text: /**
   * @license
   * Lo-Dash 1.0.2 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
   * Build: `lodash -o ./dist/lodash.compat.js`
   * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
   * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.4 <http://underscorejs.org/>
   * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
   * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
   */
  ;
  (function (window, undefined) {
  
      /** Detect free variable `exports` */
      var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;
  
      /** Detect free variable `module` */
      var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module && module.exports == freeExports && module;
  
      /** Detect free variable `global` and use it as `window` */
      var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
      if (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal) {
          window = freeGlobal;
      }
  
      /** Used for array and object method references */
      var arrayRef = [],
          objectRef = {};
  
      /** Used to generate unique IDs */
      var idCounter = 0;
  
      /** Used internally to indicate various things */
      var indicatorObject = objectRef;
  
      /** Used by `cachedContains` as the default size when optimizations are enabled for large arrays */
      var largeArraySize = 30;
  
      /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
      var oldDash = window._;
  
      /** Used to match HTML entities */
      var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39);/g;
  
      /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
      var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
          reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
          reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;
  
      /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
      var reFlags = /\w*$/;
  
      /** Used to detect if a method is native */
      var reNative = RegExp('^' +
          (objectRef.valueOf + '')
              .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
              .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
      );
  
      /**
       * Used to match ES6 template delimiters
       * http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-7.8.6
       */
      var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;
  
      /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
      var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
  
      /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
      var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
  
      /** Used to match HTML characters */
      var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;
  
      /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
      var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
  
      /** Used to fix the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug */
      var shadowed = [
          'constructor', 'hasOwnProperty', 'isPrototypeOf', 'propertyIsEnumerable',
          'toLocaleString', 'toString', 'valueOf'
      ];
  
      /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
      var templateCounter = 0;
  
      /** Native method shortcuts */
      var ceil = Math.ceil,
          concat = arrayRef.concat,
          floor = Math.floor,
          getPrototypeOf = reNative.test(getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf) && getPrototypeOf,
          hasOwnProperty = objectRef.hasOwnProperty,
          push = arrayRef.push,
          toString = objectRef.toString;
  
      /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
      var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = slice.bind) && nativeBind,
          nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
          nativeIsFinite = window.isFinite,
          nativeIsNaN = window.isNaN,
          nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
          nativeMax = Math.max,
          nativeMin = Math.min,
          nativeRandom = Math.random;
  
      /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
      var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
          arrayClass = '[object Array]',
          boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
          dateClass = '[object Date]',
          funcClass = '[object Function]',
          numberClass = '[object Number]',
          objectClass = '[object Object]',
          regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
          stringClass = '[object String]';
  
      /** Detect various environments */
      var isIeOpera = !!window.attachEvent,
          isV8 = nativeBind && !/\n|true/.test(nativeBind + isIeOpera);
  
      /* Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8) */
      var isBindFast = nativeBind && !isV8;
  
      /* Detect if `Object.keys` exists and is inferred to be fast (IE, Opera, V8) */
      var isKeysFast = nativeKeys && (isIeOpera || isV8);
  
      /**
       * Detect the JScript [[DontEnum]] bug:
       *
       * In IE < 9 an objects own properties, shadowing non-enumerable ones, are
       * made non-enumerable as well.
       */
      var hasDontEnumBug;
  
      /**
       * Detect if a `prototype` properties are enumerable by default:
       *
       * Firefox < 3.6, Opera > 9.50 - Opera < 11.60, and Safari < 5.1
       * (if the prototype or a property on the prototype has been set)
       * incorrectly sets a function's `prototype` property [[Enumerable]]
       * value to `true`.
       */
      var hasEnumPrototype;
  
      /** Detect if own properties are iterated after inherited properties (IE < 9) */
      var iteratesOwnLast;
  
      /**
       * Detect if `Array#shift` and `Array#splice` augment array-like objects
       * incorrectly:
       *
       * Firefox < 10, IE compatibility mode, and IE < 9 have buggy Array `shift()`
       * and `splice()` functions that fail to remove the last element, `value[0]`,
       * of array-like objects even though the `length` property is set to `0`.
       * The `shift()` method is buggy in IE 8 compatibility mode, while `splice()`
       * is buggy regardless of mode in IE < 9 and buggy in compatibility mode in IE 9.
       */
      var hasObjectSpliceBug = (hasObjectSpliceBug = {'0': 1, 'length': 1},
          arrayRef.splice.call(hasObjectSpliceBug, 0, 1), hasObjectSpliceBug[0]);
  
      /** Detect if `arguments` object indexes are non-enumerable (Firefox < 4, IE < 9, PhantomJS, Safari < 5.1) */
      var nonEnumArgs = true;
  
      (function () {
          var props = [];
  
          function ctor() {
              this.x = 1;
          }
  
          ctor.prototype = {'valueOf': 1, 'y': 1};
          for (var prop in new ctor) {
              props.push(prop);
          }
          for (prop in arguments) {
              nonEnumArgs = !prop;
          }
  
          hasDontEnumBug = !/valueOf/.test(props);
          hasEnumPrototype = ctor.propertyIsEnumerable('prototype');
          iteratesOwnLast = props[0] != 'x';
      }(1));
  
      /** Detect if `arguments` objects are `Object` objects (all but Opera < 10.5) */
      var argsAreObjects = arguments.constructor == Object;
  
      /** Detect if `arguments` objects [[Class]] is unresolvable (Firefox < 4, IE < 9) */
      var noArgsClass = !isArguments(arguments);
  
      /**
       * Detect lack of support for accessing string characters by index:
       *
       * IE < 8 can't access characters by index and IE 8 can only access
       * characters by index on string literals.
       */
      var noCharByIndex = ('x'[0] + Object('x')[0]) != 'xx';
  
      /**
       * Detect if a DOM node's [[Class]] is unresolvable (IE < 9)
       * and that the JS engine won't error when attempting to coerce an object to
       * a string without a `toString` function.
       */
      try {
          var noNodeClass = toString.call(document) == objectClass && !({'toString': 0} + '');
      } catch (e) {
      }
  
      /** Used to identify object classifications that `_.clone` supports */
      var cloneableClasses = {};
      cloneableClasses[funcClass] = false;
      cloneableClasses[argsClass] = cloneableClasses[arrayClass] =
          cloneableClasses[boolClass] = cloneableClasses[dateClass] =
              cloneableClasses[numberClass] = cloneableClasses[objectClass] =
                  cloneableClasses[regexpClass] = cloneableClasses[stringClass] = true;
  
      /** Used to lookup a built-in constructor by [[Class]] */
      var ctorByClass = {};
      ctorByClass[arrayClass] = Array;
      ctorByClass[boolClass] = Boolean;
      ctorByClass[dateClass] = Date;
      ctorByClass[objectClass] = Object;
      ctorByClass[numberClass] = Number;
      ctorByClass[regexpClass] = RegExp;
      ctorByClass[stringClass] = String;
  
      /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
      var objectTypes = {
          'boolean': false,
          'function': true,
          'object': true,
          'number': false,
          'string': false,
          'undefined': false
      };
  
      /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
      var stringEscapes = {
          '\\': '\\',
          "'": "'",
          '\n': 'n',
          '\r': 'r',
          '\t': 't',
          '\u2028': 'u2028',
          '\u2029': 'u2029'
      };
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates a `lodash` object, that wraps the given `value`, to enable method
       * chaining.
       *
       * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
       * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
       * and `unshift`
       *
       * The chainable wrapper functions are:
       * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`, `compose`,
       * `concat`, `countBy`, `debounce`, `defaults`, `defer`, `delay`, `difference`,
       * `filter`, `flatten`, `forEach`, `forIn`, `forOwn`, `functions`, `groupBy`,
       * `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`, `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `max`, `memoize`,
       * `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`, `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`,
       * `pick`, `pluck`, `push`, `range`, `reject`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`,
       * `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`, `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`,
       * `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `values`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`, and `zip`
       *
       * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
       * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `has`, `identity`,
       * `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`, `isElement`, `isEmpty`,
       * `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`, `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`,
       * `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`, `isUndefined`, `join`, `lastIndexOf`,
       * `mixin`, `noConflict`, `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`, `result`,
       * `shift`, `size`, `some`, `sortedIndex`, `template`, `unescape`, and `uniqueId`
       *
       * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
       * passed, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
       *
       * @name _
       * @constructor
       * @category Chaining
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
       * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
       */
      function lodash(value) {
          // exit early if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
          if (value && typeof value == 'object' && value.__wrapped__) {
              return value;
          }
          // allow invoking `lodash` without the `new` operator
          if (!(this instanceof lodash)) {
              return new lodash(value);
          }
          this.__wrapped__ = value;
      }
  
      /**
       * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
       * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
       * delimiters.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Object
       */
      lodash.templateSettings = {
  
          /**
           * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
           *
           * @memberOf _.templateSettings
           * @type RegExp
           */
          'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
  
          /**
           * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
           *
           * @memberOf _.templateSettings
           * @type RegExp
           */
          'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
  
          /**
           * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
           *
           * @memberOf _.templateSettings
           * @type RegExp
           */
          'interpolate': reInterpolate,
  
