text: // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
  // Copyright (c) 2009-2020 The Bitcoin Core developers
  // Distributed under the MIT software license, see the accompanying
  // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
  
  #include <util/system.h>
  
  #include <chainparamsbase.h>
  #include <clientversion.h>
  #include <util/strencodings.h>
  #include <util/string.h>
  #include <util/translation.h>
  
  
  #if (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__) || defined(__DragonFly__))
  #include <pthread.h>
  #include <pthread_np.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifndef WIN32
  // for posix_fallocate
  #ifdef __linux__
  
  #ifdef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
  #undef _POSIX_C_SOURCE
  #endif
  
  #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
  
  #endif // __linux__
  
  #include <algorithm>
  #include <cassert>
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <sched.h>
  #include <sys/resource.h>
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  
  #else
  
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(disable:4786)
  #pragma warning(disable:4804)
  #pragma warning(disable:4805)
  #pragma warning(disable:4717)
  #endif
  
  #ifdef _WIN32_IE
  #undef _WIN32_IE
  #endif
  #define _WIN32_IE 0x0501
  
  #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
  #ifndef NOMINMAX
  #define NOMINMAX
  #endif
  #include <codecvt>
  
  #include <io.h> /* for _commit */
  #include <shellapi.h>
  #include <shlobj.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOPT_ARENA_MAX
  #include <malloc.h>
  #endif
  
  #include <boost/algorithm/string.hpp>
  #include <thread>
  #include <typeinfo>
  #include <univalue.h>
  
  // Application startup time (used for uptime calculation)
  const int64_t nStartupTime = GetTime();
  
  const char * const BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME = "vericonomy.conf";
  
  ArgsManager gArgs;
  
  /** A map that contains all the currently held directory locks. After
   * successful locking, these will be held here until the global destructor
   * cleans them up and thus automatically unlocks them, or ReleaseDirectoryLocks
   * is called.
   */
  static std::map<std::string, std::unique_ptr<fsbridge::FileLock>> dir_locks;
  /** Mutex to protect dir_locks. */
  static std::mutex cs_dir_locks;
  
  bool LockDirectory(const fs::path& directory, const std::string lockfile_name, bool probe_only)
  {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ulock(cs_dir_locks);
      fs::path pathLockFile = directory / lockfile_name;
  
      // If a lock for this directory already exists in the map, don't try to re-lock it
      if (dir_locks.count(pathLockFile.string())) {
          return true;
      }
  
      // Create empty lock file if it doesn't exist.
      FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(pathLockFile, "a");
      if (file) fclose(file);
      auto lock = MakeUnique<fsbridge::FileLock>(pathLockFile);
      if (!lock->TryLock()) {
          return error("Error while attempting to lock directory %s: %s", directory.string(), lock->GetReason());
      }
      if (!probe_only) {
          // Lock successful and we're not just probing, put it into the map
          dir_locks.emplace(pathLockFile.string(), std::move(lock));
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  void UnlockDirectory(const fs::path& directory, const std::string& lockfile_name)
  {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lock(cs_dir_locks);
      dir_locks.erase((directory / lockfile_name).string());
  }
  
  void ReleaseDirectoryLocks()
  {
      std::lock_guard<std::mutex> ulock(cs_dir_locks);
      dir_locks.clear();
  }
  
  bool DirIsWritable(const fs::path& directory)
  {
      fs::path tmpFile = directory / fs::unique_path();
  
      FILE* file = fsbridge::fopen(tmpFile, "a");
      if (!file) return false;
  
      fclose(file);
      remove(tmpFile);
  
      return true;
  }
  
  bool CheckDiskSpace(const fs::path& dir, uint64_t additional_bytes)
  {
      constexpr uint64_t min_disk_space = 52428800; // 50 MiB
  
      uint64_t free_bytes_available = fs::space(dir).available;
      return free_bytes_available >= min_disk_space + additional_bytes;
  }
  
  /**
   * Interpret a string argument as a boolean.
   *
   * The definition of atoi() requires that non-numeric string values like "foo",
   * return 0. This means that if a user unintentionally supplies a non-integer
   * argument here, the return value is always false. This means that -foo=false
   * does what the user probably expects, but -foo=true is well defined but does
   * not do what they probably expected.
   *
   * The return value of atoi() is undefined when given input not representable as
   * an int. On most systems this means string value between "-2147483648" and
   * "2147483647" are well defined (this method will return true). Setting
   * -txindex=2147483648 on most systems, however, is probably undefined.
   *
   * For a more extensive discussion of this topic (and a wide range of opinions
   * on the Right Way to change this code), see PR12713.
   */
  static bool InterpretBool(const std::string& strValue)
  {
      if (strValue.empty())
          return true;
      return (atoi(strValue) != 0);
  }
  
  static std::string SettingName(const std::string& arg)
  {
      return arg.size() > 0 && arg[0] == '-' ? arg.substr(1) : arg;
  }
  
