text: //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // File: DXUTMisc.cpp
  //
  // Shortcut macros and functions for using DX objects
  //
  // Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
  // Licensed under the MIT License.
  //
  // http://go.microsoft.com/fwlink/?LinkId=320437
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #include "dxut.h"
  #include <xinput.h>
  
  #include "ScreenGrab.h"
  
  
  #define DXUT_GAMEPAD_TRIGGER_THRESHOLD      30
  
  CDXUTTimer* WINAPI DXUTGetGlobalTimer()
  {
      // Using an accessor function gives control of the construction order
      static CDXUTTimer timer;
      return &timer;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  CDXUTTimer::CDXUTTimer() noexcept :
      m_bTimerStopped(true),
      m_llQPFTicksPerSec{},
      m_llStopTime{},
      m_llLastElapsedTime{},
      m_llBaseTime{}
  {
      // Use QueryPerformanceFrequency to get the frequency of the counter
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTicksPerSec = {};
      QueryPerformanceFrequency( &qwTicksPerSec );
      m_llQPFTicksPerSec = qwTicksPerSec.QuadPart;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void CDXUTTimer::Reset()
  {
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = GetAdjustedCurrentTime();
  
      m_llBaseTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
      m_llLastElapsedTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
      m_llStopTime = 0;
      m_bTimerStopped = FALSE;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void CDXUTTimer::Start()
  {
      // Get the current time
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = {};
      QueryPerformanceCounter( &qwTime );
  
      if( m_bTimerStopped )
          m_llBaseTime += qwTime.QuadPart - m_llStopTime;
      m_llStopTime = 0;
      m_llLastElapsedTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
      m_bTimerStopped = FALSE;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void CDXUTTimer::Stop()
  {
      if( !m_bTimerStopped )
      {
          LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = {};
          QueryPerformanceCounter( &qwTime );
          m_llStopTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
          m_llLastElapsedTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
          m_bTimerStopped = TRUE;
      }
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void CDXUTTimer::Advance()
  {
      m_llStopTime += m_llQPFTicksPerSec / 10;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  double CDXUTTimer::GetAbsoluteTime() const
  {
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = {};
      QueryPerformanceCounter( &qwTime );
  
      double fTime = qwTime.QuadPart / ( double )m_llQPFTicksPerSec;
  
      return fTime;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  double CDXUTTimer::GetTime() const
  {
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = GetAdjustedCurrentTime();
  
      double fAppTime = ( double )( qwTime.QuadPart - m_llBaseTime ) / ( double )m_llQPFTicksPerSec;
  
      return fAppTime;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  void CDXUTTimer::GetTimeValues( double* pfTime, double* pfAbsoluteTime, float* pfElapsedTime )
  {
      assert( pfTime && pfAbsoluteTime && pfElapsedTime );
  
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = GetAdjustedCurrentTime();
  
      float fElapsedTime = (float) ((double) ( qwTime.QuadPart - m_llLastElapsedTime ) / (double) m_llQPFTicksPerSec);
      m_llLastElapsedTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
  
      // Clamp the timer to non-negative values to ensure the timer is accurate.
      // fElapsedTime can be outside this range if processor goes into a 
      // power save mode or we somehow get shuffled to another processor.  
      // However, the main thread should call SetThreadAffinityMask to ensure that 
      // we don't get shuffled to another processor.  Other worker threads should NOT call 
      // SetThreadAffinityMask, but use a shared copy of the timer data gathered from 
      // the main thread.
      if( fElapsedTime < 0.0f )
          fElapsedTime = 0.0f;
  
      *pfAbsoluteTime = qwTime.QuadPart / ( double )m_llQPFTicksPerSec;
      *pfTime = ( qwTime.QuadPart - m_llBaseTime ) / ( double )m_llQPFTicksPerSec;
      *pfElapsedTime = fElapsedTime;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  float CDXUTTimer::GetElapsedTime()
  {
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime = GetAdjustedCurrentTime();
  
      double fElapsedTime = (float) ((double) ( qwTime.QuadPart - m_llLastElapsedTime ) / (double) m_llQPFTicksPerSec);
      m_llLastElapsedTime = qwTime.QuadPart;
  
      // See the explanation about clamping in CDXUTTimer::GetTimeValues()
      if( fElapsedTime < 0.0f )
          fElapsedTime = 0.0f;
  
      return ( float )fElapsedTime;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // If stopped, returns time when stopped otherwise returns current time
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  LARGE_INTEGER CDXUTTimer::GetAdjustedCurrentTime() const
  {
      LARGE_INTEGER qwTime;
      if( m_llStopTime != 0 )
          qwTime.QuadPart = m_llStopTime;
      else
          QueryPerformanceCounter( &qwTime );
      return qwTime;
  }
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Limit the current thread to one processor (the current one). This ensures that timing code 
  // runs on only one processor, and will not suffer any ill effects from power management.
  // See "Game Timing and Multicore Processors" for more details
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void CDXUTTimer::LimitThreadAffinityToCurrentProc()
  {
      HANDLE hCurrentProcess = GetCurrentProcess();
  