          /**
           * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
           *
           * @memberOf _.templateSettings
           * @type String
           */
          'variable': '',
  
          /**
           * Used to import variables into the compiled template.
           *
           * @memberOf _.templateSettings
           * @type Object
           */
          'imports': {
  
              /**
               * A reference to the `lodash` function.
               *
               * @memberOf _.templateSettings.imports
               * @type Function
               */
              '_': lodash
          }
      };
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * The template used to create iterator functions.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
       * @returns {String} Returns the interpolated text.
       */
      var iteratorTemplate = function (obj) {
  
          var __p = 'var index, iterable = ' +
              (obj.firstArg ) +
              ', result = iterable;\nif (!iterable) return result;\n' +
              (obj.top ) +
              ';\n';
          if (obj.arrays) {
              __p += 'var length = iterable.length; index = -1;\nif (' +
              (obj.arrays ) +
              ') {  ';
              if (obj.noCharByIndex) {
                  __p += '\n  if (isString(iterable)) {\n    iterable = iterable.split(\'\')\n  }  ';
              }
              ;
              __p += '\n  while (++index < length) {\n    ' +
              (obj.loop ) +
              '\n  }\n}\nelse {  ';
          } else if (obj.nonEnumArgs) {
              __p += '\n  var length = iterable.length; index = -1;\n  if (length && isArguments(iterable)) {\n    while (++index < length) {\n      index += \'\';\n      ' +
              (obj.loop ) +
              '\n    }\n  } else {  ';
          }
          ;
  
          if (obj.hasEnumPrototype) {
              __p += '\n  var skipProto = typeof iterable == \'function\';\n  ';
          }
          ;
  
          if (obj.isKeysFast && obj.useHas) {
              __p += '\n  var ownIndex = -1,\n      ownProps = objectTypes[typeof iterable] ? nativeKeys(iterable) : [],\n      length = ownProps.length;\n\n  while (++ownIndex < length) {\n    index = ownProps[ownIndex];\n    ';
              if (obj.hasEnumPrototype) {
                  __p += 'if (!(skipProto && index == \'prototype\')) {\n  ';
              }
              ;
              __p +=
                  (obj.loop ) +
                  '';
              if (obj.hasEnumPrototype) {
                  __p += '}\n';
              }
              ;
              __p += '  }  ';
          } else {
              __p += '\n  for (index in iterable) {';
              if (obj.hasEnumPrototype || obj.useHas) {
                  __p += '\n    if (';
                  if (obj.hasEnumPrototype) {
                      __p += '!(skipProto && index == \'prototype\')';
                  }
                  if (obj.hasEnumPrototype && obj.useHas) {
                      __p += ' && ';
                  }
                  if (obj.useHas) {
                      __p += 'hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)';
                  }
                  ;
                  __p += ') {    ';
              }
              ;
              __p +=
                  (obj.loop ) +
                  ';    ';
              if (obj.hasEnumPrototype || obj.useHas) {
                  __p += '\n    }';
              }
              ;
              __p += '\n  }  ';
          }
          ;
  
          if (obj.hasDontEnumBug) {
              __p += '\n\n  var ctor = iterable.constructor;\n    ';
              for (var k = 0; k < 7; k++) {
                  __p += '\n  index = \'' +
                  (obj.shadowed[k] ) +
                  '\';\n  if (';
                  if (obj.shadowed[k] == 'constructor') {
                      __p += '!(ctor && ctor.prototype === iterable) && ';
                  }
                  ;
                  __p += 'hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {\n    ' +
                  (obj.loop ) +
                  '\n  }    ';
              }
              ;
  
          }
          ;
  
          if (obj.arrays || obj.nonEnumArgs) {
              __p += '\n}';
          }
          ;
          __p +=
              (obj.bottom ) +
              ';\nreturn result';
  
  
          return __p
      };
  
      /** Reusable iterator options for `assign` and `defaults` */
      var defaultsIteratorOptions = {
          'args': 'object, source, guard',
          'top': 'var args = arguments,\n' +
          '    argsIndex = 0,\n' +
          "    argsLength = typeof guard == 'number' ? 2 : args.length;\n" +
          'while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {\n' +
          '  iterable = args[argsIndex];\n' +
          '  if (iterable && objectTypes[typeof iterable]) {',
          'loop': "if (typeof result[index] == 'undefined') result[index] = iterable[index]",
          'bottom': '  }\n}'
      };
  
      /** Reusable iterator options shared by `each`, `forIn`, and `forOwn` */
      var eachIteratorOptions = {
          'args': 'collection, callback, thisArg',
          'top': "callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : createCallback(callback, thisArg)",
          'arrays': "typeof length == 'number'",
          'loop': 'if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result'
      };
  
      /** Reusable iterator options for `forIn` and `forOwn` */
      var forOwnIteratorOptions = {
          'top': 'if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;\n' + eachIteratorOptions.top,
          'arrays': false
      };
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates a function optimized to search large arrays for a given `value`,
       * starting at `fromIndex`, using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
       * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
       * @param {Number} [largeSize=30] The length at which an array is considered large.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is found, else `false`.
       */
      function cachedContains(array, fromIndex, largeSize) {
          fromIndex || (fromIndex = 0);
  
          var length = array.length,
              isLarge = (length - fromIndex) >= (largeSize || largeArraySize);
  
          if (isLarge) {
              var cache = {},
                  index = fromIndex - 1;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  // manually coerce `value` to a string because `hasOwnProperty`, in some
                  // older versions of Firefox, coerces objects incorrectly
                  var key = array[index] + '';
                  (hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key) ? cache[key] : (cache[key] = [])).push(array[index]);
              }
          }
          return function (value) {
              if (isLarge) {
                  var key = value + '';
                  return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key) && indexOf(cache[key], value) > -1;
              }
              return indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) > -1;
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default `callback` when a given
       * `collection` is a string value.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} value The character to inspect.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the code unit of given character.
       */
      function charAtCallback(value) {
          return value.charCodeAt(0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
       * them in ascending order.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
       * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
       */
      function compareAscending(a, b) {
          var ai = a.index,
              bi = b.index;
  
          a = a.criteria;
          b = b.criteria;
  
          // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
          // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
          if (a !== b) {
              if (a > b || typeof a == 'undefined') {
                  return 1;
              }
              if (a < b || typeof b == 'undefined') {
                  return -1;
              }
          }
          return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this` binding
       * of `thisArg` and prepends any `partialArgs` to the arguments passed to the
       * bound function.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
       * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
       * @param {Object} [rightIndicator] Used to indicate partially applying arguments from the right.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
       */
      function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs, rightIndicator) {
          var isFunc = isFunction(func),
              isPartial = !partialArgs,
              key = thisArg;
  
          // juggle arguments
          if (isPartial) {
              partialArgs = thisArg;
          }
          if (!isFunc) {
              thisArg = func;
          }
  
          function bound() {
              // `Function#bind` spec
              // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
              var args = arguments,
                  thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;
  
              if (!isFunc) {
                  func = thisArg[key];
              }
              if (partialArgs.length) {
                  args = args.length
                      ? (args = slice(args), rightIndicator ? args.concat(partialArgs) : partialArgs.concat(args))
                      : partialArgs;
              }
              if (this instanceof bound) {
                  // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `bound` and `func`
                  noop.prototype = func.prototype;
                  thisBinding = new noop;
                  noop.prototype = null;
  
                  // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
                  // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
                  var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
                  return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
              }
              return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
          }
  
          return bound;
      }
  
      /**
       * Produces a callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
       * name, the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
       * If `func` is an object, the created callback will return `true` for elements
       * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Mixed} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
       * @param {Number} [argCount=3] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
       * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
       */
      function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
          if (func == null) {
              return identity;
          }
          var type = typeof func;
          if (type != 'function') {
              if (type != 'object') {
                  return function (object) {
                      return object[func];
                  };
              }
              var props = keys(func);
              return function (object) {
                  var length = props.length,
                      result = false;
                  while (length--) {
                      if (!(result = isEqual(object[props[length]], func[props[length]], indicatorObject))) {
                          break;
                      }
                  }
                  return result;
              };
          }
          if (typeof thisArg != 'undefined') {
              if (argCount === 1) {
                  return function (value) {
                      return func.call(thisArg, value);
                  };
              }
              if (argCount === 2) {
                  return function (a, b) {
                      return func.call(thisArg, a, b);
                  };
              }
              if (argCount === 4) {
                  return function (accumulator, value, index, object) {
                      return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, object);
                  };
              }
              return function (value, index, object) {
                  return func.call(thisArg, value, index, object);
              };
          }
          return func;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates compiled iteration functions.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Object} [options1, options2, ...] The compile options object(s).
       *  arrays - A string of code to determine if the iterable is an array or array-like.
       *  useHas - A boolean to specify using `hasOwnProperty` checks in the object loop.
       *  args - A string of comma separated arguments the iteration function will accept.
       *  top - A string of code to execute before the iteration branches.
       *  loop - A string of code to execute in the object loop.
       *  bottom - A string of code to execute after the iteration branches.
       *
       * @returns {Function} Returns the compiled function.
       */
      function createIterator() {
          var data = {
              // support properties
              'hasDontEnumBug': hasDontEnumBug,
              'hasEnumPrototype': hasEnumPrototype,
              'isKeysFast': isKeysFast,
              'nonEnumArgs': nonEnumArgs,
              'noCharByIndex': noCharByIndex,
              'shadowed': shadowed,
  