  /**
   * Interpret -nofoo as if the user supplied -foo=0.
   *
   * This method also tracks when the -no form was supplied, and if so,
   * checks whether there was a double-negative (-nofoo=0 -> -foo=1).
   *
   * If there was not a double negative, it removes the "no" from the key
   * and returns false.
   *
   * If there was a double negative, it removes "no" from the key, and
   * returns true.
   *
   * If there was no "no", it returns the string value untouched.
   *
   * Where an option was negated can be later checked using the
   * IsArgNegated() method. One use case for this is to have a way to disable
   * options that are not normally boolean (e.g. using -nodebuglogfile to request
   * that debug log output is not sent to any file at all).
   */
  
  static util::SettingsValue InterpretOption(std::string& section, std::string& key, const std::string& value)
  {
      // Split section name from key name for keys like "testnet.foo" or "regtest.bar"
      size_t option_index = key.find('.');
      if (option_index != std::string::npos) {
          section = key.substr(0, option_index);
          key.erase(0, option_index + 1);
      }
      if (key.substr(0, 2) == "no") {
          key.erase(0, 2);
          // Double negatives like -nofoo=0 are supported (but discouraged)
          if (!InterpretBool(value)) {
              LogPrintf("Warning: parsed potentially confusing double-negative -%s=%s\n", key, value);
              return true;
          }
          return false;
      }
      return value;
  }
  
  /**
   * Check settings value validity according to flags.
   *
   * TODO: Add more meaningful error checks here in the future
   * See "here's how the flags are meant to behave" in
   * https://github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin/pull/16097#issuecomment-514627823
   */
  static bool CheckValid(const std::string& key, const util::SettingsValue& val, unsigned int flags, std::string& error)
  {
      if (val.isBool() && !(flags & ArgsManager::ALLOW_BOOL)) {
          error = strprintf("Negating of -%s is meaningless and therefore forbidden", key);
          return false;
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  ArgsManager::ArgsManager()
  {
      // nothing to do
  }
  
  const std::set<std::string> ArgsManager::GetUnsuitableSectionOnlyArgs() const
  {
      std::set<std::string> unsuitables;
  
      LOCK(cs_args);
  
      // if there's no section selected, don't worry
      if (m_network.empty()) return std::set<std::string> {};
  
      // if it's okay to use the default section for this network, don't worry
      // XXX: Disable default section
      //#if CLIENT_IS_VERIUM
      //    if (m_network == CBaseChainParams::VERIUM) return std::set<std::string> {};
      //#else
      //    if (m_network == CBaseChainParams::VERICOIN) return std::set<std::string> {};
      //#endif
  
      for (const auto& arg : m_network_only_args) {
          if (OnlyHasDefaultSectionSetting(m_settings, m_network, SettingName(arg))) {
              unsuitables.insert(arg);
          }
      }
      return unsuitables;
  }
  
  const std::list<SectionInfo> ArgsManager::GetUnrecognizedSections() const
  {
      // Section names to be recognized in the config file.
      static const std::set<std::string> available_sections{
          CBaseChainParams::VERIUM,
          CBaseChainParams::VERICOIN
      };
  
      LOCK(cs_args);
      std::list<SectionInfo> unrecognized = m_config_sections;
      unrecognized.remove_if([](const SectionInfo& appeared){ return available_sections.find(appeared.m_name) != available_sections.end(); });
      return unrecognized;
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::SelectConfigNetwork(const std::string& network)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      m_network = network;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::ParseParameters(int argc, const char* const argv[], std::string& error)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      m_settings.command_line_options.clear();
  
      for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++) {
          std::string key(argv[i]);
  
  #ifdef MAC_OSX
          // At the first time when a user gets the "App downloaded from the
          // internet" warning, and clicks the Open button, macOS passes
          // a unique process serial number (PSN) as -psn_... command-line
          // argument, which we filter out.
          if (key.substr(0, 5) == "-psn_") continue;
  #endif
  
          if (key == "-") break; //bitcoin-tx using stdin
          std::string val;
          size_t is_index = key.find('=');
          if (is_index != std::string::npos) {
              val = key.substr(is_index + 1);
              key.erase(is_index);
          }
  #ifdef WIN32
          key = ToLower(key);
          if (key[0] == '/')
              key[0] = '-';
  #endif
  
          if (key[0] != '-')
              break;
  
          // Transform --foo to -foo
          if (key.length() > 1 && key[1] == '-')
              key.erase(0, 1);
  
          // Transform -foo to foo
          key.erase(0, 1);
          std::string section;
          util::SettingsValue value = InterpretOption(section, key, val);
          Optional<unsigned int> flags = GetArgFlags('-' + key);
  
