text: /*
   * Portable Audio I/O Library WASAPI implementation
   * Copyright (c) 2006-2010 David Viens, Dmitry Kostjuchenko
   *
   * Based on the Open Source API proposed by Ross Bencina
   * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 Ross Bencina, Phil Burk
   *
   * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
   * a copy of this software and associated documentation files
   * (the "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction,
   * including without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
   * publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software,
   * and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
   * subject to the following conditions:
   *
   * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
   * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
   *
   * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
   * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
   * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT.
   * IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR
   * ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF
   * CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
   * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
   */
  
  /*
   * The text above constitutes the entire PortAudio license; however,
   * the PortAudio community also makes the following non-binding requests:
   *
   * Any person wishing to distribute modifications to the Software is
   * requested to send the modifications to the original developer so that
   * they can be incorporated into the canonical version. It is also
   * requested that these non-binding requests be included along with the
   * license above.
   */
  
  /** @file
   @ingroup hostapi_src
   @brief WASAPI implementation of support for a host API.
   @note pa_wasapi currently requires minimum VC 2005, and the latest Vista SDK
  */
  
  #include <windows.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <process.h>
  #include <assert.h>
  
  // Max device count (if defined) causes max constant device count in the device list that
  // enables PaWasapi_UpdateDeviceList() API and makes it possible to update WASAPI list dynamically
  #ifndef PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT
  	#define PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT 0 // Force basic behavior by defining 0 if not defined by user
  #endif
  
  // WinRT
  #if defined(WINAPI_FAMILY) && (WINAPI_FAMILY == WINAPI_FAMILY_APP)
  	#define PA_WINRT
  	#define INITGUID
  #endif
  
  // WASAPI
  #include <mmreg.h>  // must be before other Wasapi headers
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) && (_MSC_VER >= 1400)
  	#include <Avrt.h>
  	#define COBJMACROS
  	#include <Audioclient.h>
  	#include <endpointvolume.h>
  	#define INITGUID // Avoid additional linkage of static libs, excessive code will be optimized out by the compiler
  	#include <mmdeviceapi.h>
  	#include <functiondiscoverykeys.h>
      #include <devicetopology.h>	// Used to get IKsJackDescription interface
  	#undef INITGUID
  #endif
  #ifndef __MWERKS__
  	#include <malloc.h>
  	#include <memory.h>
  #endif
  
  #include "pa_util.h"
  #include "pa_allocation.h"
  #include "pa_hostapi.h"
  #include "pa_stream.h"
  #include "pa_cpuload.h"
  #include "pa_process.h"
  #include "pa_win_wasapi.h"
  #include "pa_debugprint.h"
  #include "pa_ringbuffer.h"
  #include "pa_win_coinitialize.h"
  
  #if !defined(NTDDI_VERSION)
   
      #undef WINVER
      #undef _WIN32_WINNT
      #define WINVER       0x0600 // VISTA
  	#define _WIN32_WINNT WINVER
  
  	#ifndef _AVRT_ //<< fix MinGW dummy compile by defining missing type: AVRT_PRIORITY
          typedef enum _AVRT_PRIORITY
          {
              AVRT_PRIORITY_LOW = -1,
              AVRT_PRIORITY_NORMAL,
              AVRT_PRIORITY_HIGH,
              AVRT_PRIORITY_CRITICAL
          } AVRT_PRIORITY, *PAVRT_PRIORITY;
  	#endif
  
  	#include <basetyps.h> // << for IID/CLSID
      #include <rpcsal.h>
      #include <sal.h>
  
  	#ifndef __LPCGUID_DEFINED__
  		#define __LPCGUID_DEFINED__
  		typedef const GUID *LPCGUID;
  	#endif
  
      #ifndef PROPERTYKEY_DEFINED
          #define PROPERTYKEY_DEFINED
          typedef struct _tagpropertykey
          {
              GUID fmtid;
              DWORD pid;
          } 	PROPERTYKEY;
      #endif
  
      #ifdef __midl_proxy
          #define __MIDL_CONST
      #else
          #define __MIDL_CONST const
      #endif
  
      #ifdef WIN64
          #include <wtypes.h>
          typedef LONG NTSTATUS;
          #define FASTCALL
          #include <oleidl.h>
          #include <objidl.h>
       #else
          typedef struct _BYTE_BLOB
          {
              unsigned long clSize;
              unsigned char abData[ 1 ];
          } 	BYTE_BLOB;
          typedef /* [unique] */  __RPC_unique_pointer BYTE_BLOB *UP_BYTE_BLOB;
          typedef LONGLONG REFERENCE_TIME;
          #define NONAMELESSUNION
      #endif
      
      #ifndef WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT
          #define WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT 0x0003 // 32-bit floating-point
      #endif    
      
      #ifndef __MINGW_EXTENSION
          #if defined(__GNUC__) || defined(__GNUG__)
              #define __MINGW_EXTENSION __extension__
          #else
              #define __MINGW_EXTENSION
          #endif
      #endif 
  
      #include <sdkddkver.h>
      #include <propkeydef.h>
      #define COBJMACROS
      #define INITGUID // Avoid additional linkage of static libs, excessive code will be optimized out by the compiler
      #include <audioclient.h>
      #include <mmdeviceapi.h>
      #include <endpointvolume.h>
      #include <functiondiscoverykeys.h>
  	#include <devicetopology.h>	// Used to get IKsJackDescription interface
      #undef INITGUID
  
  #endif // NTDDI_VERSION
  
  // Missing declarations for WinRT
  #ifdef PA_WINRT
  
  	#define DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE 0x00000001
  
  	typedef	enum _EDataFlow
  	{	
  		eRender					= 0,
  		eCapture				= ( eRender + 1 ) ,
  		eAll					= ( eCapture + 1 ) ,
  		EDataFlow_enum_count	= ( eAll + 1 )
  	}
  	EDataFlow;
  
  	typedef enum _EndpointFormFactor
  	{	
  		RemoteNetworkDevice			= 0,
  		Speakers					= ( RemoteNetworkDevice + 1 ) ,
  		LineLevel					= ( Speakers + 1 ) ,
  		Headphones					= ( LineLevel + 1 ) ,
  		Microphone					= ( Headphones + 1 ) ,
  		Headset						= ( Microphone + 1 ) ,
  		Handset						= ( Headset + 1 ) ,
  		UnknownDigitalPassthrough	= ( Handset + 1 ) ,
  		SPDIF						= ( UnknownDigitalPassthrough + 1 ) ,
  		HDMI						= ( SPDIF + 1 ) ,
  		UnknownFormFactor			= ( HDMI + 1 ) 
  	} 	
  	EndpointFormFactor;
  
  #endif
  
  #ifndef GUID_SECT
      #define GUID_SECT
  #endif
  
  #define __DEFINE_GUID(n,l,w1,w2,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8) static const GUID n GUID_SECT = {l,w1,w2,{b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8}}
  #define __DEFINE_IID(n,l,w1,w2,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8) static const IID n GUID_SECT = {l,w1,w2,{b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8}}
  #define __DEFINE_CLSID(n,l,w1,w2,b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8) static const CLSID n GUID_SECT = {l,w1,w2,{b1,b2,b3,b4,b5,b6,b7,b8}}
  #define PA_DEFINE_CLSID(className, l, w1, w2, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8) \
      __DEFINE_CLSID(pa_CLSID_##className, 0x##l, 0x##w1, 0x##w2, 0x##b1, 0x##b2, 0x##b3, 0x##b4, 0x##b5, 0x##b6, 0x##b7, 0x##b8)
  #define PA_DEFINE_IID(interfaceName, l, w1, w2, b1, b2, b3, b4, b5, b6, b7, b8) \
      __DEFINE_IID(pa_IID_##interfaceName, 0x##l, 0x##w1, 0x##w2, 0x##b1, 0x##b2, 0x##b3, 0x##b4, 0x##b5, 0x##b6, 0x##b7, 0x##b8)
  
  // "1CB9AD4C-DBFA-4c32-B178-C2F568A703B2"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IAudioClient,         1cb9ad4c, dbfa, 4c32, b1, 78, c2, f5, 68, a7, 03, b2);
  // "726778CD-F60A-4EDA-82DE-E47610CD78AA"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IAudioClient2,        726778cd, f60a, 4eda, 82, de, e4, 76, 10, cd, 78, aa);
  // "7ED4EE07-8E67-4CD4-8C1A-2B7A5987AD42"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IAudioClient3,        7ed4ee07, 8e67, 4cd4, 8c, 1a, 2b, 7a, 59, 87, ad, 42);
  // "1BE09788-6894-4089-8586-9A2A6C265AC5"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IMMEndpoint,          1be09788, 6894, 4089, 85, 86, 9a, 2a, 6c, 26, 5a, c5);
  // "A95664D2-9614-4F35-A746-DE8DB63617E6"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IMMDeviceEnumerator,  a95664d2, 9614, 4f35, a7, 46, de, 8d, b6, 36, 17, e6);
  // "BCDE0395-E52F-467C-8E3D-C4579291692E"
  PA_DEFINE_CLSID(IMMDeviceEnumerator,bcde0395, e52f, 467c, 8e, 3d, c4, 57, 92, 91, 69, 2e);
  // "F294ACFC-3146-4483-A7BF-ADDCA7C260E2"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IAudioRenderClient,   f294acfc, 3146, 4483, a7, bf, ad, dc, a7, c2, 60, e2);
  // "C8ADBD64-E71E-48a0-A4DE-185C395CD317"
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IAudioCaptureClient,  c8adbd64, e71e, 48a0, a4, de, 18, 5c, 39, 5c, d3, 17);
  // *2A07407E-6497-4A18-9787-32F79BD0D98F*  Or this??
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IDeviceTopology,      2A07407E, 6497, 4A18, 97, 87, 32, f7, 9b, d0, d9, 8f);
  // *AE2DE0E4-5BCA-4F2D-AA46-5D13F8FDB3A9*
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IPart,                AE2DE0E4, 5BCA, 4F2D, aa, 46, 5d, 13, f8, fd, b3, a9);
  // *4509F757-2D46-4637-8E62-CE7DB944F57B*
  PA_DEFINE_IID(IKsJackDescription,   4509F757, 2D46, 4637, 8e, 62, ce, 7d, b9, 44, f5, 7b);
  
  // Media formats:
  __DEFINE_GUID(pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM,        0x00000001, 0x0000, 0x0010, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 );
  __DEFINE_GUID(pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_ADPCM,      0x00000002, 0x0000, 0x0010, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 );
  __DEFINE_GUID(pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT, 0x00000003, 0x0000, 0x0010, 0x80, 0x00, 0x00, 0xaa, 0x00, 0x38, 0x9b, 0x71 );
  
  #ifdef __IAudioClient2_INTERFACE_DEFINED__
  typedef enum _pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS { 
  	pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS_NONE          = 0x00,
  	pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS_RAW           = 0x01,
  	pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS_MATCH_FORMAT  = 0x02
  } pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS;
  typedef struct _pa_AudioClientProperties {
  	UINT32                   cbSize;
  	BOOL                     bIsOffload;
  	AUDIO_STREAM_CATEGORY    eCategory;
  	pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS Options;
  } pa_AudioClientProperties;
  #define PA_AUDIOCLIENTPROPERTIES_SIZE_CATEGORY (sizeof(pa_AudioClientProperties) - sizeof(pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS))
  #define PA_AUDIOCLIENTPROPERTIES_SIZE_OPTIONS   sizeof(pa_AudioClientProperties)
  #endif // __IAudioClient2_INTERFACE_DEFINED__
  
  /* use CreateThread for CYGWIN/Windows Mobile, _beginthreadex for all others */
  #if !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(_WIN32_WCE)
  	#define CREATE_THREAD(PROC) (HANDLE)_beginthreadex( NULL, 0, (PROC), stream, 0, &stream->dwThreadId )
  	#define PA_THREAD_FUNC static unsigned WINAPI
  	#define PA_THREAD_ID unsigned
  #else
  	#define CREATE_THREAD(PROC) CreateThread( NULL, 0, (PROC), stream, 0, &stream->dwThreadId )
  	#define PA_THREAD_FUNC static DWORD WINAPI
  	#define PA_THREAD_ID DWORD
  #endif
  
  // Thread function forward decl.
  PA_THREAD_FUNC ProcThreadEvent(void *param);
  PA_THREAD_FUNC ProcThreadPoll(void *param);
  
  // Availabe from Windows 7
  #ifndef AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_ERROR
  	#define AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_ERROR AUDCLNT_ERR(0x018)
  #endif
  #ifndef AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED
  	#define AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED AUDCLNT_ERR(0x019)
  #endif
  #ifndef AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_DEVICE_PERIOD
  	#define AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_DEVICE_PERIOD AUDCLNT_ERR(0x020)
  #endif
  
  #define MAX_STR_LEN 512
  
  enum { S_INPUT = 0, S_OUTPUT = 1, S_COUNT = 2, S_FULLDUPLEX = 0 };
  
  // Number of packets which compose single contignous buffer. With trial and error it was calculated
  // that WASAPI Input sub-system uses 6 packets per whole buffer. Please provide more information
  // or corrections if available.
  enum { WASAPI_PACKETS_PER_INPUT_BUFFER = 6 };
  
  #define STATIC_ARRAY_SIZE(array) (sizeof(array)/sizeof(array[0]))
  
  #define PRINT(x) PA_DEBUG(x);
  
  #define PA_SKELETON_SET_LAST_HOST_ERROR( errorCode, errorText ) \
      PaUtil_SetLastHostErrorInfo( paWASAPI, errorCode, errorText )
  
  #define PA_WASAPI__IS_FULLDUPLEX(STREAM) ((STREAM)->in.clientProc && (STREAM)->out.clientProc)
  
  #ifndef IF_FAILED_JUMP
  #define IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, label) if(FAILED(hr)) goto label;
  #endif
  
  #ifndef IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP
  #define IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, error, label) if(FAILED(hr)) { error = paInternalError; goto label; }
  #endif
  
  #define SAFE_CLOSE(h) if ((h) != NULL) { CloseHandle((h)); (h) = NULL; }
  #define SAFE_RELEASE(punk) if ((punk) != NULL) { (punk)->lpVtbl->Release((punk)); (punk) = NULL; }
  
  // Mixer function
  typedef void (*MixMonoToStereoF) (void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count);
  
  // AVRT is the new "multimedia schedulling stuff"
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  typedef BOOL   (WINAPI *FAvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup)  (PHANDLE,PLARGE_INTEGER,GUID*,PLARGE_INTEGER);
  typedef BOOL   (WINAPI *FAvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup)  (HANDLE);
  typedef BOOL   (WINAPI *FAvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup)  (HANDLE);
  typedef HANDLE (WINAPI *FAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics)   (LPCSTR,LPDWORD);
  typedef BOOL   (WINAPI *FAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics)(HANDLE);
  typedef BOOL   (WINAPI *FAvSetMmThreadPriority)          (HANDLE,AVRT_PRIORITY);
  static HMODULE hDInputDLL = 0;
  FAvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup   pAvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup = NULL;
  FAvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup   pAvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup = NULL;
  FAvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup   pAvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup = NULL;
  FAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics    pAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics = NULL;
  FAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics pAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics = NULL;
  FAvSetMmThreadPriority           pAvSetMmThreadPriority = NULL;
  #endif
  
  #define _GetProc(fun, type, name)  {                                                        \
                                          fun = (type) GetProcAddress(hDInputDLL,name);       \
                                          if (fun == NULL) {                                  \
                                              PRINT(("GetProcAddr failed for %s" ,name));     \
                                              return FALSE;                                   \
                                          }                                                   \
                                      }                                                       \
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /* prototypes for functions declared in this file */
  #ifdef __cplusplus
  extern "C"
  {
  #endif /* __cplusplus */
  PaError PaWasapi_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex index );
  #ifdef __cplusplus
  }
  #endif /* __cplusplus */
  // dummy entry point for other compilers and sdks
  // currently built using RC1 SDK (5600)
  //#if _MSC_VER < 1400
  //PaError PaWasapi_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
  //{
      //return paNoError;
  //}
  //#else
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void Terminate( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi );
  static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
                                    const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
                                    const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
                                    double sampleRate );
  static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
                             PaStream** s,
                             const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
                             const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
                             double sampleRate,
                             unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
                             PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
                             PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
                             void *userData );
  static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* stream );
  static PaError StartStream( PaStream *stream );
  static PaError StopStream( PaStream *stream );
  static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *stream );
  static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s );
  static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *stream );
  static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *stream );
  static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* stream );
  static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* stream, void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
  static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* stream, const void *buffer, unsigned long frames );
  static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* stream );
  static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* stream );
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /*
   These are fields that can be gathered from IDevice and IAudioDevice PRIOR to Initialize, and
   done in first pass i assume that neither of these will cause the Driver to "load", but again,
   who knows how they implement their stuff
   */
  typedef struct PaWasapiDeviceInfo
  {
      // Device
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      IMMDevice *device;
  #endif
  
  	// from GetId
      WCHAR szDeviceID[MAX_STR_LEN];
  
  	// from GetState
      DWORD state;
  
      // Fields filled from IAudioDevice (_prior_ to Initialize)
      // from GetDevicePeriod(
      REFERENCE_TIME DefaultDevicePeriod;
      REFERENCE_TIME MinimumDevicePeriod;
  
  	// Default format (setup through Control Panel by user)
  	WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE DefaultFormat;
  
      // Fields filled from IMMEndpoint'sGetDataFlow
      EDataFlow flow;
  
  	// Formfactor
  	EndpointFormFactor formFactor;
  }
  PaWasapiDeviceInfo;
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /* PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation - host api datastructure specific to this implementation */
  typedef struct
  {
      PaUtilHostApiRepresentation inheritedHostApiRep;
      PaUtilStreamInterface       callbackStreamInterface;
      PaUtilStreamInterface       blockingStreamInterface;
  
      PaUtilAllocationGroup      *allocations;
  
      /* implementation specific data goes here */
  
      PaWinUtilComInitializationResult comInitializationResult;
  
      //this is the REAL number of devices, whether they are usefull to PA or not!
      UINT32 deviceCount;
  
      WCHAR defaultRenderer [MAX_STR_LEN];
      WCHAR defaultCapturer [MAX_STR_LEN];
  
      PaWasapiDeviceInfo *devInfo;
  
  	// Is true when WOW64 Vista/7 Workaround is needed
  	BOOL useWOW64Workaround;
  }
  PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation;
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /* PaWasapiAudioClientParams - audio client parameters */
  typedef struct PaWasapiAudioClientParams
  {
  	PaWasapiDeviceInfo *device_info;
  	PaStreamParameters  stream_params;
  	PaWasapiStreamInfo  wasapi_params;
  	UINT32              frames_per_buffer;
  	double              sample_rate;
  	BOOL                blocking;
  	BOOL                full_duplex;
  	BOOL                wow64_workaround;
  }
  PaWasapiAudioClientParams;
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /* PaWasapiStream - a stream data structure specifically for this implementation */
  typedef struct PaWasapiSubStream
  {
      IAudioClient        *clientParent;
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	IStream				*clientStream;
  #endif
  	IAudioClient		*clientProc;
  
      WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE wavex;
      UINT32               bufferSize;
      REFERENCE_TIME       deviceLatency;
      REFERENCE_TIME       period;
  	double				 latencySeconds;
      UINT32				 framesPerHostCallback;
  	AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE    shareMode;
  	UINT32               streamFlags; // AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK, ...
  	UINT32               flags;
  	PaWasapiAudioClientParams params; //!< parameters
  
  	// Buffers
  	UINT32               buffers;			//!< number of buffers used (from host side)
  	UINT32               framesPerBuffer;	//!< number of frames per 1 buffer
  	BOOL                 userBufferAndHostMatch;
  
  	// Used for Mono >> Stereo workaround, if driver does not support it
  	// (in Exclusive mode WASAPI usually refuses to operate with Mono (1-ch)
  	void                *monoBuffer;	 //!< pointer to buffer
  	UINT32               monoBufferSize; //!< buffer size in bytes
  	MixMonoToStereoF     monoMixer;		 //!< pointer to mixer function
  
  	PaUtilRingBuffer    *tailBuffer;       //!< buffer with trailing sample for blocking mode operations (only for Input)
  	void                *tailBufferMemory; //!< tail buffer memory region
  }
  PaWasapiSubStream;
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /* PaWasapiHostProcessor - redirects processing data */
  typedef struct PaWasapiHostProcessor
  {
      PaWasapiHostProcessorCallback processor;
      void *userData;
  }
  PaWasapiHostProcessor;
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  typedef struct PaWasapiStream
  {
  	/* IMPLEMENT ME: rename this */
      PaUtilStreamRepresentation streamRepresentation;
      PaUtilCpuLoadMeasurer      cpuLoadMeasurer;
      PaUtilBufferProcessor      bufferProcessor;
  
      // input
  	PaWasapiSubStream          in;
      IAudioCaptureClient       *captureClientParent;
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	IStream                   *captureClientStream;
  #endif
  	IAudioCaptureClient       *captureClient;
      IAudioEndpointVolume      *inVol;
  
  	// output
  	PaWasapiSubStream          out;
      IAudioRenderClient        *renderClientParent;
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	IStream                   *renderClientStream;
  #endif
  	IAudioRenderClient        *renderClient;
  	IAudioEndpointVolume      *outVol;
  
  	// event handles for event-driven processing mode
  	HANDLE event[S_COUNT];
  
  	// buffer mode
  	PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode bufferMode;
  
  	// must be volatile to avoid race condition on user query while
  	// thread is being started
      volatile BOOL running;
  
      PA_THREAD_ID dwThreadId;
      HANDLE hThread;
  	HANDLE hCloseRequest;
  	HANDLE hThreadStart;        //!< signalled by thread on start
  	HANDLE hThreadExit;         //!< signalled by thread on exit
  	HANDLE hBlockingOpStreamRD;
  	HANDLE hBlockingOpStreamWR;
  
      // Host callback Output overrider
  	PaWasapiHostProcessor hostProcessOverrideOutput;
  
      // Host callback Input overrider
  	PaWasapiHostProcessor hostProcessOverrideInput;
  
  	// Defines blocking/callback interface used
  	BOOL bBlocking;
  
  	// Av Task (MM thread management)
  	HANDLE hAvTask;
  
  	// Thread priority level
  	PaWasapiThreadPriority nThreadPriority;
  }
  PaWasapiStream;
  
  // COM marshaling
  static HRESULT MarshalSubStreamComPointers(PaWasapiSubStream *substream);
  static HRESULT MarshalStreamComPointers(PaWasapiStream *stream);
  static HRESULT UnmarshalSubStreamComPointers(PaWasapiSubStream *substream);
  static HRESULT UnmarshalStreamComPointers(PaWasapiStream *stream);
  static void ReleaseUnmarshaledSubComPointers(PaWasapiSubStream *substream);
  static void ReleaseUnmarshaledComPointers(PaWasapiStream *stream);
  
  // Local stream methods
  static void _StreamOnStop(PaWasapiStream *stream);
  static void _StreamFinish(PaWasapiStream *stream);
  static void _StreamCleanup(PaWasapiStream *stream);
  static HRESULT _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(PaWasapiStream *stream, UINT32 *available);
  static HRESULT _PollGetInputFramesAvailable(PaWasapiStream *stream, UINT32 *available);
  static void *PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(void *ptr, size_t size);
  static void PaWasapi_FreeMemory(void *ptr);
  