              // iterator options
              'arrays': 'isArray(iterable)',
              'bottom': '',
              'loop': '',
              'top': '',
              'useHas': true
          };
  
          // merge options into a template data object
          for (var object, index = 0; object = arguments[index]; index++) {
              for (var key in object) {
                  data[key] = object[key];
              }
          }
          var args = data.args;
          data.firstArg = /^[^,]+/.exec(args)[0];
  
          // create the function factory
          var factory = Function(
              'createCallback, hasOwnProperty, isArguments, isArray, isString, ' +
              'objectTypes, nativeKeys',
              'return function(' + args + ') {\n' + iteratorTemplate(data) + '\n}'
          );
          // return the compiled function
          return factory(
              createCallback, hasOwnProperty, isArguments, isArray, isString,
              objectTypes, nativeKeys
          );
      }
  
      /**
       * A function compiled to iterate `arguments` objects, arrays, objects, and
       * strings consistenly across environments, executing the `callback` for each
       * element in the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
       * with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit
       * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
       *
       * @private
       * @type Function
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
       */
      var each = createIterator(eachIteratorOptions);
  
      /**
       * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
       * string literals.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
       */
      function escapeStringChar(match) {
          return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
       */
      function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
          return htmlEscapes[match];
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a DOM node in IE < 9.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `value` is a DOM node, else `false`.
       */
      function isNode(value) {
          // IE < 9 presents DOM nodes as `Object` objects except they have `toString`
          // methods that are `typeof` "string" and still can coerce nodes to strings
          return typeof value.toString != 'function' && typeof (value + '') == 'string';
      }
  
      /**
       * A no-operation function.
       *
       * @private
       */
      function noop() {
          // no operation performed
      }
  
      /**
       * Slices the `collection` from the `start` index up to, but not including,
       * the `end` index.
       *
       * Note: This function is used, instead of `Array#slice`, to support node lists
       * in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to slice.
       * @param {Number} start The start index.
       * @param {Number} end The end index.
       * @returns {Array} Returns the new array.
       */
      function slice(array, start, end) {
          start || (start = 0);
          if (typeof end == 'undefined') {
              end = array ? array.length : 0;
          }
          var index = -1,
              length = end - start || 0,
              result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);
  
          while (++index < length) {
              result[index] = array[start + index];
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
       */
      function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
          return htmlUnescapes[match];
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => false
       */
      function isArguments(value) {
          return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
      }
  
      // fallback for browsers that can't detect `arguments` objects by [[Class]]
      if (noArgsClass) {
          isArguments = function (value) {
              return value ? hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'callee') : false;
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
       * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
       * early by explicitly returning `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
       * @example
       *
       * function Dog(name) {
     *   this.name = name;
     * }
       *
       * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
     *   alert('Woof, woof!');
     * };
       *
       * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
     *   alert(key);
     * });
       * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      var forIn = createIterator(eachIteratorOptions, forOwnIteratorOptions, {
          'useHas': false
      });
  
      /**
       * Iterates over an object's own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
       * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
       * returning `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
     *   alert(key);
     * });
       * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      var forOwn = createIterator(eachIteratorOptions, forOwnIteratorOptions);
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is an array.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => true
       */
      var isArray = nativeIsArray || function (value) {
              // `instanceof` may cause a memory leak in IE 7 if `value` is a host object
              // http://ajaxian.com/archives/working-aroung-the-instanceof-memory-leak
              return (argsAreObjects && value instanceof Array) || toString.call(value) == arrayClass;
          };
  
      /**
       * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
       * @example
       *
       * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
       * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function (object) {
          if (!isObject(object)) {
              return [];
          }
          if ((hasEnumPrototype && typeof object == 'function') ||
              (nonEnumArgs && object.length && isArguments(object))) {
              return shimKeys(object);
          }
          return nativeKeys(object);
      };
  
      /**
       * A fallback implementation of `isPlainObject` that checks if a given `value`
       * is an object created by the `Object` constructor, assuming objects created
       * by the `Object` constructor have no inherited enumerable properties and that
       * there are no `Object.prototype` extensions.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
       */
      function shimIsPlainObject(value) {
          // avoid non-objects and false positives for `arguments` objects
          var result = false;
          if (!(value && typeof value == 'object') || isArguments(value)) {
              return result;
          }
          // check that the constructor is `Object` (i.e. `Object instanceof Object`)
          var ctor = value.constructor;
          if ((!isFunction(ctor) && (!noNodeClass || !isNode(value))) || ctor instanceof ctor) {
              // IE < 9 iterates inherited properties before own properties. If the first
              // iterated property is an object's own property then there are no inherited
              // enumerable properties.
              if (iteratesOwnLast) {
                  forIn(value, function (value, key, object) {
                      result = !hasOwnProperty.call(object, key);
                      return false;
                  });
                  return result === false;
              }
              // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
              // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
              // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
              forIn(value, function (value, key) {
                  result = key;
              });
              return result === false || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` that produces an array of the
       * given object's own enumerable property names.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
       */
      function shimKeys(object) {
          var result = [];
          forOwn(object, function (value, key) {
              result.push(key);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
       *
       * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
       * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
       * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
       * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
       */
      var htmlEscapes = {
          '&': '&amp;',
          '<': '&lt;',
          '>': '&gt;',
          '"': '&quot;',
          "'": '&#39;'
      };
  
      /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
      var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
       * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite propery assignments of previous
       * sources. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed to produce
       * the assigned values. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
       * two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @alias extend
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The destination object.
       * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
       * @example
       *
       * _.assign({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
       *
       * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
     *   return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
     * });
       *
       * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
       * defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
       */
      var assign = createIterator(defaultsIteratorOptions, {
          'top': defaultsIteratorOptions.top.replace(';',
              ';\n' +
              "if (argsLength > 3 && typeof args[argsLength - 2] == 'function') {\n" +
              '  var callback = createCallback(args[--argsLength - 1], args[argsLength--], 2);\n' +
              "} else if (argsLength > 2 && typeof args[argsLength - 1] == 'function') {\n" +
              '  callback = args[--argsLength];\n' +
              '}'
          ),
          'loop': 'result[index] = callback ? callback(result[index], iterable[index]) : iterable[index]'
      });
  
      /**
       * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, nested objects will also
       * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a `callback`
       * function is passed, it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If
       * `callback` returns `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead.
       * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
       * @param {Boolean} [deep=false] A flag to indicate a deep clone.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Internally used to track traversed source objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Internally used to associate clones with source counterparts.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
       * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
       * // => true
       *
       * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
       * deep[0] === stooges[0];
       * // => false
       *
       * _.mixin({
     *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
     *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
     *   })
     * });
       *
       * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
       * clone.childNodes.length;
       * // => 0
       */
      function clone(value, deep, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB) {
          var result = value;
  
          // allows working with "Collections" methods without using their `callback`
          // argument, `index|key`, for this method's `callback`
          if (typeof deep == 'function') {
              thisArg = callback;
              callback = deep;
              deep = false;
          }
          if (typeof callback == 'function') {
              callback = typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
              result = callback(result);
  
              var done = typeof result != 'undefined';
              if (!done) {
                  result = value;
              }
          }
          // inspect [[Class]]
          var isObj = isObject(result);
          if (isObj) {
              var className = toString.call(result);
              if (!cloneableClasses[className] || (noNodeClass && isNode(result))) {
                  return result;
              }
              var isArr = isArray(result);
          }
          // shallow clone
          if (!isObj || !deep) {
              return isObj && !done
                  ? (isArr ? slice(result) : assign({}, result))
                  : result;
          }
          var ctor = ctorByClass[className];
          switch (className) {
              case boolClass:
              case dateClass:
                  return done ? result : new ctor(+result);
  
              case numberClass:
              case stringClass:
                  return done ? result : new ctor(result);
  
              case regexpClass:
                  return done ? result : ctor(result.source, reFlags.exec(result));
          }
          // check for circular references and return corresponding clone
          stackA || (stackA = []);
          stackB || (stackB = []);
  
          var length = stackA.length;
          while (length--) {
              if (stackA[length] == value) {
                  return stackB[length];
              }
          }
          // init cloned object
          if (!done) {
              result = isArr ? ctor(result.length) : {};
  
              // add array properties assigned by `RegExp#exec`
              if (isArr) {
                  if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'index')) {
                      result.index = value.index;
                  }
                  if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'input')) {
                      result.input = value.input;
                  }
              }
          }
          // add the source value to the stack of traversed objects
          // and associate it with its clone
          stackA.push(value);
          stackB.push(result);
  
          // recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits)
          (isArr ? forEach : forOwn)(done ? result : value, function (objValue, key) {
              result[key] = clone(objValue, deep, callback, undefined, stackA, stackB);
          });
  