          // Unknown command line options and command line options with dot
          // characters (which are returned from InterpretOption with nonempty
          // section strings) are not valid.
          if (!flags || !section.empty()) {
              error = strprintf("Invalid parameter %s", argv[i]);
              return false;
          }
  
          if (!CheckValid(key, value, *flags, error)) return false;
  
          m_settings.command_line_options[key].push_back(value);
      }
  
      // we do not allow -includeconf from command line
      bool success = true;
      if (auto* includes = util::FindKey(m_settings.command_line_options, "includeconf")) {
          for (const auto& include : util::SettingsSpan(*includes)) {
              error += "-includeconf cannot be used from commandline; -includeconf=" + include.get_str() + "\n";
              success = false;
          }
      }
      return success;
  }
  
  Optional<unsigned int> ArgsManager::GetArgFlags(const std::string& name) const
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      for (const auto& arg_map : m_available_args) {
          const auto search = arg_map.second.find(name);
          if (search != arg_map.second.end()) {
              return search->second.m_flags;
          }
      }
      return nullopt;
  }
  
  std::vector<std::string> ArgsManager::GetArgs(const std::string& strArg) const
  {
      std::vector<std::string> result;
      for (const util::SettingsValue& value : GetSettingsList(strArg)) {
          result.push_back(value.isFalse() ? "0" : value.isTrue() ? "1" : value.get_str());
      }
      return result;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::IsArgSet(const std::string& strArg) const
  {
      return !GetSetting(strArg).isNull();
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::IsArgNegated(const std::string& strArg) const
  {
      return GetSetting(strArg).isFalse();
  }
  
  std::string ArgsManager::GetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strDefault) const
  {
      const util::SettingsValue value = GetSetting(strArg);
      return value.isNull() ? strDefault : value.isFalse() ? "0" : value.isTrue() ? "1" : value.get_str();
  }
  
  int64_t ArgsManager::GetArg(const std::string& strArg, int64_t nDefault) const
  {
      const util::SettingsValue value = GetSetting(strArg);
      return value.isNull() ? nDefault : value.isFalse() ? 0 : value.isTrue() ? 1 : value.isNum() ? value.get_int64() : atoi64(value.get_str());
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::GetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fDefault) const
  {
      const util::SettingsValue value = GetSetting(strArg);
      return value.isNull() ? fDefault : value.isBool() ? value.get_bool() : InterpretBool(value.get_str());
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::SoftSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      if (IsArgSet(strArg)) return false;
      ForceSetArg(strArg, strValue);
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::SoftSetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fValue)
  {
      if (fValue)
          return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("1"));
      else
          return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("0"));
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::ForceSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      m_settings.forced_settings[SettingName(strArg)] = strValue;
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::AddArg(const std::string& name, const std::string& help, unsigned int flags, const OptionsCategory& cat)
  {
      // Split arg name from its help param
      size_t eq_index = name.find('=');
      if (eq_index == std::string::npos) {
          eq_index = name.size();
      }
      std::string arg_name = name.substr(0, eq_index);
  
      LOCK(cs_args);
      std::map<std::string, Arg>& arg_map = m_available_args[cat];
      auto ret = arg_map.emplace(arg_name, Arg{name.substr(eq_index, name.size() - eq_index), help, flags});
      assert(ret.second); // Make sure an insertion actually happened
  
      if (flags & ArgsManager::NETWORK_ONLY) {
          m_network_only_args.emplace(arg_name);
      }
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::AddHiddenArgs(const std::vector<std::string>& names)
  {
      for (const std::string& name : names) {
          AddArg(name, "", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::HIDDEN);
      }
  }
  
  std::string ArgsManager::GetHelpMessage() const
  {
      const bool show_debug = gArgs.GetBoolArg("-help-debug", false);
  
      std::string usage = "";
      LOCK(cs_args);
      for (const auto& arg_map : m_available_args) {
          switch(arg_map.first) {
              case OptionsCategory::OPTIONS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::CONNECTION:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Connection options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::ZMQ:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("ZeroMQ notification options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::DEBUG_TEST:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Debugging/Testing options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::NODE_RELAY:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Node relay options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::BLOCK_CREATION:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Block creation options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::RPC:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("RPC server options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::WALLET:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Wallet options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::WALLET_DEBUG_TEST:
                  if (show_debug) usage += HelpMessageGroup("Wallet debugging/testing options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::CHAINPARAMS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Chain selection options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::GUI:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("UI Options:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::COMMANDS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Commands:");
                  break;
              case OptionsCategory::REGISTER_COMMANDS:
                  usage += HelpMessageGroup("Register Commands:");
                  break;
              default:
                  break;
          }
  