      // Get the processor affinity mask for this process
      DWORD_PTR dwProcessAffinityMask = 0;
      DWORD_PTR dwSystemAffinityMask = 0;
  
      if( GetProcessAffinityMask( hCurrentProcess, &dwProcessAffinityMask, &dwSystemAffinityMask ) != 0 &&
          dwProcessAffinityMask )
      {
          // Find the lowest processor that our process is allows to run against
          DWORD_PTR dwAffinityMask = ( dwProcessAffinityMask & ( ( ~dwProcessAffinityMask ) + 1 ) );
  
          // Set this as the processor that our thread must always run against
          // This must be a subset of the process affinity mask
          HANDLE hCurrentThread = GetCurrentThread();
          if( INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE != hCurrentThread )
          {
              SetThreadAffinityMask( hCurrentThread, dwAffinityMask );
              CloseHandle( hCurrentThread );
          }
      }
  
      CloseHandle( hCurrentProcess );
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Returns the string for the given DXGI_FORMAT.
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define DXUTDXGIFMTSTR( a ) case a: pstr = L#a; break;
  
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  LPCWSTR WINAPI DXUTDXGIFormatToString( DXGI_FORMAT format, bool bWithPrefix )
  {
      const WCHAR* pstr = nullptr;
      switch( format )
      {
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32G8X24_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT_S8X24_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT_X8X24_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_X32_TYPELESS_G8X24_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R11G11B10_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R24G8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_D24_UNORM_S8_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R24_UNORM_X8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_X24_TYPELESS_G8_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_D16_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8_SINT)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_A8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R1_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R9G9B9E5_SHAREDEXP)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_B8G8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_G8R8_G8B8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM_SRGB)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_SRGB)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B5G6R5_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B5G5R5A1_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM)
  
          // DXGI 1.1
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10_XR_BIAS_A2_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_UNORM_SRGB)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_SF16)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_TYPELESS)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM)
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB)
  
          // DXGI 1.2
          DXUTDXGIFMTSTR(DXGI_FORMAT_B4G4R4A4_UNORM)
  
          default:
              pstr = L"Unknown format"; break;
      }
      if( bWithPrefix || !wcsstr( pstr, L"DXGI_FORMAT_" ) )
          return pstr;
      else
          return pstr + wcslen( L"DXGI_FORMAT_" );
  }
  
  #undef DXUTDXGIFMTSTR
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Outputs to the debug stream a formatted Unicode string with a variable-argument list.
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  VOID WINAPI DXUTOutputDebugStringW( LPCWSTR strMsg, ... )
  {
  #if defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG)
      WCHAR strBuffer[512];
  
      va_list args;
      va_start(args, strMsg);
      vswprintf_s( strBuffer, 512, strMsg, args );
      strBuffer[511] = L'\0';
      va_end(args);
  
      OutputDebugString( strBuffer );
  #else
      UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER( strMsg );
  #endif
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Outputs to the debug stream a formatted MBCS string with a variable-argument list.
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  VOID WINAPI DXUTOutputDebugStringA( LPCSTR strMsg, ... )
  {
  #if defined(DEBUG) || defined(_DEBUG)
      CHAR strBuffer[512];
  
      va_list args;
      va_start(args, strMsg);
      sprintf_s( strBuffer, 512, strMsg, args );
      strBuffer[511] = '\0';
      va_end(args);
  
      OutputDebugStringA( strBuffer );
  #else
      UNREFERENCED_PARAMETER( strMsg );
  #endif
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Direct3D dynamic linking support -- calls top-level D3D APIs with graceful
  // failure if APIs are not present.
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  
  // Function prototypes
  typedef INT         (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_BEGINEVENT)(DWORD, LPCWSTR);
  typedef INT         (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_ENDEVENT)(void);
  typedef VOID        (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_SETMARKER)(DWORD, LPCWSTR);
  typedef VOID        (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_SETREGION)(DWORD, LPCWSTR);
  typedef BOOL        (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_QUERYREPEATFRAME)(void);
  typedef VOID        (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_SETOPTIONS)( DWORD dwOptions );
  typedef DWORD       (WINAPI * LPD3DPERF_GETSTATUS)();
  typedef HRESULT     (WINAPI * LPCREATEDXGIFACTORY)(REFIID, void ** );
  typedef HRESULT     (WINAPI * LPDXGIGETDEBUGINTERFACE)(REFIID, void ** );
  
