text: #include "Python.h"
  #include "osdefs.h"
  #include <locale.h>
  
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
  #  include <malloc.h>
  #  include <windows.h>
  extern int winerror_to_errno(int);
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_LANGINFO_H
  #include <langinfo.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H
  #include <sys/ioctl.h>
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #endif /* HAVE_FCNTL_H */
  
  #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__ANDROID__)
  extern wchar_t* _Py_DecodeUTF8_surrogateescape(const char *s, Py_ssize_t size);
  #endif
  
  #ifdef O_CLOEXEC
  /* Does open() support the O_CLOEXEC flag? Possible values:
  
     -1: unknown
      0: open() ignores O_CLOEXEC flag, ex: Linux kernel older than 2.6.23
      1: open() supports O_CLOEXEC flag, close-on-exec is set
  
     The flag is used by _Py_open(), _Py_open_noraise(), io.FileIO
     and os.open(). */
  int _Py_open_cloexec_works = -1;
  #endif
  
  PyObject *
  _Py_device_encoding(int fd)
  {
  #if defined(MS_WINDOWS)
      UINT cp;
  #endif
      int valid;
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      valid = isatty(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      if (!valid)
          Py_RETURN_NONE;
  
  #if defined(MS_WINDOWS)
      if (fd == 0)
          cp = GetConsoleCP();
      else if (fd == 1 || fd == 2)
          cp = GetConsoleOutputCP();
      else
          cp = 0;
      /* GetConsoleCP() and GetConsoleOutputCP() return 0 if the application
         has no console */
      if (cp != 0)
          return PyUnicode_FromFormat("cp%u", (unsigned int)cp);
  #elif defined(CODESET)
      {
          char *codeset = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
          if (codeset != NULL && codeset[0] != 0)
              return PyUnicode_FromString(codeset);
      }
  #endif
      Py_RETURN_NONE;
  }
  
  #if !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(__ANDROID__) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS)
  
  #define USE_FORCE_ASCII
  
  extern int _Py_normalize_encoding(const char *, char *, size_t);
  
  /* Workaround FreeBSD and OpenIndiana locale encoding issue with the C locale.
     On these operating systems, nl_langinfo(CODESET) announces an alias of the
     ASCII encoding, whereas mbstowcs() and wcstombs() functions use the
     ISO-8859-1 encoding. The problem is that os.fsencode() and os.fsdecode() use
     locale.getpreferredencoding() codec. For example, if command line arguments
     are decoded by mbstowcs() and encoded back by os.fsencode(), we get a
     UnicodeEncodeError instead of retrieving the original byte string.
  
     The workaround is enabled if setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL) returns "C",
     nl_langinfo(CODESET) announces "ascii" (or an alias to ASCII), and at least
     one byte in range 0x80-0xff can be decoded from the locale encoding. The
     workaround is also enabled on error, for example if getting the locale
     failed.
  
     Values of force_ascii:
  
         1: the workaround is used: Py_EncodeLocale() uses
            encode_ascii_surrogateescape() and Py_DecodeLocale() uses
            decode_ascii_surrogateescape()
         0: the workaround is not used: Py_EncodeLocale() uses wcstombs() and
            Py_DecodeLocale() uses mbstowcs()
        -1: unknown, need to call check_force_ascii() to get the value
  */
  static int force_ascii = -1;
  
  static int
  check_force_ascii(void)
  {
      char *loc;
  #if defined(HAVE_LANGINFO_H) && defined(CODESET)
      char *codeset, **alias;
      char encoding[20];   /* longest name: "iso_646.irv_1991\0" */
      int is_ascii;
      unsigned int i;
      char* ascii_aliases[] = {
          "ascii",
          /* Aliases from Lib/encodings/aliases.py */
          "646",
          "ansi_x3.4_1968",
          "ansi_x3.4_1986",
          "ansi_x3_4_1968",
          "cp367",
          "csascii",
          "ibm367",
          "iso646_us",
          "iso_646.irv_1991",
          "iso_ir_6",
          "us",
          "us_ascii",
          NULL
      };
  #endif
  
      loc = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL);
      if (loc == NULL)
          goto error;
      if (strcmp(loc, "C") != 0 && strcmp(loc, "POSIX") != 0) {
          /* the LC_CTYPE locale is different than C */
          return 0;
      }
  
  #if defined(HAVE_LANGINFO_H) && defined(CODESET)
      codeset = nl_langinfo(CODESET);
      if (!codeset || codeset[0] == '\0') {
          /* CODESET is not set or empty */
          goto error;
      }
      if (!_Py_normalize_encoding(codeset, encoding, sizeof(encoding)))
          goto error;
  
      is_ascii = 0;
      for (alias=ascii_aliases; *alias != NULL; alias++) {
          if (strcmp(encoding, *alias) == 0) {
              is_ascii = 1;
              break;
          }
      }
      if (!is_ascii) {
          /* nl_langinfo(CODESET) is not "ascii" or an alias of ASCII */
          return 0;
      }
  
      for (i=0x80; i<0xff; i++) {
          unsigned char ch;
          wchar_t wch;
          size_t res;
  
          ch = (unsigned char)i;
          res = mbstowcs(&wch, (char*)&ch, 1);
          if (res != (size_t)-1) {
              /* decoding a non-ASCII character from the locale encoding succeed:
                 the locale encoding is not ASCII, force ASCII */
              return 1;
          }
      }
      /* None of the bytes in the range 0x80-0xff can be decoded from the locale
         encoding: the locale encoding is really ASCII */
      return 0;
  #else
      /* nl_langinfo(CODESET) is not available: always force ASCII */
      return 1;
  #endif
  
  error:
      /* if an error occurred, force the ASCII encoding */
      return 1;
  }
  
  static char*
  encode_ascii_surrogateescape(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos)
  {
      char *result = NULL, *out;
      size_t len, i;
      wchar_t ch;
  
      if (error_pos != NULL)
          *error_pos = (size_t)-1;
  
      len = wcslen(text);
  
      result = PyMem_Malloc(len + 1);  /* +1 for NUL byte */
      if (result == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      out = result;
      for (i=0; i<len; i++) {
          ch = text[i];
  
          if (ch <= 0x7f) {
              /* ASCII character */
              *out++ = (char)ch;
          }
          else if (0xdc80 <= ch && ch <= 0xdcff) {
              /* UTF-8b surrogate */
              *out++ = (char)(ch - 0xdc00);
          }
          else {
              if (error_pos != NULL)
                  *error_pos = i;
              PyMem_Free(result);
              return NULL;
          }
      }
      *out = '\0';
      return result;
  }
  #endif   /* !defined(__APPLE__) && !defined(MS_WINDOWS) */
  