          // When we get to the hidden options, stop
          if (arg_map.first == OptionsCategory::HIDDEN) break;
  
          for (const auto& arg : arg_map.second) {
              if (show_debug || !(arg.second.m_flags & ArgsManager::DEBUG_ONLY)) {
                  std::string name;
                  if (arg.second.m_help_param.empty()) {
                      name = arg.first;
                  } else {
                      name = arg.first + arg.second.m_help_param;
                  }
                  usage += HelpMessageOpt(name, arg.second.m_help_text);
              }
          }
      }
      return usage;
  }
  
  bool HelpRequested(const ArgsManager& args)
  {
      return args.IsArgSet("-?") || args.IsArgSet("-h") || args.IsArgSet("-help") || args.IsArgSet("-help-debug");
  }
  
  void SetupHelpOptions(ArgsManager& args)
  {
      args.AddArg("-?", "Print this help message and exit", ArgsManager::ALLOW_ANY, OptionsCategory::OPTIONS);
      args.AddHiddenArgs({"-h", "-help"});
  }
  
  static const int screenWidth = 79;
  static const int optIndent = 2;
  static const int msgIndent = 7;
  
  std::string HelpMessageGroup(const std::string &message) {
      return std::string(message) + std::string("\n\n");
  }
  
  std::string HelpMessageOpt(const std::string &option, const std::string &message) {
      return std::string(optIndent,' ') + std::string(option) +
             std::string("\n") + std::string(msgIndent,' ') +
             FormatParagraph(message, screenWidth - msgIndent, msgIndent) +
             std::string("\n\n");
  }
  
  static std::string FormatException(const std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      char pszModule[MAX_PATH] = "";
      GetModuleFileNameA(nullptr, pszModule, sizeof(pszModule));
  #else
      const char* pszModule = "bitcoin";
  #endif
      if (pex)
          return strprintf(
              "EXCEPTION: %s       \n%s       \n%s in %s       \n", typeid(*pex).name(), pex->what(), pszModule, pszThread);
      else
          return strprintf(
              "UNKNOWN EXCEPTION       \n%s in %s       \n", pszModule, pszThread);
  }
  
  void PrintExceptionContinue(const std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
      std::string message = FormatException(pex, pszThread);
      LogPrintf("\n\n************************\n%s\n", message);
      tfm::format(std::cerr, "\n\n************************\n%s\n", message);
  }
  
  fs::path GetDefaultDataDir()
  {
      // Windows: C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\Vericonomy
      // macOS: ~/Library/Application Support/Vericonomy
      // Unix-like: ~/.vericonomy
  #ifdef WIN32
      // Windows
      return GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL_APPDATA) / "Vericonomy";
  #else
      fs::path pathRet;
      char* pszHome = getenv("HOME");
      if (pszHome == nullptr || strlen(pszHome) == 0)
          pathRet = fs::path("/");
      else
          pathRet = fs::path(pszHome);
  #ifdef MAC_OSX
      // macOS
      return pathRet / "Library/Application Support/Vericonomy";
  #else
      // Unix-like
      return pathRet / ".vericonomy";
  #endif
  #endif
  }
  
  fs::path GetDataPathForAppName(std::string walletName)
  {
  
      boost::algorithm::to_lower(walletName);
      // Windows: C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming
      // macOS: ~/Library/Application Support/
      // Unix-like: ~/
  #ifdef WIN32
      walletName[0] = toupper(walletName[0]);
      // Windows
      return GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL_APPDATA) / walletName;
  #else
      fs::path pathRet;
      char* pszHome = getenv("HOME");
      if (pszHome == nullptr || strlen(pszHome) == 0)
          pathRet = fs::path("/");
      else
          pathRet = fs::path(pszHome);
  #ifdef MAC_OSX
      // macOS
      walletName[0] = toupper(walletName[0]);
      return pathRet / "Library/Application Support" / walletName;
  #else
      // Unix-like
      return pathRet / strprintf(".%s", walletName);
  #endif
  #endif
  }
  
  namespace {
  fs::path StripRedundantLastElementsOfPath(const fs::path& path)
  {
      auto result = path;
      while (result.filename().string() == ".") {
          result = result.parent_path();
      }
  
      assert(fs::equivalent(result, path));
      return result;
  }
  } // namespace
  
  static fs::path g_blocks_path_cache_net_specific;
  static fs::path pathCached;
  static fs::path pathCachedNetSpecific;
  static RecursiveMutex csPathCached;
  
  const fs::path &GetBlocksDir()
  {
      LOCK(csPathCached);
      fs::path &path = g_blocks_path_cache_net_specific;
  
      // Cache the path to avoid calling fs::create_directories on every call of
      // this function
      if (!path.empty()) return path;
  
      if (gArgs.IsArgSet("-blocksdir")) {
          path = fs::system_complete(gArgs.GetArg("-blocksdir", ""));
          if (!fs::is_directory(path)) {
              path = "";
              return path;
          }
      } else {
          path = GetDataDir(false);
      }
  
      path /= BaseParams().DataDir();
      path /= "blocks";
      fs::create_directories(path);
      path = StripRedundantLastElementsOfPath(path);
      return path;
  }
  
  const fs::path &GetDataDir(bool fNetSpecific)
  {
      LOCK(csPathCached);
      fs::path &path = fNetSpecific ? pathCachedNetSpecific : pathCached;
  
