIGIT
              if (iswxdigit_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= xdigit;
  #endif
  #if !defined(__sun__)
              if (iswblank_l(ch, __l))
                  *vec |= blank;
  #endif
          }
      }
      return low;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_scan_is(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
      {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
          if (iswctype_l(*low, m, __l))
              break;
  #else
          wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(*low);
          if ((m & space) == space && iswspace_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & print) == print && iswprint_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & cntrl) == cntrl && iswcntrl_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & upper) == upper && iswupper_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & lower) == lower && iswlower_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & alpha) == alpha && iswalpha_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & digit) == digit && iswdigit_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & punct) == punct && iswpunct_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & xdigit) == xdigit && iswxdigit_l(ch, __l)) break;
          if ((m & blank) == blank && iswblank_l(ch, __l)) break;
  #endif
      }
      return low;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_scan_not(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
      {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
          if (!iswctype_l(*low, m, __l))
              break;
  #else
          wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(*low);
          if ((m & space) == space && iswspace_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & print) == print && iswprint_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & cntrl) == cntrl && iswcntrl_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & upper) == upper && iswupper_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & lower) == lower && iswlower_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & alpha) == alpha && iswalpha_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & digit) == digit && iswdigit_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & punct) == punct && iswpunct_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & xdigit) == xdigit && iswxdigit_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          if ((m & blank) == blank && iswblank_l(ch, __l)) continue;
          break;
  #endif
      }
      return low;
  }
  
  wchar_t
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
  {
      return towupper_l(c, __l);
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
          *low = towupper_l(*low, __l);
      return low;
  }
  
  wchar_t
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
  {
      return towlower_l(c, __l);
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low)
          *low = towlower_l(*low, __l);
      return low;
  }
  
  wchar_t
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_widen(char c) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      return btowc_l(c, __l);
  #else
      return __btowc_l(c, __l);
  #endif
  }
  
  const char*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          *dest = btowc_l(*low, __l);
  #else
          *dest = __btowc_l(*low, __l);
  #endif
      return low;
  }
  
  char
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      int r = wctob_l(c, __l);
  #else
      int r = __wctob_l(c, __l);
  #endif
      return r != static_cast<int>(WEOF) ? static_cast<char>(r) : dfault;
  }
  
  const wchar_t*
  ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
  {
      for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
      {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          int r = wctob_l(*low, __l);
  #else
          int r = __wctob_l(*low, __l);
  #endif
          *dest = r != static_cast<int>(WEOF) ? static_cast<char>(r) : dfault;
      }
      return low;
  }
  
  // template <> class codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>
  
  locale::id codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::id;
  
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
  {
  }
  
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type*, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type*, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type*, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 1;
  }
  
  bool
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return true;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* end, size_t mx) const
  {
      return static_cast<int>(min<size_t>(mx, static_cast<size_t>(end-frm)));
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 1;
  }
  
  // template <> class codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
  
  locale::id codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
  
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt(size_t refs)
      : locale::facet(refs),
        __l(_LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)
  {
  }
  
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt(const char* nm, size_t refs)
      : locale::facet(refs),
        __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__l == 0)
          throw runtime_error("codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
  {
      if (__l != _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)
          freelocale(__l);
  }
  
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type& st,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      // look for first internal null in frm
      const intern_type* fend = frm;
      for (; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
          if (*fend == 0)
              break;
      // loop over all null-terminated sequences in frm
      to_nxt = to;
      for (frm_nxt = frm; frm != frm_end && to != to_end; frm = frm_nxt, to = to_nxt)
      {
          // save state in case it is needed to recover to_nxt on error
          mbstate_t save_state = st;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          size_t n = wcsnrtombs_l(to, &frm_nxt, static_cast<size_t>(fend-frm),
                                  static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to), &st, __l);
  #else
          size_t n = __wcsnrtombs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
  #endif
          if (n == size_t(-1))
          {
              // need to recover to_nxt
              for (to_nxt = to; frm != frm_nxt; ++frm)
              {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
                  n = wcrtomb_l(to_nxt, *frm, &save_state, __l);
  #else
                  n = __wcrtomb_l(to_nxt, *frm, &save_state, __l);
  #endif
                  if (n == size_t(-1))
                      break;
                  to_nxt += n;
              }
              frm_nxt = frm;
              return error;
          }
          if (n == 0)
              return partial;
          to_nxt += n;
          if (to_nxt == to_end)
              break;
          if (fend != frm_end)  // set up next null terminated sequence
          {
              // Try to write the terminating null
              extern_type tmp[MB_LEN_MAX];
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
              n = wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
  #else
              n = __wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
  #endif
              if (n == size_t(-1))  // on error
                  return error;
              if (n > static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to_nxt))  // is there room?
                  return partial;
              for (extern_type* p = tmp; n; --n)  // write it
                  *to_nxt++ = *p++;
              ++frm_nxt;
              // look for next null in frm
              for (fend = frm_nxt; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
                  if (*fend == 0)
                      break;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
  }
  
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type& st,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      // look for first internal null in frm
      const extern_type* fend = frm;
      for (; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
          if (*fend == 0)
              break;
      // loop over all null-terminated sequences in frm
      to_nxt = to;
      for (frm_nxt = frm; frm != frm_end && to != to_end; frm = frm_nxt, to = to_nxt)
      {
          // save state in case it is needed to recover to_nxt on error
          mbstate_t save_state = st;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          size_t n = mbsnrtowcs_l(to, &frm_nxt, static_cast<size_t>(fend-frm),
                                  static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to), &st, __l);
  #else
          size_t n = __mbsnrtowcs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
  #endif
          if (n == size_t(-1))
          {
              // need to recover to_nxt
              for (to_nxt = to; frm != frm_nxt; ++to_nxt)
              {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
                  n = mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm, static_cast<size_t>(fend-frm),
                                &save_state, __l);
  #else
                  n = __mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm, fend-frm, &save_state, __l);
  #endif
                  switch (n)
                  {
                  case 0:
                      ++frm;
                      break;
                  case size_t(-1):
                      frm_nxt = frm;
                      return error;
                  case size_t(-2):
                      frm_nxt = frm;
                      return partial;
                  default:
                      frm += n;
                      break;
                  }
              }
              frm_nxt = frm;
              return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
          }
          if (n == size_t(-1))
              return error;
          to_nxt += n;
          if (to_nxt == to_end)
              break;
          if (fend != frm_end)  // set up next null terminated sequence
          {
              // Try to write the terminating null
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
              n = mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm_nxt, 1, &st, __l);
  #else
              n = __mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm_nxt, 1, &st, __l);
  #endif
              if (n != 0)  // on error
                  return error;
              ++to_nxt;
              ++frm_nxt;
              // look for next null in frm
              for (fend = frm_nxt; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
                  if (*fend == 0)
                      break;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
  }
  