  // Module and function pointers
  static HMODULE                              s_hModD3D9 = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_BEGINEVENT                 s_DynamicD3DPERF_BeginEvent = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_ENDEVENT                   s_DynamicD3DPERF_EndEvent = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_SETMARKER                  s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetMarker = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_SETREGION                  s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetRegion = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_QUERYREPEATFRAME           s_DynamicD3DPERF_QueryRepeatFrame = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_SETOPTIONS                 s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetOptions = nullptr;
  static LPD3DPERF_GETSTATUS                  s_DynamicD3DPERF_GetStatus = nullptr;
  static HMODULE                              s_hModDXGI = nullptr;
  static HMODULE                              s_hModDXGIDebug = nullptr;
  static LPCREATEDXGIFACTORY                  s_DynamicCreateDXGIFactory = nullptr;
  static LPDXGIGETDEBUGINTERFACE              s_DynamicDXGIGetDebugInterface = nullptr;
  static HMODULE                              s_hModD3D11 = nullptr;
  static PFN_D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE              s_DynamicD3D11CreateDevice = nullptr;
  
  // Ensure function pointers are initialized
  static bool DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs()
  {
      // If the module is non-NULL, this function has already been called.  Note
      // that this doesn't guarantee that all ProcAddresses were found.
      if( s_hModD3D9 )
          return true;
  
      // This could fail in theory, but not on any modern version of Windows
      s_hModD3D9 = LoadLibraryEx( L"d3d9.dll", nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
      if( s_hModD3D9 )
      {
          // TODO - Use 11.1 perf APIs instead?
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_BeginEvent = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_BEGINEVENT>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_BeginEvent" ) ) );
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_EndEvent = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_ENDEVENT>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_EndEvent" ) ) );
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetMarker = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_SETMARKER>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_SetMarker" ) ) );
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetRegion = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_SETREGION>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_SetRegion" ) ) );
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_QueryRepeatFrame = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_QUERYREPEATFRAME>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_QueryRepeatFrame" ) ) );
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetOptions = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_SETOPTIONS>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_SetOptions" ) ) );
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_GetStatus = reinterpret_cast<LPD3DPERF_GETSTATUS>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D9, "D3DPERF_GetStatus" ) ) );
      }
  
      return s_hModD3D9 != nullptr;
  }
  
  bool DXUT_EnsureD3D11APIs()
  {
      // If both modules are non-NULL, this function has already been called.  Note
      // that this doesn't guarantee that all ProcAddresses were found.
      if( s_hModD3D11 && s_hModDXGI )
          return true;
  
      // This may fail if Direct3D 11 isn't installed
      s_hModD3D11 = LoadLibraryEx( L"d3d11.dll", nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
      if( s_hModD3D11 )
      {
          s_DynamicD3D11CreateDevice = reinterpret_cast<PFN_D3D11_CREATE_DEVICE>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModD3D11, "D3D11CreateDevice" ) ) );
      }
  
      if( !s_DynamicCreateDXGIFactory )
      {
          s_hModDXGI = LoadLibraryEx( L"dxgi.dll", nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
          if( s_hModDXGI )
          {
              s_DynamicCreateDXGIFactory = reinterpret_cast<LPCREATEDXGIFACTORY>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModDXGI, "CreateDXGIFactory1" ) ) );
          }
  
          if ( !s_DynamicDXGIGetDebugInterface )
          {
              s_hModDXGIDebug = LoadLibraryEx( L"dxgidebug.dll", nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
              if ( s_hModDXGIDebug )
              {
                  s_DynamicDXGIGetDebugInterface = reinterpret_cast<LPDXGIGETDEBUGINTERFACE>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( s_hModDXGIDebug, "DXGIGetDebugInterface" ) ) );
              }
          }
  
          return ( s_hModDXGI ) && ( s_hModD3D11 );
      }
  
      return s_hModD3D11 != nullptr;
  }
  
  int WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_BeginEvent( _In_ DWORD col, _In_z_ LPCWSTR wszName )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_BeginEvent )
          return s_DynamicD3DPERF_BeginEvent( col, wszName );
      else
          return -1;
  }
  
  int WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_EndEvent()
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_EndEvent )
          return s_DynamicD3DPERF_EndEvent();
      else
          return -1;
  }
  
  void WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_SetMarker( _In_ DWORD col, _In_z_ LPCWSTR wszName )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetMarker )
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetMarker( col, wszName );
  }
  
  void WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_SetRegion( _In_ DWORD col, _In_z_ LPCWSTR wszName )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetRegion )
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetRegion( col, wszName );
  }
  
  BOOL WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_QueryRepeatFrame()
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_QueryRepeatFrame )
          return s_DynamicD3DPERF_QueryRepeatFrame();
      else
          return FALSE;
  }
  
  void WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_SetOptions( _In_ DWORD dwOptions )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetOptions )
          s_DynamicD3DPERF_SetOptions( dwOptions );
  }
  