      // Cache the path to avoid calling fs::create_directories on every call of
      // this function
      if (!path.empty()) return path;
  
      std::string datadir = gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", "");
      if (!datadir.empty()) {
          path = fs::system_complete(datadir);
          if (!fs::is_directory(path)) {
              path = "";
              return path;
          }
      } else {
          path = GetDefaultDataDir();
      }
      if (fNetSpecific)
          path /= BaseParams().DataDir();
  
      if (fs::create_directories(path)) {
          // This is the first run, create wallets subdirectory too
          fs::create_directories(path / "wallets");
      }
  
      path = StripRedundantLastElementsOfPath(path);
      return path;
  }
  
  bool CheckDataDirOption()
  {
      std::string datadir = gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", "");
      return datadir.empty() || fs::is_directory(fs::system_complete(datadir));
  }
  
  void ClearDatadirCache()
  {
      LOCK(csPathCached);
  
      pathCached = fs::path();
      pathCachedNetSpecific = fs::path();
      g_blocks_path_cache_net_specific = fs::path();
  }
  
  fs::path GetConfigFile(const std::string& confPath)
  {
      return AbsPathForConfigVal(fs::path(confPath), false);
  }
  
  static bool GetConfigOptions(std::istream& stream, const std::string& filepath, std::string& error, std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>>& options, std::list<SectionInfo>& sections)
  {
      std::string str, prefix;
      std::string::size_type pos;
      int linenr = 1;
      while (std::getline(stream, str)) {
          bool used_hash = false;
          if ((pos = str.find('#')) != std::string::npos) {
              str = str.substr(0, pos);
              used_hash = true;
          }
          const static std::string pattern = " \t\r\n";
          str = TrimString(str, pattern);
          if (!str.empty()) {
              if (*str.begin() == '[' && *str.rbegin() == ']') {
                  const std::string section = str.substr(1, str.size() - 2);
                  sections.emplace_back(SectionInfo{section, filepath, linenr});
                  prefix = section + '.';
              } else if (*str.begin() == '-') {
                  error = strprintf("parse error on line %i: %s, options in configuration file must be specified without leading -", linenr, str);
                  return false;
              } else if ((pos = str.find('=')) != std::string::npos) {
                  std::string name = prefix + TrimString(str.substr(0, pos), pattern);
                  std::string value = TrimString(str.substr(pos + 1), pattern);
                  if (used_hash && name.find("rpcpassword") != std::string::npos) {
                      error = strprintf("parse error on line %i, using # in rpcpassword can be ambiguous and should be avoided", linenr);
                      return false;
                  }
                  options.emplace_back(name, value);
                  if ((pos = name.rfind('.')) != std::string::npos && prefix.length() <= pos) {
                      sections.emplace_back(SectionInfo{name.substr(0, pos), filepath, linenr});
                  }
              } else {
                  error = strprintf("parse error on line %i: %s", linenr, str);
                  if (str.size() >= 2 && str.substr(0, 2) == "no") {
                      error += strprintf(", if you intended to specify a negated option, use %s=1 instead", str);
                  }
                  return false;
              }
          }
          ++linenr;
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::ReadConfigStream(std::istream& stream, const std::string& filepath, std::string& error, bool ignore_invalid_keys)
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      std::vector<std::pair<std::string, std::string>> options;
      if (!GetConfigOptions(stream, filepath, error, options, m_config_sections)) {
          return false;
      }
      for (const std::pair<std::string, std::string>& option : options) {
          std::string section;
          std::string key = option.first;
          util::SettingsValue value = InterpretOption(section, key, option.second);
          Optional<unsigned int> flags = GetArgFlags('-' + key);
          if (flags) {
              if (!CheckValid(key, value, *flags, error)) {
                  return false;
              }
              m_settings.ro_config[section][key].push_back(value);
          } else {
              if (ignore_invalid_keys) {
                  LogPrintf("Ignoring unknown configuration value %s\n", option.first);
              } else {
                  error = strprintf("Invalid configuration value %s", option.first);
                  return false;
              }
          }
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::ReadConfigFiles(std::string& error, bool ignore_invalid_keys)
  {
      {
          LOCK(cs_args);
          m_settings.ro_config.clear();
          m_config_sections.clear();
      }
  
      const std::string confPath = GetArg("-conf", BITCOIN_CONF_FILENAME);
      fsbridge::ifstream stream(GetConfigFile(confPath));
  
      // ok to not have a config file
      if (stream.good()) {
          if (!ReadConfigStream(stream, confPath, error, ignore_invalid_keys)) {
              return false;
          }
          // `-includeconf` cannot be included in the command line arguments except
          // as `-noincludeconf` (which indicates that no included conf file should be used).
          bool use_conf_file{true};
          {
              LOCK(cs_args);
              if (auto* includes = util::FindKey(m_settings.command_line_options, "includeconf")) {
                  // ParseParameters() fails if a non-negated -includeconf is passed on the command-line
                  assert(util::SettingsSpan(*includes).last_negated());
                  use_conf_file = false;
              }
          }
          if (use_conf_file) {
              std::string chain_id = GetChainName();
              std::vector<std::string> conf_file_names;
  
              auto add_includes = [&](const std::string& network, size_t skip = 0) {
                  size_t num_values = 0;
                  LOCK(cs_args);
                  if (auto* section = util::FindKey(m_settings.ro_config, network)) {
                      if (auto* values = util::FindKey(*section, "includeconf")) {
                          for (size_t i = std::max(skip, util::SettingsSpan(*values).negated()); i < values->size(); ++i) {
                              conf_file_names.push_back((*values)[i].get_str());
                          }
                          num_values = values->size();
                      }
                  }
                  return num_values;
              };
  