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type& st,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      extern_type tmp[MB_LEN_MAX];
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      size_t n = wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
  #else
      size_t n = __wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
  #endif
      if (n == size_t(-1) || n == 0)  // on error
          return error;
      --n;
      if (n > static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to_nxt))  // is there room?
          return partial;
      for (extern_type* p = tmp; n; --n)  // write it
          *to_nxt++ = *p++;
      return ok;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
  #ifndef __CloudABI__
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      if (mbtowc_l(nullptr, nullptr, MB_LEN_MAX, __l) != 0)
  #else
      if (__mbtowc_l(nullptr, nullptr, MB_LEN_MAX, __l) != 0)
  #endif
          return -1;
  #endif
  
      // stateless encoding
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      if (__l == 0 || MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l) == 1)  // there are no known constant length encodings
  #else
      if (__l == 0 || __mb_cur_max_l(__l) == 1)  // there are no known constant length encodings
  #endif
          return 1;                // which take more than 1 char to form a wchar_t
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type& st,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      int nbytes = 0;
      for (size_t nwchar_t = 0; nwchar_t < mx && frm != frm_end; ++nwchar_t)
      {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          size_t n = mbrlen_l(frm, static_cast<size_t>(frm_end-frm), &st, __l);
  #else
          size_t n = __mbrlen_l(frm, frm_end-frm, &st, __l);
  #endif
          switch (n)
          {
          case 0:
              ++nbytes;
              ++frm;
              break;
          case size_t(-1):
          case size_t(-2):
              return nbytes;
          default:
              nbytes += n;
              frm += n;
              break;
          }
      }
      return nbytes;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      return __l == 0 ? 1 : static_cast<int>(  MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l));
  #else
      return __l == 0 ? 1 : static_cast<int>(__mb_cur_max_l(__l));
  #endif
  }
  
  //                                     Valid UTF ranges
  //     UTF-32               UTF-16                          UTF-8               # of code points
  //                     first      second       first   second    third   fourth
  // 000000 - 00007F  0000 - 007F               00 - 7F                                 127
  // 000080 - 0007FF  0080 - 07FF               C2 - DF, 80 - BF                       1920
  // 000800 - 000FFF  0800 - 0FFF               E0 - E0, A0 - BF, 80 - BF              2048
  // 001000 - 00CFFF  1000 - CFFF               E1 - EC, 80 - BF, 80 - BF             49152
  // 00D000 - 00D7FF  D000 - D7FF               ED - ED, 80 - 9F, 80 - BF              2048
  // 00D800 - 00DFFF                invalid
  // 00E000 - 00FFFF  E000 - FFFF               EE - EF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF              8192
  // 010000 - 03FFFF  D800 - D8BF, DC00 - DFFF  F0 - F0, 90 - BF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF   196608
  // 040000 - 0FFFFF  D8C0 - DBBF, DC00 - DFFF  F1 - F3, 80 - BF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF   786432
  // 100000 - 10FFFF  DBC0 - DBFF, DC00 - DFFF  F4 - F4, 80 - 8F, 80 - BF, 80 - BF    65536
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf16_to_utf8(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t wc1 = *frm_nxt;
          if (wc1 > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (wc1 < 0x0080)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc1);
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0x0800)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc1 >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc1 & 0x03F));
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0xD800)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0xDC00)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint16_t wc2 = frm_nxt[1];
              if ((wc2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              if (((((wc1 & 0x03C0UL) >> 6) + 1) << 16) +
                  ((wc1 & 0x003FUL) << 10) + (wc2 & 0x03FF) > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              ++frm_nxt;
              uint8_t z = ((wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 | (z >> 2));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((z & 0x03) << 4)     | ((wc1 & 0x003C) >> 2));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0003) << 4) | ((wc2 & 0x03C0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc2 & 0x003F));
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0xE000)
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
          else
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
          }
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf16_to_utf8(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t wc1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(*frm_nxt);
          if (wc1 > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (wc1 < 0x0080)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc1);
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0x0800)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc1 >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc1 & 0x03F));
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0xD800)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0xDC00)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint16_t wc2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1]);
              if ((wc2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              if (((((wc1 & 0x03C0UL) >> 6) + 1) << 16) +
                  ((wc1 & 0x003FUL) << 10) + (wc2 & 0x03FF) > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              ++frm_nxt;
              uint8_t z = ((wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 | (z >> 2));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((z & 0x03) << 4)     | ((wc1 & 0x003C) >> 2));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0003) << 4) | ((wc2 & 0x03C0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc2 & 0x003F));
          }
          else if (wc1 < 0xE000)
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
          else
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
          }
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
                uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
          if (c1 > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(c1);
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
                                               | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
                                               |  (c3 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF5)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xF0:
                  if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xF4:
                  if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              if ((((c1 & 7UL) << 18) +
                  ((c2 & 0x3FUL) << 12) +
                  ((c3 & 0x3FUL) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                      0xD800
                    | (((((c1 & 0x07) << 2) | ((c2 & 0x30) >> 4)) - 1) << 6)
                    | ((c2 & 0x0F) << 2)
                    | ((c3 & 0x30) >> 4));
              *++to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                      0xDC00
                    | ((c3 & 0x0F) << 6)
                    |  (c4 & 0x3F));
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
          else
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
                uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
          if (c1 > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(t);
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
                                               | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
                                               |  (c3 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(t);
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF5)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xF0:
                  if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xF4:
                  if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              if ((((c1 & 7UL) << 18) +
                  ((c2 & 0x3FUL) << 12) +
                  ((c3 & 0x3FUL) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                      0xD800
                    | (((((c1 & 0x07) << 2) | ((c2 & 0x30) >> 4)) - 1) << 6)
                    | ((c2 & 0x0F) << 2)
                    | ((c3 & 0x30) >> 4));
              *++to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                      0xDC00
                    | ((c3 & 0x0F) << 6)
                    |  (c4 & 0x3F));
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
          else
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
          if (c1 > Maxcode)
              break;
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              break;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || (frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  break;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  break;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                  break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 0x0Fu) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF5)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4 || mx-nchar16_t < 2)
                  break;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xF0:
                  if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              case 0xF4:
                  if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 7UL) << 18) +
                  ((c2 & 0x3FUL) << 12) +
                  ((c3 & 0x3FUL) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              ++nchar16_t;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
          else
          {
              break;
          }
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  ucs4_to_utf8(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
               uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
               unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
          if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (wc < 0x000080)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
          }
          else if (wc < 0x000800)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc & 0x03F));
          }
          else if (wc < 0x010000)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x003F));
          }
          else // if (wc < 0x110000)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 |  (wc >> 18));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x03F000) >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x000FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x00003F));
          }
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf8_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
               uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
               unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6)
                                                | (c2 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
                                               | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
                                               |  (c3 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF5)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xF0:
                  if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xF4:
                  if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x07) << 18)
                                               | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 12)
                                               | ((c3 & 0x3F) << 6)
                                               |  (c4 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
          else
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf8_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                      size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                      codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  break;
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              break;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || ((frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80))
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 0x1Fu) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  break;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                  break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 0x0Fu) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF5)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  break;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xF0:
                  if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              case 0xF4:
                  if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 0x07u) << 18) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 12) |
                   ((c3 & 0x3Fu) << 6)  |  (c4 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
          else
          {
              break;
          }
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  ucs2_to_utf8(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
               uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
               unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
          if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (wc < 0x0080)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
          }
          else if (wc < 0x0800)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc & 0x03F));
          }
          else // if (wc <= 0xFFFF)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc >> 12));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x003F));
          }
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf8_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
               uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
               unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(c1);
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6)
                                                | (c2 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return codecvt_base::error;
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
                                               | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
                                               |  (c3 & 0x3F));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else
          {
              return codecvt_base::error;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf8_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                      size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                      codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
                                                            frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
              frm_nxt += 3;
      }
      for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
      {
          uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
          if (c1 < 0x80)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  break;
              ++frm_nxt;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xC2)
          {
              break;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xE0)
          {
              if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || ((frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80))
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 0x1Fu) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else if (c1 < 0xF0)
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
                  break;
              uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
              uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
              switch (c1)
              {
              case 0xE0:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                  break;
              case 0xED:
                  if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              default:
                  if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
                   break;
              }
              if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
                  break;
              if ((((c1 & 0x0Fu) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 3;
          }
          else
          {
              break;
          }
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  ucs4_to_utf16be(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
          if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (wc < 0x010000)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
          }
          else
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                      0xD800
                    | ((((wc & 0x1F0000) >> 16) - 1) << 6)
                    |   ((wc & 0x00FC00) >> 10));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
              t = static_cast<uint16_t>(0xDC00 | (wc & 0x03FF));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
          }
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf16be_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[2] << 8 | frm_nxt[3]);
              if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                      ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
                    |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
                    |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf16be_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                         size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                         codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
              break;
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  break;
              uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[2] << 8 | frm_nxt[3]);
              if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
                  break;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                      ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
                    |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
                    |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  ucs4_to_utf16le(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
          if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (wc < 0x010000)
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
          }
          else
          {
              if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(
                      0xD800
                    | ((((wc & 0x1F0000) >> 16) - 1) << 6)
                    |   ((wc & 0x00FC00) >> 10));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
              t = static_cast<uint16_t>(0xDC00 | (wc & 0x03FF));
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
              *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
          }
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf16le_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  return codecvt_base::partial;
              uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[3] << 8 | frm_nxt[2]);
              if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                      ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
                    |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
                    |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  return codecvt_base::error;
              *to_nxt = t;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf16le_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                         size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                         codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
              break;
          if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
          {
              if (c1 > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 2;
          }
          else
          {
              if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
                  break;
              uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[3] << 8 | frm_nxt[2]);
              if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
                  break;
              uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
                      ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
                    |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
                    |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
              if (t > Maxcode)
                  break;
              frm_nxt += 4;
          }
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  ucs2_to_utf16be(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
          if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf16be_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
          if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          *to_nxt = c1;
          frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf16be_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                         size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                         codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
          if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
              break;
          frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  ucs2_to_utf16le(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & generate_header)
      {
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
          if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
              return codecvt_base::partial;
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
          *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
      }
      return codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  codecvt_base::result
  utf16le_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
                  uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
                  unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      frm_nxt = frm;
      to_nxt = to;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
          if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
              return codecvt_base::error;
          *to_nxt = c1;
          frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
  }
  