  DWORD WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3DPERF_GetStatus()
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D9APIs() && s_DynamicD3DPERF_GetStatus )
          return s_DynamicD3DPERF_GetStatus();
      else
          return 0;
  }
  
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_CreateDXGIFactory1( REFIID rInterface, void** ppOut )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D11APIs() && s_DynamicCreateDXGIFactory )
          return s_DynamicCreateDXGIFactory( rInterface, ppOut );
      else
          return DXUTERR_NODIRECT3D;
  }
  
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_DXGIGetDebugInterface( REFIID rInterface, void** ppOut )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D11APIs() && s_DynamicDXGIGetDebugInterface )
          return s_DynamicDXGIGetDebugInterface( rInterface, ppOut );
      else
          return E_NOTIMPL;
  }
  
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT WINAPI DXUT_Dynamic_D3D11CreateDevice( IDXGIAdapter* pAdapter,
                                                 D3D_DRIVER_TYPE DriverType,
                                                 HMODULE Software,
                                                 UINT32 Flags,
                                                 const D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL* pFeatureLevels,
                                                 UINT FeatureLevels,
                                                 UINT32 SDKVersion,
                                                 ID3D11Device** ppDevice,
                                                 D3D_FEATURE_LEVEL* pFeatureLevel,
                                                 ID3D11DeviceContext** ppImmediateContext )
  {
      if( DXUT_EnsureD3D11APIs() && s_DynamicD3D11CreateDevice )
          return s_DynamicD3D11CreateDevice( pAdapter, DriverType, Software, Flags, pFeatureLevels, FeatureLevels,
                                             SDKVersion, ppDevice, pFeatureLevel, ppImmediateContext );
      else
          return DXUTERR_NODIRECT3D;
  }
  