  #if !defined(HAVE_MBRTOWC) || defined(USE_FORCE_ASCII)
  static wchar_t*
  decode_ascii_surrogateescape(const char *arg, size_t *size)
  {
      wchar_t *res;
      unsigned char *in;
      wchar_t *out;
      size_t argsize = strlen(arg) + 1;
  
      if (argsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX/sizeof(wchar_t))
          return NULL;
      res = PyMem_RawMalloc(argsize*sizeof(wchar_t));
      if (!res)
          return NULL;
  
      in = (unsigned char*)arg;
      out = res;
      while(*in)
          if(*in < 128)
              *out++ = *in++;
          else
              *out++ = 0xdc00 + *in++;
      *out = 0;
      if (size != NULL)
          *size = out - res;
      return res;
  }
  #endif
  
  
  static wchar_t*
  decode_current_locale(const char* arg, size_t *size)
  {
      wchar_t *res;
      size_t argsize;
      size_t count;
  #ifdef HAVE_MBRTOWC
      unsigned char *in;
      wchar_t *out;
      mbstate_t mbs;
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_BROKEN_MBSTOWCS
      /* Some platforms have a broken implementation of
       * mbstowcs which does not count the characters that
       * would result from conversion.  Use an upper bound.
       */
      argsize = strlen(arg);
  #else
      argsize = mbstowcs(NULL, arg, 0);
  #endif
      if (argsize != (size_t)-1) {
          if (argsize == PY_SSIZE_T_MAX)
              goto oom;
          argsize += 1;
          if (argsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX/sizeof(wchar_t))
              goto oom;
          res = (wchar_t *)PyMem_RawMalloc(argsize*sizeof(wchar_t));
          if (!res)
              goto oom;
          count = mbstowcs(res, arg, argsize);
          if (count != (size_t)-1) {
              wchar_t *tmp;
              /* Only use the result if it contains no
                 surrogate characters. */
              for (tmp = res; *tmp != 0 &&
                           !Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(*tmp); tmp++)
                  ;
              if (*tmp == 0) {
                  if (size != NULL)
                      *size = count;
                  return res;
              }
          }
          PyMem_RawFree(res);
      }
      /* Conversion failed. Fall back to escaping with surrogateescape. */
  #ifdef HAVE_MBRTOWC
      /* Try conversion with mbrtwoc (C99), and escape non-decodable bytes. */
  
      /* Overallocate; as multi-byte characters are in the argument, the
         actual output could use less memory. */
      argsize = strlen(arg) + 1;
      if (argsize > PY_SSIZE_T_MAX/sizeof(wchar_t))
          goto oom;
      res = (wchar_t*)PyMem_RawMalloc(argsize*sizeof(wchar_t));
      if (!res)
          goto oom;
      in = (unsigned char*)arg;
      out = res;
      memset(&mbs, 0, sizeof mbs);
      while (argsize) {
          size_t converted = mbrtowc(out, (char*)in, argsize, &mbs);
          if (converted == 0)
              /* Reached end of string; null char stored. */
              break;
          if (converted == (size_t)-2) {
              /* Incomplete character. This should never happen,
                 since we provide everything that we have -
                 unless there is a bug in the C library, or I
                 misunderstood how mbrtowc works. */
              PyMem_RawFree(res);
              if (size != NULL)
                  *size = (size_t)-2;
              return NULL;
          }
          if (converted == (size_t)-1) {
              /* Conversion error. Escape as UTF-8b, and start over
                 in the initial shift state. */
              *out++ = 0xdc00 + *in++;
              argsize--;
              memset(&mbs, 0, sizeof mbs);
              continue;
          }
          if (Py_UNICODE_IS_SURROGATE(*out)) {
              /* Surrogate character.  Escape the original
                 byte sequence with surrogateescape. */
              argsize -= converted;
              while (converted--)
                  *out++ = 0xdc00 + *in++;
              continue;
          }
          /* successfully converted some bytes */
          in += converted;
          argsize -= converted;
          out++;
      }
      if (size != NULL)
          *size = out - res;
  #else   /* HAVE_MBRTOWC */
      /* Cannot use C locale for escaping; manually escape as if charset
         is ASCII (i.e. escape all bytes > 128. This will still roundtrip
         correctly in the locale's charset, which must be an ASCII superset. */
      res = decode_ascii_surrogateescape(arg, size);
      if (res == NULL)
          goto oom;
  #endif   /* HAVE_MBRTOWC */
      return res;
  
  oom:
      if (size != NULL)
          *size = (size_t)-1;
      return NULL;
  }
  
  
  static wchar_t*
  decode_locale(const char* arg, size_t *size, int current_locale)
  {
      if (current_locale) {
          return decode_current_locale(arg, size);
      }
  
  #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__ANDROID__)
      wchar_t *wstr;
      wstr = _Py_DecodeUTF8_surrogateescape(arg, strlen(arg));
      if (size != NULL) {
          if (wstr != NULL)
              *size = wcslen(wstr);
          else
              *size = (size_t)-1;
      }
      return wstr;
  #else
  
  #ifdef USE_FORCE_ASCII
      if (force_ascii == -1) {
          force_ascii = check_force_ascii();
      }
  
      if (force_ascii) {
          /* force ASCII encoding to workaround mbstowcs() issue */
          wchar_t *res = decode_ascii_surrogateescape(arg, size);
          if (res == NULL) {
              if (size != NULL)
                  *size = (size_t)-1;
              return NULL;
          }
          return res;
      }
  #endif
  
      return decode_current_locale(arg, size);
  #endif   /* __APPLE__ or __ANDROID__ */
  }
  
  
  /* Decode a byte string from the locale encoding with the
     surrogateescape error handler: undecodable bytes are decoded as characters
     in range U+DC80..U+DCFF. If a byte sequence can be decoded as a surrogate
     character, escape the bytes using the surrogateescape error handler instead
     of decoding them.
  