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a deep clone of `value`. If a `callback` function is passed, it will
       * be executed to produce the cloned values. If `callback` returns the value it
       * was passed, cloning will be handled by the method instead. The `callback` is
       * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
       *
       * Note: This function is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. Functions
       * and DOM nodes are **not** cloned. The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and
       * objects created by constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects.
       * See http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to deep clone.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the deep cloned `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * var deep = _.cloneDeep(stooges);
       * deep[0] === stooges[0];
       * // => false
       *
       * var view = {
     *   'label': 'docs',
     *   'node': element
     * };
       *
       * var clone = _.cloneDeep(view, function(value) {
     *   return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(true) : value;
     * });
       *
       * clone.node == view.node;
       * // => false
       */
      function cloneDeep(value, callback, thisArg) {
          return clone(value, true, callback, thisArg);
      }
  
      /**
       * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
       * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
       * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The destination object.
       * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
       * @param- {Object} [guard] Internally used to allow working with `_.reduce`
       *  without using its callback's `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
       * @example
       *
       * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
       * _.defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
       */
      var defaults = createIterator(defaultsIteratorOptions);
  
      /**
       * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
       * of `object` that have function values.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias methods
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
       * @example
       *
       * _.functions(_);
       * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
       */
      function functions(object) {
          var result = [];
          forIn(object, function (value, key) {
              if (isFunction(value)) {
                  result.push(key);
              }
          });
          return result.sort();
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
       * instead of an inherited property.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to check.
       * @param {String} property The property to check for.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
       * // => true
       */
      function has(object, property) {
          return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
       * @example
       *
       *  _.invert({ 'first': 'moe', 'second': 'larry' });
       * // => { 'moe': 'first', 'larry': 'second' } (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      function invert(object) {
          var index = -1,
              props = keys(object),
              length = props.length,
              result = {};
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var key = props[index];
              result[object[key]] = key;
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isBoolean(null);
       * // => false
       */
      function isBoolean(value) {
          return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a date.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isDate(new Date);
       * // => true
       */
      function isDate(value) {
          return value instanceof Date || toString.call(value) == dateClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isElement(document.body);
       * // => true
       */
      function isElement(value) {
          return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
       * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
       * "empty".
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isEmpty({});
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isEmpty('');
       * // => true
       */
      function isEmpty(value) {
          var result = true;
          if (!value) {
              return result;
          }
          var className = toString.call(value),
              length = value.length;
  
          if ((className == arrayClass || className == stringClass ||
              className == argsClass || (noArgsClass && isArguments(value))) ||
              (className == objectClass && typeof length == 'number' && isFunction(value.splice))) {
              return !length;
          }
          forOwn(value, function () {
              return (result = false);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
       * equivalent to each other. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed to
       * compare values. If `callback` returns `undefined`, comparisons will be handled
       * by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
       * two arguments; (a, b).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
       * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @param- {Object} [stackA=[]] Internally used track traversed `a` objects.
       * @param- {Object} [stackB=[]] Internally used track traversed `b` objects.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the values are equvalent, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       * var copy = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       *
       * moe == copy;
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isEqual(moe, copy);
       * // => true
       *
       * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
       * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
       *
       * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
     *   var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
     *       aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
     *       bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
     *
     *   return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
     * });
       * // => true
       */
      function isEqual(a, b, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB) {
          // used to indicate that when comparing objects, `a` has at least the properties of `b`
          var whereIndicator = callback === indicatorObject;
          if (callback && !whereIndicator) {
              callback = typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : createCallback(callback, thisArg, 2);
              var result = callback(a, b);
              if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                  return !!result;
              }
          }
          // exit early for identical values
          if (a === b) {
              // treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
              return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
          }
          var type = typeof a,
              otherType = typeof b;
  
          // exit early for unlike primitive values
          if (a === a &&
              (!a || (type != 'function' && type != 'object')) &&
              (!b || (otherType != 'function' && otherType != 'object'))) {
              return false;
          }
          // exit early for `null` and `undefined`, avoiding ES3's Function#call behavior
          // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.4
          if (a == null || b == null) {
              return a === b;
          }
          // compare [[Class]] names
          var className = toString.call(a),
              otherClass = toString.call(b);
  
          if (className == argsClass) {
              className = objectClass;
          }
          if (otherClass == argsClass) {
              otherClass = objectClass;
          }
          if (className != otherClass) {
              return false;
          }
          switch (className) {
              case boolClass:
              case dateClass:
                  // coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
                  // to `1` or `0`, treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal
                  return +a == +b;
  
              case numberClass:
                  // treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal
                  return a != +a
                      ? b != +b
                      // but treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
                      : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);
  
              case regexpClass:
              case stringClass:
                  // coerce regexes to strings (http://es5.github.com/#x15.10.6.4)
                  // treat string primitives and their corresponding object instances as equal
                  return a == b + '';
          }
          var isArr = className == arrayClass;
          if (!isArr) {
              // unwrap any `lodash` wrapped values
              if (a.__wrapped__ || b.__wrapped__) {
                  return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB);
              }
              // exit for functions and DOM nodes
              if (className != objectClass || (noNodeClass && (isNode(a) || isNode(b)))) {
                  return false;
              }
              // in older versions of Opera, `arguments` objects have `Array` constructors
              var ctorA = !argsAreObjects && isArguments(a) ? Object : a.constructor,
                  ctorB = !argsAreObjects && isArguments(b) ? Object : b.constructor;
  
              // non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal
              if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
                  isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
                  isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
                  )) {
                  return false;
              }
          }
          // assume cyclic structures are equal
          // the algorithm for detecting cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1
          // section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO` (http://es5.github.com/#x15.12.3)
          stackA || (stackA = []);
          stackB || (stackB = []);
  
          var length = stackA.length;
          while (length--) {
              if (stackA[length] == a) {
                  return stackB[length] == b;
              }
          }
          var size = 0;
          result = true;
  
          // add `a` and `b` to the stack of traversed objects
          stackA.push(a);
          stackB.push(b);
  
          // recursively compare objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
          if (isArr) {
              length = a.length;
              size = b.length;
  
              // compare lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary
              result = size == a.length;
              if (!result && !whereIndicator) {
                  return result;
              }
              // deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties
              while (size--) {
                  var index = length,
                      value = b[size];
  
                  if (whereIndicator) {
                      while (index--) {
                          if ((result = isEqual(a[index], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB))) {
                              break;
                          }
                      }
                  } else if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB))) {
                      break;
                  }
              }
              return result;
          }
          // deep compare objects using `forIn`, instead of `forOwn`, to avoid `Object.keys`
          // which, in this case, is more costly
          forIn(b, function (value, key, b) {
              if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
                  // count the number of properties.
                  size++;
                  // deep compare each property value.
                  return (result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && isEqual(a[key], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB));
              }
          });
  
          if (result && !whereIndicator) {
              // ensure both objects have the same number of properties
              forIn(a, function (value, key, a) {
                  if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
                      // `size` will be `-1` if `a` has more properties than `b`
                      return (result = --size > -1);
                  }
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
       *
       * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
       * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isFinite(-101);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isFinite('10');
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isFinite(true);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isFinite('');
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isFinite(Infinity);
       * // => false
       */
      function isFinite(value) {
          return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isFunction(_);
       * // => true
       */
      function isFunction(value) {
          return typeof value == 'function';
      }
  
      // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
      if (isFunction(/x/)) {
          isFunction = function (value) {
              return value instanceof Function || toString.call(value) == funcClass;
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
       * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isObject({});
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isObject(1);
       * // => false
       */
      function isObject(value) {
          // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
          // http://es5.github.com/#x8
          // and avoid a V8 bug
          // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
          return value ? objectTypes[typeof value] : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
       *
       * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return `true` for
       * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isNaN(NaN);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
       * // => true
       *
       * isNaN(undefined);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isNaN(undefined);
       * // => false
       */
      function isNaN(value) {
          // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
          // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
          return isNumber(value) && value != +value
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is `null`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isNull(null);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isNull(undefined);
       * // => false
       */
      function isNull(value) {
          return value === null;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a number.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
       * // => true
       */
      function isNumber(value) {
          return typeof value == 'number' || toString.call(value) == numberClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if a given `value` is an object created by the `Object` constructor.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * function Stooge(name, age) {
     *   this.name = name;
     *   this.age = age;
     * }
       *
       * _.isPlainObject(new Stooge('moe', 40));
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isPlainObject({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 });
       * // => true
       */
      var isPlainObject = !getPrototypeOf ? shimIsPlainObject : function (value) {
          if (!(value && typeof value == 'object')) {
              return false;
          }
          var valueOf = value.valueOf,
              objProto = typeof valueOf == 'function' && (objProto = getPrototypeOf(valueOf)) && getPrototypeOf(objProto);
  
          return objProto
              ? value == objProto || (getPrototypeOf(value) == objProto && !isArguments(value))
              : shimIsPlainObject(value);
      };
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
       * // => true
       */
      function isRegExp(value) {
          return value instanceof RegExp || toString.call(value) == regexpClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a string.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isString('moe');
       * // => true
       */
      function isString(value) {
          return typeof value == 'string' || toString.call(value) == stringClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isUndefined(void 0);
       * // => true
       */
      function isUndefined(value) {
          return typeof value == 'undefined';
      }
  