  #define TRACE_ID(iD) case iD: return L#iD;
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  const WCHAR* WINAPI DXUTTraceWindowsMessage( _In_ UINT uMsg )
  {
      switch( uMsg )
      {
          TRACE_ID(WM_NULL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CREATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DESTROY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SIZE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ACTIVATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETFOCUS);
          TRACE_ID(WM_KILLFOCUS);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ENABLE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETREDRAW);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETTEXT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETTEXT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETTEXTLENGTH);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PAINT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CLOSE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUERYENDSESSION);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUERYOPEN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ENDSESSION);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUIT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ERASEBKGND);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYSCOLORCHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SHOWWINDOW);
          TRACE_ID(WM_WININICHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DEVMODECHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ACTIVATEAPP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_FONTCHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_TIMECHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CANCELMODE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETCURSOR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOUSEACTIVATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CHILDACTIVATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUEUESYNC);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETMINMAXINFO);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PAINTICON);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ICONERASEBKGND);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NEXTDLGCTL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SPOOLERSTATUS);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DRAWITEM);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MEASUREITEM);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DELETEITEM);
          TRACE_ID(WM_VKEYTOITEM);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CHARTOITEM);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETFONT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETFONT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETHOTKEY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETHOTKEY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUERYDRAGICON);
          TRACE_ID(WM_COMPAREITEM);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETOBJECT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_COMPACTING);
          TRACE_ID(WM_COMMNOTIFY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGING);
          TRACE_ID(WM_WINDOWPOSCHANGED);
          TRACE_ID(WM_POWER);
          TRACE_ID(WM_COPYDATA);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CANCELJOURNAL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NOTIFY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_INPUTLANGCHANGEREQUEST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_INPUTLANGCHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_TCARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_HELP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_USERCHANGED);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NOTIFYFORMAT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CONTEXTMENU);
          TRACE_ID(WM_STYLECHANGING);
          TRACE_ID(WM_STYLECHANGED);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DISPLAYCHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETICON);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SETICON);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCCREATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCDESTROY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCCALCSIZE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCHITTEST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCPAINT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCACTIVATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_GETDLGCODE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYNCPAINT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCMOUSEMOVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCLBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCLBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCLBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCRBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCRBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCRBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCMBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCMBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCMBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCXBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCXBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCXBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_INPUT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_KEYDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_KEYUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DEADCHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYSKEYDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYSKEYUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYSCHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYSDEADCHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_UNICHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_STARTCOMPOSITION);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_ENDCOMPOSITION);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_COMPOSITION);
          TRACE_ID(WM_INITDIALOG);
          TRACE_ID(WM_COMMAND);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SYSCOMMAND);
          TRACE_ID(WM_TIMER);
          TRACE_ID(WM_HSCROLL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_VSCROLL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_INITMENU);
          TRACE_ID(WM_INITMENUPOPUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MENUSELECT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MENUCHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ENTERIDLE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MENURBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MENUDRAG);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MENUGETOBJECT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_UNINITMENUPOPUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MENUCOMMAND);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CHANGEUISTATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_UPDATEUISTATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUERYUISTATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLORMSGBOX);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLOREDIT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLORLISTBOX);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLORBTN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLORDLG);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLORSCROLLBAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CTLCOLORSTATIC);
          TRACE_ID(MN_GETHMENU);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOUSEMOVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_LBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_LBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_LBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_RBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_RBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_RBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOUSEWHEEL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_XBUTTONDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_XBUTTONUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_XBUTTONDBLCLK);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PARENTNOTIFY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ENTERMENULOOP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_EXITMENULOOP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NEXTMENU);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SIZING);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CAPTURECHANGED);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOVING);
          TRACE_ID(WM_POWERBROADCAST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DEVICECHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDICREATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIDESTROY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIACTIVATE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIRESTORE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDINEXT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIMAXIMIZE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDITILE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDICASCADE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIICONARRANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIGETACTIVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDISETMENU);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ENTERSIZEMOVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_EXITSIZEMOVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DROPFILES);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MDIREFRESHMENU);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_SETCONTEXT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_NOTIFY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_CONTROL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_COMPOSITIONFULL);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_SELECT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_CHAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_REQUEST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_KEYDOWN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_IME_KEYUP);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOUSEHOVER);
          TRACE_ID(WM_MOUSELEAVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCMOUSEHOVER);
          TRACE_ID(WM_NCMOUSELEAVE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_WTSSESSION_CHANGE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_TABLET_FIRST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_TABLET_LAST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CUT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_COPY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PASTE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CLEAR);
          TRACE_ID(WM_UNDO);
          TRACE_ID(WM_RENDERFORMAT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_RENDERALLFORMATS);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DESTROYCLIPBOARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_DRAWCLIPBOARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PAINTCLIPBOARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_VSCROLLCLIPBOARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_SIZECLIPBOARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_ASKCBFORMATNAME);
          TRACE_ID(WM_CHANGECBCHAIN);
          TRACE_ID(WM_HSCROLLCLIPBOARD);
          TRACE_ID(WM_QUERYNEWPALETTE);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PALETTEISCHANGING);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PALETTECHANGED);
          TRACE_ID(WM_HOTKEY);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PRINT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PRINTCLIENT);
          TRACE_ID(WM_APPCOMMAND);
          TRACE_ID(WM_THEMECHANGED);
          TRACE_ID(WM_HANDHELDFIRST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_HANDHELDLAST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_AFXFIRST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_AFXLAST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PENWINFIRST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_PENWINLAST);
          TRACE_ID(WM_APP);
          default:
              return L"Unknown";
      }
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Multimon API handling for OSes with or without multimon API support
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  #define DXUT_PRIMARY_MONITOR ((HMONITOR)0x12340042)
  typedef HMONITOR ( WINAPI* LPMONITORFROMWINDOW )( HWND, DWORD );
  typedef BOOL ( WINAPI* LPGETMONITORINFO )( HMONITOR, LPMONITORINFO );
  typedef HMONITOR ( WINAPI* LPMONITORFROMRECT )( LPCRECT lprcScreenCoords, DWORD dwFlags );
  
  #pragma warning( suppress : 6101 )
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  BOOL WINAPI DXUTGetMonitorInfo( HMONITOR hMonitor, LPMONITORINFO lpMonitorInfo )
  {
      static bool s_bInited = false;
      static LPGETMONITORINFO s_pFnGetMonitorInfo = nullptr;
      if( !s_bInited )
      {
          s_bInited = true;
          HMODULE hUser32 = GetModuleHandle( L"USER32" );
          if( hUser32 )
          {
              s_pFnGetMonitorInfo = reinterpret_cast<LPGETMONITORINFO>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hUser32, "GetMonitorInfoW" ) ) );
          }
      }
  
      if( s_pFnGetMonitorInfo )
          return s_pFnGetMonitorInfo( hMonitor, lpMonitorInfo );
  
      RECT rcWork;
      if( ( hMonitor == DXUT_PRIMARY_MONITOR ) && lpMonitorInfo && ( lpMonitorInfo->cbSize >= sizeof( MONITORINFO ) ) &&
          SystemParametersInfoA( SPI_GETWORKAREA, 0, &rcWork, 0 ) )
      {
          lpMonitorInfo->rcMonitor.left = 0;
          lpMonitorInfo->rcMonitor.top = 0;
          lpMonitorInfo->rcMonitor.right = GetSystemMetrics( SM_CXSCREEN );
          lpMonitorInfo->rcMonitor.bottom = GetSystemMetrics( SM_CYSCREEN );
          lpMonitorInfo->rcWork = rcWork;
          lpMonitorInfo->dwFlags = MONITORINFOF_PRIMARY;
          return TRUE;
      }
      return FALSE;
  }
  