  // Local statics
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define LogHostError(HRES) __LogHostError(HRES, __FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__)
  static HRESULT __LogHostError(HRESULT res, const char *func, const char *file, int line)
  {
      const char *text = NULL;
      switch (res)
  	{
  	case S_OK: return res;
  	case E_POINTER                              :text ="E_POINTER"; break;
  	case E_INVALIDARG                           :text ="E_INVALIDARG"; break;
  
  	case AUDCLNT_E_NOT_INITIALIZED              :text ="AUDCLNT_E_NOT_INITIALIZED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_ALREADY_INITIALIZED          :text ="AUDCLNT_E_ALREADY_INITIALIZED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_WRONG_ENDPOINT_TYPE          :text ="AUDCLNT_E_WRONG_ENDPOINT_TYPE"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_DEVICE_INVALIDATED           :text ="AUDCLNT_E_DEVICE_INVALIDATED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_NOT_STOPPED                  :text ="AUDCLNT_E_NOT_STOPPED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE             :text ="AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_OUT_OF_ORDER                 :text ="AUDCLNT_E_OUT_OF_ORDER"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT           :text ="AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_SIZE                 :text ="AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_SIZE"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_DEVICE_IN_USE                :text ="AUDCLNT_E_DEVICE_IN_USE"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_OPERATION_PENDING     :text ="AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_OPERATION_PENDING"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_THREAD_NOT_REGISTERED        :text ="AUDCLNT_E_THREAD_NOT_REGISTERED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_NOT_ALLOWED   :text ="AUDCLNT_E_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_NOT_ALLOWED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_ENDPOINT_CREATE_FAILED       :text ="AUDCLNT_E_ENDPOINT_CREATE_FAILED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_SERVICE_NOT_RUNNING          :text ="AUDCLNT_E_SERVICE_NOT_RUNNING"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_EVENTHANDLE_NOT_EXPECTED     :text ="AUDCLNT_E_EVENTHANDLE_NOT_EXPECTED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_ONLY          :text ="AUDCLNT_E_EXCLUSIVE_MODE_ONLY"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_BUFDURATION_PERIOD_NOT_EQUAL :text ="AUDCLNT_E_BUFDURATION_PERIOD_NOT_EQUAL"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_EVENTHANDLE_NOT_SET          :text ="AUDCLNT_E_EVENTHANDLE_NOT_SET"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE        :text ="AUDCLNT_E_INCORRECT_BUFFER_SIZE"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_ERROR            :text ="AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_ERROR"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_CPUUSAGE_EXCEEDED            :text ="AUDCLNT_E_CPUUSAGE_EXCEEDED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_ERROR					:text ="AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_ERROR"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED		:text ="AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_DEVICE_PERIOD		:text ="AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_DEVICE_PERIOD"; break;
  
  	case AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY                 :text ="AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_S_THREAD_ALREADY_REGISTERED    :text ="AUDCLNT_S_THREAD_ALREADY_REGISTERED"; break;
  	case AUDCLNT_S_POSITION_STALLED				:text ="AUDCLNT_S_POSITION_STALLED"; break;
  
  	// other windows common errors:
  	case CO_E_NOTINITIALIZED                    :text ="CO_E_NOTINITIALIZED: you must call CoInitialize() before Pa_OpenStream()"; break;
  
  	default:
  		text = "UNKNOWN ERROR";
      }
  	PRINT(("WASAPI ERROR HRESULT: 0x%X : %s\n [FUNCTION: %s FILE: %s {LINE: %d}]\n", res, text, func, file, line));
  #ifndef PA_ENABLE_DEBUG_OUTPUT
  	(void)func; (void)file; (void)line;
  #endif
  	PA_SKELETON_SET_LAST_HOST_ERROR(res, text);
  	return res;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define LogPaError(PAERR) __LogPaError(PAERR, __FUNCTION__, __FILE__, __LINE__)
  static PaError __LogPaError(PaError err, const char *func, const char *file, int line)
  {
  	if (err == paNoError)
  		return err;
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI ERROR PAERROR: %i : %s\n [FUNCTION: %s FILE: %s {LINE: %d}]\n", err, Pa_GetErrorText(err), func, file, line));
  #ifndef PA_ENABLE_DEBUG_OUTPUT
  	(void)func; (void)file; (void)line;
  #endif
  	return err;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /*! \class ThreadSleepScheduler
             Allows to emulate thread sleep of less than 1 millisecond under Windows. Scheduler
  		   calculates number of times the thread must run untill next sleep of 1 millisecond.
  		   It does not make thread sleeping for real number of microseconds but rather controls
  		   how many of imaginary microseconds the thread task can allow thread to sleep.
  */
  typedef struct ThreadIdleScheduler
  {
  	UINT32 m_idle_microseconds; //!< number of microseconds to sleep
  	UINT32 m_next_sleep;        //!< next sleep round
  	UINT32 m_i;					//!< current round iterator position
  	UINT32 m_resolution;		//!< resolution in number of milliseconds
  }
  ThreadIdleScheduler;
  //! Setup scheduler.
  static void ThreadIdleScheduler_Setup(ThreadIdleScheduler *sched, UINT32 resolution, UINT32 microseconds)
  {
  	assert(microseconds != 0);
  	assert(resolution != 0);
  	assert((resolution * 1000) >= microseconds);
  
  	memset(sched, 0, sizeof(*sched));
  
  	sched->m_idle_microseconds = microseconds;
  	sched->m_resolution        = resolution;
  	sched->m_next_sleep        = (resolution * 1000) / microseconds;
  }
  //! Iterate and check if can sleep.
  static UINT32 ThreadIdleScheduler_NextSleep(ThreadIdleScheduler *sched)
  {
  	// advance and check if thread can sleep
  	if (++ sched->m_i == sched->m_next_sleep)
  	{
  		sched->m_i = 0;
  		return sched->m_resolution;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /*static double nano100ToMillis(REFERENCE_TIME ref)
  {
      //  1 nano = 0.000000001 seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0000001   seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0001   milliseconds
      return ((double)ref)*0.0001;
  }*/
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static double nano100ToSeconds(REFERENCE_TIME ref)
  {
      //  1 nano = 0.000000001 seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0000001   seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0001   milliseconds
      return ((double)ref)*0.0000001;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /*static REFERENCE_TIME MillisTonano100(double ref)
  {
      //  1 nano = 0.000000001 seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0000001   seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0001   milliseconds
      return (REFERENCE_TIME)(ref/0.0001);
  }*/
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static REFERENCE_TIME SecondsTonano100(double ref)
  {
      //  1 nano = 0.000000001 seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0000001   seconds
      //100 nano = 0.0001   milliseconds
      return (REFERENCE_TIME)(ref/0.0000001);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Makes Hns period from frames and sample rate
  static REFERENCE_TIME MakeHnsPeriod(UINT32 nFrames, DWORD nSamplesPerSec)
  {
  	return (REFERENCE_TIME)((10000.0 * 1000 / nSamplesPerSec * nFrames) + 0.5);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Converts PaSampleFormat to bits per sample value
  static WORD PaSampleFormatToBitsPerSample(PaSampleFormat format_id)
  {
  	switch (format_id & ~paNonInterleaved)
  	{
  		case paFloat32:
  		case paInt32: return 32;
  		case paInt24: return 24;
  		case paInt16: return 16;
  		case paInt8:
  		case paUInt8: return 8;
  	}
  	return 0;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Converts PaSampleFormat to bits per sample value
  /*static WORD PaSampleFormatToBytesPerSample(PaSampleFormat format_id)
  {
  	return PaSampleFormatToBitsPerSample(format_id) >> 3; // 'bits/8'
  }*/
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Converts Hns period into number of frames
  static UINT32 MakeFramesFromHns(REFERENCE_TIME hnsPeriod, UINT32 nSamplesPerSec)
  {
      UINT32 nFrames = (UINT32)(	// frames =
          1.0 * hnsPeriod *		// hns *
          nSamplesPerSec /		// (frames / s) /
          1000 /					// (ms / s) /
          10000					// (hns / s) /
          + 0.5					// rounding
      );
  	return nFrames;
  }
  
  // Aligning function type
  typedef UINT32 (*ALIGN_FUNC) (UINT32 v, UINT32 align);
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Aligns 'v' backwards
  static UINT32 ALIGN_BWD(UINT32 v, UINT32 align)
  {
  	return ((v - (align ? v % align : 0)));
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Aligns 'v' forward
  static UINT32 ALIGN_FWD(UINT32 v, UINT32 align)
  {
  	UINT32 remainder = (align ? (v % align) : 0);
  	if (remainder == 0)
  		return v;
  	return v + (align - remainder);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Get next value power of 2
  UINT32 ALIGN_NEXT_POW2(UINT32 v)
  {
  	UINT32 v2 = 1;
  	while (v > (v2 <<= 1)) { }
  	v = v2;
  	return v;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Aligns WASAPI buffer to 128 byte packet boundary. HD Audio will fail to play if buffer
  // is misaligned. This problem was solved in Windows 7 were AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED
  // is thrown although we must align for Vista anyway.
  static UINT32 AlignFramesPerBuffer(UINT32 nFrames, UINT32 nSamplesPerSec, UINT32 nBlockAlign,
  								   ALIGN_FUNC pAlignFunc)
  {
  #define HDA_PACKET_SIZE (128)
  
  	long frame_bytes = nFrames * nBlockAlign;
  	long packets;
  	(void)nSamplesPerSec;
  
  	// align to packet size
  	frame_bytes  = pAlignFunc(frame_bytes, HDA_PACKET_SIZE); // use ALIGN_FWD if bigger but safer period is more desired
  
  	// atlest 1 frame must be available
  	if (frame_bytes < HDA_PACKET_SIZE)
  		frame_bytes = HDA_PACKET_SIZE;
  
  	nFrames      = frame_bytes / nBlockAlign;
  	packets      = frame_bytes / HDA_PACKET_SIZE;
  
  	frame_bytes = packets * HDA_PACKET_SIZE;
  	nFrames     = frame_bytes / nBlockAlign;
  
  	return nFrames;
  
  #undef HDA_PACKET_SIZE
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static UINT32 GetFramesSleepTime(UINT32 nFrames, UINT32 nSamplesPerSec)
  {
  	REFERENCE_TIME nDuration;
  	if (nSamplesPerSec == 0)
  		return 0;
  #define REFTIMES_PER_SEC  10000000
  #define REFTIMES_PER_MILLISEC  10000
  	// Calculate the actual duration of the allocated buffer.
  	nDuration = (REFERENCE_TIME)((double)REFTIMES_PER_SEC * nFrames / nSamplesPerSec);
  	return (UINT32)(nDuration/REFTIMES_PER_MILLISEC/2);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static UINT32 GetFramesSleepTimeMicroseconds(UINT32 nFrames, UINT32 nSamplesPerSec)
  {
  	REFERENCE_TIME nDuration;
  	if (nSamplesPerSec == 0)
  		return 0;
  #define REFTIMES_PER_SEC  10000000
  #define REFTIMES_PER_MILLISEC  10000
  	// Calculate the actual duration of the allocated buffer.
  	nDuration = (REFERENCE_TIME)((double)REFTIMES_PER_SEC * nFrames / nSamplesPerSec);
  	return (UINT32)(nDuration/10/2);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  static BOOL SetupAVRT()
  {
      hDInputDLL = LoadLibraryA("avrt.dll");
      if (hDInputDLL == NULL)
          return FALSE;
  
      _GetProc(pAvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup,  FAvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup,  "AvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup");
      _GetProc(pAvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup,  FAvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup,  "AvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup");
      _GetProc(pAvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup,  FAvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup,  "AvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup");
      _GetProc(pAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics,   FAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics,   "AvSetMmThreadCharacteristicsA");
  	_GetProc(pAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics,FAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics,"AvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics");
      _GetProc(pAvSetMmThreadPriority,          FAvSetMmThreadPriority,          "AvSetMmThreadPriority");
  
  	return pAvRtCreateThreadOrderingGroup &&
  		pAvRtDeleteThreadOrderingGroup &&
  		pAvRtWaitOnThreadOrderingGroup &&
  		pAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics &&
  		pAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics &&
  		pAvSetMmThreadPriority;
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void CloseAVRT()
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	if (hDInputDLL != NULL)
  		FreeLibrary(hDInputDLL);
  	hDInputDLL = NULL;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static BOOL IsWow64()
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  
  	// http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms684139(VS.85).aspx
  
  	typedef BOOL (WINAPI *LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) (HANDLE, PBOOL);
  	LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS fnIsWow64Process;
  
      BOOL bIsWow64 = FALSE;
  
      // IsWow64Process is not available on all supported versions of Windows.
      // Use GetModuleHandle to get a handle to the DLL that contains the function
      // and GetProcAddress to get a pointer to the function if available.
  
      fnIsWow64Process = (LPFN_ISWOW64PROCESS) GetProcAddress(
          GetModuleHandleA("kernel32"), "IsWow64Process");
  
      if (fnIsWow64Process == NULL)
  		return FALSE;
  
      if (!fnIsWow64Process(GetCurrentProcess(), &bIsWow64))
  		return FALSE;
  
      return bIsWow64;
  
  #else
  
  	return FALSE;
  
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  typedef enum EWindowsVersion
  {
  	WINDOWS_UNKNOWN = 0,
  	WINDOWS_VISTA_SERVER2008,
  	WINDOWS_7_SERVER2008R2,
  	WINDOWS_8_SERVER2012,
  	WINDOWS_8_1_SERVER2012R2,
  	WINDOWS_10_SERVER2016,
  	WINDOWS_FUTURE
  }
  EWindowsVersion;
  // Alternative way for checking Windows version (allows to check version on Windows 8.1 and up)
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  static BOOL IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(WORD wMajorVersion, WORD wMinorVersion, WORD wServicePackMajor)
  {
  	typedef ULONGLONG (NTAPI *LPFN_VERSETCONDITIONMASK)(ULONGLONG ConditionMask, DWORD TypeMask, BYTE Condition);
  	typedef BOOL (WINAPI *LPFN_VERIFYVERSIONINFO)(LPOSVERSIONINFOEXA lpVersionInformation, DWORD dwTypeMask, DWORDLONG dwlConditionMask);
  
  	LPFN_VERSETCONDITIONMASK fnVerSetConditionMask;
  	LPFN_VERIFYVERSIONINFO fnVerifyVersionInfo;
  	OSVERSIONINFOEXA osvi = { sizeof(osvi), 0, 0, 0, 0, {0}, 0, 0 };
  	DWORDLONG dwlConditionMask;
  
  	fnVerSetConditionMask = (LPFN_VERSETCONDITIONMASK)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("kernel32"), "VerSetConditionMask");
  	fnVerifyVersionInfo = (LPFN_VERIFYVERSIONINFO)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("kernel32"), "VerifyVersionInfoA");
  
  	if ((fnVerSetConditionMask == NULL) || (fnVerifyVersionInfo == NULL))
  		return FALSE;
  
  	dwlConditionMask = fnVerSetConditionMask(
  		fnVerSetConditionMask(
  			fnVerSetConditionMask(
  				0, VER_MAJORVERSION,     VER_GREATER_EQUAL),
  				   VER_MINORVERSION,     VER_GREATER_EQUAL),
  				   VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, VER_GREATER_EQUAL);
  
  	osvi.dwMajorVersion    = wMajorVersion;
  	osvi.dwMinorVersion    = wMinorVersion;
  	osvi.wServicePackMajor = wServicePackMajor;
  
  	return (fnVerifyVersionInfo(&osvi, VER_MAJORVERSION | VER_MINORVERSION | VER_SERVICEPACKMAJOR, dwlConditionMask) != FALSE);
  }
  #endif
  // Get Windows version
  static EWindowsVersion GetWindowsVersion()
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	static EWindowsVersion version = WINDOWS_UNKNOWN;
  
  	if (version == WINDOWS_UNKNOWN)
  	{
  		DWORD dwVersion = 0;
  		DWORD dwMajorVersion = 0;
  		DWORD dwMinorVersion = 0;
  		DWORD dwBuild = 0;
  
  		typedef DWORD (WINAPI *LPFN_GETVERSION)(VOID);
  		LPFN_GETVERSION fnGetVersion;
  
  		fnGetVersion = (LPFN_GETVERSION)GetProcAddress(GetModuleHandleA("kernel32"), "GetVersion");
  		if (fnGetVersion != NULL)
  		{
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: getting Windows version with GetVersion()\n"));
  
  			dwVersion = fnGetVersion();
  
  			// Get the Windows version
  			dwMajorVersion = (DWORD)(LOBYTE(LOWORD(dwVersion)));
  			dwMinorVersion = (DWORD)(HIBYTE(LOWORD(dwVersion)));
  
  			// Get the build number
  			if (dwVersion < 0x80000000)
  				dwBuild = (DWORD)(HIWORD(dwVersion));
  
  			switch (dwMajorVersion)
  			{
  			case 0:
  			case 1:
  			case 2:
  			case 3:
  			case 4:
  			case 5:
  				break; // skip lower
  			case 6:
  				switch (dwMinorVersion)
  				{
  				case 0:  version = WINDOWS_VISTA_SERVER2008;	break;
  				case 1:	 version = WINDOWS_7_SERVER2008R2;		break;
  				case 2:	 version = WINDOWS_8_SERVER2012;  		break;
  				case 3:	 version = WINDOWS_8_1_SERVER2012R2;	break;
  				default: version = WINDOWS_FUTURE;				break;
  				}
  				break;
  			case 10:
  				switch (dwMinorVersion)
  				{
  				case 0:	 version = WINDOWS_10_SERVER2016;		break;
  				default: version = WINDOWS_FUTURE;				break;
  				}
  				break;
  			default:
  				version = WINDOWS_FUTURE;
  				break;
  			}
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: getting Windows version with VerifyVersionInfo()\n"));
  
  			if (IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(10, 0, 0))
  				version = WINDOWS_10_SERVER2016;
  			else
  			if (IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(6, 3, 0))
  				version = WINDOWS_8_1_SERVER2012R2;
  			else
  			if (IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(6, 2, 0))
  				version = WINDOWS_8_SERVER2012;
  			else
  			if (IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(6, 1, 0))
  				version = WINDOWS_7_SERVER2008R2;
  			else
  			if (IsWindowsVersionOrGreater(6, 0, 0))
  				version = WINDOWS_VISTA_SERVER2008;
  			else
  				version = WINDOWS_FUTURE;
  		}
  
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: Windows version = %d\n", version));
  	}
  
  	return version;
  #else
  	#if (_WIN32_WINNT >= _WIN32_WINNT_WIN10)
  		return WINDOWS_10_SERVER2016;
  	#else
  		return WINDOWS_8_SERVER2012;
  	#endif
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static BOOL UseWOW64Workaround()
  {
  	// note: WOW64 bug is common to Windows Vista x64, thus we fall back to safe Poll-driven
  	//       method. Windows 7 x64 seems has WOW64 bug fixed.
  
  	return (IsWow64() && (GetWindowsVersion() == WINDOWS_VISTA_SERVER2008));
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static UINT32 GetAudioClientVersion()
  {
  	if (GetWindowsVersion() >= WINDOWS_10_SERVER2016)
  		return 3;
  	else
  	if (GetWindowsVersion() >= WINDOWS_8_SERVER2012)
  		return 2;
  
  	return 1;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static const IID *GetAudioClientIID()
  {
  	static const IID *cli_iid = NULL;
  	if (cli_iid == NULL)
  	{
  		UINT32 cli_version = GetAudioClientVersion();
  		switch (cli_version)
  		{
  		case 3:  cli_iid = &pa_IID_IAudioClient3; break;
  		case 2:  cli_iid = &pa_IID_IAudioClient2; break;
  		default: cli_iid = &pa_IID_IAudioClient;  break;
  		}
  
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: IAudioClient version = %d\n", cli_version));
  	}
  
  	return cli_iid;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  typedef enum EMixerDir { MIX_DIR__1TO2, MIX_DIR__2TO1, MIX_DIR__2TO1_L } EMixerDir;
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_1_TO_2(TYPE)\
  	TYPE * __restrict to   = __to;\
  	TYPE * __restrict from = __from;\
  	TYPE * __restrict end  = from + count;\
  	while (from != end)\
  	{\
  		*to ++ = *from;\
  		*to ++ = *from;\
  		++ from;\
  	}
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_FLT32(TYPE)\
  	TYPE * __restrict to   = (TYPE *)__to;\
  	TYPE * __restrict from = (TYPE *)__from;\
  	TYPE * __restrict end  = to + count;\
  	while (to != end)\
  	{\
  		*to ++ = (TYPE)((float)(from[0] + from[1]) * 0.5f);\
  		from += 2;\
  	}
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_INT32(TYPE)\
  	TYPE * __restrict to   = (TYPE *)__to;\
  	TYPE * __restrict from = (TYPE *)__from;\
  	TYPE * __restrict end  = to + count;\
  	while (to != end)\
  	{\
  		*to ++ = (TYPE)(((INT32)from[0] + (INT32)from[1]) >> 1);\
  		from += 2;\
  	}
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_INT64(TYPE)\
  	TYPE * __restrict to   = (TYPE *)__to;\
  	TYPE * __restrict from = (TYPE *)__from;\
  	TYPE * __restrict end  = to + count;\
  	while (to != end)\
  	{\
  		*to ++ = (TYPE)(((INT64)from[0] + (INT64)from[1]) >> 1);\
  		from += 2;\
  	}
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_L(TYPE)\
  	TYPE * __restrict to   = (TYPE *)__to;\
  	TYPE * __restrict from = (TYPE *)__from;\
  	TYPE * __restrict end  = to + count;\
  	while (to != end)\
  	{\
  		*to ++ = from[0];\
  		from += 2;\
  	}
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_8(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_1_TO_2(BYTE); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_16(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_1_TO_2(short); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_24(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_1_TO_2(int); /* !!! int24 data is contained in 32-bit containers*/ }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_32(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_1_TO_2(int); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_32f(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_1_TO_2(float); }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_8(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_INT32(BYTE); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_16(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_INT32(short); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_24(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_INT32(int); /* !!! int24 data is contained in 32-bit containers*/ }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_INT64(int); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32f(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_FLT32(float); }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_8_L(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_L(BYTE); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_16_L(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_L(short); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_24_L(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_L(int); /* !!! int24 data is contained in 32-bit containers*/ }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32_L(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_L(int); }
  static void _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32f_L(void *__to, void *__from, UINT32 count) { _WASAPI_MONO_TO_STEREO_MIXER_2_TO_1_L(float); }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static MixMonoToStereoF _GetMonoToStereoMixer(PaSampleFormat format, EMixerDir dir)
  {
  	switch (dir)
  	{
  	case MIX_DIR__1TO2:
  		switch (format & ~paNonInterleaved)
  		{
  		case paUInt8:	return _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_8;
  		case paInt16:	return _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_16;
  		case paInt24:	return _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_24;
  		case paInt32:	return _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_32;
  		case paFloat32: return _MixMonoToStereo_1TO2_32f;
  		}
  		break;
  
  	case MIX_DIR__2TO1:
  		switch (format & ~paNonInterleaved)
  		{
  		case paUInt8:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_8;
  		case paInt16:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_16;
  		case paInt24:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_24;
  		case paInt32:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32;
  		case paFloat32: return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32f;
  		}
  		break;
  
  	case MIX_DIR__2TO1_L:
  		switch (format & ~paNonInterleaved)
  		{
  		case paUInt8:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_8_L;
  		case paInt16:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_16_L;
  		case paInt24:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_24_L;
  		case paInt32:	return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32_L;
  		case paFloat32: return _MixMonoToStereo_2TO1_32f_L;
  		}
  		break;
  	}
  
  	return NULL;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifdef PA_WINRT
  typedef struct PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler
  {
  	IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler parent;
  	volatile LONG refs;
  	volatile LONG done;
  	struct
  	{
  		const IID *iid;
  		void **obj;
  	}
  	in;
  	struct
  	{
  		HRESULT hr;
  	}
  	out;
  }
  PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler;
  
  static HRESULT (STDMETHODCALLTYPE PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_QueryInterface)( 
      IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *This, REFIID riid, void **ppvObject)
  {
  	PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handler = (PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)This;
  
  	// From MSDN:
  	// "The IAgileObject interface is a marker interface that indicates that an object 
  	//  is free threaded and can be called from any apartment."
  	if (IsEqualIID(riid, &IID_IUnknown) || 
  		IsEqualIID(riid, &IID_IAgileObject))
  	{
  		IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_AddRef((IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)handler);
  		(*ppvObject) = handler;
  		return S_OK;
  	}
  
  	return E_NOINTERFACE;
  }
          
  static ULONG (STDMETHODCALLTYPE PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_AddRef)( 
      IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *This)
  {
  	PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handler = (PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)This;
  
  	return InterlockedIncrement(&handler->refs);
  }
          
  static ULONG (STDMETHODCALLTYPE PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_Release)( 
      IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *This)
  {
  	PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handler = (PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)This;
  	ULONG refs;
  
  	if ((refs = InterlockedDecrement(&handler->refs)) == 0)
  	{
  		PaUtil_FreeMemory(handler->parent.lpVtbl);
  		PaUtil_FreeMemory(handler);
  	}
  
  	return refs;
  }
          
  static HRESULT (STDMETHODCALLTYPE PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_ActivateCompleted)( 
      IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *This, IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation *activateOperation)
  {
  	PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handler = (PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)This;
  
      HRESULT hr = S_OK;
      HRESULT hrActivateResult = S_OK;
      IUnknown *punkAudioInterface = NULL;
   
      // Check for a successful activation result
      hr = IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation_GetActivateResult(activateOperation, &hrActivateResult, &punkAudioInterface);
      if (SUCCEEDED(hr) && SUCCEEDED(hrActivateResult))
      {
          // Get pointer to the requested audio interface
          IUnknown_QueryInterface(punkAudioInterface, handler->in.iid, handler->in.obj);
          if ((*handler->in.obj) == NULL)
              hrActivateResult = E_FAIL;
  	}
  	SAFE_RELEASE(punkAudioInterface);
  
  	if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
  		handler->out.hr = hrActivateResult;
  	else
  		handler->out.hr = hr;
  	