     Return a pointer to a newly allocated wide character string, use
     PyMem_RawFree() to free the memory. If size is not NULL, write the number of
     wide characters excluding the null character into *size
  
     Return NULL on decoding error or memory allocation error. If *size* is not
     NULL, *size is set to (size_t)-1 on memory error or set to (size_t)-2 on
     decoding error.
  
     Decoding errors should never happen, unless there is a bug in the C
     library.
  
     Use the Py_EncodeLocale() function to encode the character string back to a
     byte string. */
  wchar_t*
  Py_DecodeLocale(const char* arg, size_t *size)
  {
      return decode_locale(arg, size, 0);
  }
  
  
  wchar_t*
  _Py_DecodeLocaleEx(const char* arg, size_t *size, int current_locale)
  {
      return decode_locale(arg, size, current_locale);
  }
  
  
  static char*
  encode_current_locale(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos)
  {
      const size_t len = wcslen(text);
      char *result = NULL, *bytes = NULL;
      size_t i, size, converted;
      wchar_t c, buf[2];
  
      /* The function works in two steps:
         1. compute the length of the output buffer in bytes (size)
         2. outputs the bytes */
      size = 0;
      buf[1] = 0;
      while (1) {
          for (i=0; i < len; i++) {
              c = text[i];
              if (c >= 0xdc80 && c <= 0xdcff) {
                  /* UTF-8b surrogate */
                  if (bytes != NULL) {
                      *bytes++ = c - 0xdc00;
                      size--;
                  }
                  else
                      size++;
                  continue;
              }
              else {
                  buf[0] = c;
                  if (bytes != NULL)
                      converted = wcstombs(bytes, buf, size);
                  else
                      converted = wcstombs(NULL, buf, 0);
                  if (converted == (size_t)-1) {
                      if (result != NULL)
                          PyMem_Free(result);
                      if (error_pos != NULL)
                          *error_pos = i;
                      return NULL;
                  }
                  if (bytes != NULL) {
                      bytes += converted;
                      size -= converted;
                  }
                  else
                      size += converted;
              }
          }
          if (result != NULL) {
              *bytes = '\0';
              break;
          }
  
          size += 1; /* nul byte at the end */
          result = PyMem_Malloc(size);
          if (result == NULL) {
              if (error_pos != NULL)
                  *error_pos = (size_t)-1;
              return NULL;
          }
          bytes = result;
      }
      return result;
  }
  
  
  static char*
  encode_locale(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos, int current_locale)
  {
      if (current_locale) {
          return encode_current_locale(text, error_pos);
      }
  
  #if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__ANDROID__)
      Py_ssize_t len;
      PyObject *unicode, *bytes = NULL;
      char *cpath;
  
      unicode = PyUnicode_FromWideChar(text, wcslen(text));
      if (unicode == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      bytes = _PyUnicode_AsUTF8String(unicode, "surrogateescape");
      Py_DECREF(unicode);
      if (bytes == NULL) {
          PyErr_Clear();
          if (error_pos != NULL)
              *error_pos = (size_t)-1;
          return NULL;
      }
  
      len = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(bytes);
      cpath = PyMem_Malloc(len+1);
      if (cpath == NULL) {
          PyErr_Clear();
          Py_DECREF(bytes);
          if (error_pos != NULL)
              *error_pos = (size_t)-1;
          return NULL;
      }
      memcpy(cpath, PyBytes_AsString(bytes), len + 1);
      Py_DECREF(bytes);
      return cpath;
  #else   /* __APPLE__ */
  
  #ifdef USE_FORCE_ASCII
      if (force_ascii == -1) {
          force_ascii = check_force_ascii();
      }
  
      if (force_ascii) {
          return encode_ascii_surrogateescape(text, error_pos);
      }
  #endif
  
      return encode_current_locale(text, error_pos);
  #endif   /* __APPLE__ or __ANDROID__ */
  }
  
  
  /* Encode a wide character string to the locale encoding with the
     surrogateescape error handler: surrogate characters in the range
     U+DC80..U+DCFF are converted to bytes 0x80..0xFF.
  
     Return a pointer to a newly allocated byte string, use PyMem_Free() to free
     the memory. Return NULL on encoding or memory allocation error.
  
     If error_pos is not NULL, *error_pos is set to the index of the invalid
     character on encoding error, or set to (size_t)-1 otherwise.
  
     Use the Py_DecodeLocale() function to decode the bytes string back to a wide
     character string. */
  char*
  Py_EncodeLocale(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos)
  {
      return encode_locale(text, error_pos, 0);
  }
  
  
  char*
  _Py_EncodeLocaleEx(const wchar_t *text, size_t *error_pos, int current_locale)
  {
      return encode_locale(text, error_pos, current_locale);
  }
  
  
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
  static __int64 secs_between_epochs = 11644473600; /* Seconds between 1.1.1601 and 1.1.1970 */
  
  static void
  FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(FILETIME *in_ptr, time_t *time_out, int* nsec_out)
  {
      /* XXX endianness. Shouldn't matter, as all Windows implementations are little-endian */
      /* Cannot simply cast and dereference in_ptr,
         since it might not be aligned properly */
      __int64 in;
      memcpy(&in, in_ptr, sizeof(in));
      *nsec_out = (int)(in % 10000000) * 100; /* FILETIME is in units of 100 nsec. */
      *time_out = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST((in / 10000000) - secs_between_epochs, __int64, time_t);
  }
  
  void
  _Py_time_t_to_FILE_TIME(time_t time_in, int nsec_in, FILETIME *out_ptr)
  {
      /* XXX endianness */
      __int64 out;
      out = time_in + secs_between_epochs;
      out = out * 10000000 + nsec_in / 100;
      memcpy(out_ptr, &out, sizeof(out));
  }
  