  
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HMONITOR WINAPI DXUTMonitorFromWindow( HWND hWnd, DWORD dwFlags )
  {
      static bool s_bInited = false;
      static LPMONITORFROMWINDOW s_pFnGetMonitorFromWindow = nullptr;
      if( !s_bInited )
      {
          s_bInited = true;
          HMODULE hUser32 = GetModuleHandle( L"USER32" );
          if( hUser32 ) s_pFnGetMonitorFromWindow = reinterpret_cast<LPMONITORFROMWINDOW>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hUser32,
                                                                                           "MonitorFromWindow" ) ) );
      }
  
      if( s_pFnGetMonitorFromWindow )
          return s_pFnGetMonitorFromWindow( hWnd, dwFlags );
      else
          return DXUT_PRIMARY_MONITOR;
  }
  
  
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HMONITOR WINAPI DXUTMonitorFromRect( LPCRECT lprcScreenCoords, DWORD dwFlags )
  {
      static bool s_bInited = false;
      static LPMONITORFROMRECT s_pFnGetMonitorFromRect = nullptr;
      if( !s_bInited )
      {
          s_bInited = true;
          HMODULE hUser32 = GetModuleHandle( L"USER32" );
          if( hUser32 ) s_pFnGetMonitorFromRect = reinterpret_cast<LPMONITORFROMRECT>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hUser32, "MonitorFromRect" ) ) );
      }
  
      if( s_pFnGetMonitorFromRect )
          return s_pFnGetMonitorFromRect( lprcScreenCoords, dwFlags );
      else
          return DXUT_PRIMARY_MONITOR;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Get the desktop resolution of an adapter. This isn't the same as the current resolution 
  // from GetAdapterDisplayMode since the device might be fullscreen 
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  void WINAPI DXUTGetDesktopResolution( UINT AdapterOrdinal, UINT* pWidth, UINT* pHeight )
  {
      auto DeviceSettings = DXUTGetDeviceSettings();
  
      WCHAR strDeviceName[256] = {};
      DEVMODE devMode = {};
      devMode.dmSize = sizeof( DEVMODE );
  
      auto pd3dEnum = DXUTGetD3D11Enumeration();
      assert( pd3dEnum );
      _Analysis_assume_( pd3dEnum );
      auto pOutputInfo = pd3dEnum->GetOutputInfo( AdapterOrdinal, DeviceSettings.d3d11.Output );
      if( pOutputInfo )
      {
          wcscpy_s( strDeviceName, 256, pOutputInfo->Desc.DeviceName );
      }
  
      EnumDisplaySettings( strDeviceName, ENUM_REGISTRY_SETTINGS, &devMode );
  
      if( pWidth )
          *pWidth = devMode.dmPelsWidth;
      if( pHeight )
          *pHeight = devMode.dmPelsHeight;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Display error msg box to help debug 
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT WINAPI DXUTTrace( const CHAR* strFile, DWORD dwLine, HRESULT hr,
                            const WCHAR* strMsg, bool bPopMsgBox )
  {
      bool bShowMsgBoxOnError = DXUTGetShowMsgBoxOnError();
      if( bPopMsgBox && bShowMsgBoxOnError == false )
          bPopMsgBox = false;
  
      WCHAR buff[ MAX_PATH ];
      int result = MultiByteToWideChar( CP_ACP,
                                        MB_PRECOMPOSED, 
                                        strFile,
                                        -1,
                                        buff,
                                        MAX_PATH );
      if ( !result )
      {
          wcscpy_s( buff, L"*ERROR*" );
      }
  
      return DXTraceW( buff, dwLine, hr, strMsg, bPopMsgBox );
  }
  
  typedef DWORD ( WINAPI* LPXINPUTGETSTATE )( DWORD dwUserIndex, XINPUT_STATE* pState );
  typedef DWORD ( WINAPI* LPXINPUTSETSTATE )( DWORD dwUserIndex, XINPUT_VIBRATION* pVibration );
  typedef DWORD ( WINAPI* LPXINPUTGETCAPABILITIES )( DWORD dwUserIndex, DWORD dwFlags,
                                                     XINPUT_CAPABILITIES* pCapabilities );
  typedef void ( WINAPI* LPXINPUTENABLE )( BOOL bEnable );
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Does extra processing on XInput data to make it slightly more convenient to use
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  _Use_decl_annotations_
  HRESULT DXUTGetGamepadState( DWORD dwPort, DXUT_GAMEPAD* pGamePad, bool bThumbstickDeadZone,
                               bool bSnapThumbstickToCardinals )
  {
      if( dwPort >= DXUT_MAX_CONTROLLERS || !pGamePad )
          return E_FAIL;
  