  	// Got client object, stop busy waiting in ActivateAudioInterface
  	InterlockedExchange(&handler->done, TRUE);
  
  	return hr;
  }
  
  static IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *CreateActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler(const IID *iid, void **obj)
  {
  	PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handler = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler));
  	ZeroMemory(handler, sizeof(*handler));
  	handler->parent.lpVtbl = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(*handler->parent.lpVtbl));
  	handler->parent.lpVtbl->QueryInterface    = &PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_QueryInterface;
  	handler->parent.lpVtbl->AddRef            = &PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_AddRef;
  	handler->parent.lpVtbl->Release           = &PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_Release;
  	handler->parent.lpVtbl->ActivateCompleted = &PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler_ActivateCompleted;
  	handler->refs = 1;
  	handler->in.iid = iid;
  	handler->in.obj = obj;
  	return (IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)handler;
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifdef PA_WINRT
  static HRESULT ActivateAudioInterface_WINRT(EDataFlow flow, const IID *iid, void **obj)
  {
  #define PA_WASAPI_DEVICE_PATH_LEN 64
  	
  	PaError result = paNoError;
  	HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	IActivateAudioInterfaceAsyncOperation *asyncOp = NULL;
  	IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handler = CreateActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler(iid, obj);
  	PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *handlerImpl = (PaActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler *)handler;
  	OLECHAR devicePath[PA_WASAPI_DEVICE_PATH_LEN] = { 0 };
  
  	// Get device path in form L"{DEVICE_GUID}"
  	switch (flow)
  	{
  	case eRender:
  		StringFromGUID2(&DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_RENDER, devicePath, PA_WASAPI_DEVICE_PATH_LEN - 1);
  		break;
  	case eCapture:
  		StringFromGUID2(&DEVINTERFACE_AUDIO_CAPTURE, devicePath, PA_WASAPI_DEVICE_PATH_LEN - 1);
  		break;
  	default:
  		return S_FALSE;
  	}	
  
  	// Async operation will call back to IActivateAudioInterfaceCompletionHandler::ActivateCompleted 
  	// which must be an agile interface implementation
      hr = ActivateAudioInterfaceAsync(devicePath, iid, NULL, handler, &asyncOp);
      IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
  	// Wait in busy loop for async operation to complete
  	// Use Interlocked API here to ensure that ->done variable is read every time through the loop
  	while (SUCCEEDED(hr) && !InterlockedOr(&handlerImpl->done, 0))
  	{
  		Sleep(1);
  	}
  
  	hr = handlerImpl->out.hr;
  
  error:
  
  	SAFE_RELEASE(asyncOp);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(handler);
  
      return hr;
  	
  #undef PA_WASAPI_DEVICE_PATH_LEN
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static HRESULT ActivateAudioInterface(const PaWasapiDeviceInfo *deviceInfo, IAudioClient **client)
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	return IMMDevice_Activate(deviceInfo->device, GetAudioClientIID(), CLSCTX_ALL, NULL, (void **)client);
  #else
  	return ActivateAudioInterface_WINRT(deviceInfo->flow, GetAudioClientIID(), (void **)client);
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifdef PA_WINRT
  // Windows 10 SDK 10.0.15063.0 has SignalObjectAndWait defined again (unlike in 10.0.14393.0 and lower)
  #if !defined(WDK_NTDDI_VERSION) || (WDK_NTDDI_VERSION < NTDDI_WIN10_RS2) 
  static DWORD SignalObjectAndWait(HANDLE hObjectToSignal, HANDLE hObjectToWaitOn, DWORD dwMilliseconds, BOOL bAlertable)
  {
  	SetEvent(hObjectToSignal);
  	return WaitForSingleObjectEx(hObjectToWaitOn, dwMilliseconds, bAlertable);
  }
  #endif
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError CreateDeviceList(PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex)
  {
  	PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi = (PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *)paWasapi;
      PaError result = paNoError;
      PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfoArray;
      HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	UINT i;
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      IMMDeviceCollection* pEndPoints = NULL;
  	IMMDeviceEnumerator *pEnumerator = NULL;
  #else
  	WAVEFORMATEX *mixFormat;
  #endif
  	IAudioClient *tmpClient;
  
  	// Make sure device list empty
  	if ((paWasapi->deviceCount != 0) || (hostApi->info.deviceCount != 0))
  		return paInternalError;
  
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      hr = CoCreateInstance(&pa_CLSID_IMMDeviceEnumerator, NULL, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER,
               &pa_IID_IMMDeviceEnumerator, (void **)&pEnumerator);
      
  	// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  	// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  	IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
      // getting default device ids in the eMultimedia "role"
      {
          {
              IMMDevice *defaultRenderer = NULL;
              hr = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(pEnumerator, eRender, eMultimedia, &defaultRenderer);
              if (hr != S_OK)
  			{
  				if (hr != E_NOTFOUND) {
  					// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  					// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  					IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  				}
  			}
  			else
  			{
  				WCHAR *pszDeviceId = NULL;
  				hr = IMMDevice_GetId(defaultRenderer, &pszDeviceId);
  				// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  				// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  				IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  				wcsncpy(paWasapi->defaultRenderer, pszDeviceId, MAX_STR_LEN-1);
  				CoTaskMemFree(pszDeviceId);
  				IMMDevice_Release(defaultRenderer);
  			}
          }
  
          {
              IMMDevice *defaultCapturer = NULL;
              hr = IMMDeviceEnumerator_GetDefaultAudioEndpoint(pEnumerator, eCapture, eMultimedia, &defaultCapturer);
              if (hr != S_OK)
  			{
  				if (hr != E_NOTFOUND) {
  					// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  					// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  					IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  				}
  			}
  			else
  			{
  				WCHAR *pszDeviceId = NULL;
  				hr = IMMDevice_GetId(defaultCapturer, &pszDeviceId);
  				// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  				// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  				IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  				wcsncpy(paWasapi->defaultCapturer, pszDeviceId, MAX_STR_LEN-1);
  				CoTaskMemFree(pszDeviceId);
  				IMMDevice_Release(defaultCapturer);
  			}
          }
      }
  
      hr = IMMDeviceEnumerator_EnumAudioEndpoints(pEnumerator, eAll, DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE, &pEndPoints);
  	// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  	// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  	IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
      hr = IMMDeviceCollection_GetCount(pEndPoints, &paWasapi->deviceCount);
  	// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  	// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  	IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
  #else
  	// Determine number of available devices by activating AudioClient for render and capture data flows
  	if (!FAILED(ActivateAudioInterface_WINRT(eRender, GetAudioClientIID(), &tmpClient)))
  	{
  		paWasapi->deviceCount++;
  		SAFE_RELEASE(tmpClient);
  	}
  	if (!FAILED(ActivateAudioInterface_WINRT(eCapture, GetAudioClientIID(), &tmpClient)))
  	{
  		paWasapi->deviceCount++;
  		SAFE_RELEASE(tmpClient);
  	}
  #endif
  
      paWasapi->devInfo = (PaWasapiDeviceInfo *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaWasapiDeviceInfo) * paWasapi->deviceCount);
      if (paWasapi->devInfo == NULL)
  	{
          result = paInsufficientMemory;
          goto error;
      }
      memset(paWasapi->devInfo, 0, sizeof(PaWasapiDeviceInfo) * paWasapi->deviceCount);
  
      if (paWasapi->deviceCount > 0)
      {
  		UINT32 deviceCount = paWasapi->deviceCount;
  	#if defined(PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT) && (PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT > 0)
  		if (deviceCount < PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT)
  			deviceCount = PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT;
  	#endif
  
          hostApi->deviceInfos = (PaDeviceInfo **)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
                  paWasapi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo *) * deviceCount);
          if (hostApi->deviceInfos == NULL)
  		{
              result = paInsufficientMemory;
              goto error;
          }
  
          /* allocate all device info structs in a contiguous block */
          deviceInfoArray = (PaDeviceInfo *)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(
                  paWasapi->allocations, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) * deviceCount);
          if (deviceInfoArray == NULL)
  		{
              result = paInsufficientMemory;
              goto error;
          }
  		memset(deviceInfoArray, 0, sizeof(PaDeviceInfo) * deviceCount);
  
          for (i = 0; i < paWasapi->deviceCount; ++i)
  		{
              PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo  = &deviceInfoArray[i];
              deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
              deviceInfo->hostApi       = hostApiIndex;
  
  			PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI: device idx: %02d\n", i));
  			PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI: ---------------\n"));
  
  		#ifndef PA_WINRT
              hr = IMMDeviceCollection_Item(pEndPoints, i, &paWasapi->devInfo[i].device);
  			// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  			// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  			IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
              // getting ID
              {
                  WCHAR *pszDeviceId = NULL;
                  hr = IMMDevice_GetId(paWasapi->devInfo[i].device, &pszDeviceId);
  				// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  				// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);]
  				IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
                  wcsncpy(paWasapi->devInfo[i].szDeviceID, pszDeviceId, MAX_STR_LEN-1);
                  CoTaskMemFree(pszDeviceId);
  
                  if (lstrcmpW(paWasapi->devInfo[i].szDeviceID, paWasapi->defaultCapturer) == 0)
  				{// we found the default input!
                      hostApi->info.defaultInputDevice = hostApi->info.deviceCount;
                  }
                  if (lstrcmpW(paWasapi->devInfo[i].szDeviceID, paWasapi->defaultRenderer) == 0)
  				{// we found the default output!
                      hostApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = hostApi->info.deviceCount;
                  }
              }
  
              hr = IMMDevice_GetState(paWasapi->devInfo[i].device, &paWasapi->devInfo[i].state);
  			// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  			// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  			IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
              if (paWasapi->devInfo[i].state != DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE)
  			{
                  PRINT(("WASAPI device: %d is not currently available (state:%d)\n", i, paWasapi->devInfo[i].state));
              }
  
              {
                  IPropertyStore *pProperty;
                  hr = IMMDevice_OpenPropertyStore(paWasapi->devInfo[i].device, STGM_READ, &pProperty);
  				// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  				// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  				IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
                  // "Friendly" Name
                  {
                      PROPVARIANT value;
                      PropVariantInit(&value);
                      hr = IPropertyStore_GetValue(pProperty, &PKEY_Device_FriendlyName, &value);
  					// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  					// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  					IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
                      if ((deviceInfo->name = (char *)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(paWasapi->allocations, MAX_STR_LEN + 1)) == NULL)
  					{
                          result = paInsufficientMemory;
                          goto error;
                      }
  					if (value.pwszVal)
  						WideCharToMultiByte(CP_UTF8, 0, value.pwszVal, (int)wcslen(value.pwszVal), (char *)deviceInfo->name, MAX_STR_LEN - 1, 0, 0);
  					else
  						_snprintf((char *)deviceInfo->name, MAX_STR_LEN - 1, "baddev%d", i);
                      PropVariantClear(&value);
  					PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI:%d| name[%s]\n", i, deviceInfo->name));
                  }
  
                  // Default format
                  {
                      PROPVARIANT value;
                      PropVariantInit(&value);
                      hr = IPropertyStore_GetValue(pProperty, &PKEY_AudioEngine_DeviceFormat, &value);
  					// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  					// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  					IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  					memcpy(&paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat, value.blob.pBlobData, min(sizeof(paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat), value.blob.cbSize));
                      // cleanup
                      PropVariantClear(&value);
                  }
  
                  // Formfactor
                  {
                      PROPVARIANT value;
                      PropVariantInit(&value);
                      hr = IPropertyStore_GetValue(pProperty, &PKEY_AudioEndpoint_FormFactor, &value);
  					// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  					// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  					IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  					// set
  					#if defined(DUMMYUNIONNAME) && defined(NONAMELESSUNION)
  						// avoid breaking strict-aliasing rules in such line: (EndpointFormFactor)(*((UINT *)(((WORD *)&value.wReserved3)+1)));
  						UINT v;
  						memcpy(&v, (((WORD *)&value.wReserved3)+1), sizeof(v));
  						paWasapi->devInfo[i].formFactor = (EndpointFormFactor)v;
  					#else
  						paWasapi->devInfo[i].formFactor = (EndpointFormFactor)value.uintVal;
  					#endif
  					PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI:%d| form-factor[%d]\n", i, paWasapi->devInfo[i].formFactor));
                      // cleanup
                      PropVariantClear(&value);
                  }
  
  				SAFE_RELEASE(pProperty);
              }
  			
              // Endpoint data
              {
                  IMMEndpoint *endpoint = NULL;
                  hr = IMMDevice_QueryInterface(paWasapi->devInfo[i].device, &pa_IID_IMMEndpoint, (void **)&endpoint);
                  if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
  				{
                      hr = IMMEndpoint_GetDataFlow(endpoint, &paWasapi->devInfo[i].flow);
                      SAFE_RELEASE(endpoint);
                  }
              }
  		#endif
  
              // Getting a temporary IAudioClient for more fields
              // we make sure NOT to call Initialize yet!
              {
  			#ifdef PA_WINRT
  				// Set flow as ActivateAudioInterface depends on it and selects corresponding 
  				// direction for the Audio Client
  				paWasapi->devInfo[i].flow = (i == 0 ? eRender : eCapture);
  			#endif
  
  				// Create temp Audio Client instance to query additional details
                  hr = ActivateAudioInterface(&paWasapi->devInfo[i], &tmpClient);
  				// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  				// [IF_FAILED_JUMP(hResult, error);]
  				IF_FAILED_INTERNAL_ERROR_JUMP(hr, result, error);
  
  				// Get latency
                  hr = IAudioClient_GetDevicePeriod(tmpClient,
                      &paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultDevicePeriod,
                      &paWasapi->devInfo[i].MinimumDevicePeriod);
  				if (FAILED(hr))
  				{
  					PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI:%d| failed getting min/default periods by IAudioClient::GetDevicePeriod() with error[%08X], will use 30000/100000 hns\n", i, (UINT32)hr));
  
  					// assign WASAPI common values
  					paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultDevicePeriod = 100000;
  					paWasapi->devInfo[i].MinimumDevicePeriod = 30000;
  
  					// ignore error, let continue further without failing with paInternalError
  					hr = S_OK;
  				}
  				
  			#ifdef PA_WINRT
  				// Get mix format which will treat as default device format
  				hr = IAudioClient_GetMixFormat(tmpClient, &mixFormat);
  				if (SUCCEEDED(hr))
  				{
  					// Default device
  					if (i == 0)
  						hostApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = hostApi->info.deviceCount;
  					else
  						hostApi->info.defaultInputDevice = hostApi->info.deviceCount;
  
  					// State
  					paWasapi->devInfo[i].state = DEVICE_STATE_ACTIVE;
  
  					// Default format
  					memcpy(&paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat, mixFormat, min(sizeof(paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat), sizeof(*mixFormat)));
  					CoTaskMemFree(mixFormat);
  
  					// Form-factor
  					paWasapi->devInfo[i].formFactor = UnknownFormFactor;
  
  					// Name
                      if ((deviceInfo->name = (char *)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(paWasapi->allocations, MAX_STR_LEN + 1)) == NULL)
  					{
  						SAFE_RELEASE(tmpClient);
                          result = paInsufficientMemory;
                          goto error;
                      }
  					_snprintf((char *)deviceInfo->name, MAX_STR_LEN - 1, "WASAPI_%s:%d", (i == 0 ? "Output" : "Input"), i);
  					PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI:%d| name[%s]\n", i, deviceInfo->name));
  				}
  			#endif
  
  				// Release tmp client
  				SAFE_RELEASE(tmpClient);
  
  				if (hr != S_OK)
  				{
  					//davidv: this happened with my hardware, previously for that same device in DirectSound:
  					//Digital Output (Realtek AC'97 Audio)'s GUID: {0x38f2cf50,0x7b4c,0x4740,0x86,0xeb,0xd4,0x38,0x66,0xd8,0xc8, 0x9f}
  					//so something must be _really_ wrong with this device, TODO handle this better. We kind of need GetMixFormat
  					LogHostError(hr);
  					// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  					result = paInternalError;
  					goto error;
  				}
              }
  			
              // we can now fill in portaudio device data
              deviceInfo->maxInputChannels  = 0;
              deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels = 0;
  			deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate = paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
              switch (paWasapi->devInfo[i].flow)
  			{
  			case eRender: {
                  deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels		 = paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat.Format.nChannels;
                  deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency = nano100ToSeconds(paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultDevicePeriod);
                  deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency  = nano100ToSeconds(paWasapi->devInfo[i].MinimumDevicePeriod);
  				PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI:%d| def.SR[%d] max.CH[%d] latency{hi[%f] lo[%f]}\n", i, (UINT32)deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate,
  					deviceInfo->maxOutputChannels, (float)deviceInfo->defaultHighOutputLatency, (float)deviceInfo->defaultLowOutputLatency));
  				break;}
  			case eCapture: {
                  deviceInfo->maxInputChannels		= paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultFormat.Format.nChannels;
                  deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency = nano100ToSeconds(paWasapi->devInfo[i].DefaultDevicePeriod);
                  deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency  = nano100ToSeconds(paWasapi->devInfo[i].MinimumDevicePeriod);
  				PA_DEBUG(("WASAPI:%d| def.SR[%d] max.CH[%d] latency{hi[%f] lo[%f]}\n", i, (UINT32)deviceInfo->defaultSampleRate,
  					deviceInfo->maxInputChannels, (float)deviceInfo->defaultHighInputLatency, (float)deviceInfo->defaultLowInputLatency));
  				break; }
              default:
                  PRINT(("WASAPI:%d| bad Data Flow!\n", i));
  				// We need to set the result to a value otherwise we will return paNoError
  				result = paInternalError;
                  //continue; // do not skip from list, allow to initialize
  				 break;
              }
  
              hostApi->deviceInfos[i] = deviceInfo;
              ++hostApi->info.deviceCount;
          }
  
  	#if defined(PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT) && (PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT > 0)
  		if (hostApi->info.deviceCount < PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT)
  		{		
  			for (i = hostApi->info.deviceCount; i < PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT; ++i)
  			{
  				PaDeviceInfo *deviceInfo  = &deviceInfoArray[i];
  				deviceInfo->structVersion = 2;
  				deviceInfo->hostApi       = hostApiIndex;
  
                  if ((deviceInfo->name = (char *)PaUtil_GroupAllocateMemory(paWasapi->allocations, 1)) == NULL)
  				{
                      result = paInsufficientMemory;
                      goto error;
                  }
  				((char *)deviceInfo->name)[0] = 0;
  
  				hostApi->deviceInfos[i] = deviceInfo;
  				++hostApi->info.deviceCount;
  			}
  		}
  	#endif
      }
  
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      SAFE_RELEASE(pEndPoints);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pEnumerator);
  #endif
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI: device list created ok\n"));
  
      return paNoError;
  
  error:
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI: failed %s error[%d|%s]\n", __FUNCTION__, result, Pa_GetErrorText(result)));
  
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      SAFE_RELEASE(pEndPoints);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pEnumerator);
  #endif
  	
  	// Safety if error was not set so that we do not think initialize was a success
  	if (result == paNoError)
  		result = paInternalError;
  
      return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PaError PaWasapi_Initialize( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation **hostApi, PaHostApiIndex hostApiIndex )
  {
      PaError result = paInternalError;
      PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi;
  
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      if (!SetupAVRT())
  	{
          PRINT(("WASAPI: No AVRT! (not VISTA?)"));
          return paNoError;
      }
  #endif
  
      paWasapi = (PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation));
      if (paWasapi == NULL)
  	{
          result = paInsufficientMemory;
          goto error;
      }	
      memset(paWasapi, 0, sizeof(PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation)); /* ensure all fields are zeroed. especially paWasapi->allocations */
  
      result = PaWinUtil_CoInitialize(paWASAPI, &paWasapi->comInitializationResult);
      if (result != paNoError)
          goto error;
  
      paWasapi->allocations = PaUtil_CreateAllocationGroup();
      if (paWasapi->allocations == NULL)
  	{
          result = paInsufficientMemory;
          goto error;
      }
  
  	// Fill basic interface info
      *hostApi                             = &paWasapi->inheritedHostApiRep;
      (*hostApi)->info.structVersion		 = 1;
      (*hostApi)->info.type				 = paWASAPI;
      (*hostApi)->info.name				 = "Windows WASAPI";
      (*hostApi)->info.deviceCount		 = 0;
      (*hostApi)->info.defaultInputDevice	 = paNoDevice;
      (*hostApi)->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
  	(*hostApi)->Terminate                = Terminate;
      (*hostApi)->OpenStream               = OpenStream;
      (*hostApi)->IsFormatSupported        = IsFormatSupported;
  
  	// Fill the device list
  	if ((result = CreateDeviceList(paWasapi, hostApiIndex)) != paNoError)
  		goto error;
  
  	// Detect if platform workaround is required
  	paWasapi->useWOW64Workaround = UseWOW64Workaround();
  
      PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &paWasapi->callbackStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
                                        StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
                                        GetStreamTime, GetStreamCpuLoad,
                                        PaUtil_DummyRead, PaUtil_DummyWrite,
                                        PaUtil_DummyGetReadAvailable, PaUtil_DummyGetWriteAvailable );
  
      PaUtil_InitializeStreamInterface( &paWasapi->blockingStreamInterface, CloseStream, StartStream,
                                        StopStream, AbortStream, IsStreamStopped, IsStreamActive,
                                        GetStreamTime, PaUtil_DummyGetCpuLoad,
                                        ReadStream, WriteStream, GetStreamReadAvailable, GetStreamWriteAvailable );
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI: initialized ok\n"));
  
      return paNoError;
  
  error:
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI: failed %s error[%d|%s]\n", __FUNCTION__, result, Pa_GetErrorText(result)));
  
  	Terminate((PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *)paWasapi);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void ReleaseWasapiDeviceInfoList( PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi )
  {
  	UINT32 i;
  
  	// Release device info bound objects and device info itself
      for (i = 0; i < paWasapi->deviceCount; ++i)
  	{
  	#ifndef PA_WINRT
          SAFE_RELEASE(paWasapi->devInfo[i].device);
  	#endif
      }
      PaUtil_FreeMemory(paWasapi->devInfo);
  
  	paWasapi->deviceCount = 0;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void Terminate( PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi )
  {
      PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi = (PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
  	if (paWasapi == NULL)
  		return;
  
  	ReleaseWasapiDeviceInfoList(paWasapi);
  
      if (paWasapi->allocations != NULL)
  	{
          PaUtil_FreeAllAllocations(paWasapi->allocations);
          PaUtil_DestroyAllocationGroup(paWasapi->allocations);
      }
  
      PaWinUtil_CoUninitialize( paWASAPI, &paWasapi->comInitializationResult );
  
      PaUtil_FreeMemory(paWasapi);
  
  	// Close AVRT
  	CloseAVRT();
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *_GetHostApi(PaError *_error)
  {
  	PaError error;
  
  	PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *pApi;
  	if ((error = PaUtil_GetHostApiRepresentation(&pApi, paWASAPI)) != paNoError)
  	{
  		if (_error != NULL)
  			(*_error) = error;
  
  		return NULL;
  	}
  	return (PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *)pApi;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError UpdateDeviceList()
  {
  	int i;
  	PaError ret;
  	PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi;
  	PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi;
  
  	// Get API
  	hostApi = (PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *)(paWasapi = _GetHostApi(&ret));
  	if (paWasapi == NULL)
  		return ret;
  
  	// Release WASAPI internal device info list
  	ReleaseWasapiDeviceInfoList(paWasapi);
  
  	// Release external device info list
  	if (hostApi->deviceInfos != NULL)
  	{
  		for (i = 0; i < hostApi->info.deviceCount; ++i)
  		{
  			PaUtil_GroupFreeMemory(paWasapi->allocations, (void *)hostApi->deviceInfos[i]->name);
  		}
  		PaUtil_GroupFreeMemory(paWasapi->allocations, hostApi->deviceInfos[0]);
  		PaUtil_GroupFreeMemory(paWasapi->allocations, hostApi->deviceInfos);
  
  		hostApi->info.deviceCount = 0;
  		hostApi->info.defaultInputDevice = paNoDevice;
  		hostApi->info.defaultOutputDevice = paNoDevice;
  	}
  
  	// Fill possibly updated device list
  	if ((ret = CreateDeviceList(paWasapi, Pa_HostApiTypeIdToHostApiIndex(paWASAPI))) != paNoError)
  		return ret;
  
  	return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #if defined(PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT) && (PA_WASAPI_MAX_CONST_DEVICE_COUNT > 0)
  PaError PaWasapi_UpdateDeviceList()
  {
  	return UpdateDeviceList();
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  int PaWasapi_GetDeviceDefaultFormat( void *pFormat, unsigned int nFormatSize, PaDeviceIndex nDevice )
  {
  	PaError ret;
  	PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi;
  	UINT32 size;
  	PaDeviceIndex index;
  
  	if (pFormat == NULL)
  		return paBadBufferPtr;
  	if (nFormatSize <= 0)
  		return paBufferTooSmall;
  