  /* Below, we *know* that ugo+r is 0444 */
  #if _S_IREAD != 0400
  #error Unsupported C library
  #endif
  static int
  attributes_to_mode(DWORD attr)
  {
      int m = 0;
      if (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_DIRECTORY)
          m |= _S_IFDIR | 0111; /* IFEXEC for user,group,other */
      else
          m |= _S_IFREG;
      if (attr & FILE_ATTRIBUTE_READONLY)
          m |= 0444;
      else
          m |= 0666;
      return m;
  }
  
  void
  _Py_attribute_data_to_stat(BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION *info, ULONG reparse_tag,
                             struct _Py_stat_struct *result)
  {
      memset(result, 0, sizeof(*result));
      result->st_mode = attributes_to_mode(info->dwFileAttributes);
      result->st_size = (((__int64)info->nFileSizeHigh)<<32) + info->nFileSizeLow;
      result->st_dev = info->dwVolumeSerialNumber;
      result->st_rdev = result->st_dev;
      FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(&info->ftCreationTime, &result->st_ctime, &result->st_ctime_nsec);
      FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(&info->ftLastWriteTime, &result->st_mtime, &result->st_mtime_nsec);
      FILE_TIME_to_time_t_nsec(&info->ftLastAccessTime, &result->st_atime, &result->st_atime_nsec);
      result->st_nlink = info->nNumberOfLinks;
      result->st_ino = (((uint64_t)info->nFileIndexHigh) << 32) + info->nFileIndexLow;
      if (reparse_tag == IO_REPARSE_TAG_SYMLINK) {
          /* first clear the S_IFMT bits */
          result->st_mode ^= (result->st_mode & S_IFMT);
          /* now set the bits that make this a symlink */
          result->st_mode |= S_IFLNK;
      }
      result->st_file_attributes = info->dwFileAttributes;
  }
  #endif
  
  /* Return information about a file.
  
     On POSIX, use fstat().
  
     On Windows, use GetFileType() and GetFileInformationByHandle() which support
     files larger than 2 GB.  fstat() may fail with EOVERFLOW on files larger
     than 2 GB because the file size type is a signed 32-bit integer: see issue
     #23152.
  
     On Windows, set the last Windows error and return nonzero on error. On
     POSIX, set errno and return nonzero on error. Fill status and return 0 on
     success. */
  int
  _Py_fstat_noraise(int fd, struct _Py_stat_struct *status)
  {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      BY_HANDLE_FILE_INFORMATION info;
      HANDLE h;
      int type;
  
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      h = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
  
      if (h == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
          /* errno is already set by _get_osfhandle, but we also set
             the Win32 error for callers who expect that */
          SetLastError(ERROR_INVALID_HANDLE);
          return -1;
      }
      memset(status, 0, sizeof(*status));
  
      type = GetFileType(h);
      if (type == FILE_TYPE_UNKNOWN) {
          DWORD error = GetLastError();
          if (error != 0) {
              errno = winerror_to_errno(error);
              return -1;
          }
          /* else: valid but unknown file */
      }
  
      if (type != FILE_TYPE_DISK) {
          if (type == FILE_TYPE_CHAR)
              status->st_mode = _S_IFCHR;
          else if (type == FILE_TYPE_PIPE)
              status->st_mode = _S_IFIFO;
          return 0;
      }
  
      if (!GetFileInformationByHandle(h, &info)) {
          /* The Win32 error is already set, but we also set errno for
             callers who expect it */
          errno = winerror_to_errno(GetLastError());
          return -1;
      }
  
      _Py_attribute_data_to_stat(&info, 0, status);
      /* specific to fstat() */
      status->st_ino = (((uint64_t)info.nFileIndexHigh) << 32) + info.nFileIndexLow;
      return 0;
  #else
      return fstat(fd, status);
  #endif
  }
  
  /* Return information about a file.
  
     On POSIX, use fstat().
  
     On Windows, use GetFileType() and GetFileInformationByHandle() which support
     files larger than 2 GB.  fstat() may fail with EOVERFLOW on files larger
     than 2 GB because the file size type is a signed 32-bit integer: see issue
     #23152.
  
     Raise an exception and return -1 on error. On Windows, set the last Windows
     error on error. On POSIX, set errno on error. Fill status and return 0 on
     success.
  
     Release the GIL to call GetFileType() and GetFileInformationByHandle(), or
     to call fstat(). The caller must hold the GIL. */
  int
  _Py_fstat(int fd, struct _Py_stat_struct *status)
  {
      int res;
  
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
  
      Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
      res = _Py_fstat_noraise(fd, status);
      Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
  
      if (res != 0) {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
          PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
  #else
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
  #endif
          return -1;
      }
      return 0;
  }
  
  /* Call _wstat() on Windows, or encode the path to the filesystem encoding and
     call stat() otherwise. Only fill st_mode attribute on Windows.
  