              // We haven't set m_network yet (that happens in SelectParams()), so manually check
              // for network.includeconf args.
              const size_t chain_includes = add_includes(chain_id);
              const size_t default_includes = add_includes({});
  
              for (const std::string& conf_file_name : conf_file_names) {
                  fsbridge::ifstream conf_file_stream(GetConfigFile(conf_file_name));
                  if (conf_file_stream.good()) {
                      if (!ReadConfigStream(conf_file_stream, conf_file_name, error, ignore_invalid_keys)) {
                          return false;
                      }
                      LogPrintf("Included configuration file %s\n", conf_file_name);
                  } else {
                      error = "Failed to include configuration file " + conf_file_name;
                      return false;
                  }
              }
  
              // Warn about recursive -includeconf
              conf_file_names.clear();
              add_includes(chain_id, /* skip= */ chain_includes);
              add_includes({}, /* skip= */ default_includes);
              std::string chain_id_final = GetChainName();
              if (chain_id_final != chain_id) {
                  // Also warn about recursive includeconf for the chain that was specified in one of the includeconfs
                  add_includes(chain_id_final);
              }
              for (const std::string& conf_file_name : conf_file_names) {
                  tfm::format(std::cerr, "warning: -includeconf cannot be used from included files; ignoring -includeconf=%s\n", conf_file_name);
              }
          }
      }
  
      // If datadir is changed in .conf file:
      ClearDatadirCache();
      if (!CheckDataDirOption()) {
          error = strprintf("specified data directory \"%s\" does not exist.", gArgs.GetArg("-datadir", ""));
          return false;
      }
      return true;
  }
  
  std::string ArgsManager::GetChainName() const
  {
      auto get_net = [&](const std::string& arg) {
          LOCK(cs_args);
          util::SettingsValue value = util::GetSetting(m_settings, /* section= */ "", SettingName(arg),
              /* ignore_default_section_config= */ false,
              /* get_chain_name= */ true);
          return value.isNull() ? false : value.isBool() ? value.get_bool() : InterpretBool(value.get_str());
      };
  
      const bool fVericoin = get_net("-vericoin");
      const bool fVerium = get_net("-verium");
      const bool is_chain_arg_set = IsArgSet("-chain");
  
      if ((int)is_chain_arg_set + (int)fVericoin + (int)fVerium > 1) {
          throw std::runtime_error("Invalid combination of -vericoin, -verium and -chain. Can use at most one.");
      }
      if (fVericoin)
          return CBaseChainParams::VERICOIN;
      if (fVerium)
          return CBaseChainParams::VERIUM;
  
      if( IsVericoin )
          return GetArg("-chain", CBaseChainParams::VERICOIN);
      else
          return GetArg("-chain", CBaseChainParams::VERIUM);
  }
  
  bool ArgsManager::UseDefaultSection(const std::string& arg) const
  {
      //return m_network == CBaseChainParams::MAIN || m_network_only_args.count(arg) == 0;
      // XXX: Enforce usage of section for safety. Is it righ ???
      return false;
  }
  
  util::SettingsValue ArgsManager::GetSetting(const std::string& arg) const
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      return util::GetSetting(
          m_settings, m_network, SettingName(arg), !UseDefaultSection(arg), /* get_chain_name= */ false);
  }
  
  std::vector<util::SettingsValue> ArgsManager::GetSettingsList(const std::string& arg) const
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      return util::GetSettingsList(m_settings, m_network, SettingName(arg), !UseDefaultSection(arg));
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::logArgsPrefix(
      const std::string& prefix,
      const std::string& section,
      const std::map<std::string, std::vector<util::SettingsValue>>& args) const
  {
      std::string section_str = section.empty() ? "" : "[" + section + "] ";
      for (const auto& arg : args) {
          for (const auto& value : arg.second) {
              Optional<unsigned int> flags = GetArgFlags('-' + arg.first);
              if (flags) {
                  std::string value_str = (*flags & SENSITIVE) ? "****" : value.write();
                  LogPrintf("%s %s%s=%s\n", prefix, section_str, arg.first, value_str);
              }
          }
      }
  }
  
  void ArgsManager::LogArgs() const
  {
      LOCK(cs_args);
      for (const auto& section : m_settings.ro_config) {
          logArgsPrefix("Config file arg:", section.first, section.second);
      }
      logArgsPrefix("Command-line arg:", "", m_settings.command_line_options);
  }
  
  bool RenameOver(fs::path src, fs::path dest)
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      return MoveFileExW(src.wstring().c_str(), dest.wstring().c_str(),
                         MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING) != 0;
  #else
      int rc = std::rename(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str());
      return (rc == 0);
  #endif /* WIN32 */
  }
  