  	// Get API
  	paWasapi = _GetHostApi(&ret);
  	if (paWasapi == NULL)
  		return ret;
  
  	// Get device index
  	ret = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(&index, nDevice, &paWasapi->inheritedHostApiRep);
      if (ret != paNoError)
          return ret;
  
  	// Validate index
  	if ((UINT32)index >= paWasapi->deviceCount)
  		return paInvalidDevice;
  
  	size = min(nFormatSize, (UINT32)sizeof(paWasapi->devInfo[ index ].DefaultFormat));
  	memcpy(pFormat, &paWasapi->devInfo[ index ].DefaultFormat, size);
  
  	return size;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  int PaWasapi_GetDeviceRole( PaDeviceIndex nDevice )
  {
  	PaError ret;
  	PaDeviceIndex index;
  
  	// Get API
  	PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi = _GetHostApi(&ret);
  	if (paWasapi == NULL)
  		return paNotInitialized;
  
  	// Get device index
  	ret = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(&index, nDevice, &paWasapi->inheritedHostApiRep);
      if (ret != paNoError)
          return ret;
  
  	// Validate index
  	if ((UINT32)index >= paWasapi->deviceCount)
  		return paInvalidDevice;
  
  	return paWasapi->devInfo[ index ].formFactor;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PaError PaWasapi_GetFramesPerHostBuffer( PaStream *pStream, unsigned int *nInput, unsigned int *nOutput )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream *)pStream;
  	if (stream == NULL)
  		return paBadStreamPtr;
  
  	if (nInput != NULL)
  		(*nInput) = stream->in.framesPerHostCallback;
  
  	if (nOutput != NULL)
  		(*nOutput) = stream->out.framesPerHostCallback;
  
  	return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void LogWAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE(const WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *in)
  {
      const WAVEFORMATEX *old = (WAVEFORMATEX *)in;
  	switch (old->wFormatTag)
  	{
  	case WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE: {
  
  		PRINT(("wFormatTag     =WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE\n"));
  
  		if (IsEqualGUID(&in->SubFormat, &pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT))
  		{
  			PRINT(("SubFormat      =KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT\n"));
  		}
  		else
  		if (IsEqualGUID(&in->SubFormat, &pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM))
  		{
  			PRINT(("SubFormat      =KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM\n"));
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			PRINT(("SubFormat      =CUSTOM GUID{%d:%d:%d:%d%d%d%d%d%d%d%d}\n",
  										in->SubFormat.Data1,
  										in->SubFormat.Data2,
  										in->SubFormat.Data3,
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[0],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[1],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[2],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[3],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[4],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[5],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[6],
  										(int)in->SubFormat.Data4[7]));
  		}
  		PRINT(("Samples.wValidBitsPerSample =%d\n",  in->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample));
  		PRINT(("dwChannelMask  =0x%X\n",in->dwChannelMask));
  
  		break; }
  
  	case WAVE_FORMAT_PCM:        PRINT(("wFormatTag     =WAVE_FORMAT_PCM\n")); break;
  	case WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT: PRINT(("wFormatTag     =WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT\n")); break;
  	default: 
  		PRINT(("wFormatTag     =UNKNOWN(%d)\n",old->wFormatTag)); break;
  	}
  
  	PRINT(("nChannels      =%d\n",old->nChannels));
  	PRINT(("nSamplesPerSec =%d\n",old->nSamplesPerSec));
  	PRINT(("nAvgBytesPerSec=%d\n",old->nAvgBytesPerSec));
  	PRINT(("nBlockAlign    =%d\n",old->nBlockAlign));
  	PRINT(("wBitsPerSample =%d\n",old->wBitsPerSample));
  	PRINT(("cbSize         =%d\n",old->cbSize));
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaSampleFormat WaveToPaFormat(const WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *in)
  {
      const WAVEFORMATEX *old = (WAVEFORMATEX *)in;
  
      switch (old->wFormatTag)
  	{
      case WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE: {
          if (IsEqualGUID(&in->SubFormat, &pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT))
  		{
              if (in->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample == 32)
                  return paFloat32;
          }
          else
  		if (IsEqualGUID(&in->SubFormat, &pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM))
  		{
              switch (old->wBitsPerSample)
  			{
                  case 32: return paInt32;
                  case 24: return paInt24;
                  case  8: return paUInt8;
                  case 16: return paInt16;
              }
          }
  		break; }
  
      case WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT:
  		return paFloat32;
  
      case WAVE_FORMAT_PCM: {
          switch (old->wBitsPerSample)
  		{
              case 32: return paInt32;
              case 24: return paInt24;
              case  8: return paUInt8;
              case 16: return paInt16;
          }
  		break; }
      }
  
      return paCustomFormat;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError MakeWaveFormatFromParams(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *wavex, const PaStreamParameters *params,
  									double sampleRate)
  {
  	WORD bitsPerSample;
  	WAVEFORMATEX *old;
  	DWORD channelMask = 0;
  	PaWasapiStreamInfo *streamInfo = (PaWasapiStreamInfo *)params->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  
  	// Get user assigned channel mask
  	if ((streamInfo != NULL) && (streamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiUseChannelMask))
  		channelMask = streamInfo->channelMask;
  
  	// Convert PaSampleFormat to bits per sample
  	if ((bitsPerSample = PaSampleFormatToBitsPerSample(params->sampleFormat)) == 0)
  		return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  
      memset(wavex, 0, sizeof(*wavex));
  
      old					 = (WAVEFORMATEX *)wavex;
      old->nChannels       = (WORD)params->channelCount;
      old->nSamplesPerSec  = (DWORD)sampleRate;
  	if ((old->wBitsPerSample = bitsPerSample) > 16)
  	{
  		old->wBitsPerSample = 32; // 20 or 24 bits must go in 32 bit containers (ints)
  	}
      old->nBlockAlign     = (old->nChannels * (old->wBitsPerSample/8));
      old->nAvgBytesPerSec = (old->nSamplesPerSec * old->nBlockAlign);
  
      // WAVEFORMATEX
      if ((params->channelCount <= 2) && ((bitsPerSample == 16) || (bitsPerSample == 8)))
  	{
          old->cbSize		= 0;
          old->wFormatTag	= WAVE_FORMAT_PCM;
      }
      // WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE
      else
  	{
          old->wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE;
          old->cbSize		= sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE) - sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX);
  
          if ((params->sampleFormat & ~paNonInterleaved) == paFloat32)
              wavex->SubFormat = pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT;
          else
              wavex->SubFormat = pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM;
  
          wavex->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = bitsPerSample; //no extra padding!
  
  		// Set channel mask
  		if (channelMask != 0)
  		{
  			wavex->dwChannelMask = channelMask;
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			switch (params->channelCount)
  			{
  			case 1:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_MONO; break;
  			case 2:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_STEREO; break;
  			case 3:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_STEREO|SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY; break;
  			case 4:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_QUAD; break;
  			case 5:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_QUAD|SPEAKER_LOW_FREQUENCY; break;
  #ifdef PAWIN_SPEAKER_5POINT1_SURROUND
  			case 6:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_5POINT1_SURROUND; break;
  #else
  			case 6:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_5POINT1; break;
  #endif
  #ifdef PAWIN_SPEAKER_5POINT1_SURROUND
  			case 7:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_5POINT1_SURROUND|SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER; break;
  #else
  			case 7:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_5POINT1|SPEAKER_BACK_CENTER; break;
  #endif	
  #ifdef PAWIN_SPEAKER_7POINT1_SURROUND
  			case 8:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_7POINT1_SURROUND; break;
  #else
  			case 8:  wavex->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_7POINT1; break;
  #endif
  
  			default: wavex->dwChannelMask = 0;
  			}
  		}
  	}
      return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  /*static void wasapiFillWFEXT( WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE* pwfext, PaSampleFormat sampleFormat, double sampleRate, int channelCount)
  {
      PA_DEBUG(( "sampleFormat = %lx\n" , sampleFormat ));
      PA_DEBUG(( "sampleRate = %f\n" , sampleRate ));
      PA_DEBUG(( "chanelCount = %d\n", channelCount ));
  
      pwfext->Format.wFormatTag = WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE;
      pwfext->Format.nChannels = (WORD)channelCount;
      pwfext->Format.nSamplesPerSec = (DWORD)sampleRate;
      if(channelCount == 1)
          pwfext->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_DIRECTOUT;
      else
          pwfext->dwChannelMask = PAWIN_SPEAKER_STEREO;
      if(sampleFormat == paFloat32)
      {
          pwfext->Format.nBlockAlign = (WORD)(channelCount * 4);
          pwfext->Format.wBitsPerSample = 32;
          pwfext->Format.cbSize = sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE)-sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX);
          pwfext->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = 32;
          pwfext->SubFormat = pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT;
      }
      else if(sampleFormat == paInt32)
      {
          pwfext->Format.nBlockAlign = (WORD)(channelCount * 4);
          pwfext->Format.wBitsPerSample = 32;
          pwfext->Format.cbSize = sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE)-sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX);
          pwfext->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = 32;
          pwfext->SubFormat = pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM;
      }
      else if(sampleFormat == paInt24)
      {
          pwfext->Format.nBlockAlign = (WORD)(channelCount * 4);
          pwfext->Format.wBitsPerSample = 32; // 24-bit in 32-bit int container
          pwfext->Format.cbSize = sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE)-sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX);
          pwfext->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = 24;
          pwfext->SubFormat = pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM;
      }
      else if(sampleFormat == paInt16)
      {
          pwfext->Format.nBlockAlign = (WORD)(channelCount * 2);
          pwfext->Format.wBitsPerSample = 16;
          pwfext->Format.cbSize = sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE)-sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX);
          pwfext->Samples.wValidBitsPerSample = 16;
          pwfext->SubFormat = pa_KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM;
      }
      pwfext->Format.nAvgBytesPerSec = pwfext->Format.nSamplesPerSec * pwfext->Format.nBlockAlign;
  }*/
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError GetClosestFormat(IAudioClient *myClient, double sampleRate,
  	const PaStreamParameters *_params, AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE shareMode, WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *outWavex,
  	BOOL output)
  {
  	PaError answer                   = paInvalidSampleRate;
  	WAVEFORMATEX *sharedClosestMatch = NULL;
  	HRESULT hr                       = !S_OK;
  	PaStreamParameters params       = (*_params);
  	(void)output;
  
  	/* It was not noticed that 24-bit Input producing no output while device accepts this format.
  	   To fix this issue let's ask for 32-bits and let PA converters convert host 32-bit data
  	   to 24-bit for user-space. The bug concerns Vista, if Windows 7 supports 24-bits for Input
  	   please report to PortAudio developers to exclude Windows 7.
  	*/
  	/*if ((params.sampleFormat == paInt24) && (output == FALSE))
  		params.sampleFormat = paFloat32;*/ // <<< The silence was due to missing Int32_To_Int24_Dither implementation
  
      MakeWaveFormatFromParams(outWavex, &params, sampleRate);
  
  	hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(myClient, shareMode, &outWavex->Format, (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED ? &sharedClosestMatch : NULL));
  	if (hr == S_OK)
  		answer = paFormatIsSupported;
      else
  	if (sharedClosestMatch)
  	{
  		WORD bitsPerSample;
          WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE *ext = (WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE*)sharedClosestMatch;
  
  		GUID subf_guid = GUID_NULL;
  		if (sharedClosestMatch->wFormatTag == WAVE_FORMAT_EXTENSIBLE)
  		{
  			memcpy(outWavex, sharedClosestMatch, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE));
  			subf_guid = ext->SubFormat;
  		}
  		else
  			memcpy(outWavex, sharedClosestMatch, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEX));
  
          CoTaskMemFree(sharedClosestMatch);
  
  		// Make supported by default
  		answer = paFormatIsSupported;
  
  		// Validate SampleRate
  		if ((DWORD)sampleRate != outWavex->Format.nSamplesPerSec)
  			return paInvalidSampleRate;
  
  		// Validate Channel count
  		if ((WORD)params.channelCount != outWavex->Format.nChannels)
  		{
  			// If mono, then driver does not support 1 channel, we use internal workaround
  			// of tiny software mixing functionality, e.g. we provide to user buffer 1 channel
  			// but then mix into 2 for device buffer
  			if ((params.channelCount == 1) && (outWavex->Format.nChannels == 2))
  				return paFormatIsSupported;
  			else
  				return paInvalidChannelCount;
  		}
  
  		// Validate Sample format
  		if ((bitsPerSample = PaSampleFormatToBitsPerSample(params.sampleFormat)) == 0)
  			return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  
  		// Validate Sample format: bit size (WASAPI does not limit 'bit size')
  		//if (bitsPerSample != outWavex->Format.wBitsPerSample)
  		//	return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  
  		// Validate Sample format: paFloat32 (WASAPI does not limit 'bit type')
  		//if ((params->sampleFormat == paFloat32) && (subf_guid != KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_IEEE_FLOAT))
  		//	return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  
  		// Validate Sample format: paInt32 (WASAPI does not limit 'bit type')
  		//if ((params->sampleFormat == paInt32) && (subf_guid != KSDATAFORMAT_SUBTYPE_PCM))
  		//	return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		static const int BestToWorst[] = { paFloat32, paInt24, paInt16 };
  		int i;
  
  		// Try combination stereo and we will use built-in mono-stereo mixer then
  		if (params.channelCount == 1)
  		{
  			WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE stereo = { 0 };
  
  			PaStreamParameters stereo_params = params;
  			stereo_params.channelCount = 2;
  
  			MakeWaveFormatFromParams(&stereo, &stereo_params, sampleRate);
  
  			hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(myClient, shareMode, &stereo.Format, (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED ? &sharedClosestMatch : NULL));
  			if (hr == S_OK)
  			{
  				memcpy(outWavex, &stereo, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE));
  				CoTaskMemFree(sharedClosestMatch);
  				return (answer = paFormatIsSupported);
  			}
  
  			// Try selecting suitable sample type
  			for (i = 0; i < STATIC_ARRAY_SIZE(BestToWorst); ++i)
  			{
  				WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE sample = { 0 };
  
  				PaStreamParameters sample_params = stereo_params;
  				sample_params.sampleFormat = BestToWorst[i];
  
  				MakeWaveFormatFromParams(&sample, &sample_params, sampleRate);
  
  				hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(myClient, shareMode, &sample.Format, (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED ? &sharedClosestMatch : NULL));
  				if (hr == S_OK)
  				{
  					memcpy(outWavex, &sample, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE));
  					CoTaskMemFree(sharedClosestMatch);
  					return (answer = paFormatIsSupported);
  				}
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Try selecting suitable sample type
  		for (i = 0; i < STATIC_ARRAY_SIZE(BestToWorst); ++i)
  		{
  			WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE spfmt = { 0 };
  
  			PaStreamParameters spfmt_params = params;
  			spfmt_params.sampleFormat = BestToWorst[i];
  
  			MakeWaveFormatFromParams(&spfmt, &spfmt_params, sampleRate);
  
  			hr = IAudioClient_IsFormatSupported(myClient, shareMode, &spfmt.Format, (shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED ? &sharedClosestMatch : NULL));
  			if (hr == S_OK)
  			{
  				memcpy(outWavex, &spfmt, sizeof(WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE));
  				CoTaskMemFree(sharedClosestMatch);
  				answer = paFormatIsSupported;
  				break;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Nothing helped
  		LogHostError(hr);
  	}
  
  	return answer;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError IsStreamParamsValid(struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
                                     const  PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
                                     const  PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
                                     double sampleRate)
  {
  	if (hostApi == NULL)
  		return paHostApiNotFound;
  	if ((UINT32)sampleRate == 0)
  		return paInvalidSampleRate;
  
  	if (inputParameters != NULL)
      {
          /* all standard sample formats are supported by the buffer adapter,
              this implementation doesn't support any custom sample formats */
  		if (inputParameters->sampleFormat & paCustomFormat)
              return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  
          /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
              paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
          if (inputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification)
              return paInvalidDevice;
  
          /* check that input device can support inputChannelCount */
          if (inputParameters->channelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ inputParameters->device ]->maxInputChannels)
              return paInvalidChannelCount;
  
          /* validate inputStreamInfo */
          if (inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)
  		{
  			PaWasapiStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo = (PaWasapiStreamInfo *)inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  	        if ((inputStreamInfo->size != sizeof(PaWasapiStreamInfo)) ||
  	            (inputStreamInfo->version != 1) ||
                  (inputStreamInfo->hostApiType != paWASAPI))
  	        {
  	            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  	        }
  		}
  
          return paNoError;
      }
  
      if (outputParameters != NULL)
      {
          /* all standard sample formats are supported by the buffer adapter,
              this implementation doesn't support any custom sample formats */
          if (outputParameters->sampleFormat & paCustomFormat)
              return paSampleFormatNotSupported;
  
          /* unless alternate device specification is supported, reject the use of
              paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification */
          if (outputParameters->device == paUseHostApiSpecificDeviceSpecification)
              return paInvalidDevice;
  
          /* check that output device can support outputChannelCount */
          if (outputParameters->channelCount > hostApi->deviceInfos[ outputParameters->device ]->maxOutputChannels)
              return paInvalidChannelCount;
  
          /* validate outputStreamInfo */
          if(outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)
          {
  			PaWasapiStreamInfo *outputStreamInfo = (PaWasapiStreamInfo *)outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  	        if ((outputStreamInfo->size != sizeof(PaWasapiStreamInfo)) ||
  	            (outputStreamInfo->version != 1) ||
                  (outputStreamInfo->hostApiType != paWASAPI))
  	        {
  	            return paIncompatibleHostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  	        }
          }
  
  		return paNoError;
      }
  
  	return (inputParameters || outputParameters ? paNoError : paInternalError);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError IsFormatSupported( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
                                    const  PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
                                    const  PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
                                    double sampleRate )
  {
  	IAudioClient *tmpClient = NULL;
  	PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi = (PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
  	PaWasapiStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo = NULL, *outputStreamInfo = NULL;
  
  	// Validate PaStreamParameters
  	PaError error;
  	if ((error = IsStreamParamsValid(hostApi, inputParameters, outputParameters, sampleRate)) != paNoError)
  		return error;
  
      if (inputParameters != NULL)
      {
  		WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE wavex;
  		HRESULT hr;
  		PaError answer;
  		AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED;
  		inputStreamInfo = (PaWasapiStreamInfo *)inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  
  		if (inputStreamInfo && (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiExclusive))
  			shareMode  = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE;
  
  		hr = ActivateAudioInterface(&paWasapi->devInfo[inputParameters->device], &tmpClient);
  		if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			return paInvalidDevice;
  		}
  
  		answer = GetClosestFormat(tmpClient, sampleRate, inputParameters, shareMode, &wavex, FALSE);
  		SAFE_RELEASE(tmpClient);
  
  		if (answer != paFormatIsSupported)
  			return answer;
      }
  
      if (outputParameters != NULL)
      {
  		HRESULT hr;
  		WAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE wavex;
  		PaError answer;
  		AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED;
          outputStreamInfo = (PaWasapiStreamInfo *)outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo;
  
  		if (outputStreamInfo && (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiExclusive))
  			shareMode  = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE;
  
  		hr = ActivateAudioInterface(&paWasapi->devInfo[outputParameters->device], &tmpClient);
  		if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			return paInvalidDevice;
  		}
  
  		answer = GetClosestFormat(tmpClient, sampleRate, outputParameters, shareMode, &wavex, TRUE);
  		SAFE_RELEASE(tmpClient);
  
  		if (answer != paFormatIsSupported)
  			return answer;
      }
  
      return paFormatIsSupported;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaUint32 PaUtil_GetFramesPerHostBuffer(PaUint32 userFramesPerBuffer, PaTime suggestedLatency, double sampleRate, PaUint32 TimerJitterMs)
  {
  	PaUint32 frames = userFramesPerBuffer + max( userFramesPerBuffer, (PaUint32)(suggestedLatency * sampleRate) );
      frames += (PaUint32)((sampleRate * 0.001) * TimerJitterMs);
  	return frames;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void _RecalculateBuffersCount(PaWasapiSubStream *sub, UINT32 userFramesPerBuffer, UINT32 framesPerLatency, BOOL fullDuplex)
  {
  	// Count buffers (must be at least 1)
  	sub->buffers = (userFramesPerBuffer ? framesPerLatency / userFramesPerBuffer : 0);
  	if (sub->buffers == 0)
  		sub->buffers = 1;
  
  	// Determine amount of buffers used:
  	// - Full-duplex mode will lead to period difference, thus only 1.
  	// - Input mode, only 1, as WASAPI allows extraction of only 1 packet.
  	// - For Shared mode we use double buffering.
  	if ((sub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE) || fullDuplex)
  	{
  		// Exclusive mode does not allow >1 buffers be used for Event interface, e.g. GetBuffer
  		// call must acquire max buffer size and it all must be processed.
  		if (sub->streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK)
  			sub->userBufferAndHostMatch = 1;
  
  		// Use paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize because exclusive mode will starve and produce
  		// bad quality of audio
  		sub->buffers = 1;
  	}
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void _CalculateAlignedPeriod(PaWasapiSubStream *pSub, UINT32 *nFramesPerLatency,
  									ALIGN_FUNC pAlignFunc)
  {
  	// Align frames to HD Audio packet size of 128 bytes for Exclusive mode only.
  	// Not aligning on Windows Vista will cause Event timeout, although Windows 7 will
  	// return AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED error to realign buffer. Aligning is necessary
  	// for Exclusive mode only! when audio data is feeded directly to hardware.
  	if (pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE)
  	{
  		(*nFramesPerLatency) = AlignFramesPerBuffer((*nFramesPerLatency),
  			pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec, pSub->wavex.Format.nBlockAlign, pAlignFunc);
  	}
  
  	// Calculate period
  	pSub->period = MakeHnsPeriod((*nFramesPerLatency), pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static HRESULT CreateAudioClient(PaWasapiStream *pStream, PaWasapiSubStream *pSub, BOOL output, PaError *pa_error)
  {
  	PaError error;
      HRESULT hr;
  
  	const PaWasapiDeviceInfo *pInfo  = pSub->params.device_info;
  	const PaStreamParameters *params = &pSub->params.stream_params;
  	UINT32 framesPerLatency          = pSub->params.frames_per_buffer;
  	double sampleRate                = pSub->params.sample_rate;
  	//BOOL blocking                    = pSub->params.blocking;
  	BOOL fullDuplex                  = pSub->params.full_duplex;
  
  	const UINT32 userFramesPerBuffer = framesPerLatency;
      IAudioClient *audioClient	     = NULL;
  
  	// Assume default failure due to some reason
  	(*pa_error) = paInvalidDevice;
  
  	// Validate parameters
      if (!pSub || !pInfo || !params)
  	{
  		(*pa_error) = paBadStreamPtr;
          return E_POINTER;
  	}
  	if ((UINT32)sampleRate == 0)
  	{
  		(*pa_error) = paInvalidSampleRate;
          return E_INVALIDARG;
  	}
  
      // Get the audio client
      hr = ActivateAudioInterface(pInfo, &audioClient);
  	if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		(*pa_error) = paInsufficientMemory;
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		goto done;
  	}
  
  	// Get closest format
  	if ((error = GetClosestFormat(audioClient, sampleRate, params, pSub->shareMode, &pSub->wavex, output)) != paFormatIsSupported)
  	{
  		(*pa_error) = error;
  		LogHostError(hr = AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT);
  		goto done; // fail, format not supported
  	}
  
  	// Check for Mono <<>> Stereo workaround
  	if ((params->channelCount == 1) && (pSub->wavex.Format.nChannels == 2))
  	{
  		/*if (blocking)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr = AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT);
  			goto done; // fail, blocking mode not supported
  		}*/
  
  		// select mixer
  		pSub->monoMixer = _GetMonoToStereoMixer(WaveToPaFormat(&pSub->wavex), (pInfo->flow == eRender ? MIX_DIR__1TO2 : MIX_DIR__2TO1_L));
  		if (pSub->monoMixer == NULL)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = paInvalidChannelCount;
  			LogHostError(hr = AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT);
  			goto done; // fail, no mixer for format
  		}
  	}
  
  #if 0
  	// Add suggestd latency
  	framesPerLatency += MakeFramesFromHns(SecondsTonano100(params->suggestedLatency), pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  #else
  	// Calculate host buffer size
  	if ((pSub->shareMode != AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE) &&
  		(!pSub->streamFlags || ((pSub->streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK) == 0)))
  	{
  		framesPerLatency = PaUtil_GetFramesPerHostBuffer(userFramesPerBuffer,
  			params->suggestedLatency, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec, 0/*,
  			(pSub->streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK ? 0 : 1)*/);
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		REFERENCE_TIME overall;
  