  static
  int
  utf16le_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
                         size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
                         codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
  {
      const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
      frm_nxt = frm;
      if (mode & consume_header)
      {
          if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
              frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
      {
          uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
          if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
              break;
          frm_nxt += 2;
      }
      return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
  }
  
  // template <> class codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
  
  locale::id codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
  
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
  {
  }
  
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
      const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
      uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
      uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx);
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 4;
  }
  
  // template <> class codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
  
  locale::id codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
  
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
  {
  }
  
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx);
  }
  
  int
  codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>
  
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
  #if _WIN32
      const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
      const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
  #else
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
  #endif
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
  #if _WIN32
      result r = ucs2_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  #else
      result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  #endif
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
  #if _WIN32
      uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
      uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
      uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  #else
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  #endif
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 7;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>
  
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
      const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs2_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
      uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
      uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 6;
      return 3;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>
  
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                              _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 7;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>
  
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs4_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16be_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf16be_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 6;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>
  
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs4_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16le_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf16le_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 6;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
      const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs2_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
      uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
      uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16be_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf16be_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 4;
      return 2;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
      const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs2_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
      uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
      uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16le_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf16le_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 4;
      return 2;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs4_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16be_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf16be_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 6;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = ucs4_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16le_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                                 _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf16le_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 6;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 7;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
      const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
      uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
      uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 7;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_out(state_type&,
      const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
      extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
      const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
      uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
      uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_in(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
      intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
      uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
      uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
      uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
      result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
      frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
      to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
      return r;
  }
  
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
      extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
  {
      to_nxt = to;
      return noconv;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return 0;
  }
  
  bool
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      return false;
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_length(state_type&,
      const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
  {
      const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
      const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
      return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
  }
  
  int
  __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
  {
      if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
          return 7;
      return 4;
  }
  
  // __narrow_to_utf8<16>
  
  __narrow_to_utf8<16>::~__narrow_to_utf8()
  {
  }
  
  // __narrow_to_utf8<32>
  
  __narrow_to_utf8<32>::~__narrow_to_utf8()
  {
  }
  
  // __widen_from_utf8<16>
  
  __widen_from_utf8<16>::~__widen_from_utf8()
  {
  }
  
  // __widen_from_utf8<32>
  
  __widen_from_utf8<32>::~__widen_from_utf8()
  {
  }
  
  // numpunct<char> && numpunct<wchar_t>
  
  locale::id numpunct< char  >::id;
  locale::id numpunct<wchar_t>::id;
  
  numpunct<char>::numpunct(size_t refs)
      : locale::facet(refs),
        __decimal_point_('.'),
        __thousands_sep_(',')
  {
  }
  
  numpunct<wchar_t>::numpunct(size_t refs)
      : locale::facet(refs),
        __decimal_point_(L'.'),
        __thousands_sep_(L',')
  {
  }
  
  numpunct<char>::~numpunct()
  {
  }
  
  numpunct<wchar_t>::~numpunct()
  {
  }
  
   char   numpunct< char  >::do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
  wchar_t numpunct<wchar_t>::do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
  
   char   numpunct< char  >::do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
  wchar_t numpunct<wchar_t>::do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
  
  string numpunct< char  >::do_grouping() const {return __grouping_;}
  string numpunct<wchar_t>::do_grouping() const {return __grouping_;}
  
   string numpunct< char  >::do_truename() const {return "true";}
  wstring numpunct<wchar_t>::do_truename() const {return L"true";}
  
   string numpunct< char  >::do_falsename() const {return "false";}
  wstring numpunct<wchar_t>::do_falsename() const {return L"false";}
  
  // numpunct_byname<char>
  
  numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname(const char* nm, size_t refs)
      : numpunct<char>(refs)
  {
      __init(nm);
  }
  
  numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname(const string& nm, size_t refs)
      : numpunct<char>(refs)
  {
      __init(nm.c_str());
  }
  
  numpunct_byname<char>::~numpunct_byname()
  {
  }
  
  void
  numpunct_byname<char>::__init(const char* nm)
  {
      if (strcmp(nm, "C") != 0)
      {
          __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
          if (loc == nullptr)
              throw runtime_error("numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname"
                                  " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #else
          lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #endif
          if (*lc->decimal_point)
              __decimal_point_ = *lc->decimal_point;
          if (*lc->thousands_sep)
              __thousands_sep_ = *lc->thousands_sep;
          __grouping_ = lc->grouping;
          // localization for truename and falsename is not available
      }
  }
  