  /**
   * Ignores exceptions thrown by Boost's create_directories if the requested directory exists.
   * Specifically handles case where path p exists, but it wasn't possible for the user to
   * write to the parent directory.
   */
  bool TryCreateDirectories(const fs::path& p)
  {
      try
      {
          return fs::create_directories(p);
      } catch (const fs::filesystem_error&) {
          if (!fs::exists(p) || !fs::is_directory(p))
              throw;
      }
  
      // create_directories didn't create the directory, it had to have existed already
      return false;
  }
  
  bool FileCommit(FILE *file)
  {
      if (fflush(file) != 0) { // harmless if redundantly called
          LogPrintf("%s: fflush failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
  #ifdef WIN32
      HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
      if (FlushFileBuffers(hFile) == 0) {
          LogPrintf("%s: FlushFileBuffers failed: %d\n", __func__, GetLastError());
          return false;
      }
  #else
      #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
      if (fdatasync(fileno(file)) != 0 && errno != EINVAL) { // Ignore EINVAL for filesystems that don't support sync
          LogPrintf("%s: fdatasync failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
      #elif defined(MAC_OSX) && defined(F_FULLFSYNC)
      if (fcntl(fileno(file), F_FULLFSYNC, 0) == -1) { // Manpage says "value other than -1" is returned on success
          LogPrintf("%s: fcntl F_FULLFSYNC failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
      #else
      if (fsync(fileno(file)) != 0 && errno != EINVAL) {
          LogPrintf("%s: fsync failed: %d\n", __func__, errno);
          return false;
      }
      #endif
  #endif
      return true;
  }
  
  bool TruncateFile(FILE *file, unsigned int length) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      return _chsize(_fileno(file), length) == 0;
  #else
      return ftruncate(fileno(file), length) == 0;
  #endif
  }
  
  /**
   * this function tries to raise the file descriptor limit to the requested number.
   * It returns the actual file descriptor limit (which may be more or less than nMinFD)
   */
  int RaiseFileDescriptorLimit(int nMinFD) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      return 2048;
  #else
      struct rlimit limitFD;
      if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD) != -1) {
          if (limitFD.rlim_cur < (rlim_t)nMinFD) {
              limitFD.rlim_cur = nMinFD;
              if (limitFD.rlim_cur > limitFD.rlim_max)
                  limitFD.rlim_cur = limitFD.rlim_max;
              setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
              getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
          }
          return limitFD.rlim_cur;
      }
      return nMinFD; // getrlimit failed, assume it's fine
  #endif
  }
  
  /**
   * this function tries to make a particular range of a file allocated (corresponding to disk space)
   * it is advisory, and the range specified in the arguments will never contain live data
   */
  void AllocateFileRange(FILE *file, unsigned int offset, unsigned int length) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      // Windows-specific version
      HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
      LARGE_INTEGER nFileSize;
      int64_t nEndPos = (int64_t)offset + length;
      nFileSize.u.LowPart = nEndPos & 0xFFFFFFFF;
      nFileSize.u.HighPart = nEndPos >> 32;
      SetFilePointerEx(hFile, nFileSize, 0, FILE_BEGIN);
      SetEndOfFile(hFile);
  #elif defined(MAC_OSX)
      // OSX specific version
      // NOTE: Contrary to other OS versions, the OSX version assumes that
      // NOTE: offset is the size of the file.
      fstore_t fst;
      fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATECONTIG;
      fst.fst_posmode = F_PEOFPOSMODE;
      fst.fst_offset = 0;
      fst.fst_length = length; // mac os fst_length takes the # of free bytes to allocate, not desired file size
      fst.fst_bytesalloc = 0;
      if (fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst) == -1) {
          fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATEALL;
          fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst);
      }
      ftruncate(fileno(file), static_cast<off_t>(offset) + length);
  #else
      #if defined(__linux__)
      // Version using posix_fallocate
      off_t nEndPos = (off_t)offset + length;
      if (0 == posix_fallocate(fileno(file), 0, nEndPos)) return;
      #endif
      // Fallback version
      // TODO: just write one byte per block
      static const char buf[65536] = {};
      if (fseek(file, offset, SEEK_SET)) {
          return;
      }
      while (length > 0) {
          unsigned int now = 65536;
          if (length < now)
              now = length;
          fwrite(buf, 1, now, file); // allowed to fail; this function is advisory anyway
          length -= now;
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  #ifdef WIN32
  fs::path GetSpecialFolderPath(int nFolder, bool fCreate)
  {
      WCHAR pszPath[MAX_PATH] = L"";
  
      if(SHGetSpecialFolderPathW(nullptr, pszPath, nFolder, fCreate))
      {
          return fs::path(pszPath);
      }
  