      /**
       * Recursively merges own enumerable properties of the source object(s), that
       * don't resolve to `undefined`, into the destination object. Subsequent sources
       * will overwrite propery assignments of previous sources. If a `callback` function
       * is passed, it will be executed to produce the merged values of the destination
       * and source properties. If `callback` returns `undefined`, merging will be
       * handled by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The destination object.
       * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize merging properties.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @param- {Object} [deepIndicator] Internally used to indicate that `stackA`
       *  and `stackB` are arrays of traversed objects instead of source objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Internally used to track traversed source objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Internally used to associate values with their
       *  source counterparts.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
       * @example
       *
       * var names = {
     *   'stooges': [
     *     { 'name': 'moe' },
     *     { 'name': 'larry' }
     *   ]
     * };
       *
       * var ages = {
     *   'stooges': [
     *     { 'age': 40 },
     *     { 'age': 50 }
     *   ]
     * };
       *
       * _.merge(names, ages);
       * // => { 'stooges': [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }] }
       *
       * var food = {
     *   'fruits': ['apple'],
     *   'vegetables': ['beet']
     * };
       *
       * var otherFood = {
     *   'fruits': ['banana'],
     *   'vegetables': ['carrot']
     * };
       *
       * _.merge(food, otherFood, function(a, b) {
     *   return _.isArray(a) ? a.concat(b) : undefined;
     * });
       * // => { 'fruits': ['apple', 'banana'], 'vegetables': ['beet', 'carrot] }
       */
      function merge(object, source, deepIndicator) {
          var args = arguments,
              index = 0,
              length = 2;
  
          if (!isObject(object)) {
              return object;
          }
          if (deepIndicator === indicatorObject) {
              var callback = args[3],
                  stackA = args[4],
                  stackB = args[5];
          } else {
              stackA = [];
              stackB = [];
  
              // allows working with `_.reduce` and `_.reduceRight` without
              // using their `callback` arguments, `index|key` and `collection`
              if (typeof deepIndicator != 'number') {
                  length = args.length;
              }
              if (length > 3 && typeof args[length - 2] == 'function') {
                  callback = createCallback(args[--length - 1], args[length--], 2);
              } else if (length > 2 && typeof args[length - 1] == 'function') {
                  callback = args[--length];
              }
          }
          while (++index < length) {
              (isArray(args[index]) ? forEach : forOwn)(args[index], function (source, key) {
                  var found,
                      isArr,
                      result = source,
                      value = object[key];
  
                  if (source && ((isArr = isArray(source)) || isPlainObject(source))) {
                      // avoid merging previously merged cyclic sources
                      var stackLength = stackA.length;
                      while (stackLength--) {
                          if ((found = stackA[stackLength] == source)) {
                              value = stackB[stackLength];
                              break;
                          }
                      }
                      if (!found) {
                          value = isArr
                              ? (isArray(value) ? value : [])
                              : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {});
  
                          if (callback) {
                              result = callback(value, source);
                              if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                                  value = result;
                              }
                          }
                          // add `source` and associated `value` to the stack of traversed objects
                          stackA.push(source);
                          stackB.push(value);
  
                          // recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
                          if (!callback) {
                              value = merge(value, source, indicatorObject, callback, stackA, stackB);
                          }
                      }
                  }
                  else {
                      if (callback) {
                          result = callback(value, source);
                          if (typeof result == 'undefined') {
                              result = source;
                          }
                      }
                      if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                          value = result;
                      }
                  }
                  object[key] = value;
              });
          }
          return object;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
       * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
       * property names. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed
       * for each property in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback`
       * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
       * with three arguments; (value, key, object).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The source object.
       * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
       *  or the function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
       * @example
       *
       * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       *
       * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
     *   return typeof value == 'number';
     * });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       */
      function omit(object, callback, thisArg) {
          var isFunc = typeof callback == 'function',
              result = {};
  
          if (isFunc) {
              callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          } else {
              var props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments);
          }
          forIn(object, function (value, key, object) {
              if (isFunc
                      ? !callback(value, key, object)
                      : indexOf(props, key, 1) < 0
              ) {
                  result[key] = value;
              }
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
       * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
       * @example
       *
       * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 });
       * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40]] (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      function pairs(object) {
          var index = -1,
              props = keys(object),
              length = props.length,
              result = Array(length);
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var key = props[index];
              result[index] = [key, object[key]];
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
       * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property
       * names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property in the
       * `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The source object.
       * @param {Array|Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The function called
       *  per iteration or properties to pick, either as individual arguments or arrays.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
       * @example
       *
       * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, 'name');
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       *
       * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, function(value, key) {
     *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
     * });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       */
      function pick(object, callback, thisArg) {
          var result = {};
          if (typeof callback != 'function') {
              var index = 0,
                  props = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
                  length = isObject(object) ? props.length : 0;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  var key = props[index];
                  if (key in object) {
                      result[key] = object[key];
                  }
              }
          } else {
              callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
              forIn(object, function (value, key, object) {
                  if (callback(value, key, object)) {
                      result[key] = value;
                  }
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
       * @example
       *
       * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       */
      function values(object) {
          var index = -1,
              props = keys(object),
              length = props.length,
              result = Array(length);
  
          while (++index < length) {
              result[index] = object[props[index]];
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of elements from the specified indexes, or keys, of the
       * `collection`. Indexes may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
       * of indexes.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Array|Number|String} [index1, index2, ...] The indexes of
       *  `collection` to retrieve, either as individual arguments or arrays.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements corresponding to the
       *  provided indexes.
       * @example
       *
       * _.at(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'], [0, 2, 4]);
       * // => ['a', 'c', 'e']
       *
       * _.at(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], 0, 2);
       * // => ['moe', 'curly']
       */
      function at(collection) {
          var index = -1,
              props = concat.apply(arrayRef, slice(arguments, 1)),
              length = props.length,
              result = Array(length);
  
          if (noCharByIndex && isString(collection)) {
              collection = collection.split('');
          }
          while (++index < length) {
              result[index] = collection[props[index]];
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
       * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
       * as the offset from the end of the collection.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias include
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
       * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
       * // => true
       *
       * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
       * // => true
       */
      function contains(collection, target, fromIndex) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
              result = false;
  
          fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex) || 0;
          if (typeof length == 'number') {
              result = (isString(collection)
                  ? collection.indexOf(target, fromIndex)
                  : indexOf(collection, target, fromIndex)
              ) > -1;
          } else {
              each(collection, function (value) {
                  if (++index >= fromIndex) {
                      return !(result = value === target);
                  }
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
       * `collection` through the given `callback`. The corresponding value of each key
       * is the number of times the key was returned by the `callback`. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
       * @example
       *
       * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
       * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
       *
       * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
       * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
       *
       * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
       * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
       */
      function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var result = {};
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
              key = callback(value, key, collection) + '';
              (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
       * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias all
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
       *  else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
       * // => false
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.every(stooges, 'age');
       * // => true
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.every(stooges, { 'age': 50 });
       * // => false
       */
      function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var result = true;
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          if (isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
                      break;
                  }
              }
          } else {
              each(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                  return (result = !!callback(value, index, collection));
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
       * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias select
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
       * @example
       *
       * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
       * // => [2, 4, 6]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.filter(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.filter(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
       */
      function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var result = [];
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          if (isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  var value = collection[index];
                  if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                      result.push(value);
                  }
              }
          } else {
              each(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                  if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                      result.push(value);
                  }
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that the `callback`
       * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias detect
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the element that passed the callback check,
       *  else `undefined`.
       * @example
       *
       * var even = _.find([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
       * // => 2
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * var veggie = _.find(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
       * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * var healthy = _.find(food, 'organic');
       * // => { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' }
       */
      function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var result;
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
              if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
                  result = value;
                  return false;
              }
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Iterates over a `collection`, executing the `callback` for each element in
       * the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early
       * by explicitly returning `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias each
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert).join(',');
       * // => alerts each number and returns '1,2,3'
       *
       * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, alert);
       * // => alerts each number value (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          if (callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' && isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  if (callback(collection[index], index, collection) === false) {
                      break;
                  }
              }
          } else {
              each(collection, callback, thisArg);
          }
          return collection;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
       * `collection` through the `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is
       * an array of elements passed to `callback` that returned the key. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
       * @example
       *
       * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
       * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
       *
       * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
       * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
       * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
       */
      function groupBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var result = {};
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
              key = callback(value, key, collection) + '';
              (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`,
       * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
       * will be passed to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function, it will
       * be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|String} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
       *  the function invoked per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the method with.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
       * @example
       *
       * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
       * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
       *
       * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
       * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
       */
      function invoke(collection, methodName) {
          var args = slice(arguments, 2),
              index = -1,
              isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
              length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
              result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
          forEach(collection, function (value) {
              result[++index] = (isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args);
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of values by running each element in the `collection`
       * through the `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
       * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias collect
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
       * @example
       *
       * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
       * // => [3, 6, 9]
       *
       * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
       * // => [3, 6, 9] (order is not guaranteed)
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.map(stooges, 'name');
       * // => ['moe', 'larry']
       */
      function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
              result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          if (isArray(collection)) {
              while (++index < length) {
                  result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
              }
          } else {
              each(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
                  result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieves the maximum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
       * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
       * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to
       * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the maximum value.
       * @example
       *
       * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
       * // => 8
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
       * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.max(stooges, 'age');
       * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
       */
      function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var computed = -Infinity,
              result = computed;
  