      static LPXINPUTGETSTATE s_pXInputGetState = nullptr;
      static LPXINPUTGETCAPABILITIES s_pXInputGetCapabilities = nullptr;
      if( !s_pXInputGetState || !s_pXInputGetCapabilities )
      {
          HINSTANCE hInst = LoadLibraryEx( XINPUT_DLL, nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
          if( hInst )
          {
              s_pXInputGetState = reinterpret_cast<LPXINPUTGETSTATE>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hInst, "XInputGetState" ) ) );
              s_pXInputGetCapabilities = reinterpret_cast<LPXINPUTGETCAPABILITIES>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hInst, "XInputGetCapabilities" ) ) );
          }
      }
      if( !s_pXInputGetState )
          return E_FAIL;
  
      XINPUT_STATE InputState;
      DWORD dwResult = s_pXInputGetState( dwPort, &InputState );
  
      // Track insertion and removals
      BOOL bWasConnected = pGamePad->bConnected;
      pGamePad->bConnected = ( dwResult == ERROR_SUCCESS );
      pGamePad->bRemoved = ( bWasConnected && !pGamePad->bConnected );
      pGamePad->bInserted = ( !bWasConnected && pGamePad->bConnected );
  
      // Don't update rest of the state if not connected
      if( !pGamePad->bConnected )
          return S_OK;
  
      // Store the capabilities of the device
      if( pGamePad->bInserted )
      {
          ZeroMemory( pGamePad, sizeof( DXUT_GAMEPAD ) );
          pGamePad->bConnected = true;
          pGamePad->bInserted = true;
          if( s_pXInputGetCapabilities )
              s_pXInputGetCapabilities( dwPort, XINPUT_DEVTYPE_GAMEPAD, &pGamePad->caps );
      }
  
      // Copy gamepad to local structure (assumes that XINPUT_GAMEPAD at the front in CONTROLER_STATE)
      memcpy( pGamePad, &InputState.Gamepad, sizeof( XINPUT_GAMEPAD ) );
  
      if( bSnapThumbstickToCardinals )
      {
          // Apply deadzone to each axis independantly to slightly snap to up/down/left/right
          if( pGamePad->sThumbLX < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
              pGamePad->sThumbLX > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE )
              pGamePad->sThumbLX = 0;
          if( pGamePad->sThumbLY < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
              pGamePad->sThumbLY > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE )
              pGamePad->sThumbLY = 0;
          if( pGamePad->sThumbRX < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
              pGamePad->sThumbRX > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE )
              pGamePad->sThumbRX = 0;
          if( pGamePad->sThumbRY < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
              pGamePad->sThumbRY > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE )
              pGamePad->sThumbRY = 0;
      }
      else if( bThumbstickDeadZone )
      {
          // Apply deadzone if centered
          if( ( pGamePad->sThumbLX < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
                pGamePad->sThumbLX > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE ) &&
              ( pGamePad->sThumbLY < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
                pGamePad->sThumbLY > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_LEFT_THUMB_DEADZONE ) )
          {
              pGamePad->sThumbLX = 0;
              pGamePad->sThumbLY = 0;
          }
          if( ( pGamePad->sThumbRX < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
                pGamePad->sThumbRX > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE ) &&
              ( pGamePad->sThumbRY < XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE &&
                pGamePad->sThumbRY > -XINPUT_GAMEPAD_RIGHT_THUMB_DEADZONE ) )
          {
              pGamePad->sThumbRX = 0;
              pGamePad->sThumbRY = 0;
          }
      }
  
      // Convert [-1,+1] range
      pGamePad->fThumbLX = pGamePad->sThumbLX / 32767.0f;
      pGamePad->fThumbLY = pGamePad->sThumbLY / 32767.0f;
      pGamePad->fThumbRX = pGamePad->sThumbRX / 32767.0f;
      pGamePad->fThumbRY = pGamePad->sThumbRY / 32767.0f;
  
      // Get the boolean buttons that have been pressed since the last call. 
      // Each button is represented by one bit.
      pGamePad->wPressedButtons = ( pGamePad->wLastButtons ^ pGamePad->wButtons ) & pGamePad->wButtons;
      pGamePad->wLastButtons = pGamePad->wButtons;
  
      // Figure out if the left trigger has been pressed or released
      bool bPressed = ( pGamePad->bLeftTrigger > DXUT_GAMEPAD_TRIGGER_THRESHOLD );
      pGamePad->bPressedLeftTrigger = ( bPressed ) ? !pGamePad->bLastLeftTrigger : false;
      pGamePad->bLastLeftTrigger = bPressed;
  