  // numpunct_byname<wchar_t>
  
  numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::numpunct_byname(const char* nm, size_t refs)
      : numpunct<wchar_t>(refs)
  {
      __init(nm);
  }
  
  numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::numpunct_byname(const string& nm, size_t refs)
      : numpunct<wchar_t>(refs)
  {
      __init(nm.c_str());
  }
  
  numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::~numpunct_byname()
  {
  }
  
  void
  numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::__init(const char* nm)
  {
      if (strcmp(nm, "C") != 0)
      {
          __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
          if (loc == nullptr)
              throw runtime_error("numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname"
                                  " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #else
          lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #endif
          if (*lc->decimal_point)
              __decimal_point_ = *lc->decimal_point;
          if (*lc->thousands_sep)
              __thousands_sep_ = *lc->thousands_sep;
          __grouping_ = lc->grouping;
          // locallization for truename and falsename is not available
      }
  }
  
  // num_get helpers
  
  int
  __num_get_base::__get_base(ios_base& iob)
  {
      ios_base::fmtflags __basefield = iob.flags() & ios_base::basefield;
      if (__basefield == ios_base::oct)
          return 8;
      else if (__basefield == ios_base::hex)
          return 16;
      else if (__basefield == 0)
          return 0;
      return 10;
  }
  
  const char __num_get_base::__src[33] = "0123456789abcdefABCDEFxX+-pPiInN";
  
  void
  __check_grouping(const string& __grouping, unsigned* __g, unsigned* __g_end,
                   ios_base::iostate& __err)
  {
      if (__grouping.size() != 0)
      {
          reverse(__g, __g_end);
          const char* __ig = __grouping.data();
          const char* __eg = __ig + __grouping.size();
          for (unsigned* __r = __g; __r < __g_end-1; ++__r)
          {
              if (0 < *__ig && *__ig < numeric_limits<char>::max())
              {
                  if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__ig) != *__r)
                  {
                      __err = ios_base::failbit;
                      return;
                  }
              }
              if (__eg - __ig > 1)
                  ++__ig;
          }
          if (0 < *__ig && *__ig < numeric_limits<char>::max())
          {
              if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__ig) < __g_end[-1] || __g_end[-1] == 0)
                  __err = ios_base::failbit;
          }
      }
  }
  
  void
  __num_put_base::__format_int(char* __fmtp, const char* __len, bool __signd,
                               ios_base::fmtflags __flags)
  {
      if (__flags & ios_base::showpos)
          *__fmtp++ = '+';
      if (__flags & ios_base::showbase)
          *__fmtp++ = '#';
      while(*__len)
          *__fmtp++ = *__len++;
      if ((__flags & ios_base::basefield) == ios_base::oct)
          *__fmtp = 'o';
      else if ((__flags & ios_base::basefield) == ios_base::hex)
      {
          if (__flags & ios_base::uppercase)
              *__fmtp = 'X';
          else
              *__fmtp = 'x';
      }
      else if (__signd)
          *__fmtp = 'd';
      else
          *__fmtp = 'u';
  }
  
  bool
  __num_put_base::__format_float(char* __fmtp, const char* __len,
                                 ios_base::fmtflags __flags)
  {
      bool specify_precision = true;
      if (__flags & ios_base::showpos)
          *__fmtp++ = '+';
      if (__flags & ios_base::showpoint)
          *__fmtp++ = '#';
      ios_base::fmtflags floatfield = __flags & ios_base::floatfield;
      bool uppercase = (__flags & ios_base::uppercase) != 0;
      if (floatfield == (ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific))
          specify_precision = false;
      else
      {
          *__fmtp++ = '.';
          *__fmtp++ = '*';
      }
      while(*__len)
          *__fmtp++ = *__len++;
      if (floatfield == ios_base::fixed)
      {
          if (uppercase)
              *__fmtp = 'F';
          else
              *__fmtp = 'f';
      }
      else if (floatfield == ios_base::scientific)
      {
          if (uppercase)
              *__fmtp = 'E';
          else
              *__fmtp = 'e';
      }
      else if (floatfield == (ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific))
      {
          if (uppercase)
              *__fmtp = 'A';
          else
              *__fmtp = 'a';
      }
      else
      {
          if (uppercase)
              *__fmtp = 'G';
          else
              *__fmtp = 'g';
      }
      return specify_precision;
  }
  
  char*
  __num_put_base::__identify_padding(char* __nb, char* __ne,
                                     const ios_base& __iob)
  {
      switch (__iob.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield)
      {
      case ios_base::internal:
          if (__nb[0] == '-' || __nb[0] == '+')
              return __nb+1;
          if (__ne - __nb >= 2 && __nb[0] == '0'
                              && (__nb[1] == 'x' || __nb[1] == 'X'))
              return __nb+2;
          break;
      case ios_base::left:
          return __ne;
      case ios_base::right:
      default:
          break;
      }
      return __nb;
  }
  
  // time_get
  
  static
  string*
  init_weeks()
  {
      static string weeks[14];
      weeks[0]  = "Sunday";
      weeks[1]  = "Monday";
      weeks[2]  = "Tuesday";
      weeks[3]  = "Wednesday";
      weeks[4]  = "Thursday";
      weeks[5]  = "Friday";
      weeks[6]  = "Saturday";
      weeks[7]  = "Sun";
      weeks[8]  = "Mon";
      weeks[9]  = "Tue";
      weeks[10] = "Wed";
      weeks[11] = "Thu";
      weeks[12] = "Fri";
      weeks[13] = "Sat";
      return weeks;
  }
  
  static
  wstring*
  init_wweeks()
  {
      static wstring weeks[14];
      weeks[0]  = L"Sunday";
      weeks[1]  = L"Monday";
      weeks[2]  = L"Tuesday";
      weeks[3]  = L"Wednesday";
      weeks[4]  = L"Thursday";
      weeks[5]  = L"Friday";
      weeks[6]  = L"Saturday";
      weeks[7]  = L"Sun";
      weeks[8]  = L"Mon";
      weeks[9]  = L"Tue";
      weeks[10] = L"Wed";
      weeks[11] = L"Thu";
      weeks[12] = L"Fri";
      weeks[13] = L"Sat";
      return weeks;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string*
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__weeks() const
  {
      static const string* weeks = init_weeks();
      return weeks;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring*
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__weeks() const
  {
      static const wstring* weeks = init_wweeks();
      return weeks;
  }
  
  static
  string*
  init_months()
  {
      static string months[24];
      months[0]  = "January";
      months[1]  = "February";
      months[2]  = "March";
      months[3]  = "April";
      months[4]  = "May";
      months[5]  = "June";
      months[6]  = "July";
      months[7]  = "August";
      months[8]  = "September";
      months[9]  = "October";
      months[10] = "November";
      months[11] = "December";
      months[12] = "Jan";
      months[13] = "Feb";
      months[14] = "Mar";
      months[15] = "Apr";
      months[16] = "May";
      months[17] = "Jun";
      months[18] = "Jul";
      months[19] = "Aug";
      months[20] = "Sep";
      months[21] = "Oct";
      months[22] = "Nov";
      months[23] = "Dec";
      return months;
  }
  