          if (!callback && isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  var value = collection[index];
                  if (value > result) {
                      result = value;
                  }
              }
          } else {
              callback = !callback && isString(collection)
                  ? charAtCallback
                  : createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
              each(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                  var current = callback(value, index, collection);
                  if (current > computed) {
                      computed = current;
                      result = value;
                  }
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieves the minimum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
       * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
       * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
       * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the minimum value.
       * @example
       *
       * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
       * // => 2
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.min(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.min(stooges, 'age');
       * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       */
      function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var computed = Infinity,
              result = computed;
  
          if (!callback && isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  var value = collection[index];
                  if (value < result) {
                      result = value;
                  }
              }
          } else {
              callback = !callback && isString(collection)
                  ? charAtCallback
                  : createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
              each(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                  var current = callback(value, index, collection);
                  if (current < computed) {
                      computed = current;
                      result = value;
                  }
              });
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the `collection`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {String} property The property to pluck.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
       * // => ['moe', 'larry']
       */
      var pluck = map;
  
      /**
       * Reduces a `collection` to a value that is the accumulated result of running
       * each element in the `collection` through the `callback`, where each successive
       * `callback` execution consumes the return value of the previous execution.
       * If `accumulator` is not passed, the first element of the `collection` will be
       * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
       * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias foldl, inject
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
       * @example
       *
       * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
     *   return sum + num;
     * });
       * // => 6
       *
       * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
     *   result[key] = num * 3;
     *   return result;
     * }, {});
       * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
       */
      function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
          var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
  
          if (isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              if (noaccum) {
                  accumulator = collection[++index];
              }
              while (++index < length) {
                  accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
              }
          } else {
              each(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                  accumulator = noaccum
                      ? (noaccum = false, value)
                      : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
              });
          }
          return accumulator;
      }
  
      /**
       * This method is similar to `_.reduce`, except that it iterates over a
       * `collection` from right to left.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias foldr
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
       * @example
       *
       * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
       * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
       * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
       */
      function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
          var iterable = collection,
              length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
              noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
  
          if (typeof length != 'number') {
              var props = keys(collection);
              length = props.length;
          } else if (noCharByIndex && isString(collection)) {
              iterable = collection.split('');
          }
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
          forEach(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
              index = props ? props[--length] : --length;
              accumulator = noaccum
                  ? (noaccum = false, iterable[index])
                  : callback(accumulator, iterable[index], index, collection);
          });
          return accumulator;
      }
  
      /**
       * The opposite of `_.filter`, this method returns the elements of a
       * `collection` that `callback` does **not** return truthy for.
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that did **not** pass the
       *  callback check.
       * @example
       *
       * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
       * // => [1, 3, 5]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.reject(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.reject(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       */
      function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          return filter(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
              return !callback(value, index, collection);
          });
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of shuffled `array` values, using a version of the
       * Fisher-Yates shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to shuffle.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
       * @example
       *
       * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
       * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
       */
      function shuffle(collection) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
              result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
          forEach(collection, function (value) {
              var rand = floor(nativeRandom() * (++index + 1));
              result[index] = result[rand];
              result[rand] = value;
          });
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
       * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to inspect.
       * @returns {Number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
       * @example
       *
       * _.size([1, 2]);
       * // => 2
       *
       * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
       * // => 3
       *
       * _.size('curly');
       * // => 5
       */
      function size(collection) {
          var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
          return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **any** element of a
       * `collection`. The function returns as soon as it finds passing value, and
       * does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is bound to
       * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias any
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the callback check,
       *  else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
       * // => true
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.some(food, 'organic');
       * // => true
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.some(food, { 'type': 'meat' });
       * // => false
       */
      function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var result;
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          if (isArray(collection)) {
              var index = -1,
                  length = collection.length;
  
              while (++index < length) {
                  if ((result = callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
                      break;
                  }
              }
          } else {
              each(collection, function (value, index, collection) {
                  return !(result = callback(value, index, collection));
              });
          }
          return !!result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
       * running each element in the `collection` through the `callback`. This method
       * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order of
       * equal elements. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
       * @example
       *
       * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
       * // => [3, 1, 2]
       *
       * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
       * // => [3, 1, 2]
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.sortBy(['banana', 'strawberry', 'apple'], 'length');
       * // => ['apple', 'banana', 'strawberry']
       */
      function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
              result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
          callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          forEach(collection, function (value, key, collection) {
              result[++index] = {
                  'criteria': callback(value, key, collection),
                  'index': index,
                  'value': value
              };
          });
  
          length = result.length;
          result.sort(compareAscending);
          while (length--) {
              result[length] = result[length].value;
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Converts the `collection` to an array.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to convert.
       * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
       * @example
       *
       * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
       * // => [2, 3, 4]
       */
      function toArray(collection) {
          if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
              return noCharByIndex && isString(collection)
                  ? collection.split('')
                  : slice(collection);
          }
          return values(collection);
      }
  
      /**
       * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
       * that have the given `properties`. When checking `properties`, this method
       * performs a deep comparison between values to determine if they are equivalent
       * to each other.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that have the given `properties`.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }]
       */
      var where = filter;
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates an array with all falsey values of `array` removed. The values
       * `false`, `null`, `0`, `""`, `undefined` and `NaN` are all falsey.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       */
      function compact(array) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0,
              result = [];
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var value = array[index];
              if (value) {
                  result.push(value);
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of `array` elements not present in the other arrays
       * using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to process.
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to check.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of `array` elements not present in the
       *  other arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
       * // => [1, 3, 4]
       */
      function difference(array) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0,
              flattened = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
              contains = cachedContains(flattened, length),
              result = [];
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var value = array[index];
              if (!contains(value)) {
                  result.push(value);
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the first element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first
       * `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function is passed,
       * the first elements the `callback` returns truthy for are returned. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias head, take
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the first element(s) of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => 1
       *
       * _.first([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [1, 2]
       *
       * _.first([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num < 3;
     * });
       * // => [1, 2]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.first(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.first(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
       */
      function first(array, callback, thisArg) {
          if (array) {
              var n = 0,
                  length = array.length;
  
              if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
                  var index = -1;
                  callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                  while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                      n++;
                  }
              } else {
                  n = callback;
                  if (n == null || thisArg) {
                      return array[0];
                  }
              }
              return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), length));
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `shallow` is
       * truthy, `array` will only be flattened a single level.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
       * @param {Boolean} shallow A flag to indicate only flattening a single level.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
       *
       * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
       */
      function flatten(array, shallow) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0,
              result = [];
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var value = array[index];
  
              // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
              if (isArray(value)) {
                  push.apply(result, shallow ? value : flatten(value));
              } else {
                  result.push(value);
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
       * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already
       * sorted, passing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
       * @param {Boolean|Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true` to
       *  perform a binary search on a sorted `array`.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => 1
       *
       * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
       * // => 4
       *
       * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
       * // => 2
       */
      function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0;
  
          if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
              index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0) - 1;
          } else if (fromIndex) {
              index = sortedIndex(array, value);
              return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
          }
          while (++index < length) {
              if (array[index] === value) {
                  return index;
              }
          }
          return -1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets all but the last element of `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
       * last `n` elements are excluded from the result. If a `callback` function
       * is passed, the last elements the `callback` returns truthy for are excluded
       * from the result. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => [1, 2]
       *
       * _.initial([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [1]
       *
       * _.initial([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num > 1;
     * });
       * // => [1]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.initial(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.initial(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
       */
      function initial(array, callback, thisArg) {
          if (!array) {
              return [];
          }
          var n = 0,
              length = array.length;
  
          if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
              var index = length;
              callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
              while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                  n++;
              }
          } else {
              n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : callback || n;
          }
          return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, length - n), length));
      }
  