     Return 0 on success, -1 on _wstat() / stat() error, -2 if an exception was
     raised. */
  
  int
  _Py_stat(PyObject *path, struct stat *statbuf)
  {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      int err;
      struct _stat wstatbuf;
      const wchar_t *wpath;
  
      wpath = _PyUnicode_AsUnicode(path);
      if (wpath == NULL)
          return -2;
  
      err = _wstat(wpath, &wstatbuf);
      if (!err)
          statbuf->st_mode = wstatbuf.st_mode;
      return err;
  #else
      int ret;
      PyObject *bytes;
      char *cpath;
  
      bytes = PyUnicode_EncodeFSDefault(path);
      if (bytes == NULL)
          return -2;
  
      /* check for embedded null bytes */
      if (PyBytes_AsStringAndSize(bytes, &cpath, NULL) == -1) {
          Py_DECREF(bytes);
          return -2;
      }
  
      ret = stat(cpath, statbuf);
      Py_DECREF(bytes);
      return ret;
  #endif
  }
  
  
  /* This function MUST be kept async-signal-safe on POSIX when raise=0. */
  static int
  get_inheritable(int fd, int raise)
  {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      HANDLE handle;
      DWORD flags;
  
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      handle = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (!GetHandleInformation(handle, &flags)) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
          return -1;
      }
  
      return (flags & HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT);
  #else
      int flags;
  
      flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD, 0);
      if (flags == -1) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
      return !(flags & FD_CLOEXEC);
  #endif
  }
  
  /* Get the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.
     Return 1 if the file descriptor can be inherited, 0 if it cannot,
     raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
  int
  _Py_get_inheritable(int fd)
  {
      return get_inheritable(fd, 1);
  }
  
  
  /* This function MUST be kept async-signal-safe on POSIX when raise=0. */
  static int
  set_inheritable(int fd, int inheritable, int raise, int *atomic_flag_works)
  {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      HANDLE handle;
      DWORD flags;
  #else
  #if defined(HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H) && defined(FIOCLEX) && defined(FIONCLEX)
      static int ioctl_works = -1;
      int request;
      int err;
  #endif
      int flags, new_flags;
      int res;
  #endif
  
      /* atomic_flag_works can only be used to make the file descriptor
         non-inheritable */
      assert(!(atomic_flag_works != NULL && inheritable));
  
      if (atomic_flag_works != NULL && !inheritable) {
          if (*atomic_flag_works == -1) {
              int isInheritable = get_inheritable(fd, raise);
              if (isInheritable == -1)
                  return -1;
              *atomic_flag_works = !isInheritable;
          }
  
          if (*atomic_flag_works)
              return 0;
      }
  
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      handle = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (inheritable)
          flags = HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT;
      else
          flags = 0;
      if (!SetHandleInformation(handle, HANDLE_FLAG_INHERIT, flags)) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
          return -1;
      }
      return 0;
  
  #else
  
  #if defined(HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H) && defined(FIOCLEX) && defined(FIONCLEX)
      if (ioctl_works != 0 && raise != 0) {
          /* fast-path: ioctl() only requires one syscall */
          /* caveat: raise=0 is an indicator that we must be async-signal-safe
           * thus avoid using ioctl() so we skip the fast-path. */
          if (inheritable)
              request = FIONCLEX;
          else
              request = FIOCLEX;
          err = ioctl(fd, request, NULL);
          if (!err) {
              ioctl_works = 1;
              return 0;
          }
  
          if (errno != ENOTTY && errno != EACCES) {
              if (raise)
                  PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
              return -1;
          }
          else {
              /* Issue #22258: Here, ENOTTY means "Inappropriate ioctl for
                 device". The ioctl is declared but not supported by the kernel.
                 Remember that ioctl() doesn't work. It is the case on
                 Illumos-based OS for example.
  
                 Issue #27057: When SELinux policy disallows ioctl it will fail
                 with EACCES. While FIOCLEX is safe operation it may be
                 unavailable because ioctl was denied altogether.
                 This can be the case on Android. */
              ioctl_works = 0;
          }
          /* fallback to fcntl() if ioctl() does not work */
      }
  #endif
  
      /* slow-path: fcntl() requires two syscalls */
      flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFD);
      if (flags < 0) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (inheritable) {
          new_flags = flags & ~FD_CLOEXEC;
      }
      else {
          new_flags = flags | FD_CLOEXEC;
      }
  
      if (new_flags == flags) {
          /* FD_CLOEXEC flag already set/cleared: nothing to do */
          return 0;
      }
  
      res = fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, new_flags);
      if (res < 0) {
          if (raise)
              PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
      return 0;
  #endif
  }
  
  /* Make the file descriptor non-inheritable.
     Return 0 on success, set errno and return -1 on error. */
  static int
  make_non_inheritable(int fd)
  {
      return set_inheritable(fd, 0, 0, NULL);
  }
  
  /* Set the inheritable flag of the specified file descriptor.
     On success: return 0, on error: raise an exception and return -1.
  
     If atomic_flag_works is not NULL:
  
      * if *atomic_flag_works==-1, check if the inheritable is set on the file
        descriptor: if yes, set *atomic_flag_works to 1, otherwise set to 0 and
        set the inheritable flag
      * if *atomic_flag_works==1: do nothing
      * if *atomic_flag_works==0: set inheritable flag to False
  
     Set atomic_flag_works to NULL if no atomic flag was used to create the
     file descriptor.
  
     atomic_flag_works can only be used to make a file descriptor
     non-inheritable: atomic_flag_works must be NULL if inheritable=1. */
  int
  _Py_set_inheritable(int fd, int inheritable, int *atomic_flag_works)
  {
      return set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, 1, atomic_flag_works);
  }
  
  /* Same as _Py_set_inheritable() but on error, set errno and
     don't raise an exception.
     This function is async-signal-safe. */
  int
  _Py_set_inheritable_async_safe(int fd, int inheritable, int *atomic_flag_works)
  {
      return set_inheritable(fd, inheritable, 0, atomic_flag_works);
  }
  
  static int
  _Py_open_impl(const char *pathname, int flags, int gil_held)
  {
      int fd;
      int async_err = 0;
  #ifndef MS_WINDOWS
      int *atomic_flag_works;
  #endif
  
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      flags |= O_NOINHERIT;
  #elif defined(O_CLOEXEC)
      atomic_flag_works = &_Py_open_cloexec_works;
      flags |= O_CLOEXEC;
  #else
      atomic_flag_works = NULL;
  #endif
  
      if (gil_held) {
          do {
              Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
              fd = open(pathname, flags);
              Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
          } while (fd < 0
                   && errno == EINTR && !(async_err = PyErr_CheckSignals()));
          if (async_err)
              return -1;
          if (fd < 0) {
              PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilename(PyExc_OSError, pathname);
              return -1;
          }
      }
      else {
          fd = open(pathname, flags);
          if (fd < 0)
              return -1;
      }
  
  #ifndef MS_WINDOWS
      if (set_inheritable(fd, 0, gil_held, atomic_flag_works) < 0) {
          close(fd);
          return -1;
      }
  #endif
  
      return fd;
  }
  
  /* Open a file with the specified flags (wrapper to open() function).
     Return a file descriptor on success. Raise an exception and return -1 on
     error.
  