  		// Work 1:1 with user buffer (only polling allows to use >1)
  		framesPerLatency += MakeFramesFromHns(SecondsTonano100(params->suggestedLatency), pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  
  		// Use Polling if overall latency is > 5ms as it allows to use 100% CPU in a callback,
  		// or user specified latency parameter
  		overall = MakeHnsPeriod(framesPerLatency, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  		if ((overall >= (106667*2)/*21.33ms*/) || ((INT32)(params->suggestedLatency*100000.0) != 0/*0.01 msec granularity*/))
  		{
  			framesPerLatency = PaUtil_GetFramesPerHostBuffer(userFramesPerBuffer,
  				params->suggestedLatency, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec, 0/*,
  				(streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK ? 0 : 1)*/);
  
  			// Use Polling interface
  			pSub->streamFlags &= ~AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK;
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: CreateAudioClient: forcing POLL mode\n"));
  		}
  	}
  #endif
  
  	// For full-duplex output resize buffer to be the same as for input
  	if (output && fullDuplex)
  		framesPerLatency = pStream->in.framesPerHostCallback;
  
  	// Avoid 0 frames
  	if (framesPerLatency == 0)
  		framesPerLatency = MakeFramesFromHns(pInfo->DefaultDevicePeriod, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  
  	// Exclusive Input stream renders data in 6 packets, we must set then the size of
  	// single packet, total buffer size, e.g. required latency will be PacketSize * 6
  	if (!output && (pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE))
  	{
  		// Do it only for Polling mode
  		if ((pSub->streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK) == 0)
  		{
  			framesPerLatency /= WASAPI_PACKETS_PER_INPUT_BUFFER;
  		}
  	}
  
  	// Calculate aligned period
  	_CalculateAlignedPeriod(pSub, &framesPerLatency, ALIGN_BWD);
  
  	/*! Enforce min/max period for device in Shared mode to avoid bad audio quality.
          Avoid doing so for Exclusive mode as alignment will suffer.
  	*/
  	if (pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED)
  	{
  		if (pSub->period < pInfo->DefaultDevicePeriod)
  		{
  			pSub->period = pInfo->DefaultDevicePeriod;
  			// Recalculate aligned period
  			framesPerLatency = MakeFramesFromHns(pSub->period, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  			_CalculateAlignedPeriod(pSub, &framesPerLatency, ALIGN_BWD);
  		}
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		if (pSub->period < pInfo->MinimumDevicePeriod)
  		{
  			pSub->period = pInfo->MinimumDevicePeriod;
  			// Recalculate aligned period
  			framesPerLatency = MakeFramesFromHns(pSub->period, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  			_CalculateAlignedPeriod(pSub, &framesPerLatency, ALIGN_FWD);
  		}
  	}
  
  	/*! Windows 7 does not allow to set latency lower than minimal device period and will
  	    return error: AUDCLNT_E_INVALID_DEVICE_PERIOD. Under Vista we enforce the same behavior
  	    manually for unified behavior on all platforms.
  	*/
  	{
  		/*!	AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_ERROR: Applies to Windows 7 and later.
  			Indicates that the buffer duration value requested by an exclusive-mode client is
  			out of range. The requested duration value for pull mode must not be greater than
  			500 milliseconds; for push mode the duration value must not be greater than 2 seconds.
  		*/
  		if (pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE)
  		{
  			static const REFERENCE_TIME MAX_BUFFER_EVENT_DURATION = 500  * 10000;
  			static const REFERENCE_TIME MAX_BUFFER_POLL_DURATION  = 2000 * 10000;
  
  			if (pSub->streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK)	// pull mode, max 500ms
  			{
  				if (pSub->period > MAX_BUFFER_EVENT_DURATION)
  				{
  					pSub->period = MAX_BUFFER_EVENT_DURATION;
  					// Recalculate aligned period
  					framesPerLatency = MakeFramesFromHns(pSub->period, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  					_CalculateAlignedPeriod(pSub, &framesPerLatency, ALIGN_BWD);
  				}
  			}
  			else														// push mode, max 2000ms
  			{
  				if (pSub->period > MAX_BUFFER_POLL_DURATION)
  				{
  					pSub->period = MAX_BUFFER_POLL_DURATION;
  					// Recalculate aligned period
  					framesPerLatency = MakeFramesFromHns(pSub->period, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  					_CalculateAlignedPeriod(pSub, &framesPerLatency, ALIGN_BWD);
  				}
  			}
  		}
  	}
  
  	// Set Raw mode (applicable only to IAudioClient2)
  #ifdef __IAudioClient2_INTERFACE_DEFINED__
  	if (GetAudioClientVersion() >= 2)
  	{
  		pa_AudioClientProperties audioProps = { 0 };
  		audioProps.cbSize     = sizeof(pa_AudioClientProperties);
  		audioProps.bIsOffload = FALSE;
  		audioProps.eCategory  = (AUDIO_STREAM_CATEGORY)pSub->params.wasapi_params.streamCategory;
  		switch (pSub->params.wasapi_params.streamOption)
  		{
  		case eStreamOptionRaw:
  			if (GetWindowsVersion() >= WINDOWS_8_1_SERVER2012R2)
  				audioProps.Options = pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS_RAW;
  			break;
  		case eStreamOptionMatchFormat:
  			if (GetWindowsVersion() >= WINDOWS_10_SERVER2016)
  				audioProps.Options = pa_AUDCLNT_STREAMOPTIONS_MATCH_FORMAT;
  			break;
  		}
  
  		hr = IAudioClient2_SetClientProperties((IAudioClient2 *)audioClient, (AudioClientProperties *)&audioProps);
  		if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: IAudioClient2_SetClientProperties(Category = %d, Options = %d) failed with error = %08X\n", audioProps.eCategory, audioProps.Options, (UINT32)hr));
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: IAudioClient2 set properties: IsOffload = %d, Category = %d, Options = %d\n", audioProps.bIsOffload, audioProps.eCategory, audioProps.Options));
  		}
  	}
  #endif
  
  	// Open the stream and associate it with an audio session
      hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(audioClient,
          pSub->shareMode,
          pSub->streamFlags,
  		pSub->period,
  		(pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? pSub->period : 0),
  		&pSub->wavex.Format,
          NULL);
  
  	/*! WASAPI is tricky on large device buffer, sometimes 2000ms can be allocated sometimes
  	    less. There is no known guaranteed level thus we make subsequent tries by decreasing
  		buffer by 100ms per try.
  	*/
  	while ((hr == E_OUTOFMEMORY) && (pSub->period > (100 * 10000)))
  	{
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: CreateAudioClient: decreasing buffer size to %d milliseconds\n", (pSub->period / 10000)));
  
  		// Decrease by 100ms and try again
  		pSub->period -= (100 * 10000);
  
  		// Recalculate aligned period
  		framesPerLatency = MakeFramesFromHns(pSub->period, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  		_CalculateAlignedPeriod(pSub, &framesPerLatency, ALIGN_BWD);
  
          // Release the previous allocations
          SAFE_RELEASE(audioClient);
  
          // Create a new audio client
          hr = ActivateAudioInterface(pInfo, &audioClient);
      	if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = paInsufficientMemory;
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto done;
  		}
  
  		// Open the stream and associate it with an audio session
  		hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(audioClient,
  			pSub->shareMode,
  			pSub->streamFlags,
  			pSub->period,
  			(pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? pSub->period : 0),
  			&pSub->wavex.Format,
  			NULL);
  	}
  
  	/*! WASAPI buffer size failure. Fallback to using default size.
  	*/
  	if (hr == AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_ERROR)
  	{
  		// Use default
  		pSub->period = pInfo->DefaultDevicePeriod;
  
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: CreateAudioClient: correcting buffer size to device default\n"));
  
          // Release the previous allocations
          SAFE_RELEASE(audioClient);
  
          // Create a new audio client
          hr = ActivateAudioInterface(pInfo, &audioClient);
      	if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = paInsufficientMemory;
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto done;
  		}
  
  		// Open the stream and associate it with an audio session
  		hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(audioClient,
  			pSub->shareMode,
  			pSub->streamFlags,
  			pSub->period,
  			(pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? pSub->period : 0),
  			&pSub->wavex.Format,
  			NULL);
  	}
  
      /*! If the requested buffer size is not aligned. Can be triggered by Windows 7 and up.
  	    Should not be be triggered ever as we do align buffers always with _CalculateAlignedPeriod.
  	*/
      if (hr == AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_SIZE_NOT_ALIGNED)
      {
  		UINT32 frames = 0;
  
          // Get the next aligned frame
          hr = IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(audioClient, &frames);
  		if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = paInvalidDevice;
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto done;
  		}
  
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: CreateAudioClient: aligning buffer size to % frames\n", frames));
  
          // Release the previous allocations
          SAFE_RELEASE(audioClient);
  
          // Create a new audio client
          hr = ActivateAudioInterface(pInfo, &audioClient);
      	if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = paInsufficientMemory;
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto done;
  		}
  
  		// Get closest format
  		if ((error = GetClosestFormat(audioClient, sampleRate, params, pSub->shareMode, &pSub->wavex, output)) != paFormatIsSupported)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = error;
  			LogHostError(hr = AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT); // fail, format not supported
  			goto done;
  		}
  
  		// Check for Mono >> Stereo workaround
  		if ((params->channelCount == 1) && (pSub->wavex.Format.nChannels == 2))
  		{
  			/*if (blocking)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr = AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT);
  				goto done; // fail, blocking mode not supported
  			}*/
  
  			// Select mixer
  			pSub->monoMixer = _GetMonoToStereoMixer(WaveToPaFormat(&pSub->wavex), (pInfo->flow == eRender ? MIX_DIR__1TO2 : MIX_DIR__2TO1_L));
  			if (pSub->monoMixer == NULL)
  			{
  				(*pa_error) = paInvalidChannelCount;
  				LogHostError(hr = AUDCLNT_E_UNSUPPORTED_FORMAT);
  				goto done; // fail, no mixer for format
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Calculate period
  		pSub->period = MakeHnsPeriod(frames, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  
          // Open the stream and associate it with an audio session
          hr = IAudioClient_Initialize(audioClient,
              pSub->shareMode,
              pSub->streamFlags,
  			pSub->period,
  			(pSub->shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? pSub->period : 0),
              &pSub->wavex.Format,
              NULL);
      	if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			(*pa_error) = paInvalidDevice;
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto done;
  		}
      }
      else
  	if (hr != S_OK)
      {
  		(*pa_error) = paInvalidDevice;
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		goto done;
      }
  
      // Set client
  	pSub->clientParent = audioClient;
      IAudioClient_AddRef(pSub->clientParent);
  
  	// Recalculate buffers count
  	_RecalculateBuffersCount(pSub,
  		userFramesPerBuffer,
  		MakeFramesFromHns(pSub->period, pSub->wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec),
  		fullDuplex);
  
  	// No error, client is succesfully created
  	(*pa_error) = paNoError;
  
  done:
  
      // Clean up
      SAFE_RELEASE(audioClient);
      return hr;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError ActivateAudioClientOutput(PaWasapiStream *stream)
  {
  	HRESULT hr;
  	PaError result;
  
  	UINT32 maxBufferSize   = 0;
  	PaTime buffer_latency  = 0;
  	UINT32 framesPerBuffer = stream->out.params.frames_per_buffer;
  
  	// Create Audio client
  	hr = CreateAudioClient(stream, &stream->out, TRUE, &result);
      if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogPaError(result);
  		goto error;
      }
  	LogWAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE(&stream->out.wavex);
  
  	// Activate volume
  	stream->outVol = NULL;
      /*hr = info->device->Activate(
          __uuidof(IAudioEndpointVolume), CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, NULL,
          (void**)&stream->outVol);
      if (hr != S_OK)
          return paInvalidDevice;*/
  
      // Get max possible buffer size to check if it is not less than that we request
      hr = IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(stream->out.clientParent, &maxBufferSize);
      if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		LogPaError(result = paInvalidDevice);
  		goto error;
  	}
  
      // Correct buffer to max size if it maxed out result of GetBufferSize
  	stream->out.bufferSize = maxBufferSize;
  
  	// Get interface latency (actually uneeded as we calculate latency from the size
  	// of maxBufferSize).
      hr = IAudioClient_GetStreamLatency(stream->out.clientParent, &stream->out.deviceLatency);
      if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		LogPaError(result = paInvalidDevice);
  		goto error;
  	}
  	//stream->out.latencySeconds = nano100ToSeconds(stream->out.deviceLatency);
  
      // Number of frames that are required at each period
  	stream->out.framesPerHostCallback = maxBufferSize;
  
  	// Calculate frames per single buffer, if buffers > 1 then always framesPerBuffer
  	stream->out.framesPerBuffer =
  		(stream->out.userBufferAndHostMatch ? stream->out.framesPerHostCallback : framesPerBuffer);
  
  	// Calculate buffer latency
  	buffer_latency = (PaTime)maxBufferSize / stream->out.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
  
  	// Append buffer latency to interface latency in shared mode (see GetStreamLatency notes)
  	stream->out.latencySeconds = buffer_latency;
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI::OpenStream(output): framesPerUser[ %d ] framesPerHost[ %d ] latency[ %.02fms ] exclusive[ %s ] wow64_fix[ %s ] mode[ %s ]\n", (UINT32)framesPerBuffer, (UINT32)stream->out.framesPerHostCallback, (float)(stream->out.latencySeconds*1000.0f), (stream->out.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? "YES" : "NO"), (stream->out.params.wow64_workaround ? "YES" : "NO"), (stream->out.streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK ? "EVENT" : "POLL")));
  
  	return paNoError;
  
  error:
  
  	return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError ActivateAudioClientInput(PaWasapiStream *stream)
  {
  	HRESULT hr;
  	PaError result;
  
  	UINT32 maxBufferSize   = 0;
  	PaTime buffer_latency  = 0;
  	UINT32 framesPerBuffer = stream->in.params.frames_per_buffer;
  
  	// Create Audio client
  	hr = CreateAudioClient(stream, &stream->in, FALSE, &result);
      if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogPaError(result);
  		goto error;
      }
  	LogWAVEFORMATEXTENSIBLE(&stream->in.wavex);
  
  	// Create volume mgr
  	stream->inVol = NULL;
      /*hr = info->device->Activate(
          __uuidof(IAudioEndpointVolume), CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, NULL,
          (void**)&stream->inVol);
      if (hr != S_OK)
          return paInvalidDevice;*/
  
      // Get max possible buffer size to check if it is not less than that we request
      hr = IAudioClient_GetBufferSize(stream->in.clientParent, &maxBufferSize);
      if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		LogPaError(result = paInvalidDevice);
  		goto error;
  	}
  
      // Correct buffer to max size if it maxed out result of GetBufferSize
  	stream->in.bufferSize = maxBufferSize;
  
  	// Get interface latency (actually uneeded as we calculate latency from the size
  	// of maxBufferSize).
      hr = IAudioClient_GetStreamLatency(stream->in.clientParent, &stream->in.deviceLatency);
      if (hr != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		LogPaError(result = paInvalidDevice);
  		goto error;
  	}
  	//stream->in.latencySeconds = nano100ToSeconds(stream->in.deviceLatency);
  
      // Number of frames that are required at each period
  	stream->in.framesPerHostCallback = maxBufferSize;
  
  	// Calculate frames per single buffer, if buffers > 1 then always framesPerBuffer
  	stream->in.framesPerBuffer =
  		(stream->in.userBufferAndHostMatch ? stream->in.framesPerHostCallback : framesPerBuffer);
  
  	// Calculate buffer latency
  	buffer_latency = (PaTime)maxBufferSize / stream->in.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
  
  	// Append buffer latency to interface latency in shared mode (see GetStreamLatency notes)
  	stream->in.latencySeconds = buffer_latency;
  
  	PRINT(("WASAPI::OpenStream(input): framesPerUser[ %d ] framesPerHost[ %d ] latency[ %.02fms ] exclusive[ %s ] wow64_fix[ %s ] mode[ %s ]\n", (UINT32)framesPerBuffer, (UINT32)stream->in.framesPerHostCallback, (float)(stream->in.latencySeconds*1000.0f), (stream->in.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? "YES" : "NO"), (stream->in.params.wow64_workaround ? "YES" : "NO"), (stream->in.streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK ? "EVENT" : "POLL")));
  
  	return paNoError;
  
  error:
  
  	return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError OpenStream( struct PaUtilHostApiRepresentation *hostApi,
                             PaStream** s,
                             const PaStreamParameters *inputParameters,
                             const PaStreamParameters *outputParameters,
                             double sampleRate,
                             unsigned long framesPerBuffer,
                             PaStreamFlags streamFlags,
                             PaStreamCallback *streamCallback,
                             void *userData )
  {
      PaError result = paNoError;
  	HRESULT hr;
      PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi = (PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation*)hostApi;
      PaWasapiStream *stream = NULL;
      int inputChannelCount, outputChannelCount;
      PaSampleFormat inputSampleFormat, outputSampleFormat;
      PaSampleFormat hostInputSampleFormat, hostOutputSampleFormat;
  	PaWasapiStreamInfo *inputStreamInfo = NULL, *outputStreamInfo = NULL;
  	PaWasapiDeviceInfo *info = NULL;
  	ULONG framesPerHostCallback;
  	PaUtilHostBufferSizeMode bufferMode;
  	const BOOL fullDuplex = ((inputParameters != NULL) && (outputParameters != NULL));
  
  	// validate PaStreamParameters
  	if ((result = IsStreamParamsValid(hostApi, inputParameters, outputParameters, sampleRate)) != paNoError)
  		return LogPaError(result);
  
      // Validate platform specific flags
      if ((streamFlags & paPlatformSpecificFlags) != 0)
  	{
  		LogPaError(result = paInvalidFlag); /* unexpected platform specific flag */
  		goto error;
  	}
  
  	// Allocate memory for PaWasapiStream
      if ((stream = (PaWasapiStream *)PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaWasapiStream))) == NULL)
  	{
          LogPaError(result = paInsufficientMemory);
          goto error;
      }
  
  	// Default thread priority is Audio: for exclusive mode we will use Pro Audio.
  	stream->nThreadPriority = eThreadPriorityAudio;
  
  	// Set default number of frames: paFramesPerBufferUnspecified
  	if (framesPerBuffer == paFramesPerBufferUnspecified)
  	{
  		UINT32 framesPerBufferIn  = 0, framesPerBufferOut = 0;
  		if (inputParameters != NULL)
  		{
  			info = &paWasapi->devInfo[inputParameters->device];
  			framesPerBufferIn = MakeFramesFromHns(info->DefaultDevicePeriod, (UINT32)sampleRate);
  		}
  		if (outputParameters != NULL)
  		{
  			info = &paWasapi->devInfo[outputParameters->device];
  			framesPerBufferOut = MakeFramesFromHns(info->DefaultDevicePeriod, (UINT32)sampleRate);
  		}
  		// choosing maximum default size
  		framesPerBuffer = max(framesPerBufferIn, framesPerBufferOut);
  	}
  	if (framesPerBuffer == 0)
  		framesPerBuffer = ((UINT32)sampleRate / 100) * 2;
  
  	// Try create device: Input
  	if (inputParameters != NULL)
      {
          inputChannelCount = inputParameters->channelCount;
          inputSampleFormat = inputParameters->sampleFormat;
          info              = &paWasapi->devInfo[inputParameters->device];
  
  		// default Shared Mode
  		stream->in.shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED;
  
  		// PaWasapiStreamInfo
  		if (inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo != NULL)
  		{
  			memcpy(&stream->in.params.wasapi_params, inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo, min(sizeof(stream->in.params.wasapi_params), ((PaWasapiStreamInfo *)inputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)->size));
  			stream->in.params.wasapi_params.size = sizeof(stream->in.params.wasapi_params);
  
  			stream->in.params.stream_params.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = &stream->in.params.wasapi_params;
  			inputStreamInfo = &stream->in.params.wasapi_params;
  
  			stream->in.flags = inputStreamInfo->flags;
  
  			// Exclusive Mode
  			if (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiExclusive)
  			{
  				// Boost thread priority
  				stream->nThreadPriority = eThreadPriorityProAudio;
  				// Make Exclusive
  				stream->in.shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE;
  			}
  
  			// explicit thread priority level
  			if (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiThreadPriority)
  			{
  				if ((inputStreamInfo->threadPriority > eThreadPriorityNone) &&
  					(inputStreamInfo->threadPriority <= eThreadPriorityWindowManager))
  					stream->nThreadPriority = inputStreamInfo->threadPriority;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Choose processing mode
  		stream->in.streamFlags = (stream->in.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK : 0);
  		if (paWasapi->useWOW64Workaround)
  			stream->in.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface
  		else
  		if (streamCallback == NULL)
  			stream->in.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface
  		else
  		if ((inputStreamInfo != NULL) && (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiPolling))
  			stream->in.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface
  		else
  		if (fullDuplex)
  			stream->in.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface is implemented for full-duplex mode also
  
  		// Fill parameters for Audio Client creation
  		stream->in.params.device_info       = info;
  		stream->in.params.stream_params     = (*inputParameters);
  		stream->in.params.frames_per_buffer = framesPerBuffer;
  		stream->in.params.sample_rate       = sampleRate;
  		stream->in.params.blocking          = (streamCallback == NULL);
  		stream->in.params.full_duplex       = fullDuplex;
  		stream->in.params.wow64_workaround  = paWasapi->useWOW64Workaround;
  
  		// Create and activate audio client
  		hr = ActivateAudioClientInput(stream);
          if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogPaError(result = paInvalidDevice);
  			goto error;
          }
  
  		// Get closest format
          hostInputSampleFormat = PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( WaveToPaFormat(&stream->in.wavex), inputSampleFormat );
  
          // Set user-side custom host processor
          if ((inputStreamInfo != NULL) &&
              (inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiRedirectHostProcessor))
          {
              stream->hostProcessOverrideInput.processor = inputStreamInfo->hostProcessorInput;
              stream->hostProcessOverrideInput.userData = userData;
          }
  
  		// Only get IAudioCaptureClient input once here instead of getting it at multiple places based on the use
  		hr = IAudioClient_GetService(stream->in.clientParent, &pa_IID_IAudioCaptureClient, (void **)&stream->captureClientParent);
  		if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			LogPaError(result = paUnanticipatedHostError);
  			goto error;
  		}
  
  		// Create ring buffer for blocking mode (It is needed because we fetch Input packets, not frames,
  		// and thus we have to save partial packet if such remains unread)
  		if (stream->in.params.blocking == TRUE)
  		{
  			UINT32 bufferFrames = ALIGN_NEXT_POW2((stream->in.framesPerHostCallback / WASAPI_PACKETS_PER_INPUT_BUFFER) * 2);
  			UINT32 frameSize    = stream->in.wavex.Format.nBlockAlign;
  
  			// buffer
  			if ((stream->in.tailBuffer = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(sizeof(PaUtilRingBuffer))) == NULL)
  			{
  				LogPaError(result = paInsufficientMemory);
  				goto error;
  			}
  			memset(stream->in.tailBuffer, 0, sizeof(PaUtilRingBuffer));
  
  			// buffer memory region
  			stream->in.tailBufferMemory = PaUtil_AllocateMemory(frameSize * bufferFrames);
  			if (stream->in.tailBufferMemory == NULL)
  			{
  				LogPaError(result = paInsufficientMemory);
  				goto error;
  			}
  
  			// initialize
  			if (PaUtil_InitializeRingBuffer(stream->in.tailBuffer, frameSize, bufferFrames,	stream->in.tailBufferMemory) != 0)
  			{
  				LogPaError(result = paInternalError);
  				goto error;
  			}
  		}
  	}
      else
      {
          inputChannelCount = 0;
          inputSampleFormat = hostInputSampleFormat = paInt16; /* Surpress 'uninitialised var' warnings. */
      }
  
  	// Try create device: Output
      if (outputParameters != NULL)
      {
          outputChannelCount = outputParameters->channelCount;
          outputSampleFormat = outputParameters->sampleFormat;
  		info               = &paWasapi->devInfo[outputParameters->device];
  
  		// default Shared Mode
  		stream->out.shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED;
  
  		// set PaWasapiStreamInfo
  		if (outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo != NULL)
  		{
  			memcpy(&stream->out.params.wasapi_params, outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo, min(sizeof(stream->out.params.wasapi_params), ((PaWasapiStreamInfo *)outputParameters->hostApiSpecificStreamInfo)->size));
  			stream->out.params.wasapi_params.size = sizeof(stream->out.params.wasapi_params);
  
  			stream->out.params.stream_params.hostApiSpecificStreamInfo = &stream->out.params.wasapi_params;
  			outputStreamInfo = &stream->out.params.wasapi_params;
  
  			stream->out.flags = outputStreamInfo->flags;
  