  static
  wstring*
  init_wmonths()
  {
      static wstring months[24];
      months[0]  = L"January";
      months[1]  = L"February";
      months[2]  = L"March";
      months[3]  = L"April";
      months[4]  = L"May";
      months[5]  = L"June";
      months[6]  = L"July";
      months[7]  = L"August";
      months[8]  = L"September";
      months[9]  = L"October";
      months[10] = L"November";
      months[11] = L"December";
      months[12] = L"Jan";
      months[13] = L"Feb";
      months[14] = L"Mar";
      months[15] = L"Apr";
      months[16] = L"May";
      months[17] = L"Jun";
      months[18] = L"Jul";
      months[19] = L"Aug";
      months[20] = L"Sep";
      months[21] = L"Oct";
      months[22] = L"Nov";
      months[23] = L"Dec";
      return months;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string*
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__months() const
  {
      static const string* months = init_months();
      return months;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring*
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__months() const
  {
      static const wstring* months = init_wmonths();
      return months;
  }
  
  static
  string*
  init_am_pm()
  {
      static string am_pm[24];
      am_pm[0]  = "AM";
      am_pm[1]  = "PM";
      return am_pm;
  }
  
  static
  wstring*
  init_wam_pm()
  {
      static wstring am_pm[24];
      am_pm[0]  = L"AM";
      am_pm[1]  = L"PM";
      return am_pm;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string*
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__am_pm() const
  {
      static const string* am_pm = init_am_pm();
      return am_pm;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring*
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__am_pm() const
  {
      static const wstring* am_pm = init_wam_pm();
      return am_pm;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string&
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__x() const
  {
      static string s("%m/%d/%y");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring&
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__x() const
  {
      static wstring s(L"%m/%d/%y");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string&
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__X() const
  {
      static string s("%H:%M:%S");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring&
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__X() const
  {
      static wstring s(L"%H:%M:%S");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string&
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__c() const
  {
      static string s("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring&
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__c() const
  {
      static wstring s(L"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const string&
  __time_get_c_storage<char>::__r() const
  {
      static string s("%I:%M:%S %p");
      return s;
  }
  
  template <>
  const wstring&
  __time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__r() const
  {
      static wstring s(L"%I:%M:%S %p");
      return s;
  }
  
  // time_get_byname
  
  __time_get::__time_get(const char* nm)
      : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__loc_ == 0)
          throw runtime_error("time_get_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  __time_get::__time_get(const string& nm)
      : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm.c_str(), 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__loc_ == 0)
          throw runtime_error("time_get_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + nm);
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  __time_get::~__time_get()
  {
      freelocale(__loc_);
  }
  #if defined(__clang__)
  #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
  #endif
  #if defined(__GNUG__)
  #pragma GCC   diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
  #endif
  
  template <>
  string
  __time_get_storage<char>::__analyze(char fmt, const ctype<char>& ct)
  {
      tm t = {0};
      t.tm_sec = 59;
      t.tm_min = 55;
      t.tm_hour = 23;
      t.tm_mday = 31;
      t.tm_mon = 11;
      t.tm_year = 161;
      t.tm_wday = 6;
      t.tm_yday = 364;
      t.tm_isdst = -1;
      char buf[100];
      char f[3] = {0};
      f[0] = '%';
      f[1] = fmt;
      size_t n = strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), f, &t, __loc_);
      char* bb = buf;
      char* be = buf + n;
      string result;
      while (bb != be)
      {
          if (ct.is(ctype_base::space, *bb))
          {
              result.push_back(' ');
              for (++bb; bb != be && ct.is(ctype_base::space, *bb); ++bb)
                  ;
              continue;
          }
          char* w = bb;
          ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
          ptrdiff_t i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__weeks_, this->__weeks_+14,
                                 ct, err, false)
                                 - this->__weeks_;
          if (i < 14)
          {
              result.push_back('%');
              if (i < 7)
                  result.push_back('A');
              else
                  result.push_back('a');
              bb = w;
              continue;
          }
          w = bb;
          i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__months_, this->__months_+24,
                             ct, err, false)
                             - this->__months_;
          if (i < 24)
          {
              result.push_back('%');
              if (i < 12)
                  result.push_back('B');
              else
                  result.push_back('b');
              if (fmt == 'x' && ct.is(ctype_base::digit, this->__months_[i][0]))
                  result.back() = 'm';
              bb = w;
              continue;
          }
          if (this->__am_pm_[0].size() + this->__am_pm_[1].size() > 0)
          {
              w = bb;
              i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__am_pm_, this->__am_pm_+2,
                                 ct, err, false) - this->__am_pm_;
              if (i < 2)
              {
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('p');
                  bb = w;
                  continue;
              }
          }
          w = bb;
          if (ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *bb))
          {
              switch(__get_up_to_n_digits(bb, be, err, ct, 4))
              {
              case 6:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('w');
                  break;
              case 7:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('u');
                  break;
              case 11:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('I');
                  break;
              case 12:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('m');
                  break;
              case 23:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('H');
                  break;
              case 31:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('d');
                  break;
              case 55:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('M');
                  break;
              case 59:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('S');
                  break;
              case 61:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('y');
                  break;
              case 364:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('j');
                  break;
              case 2061:
                  result.push_back('%');
                  result.push_back('Y');
                  break;
              default:
                  for (; w != bb; ++w)
                      result.push_back(*w);
                  break;
              }
              continue;
          }
          if (*bb == '%')
          {
              result.push_back('%');
              result.push_back('%');
              ++bb;
              continue;
          }
          result.push_back(*bb);
          ++bb;
      }
      return result;
  }
  
  #if defined(__clang__)
  #pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-braces"
  #endif
  