     The file descriptor is created non-inheritable.
  
     When interrupted by a signal (open() fails with EINTR), retry the syscall,
     except if the Python signal handler raises an exception.
  
     Release the GIL to call open(). The caller must hold the GIL. */
  int
  _Py_open(const char *pathname, int flags)
  {
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      /* _Py_open() must be called with the GIL held. */
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
      return _Py_open_impl(pathname, flags, 1);
  }
  
  /* Open a file with the specified flags (wrapper to open() function).
     Return a file descriptor on success. Set errno and return -1 on error.
  
     The file descriptor is created non-inheritable.
  
     If interrupted by a signal, fail with EINTR. */
  int
  _Py_open_noraise(const char *pathname, int flags)
  {
      return _Py_open_impl(pathname, flags, 0);
  }
  
  /* Open a file. Use _wfopen() on Windows, encode the path to the locale
     encoding and use fopen() otherwise.
  
     The file descriptor is created non-inheritable.
  
     If interrupted by a signal, fail with EINTR. */
  FILE *
  _Py_wfopen(const wchar_t *path, const wchar_t *mode)
  {
      FILE *f;
  #ifndef MS_WINDOWS
      char *cpath;
      char cmode[10];
      size_t r;
      r = wcstombs(cmode, mode, 10);
      if (r == (size_t)-1 || r >= 10) {
          errno = EINVAL;
          return NULL;
      }
      cpath = Py_EncodeLocale(path, NULL);
      if (cpath == NULL)
          return NULL;
      f = fopen(cpath, cmode);
      PyMem_Free(cpath);
  #else
      f = _wfopen(path, mode);
  #endif
      if (f == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (make_non_inheritable(fileno(f)) < 0) {
          fclose(f);
          return NULL;
      }
      return f;
  }
  
  /* Wrapper to fopen().
  
     The file descriptor is created non-inheritable.
  
     If interrupted by a signal, fail with EINTR. */
  FILE*
  _Py_fopen(const char *pathname, const char *mode)
  {
      FILE *f = fopen(pathname, mode);
      if (f == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (make_non_inheritable(fileno(f)) < 0) {
          fclose(f);
          return NULL;
      }
      return f;
  }
  
  /* Open a file. Call _wfopen() on Windows, or encode the path to the filesystem
     encoding and call fopen() otherwise.
  
     Return the new file object on success. Raise an exception and return NULL
     on error.
  
     The file descriptor is created non-inheritable.
  
     When interrupted by a signal (open() fails with EINTR), retry the syscall,
     except if the Python signal handler raises an exception.
  
     Release the GIL to call _wfopen() or fopen(). The caller must hold
     the GIL. */
  FILE*
  _Py_fopen_obj(PyObject *path, const char *mode)
  {
      FILE *f;
      int async_err = 0;
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      const wchar_t *wpath;
      wchar_t wmode[10];
      int usize;
  
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
  
      if (!PyUnicode_Check(path)) {
          PyErr_Format(PyExc_TypeError,
                       "str file path expected under Windows, got %R",
                       Py_TYPE(path));
          return NULL;
      }
      wpath = _PyUnicode_AsUnicode(path);
      if (wpath == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      usize = MultiByteToWideChar(CP_ACP, 0, mode, -1,
                                  wmode, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(wmode));
      if (usize == 0) {
          PyErr_SetFromWindowsErr(0);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      do {
          Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
          f = _wfopen(wpath, wmode);
          Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
      } while (f == NULL
               && errno == EINTR && !(async_err = PyErr_CheckSignals()));
  #else
      PyObject *bytes;
      char *path_bytes;
  
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
  
      if (!PyUnicode_FSConverter(path, &bytes))
          return NULL;
      path_bytes = PyBytes_AS_STRING(bytes);
  
      do {
          Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
          f = fopen(path_bytes, mode);
          Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
      } while (f == NULL
               && errno == EINTR && !(async_err = PyErr_CheckSignals()));
  
      Py_DECREF(bytes);
  #endif
      if (async_err)
          return NULL;
  
      if (f == NULL) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrnoWithFilenameObject(PyExc_OSError, path);
          return NULL;
      }
  
      if (set_inheritable(fileno(f), 0, 1, NULL) < 0) {
          fclose(f);
          return NULL;
      }
      return f;
  }
  
  /* Read count bytes from fd into buf.
  
     On success, return the number of read bytes, it can be lower than count.
     If the current file offset is at or past the end of file, no bytes are read,
     and read() returns zero.
  
     On error, raise an exception, set errno and return -1.
  
     When interrupted by a signal (read() fails with EINTR), retry the syscall.
     If the Python signal handler raises an exception, the function returns -1
     (the syscall is not retried).
  