      // Figure out if the right trigger has been pressed or released
      bPressed = ( pGamePad->bRightTrigger > DXUT_GAMEPAD_TRIGGER_THRESHOLD );
      pGamePad->bPressedRightTrigger = ( bPressed ) ? !pGamePad->bLastRightTrigger : false;
      pGamePad->bLastRightTrigger = bPressed;
  
      return S_OK;
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Don't pause the game or deactive the window without first stopping rumble otherwise 
  // the controller will continue to rumble
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  void DXUTEnableXInput( _In_ bool bEnable )
  {
      static LPXINPUTENABLE s_pXInputEnable = nullptr;
      if( !s_pXInputEnable )
      {
          HINSTANCE hInst = LoadLibraryEx( XINPUT_DLL, nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
          if( hInst )
              s_pXInputEnable = reinterpret_cast<LPXINPUTENABLE>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hInst, "XInputEnable" ) ) );
      }
  
      if( s_pXInputEnable )
          s_pXInputEnable( bEnable );
  }
  
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Don't pause the game or deactive the window without first stopping rumble otherwise 
  // the controller will continue to rumble
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  HRESULT DXUTStopRumbleOnAllControllers()
  {
      static LPXINPUTSETSTATE s_pXInputSetState = nullptr;
      if( !s_pXInputSetState )
      {
          HINSTANCE hInst = LoadLibraryEx( XINPUT_DLL, nullptr, 0x00000800 /* LOAD_LIBRARY_SEARCH_SYSTEM32 */ );
          if( hInst )
              s_pXInputSetState = reinterpret_cast<LPXINPUTSETSTATE>( reinterpret_cast<void*>( GetProcAddress( hInst, "XInputSetState" ) ) );
      }
      if( !s_pXInputSetState )
          return E_FAIL;
  
      XINPUT_VIBRATION vibration;
      vibration.wLeftMotorSpeed = 0;
      vibration.wRightMotorSpeed = 0;
      for( int iUserIndex = 0; iUserIndex < DXUT_MAX_CONTROLLERS; iUserIndex++ )
          s_pXInputSetState( iUserIndex, &vibration );
  
      return S_OK;
  }
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  // Helper functions to create SRGB formats from typeless formats and vice versa
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  DXGI_FORMAT MAKE_SRGB( _In_ DXGI_FORMAT format )
  {
      if( !DXUTIsInGammaCorrectMode() )
          return format;
  
      switch( format )
      {
          case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_TYPELESS:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB;
  
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_TYPELESS:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM_SRGB;
  
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_TYPELESS:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_SRGB;
  
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_TYPELESS:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB;
  
          case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_TYPELESS:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB;
  
          case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_UNORM:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_TYPELESS:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_UNORM_SRGB;
  
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_TYPELESS:
          case DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM:
              return DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB;
      };
  
      return format;
  }
  
  //--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  DXGI_FORMAT MAKE_TYPELESS( _In_ DXGI_FORMAT format )
  {
      switch( format )
      {
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32A32_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32B32_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16B16A16_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R32G32_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_UINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R10G10B10A2_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UNORM_SRGB:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8B8A8_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R16G16_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_D32_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R32_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R32_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R8G8_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16_FLOAT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_D16_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R16_SINT:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R16_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8_UINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8_SNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_R8_SINT:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_A8_UNORM:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_R8_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_UNORM_SRGB:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC1_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_UNORM_SRGB:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC2_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_UNORM_SRGB:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC3_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_SNORM:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC4_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_SNORM:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC5_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_UNORM_SRGB:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8A8_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_UNORM_SRGB:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_B8G8R8X8_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_UF16:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_SF16:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC6H_TYPELESS;
  
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM:
      case DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_UNORM_SRGB:
          return DXGI_FORMAT_BC7_TYPELESS;
  
      default:
          return format;
      }
  }
  
  //-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
  HRESULT DXUTSnapD3D11Screenshot( _In_z_ LPCWSTR szFileName, _In_ bool usedds )
  {
      IDXGISwapChain *pSwap = DXUTGetDXGISwapChain();
  
      if (!pSwap)
          return E_FAIL;
      
      ID3D11Texture2D* pBackBuffer;
      HRESULT hr = pSwap->GetBuffer( 0, __uuidof( *pBackBuffer ), ( LPVOID* )&pBackBuffer );
      if (hr != S_OK)
          return hr;
  
      auto dc  = DXUTGetD3D11DeviceContext();
      if (!dc) {
          SAFE_RELEASE(pBackBuffer);
          return E_FAIL;
      }
  
      if ( usedds )
      {
          hr = DirectX::SaveDDSTextureToFile( dc, pBackBuffer, szFileName );
      }
      else
      {
          hr = DirectX::SaveWICTextureToFile( dc, pBackBuffer, GUID_ContainerFormatBmp, szFileName );
      }
  
      SAFE_RELEASE(pBackBuffer);
  
      return hr;
  
  }
  