  			// Exclusive Mode
  			if (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiExclusive)
  			{
  				// Boost thread priority
  				stream->nThreadPriority = eThreadPriorityProAudio;
  				// Make Exclusive
  				stream->out.shareMode = AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE;
  			}
  
  			// explicit thread priority level
  			if (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiThreadPriority)
  			{
  				if ((outputStreamInfo->threadPriority > eThreadPriorityNone) &&
  					(outputStreamInfo->threadPriority <= eThreadPriorityWindowManager))
  					stream->nThreadPriority = outputStreamInfo->threadPriority;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Choose processing mode
  		stream->out.streamFlags = (stream->out.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE ? AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK : 0);
  		if (paWasapi->useWOW64Workaround)
  			stream->out.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface
  		else
  		if (streamCallback == NULL)
  			stream->out.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface
  		else
  		if ((outputStreamInfo != NULL) && (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiPolling))
  			stream->out.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface
  		else
  		if (fullDuplex)
  			stream->out.streamFlags = 0; // polling interface is implemented for full-duplex mode also
  
  		// Fill parameters for Audio Client creation
  		stream->out.params.device_info       = info;
  		stream->out.params.stream_params     = (*outputParameters);
  		stream->out.params.frames_per_buffer = framesPerBuffer;
  		stream->out.params.sample_rate       = sampleRate;
  		stream->out.params.blocking          = (streamCallback == NULL);
  		stream->out.params.full_duplex       = fullDuplex;
  		stream->out.params.wow64_workaround  = paWasapi->useWOW64Workaround;
  
  		// Create and activate audio client
  		hr = ActivateAudioClientOutput(stream);
          if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogPaError(result = paInvalidDevice);
  			goto error;
          }
  
  		// Get closest format
          hostOutputSampleFormat = PaUtil_SelectClosestAvailableFormat( WaveToPaFormat(&stream->out.wavex), outputSampleFormat );
  
          // Set user-side custom host processor
          if ((outputStreamInfo != NULL) &&
              (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiRedirectHostProcessor))
          {
              stream->hostProcessOverrideOutput.processor = outputStreamInfo->hostProcessorOutput;
              stream->hostProcessOverrideOutput.userData = userData;
          }
  
  		// Only get IAudioCaptureClient output once here instead of getting it at multiple places based on the use
  		hr = IAudioClient_GetService(stream->out.clientParent, &pa_IID_IAudioRenderClient, (void **)&stream->renderClientParent);
  		if (hr != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			LogPaError(result = paUnanticipatedHostError);
  			goto error;
  		}
  	}
      else
      {
          outputChannelCount = 0;
          outputSampleFormat = hostOutputSampleFormat = paInt16; /* Surpress 'uninitialized var' warnings. */
      }
  
  	// log full-duplex
  	if (fullDuplex)
  		PRINT(("WASAPI::OpenStream: full-duplex mode\n"));
  
  	// paWinWasapiPolling must be on/or not on both streams
  	if ((inputParameters != NULL) && (outputParameters != NULL))
  	{
  		if ((inputStreamInfo != NULL) && (outputStreamInfo != NULL))
  		{
  			if (((inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiPolling) &&
  				!(outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiPolling))
  				||
  				(!(inputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiPolling) &&
  				 (outputStreamInfo->flags & paWinWasapiPolling)))
  			{
  				LogPaError(result = paInvalidFlag);
  				goto error;
  			}
  		}
  	}
  
  	// Initialize stream representation
      if (streamCallback)
      {
  		stream->bBlocking = FALSE;
          PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation(&stream->streamRepresentation,
                                                &paWasapi->callbackStreamInterface,
  											  streamCallback, userData);
      }
      else
      {
  		stream->bBlocking = TRUE;
          PaUtil_InitializeStreamRepresentation(&stream->streamRepresentation,
                                                &paWasapi->blockingStreamInterface,
  											  streamCallback, userData);
      }
  
  	// Initialize CPU measurer
      PaUtil_InitializeCpuLoadMeasurer(&stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, sampleRate);
  
  	if (outputParameters && inputParameters)
  	{
  		// serious problem #1 - No, Not a problem, especially concerning Exclusive mode.
  		// Input device in exclusive mode somehow is getting large buffer always, thus we
  		// adjust Output latency to reflect it, thus period will differ but playback will be
  		// normal.
  		/*if (stream->in.period != stream->out.period)
  		{
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: OpenStream: period discrepancy\n"));
  			LogPaError(result = paBadIODeviceCombination);
  			goto error;
  		}*/
  
  		// serious problem #2 - No, Not a problem, as framesPerHostCallback take into account
  		// sample size while it is not a problem for PA full-duplex, we must care of
  		// preriod only!
  		/*if (stream->out.framesPerHostCallback != stream->in.framesPerHostCallback)
  		{
  			PRINT(("WASAPI: OpenStream: framesPerHostCallback discrepancy\n"));
  			goto error;
  		}*/
  	}
  
  	// Calculate frames per host for processor
  	framesPerHostCallback = (outputParameters ? stream->out.framesPerBuffer : stream->in.framesPerBuffer);
  
  	// Choose correct mode of buffer processing:
  	// Exclusive/Shared non paWinWasapiPolling mode: paUtilFixedHostBufferSize - always fixed
  	// Exclusive/Shared paWinWasapiPolling mode: paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize - may vary for Exclusive or Full-duplex
  	bufferMode = paUtilFixedHostBufferSize;
  	if (inputParameters) // !!! WASAPI IAudioCaptureClient::GetBuffer extracts not number of frames but 1 packet, thus we always must adapt
  		bufferMode = paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize;
  	else
  	if (outputParameters)
  	{
  		if ((stream->out.buffers == 1) &&
  			(!stream->out.streamFlags || ((stream->out.streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK) == 0)))
  			bufferMode = paUtilBoundedHostBufferSize;
  	}
  	stream->bufferMode = bufferMode;
  
      // Initialize buffer processor
      result =  PaUtil_InitializeBufferProcessor(
  		&stream->bufferProcessor,
          inputChannelCount,
  		inputSampleFormat,
  		hostInputSampleFormat,
          outputChannelCount,
  		outputSampleFormat,
  		hostOutputSampleFormat,
          sampleRate,
  		streamFlags,
  		framesPerBuffer,
          framesPerHostCallback,
  		bufferMode,
          streamCallback,
  		userData);
      if (result != paNoError)
  	{
  		LogPaError(result);
          goto error;
  	}
  
  	// Set Input latency
      stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.inputLatency =
              ((double)PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorInputLatencyFrames(&stream->bufferProcessor) / sampleRate)
  			+ ((inputParameters)?stream->in.latencySeconds : 0);
  
  	// Set Output latency
      stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.outputLatency =
              ((double)PaUtil_GetBufferProcessorOutputLatencyFrames(&stream->bufferProcessor) / sampleRate)
  			+ ((outputParameters)?stream->out.latencySeconds : 0);
  
  	// Set SR
      stream->streamRepresentation.streamInfo.sampleRate = sampleRate;
  
      (*s) = (PaStream *)stream;
      return result;
  
  error:
  
      if (stream != NULL)
  		CloseStream(stream);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError CloseStream( PaStream* s )
  {
      PaError result = paNoError;
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  
  	// abort active stream
  	if (IsStreamActive(s))
  	{
  		result = AbortStream(s);
  	}
  
      SAFE_RELEASE(stream->captureClientParent);
      SAFE_RELEASE(stream->renderClientParent);
      SAFE_RELEASE(stream->out.clientParent);
      SAFE_RELEASE(stream->in.clientParent);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(stream->inVol);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(stream->outVol);
  
  	CloseHandle(stream->event[S_INPUT]);
  	CloseHandle(stream->event[S_OUTPUT]);
  
  	_StreamCleanup(stream);
  
  	PaWasapi_FreeMemory(stream->in.monoBuffer);
  	PaWasapi_FreeMemory(stream->out.monoBuffer);
  
  	PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream->in.tailBuffer);
  	PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream->in.tailBufferMemory);
  
  	PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream->out.tailBuffer);
  	PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream->out.tailBufferMemory);
  
      PaUtil_TerminateBufferProcessor(&stream->bufferProcessor);
      PaUtil_TerminateStreamRepresentation(&stream->streamRepresentation);
      PaUtil_FreeMemory(stream);
  
      return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT UnmarshalSubStreamComPointers(PaWasapiSubStream *substream) 
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	HRESULT hResult = S_OK;
  	HRESULT hFirstBadResult = S_OK;
  	substream->clientProc = NULL;
  
  	// IAudioClient
  	hResult = CoGetInterfaceAndReleaseStream(substream->clientStream, GetAudioClientIID(), (LPVOID*)&substream->clientProc);
  	substream->clientStream = NULL;
  	if (hResult != S_OK) 
  	{
  		hFirstBadResult = (hFirstBadResult == S_OK) ? hResult : hFirstBadResult;
  	}
  
  	return hFirstBadResult;
  
  #else
  	(void)substream;
  	return S_OK;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT UnmarshalStreamComPointers(PaWasapiStream *stream) 
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	HRESULT hResult = S_OK;
  	HRESULT hFirstBadResult = S_OK;
  	stream->captureClient = NULL;
  	stream->renderClient = NULL;
  	stream->in.clientProc = NULL;
  	stream->out.clientProc = NULL;
  
  	if (NULL != stream->in.clientParent) 
  	{
  		// SubStream pointers
  		hResult = UnmarshalSubStreamComPointers(&stream->in);
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  		{
  			hFirstBadResult = (hFirstBadResult == S_OK) ? hResult : hFirstBadResult;
  		}
  
  		// IAudioCaptureClient
  		hResult = CoGetInterfaceAndReleaseStream(stream->captureClientStream, &pa_IID_IAudioCaptureClient, (LPVOID*)&stream->captureClient);
  		stream->captureClientStream = NULL;
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  		{
  			hFirstBadResult = (hFirstBadResult == S_OK) ? hResult : hFirstBadResult;
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (NULL != stream->out.clientParent) 
  	{
  		// SubStream pointers
  		hResult = UnmarshalSubStreamComPointers(&stream->out);
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  		{
  			hFirstBadResult = (hFirstBadResult == S_OK) ? hResult : hFirstBadResult;
  		}
  
  		// IAudioRenderClient
  		hResult = CoGetInterfaceAndReleaseStream(stream->renderClientStream, &pa_IID_IAudioRenderClient, (LPVOID*)&stream->renderClient);
  		stream->renderClientStream = NULL;
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  		{
  			hFirstBadResult = (hFirstBadResult == S_OK) ? hResult : hFirstBadResult;
  		}
  	}
  
  	return hFirstBadResult;
  #else
  	if (stream->in.clientParent != NULL)
  	{
  		stream->in.clientProc = stream->in.clientParent;
  		IAudioClient_AddRef(stream->in.clientParent);
  	}
  
  	if (stream->out.clientParent != NULL)
  	{
  		stream->out.clientProc = stream->out.clientParent;
  		IAudioClient_AddRef(stream->out.clientParent);
  	}
  
  	if (stream->renderClientParent != NULL)
  	{
  		stream->renderClient = stream->renderClientParent;
  		IAudioRenderClient_AddRef(stream->renderClientParent);
  	}
  
  	if (stream->captureClientParent != NULL)
  	{
  		stream->captureClient = stream->captureClientParent;
  		IAudioCaptureClient_AddRef(stream->captureClientParent);
  	}
  
  	return S_OK;
  #endif
  }
  
  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void ReleaseUnmarshaledSubComPointers(PaWasapiSubStream *substream) 
  {
  	SAFE_RELEASE(substream->clientProc);
  }
  
  // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void ReleaseUnmarshaledComPointers(PaWasapiStream *stream) 
  {
  	// Release AudioClient services first
  	SAFE_RELEASE(stream->captureClient);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(stream->renderClient);
  
  	// Release AudioClients
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledSubComPointers(&stream->in);
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledSubComPointers(&stream->out);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT MarshalSubStreamComPointers(PaWasapiSubStream *substream) 
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	HRESULT hResult;
  	substream->clientStream = NULL;
  
  	// IAudioClient
  	hResult = CoMarshalInterThreadInterfaceInStream(GetAudioClientIID(), (LPUNKNOWN)substream->clientParent, &substream->clientStream);
  	if (hResult != S_OK)
  		goto marshal_sub_error;
  
  	return hResult;
  
  	// If marshaling error occurred, make sure to release everything.
  marshal_sub_error:
  
  	UnmarshalSubStreamComPointers(substream);
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledSubComPointers(substream);
  	return hResult;
  #else
  	(void)substream;
  	return S_OK;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT MarshalStreamComPointers(PaWasapiStream *stream) 
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	HRESULT hResult = S_OK;
  	stream->captureClientStream = NULL;
  	stream->in.clientStream = NULL;
  	stream->renderClientStream = NULL;
  	stream->out.clientStream = NULL;
  
  	if (NULL != stream->in.clientParent) 
  	{
  		// SubStream pointers
  		hResult = MarshalSubStreamComPointers(&stream->in);
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  			goto marshal_error;
  
  		// IAudioCaptureClient
  		hResult = CoMarshalInterThreadInterfaceInStream(&pa_IID_IAudioCaptureClient, (LPUNKNOWN)stream->captureClientParent, &stream->captureClientStream);
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  			goto marshal_error;
  	}
  
  	if (NULL != stream->out.clientParent) 
  	{
  		// SubStream pointers
  		hResult = MarshalSubStreamComPointers(&stream->out);
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  			goto marshal_error;
  
  		// IAudioRenderClient
  		hResult = CoMarshalInterThreadInterfaceInStream(&pa_IID_IAudioRenderClient, (LPUNKNOWN)stream->renderClientParent, &stream->renderClientStream);
  		if (hResult != S_OK) 
  			goto marshal_error;
  	}
  
  	return hResult;
  
  	// If marshaling error occurred, make sure to release everything.
  marshal_error:
  
  	UnmarshalStreamComPointers(stream);
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledComPointers(stream);
  	return hResult;
  #else
  	(void)stream;
  	return S_OK;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError StartStream( PaStream *s )
  {
  	HRESULT hr;
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  	PaError result = paNoError;
  
  	// check if stream is active already
  	if (IsStreamActive(s))
  		return paStreamIsNotStopped;
  
      PaUtil_ResetBufferProcessor(&stream->bufferProcessor);
  
  	// Cleanup handles (may be necessary if stream was stopped by itself due to error)
  	_StreamCleanup(stream);
  
  	// Create close event
  	if ((stream->hCloseRequest = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL)) == NULL) 
  	{
  		result = paInsufficientMemory;
  		goto start_error;
  	}
  
  	// Create thread
  	if (!stream->bBlocking)
  	{
  		// Create thread events
  		stream->hThreadStart = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
  		stream->hThreadExit  = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, FALSE, NULL);
  		if ((stream->hThreadStart == NULL) || (stream->hThreadExit == NULL))
  		{
  			result = paInsufficientMemory;
  			goto start_error;
  		}
  
  		// Marshal WASAPI interface pointers for safe use in thread created below.
  		if ((hr = MarshalStreamComPointers(stream)) != S_OK) 
  		{
  			PRINT(("Failed marshaling stream COM pointers."));
  			result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
  			goto nonblocking_start_error;
  		}
  
  		if ((stream->in.clientParent  && (stream->in.streamFlags  & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK)) ||
  			(stream->out.clientParent && (stream->out.streamFlags & AUDCLNT_STREAMFLAGS_EVENTCALLBACK)))
  		{
  			if ((stream->hThread = CREATE_THREAD(ProcThreadEvent)) == NULL) 
  			{
  				PRINT(("Failed creating thread: ProcThreadEvent."));
  				result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
  				goto nonblocking_start_error;
  			}
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			if ((stream->hThread = CREATE_THREAD(ProcThreadPoll)) == NULL) 
  			{
  				PRINT(("Failed creating thread: ProcThreadPoll."));
  				result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
  				goto nonblocking_start_error;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Wait for thread to start
  		if (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hThreadStart, 60*1000) == WAIT_TIMEOUT) 
  		{
  			PRINT(("Failed starting thread: timeout."));
  			result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
  			goto nonblocking_start_error;
  		}
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		// Create blocking operation events (non-signaled event means - blocking operation is pending)
  		if (stream->out.clientParent != NULL) 
  		{
  			if ((stream->hBlockingOpStreamWR = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, TRUE, NULL)) == NULL) 
  			{
  				result = paInsufficientMemory;
  				goto start_error;
  			}
  		}
  		if (stream->in.clientParent != NULL) 
  		{
  			if ((stream->hBlockingOpStreamRD = CreateEvent(NULL, TRUE, TRUE, NULL)) == NULL) 
  			{
  				result = paInsufficientMemory;
  				goto start_error;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Initialize event & start INPUT stream
  		if (stream->in.clientParent != NULL)
  		{
  			if ((hr = IAudioClient_Start(stream->in.clientParent)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
  				goto start_error;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Initialize event & start OUTPUT stream
  		if (stream->out.clientParent != NULL)
  		{
  			// Start
  			if ((hr = IAudioClient_Start(stream->out.clientParent)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				result = paUnanticipatedHostError;
  				goto start_error;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Set parent to working pointers to use shared functions.
  		stream->captureClient  = stream->captureClientParent;
  		stream->renderClient   = stream->renderClientParent;
  		stream->in.clientProc  = stream->in.clientParent;
  		stream->out.clientProc = stream->out.clientParent;
  
  		// Signal: stream running.
  		stream->running = TRUE;
  	}
  
      return result;
  
  nonblocking_start_error:
  
  	// Set hThreadExit event to prevent blocking during cleanup
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadExit);
  	UnmarshalStreamComPointers(stream);
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledComPointers(stream);
  
  start_error:
  
  	StopStream(s);
  	return result;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void _StreamFinish(PaWasapiStream *stream)
  {
  	// Issue command to thread to stop processing and wait for thread exit
  	if (!stream->bBlocking)
  	{
  		SignalObjectAndWait(stream->hCloseRequest, stream->hThreadExit, INFINITE, FALSE);
  	}
  	else
  	// Blocking mode does not own thread
  	{
  		// Signal close event and wait for each of 2 blocking operations to complete
  		if (stream->out.clientParent)
  			SignalObjectAndWait(stream->hCloseRequest, stream->hBlockingOpStreamWR, INFINITE, TRUE);
  		if (stream->out.clientParent)
  			SignalObjectAndWait(stream->hCloseRequest, stream->hBlockingOpStreamRD, INFINITE, TRUE);
  
  		// Process stop
  		_StreamOnStop(stream);
  	}
  
  	// Cleanup handles
  	_StreamCleanup(stream);
  
      stream->running = FALSE;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void _StreamCleanup(PaWasapiStream *stream)
  {
  	// Close thread handles to allow restart
  	SAFE_CLOSE(stream->hThread);
  	SAFE_CLOSE(stream->hThreadStart);
  	SAFE_CLOSE(stream->hThreadExit);
  	SAFE_CLOSE(stream->hCloseRequest);
  	SAFE_CLOSE(stream->hBlockingOpStreamRD);
  	SAFE_CLOSE(stream->hBlockingOpStreamWR);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError StopStream( PaStream *s )
  {
  	// Finish stream
  	_StreamFinish((PaWasapiStream *)s);
      return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError AbortStream( PaStream *s )
  {
  	// Finish stream
  	_StreamFinish((PaWasapiStream *)s);
      return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError IsStreamStopped( PaStream *s )
  {
  	return !((PaWasapiStream *)s)->running;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError IsStreamActive( PaStream *s )
  {
      return ((PaWasapiStream *)s)->running;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaTime GetStreamTime( PaStream *s )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  
      /* suppress unused variable warnings */
      (void) stream;
  
      return PaUtil_GetTime();
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static double GetStreamCpuLoad( PaStream* s )
  {
  	return PaUtil_GetCpuLoad(&((PaWasapiStream *)s)->cpuLoadMeasurer);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError ReadStream( PaStream* s, void *_buffer, unsigned long frames )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  
  	HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	BYTE *user_buffer = (BYTE *)_buffer;
  	BYTE *wasapi_buffer = NULL;
  	DWORD flags = 0;
  	UINT32 i, available, sleep = 0;
  	unsigned long processed;
  	ThreadIdleScheduler sched;
  
  	// validate
  	if (!stream->running)
  		return paStreamIsStopped;
  	if (stream->captureClient == NULL)
  		return paBadStreamPtr;
  
  	// Notify blocking op has begun
  	ResetEvent(stream->hBlockingOpStreamRD);
  
  	// Use thread scheduling for 500 microseconds (emulated) when wait time for frames is less than
  	// 1 milliseconds, emulation helps to normalize CPU consumption and avoids too busy waiting
  	ThreadIdleScheduler_Setup(&sched, 1, 250/* microseconds */);
  
      // Make a local copy of the user buffer pointer(s), this is necessary
  	// because PaUtil_CopyOutput() advances these pointers every time it is called
      if (!stream->bufferProcessor.userInputIsInterleaved)
      {
  		user_buffer = (BYTE *)alloca(sizeof(BYTE *) * stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount);
          if (user_buffer == NULL)
              return paInsufficientMemory;
  
          for (i = 0; i < stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount; ++i)
              ((BYTE **)user_buffer)[i] = ((BYTE **)_buffer)[i];
      }
  
  	// Findout if there are tail frames, flush them all before reading hardware
  	if ((available = PaUtil_GetRingBufferReadAvailable(stream->in.tailBuffer)) != 0)
  	{
  		ring_buffer_size_t buf1_size = 0, buf2_size = 0, read, desired;
  		void *buf1 = NULL, *buf2 = NULL;
  
  		// Limit desired to amount of requested frames
  		desired = available;
  		if ((UINT32)desired > frames)
  			desired = frames;
  		
  		// Get pointers to read regions
  		read = PaUtil_GetRingBufferReadRegions(stream->in.tailBuffer, desired, &buf1, &buf1_size, &buf2, &buf2_size);
  
  		if (buf1 != NULL)
  		{
  			// Register available frames to processor
  			PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, buf1_size);
  
  			// Register host buffer pointer to processor
  			PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0, buf1, stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount);
  
  			// Copy user data to host buffer (with conversion if applicable)
  			processed = PaUtil_CopyInput(&stream->bufferProcessor, (void **)&user_buffer, buf1_size);
  			frames -= processed;
  		}
  
  		if (buf2 != NULL)
  		{
  			// Register available frames to processor
  			PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, buf2_size);
  
  			// Register host buffer pointer to processor
  			PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0, buf2, stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount);
  
  			// Copy user data to host buffer (with conversion if applicable)
  			processed = PaUtil_CopyInput(&stream->bufferProcessor, (void **)&user_buffer, buf2_size);
  			frames -= processed;
  		}
  
  		// Advance
  		PaUtil_AdvanceRingBufferReadIndex(stream->in.tailBuffer, read);
  	}
  
  	// Read hardware
  	while (frames != 0)
  	{
  		// Check if blocking call must be interrupted
  		if (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, sleep) != WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  			break;
  
  		// Get available frames (must be finding out available frames before call to IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer
  		// othervise audio glitches will occur inExclusive mode as it seems that WASAPI has some scheduling/
  		// processing problems when such busy polling with IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer occurs)
  		if ((hr = _PollGetInputFramesAvailable(stream, &available)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  		}
  
  		// Wait for more frames to become available
  		if (available == 0)
  		{
  			// Exclusive mode may require latency of 1 millisecond, thus we shall sleep
  			// around 500 microseconds (emulated) to collect packets in time
  			if (stream->in.shareMode != AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE)
  			{
  				UINT32 sleep_frames = (frames < stream->in.framesPerHostCallback ? frames : stream->in.framesPerHostCallback);
  
  				sleep  = GetFramesSleepTime(sleep_frames, stream->in.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  				sleep /= 4; // wait only for 1/4 of the buffer
  
  				// WASAPI input provides packets, thus expiring packet will result in bad audio
  				// limit waiting time to 2 seconds (will always work for smallest buffer in Shared)
  				if (sleep > 2)
  					sleep = 2;
  
  				// Avoid busy waiting, schedule next 1 millesecond wait
  				if (sleep == 0)
  					sleep = ThreadIdleScheduler_NextSleep(&sched);
  			}
  			else
  			{
  				if ((sleep = ThreadIdleScheduler_NextSleep(&sched)) != 0)
  				{
  					Sleep(sleep);
  					sleep = 0;
  				}
  			}
  
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		// Get the available data in the shared buffer.
  		if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(stream->captureClient, &wasapi_buffer, &available, &flags, NULL, NULL)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			// Buffer size is too small, waiting
  			if (hr != AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				goto end;
  			}
  
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		// Register available frames to processor
          PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, available);
  
  		// Register host buffer pointer to processor
          PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0, wasapi_buffer, stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount);
  