     Release the GIL to call read(). The caller must hold the GIL. */
  Py_ssize_t
  _Py_read(int fd, void *buf, size_t count)
  {
      Py_ssize_t n;
      int err;
      int async_err = 0;
  
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
  
      /* _Py_read() must not be called with an exception set, otherwise the
       * caller may think that read() was interrupted by a signal and the signal
       * handler raised an exception. */
      assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
  
      if (count > _PY_READ_MAX) {
          count = _PY_READ_MAX;
      }
  
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      do {
          Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
          errno = 0;
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
          n = read(fd, buf, (int)count);
  #else
          n = read(fd, buf, count);
  #endif
          /* save/restore errno because PyErr_CheckSignals()
           * and PyErr_SetFromErrno() can modify it */
          err = errno;
          Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
      } while (n < 0 && err == EINTR &&
              !(async_err = PyErr_CheckSignals()));
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
  
      if (async_err) {
          /* read() was interrupted by a signal (failed with EINTR)
           * and the Python signal handler raised an exception */
          errno = err;
          assert(errno == EINTR && PyErr_Occurred());
          return -1;
      }
      if (n < 0) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          errno = err;
          return -1;
      }
  
      return n;
  }
  
  static Py_ssize_t
  _Py_write_impl(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count, int gil_held)
  {
      Py_ssize_t n;
      int err;
      int async_err = 0;
  
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      if (count > 32767 && isatty(fd)) {
          /* Issue #11395: the Windows console returns an error (12: not
             enough space error) on writing into stdout if stdout mode is
             binary and the length is greater than 66,000 bytes (or less,
             depending on heap usage). */
          count = 32767;
      }
  #endif
      if (count > _PY_WRITE_MAX) {
          count = _PY_WRITE_MAX;
      }
  
      if (gil_held) {
          do {
              Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
              errno = 0;
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
              n = write(fd, buf, (int)count);
  #else
              n = write(fd, buf, count);
  #endif
              /* save/restore errno because PyErr_CheckSignals()
               * and PyErr_SetFromErrno() can modify it */
              err = errno;
              Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
          } while (n < 0 && err == EINTR &&
                  !(async_err = PyErr_CheckSignals()));
      }
      else {
          do {
              errno = 0;
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
              n = write(fd, buf, (int)count);
  #else
              n = write(fd, buf, count);
  #endif
              err = errno;
          } while (n < 0 && err == EINTR);
      }
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
  
      if (async_err) {
          /* write() was interrupted by a signal (failed with EINTR)
             and the Python signal handler raised an exception (if gil_held is
             nonzero). */
          errno = err;
          assert(errno == EINTR && (!gil_held || PyErr_Occurred()));
          return -1;
      }
      if (n < 0) {
          if (gil_held)
              PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          errno = err;
          return -1;
      }
  
      return n;
  }
  
  /* Write count bytes of buf into fd.
  
     On success, return the number of written bytes, it can be lower than count
     including 0. On error, raise an exception, set errno and return -1.
  
     When interrupted by a signal (write() fails with EINTR), retry the syscall.
     If the Python signal handler raises an exception, the function returns -1
     (the syscall is not retried).
  
     Release the GIL to call write(). The caller must hold the GIL. */
  Py_ssize_t
  _Py_write(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
  {
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
  
      /* _Py_write() must not be called with an exception set, otherwise the
       * caller may think that write() was interrupted by a signal and the signal
       * handler raised an exception. */
      assert(!PyErr_Occurred());
  
      return _Py_write_impl(fd, buf, count, 1);
  }
  
  /* Write count bytes of buf into fd.
   *
   * On success, return the number of written bytes, it can be lower than count
   * including 0. On error, set errno and return -1.
   *
   * When interrupted by a signal (write() fails with EINTR), retry the syscall
   * without calling the Python signal handler. */
  Py_ssize_t
  _Py_write_noraise(int fd, const void *buf, size_t count)
  {
      return _Py_write_impl(fd, buf, count, 0);
  }
  
  #ifdef HAVE_READLINK
  
  /* Read value of symbolic link. Encode the path to the locale encoding, decode
     the result from the locale encoding. Return -1 on error. */
  
  int
  _Py_wreadlink(const wchar_t *path, wchar_t *buf, size_t bufsiz)
  {
      char *cpath;
      char cbuf[MAXPATHLEN];
      wchar_t *wbuf;
      int res;
      size_t r1;
  
      cpath = Py_EncodeLocale(path, NULL);
      if (cpath == NULL) {
          errno = EINVAL;
          return -1;
      }
      res = (int)readlink(cpath, cbuf, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(cbuf));
      PyMem_Free(cpath);
      if (res == -1)
          return -1;
      if (res == Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(cbuf)) {
          errno = EINVAL;
          return -1;
      }
      cbuf[res] = '\0'; /* buf will be null terminated */
      wbuf = Py_DecodeLocale(cbuf, &r1);
      if (wbuf == NULL) {
          errno = EINVAL;
          return -1;
      }
      if (bufsiz <= r1) {
          PyMem_RawFree(wbuf);
          errno = EINVAL;
          return -1;
      }
      wcsncpy(buf, wbuf, bufsiz);
      PyMem_RawFree(wbuf);
      return (int)r1;
  }
  #endif
  
  #ifdef HAVE_REALPATH
  
  /* Return the canonicalized absolute pathname. Encode path to the locale
     encoding, decode the result from the locale encoding.
     Return NULL on error. */
  
  wchar_t*
  _Py_wrealpath(const wchar_t *path,
                wchar_t *resolved_path, size_t resolved_path_size)
  {
      char *cpath;
      char cresolved_path[MAXPATHLEN];
      wchar_t *wresolved_path;
      char *res;
      size_t r;
      cpath = Py_EncodeLocale(path, NULL);
      if (cpath == NULL) {
          errno = EINVAL;
          return NULL;
      }
      res = realpath(cpath, cresolved_path);
      PyMem_Free(cpath);
      if (res == NULL)
          return NULL;
  
      wresolved_path = Py_DecodeLocale(cresolved_path, &r);
      if (wresolved_path == NULL) {
          errno = EINVAL;
          return NULL;
      }
      if (resolved_path_size <= r) {
          PyMem_RawFree(wresolved_path);
          errno = EINVAL;
          return NULL;
      }
      wcsncpy(resolved_path, wresolved_path, resolved_path_size);
      PyMem_RawFree(wresolved_path);
      return resolved_path;
  }
  #endif
  