  template <>
  wstring
  __time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__analyze(char fmt, const ctype<wchar_t>& ct)
  {
      tm t = {0};
      t.tm_sec = 59;
      t.tm_min = 55;
      t.tm_hour = 23;
      t.tm_mday = 31;
      t.tm_mon = 11;
      t.tm_year = 161;
      t.tm_wday = 6;
      t.tm_yday = 364;
      t.tm_isdst = -1;
      char buf[100];
      char f[3] = {0};
      f[0] = '%';
      f[1] = fmt;
      strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), f, &t, __loc_);
      wchar_t wbuf[100];
      wchar_t* wbb = wbuf;
      mbstate_t mb = {0};
      const char* bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l( wbb, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
      size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l( wbb, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
      if (j == size_t(-1))
          __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
      wchar_t* wbe = wbb + j;
      wstring result;
      while (wbb != wbe)
      {
          if (ct.is(ctype_base::space, *wbb))
          {
              result.push_back(L' ');
              for (++wbb; wbb != wbe && ct.is(ctype_base::space, *wbb); ++wbb)
                  ;
              continue;
          }
          wchar_t* w = wbb;
          ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
          ptrdiff_t i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__weeks_, this->__weeks_+14,
                                 ct, err, false)
                                 - this->__weeks_;
          if (i < 14)
          {
              result.push_back(L'%');
              if (i < 7)
                  result.push_back(L'A');
              else
                  result.push_back(L'a');
              wbb = w;
              continue;
          }
          w = wbb;
          i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__months_, this->__months_+24,
                             ct, err, false)
                             - this->__months_;
          if (i < 24)
          {
              result.push_back(L'%');
              if (i < 12)
                  result.push_back(L'B');
              else
                  result.push_back(L'b');
              if (fmt == 'x' && ct.is(ctype_base::digit, this->__months_[i][0]))
                  result.back() = L'm';
              wbb = w;
              continue;
          }
          if (this->__am_pm_[0].size() + this->__am_pm_[1].size() > 0)
          {
              w = wbb;
              i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__am_pm_, this->__am_pm_+2,
                                 ct, err, false) - this->__am_pm_;
              if (i < 2)
              {
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'p');
                  wbb = w;
                  continue;
              }
          }
          w = wbb;
          if (ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *wbb))
          {
              switch(__get_up_to_n_digits(wbb, wbe, err, ct, 4))
              {
              case 6:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'w');
                  break;
              case 7:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'u');
                  break;
              case 11:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'I');
                  break;
              case 12:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'm');
                  break;
              case 23:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'H');
                  break;
              case 31:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'd');
                  break;
              case 55:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'M');
                  break;
              case 59:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'S');
                  break;
              case 61:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'y');
                  break;
              case 364:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'j');
                  break;
              case 2061:
                  result.push_back(L'%');
                  result.push_back(L'Y');
                  break;
              default:
                  for (; w != wbb; ++w)
                      result.push_back(*w);
                  break;
              }
              continue;
          }
          if (ct.narrow(*wbb, 0) == '%')
          {
              result.push_back(L'%');
              result.push_back(L'%');
              ++wbb;
              continue;
          }
          result.push_back(*wbb);
          ++wbb;
      }
      return result;
  }
  
  template <>
  void
  __time_get_storage<char>::init(const ctype<char>& ct)
  {
      tm t = {0};
      char buf[100];
      // __weeks_
      for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
      {
          t.tm_wday = i;
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%A", &t, __loc_);
          __weeks_[i] = buf;
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%a", &t, __loc_);
          __weeks_[i+7] = buf;
      }
      // __months_
      for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
      {
          t.tm_mon = i;
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%B", &t, __loc_);
          __months_[i] = buf;
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%b", &t, __loc_);
          __months_[i+12] = buf;
      }
      // __am_pm_
      t.tm_hour = 1;
      strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
      __am_pm_[0] = buf;
      t.tm_hour = 13;
      strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
      __am_pm_[1] = buf;
      __c_ = __analyze('c', ct);
      __r_ = __analyze('r', ct);
      __x_ = __analyze('x', ct);
      __X_ = __analyze('X', ct);
  }
  
  template <>
  void
  __time_get_storage<wchar_t>::init(const ctype<wchar_t>& ct)
  {
      tm t = {0};
      char buf[100];
      wchar_t wbuf[100];
      wchar_t* wbe;
      mbstate_t mb = {0};
      // __weeks_
      for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
      {
          t.tm_wday = i;
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%A", &t, __loc_);
          mb = mbstate_t();
          const char* bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
          size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __weeks_[i].assign(wbuf, wbe);
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%a", &t, __loc_);
          mb = mbstate_t();
          bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
          j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __weeks_[i+7].assign(wbuf, wbe);
      }
      // __months_
      for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
      {
          t.tm_mon = i;
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%B", &t, __loc_);
          mb = mbstate_t();
          const char* bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
          size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __months_[i].assign(wbuf, wbe);
          strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%b", &t, __loc_);
          mb = mbstate_t();
          bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
          j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __months_[i+12].assign(wbuf, wbe);
      }
      // __am_pm_
      t.tm_hour = 1;
      strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
      mb = mbstate_t();
      const char* bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
      size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
      if (j == size_t(-1))
          __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
      wbe = wbuf + j;
      __am_pm_[0].assign(wbuf, wbe);
      t.tm_hour = 13;
      strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
      mb = mbstate_t();
      bb = buf;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
      j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
      if (j == size_t(-1))
          __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
      wbe = wbuf + j;
      __am_pm_[1].assign(wbuf, wbe);
      __c_ = __analyze('c', ct);
      __r_ = __analyze('r', ct);
      __x_ = __analyze('x', ct);
      __X_ = __analyze('X', ct);
  }
  
  template <class CharT>
  struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __time_get_temp
      : public ctype_byname<CharT>
  {
      explicit __time_get_temp(const char* nm)
          : ctype_byname<CharT>(nm, 1) {}
      explicit __time_get_temp(const string& nm)
          : ctype_byname<CharT>(nm, 1) {}
  };
  
  template <>
  __time_get_storage<char>::__time_get_storage(const char* __nm)
      : __time_get(__nm)
  {
      const __time_get_temp<char> ct(__nm);
      init(ct);
  }
  
  template <>
  __time_get_storage<char>::__time_get_storage(const string& __nm)
      : __time_get(__nm)
  {
      const __time_get_temp<char> ct(__nm);
      init(ct);
  }
  
  template <>
  __time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__time_get_storage(const char* __nm)
      : __time_get(__nm)
  {
      const __time_get_temp<wchar_t> ct(__nm);
      init(ct);
  }
  
  template <>
  __time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__time_get_storage(const string& __nm)
      : __time_get(__nm)
  {
      const __time_get_temp<wchar_t> ct(__nm);
      init(ct);
  }
  
  template <>
  time_base::dateorder
  __time_get_storage<char>::__do_date_order() const
  {
      unsigned i;
      for (i = 0; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
          if (__x_[i] == '%')
              break;
      ++i;
      switch (__x_[i])
      {
      case 'y':
      case 'Y':
          for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
              if (__x_[i] == '%')
                  break;
          if (i == __x_.size())
              break;
          ++i;
          switch (__x_[i])
          {
          case 'm':
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == '%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == 'd')
                  return time_base::ymd;
              break;
          case 'd':
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == '%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == 'm')
                  return time_base::ydm;
              break;
          }
          break;
      case 'm':
          for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
              if (__x_[i] == '%')
                  break;
          if (i == __x_.size())
              break;
          ++i;
          if (__x_[i] == 'd')
          {
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == '%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == 'y' || __x_[i] == 'Y')
                  return time_base::mdy;
              break;
          }
          break;
      case 'd':
          for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
              if (__x_[i] == '%')
                  break;
          if (i == __x_.size())
              break;
          ++i;
          if (__x_[i] == 'm')
          {
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == '%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == 'y' || __x_[i] == 'Y')
                  return time_base::dmy;
              break;
          }
          break;
      }
      return time_base::no_order;
  }
  
  template <>
  time_base::dateorder
  __time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__do_date_order() const
  {
      unsigned i;
      for (i = 0; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
          if (__x_[i] == L'%')
              break;
      ++i;
      switch (__x_[i])
      {
      case L'y':
      case L'Y':
          for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
              if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                  break;
          if (i == __x_.size())
              break;
          ++i;
          switch (__x_[i])
          {
          case L'm':
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == L'd')
                  return time_base::ymd;
              break;
          case L'd':
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == L'm')
                  return time_base::ydm;
              break;
          }
          break;
      case L'm':
          for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
              if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                  break;
          if (i == __x_.size())
              break;
          ++i;
          if (__x_[i] == L'd')
          {
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == L'y' || __x_[i] == L'Y')
                  return time_base::mdy;
              break;
          }
          break;
      case L'd':
          for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
              if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                  break;
          if (i == __x_.size())
              break;
          ++i;
          if (__x_[i] == L'm')
          {
              for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
                  if (__x_[i] == L'%')
                      break;
              if (i == __x_.size())
                  break;
              ++i;
              if (__x_[i] == L'y' || __x_[i] == L'Y')
                  return time_base::dmy;
              break;
          }
          break;
      }
      return time_base::no_order;
  }
  