  		// Copy user data to host buffer (with conversion if applicable)
  		processed = PaUtil_CopyInput(&stream->bufferProcessor, (void **)&user_buffer, frames);
  		frames -= processed;
  
  		// Save tail into buffer
  		if ((frames == 0) && (available > processed))
  		{
  			UINT32 bytes_processed = processed * stream->in.wavex.Format.nBlockAlign;
  			UINT32 frames_to_save  = available - processed;
  
  			PaUtil_WriteRingBuffer(stream->in.tailBuffer, wasapi_buffer + bytes_processed, frames_to_save);
  		}
  
  		// Release host buffer
  		if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, available)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto end;
  		}
  	}
  
  end:
  
  	// Notify blocking op has ended
  	SetEvent(stream->hBlockingOpStreamRD);
  
  	return (hr != S_OK ? paUnanticipatedHostError : paNoError);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static PaError WriteStream( PaStream* s, const void *_buffer, unsigned long frames )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  
  	//UINT32 frames;
  	const BYTE *user_buffer = (const BYTE *)_buffer;
  	BYTE *wasapi_buffer;
  	HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	UINT32 i, available, sleep = 0;
  	unsigned long processed;
  	ThreadIdleScheduler sched;
  
  	// validate
  	if (!stream->running)
  		return paStreamIsStopped;
  	if (stream->renderClient == NULL)
  		return paBadStreamPtr;
  
  	// Notify blocking op has begun
  	ResetEvent(stream->hBlockingOpStreamWR);
  
  	// Use thread scheduling for 500 microseconds (emulated) when wait time for frames is less than
  	// 1 milliseconds, emulation helps to normalize CPU consumption and avoids too busy waiting
  	ThreadIdleScheduler_Setup(&sched, 1, 500/* microseconds */);
  
      // Make a local copy of the user buffer pointer(s), this is necessary
  	// because PaUtil_CopyOutput() advances these pointers every time it is called
      if (!stream->bufferProcessor.userOutputIsInterleaved)
      {
          user_buffer = (const BYTE *)alloca(sizeof(const BYTE *) * stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount);
          if (user_buffer == NULL)
              return paInsufficientMemory;
  
          for (i = 0; i < stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount; ++i)
              ((const BYTE **)user_buffer)[i] = ((const BYTE **)_buffer)[i];
      }
  
  	// Blocking (potentially, untill 'frames' are consumed) loop
  	while (frames != 0)
  	{
  		// Check if blocking call must be interrupted
  		if (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, sleep) != WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  			break;
  
  		// Get frames available
  		if ((hr = _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(stream, &available)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto end;
  		}
  
  		// Wait for more frames to become available
  		if (available == 0)
  		{
  			UINT32 sleep_frames = (frames < stream->out.framesPerHostCallback ? frames : stream->out.framesPerHostCallback);
  
  			sleep  = GetFramesSleepTime(sleep_frames, stream->out.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  			sleep /= 2; // wait only for half of the buffer
  
  			// Avoid busy waiting, schedule next 1 millesecond wait
  			if (sleep == 0)
  				sleep = ThreadIdleScheduler_NextSleep(&sched);
  
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		// Keep in 'frmaes' range
  		if (available > frames)
  			available = frames;
  
  		// Get pointer to host buffer
  		if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(stream->renderClient, available, &wasapi_buffer)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			// Buffer size is too big, waiting
  			if (hr == AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE)
  				continue;
  
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto end;
  		}
  
  		// Keep waiting again (on Vista it was noticed that WASAPI could SOMETIMES return NULL pointer 
  		// to buffer without returning AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE instead)
  		if (wasapi_buffer == NULL)
  			continue;
  
  		// Register available frames to processor
          PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount(&stream->bufferProcessor, available);
  
  		// Register host buffer pointer to processor
          PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels(&stream->bufferProcessor, 0, wasapi_buffer,	stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount);
  
  		// Copy user data to host buffer (with conversion if applicable), this call will advance
  		// pointer 'user_buffer' to consumed portion of data
  		processed = PaUtil_CopyOutput(&stream->bufferProcessor, (const void **)&user_buffer, frames);
  		frames -= processed;
  
  		// Release host buffer
  		if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, available, 0)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto end;
  		}
  	}
  
  end:
  
  	// Notify blocking op has ended
  	SetEvent(stream->hBlockingOpStreamWR);
  
  	return (hr != S_OK ? paUnanticipatedHostError : paNoError);
  }
  
  unsigned long PaUtil_GetOutputFrameCount( PaUtilBufferProcessor* bp )
  {
  	return bp->hostOutputFrameCount[0];
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static signed long GetStreamReadAvailable( PaStream* s )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  
  	HRESULT hr;
  	UINT32  available = 0;
  
  	// validate
  	if (!stream->running)
  		return paStreamIsStopped;
  	if (stream->captureClient == NULL)
  		return paBadStreamPtr;
  
  	// available in hardware buffer
  	if ((hr = _PollGetInputFramesAvailable(stream, &available)) != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  	}
  
  	// available in software tail buffer
  	available += PaUtil_GetRingBufferReadAvailable(stream->in.tailBuffer);
  
      return available;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static signed long GetStreamWriteAvailable( PaStream* s )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)s;
  	HRESULT hr;
  	UINT32  available = 0;
  
  	// validate
  	if (!stream->running)
  		return paStreamIsStopped;
  	if (stream->renderClient == NULL)
  		return paBadStreamPtr;
  
  	if ((hr = _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(stream, &available)) != S_OK)
  	{
  		LogHostError(hr);
  		return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  	}
  
  	return (signed long)available;
  }
  
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  static void WaspiHostProcessingLoop( void *inputBuffer,  long inputFrames,
                                       void *outputBuffer, long outputFrames,
                                       void *userData )
  {
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream*)userData;
      PaStreamCallbackTimeInfo timeInfo = {0,0,0};
  	PaStreamCallbackFlags flags = 0;
      int callbackResult;
      unsigned long framesProcessed;
  	HRESULT hr;
  	UINT32 pending;
  
      PaUtil_BeginCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer );
  
      /*
  		Pa_GetStreamTime:
              - generate timing information
              - handle buffer slips
      */
  	timeInfo.currentTime = PaUtil_GetTime();
  	// Query input latency
  	if (stream->in.clientProc != NULL)
  	{
  		PaTime pending_time;
  		if ((hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(stream->in.clientProc, &pending)) == S_OK)
  			pending_time = (PaTime)pending / (PaTime)stream->in.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
  		else
  			pending_time = (PaTime)stream->in.latencySeconds;
  
  		timeInfo.inputBufferAdcTime = timeInfo.currentTime + pending_time;
  	}
  	// Query output current latency
  	if (stream->out.clientProc != NULL)
  	{
  		PaTime pending_time;
  		if ((hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(stream->out.clientProc, &pending)) == S_OK)
  			pending_time = (PaTime)pending / (PaTime)stream->out.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec;
  		else
  			pending_time = (PaTime)stream->out.latencySeconds;
  
  		timeInfo.outputBufferDacTime = timeInfo.currentTime + pending_time;
  	}
  
      /*
          If you need to byte swap or shift inputBuffer to convert it into a
          portaudio format, do it here.
      */
  
      PaUtil_BeginBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &timeInfo, flags );
  
      /*
          depending on whether the host buffers are interleaved, non-interleaved
          or a mixture, you will want to call PaUtil_SetInterleaved*Channels(),
          PaUtil_SetNonInterleaved*Channel() or PaUtil_Set*Channel() here.
      */
  
      if (stream->bufferProcessor.inputChannelCount > 0)
      {
          PaUtil_SetInputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, inputFrames );
          PaUtil_SetInterleavedInputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
              0, /* first channel of inputBuffer is channel 0 */
              inputBuffer,
              0 ); /* 0 - use inputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
      }
  
      if (stream->bufferProcessor.outputChannelCount > 0)
      {
          PaUtil_SetOutputFrameCount( &stream->bufferProcessor, outputFrames);
          PaUtil_SetInterleavedOutputChannels( &stream->bufferProcessor,
              0, /* first channel of outputBuffer is channel 0 */
              outputBuffer,
              0 ); /* 0 - use outputChannelCount passed to init buffer processor */
      }
  
      /* you must pass a valid value of callback result to PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing()
          in general you would pass paContinue for normal operation, and
          paComplete to drain the buffer processor's internal output buffer.
          You can check whether the buffer processor's output buffer is empty
          using PaUtil_IsBufferProcessorOuputEmpty( bufferProcessor )
      */
      callbackResult = paContinue;
      framesProcessed = PaUtil_EndBufferProcessing( &stream->bufferProcessor, &callbackResult );
  
      /*
          If you need to byte swap or shift outputBuffer to convert it to
          host format, do it here.
      */
  
  	PaUtil_EndCpuLoadMeasurement( &stream->cpuLoadMeasurer, framesProcessed );
  
      if (callbackResult == paContinue)
      {
          /* nothing special to do */
      }
      else
  	if (callbackResult == paAbort)
      {
  		// stop stream
          SetEvent(stream->hCloseRequest);
      }
      else
      {
  		// stop stream
          SetEvent(stream->hCloseRequest);
      }
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HANDLE MMCSS_activate(const char *name)
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
      DWORD task_idx = 0;
      HANDLE hTask = pAvSetMmThreadCharacteristics(name, &task_idx);
      if (hTask == NULL)
  	{
          PRINT(("WASAPI: AvSetMmThreadCharacteristics failed!\n"));
      }
  
      /*BOOL priority_ok = pAvSetMmThreadPriority(hTask, AVRT_PRIORITY_NORMAL);
      if (priority_ok == FALSE)
  	{
          PRINT(("WASAPI: AvSetMmThreadPriority failed!\n"));
      }*/
  
  	// debug
      {
          int    cur_priority		  = GetThreadPriority(GetCurrentThread());
          DWORD  cur_priority_class = GetPriorityClass(GetCurrentProcess());
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: thread[ priority-0x%X class-0x%X ]\n", cur_priority, cur_priority_class));
      }
  
  	return hTask;
  #else
  	(void)name;
  	return NULL;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void MMCSS_deactivate(HANDLE hTask)
  {
  	if (!hTask)
  		return;
  
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	if (pAvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics(hTask) == FALSE)
  	{
          PRINT(("WASAPI: AvRevertMmThreadCharacteristics failed!\n"));
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PaError PaWasapi_ThreadPriorityBoost(void **hTask, PaWasapiThreadPriority nPriorityClass)
  {
  	static const char *mmcs_name[] =
  	{
  		NULL,
  		"Audio",
  		"Capture",
  		"Distribution",
  		"Games",
  		"Playback",
  		"Pro Audio",
  		"Window Manager"
  	};
  	HANDLE task;
  
  	if (hTask == NULL)
  		return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  
  	if ((UINT32)nPriorityClass >= STATIC_ARRAY_SIZE(mmcs_name))
  		return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  
  	task = MMCSS_activate(mmcs_name[nPriorityClass]);
  	if (task == NULL)
  		return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  
  	(*hTask) = task;
  	return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PaError PaWasapi_ThreadPriorityRevert(void *hTask)
  {
  	if (hTask == NULL)
  		return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  
  	MMCSS_deactivate((HANDLE)hTask);
  
  	return paNoError;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Described at:
  // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd371387(v=VS.85).aspx
  
  PaError PaWasapi_GetJackCount(PaDeviceIndex nDevice, int *jcount)
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	PaError ret;
  	HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	PaDeviceIndex index;
      IDeviceTopology *pDeviceTopology = NULL;
      IConnector *pConnFrom = NULL;
      IConnector *pConnTo = NULL;
      IPart *pPart = NULL;
      IKsJackDescription *pJackDesc = NULL;
  	UINT jackCount = 0;
  
  	PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi = _GetHostApi(&ret);
  	if (paWasapi == NULL)
  		return paNotInitialized;
  
  	// Get device index.
  	ret = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(&index, nDevice, &paWasapi->inheritedHostApiRep);
      if (ret != paNoError)
          return ret;
  
  	// Validate index.
  	if ((UINT32)index >= paWasapi->deviceCount)
  		return paInvalidDevice;
  
  	// Get the endpoint device's IDeviceTopology interface.
  	hr = IMMDevice_Activate(paWasapi->devInfo[index].device, &pa_IID_IDeviceTopology,
  		CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, NULL, (void**)&pDeviceTopology);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
      // The device topology for an endpoint device always contains just one connector (connector number 0).
  	hr = IDeviceTopology_GetConnector(pDeviceTopology, 0, &pConnFrom);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
      // Step across the connection to the jack on the adapter.
  	hr = IConnector_GetConnectedTo(pConnFrom, &pConnTo);
      if (HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND) == hr)
      {
          // The adapter device is not currently active.
          hr = E_NOINTERFACE;
      }
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Get the connector's IPart interface.
  	hr = IConnector_QueryInterface(pConnTo, &pa_IID_IPart, (void**)&pPart);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Activate the connector's IKsJackDescription interface.
  	hr = IPart_Activate(pPart, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, &pa_IID_IKsJackDescription, (void**)&pJackDesc);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Return jack count for this device.
  	hr = IKsJackDescription_GetJackCount(pJackDesc, &jackCount);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Set.
  	(*jcount) = jackCount;
  
  	// Ok.
  	ret = paNoError;
  
  error:
  
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pDeviceTopology);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pConnFrom);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pConnTo);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pPart);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pJackDesc);
  
  	LogHostError(hr);
  	return paNoError;
  #else
  	(void)nDevice;
  	(void)jcount;
  	return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  static PaWasapiJackConnectionType ConvertJackConnectionTypeWASAPIToPA(int connType)
  {
  	switch (connType)
  	{
  		case eConnTypeUnknown:			return eJackConnTypeUnknown;
  #ifdef _KS_
  		case eConnType3Point5mm:		return eJackConnType3Point5mm;
  #else
  		case eConnTypeEighth:		    return eJackConnType3Point5mm;
  #endif
  		case eConnTypeQuarter:			return eJackConnTypeQuarter;
  		case eConnTypeAtapiInternal:	return eJackConnTypeAtapiInternal;
  		case eConnTypeRCA:				return eJackConnTypeRCA;
  		case eConnTypeOptical:			return eJackConnTypeOptical;
  		case eConnTypeOtherDigital:		return eJackConnTypeOtherDigital;
  		case eConnTypeOtherAnalog:		return eJackConnTypeOtherAnalog;
  		case eConnTypeMultichannelAnalogDIN: return eJackConnTypeMultichannelAnalogDIN;
  		case eConnTypeXlrProfessional:	return eJackConnTypeXlrProfessional;
  		case eConnTypeRJ11Modem:		return eJackConnTypeRJ11Modem;
  		case eConnTypeCombination:		return eJackConnTypeCombination;
  	}
  	return eJackConnTypeUnknown;
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  static PaWasapiJackGeoLocation ConvertJackGeoLocationWASAPIToPA(int geoLoc)
  {
  	switch (geoLoc)
  	{
  	case eGeoLocRear:				return eJackGeoLocRear;
  	case eGeoLocFront:				return eJackGeoLocFront;
  	case eGeoLocLeft:				return eJackGeoLocLeft;
  	case eGeoLocRight:				return eJackGeoLocRight;
  	case eGeoLocTop:				return eJackGeoLocTop;
  	case eGeoLocBottom:				return eJackGeoLocBottom;
  #ifdef _KS_
  	case eGeoLocRearPanel:			return eJackGeoLocRearPanel;
  #else
  	case eGeoLocRearOPanel:         return eJackGeoLocRearPanel;
  #endif
  	case eGeoLocRiser:				return eJackGeoLocRiser;
  	case eGeoLocInsideMobileLid:	return eJackGeoLocInsideMobileLid;
  	case eGeoLocDrivebay:			return eJackGeoLocDrivebay;
  	case eGeoLocHDMI:				return eJackGeoLocHDMI;
  	case eGeoLocOutsideMobileLid:	return eJackGeoLocOutsideMobileLid;
  	case eGeoLocATAPI:				return eJackGeoLocATAPI;
  	}
  	return eJackGeoLocUnk;
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  static PaWasapiJackGenLocation ConvertJackGenLocationWASAPIToPA(int genLoc)
  {
  	switch (genLoc)
  	{
  	case eGenLocPrimaryBox:	return eJackGenLocPrimaryBox;
  	case eGenLocInternal:	return eJackGenLocInternal;
  #ifdef _KS_
  	case eGenLocSeparate:	return eJackGenLocSeparate;
  #else
  	case eGenLocSeperate:	return eJackGenLocSeparate;
  #endif
  	case eGenLocOther:		return eJackGenLocOther;
  	}
  	return eJackGenLocPrimaryBox;
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  static PaWasapiJackPortConnection ConvertJackPortConnectionWASAPIToPA(int portConn)
  {
  	switch (portConn)
  	{
  	case ePortConnJack:					return eJackPortConnJack;
  	case ePortConnIntegratedDevice:		return eJackPortConnIntegratedDevice;
  	case ePortConnBothIntegratedAndJack:return eJackPortConnBothIntegratedAndJack;
  	case ePortConnUnknown:				return eJackPortConnUnknown;
  	}
  	return eJackPortConnJack;
  }
  #endif
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Described at:
  // http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dd371387(v=VS.85).aspx
  
  PaError PaWasapi_GetJackDescription(PaDeviceIndex nDevice, int jindex, PaWasapiJackDescription *pJackDescription)
  {
  #ifndef PA_WINRT
  	PaError ret;
  	HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	PaDeviceIndex index;
      IDeviceTopology *pDeviceTopology = NULL;
      IConnector *pConnFrom = NULL;
      IConnector *pConnTo = NULL;
      IPart *pPart = NULL;
      IKsJackDescription *pJackDesc = NULL;
  	KSJACK_DESCRIPTION jack = { 0 };
  
  	PaWasapiHostApiRepresentation *paWasapi = _GetHostApi(&ret);
  	if (paWasapi == NULL)
  		return paNotInitialized;
  
  	// Get device index.
  	ret = PaUtil_DeviceIndexToHostApiDeviceIndex(&index, nDevice, &paWasapi->inheritedHostApiRep);
      if (ret != paNoError)
          return ret;
  
  	// Validate index.
  	if ((UINT32)index >= paWasapi->deviceCount)
  		return paInvalidDevice;
  
  	// Get the endpoint device's IDeviceTopology interface.
  	hr = IMMDevice_Activate(paWasapi->devInfo[index].device, &pa_IID_IDeviceTopology,
  		CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, NULL, (void**)&pDeviceTopology);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
      // The device topology for an endpoint device always contains just one connector (connector number 0).
  	hr = IDeviceTopology_GetConnector(pDeviceTopology, 0, &pConnFrom);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
      // Step across the connection to the jack on the adapter.
  	hr = IConnector_GetConnectedTo(pConnFrom, &pConnTo);
      if (HRESULT_FROM_WIN32(ERROR_PATH_NOT_FOUND) == hr)
      {
          // The adapter device is not currently active.
          hr = E_NOINTERFACE;
      }
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Get the connector's IPart interface.
  	hr = IConnector_QueryInterface(pConnTo, &pa_IID_IPart, (void**)&pPart);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Activate the connector's IKsJackDescription interface.
  	hr = IPart_Activate(pPart, CLSCTX_INPROC_SERVER, &pa_IID_IKsJackDescription, (void**)&pJackDesc);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Test to return jack description struct for index 0.
  	hr = IKsJackDescription_GetJackDescription(pJackDesc, jindex, &jack);
  	IF_FAILED_JUMP(hr, error);
  
  	// Convert WASAPI values to PA format.
  	pJackDescription->channelMapping = jack.ChannelMapping;
  	pJackDescription->color          = jack.Color;
  	pJackDescription->connectionType = ConvertJackConnectionTypeWASAPIToPA(jack.ConnectionType);
  	pJackDescription->genLocation    = ConvertJackGenLocationWASAPIToPA(jack.GenLocation);
  	pJackDescription->geoLocation    = ConvertJackGeoLocationWASAPIToPA(jack.GeoLocation);
  	pJackDescription->isConnected    = jack.IsConnected;
  	pJackDescription->portConnection = ConvertJackPortConnectionWASAPIToPA(jack.PortConnection);
  
  	// Ok.
  	ret = paNoError;
  
  error:
  
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pDeviceTopology);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pConnFrom);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pConnTo);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pPart);
  	SAFE_RELEASE(pJackDesc);
  
  	LogHostError(hr);
  	return ret;
  
  #else
  	(void)nDevice;
  	(void)jindex;
  	(void)pJackDescription;
  	return paUnanticipatedHostError;
  #endif
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(PaWasapiStream *stream, UINT32 *available)
  {
  	HRESULT hr;
  	UINT32 frames  = stream->out.framesPerHostCallback,
  		   padding = 0;
  
  	(*available) = 0;
  
  	// get read position
  	if ((hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(stream->out.clientProc, &padding)) != S_OK)
  		return LogHostError(hr);
  
  	// get available
  	frames -= padding;
  
  	// set
  	(*available) = frames;
  	return hr;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT _PollGetInputFramesAvailable(PaWasapiStream *stream, UINT32 *available)
  {
  	HRESULT hr;
  
  	(*available) = 0;
  
  	// GetCurrentPadding() has opposite meaning to Output stream 
  	if ((hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(stream->in.clientProc, available)) != S_OK)
  		return LogHostError(hr);
  
  	return hr;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT ProcessOutputBuffer(PaWasapiStream *stream, PaWasapiHostProcessor *processor, UINT32 frames)
  {
  	HRESULT hr;
  	BYTE *data = NULL;
  
  	// Get buffer
  	if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(stream->renderClient, frames, &data)) != S_OK)
  	{
  		if (stream->out.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED)
  		{
  			// Using GetCurrentPadding to overcome AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE in
  			// shared mode results in no sound in Event-driven mode (MSDN does not
  			// document this, or is it WASAPI bug?), thus we better
  			// try to acquire buffer next time when GetBuffer allows to do so.
  #if 0
  			// Get Read position
  			UINT32 padding = 0;
  			hr = IAudioClient_GetCurrentPadding(stream->out.clientProc, &padding);
  			if (hr != S_OK)
  				return LogHostError(hr);
  
  			// Get frames to write
  			frames -= padding;
  			if (frames == 0)
  				return S_OK;
  
  			if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(stream->renderClient, frames, &data)) != S_OK)
  				return LogHostError(hr);
  #else
  			if (hr == AUDCLNT_E_BUFFER_TOO_LARGE)
  				return S_OK; // be silent in shared mode, try again next time
  #endif
  		}
  		else
  			return LogHostError(hr);
  	}
  
  	// Process data
  	if (stream->out.monoMixer != NULL)
  	{
  		// expand buffer
  		UINT32 mono_frames_size = frames * (stream->out.wavex.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
  		if (mono_frames_size > stream->out.monoBufferSize)
  			stream->out.monoBuffer = PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(stream->out.monoBuffer, (stream->out.monoBufferSize = mono_frames_size));
  
  		// process
  		processor[S_OUTPUT].processor(NULL, 0, (BYTE *)stream->out.monoBuffer, frames, processor[S_OUTPUT].userData);
  
  		// mix 1 to 2 channels
  		stream->out.monoMixer(data, stream->out.monoBuffer, frames);
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		processor[S_OUTPUT].processor(NULL, 0, data, frames, processor[S_OUTPUT].userData);
  	}
  
  	// Release buffer
  	if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, frames, 0)) != S_OK)
  		LogHostError(hr);
  
  	return hr;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT ProcessInputBuffer(PaWasapiStream *stream, PaWasapiHostProcessor *processor)
  {
  	HRESULT hr = S_OK;
  	UINT32 frames;
  	BYTE *data = NULL;
  	DWORD flags = 0;
  
  	for (;;)
  	{
  		// Check if blocking call must be interrupted
  		if (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, 0) != WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  			break;
  
  		// Findout if any frames available
  		frames = 0;
  		if ((hr = _PollGetInputFramesAvailable(stream, &frames)) != S_OK)
  			return hr;
  
  		// Empty/consumed buffer
  		if (frames == 0)
  			break;
  
  		// Get the available data in the shared buffer.
  		if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(stream->captureClient, &data, &frames, &flags, NULL, NULL)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			if (hr == AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY)
  			{
  				hr = S_OK;
  				break; // Empty/consumed buffer
  			}
  
  			return LogHostError(hr);
  			break;
  		}
  
  		// Detect silence
  		// if (flags & AUDCLNT_BUFFERFLAGS_SILENT)
  		//	data = NULL;
  
  		// Process data
  		if (stream->in.monoMixer != NULL)
  		{
  			// expand buffer
  			UINT32 mono_frames_size = frames * (stream->in.wavex.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
  			if (mono_frames_size > stream->in.monoBufferSize)
  				stream->in.monoBuffer = PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(stream->in.monoBuffer, (stream->in.monoBufferSize = mono_frames_size));
  