      /**
       * Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays using strict equality
       * for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique elements that are present
       *  in **all** of the arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
       * // => [1, 2]
       */
      function intersection(array) {
          var args = arguments,
              argsLength = args.length,
              cache = {'0': {}},
              index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0,
              isLarge = length >= 100,
              result = [],
              seen = result;
  
          outer:
              while (++index < length) {
                  var value = array[index];
                  if (isLarge) {
                      var key = value + '';
                      var inited = hasOwnProperty.call(cache[0], key)
                          ? !(seen = cache[0][key])
                          : (seen = cache[0][key] = []);
                  }
                  if (inited || indexOf(seen, value) < 0) {
                      if (isLarge) {
                          seen.push(value);
                      }
                      var argsIndex = argsLength;
                      while (--argsIndex) {
                          if (!(cache[argsIndex] || (cache[argsIndex] = cachedContains(args[argsIndex], 0, 100)))(value)) {
                              continue outer;
                          }
                      }
                      result.push(value);
                  }
              }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the last element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the last
       * `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function is passed,
       * the last elements the `callback` returns truthy for are returned. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the last element(s) of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => 3
       *
       * _.last([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [2, 3]
       *
       * _.last([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num > 1;
     * });
       * // => [2, 3]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.last(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.last(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }, { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       */
      function last(array, callback, thisArg) {
          if (array) {
              var n = 0,
                  length = array.length;
  
              if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
                  var index = length;
                  callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
                  while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                      n++;
                  }
              } else {
                  n = callback;
                  if (n == null || thisArg) {
                      return array[length - 1];
                  }
              }
              return slice(array, nativeMax(0, length - n));
          }
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
       * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
       * as the offset from the end of the collection.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
       * @param {Number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => 4
       *
       * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
       * // => 1
       */
      function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
          var index = array ? array.length : 0;
          if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
              index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
          }
          while (index--) {
              if (array[index] === value) {
                  return index;
              }
          }
          return -1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Pass either
       * a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`, or
       * two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
       * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
       * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
       *  corresponding values.
       * @example
       *
       * _.object(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40]);
       * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 }
       */
      function object(keys, values) {
          var index = -1,
              length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
              result = {};
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var key = keys[index];
              if (values) {
                  result[key] = values[index];
              } else {
                  result[key[0]] = key[1];
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
       * `start` up to but not including `end`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Number} [start=0] The start of the range.
       * @param {Number} end The end of the range.
       * @param {Number} [step=1] The value to increment or descrement by.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.range(10);
       * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
       *
       * _.range(1, 11);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
       *
       * _.range(0, 30, 5);
       * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
       *
       * _.range(0, -10, -1);
       * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
       *
       * _.range(0);
       * // => []
       */
      function range(start, end, step) {
          start = +start || 0;
          step = +step || 1;
  
          if (end == null) {
              end = start;
              start = 0;
          }
          // use `Array(length)` so V8 will avoid the slower "dictionary" mode
          // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
          var index = -1,
              length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
              result = Array(length);
  
          while (++index < length) {
              result[index] = start;
              start += step;
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * The opposite of `_.initial`, this method gets all but the first value of `array`.
       * If a number `n` is passed, the first `n` values are excluded from the result.
       * If a `callback` function is passed, the first elements the `callback` returns
       * truthy for are excluded from the result. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
       * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias drop, tail
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => [2, 3]
       *
       * _.rest([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [3]
       *
       * _.rest([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
     *   return num < 3;
     * });
       * // => [3]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.rest(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.rest(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       */
      function rest(array, callback, thisArg) {
          if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
              var n = 0,
                  index = -1,
                  length = array ? array.length : 0;
  
              callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
              while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
                  n++;
              }
          } else {
              n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : nativeMax(0, callback);
          }
          return slice(array, n);
      }
  
      /**
       * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the `value`
       * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain the sort order of the
       * sorted `array`. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for `value` and
       * each element in `array` to compute their sort ranking. The `callback` is
       * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to iterate over.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to evaluate.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the index at which the value should be inserted
       *  into `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
       * // => 2
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
       * // => 2
       *
       * var dict = {
     *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
     * };
       *
       * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
     *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
     * });
       * // => 2
       *
       * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
     *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
     * }, dict);
       * // => 2
       */
      function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
          var low = 0,
              high = array ? array.length : low;
  
          // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
          callback = callback ? createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
          value = callback(value);
  
          while (low < high) {
              var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
              callback(array[mid]) < value
                  ? low = mid + 1
                  : high = mid;
          }
          return low;
      }
  
      /**
       * Computes the union of the passed-in arrays using strict equality for
       * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique values, in order, that are
       *  present in one or more of the arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
       */
      function union() {
          return uniq(concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments));
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the `array` using strict equality
       * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already sorted, passing `true`
       * for `isSorted` will run a faster algorithm. If `callback` is passed, each
       * element of `array` is passed through a callback` before uniqueness is computed.
       * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the propeties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias unique
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to process.
       * @param {Boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that the `array` is already sorted.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
       * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
       */
      function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0,
              result = [],
              seen = result;
  
          // juggle arguments
          if (typeof isSorted == 'function') {
              thisArg = callback;
              callback = isSorted;
              isSorted = false;
          }
          // init value cache for large arrays
          var isLarge = !isSorted && length >= 75;
          if (isLarge) {
              var cache = {};
          }
          if (callback) {
              seen = [];
              callback = createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          }
          while (++index < length) {
              var value = array[index],
                  computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;
  
              if (isLarge) {
                  var key = computed + '';
                  var inited = hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
                      ? !(seen = cache[key])
                      : (seen = cache[key] = []);
              }
              if (isSorted
                      ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
                      : inited || indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
              ) {
                  if (callback || isLarge) {
                      seen.push(computed);
                  }
                  result.push(value);
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed using
       * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
       * @param {Mixed} [value1, value2, ...] Values to remove.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
       * // => [2, 3, 4]
       */
      function without(array) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0,
              contains = cachedContains(arguments, 1),
              result = [];
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var value = array[index];
              if (!contains(value)) {
                  result.push(value);
              }
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for
       * separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
       * For a matrix of nested arrays, `_.zip.apply(...)` can transpose the matrix
       * in a similar fashion.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
       * @example
       *
       * _.zip(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
       * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]
       */
      function zip(array) {
          var index = -1,
              length = array ? max(pluck(arguments, 'length')) : 0,
              result = Array(length);
  
          while (++index < length) {
              result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that is restricted to executing `func` only after it is
       * called `n` times. The `func` is executed with the `this` binding of the
       * created function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Number} n The number of times the function must be called before
       * it is executed.
       * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
       * @example
       *
       * var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
       * _.forEach(notes, function(note) {
     *   note.asyncSave({ 'success': renderNotes });
     * });
       * // `renderNotes` is run once, after all notes have saved
       */
      function after(n, func) {
          if (n < 1) {
              return func();
          }
          return function () {
              if (--n < 1) {
                  return func.apply(this, arguments);
              }
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
       * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
       * passed to the bound function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
       * @example
       *
       * var func = function(greeting) {
     *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
     * };
       *
       * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
       * func();
       * // => 'hi moe'
       */
      function bind(func, thisArg) {
          // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
          // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
          return isBindFast || (nativeBind && arguments.length > 2)
              ? nativeBind.call.apply(nativeBind, arguments)
              : createBound(func, thisArg, slice(arguments, 2));
      }
  
      /**
       * Binds methods on `object` to `object`, overwriting the existing method.
       * Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of method
       * names. If no method names are provided, all the function properties of `object`
       * will be bound.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
       * @param {String} [methodName1, methodName2, ...] Method names on the object to bind.
       * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
       * @example
       *
       * var view = {
     *  'label': 'docs',
     *  'onClick': function() { alert('clicked ' + this.label); }
     * };
       *
       * _.bindAll(view);
       * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
       * // => alerts 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
       */
      function bindAll(object) {
          var funcs = concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments),
              index = funcs.length > 1 ? 0 : (funcs = functions(object), -1),
              length = funcs.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
              var key = funcs[index];
              object[key] = bind(object[key], object);
          }
          return object;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes the method at `object[key]`
       * and prepends any additional `bindKey` arguments to those passed to the bound
       * function. This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to
       * reference methods that will be redefined or don't yet exist.
       * See http://michaux.ca/articles/lazy-function-definition-pattern.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
       * @param {String} key The key of the method.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
       * @example
       *
       * var object = {
     *   'name': 'moe',
     *   'greet': function(greeting) {
     *     return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
     *   }
     * };
       *
       * var func = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
       * func();
       * // => 'hi moe'
       *
       * object.greet = function(greeting) {
     *   return greeting + ', ' + this.name + '!';
     * };
       *
       * func();
       * // => 'hi, moe!'
       */
      function bindKey(object, key) {
          return createBound(object, key, slice(arguments, 2));
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that is the composition of the passed functions,
       * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
       * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
       * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} [func1, func2, ...] Functions to compose.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
       * @example
       *
       * var greet = function(name) { return 'hi ' + name; };
       * var exclaim = function(statement) { return statement + '!'; };
       * var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
       * welcome('moe');
       * // => 'hi moe!'
       */
      function compose() {
          var funcs = arguments;
          return function () {
              var args = arguments,
                  length = funcs.length;
  
              while (length--) {
                  args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
              }
              return args[0];
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
       * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Pass
       * `true` for `immediate` to cause debounce to invoke `func` on the leading,
       * instead of the trailing, edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to
       * the debounced function will return the result of the last `func` call.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
       * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
       * @param {Boolean} immediate A flag to indicate execution is on the leading
       *  edge of the timeout.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
       * @example
       *
       * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
       * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
       */
      function debounce(func, wait, immediate) {
          var args,
              result,
              thisArg,
              timeoutId;
  
          function delayed() {
              timeoutId = null;
              if (!immediate) {
                  result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
              }
          }
  
          return function () {
              var isImmediate = immediate && !timeoutId;
              args = arguments;
              thisArg = this;
  
              clearTimeout(timeoutId);
              timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
  
              if (isImmediate) {
                  result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
              }
              return result;
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
       * will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
       * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the `setTimeout` timeout id.
       * @example
       *
       * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
       * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
       * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
       */
      function delay(func, wait) {
          var args = slice(arguments, 2);
          return setTimeout(function () {
              func.apply(undefined, args);
          }, wait);
      }
  