  /* Get the current directory. size is the buffer size in wide characters
     including the null character. Decode the path from the locale encoding.
     Return NULL on error. */
  
  wchar_t*
  _Py_wgetcwd(wchar_t *buf, size_t size)
  {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      int isize = (int)Py_MIN(size, INT_MAX);
      return _wgetcwd(buf, isize);
  #else
      char fname[MAXPATHLEN];
      wchar_t *wname;
      size_t len;
  
      if (getcwd(fname, Py_ARRAY_LENGTH(fname)) == NULL)
          return NULL;
      wname = Py_DecodeLocale(fname, &len);
      if (wname == NULL)
          return NULL;
      if (size <= len) {
          PyMem_RawFree(wname);
          return NULL;
      }
      wcsncpy(buf, wname, size);
      PyMem_RawFree(wname);
      return buf;
  #endif
  }
  
  /* Duplicate a file descriptor. The new file descriptor is created as
     non-inheritable. Return a new file descriptor on success, raise an OSError
     exception and return -1 on error.
  
     The GIL is released to call dup(). The caller must hold the GIL. */
  int
  _Py_dup(int fd)
  {
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      HANDLE handle;
      DWORD ftype;
  #endif
  
  #ifdef WITH_THREAD
      assert(PyGILState_Check());
  #endif
  
  #ifdef MS_WINDOWS
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      handle = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      if (handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      /* get the file type, ignore the error if it failed */
      ftype = GetFileType(handle);
  
      Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      fd = dup(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
      if (fd < 0) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      /* Character files like console cannot be make non-inheritable */
      if (ftype != FILE_TYPE_CHAR) {
          if (_Py_set_inheritable(fd, 0, NULL) < 0) {
              _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
              close(fd);
              _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
              return -1;
          }
      }
  #elif defined(HAVE_FCNTL_H) && defined(F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC)
      Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      fd = fcntl(fd, F_DUPFD_CLOEXEC, 0);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
      if (fd < 0) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
  #else
      Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      fd = dup(fd);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS
      if (fd < 0) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      if (_Py_set_inheritable(fd, 0, NULL) < 0) {
          _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
          close(fd);
          _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
          return -1;
      }
  #endif
      return fd;
  }
  
  #ifndef MS_WINDOWS
  /* Get the blocking mode of the file descriptor.
     Return 0 if the O_NONBLOCK flag is set, 1 if the flag is cleared,
     raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
  int
  _Py_get_blocking(int fd)
  {
      int flags;
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0);
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
      if (flags < 0) {
          PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
          return -1;
      }
  
      return !(flags & O_NONBLOCK);
  }
  
  /* Set the blocking mode of the specified file descriptor.
  
     Set the O_NONBLOCK flag if blocking is False, clear the O_NONBLOCK flag
     otherwise.
  
     Return 0 on success, raise an exception and return -1 on error. */
  int
  _Py_set_blocking(int fd, int blocking)
  {
  #if defined(HAVE_SYS_IOCTL_H) && defined(FIONBIO)
      int arg = !blocking;
      if (ioctl(fd, FIONBIO, &arg) < 0)
          goto error;
  #else
      int flags, res;
  
      _Py_BEGIN_SUPPRESS_IPH
      flags = fcntl(fd, F_GETFL, 0);
      if (flags >= 0) {
          if (blocking)
              flags = flags & (~O_NONBLOCK);
          else
              flags = flags | O_NONBLOCK;
  
          res = fcntl(fd, F_SETFL, flags);
      } else {
          res = -1;
      }
      _Py_END_SUPPRESS_IPH
  
      if (res < 0)
          goto error;
  #endif
      return 0;
  
  error:
      PyErr_SetFromErrno(PyExc_OSError);
      return -1;
  }
  #endif
  
  
  int
  _Py_GetLocaleconvNumeric(PyObject **decimal_point, PyObject **thousands_sep,
                           const char **grouping)
  {
      int res = -1;
  
      struct lconv *lc = localeconv();
  
      int change_locale = 0;
      if (decimal_point != NULL &&
          (strlen(lc->decimal_point) > 1 || ((unsigned char)lc->decimal_point[0]) > 127))
      {
          change_locale = 1;
      }
      if (thousands_sep != NULL &&
          (strlen(lc->thousands_sep) > 1 || ((unsigned char)lc->thousands_sep[0]) > 127))
      {
          change_locale = 1;
      }
  
      /* Keep a copy of the LC_CTYPE locale */
      char *oldloc = NULL, *loc = NULL;
      if (change_locale) {
          oldloc = setlocale(LC_CTYPE, NULL);
          if (!oldloc) {
              PyErr_SetString(PyExc_RuntimeWarning, "failed to get LC_CTYPE locale");
              return -1;
          }
  
          oldloc = _PyMem_Strdup(oldloc);
          if (!oldloc) {
              PyErr_NoMemory();
              return -1;
          }
  
          loc = setlocale(LC_NUMERIC, NULL);
          if (loc != NULL && strcmp(loc, oldloc) == 0) {
              loc = NULL;
          }
  
          if (loc != NULL) {
              /* Only set the locale temporarily the LC_CTYPE locale
                 if LC_NUMERIC locale is different than LC_CTYPE locale and
                 decimal_point and/or thousands_sep are non-ASCII or longer than
                 1 byte */
              setlocale(LC_CTYPE, loc);
          }
      }
  
      if (decimal_point != NULL) {
          *decimal_point = PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(lc->decimal_point, NULL);
          if (*decimal_point == NULL) {
              goto error;
          }
      }
      if (thousands_sep != NULL) {
          *thousands_sep = PyUnicode_DecodeLocale(lc->thousands_sep, NULL);
          if (*thousands_sep == NULL) {
              goto error;
          }
      }
  
      if (grouping != NULL) {
          *grouping = lc->grouping;
      }
  
      res = 0;
  
  error:
      if (loc != NULL) {
          setlocale(LC_CTYPE, oldloc);
      }
      PyMem_Free(oldloc);
      return res;
  }
  