  // time_put
  
  __time_put::__time_put(const char* nm)
      : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__loc_ == 0)
          throw runtime_error("time_put_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  __time_put::__time_put(const string& nm)
      : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm.c_str(), 0))
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (__loc_ == 0)
          throw runtime_error("time_put_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + nm);
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  }
  
  __time_put::~__time_put()
  {
      if (__loc_ != _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)
          freelocale(__loc_);
  }
  
  void
  __time_put::__do_put(char* __nb, char*& __ne, const tm* __tm,
                       char __fmt, char __mod) const
  {
      char fmt[] = {'%', __fmt, __mod, 0};
      if (__mod != 0)
          swap(fmt[1], fmt[2]);
      size_t n = strftime_l(__nb, countof(__nb, __ne), fmt, __tm, __loc_);
      __ne = __nb + n;
  }
  
  void
  __time_put::__do_put(wchar_t* __wb, wchar_t*& __we, const tm* __tm,
                       char __fmt, char __mod) const
  {
      char __nar[100];
      char* __ne = __nar + 100;
      __do_put(__nar, __ne, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
      mbstate_t mb = {0};
      const char* __nb = __nar;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(__wb, &__nb, countof(__wb, __we), &mb, __loc_);
  #else
      size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(__wb, &__nb, countof(__wb, __we), &mb, __loc_);
  #endif
      if (j == size_t(-1))
          __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
      __we = __wb + j;
  }
  
  // moneypunct_byname
  
  template <class charT>
  static
  void
  __init_pat(money_base::pattern& pat, basic_string<charT>& __curr_symbol_,
             bool intl, char cs_precedes, char sep_by_space, char sign_posn,
             charT space_char)
  {
      const char sign = static_cast<char>(money_base::sign);
      const char space = static_cast<char>(money_base::space);
      const char none = static_cast<char>(money_base::none);
      const char symbol = static_cast<char>(money_base::symbol);
      const char value = static_cast<char>(money_base::value);
      const bool symbol_contains_sep = intl && __curr_symbol_.size() == 4;
  
      // Comments on case branches reflect 'C11 7.11.2.1 The localeconv
      // function'. "Space between sign and symbol or value" means that
      // if the sign is adjacent to the symbol, there's a space between
      // them, and otherwise there's a space between the sign and value.
      //
      // C11's localeconv specifies that the fourth character of an
      // international curr_symbol is used to separate the sign and
      // value when sep_by_space says to do so. C++ can't represent
      // that, so we just use a space.  When sep_by_space says to
      // separate the symbol and value-or-sign with a space, we rearrange the
      // curr_symbol to put its spacing character on the correct side of
      // the symbol.
      //
      // We also need to avoid adding an extra space between the sign
      // and value when the currency symbol is suppressed (by not
      // setting showbase).  We match glibc's strfmon by interpreting
      // sep_by_space==1 as "omit the space when the currency symbol is
      // absent".
      //
      // Users who want to get this right should use ICU instead.
  
      switch (cs_precedes)
      {
      case 0:  // value before curr_symbol
          if (symbol_contains_sep) {
              // Move the separator to before the symbol, to place it
              // between the value and symbol.
              rotate(__curr_symbol_.begin(), __curr_symbol_.begin() + 3,
                     __curr_symbol_.end());
          }
          switch (sign_posn)
          {
          case 0:  // Parentheses surround the quantity and currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = sign;
              pat.field[1] = value;
              pat.field[2] = none;  // Any space appears in the symbol.
              pat.field[3] = symbol;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  // This case may have changed between C99 and C11;
                  // assume the currency symbol matches the intention.
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  // The "sign" is two parentheses, so no space here either.
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 1:  // The sign string precedes the quantity and currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = sign;
              pat.field[3] = symbol;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = value;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = value;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = space;
                  pat.field[2] = value;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // has already appeared after the sign.
                      __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 2:  // The sign string succeeds the quantity and currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = value;
              pat.field[3] = sign;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = symbol;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
                  }
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = symbol;
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = symbol;
                  pat.field[2] = space;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // should not be removed if showbase is absent.
                      __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 3:  // The sign string immediately precedes the currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = value;
              pat.field[3] = symbol;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = sign;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = space;
                  pat.field[2] = sign;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // has already appeared before the sign.
                      __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = sign;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 4:  // The sign string immediately succeeds the currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = value;
              pat.field[3] = sign;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = symbol;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = symbol;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = symbol;
                  pat.field[2] = space;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // should not disappear when showbase is absent.
                      __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          default:
              break;
          }
          break;
      case 1:  // curr_symbol before value
          switch (sign_posn)
          {
          case 0:  // Parentheses surround the quantity and currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = sign;
              pat.field[1] = symbol;
              pat.field[2] = none;  // Any space appears in the symbol.
              pat.field[3] = value;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  // This case may have changed between C99 and C11;
                  // assume the currency symbol matches the intention.
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  // The "sign" is two parentheses, so no space here either.
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 1:  // The sign string precedes the quantity and currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = sign;
              pat.field[3] = value;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = symbol;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = symbol;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = space;
                  pat.field[2] = symbol;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // has already appeared after the sign.
                      __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 2:  // The sign string succeeds the quantity and currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = symbol;
              pat.field[3] = sign;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = value;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = value;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = value;
                  pat.field[2] = space;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // will appear before the sign.
                      __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 3:  // The sign string immediately precedes the currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = sign;
              pat.field[3] = value;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = symbol;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = symbol;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = space;
                  pat.field[2] = symbol;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // has already appeared after the sign.
                      __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
                  }
                  return;
              default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          case 4:  // The sign string immediately succeeds the currency symbol.
              pat.field[0] = symbol;
              pat.field[3] = value;
              switch (sep_by_space)
              {
              case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
                  pat.field[1] = sign;
                  pat.field[2] = none;
                  return;
              case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
                  pat.field[1] = sign;
                  pat.field[2] = space;
                  if (symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
                      // should not disappear when showbase is absent.
                      __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
                  }
                  return;
              case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
                  pat.field[1] = none;
                  pat.field[2] = sign;
                  if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
                      // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
                      // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
                      // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
                      __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
                  }
                  return;
             default:
                  break;
              }
              break;
          default:
              break;
          }
          break;
      default:
          break;
      }
      pat.field[0] = symbol;
      pat.field[1] = sign;
      pat.field[2] = none;
      pat.field[3] = value;
  }
  