  			// mix 1 to 2 channels
  			stream->in.monoMixer(stream->in.monoBuffer, data, frames);
  
  			// process
  			processor[S_INPUT].processor((BYTE *)stream->in.monoBuffer, frames, NULL, 0, processor[S_INPUT].userData);
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			processor[S_INPUT].processor(data, frames, NULL, 0, processor[S_INPUT].userData);
  		}
  
  		// Release buffer
  		if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, frames)) != S_OK)
  			return LogHostError(hr);
  
  		//break;
  	}
  
  	return hr;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void _StreamOnStop(PaWasapiStream *stream)
  {
  	// Stop INPUT/OUTPUT clients
  	if (!stream->bBlocking) 
  	{
  		if (stream->in.clientProc != NULL)
  			IAudioClient_Stop(stream->in.clientProc);
  		if (stream->out.clientProc != NULL)
  			IAudioClient_Stop(stream->out.clientProc);
  	} 
  	else 
  	{
  		if (stream->in.clientParent != NULL)
  			IAudioClient_Stop(stream->in.clientParent);
  		if (stream->out.clientParent != NULL)
  			IAudioClient_Stop(stream->out.clientParent);
  	}
  
  	// Restore thread priority
  	if (stream->hAvTask != NULL)
  	{
  		PaWasapi_ThreadPriorityRevert(stream->hAvTask);
  		stream->hAvTask = NULL;
  	}
  
      // Notify
      if (stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback != NULL)
          stream->streamRepresentation.streamFinishedCallback(stream->streamRepresentation.userData);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PA_THREAD_FUNC ProcThreadEvent(void *param)
  {
      PaWasapiHostProcessor processor[S_COUNT];
  	HRESULT hr;
  	DWORD dwResult;
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream *)param;
  	PaWasapiHostProcessor defaultProcessor;
  	BOOL set_event[S_COUNT] = { FALSE, FALSE };
  	BOOL bWaitAllEvents = FALSE;
  	BOOL bThreadComInitialized = FALSE;
  
  	/*
  	If COM is already initialized CoInitialize will either return
  	FALSE, or RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE if it was initialized in a different
  	threading mode. In either case we shouldn't consider it an error
  	but we need to be careful to not call CoUninitialize() if 
  	RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE was returned.
  	*/
  	hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED);
  	if (FAILED(hr) && (hr != RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE))
  	{
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: failed ProcThreadEvent CoInitialize"));
  		return (UINT32)paUnanticipatedHostError;
  	}
  	if (hr != RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE)
  		bThreadComInitialized = TRUE;
  
  	// Unmarshal stream pointers for safe COM operation
  	hr = UnmarshalStreamComPointers(stream);
  	if (hr != S_OK) {
  		PRINT(("Error unmarshaling stream COM pointers. HRESULT: %i\n", hr));
  		goto thread_end;
  	}
  
  	// Waiting on all events in case of Full-Duplex/Exclusive mode.
  	if ((stream->in.clientProc != NULL) && (stream->out.clientProc != NULL))
  	{
  		bWaitAllEvents = (stream->in.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE) &&
  			(stream->out.shareMode == AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_EXCLUSIVE);
  	}
  
      // Setup data processors
      defaultProcessor.processor = WaspiHostProcessingLoop;
      defaultProcessor.userData  = stream;
      processor[S_INPUT] = (stream->hostProcessOverrideInput.processor != NULL ? stream->hostProcessOverrideInput : defaultProcessor);
      processor[S_OUTPUT] = (stream->hostProcessOverrideOutput.processor != NULL ? stream->hostProcessOverrideOutput : defaultProcessor);
  
  	// Boost thread priority
  	PaWasapi_ThreadPriorityBoost((void **)&stream->hAvTask, stream->nThreadPriority);
  
  	// Create events
  	if (stream->event[S_OUTPUT] == NULL)
  	{
  		stream->event[S_OUTPUT] = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
  		set_event[S_OUTPUT] = TRUE;
  	}
  	if (stream->event[S_INPUT] == NULL)
  	{
  		stream->event[S_INPUT]  = CreateEvent(NULL, FALSE, FALSE, NULL);
  		set_event[S_INPUT] = TRUE;
  	}
  	if ((stream->event[S_OUTPUT] == NULL) || (stream->event[S_INPUT] == NULL))
  	{
  		PRINT(("WASAPI Thread: failed creating Input/Output event handle\n"));
  		goto thread_error;
  	}
  
  	// Initialize event & start INPUT stream
  	if (stream->in.clientProc)
  	{
  		// Create & set handle
  		if (set_event[S_INPUT])
  		{
  			if ((hr = IAudioClient_SetEventHandle(stream->in.clientProc, stream->event[S_INPUT])) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				goto thread_error;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Start
  		if ((hr = IAudioClient_Start(stream->in.clientProc)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto thread_error;
  		}
  	}
  
  	// Initialize event & start OUTPUT stream
  	if (stream->out.clientProc)
  	{
  		// Create & set handle
  		if (set_event[S_OUTPUT])
  		{
  			if ((hr = IAudioClient_SetEventHandle(stream->out.clientProc, stream->event[S_OUTPUT])) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				goto thread_error;
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Preload buffer before start
  		if ((hr = ProcessOutputBuffer(stream, processor, stream->out.framesPerBuffer)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto thread_error;
  		}
  
  		// Start
  		if ((hr = IAudioClient_Start(stream->out.clientProc)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto thread_error;
  		}
  
  	}
  
  	// Signal: stream running
  	stream->running = TRUE;
  
  	// Notify: thread started
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadStart);
  
  	// Processing Loop
  	for (;;)
      {
  	    // 10 sec timeout (on timeout stream will auto-stop when processed by WAIT_TIMEOUT case)
          dwResult = WaitForMultipleObjects(S_COUNT, stream->event, bWaitAllEvents, 10*1000);
  
  		// Check for close event (after wait for buffers to avoid any calls to user
  		// callback when hCloseRequest was set)
  		if (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, 0) != WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  			break;
  
  		// Process S_INPUT/S_OUTPUT
  		switch (dwResult)
  		{
  		case WAIT_TIMEOUT: {
  			PRINT(("WASAPI Thread: WAIT_TIMEOUT - probably bad audio driver or Vista x64 bug: use paWinWasapiPolling instead\n"));
  			goto thread_end;
  			break; }
  
  		// Input stream
  		case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + S_INPUT: {
  
              if (stream->captureClient == NULL)
                  break;
  
  			if ((hr = ProcessInputBuffer(stream, processor)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				goto thread_error;
  			}
  
  			break; }
  
  		// Output stream
  		case WAIT_OBJECT_0 + S_OUTPUT: {
  
              if (stream->renderClient == NULL)
                  break;
  
  			if ((hr = ProcessOutputBuffer(stream, processor, stream->out.framesPerBuffer)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				goto thread_error;
  			}
  
  			break; }
  		}
  	}
  
  thread_end:
  
  	// Process stop
  	_StreamOnStop(stream);
  
  	// Release unmarshaled COM pointers
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledComPointers(stream);
  
  	// Cleanup COM for this thread
  	if (bThreadComInitialized == TRUE)
  		CoUninitialize();
  
  	// Notify: not running
  	stream->running = FALSE;
  
  	// Notify: thread exited
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadExit);
  
  	return 0;
  
  thread_error:
  
  	// Prevent deadlocking in Pa_StreamStart
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadStart);
  
  	// Exit
  	goto thread_end;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  PA_THREAD_FUNC ProcThreadPoll(void *param)
  {
      PaWasapiHostProcessor processor[S_COUNT];
  	HRESULT hr;
      PaWasapiStream *stream = (PaWasapiStream *)param;
  	PaWasapiHostProcessor defaultProcessor;
  	INT32 i;
  	ThreadIdleScheduler scheduler;
  
  	// Calculate the actual duration of the allocated buffer.
  	DWORD sleep_ms     = 0;
  	DWORD sleep_ms_in;
  	DWORD sleep_ms_out;
  
  	BOOL bThreadComInitialized = FALSE;
  
  	/*
  	If COM is already initialized CoInitialize will either return
  	FALSE, or RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE if it was initialized in a different
  	threading mode. In either case we shouldn't consider it an error
  	but we need to be careful to not call CoUninitialize() if 
  	RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE was returned.
  	*/
  	hr = CoInitializeEx(NULL, COINIT_APARTMENTTHREADED);
  	if (FAILED(hr) && (hr != RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE))
  	{
  		PRINT(("WASAPI: failed ProcThreadPoll CoInitialize"));
  		return (UINT32)paUnanticipatedHostError;
  	}
  	if (hr != RPC_E_CHANGED_MODE)
  		bThreadComInitialized = TRUE;
  
  	// Unmarshal stream pointers for safe COM operation
  	hr = UnmarshalStreamComPointers(stream);
  	if (hr != S_OK) 
  	{
  		PRINT(("Error unmarshaling stream COM pointers. HRESULT: %i\n", hr));
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	// Calculate timeout for next polling attempt.
  	sleep_ms_in  = GetFramesSleepTime(stream->in.framesPerHostCallback/WASAPI_PACKETS_PER_INPUT_BUFFER, stream->in.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  	sleep_ms_out = GetFramesSleepTime(stream->out.framesPerBuffer, stream->out.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  
  	// WASAPI Input packets tend to expire very easily, let's limit sleep time to 2 milliseconds
  	// for all cases. Please propose better solution if any.
  	if (sleep_ms_in > 2)
  		sleep_ms_in = 2;
  
  	// Adjust polling time for non-paUtilFixedHostBufferSize. Input stream is not adjustable as it is being
  	// polled according its packet length.
  	if (stream->bufferMode != paUtilFixedHostBufferSize)
  	{
  		//sleep_ms_in = GetFramesSleepTime(stream->bufferProcessor.framesPerUserBuffer, stream->in.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  		sleep_ms_out = GetFramesSleepTime(stream->bufferProcessor.framesPerUserBuffer, stream->out.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  	}
  
  	// Choose smallest
  	if ((sleep_ms_in != 0) && (sleep_ms_out != 0))
  		sleep_ms = min(sleep_ms_in, sleep_ms_out);
  	else
  	{
  		sleep_ms = (sleep_ms_in ? sleep_ms_in : sleep_ms_out);
  	}
  	// Make sure not 0, othervise use ThreadIdleScheduler
  	if (sleep_ms == 0)
  	{
  		sleep_ms_in  = GetFramesSleepTimeMicroseconds(stream->in.framesPerHostCallback/WASAPI_PACKETS_PER_INPUT_BUFFER, stream->in.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  		sleep_ms_out = GetFramesSleepTimeMicroseconds(stream->bufferProcessor.framesPerUserBuffer, stream->out.wavex.Format.nSamplesPerSec);
  
  		// Choose smallest
  		if ((sleep_ms_in != 0) && (sleep_ms_out != 0))
  			sleep_ms = min(sleep_ms_in, sleep_ms_out);
  		else
  		{
  			sleep_ms = (sleep_ms_in ? sleep_ms_in : sleep_ms_out);
  		}
  
  		// Setup thread sleep scheduler
  		ThreadIdleScheduler_Setup(&scheduler, 1, sleep_ms/* microseconds here */);
  		sleep_ms = 0;
  	}
  
      // Setup data processors
      defaultProcessor.processor = WaspiHostProcessingLoop;
      defaultProcessor.userData  = stream;
      processor[S_INPUT] = (stream->hostProcessOverrideInput.processor != NULL ? stream->hostProcessOverrideInput : defaultProcessor);
      processor[S_OUTPUT] = (stream->hostProcessOverrideOutput.processor != NULL ? stream->hostProcessOverrideOutput : defaultProcessor);
  
  	// Boost thread priority
  	PaWasapi_ThreadPriorityBoost((void **)&stream->hAvTask, stream->nThreadPriority);
  
  	// Initialize event & start INPUT stream
  	if (stream->in.clientProc)
  	{
  		if ((hr = IAudioClient_Start(stream->in.clientProc)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto thread_error;
  		}
  	}
  
  	// Initialize event & start OUTPUT stream
  	if (stream->out.clientProc)
  	{
  		// Preload buffer (obligatory, othervise ->Start() will fail), avoid processing
  		// when in full-duplex mode as it requires input processing as well
  		if (!PA_WASAPI__IS_FULLDUPLEX(stream))
  		{
  			UINT32 frames = 0;
  			if ((hr = _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(stream, &frames)) == S_OK)
              {
  				if (stream->bufferMode == paUtilFixedHostBufferSize)
  				{
  					if (frames >= stream->out.framesPerBuffer)
  					{
  						frames = stream->out.framesPerBuffer;
  
  						if ((hr = ProcessOutputBuffer(stream, processor, frames)) != S_OK)
  						{
  							LogHostError(hr); // not fatal, just log
  						}
  					}
  				}
  				else
  				{
  					if (frames != 0)
  					{
  						if ((hr = ProcessOutputBuffer(stream, processor, frames)) != S_OK)
  						{
  							LogHostError(hr); // not fatal, just log
  						}
  					}
  				}
              }
              else
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr); // not fatal, just log
  			}
  		}
  
  		// Start
  		if ((hr = IAudioClient_Start(stream->out.clientProc)) != S_OK)
  		{
  			LogHostError(hr);
  			goto thread_error;
  		}
  	}
  
  	// Signal: stream running
  	stream->running = TRUE;
  
  	// Notify: thread started
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadStart);
  
  	if (!PA_WASAPI__IS_FULLDUPLEX(stream))
  	{
  		// Processing Loop
  		UINT32 next_sleep = sleep_ms;
  		while (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, next_sleep) == WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  		{
  			// Get next sleep time
  			if (sleep_ms == 0)
  			{
  				next_sleep = ThreadIdleScheduler_NextSleep(&scheduler);
  			}
  
  			for (i = 0; i < S_COUNT; ++i)
  			{
  				// Process S_INPUT/S_OUTPUT
  				switch (i)
  				{
  				// Input stream
  				case S_INPUT: {
  
  					if (stream->captureClient == NULL)
  						break;
  
  					if ((hr = ProcessInputBuffer(stream, processor)) != S_OK)
  					{
  						LogHostError(hr);
  						goto thread_error;
  					}
  
  					break; }
  
  				// Output stream
  				case S_OUTPUT: {
  
  					UINT32 frames;
  					if (stream->renderClient == NULL)
  						break;
  
  					// get available frames
  					if ((hr = _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(stream, &frames)) != S_OK)
  					{
  						LogHostError(hr);
  						goto thread_error;
  					}
  
  					// output
  					if (stream->bufferMode == paUtilFixedHostBufferSize)
  					{
  						while (frames >= stream->out.framesPerBuffer)
  						{
  							if ((hr = ProcessOutputBuffer(stream, processor, stream->out.framesPerBuffer)) != S_OK)
  							{
  								LogHostError(hr);
  								goto thread_error;
  							}
  
  							frames -= stream->out.framesPerBuffer;
  						}
  					}
  					else
  					{
  						if (frames != 0)
  						{
  							if ((hr = ProcessOutputBuffer(stream, processor, frames)) != S_OK)
  							{
  								LogHostError(hr);
  								goto thread_error;
  							}
  						}
  					}
  
  					break; }
  				}
  			}
  		}
  	}
  	else
  	{
  #if 0
  		// Processing Loop
  		while (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, 1) == WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  		{
  			UINT32 i_frames = 0, i_processed = 0;
  			BYTE *i_data = NULL, *o_data = NULL, *o_data_host = NULL;
  			DWORD i_flags = 0;
  			UINT32 o_frames = 0;
  
  			// get host input buffer
  			if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(stream->captureClient, &i_data, &i_frames, &i_flags, NULL, NULL)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				if (hr == AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY)
  					continue; // no data in capture buffer
  
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				break;
  			}
  
  			// get available frames
  			if ((hr = _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(stream, &o_frames)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				// release input buffer
  				IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, 0);
  
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				break;
  			}
  
  			// process equal ammount of frames
  			if (o_frames >= i_frames)
  			{
  				// process input ammount of frames
  				UINT32 o_processed = i_frames;
  
  				// get host output buffer
  				if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(stream->procRCClient, o_processed, &o_data)) == S_OK)
  				{
  					// processed amount of i_frames
  					i_processed = i_frames;
  					o_data_host = o_data;
  
  					// convert output mono
  					if (stream->out.monoMixer)
  					{
  						UINT32 mono_frames_size = o_processed * (stream->out.wavex.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
  						// expand buffer
  						if (mono_frames_size > stream->out.monoBufferSize)
  						{
  							stream->out.monoBuffer = PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(stream->out.monoBuffer, (stream->out.monoBufferSize = mono_frames_size));
  							if (stream->out.monoBuffer == NULL)
  							{
  								// release input buffer
  								IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, 0);
  								// release output buffer
  								IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, 0, 0);
  
  								LogPaError(paInsufficientMemory);
  								break;
  							}
  						}
  
  						// replace buffer pointer
  						o_data = (BYTE *)stream->out.monoBuffer;
  					}
  
  					// convert input mono
  					if (stream->in.monoMixer)
  					{
  						UINT32 mono_frames_size = i_processed * (stream->in.wavex.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
  						// expand buffer
  						if (mono_frames_size > stream->in.monoBufferSize)
  						{
  							stream->in.monoBuffer = PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(stream->in.monoBuffer, (stream->in.monoBufferSize = mono_frames_size));
  							if (stream->in.monoBuffer == NULL)
  							{
  								// release input buffer
  								IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, 0);
  								// release output buffer
  								IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, 0, 0);
  
  								LogPaError(paInsufficientMemory);
  								break;
  							}
  						}
  
  						// mix 2 to 1 input channels
  						stream->in.monoMixer(stream->in.monoBuffer, i_data, i_processed);
  
  						// replace buffer pointer
  						i_data = (BYTE *)stream->in.monoBuffer;
  					}
  
  					// process
  					processor[S_FULLDUPLEX].processor(i_data, i_processed, o_data, o_processed, processor[S_FULLDUPLEX].userData);
  
  					// mix 1 to 2 output channels
  					if (stream->out.monoBuffer)
  						stream->out.monoMixer(o_data_host, stream->out.monoBuffer, o_processed);
  
  					// release host output buffer
  					if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, o_processed, 0)) != S_OK)
  						LogHostError(hr);
  				}
  				else
  				{
  					if (stream->out.shareMode != AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED)
  						LogHostError(hr); // be silent in shared mode, try again next time
  				}
  			}
  
  			// release host input buffer
  			if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, i_processed)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				break;
  			}
  		}
  #else
  		// Processing Loop
  		UINT32 next_sleep = sleep_ms;
  		while (WaitForSingleObject(stream->hCloseRequest, next_sleep) == WAIT_TIMEOUT)
  		{
  			UINT32 i_frames = 0, i_processed = 0;
  			BYTE *i_data = NULL, *o_data = NULL, *o_data_host = NULL;
  			DWORD i_flags = 0;
  			UINT32 o_frames = 0;
  
  			// Get next sleep time
  			if (sleep_ms == 0)
  			{
  				next_sleep = ThreadIdleScheduler_NextSleep(&scheduler);
  			}
  
  			// get available frames
  			if ((hr = _PollGetOutputFramesAvailable(stream, &o_frames)) != S_OK)
  			{
  				LogHostError(hr);
  				break;
  			}
  
  			while (o_frames != 0)
  			{
  				// get host input buffer
  				if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_GetBuffer(stream->captureClient, &i_data, &i_frames, &i_flags, NULL, NULL)) != S_OK)
  				{
  					if (hr == AUDCLNT_S_BUFFER_EMPTY)
  						break; // no data in capture buffer
  
  					LogHostError(hr);
  					break;
  				}
  
  				// process equal ammount of frames
  				if (o_frames >= i_frames)
  				{
  					// process input ammount of frames
  					UINT32 o_processed = i_frames;
  
  					// get host output buffer
  					if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_GetBuffer(stream->renderClient, o_processed, &o_data)) == S_OK)
  					{
  						// processed amount of i_frames
  						i_processed = i_frames;
  						o_data_host = o_data;
  
  						// convert output mono
  						if (stream->out.monoMixer)
  						{
  							UINT32 mono_frames_size = o_processed * (stream->out.wavex.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
  							// expand buffer
  							if (mono_frames_size > stream->out.monoBufferSize)
  							{
  								stream->out.monoBuffer = PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(stream->out.monoBuffer, (stream->out.monoBufferSize = mono_frames_size));
  								if (stream->out.monoBuffer == NULL)
  								{
  									// release input buffer
  									IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, 0);
  									// release output buffer
  									IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, 0, 0);
  
  									LogPaError(paInsufficientMemory);
  									goto thread_error;
  								}
  							}
  
  							// replace buffer pointer
  							o_data = (BYTE *)stream->out.monoBuffer;
  						}
  
  						// convert input mono
  						if (stream->in.monoMixer)
  						{
  							UINT32 mono_frames_size = i_processed * (stream->in.wavex.Format.wBitsPerSample / 8);
  							// expand buffer
  							if (mono_frames_size > stream->in.monoBufferSize)
  							{
  								stream->in.monoBuffer = PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(stream->in.monoBuffer, (stream->in.monoBufferSize = mono_frames_size));
  								if (stream->in.monoBuffer == NULL)
  								{
  									// release input buffer
  									IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, 0);
  									// release output buffer
  									IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, 0, 0);
  
  									LogPaError(paInsufficientMemory);
  									goto thread_error;
  								}
  							}
  
  							// mix 2 to 1 input channels
  							stream->in.monoMixer(stream->in.monoBuffer, i_data, i_processed);
  
  							// replace buffer pointer
  							i_data = (BYTE *)stream->in.monoBuffer;
  						}
  
  						// process
  						processor[S_FULLDUPLEX].processor(i_data, i_processed, o_data, o_processed, processor[S_FULLDUPLEX].userData);
  
  						// mix 1 to 2 output channels
  						if (stream->out.monoBuffer)
  							stream->out.monoMixer(o_data_host, stream->out.monoBuffer, o_processed);
  
  						// release host output buffer
  						if ((hr = IAudioRenderClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->renderClient, o_processed, 0)) != S_OK)
  							LogHostError(hr);
  
  						o_frames -= o_processed;
  					}
  					else
  					{
  						if (stream->out.shareMode != AUDCLNT_SHAREMODE_SHARED)
  							LogHostError(hr); // be silent in shared mode, try again next time
  					}
  				}
  				else
  				{
  					i_processed = 0;
  					goto fd_release_buffer_in;
  				}
  
  fd_release_buffer_in:
  
  				// release host input buffer
  				if ((hr = IAudioCaptureClient_ReleaseBuffer(stream->captureClient, i_processed)) != S_OK)
  				{
  					LogHostError(hr);
  					break;
  				}
  
  				// break processing, input hasn't been accumulated yet
  				if (i_processed == 0)
  					break;
  			}
  		}
  #endif
  	}
  
  thread_end:
  
  	// Process stop
  	_StreamOnStop(stream);
  
  	// Release unmarshaled COM pointers
  	ReleaseUnmarshaledComPointers(stream);
  
  	// Cleanup COM for this thread
  	if (bThreadComInitialized == TRUE)
  		CoUninitialize();
  
  	// Notify: not running
  	stream->running = FALSE;
  
  	// Notify: thread exited
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadExit);
  
  	return 0;
  
  thread_error:
  
  	// Prevent deadlocking in Pa_StreamStart
  	SetEvent(stream->hThreadStart);
  
  	// Exit
  	goto thread_end;
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void *PaWasapi_ReallocateMemory(void *ptr, size_t size)
  {
  	return realloc(ptr, size);
  }
  
  // ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void PaWasapi_FreeMemory(void *ptr)
  {
  	free(ptr);
  }
  
  //#endif //VC 2005
  
  
  
  
  #if 0
  			if(bFirst) {
  				float masteur;
  				hr = stream->outVol->GetMasterVolumeLevelScalar(&masteur);
  				if (hr != S_OK)
  					LogHostError(hr);
  				float chan1, chan2;
  				hr = stream->outVol->GetChannelVolumeLevelScalar(0, &chan1);
  				if (hr != S_OK)
  					LogHostError(hr);
  				hr = stream->outVol->GetChannelVolumeLevelScalar(1, &chan2);
  				if (hr != S_OK)
  					LogHostError(hr);
  
  				BOOL bMute;
  				hr = stream->outVol->GetMute(&bMute);
  				if (hr != S_OK)
  					LogHostError(hr);
  
  				stream->outVol->SetMasterVolumeLevelScalar(0.5, NULL);
  				stream->outVol->SetChannelVolumeLevelScalar(0, 0.5, NULL);
  				stream->outVol->SetChannelVolumeLevelScalar(1, 0.5, NULL);
  				stream->outVol->SetMute(FALSE, NULL);
  				bFirst = FALSE;
  			}
  #endif
  