      LogPrintf("SHGetSpecialFolderPathW() failed, could not obtain requested path.\n");
      return fs::path("");
  }
  #endif
  
  #ifndef WIN32
  std::string ShellEscape(const std::string& arg)
  {
      std::string escaped = arg;
      boost::replace_all(escaped, "'", "'\"'\"'");
      return "'" + escaped + "'";
  }
  #endif
  
  #if HAVE_SYSTEM
  void runCommand(const std::string& strCommand)
  {
      if (strCommand.empty()) return;
  #ifndef WIN32
      int nErr = ::system(strCommand.c_str());
  #else
      int nErr = ::_wsystem(std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>,wchar_t>().from_bytes(strCommand).c_str());
  #endif
      if (nErr)
          LogPrintf("runCommand error: system(%s) returned %d\n", strCommand, nErr);
  }
  #endif
  
  void SetupEnvironment()
  {
  #ifdef HAVE_MALLOPT_ARENA_MAX
      // glibc-specific: On 32-bit systems set the number of arenas to 1.
      // By default, since glibc 2.10, the C library will create up to two heap
      // arenas per core. This is known to cause excessive virtual address space
      // usage in our usage. Work around it by setting the maximum number of
      // arenas to 1.
      if (sizeof(void*) == 4) {
          mallopt(M_ARENA_MAX, 1);
      }
  #endif
      // On most POSIX systems (e.g. Linux, but not BSD) the environment's locale
      // may be invalid, in which case the "C.UTF-8" locale is used as fallback.
  #if !defined(WIN32) && !defined(MAC_OSX) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__OpenBSD__)
      try {
          std::locale(""); // Raises a runtime error if current locale is invalid
      } catch (const std::runtime_error&) {
          setenv("LC_ALL", "C.UTF-8", 1);
      }
  #elif defined(WIN32)
      // Set the default input/output charset is utf-8
      SetConsoleCP(CP_UTF8);
      SetConsoleOutputCP(CP_UTF8);
  #endif
      // The path locale is lazy initialized and to avoid deinitialization errors
      // in multithreading environments, it is set explicitly by the main thread.
      // A dummy locale is used to extract the internal default locale, used by
      // fs::path, which is then used to explicitly imbue the path.
      std::locale loc = fs::path::imbue(std::locale::classic());
  #ifndef WIN32
      fs::path::imbue(loc);
  #else
      fs::path::imbue(std::locale(loc, new std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>()));
  #endif
  }
  
  bool SetupNetworking()
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      // Initialize Windows Sockets
      WSADATA wsadata;
      int ret = WSAStartup(MAKEWORD(2,2), &wsadata);
      if (ret != NO_ERROR || LOBYTE(wsadata.wVersion ) != 2 || HIBYTE(wsadata.wVersion) != 2)
          return false;
  #endif
      return true;
  }
  
  int GetNumCores()
  {
      return std::thread::hardware_concurrency();
  }
  
  std::string CopyrightHolders(const std::string& strPrefix)
  {
      const auto copyright_devs = strprintf(_(COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS).translated, COPYRIGHT_HOLDERS_SUBSTITUTION);
      std::string strCopyrightHolders = strPrefix + copyright_devs;
  
      // Make sure Bitcoin Core copyright is not removed by accident
      if (copyright_devs.find("Bitcoin Core") == std::string::npos) {
          strCopyrightHolders += "\n" + strPrefix + "The Bitcoin Core developers";
      }
      return strCopyrightHolders;
  }
  
  // Obtain the application startup time (used for uptime calculation)
  int64_t GetStartupTime()
  {
      return nStartupTime;
  }
  
  fs::path AbsPathForConfigVal(const fs::path& path, bool net_specific)
  {
      if (path.is_absolute()) {
          return path;
      }
      return fs::absolute(path, GetDataDir(net_specific));
  }
  
  void ScheduleBatchPriority()
  {
  #ifdef SCHED_BATCH
      const static sched_param param{};
      const int rc = pthread_setschedparam(pthread_self(), SCHED_BATCH, &param);
      if (rc != 0) {
          LogPrintf("Failed to pthread_setschedparam: %s\n", strerror(rc));
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  namespace util {
  #ifdef WIN32
  WinCmdLineArgs::WinCmdLineArgs()
  {
      wchar_t** wargv = CommandLineToArgvW(GetCommandLineW(), &argc);
      std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>, wchar_t> utf8_cvt;
      argv = new char*[argc];
      args.resize(argc);
      for (int i = 0; i < argc; i++) {
          args[i] = utf8_cvt.to_bytes(wargv[i]);
          argv[i] = &*args[i].begin();
      }
      LocalFree(wargv);
  }
  
  WinCmdLineArgs::~WinCmdLineArgs()
  {
      delete[] argv;
  }
  
  std::pair<int, char**> WinCmdLineArgs::get()
  {
      return std::make_pair(argc, argv);
  }
  #endif
  } // namespace util
  