  template<>
  void
  moneypunct_byname<char, false>::init(const char* nm)
  {
      typedef moneypunct<char, false> base;
      __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (loc == nullptr)
          throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #else
      lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #endif
      if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
          __decimal_point_ = *lc->mon_decimal_point;
      else
          __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
      if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
          __thousands_sep_ = *lc->mon_thousands_sep;
      else
          __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
      __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
      __curr_symbol_ = lc->currency_symbol;
      if (lc->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
          __frac_digits_ = lc->frac_digits;
      else
          __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
      if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
          __positive_sign_ = "()";
      else
          __positive_sign_ = lc->positive_sign;
      if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
          __negative_sign_ = "()";
      else
          __negative_sign_ = lc->negative_sign;
      // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
      // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
      // represent anything else.
      string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
      __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, false,
                 lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, ' ');
      __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, false,
                 lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, ' ');
  }
  
  template<>
  void
  moneypunct_byname<char, true>::init(const char* nm)
  {
      typedef moneypunct<char, true> base;
      __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (loc == nullptr)
          throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #else
      lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #endif
      if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
          __decimal_point_ = *lc->mon_decimal_point;
      else
          __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
      if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
          __thousands_sep_ = *lc->mon_thousands_sep;
      else
          __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
      __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
      __curr_symbol_ = lc->int_curr_symbol;
      if (lc->int_frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
          __frac_digits_ = lc->int_frac_digits;
      else
          __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
  #else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
      if (lc->int_p_sign_posn == 0)
  #endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
          __positive_sign_ = "()";
      else
          __positive_sign_ = lc->positive_sign;
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      if(lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
  #else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
      if (lc->int_n_sign_posn == 0)
  #endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
          __negative_sign_ = "()";
      else
          __negative_sign_ = lc->negative_sign;
      // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
      // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
      // represent anything else.
      string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
                 lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, ' ');
      __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
                 lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, ' ');
  #else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
      __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
                 lc->int_p_cs_precedes, lc->int_p_sep_by_space,
                 lc->int_p_sign_posn, ' ');
      __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
                 lc->int_n_cs_precedes, lc->int_n_sep_by_space,
                 lc->int_n_sign_posn, ' ');
  #endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
  }
  
  template<>
  void
  moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>::init(const char* nm)
  {
      typedef moneypunct<wchar_t, false> base;
      __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (loc == nullptr)
          throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #else
      lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #endif
      if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
          __decimal_point_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_decimal_point);
      else
          __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
      if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
          __thousands_sep_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_thousands_sep);
      else
          __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
      __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
      wchar_t wbuf[100];
      mbstate_t mb = {0};
      const char* bb = lc->currency_symbol;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #else
      size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #endif
      if (j == size_t(-1))
          __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
      wchar_t* wbe = wbuf + j;
      __curr_symbol_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
      if (lc->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
          __frac_digits_ = lc->frac_digits;
      else
          __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
      if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
          __positive_sign_ = L"()";
      else
      {
          mb = mbstate_t();
          bb = lc->positive_sign;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #else
          j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __positive_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
      }
      if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
          __negative_sign_ = L"()";
      else
      {
          mb = mbstate_t();
          bb = lc->negative_sign;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #else
          j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __negative_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
      }
      // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
      // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
      // represent anything else.
      string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
      __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, false,
                 lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, L' ');
      __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, false,
                 lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, L' ');
  }
  
  template<>
  void
  moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>::init(const char* nm)
  {
      typedef moneypunct<wchar_t, true> base;
      __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      if (loc == nullptr)
          throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
                              " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
  #endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #else
      lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
  #endif
      if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
          __decimal_point_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_decimal_point);
      else
          __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
      if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
          __thousands_sep_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_thousands_sep);
      else
          __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
      __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
      wchar_t wbuf[100];
      mbstate_t mb = {0};
      const char* bb = lc->int_curr_symbol;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
      size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #else
      size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #endif
      if (j == size_t(-1))
          __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
      wchar_t* wbe = wbuf + j;
      __curr_symbol_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
      if (lc->int_frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
          __frac_digits_ = lc->int_frac_digits;
      else
          __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
  #else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
      if (lc->int_p_sign_posn == 0)
  #endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
          __positive_sign_ = L"()";
      else
      {
          mb = mbstate_t();
          bb = lc->positive_sign;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #else
          j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __positive_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
      }
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
  #else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
      if (lc->int_n_sign_posn == 0)
  #endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
          __negative_sign_ = L"()";
      else
      {
          mb = mbstate_t();
          bb = lc->negative_sign;
  #ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
          j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #else
          j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
  #endif
          if (j == size_t(-1))
              __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
          wbe = wbuf + j;
          __negative_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
      }
      // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
      // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
      // represent anything else.
      string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
  #if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
      __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
                 lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, L' ');
      __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
                 lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, L' ');
  #else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
      __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
                 lc->int_p_cs_precedes, lc->int_p_sep_by_space,
                 lc->int_p_sign_posn, L' ');
      __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
                 lc->int_n_cs_precedes, lc->int_n_sep_by_space,
                 lc->int_n_sign_posn, L' ');
  #endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
  }
  
  void __do_nothing(void*) {}
  
  void __throw_runtime_error(const char* msg)
  {
  #ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
      throw runtime_error(msg);
  #else
      (void)msg;
  #endif
  }
  
  template class collate<char>;
  template class collate<wchar_t>;
  
  template class num_get<char>;
  template class num_get<wchar_t>;
  
  template struct __num_get<char>;
  template struct __num_get<wchar_t>;
  
  template class num_put<char>;
  template class num_put<wchar_t>;
  
  template struct __num_put<char>;
  template struct __num_put<wchar_t>;
  
  template class time_get<char>;
  template class time_get<wchar_t>;
  
  template class time_get_byname<char>;
  template class time_get_byname<wchar_t>;
  
  template class time_put<char>;
  template class time_put<wchar_t>;
  
  template class time_put_byname<char>;
  template class time_put_byname<wchar_t>;
  
  template class moneypunct<char, false>;
  template class moneypunct<char, true>;
  template class moneypunct<wchar_t, false>;
  template class moneypunct<wchar_t, true>;
  
  template class moneypunct_byname<char, false>;
  template class moneypunct_byname<char, true>;
  template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>;
  template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>;
  
  template class money_get<char>;
  template class money_get<wchar_t>;
  
  template class __money_get<char>;
  template class __money_get<wchar_t>;
  
  template class money_put<char>;
  template class money_put<wchar_t>;
  
  template class __money_put<char>;
  template class __money_put<wchar_t>;
  
  template class messages<char>;
  template class messages<wchar_t>;
  
  template class messages_byname<char>;
  template class messages_byname<wchar_t>;
  
  template class codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>;
  template class codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>;
  template class codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>;
  template class codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>;
  
  template class __vector_base_common<true>;
  
  _LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD
  