      /**
       * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
       * Additional arguments will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the `setTimeout` timeout id.
       * @example
       *
       * _.defer(function() { alert('deferred'); });
       * // returns from the function before `alert` is called
       */
      function defer(func) {
          var args = slice(arguments, 1);
          return setTimeout(function () {
              func.apply(undefined, args);
          }, 1);
      }
  
      // use `setImmediate` if it's available in Node.js
      if (isV8 && freeModule && typeof setImmediate == 'function') {
          defer = bind(setImmediate, window);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
       * passed, it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
       * based on the arguments passed to the memoized function. By default, the first
       * argument passed to the memoized function is used as the cache key. The `func`
       * is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
       * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
       * @example
       *
       * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
     *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
     * });
       */
      function memoize(func, resolver) {
          var cache = {};
          return function () {
              var key = (resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0]) + '';
              return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
                  ? cache[key]
                  : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
       * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
       * with the `this` binding of the created function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
       * @example
       *
       * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
       * initialize();
       * initialize();
       * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
       */
      function once(func) {
          var ran,
              result;
  
          return function () {
              if (ran) {
                  return result;
              }
              ran = true;
              result = func.apply(this, arguments);
  
              // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
              func = null;
              return result;
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
       * `partial` arguments prepended to those passed to the new function. This
       * method is similar to `_.bind`, except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
       * @example
       *
       * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
       * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
       * hi('moe');
       * // => 'hi moe'
       */
      function partial(func) {
          return createBound(func, slice(arguments, 1));
      }
  
      /**
       * This method is similar to `_.partial`, except that `partial` arguments are
       * appended to those passed to the new function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
       * @example
       *
       * var defaultsDeep = _.partialRight(_.merge, _.defaults);
       *
       * var options = {
     *   'variable': 'data',
     *   'imports': { 'jq': $ }
     * };
       *
       * defaultsDeep(options, _.templateSettings);
       *
       * options.variable
       * // => 'data'
       *
       * options.imports
       * // => { '_': _, 'jq': $ }
       */
      function partialRight(func) {
          return createBound(func, slice(arguments, 1), null, indicatorObject);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func`
       * function at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. If the throttled
       * function is invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout, `func` will
       * also be called on the trailing edge of the timeout. Subsequent calls to the
       * throttled function will return the result of the last `func` call.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
       * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
       * @example
       *
       * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
       * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
       */
      function throttle(func, wait) {
          var args,
              result,
              thisArg,
              timeoutId,
              lastCalled = 0;
  
          function trailingCall() {
              lastCalled = new Date;
              timeoutId = null;
              result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          }
  
          return function () {
              var now = new Date,
                  remaining = wait - (now - lastCalled);
  
              args = arguments;
              thisArg = this;
  
              if (remaining <= 0) {
                  clearTimeout(timeoutId);
                  timeoutId = null;
                  lastCalled = now;
                  result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
              }
              else if (!timeoutId) {
                  timeoutId = setTimeout(trailingCall, remaining);
              }
              return result;
          };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that passes `value` to the `wrapper` function as its
       * first argument. Additional arguments passed to the function are appended
       * to those passed to the `wrapper` function. The `wrapper` is executed with
       * the `this` binding of the created function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
       * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
       * @example
       *
       * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello ' + name; };
       * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
     *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
     * });
       * hello();
       * // => 'before, hello moe, after'
       */
      function wrap(value, wrapper) {
          return function () {
              var args = [value];
              push.apply(args, arguments);
              return wrapper.apply(this, args);
          };
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
       * corresponding HTML entities.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} string The string to escape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the escaped string.
       * @example
       *
       * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
       * // => 'Moe, Larry &amp; Curly'
       */
      function escape(string) {
          return string == null ? '' : (string + '').replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
      }
  
      /**
       * This function returns the first argument passed to it.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Mixed} value Any value.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
       * moe === _.identity(moe);
       * // => true
       */
      function identity(value) {
          return value;
      }
  
      /**
       * Adds functions properties of `object` to the `lodash` function and chainable
       * wrapper.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.mixin({
     *   'capitalize': function(string) {
     *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
     *   }
     * });
       *
       * _.capitalize('moe');
       * // => 'Moe'
       *
       * _('moe').capitalize();
       * // => 'Moe'
       */
      function mixin(object) {
          forEach(functions(object), function (methodName) {
              var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];
  
              lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                  var args = [this.__wrapped__];
                  push.apply(args, arguments);
                  return new lodash(func.apply(lodash, args));
              };
          });
      }
  
      /**
       * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
       * the `lodash` function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
       * @example
       *
       * var lodash = _.noConflict();
       */
      function noConflict() {
          window._ = oldDash;
          return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
       * argument is passed, a number between `0` and the given number will be returned.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
       * @param {Number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
       * @returns {Number} Returns a random number.
       * @example
       *
       * _.random(0, 5);
       * // => a number between 0 and 5
       *
       * _.random(5);
       * // => also a number between 0 and 5
       */
      function random(min, max) {
          if (min == null && max == null) {
              max = 1;
          }
          min = +min || 0;
          if (max == null) {
              max = min;
              min = 0;
          }
          return min + floor(nativeRandom() * ((+max || 0) - min + 1));
      }
  
      /**
       * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function,
       * it will be invoked and its result returned, else the property value is
       * returned. If `object` is falsey, then `null` is returned.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @param {String} property The property to get the value of.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the resolved value.
       * @example
       *
       * var object = {
     *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
     *   'stuff': function() {
     *     return 'nonsense';
     *   }
     * };
       *
       * _.result(object, 'cheese');
       * // => 'crumpets'
       *
       * _.result(object, 'stuff');
       * // => 'nonsense'
       */
      function result(object, property) {
          var value = object ? object[property] : undefined;
          return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
      }
  
      /**
       * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
       * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
       *
       * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
       * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
       *
       * Note: Lo-Dash may be used in Chrome extensions by either creating a `lodash csp`
       * build and using precompiled templates, or loading Lo-Dash in a sandbox.
       *
       * For more information on precompiling templates see:
       * http://lodash.com/#custom-builds
       *
       * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see:
       * http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} text The template text.
       * @param {Obect} data The data object used to populate the text.
       * @param {Object} options The options object.
       *  escape - The "escape" delimiter regexp.
       *  evaluate - The "evaluate" delimiter regexp.
       *  interpolate - The "interpolate" delimiter regexp.
       *  sourceURL - The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
       *  variable - The data object variable name.
       *
       * @returns {Function|String} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
       *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
       * @example
       *
       * // using a compiled template
       * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
       * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
       * // => 'hello moe'
       *
       * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%= name %></li><% }); %>';
       * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry'] });
       * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li>'
       *
       * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
       * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
       * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
       *
       * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
       * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'curly' });
       * // => 'hello curly'
       *
       * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
       * _.template('<% print("hello " + epithet); %>!', { 'epithet': 'stooge' });
       * // => 'hello stooge!'
       *
       * // using custom template delimiters
       * _.templateSettings = {
     *   'interpolate': /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g
     * };
       *
       * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
       * // => 'hello mustache!'
       *
       * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
       * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
       * compiled(data);
       * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
       *
       * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
       * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
       * compiled.source;
       * // => function(data) {
     *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
     *   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
     *   return __p;
     * }
       *
       * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
       * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
       * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
       *   var JST = {\
     *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
     *   };\
       * ');
       */
      function template(text, data, options) {
          // based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
          // http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/
          // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js
          // https://github.com/olado/doT
          var settings = lodash.templateSettings;
          text || (text = '');
  
          // avoid missing dependencies when `iteratorTemplate` is not defined
          options = defaults({}, options, settings);
  
          var imports = defaults({}, options.imports, settings.imports),
              importsKeys = keys(imports),
              importsValues = values(imports);
  
          var isEvaluating,
              index = 0,
              interpolate = options.interpolate || reNoMatch,
              source = "__p += '";
  
          // compile regexp to match each delimiter
          var reDelimiters = RegExp(
              (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
              interpolate.source + '|' +
              (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
              (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
              , 'g');
  
          text.replace(reDelimiters, function (match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
              interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);
  
              // escape characters that cannot be included in string literals
              source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
  
              // replace delimiters with snippets
              if (escapeValue) {
                  source += "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
              }
              if (evaluateValue) {
                  isEvaluating = true;
                  source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
              }
              if (interpolateValue) {
                  source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
              }
              index = offset + match.length;
  
              // the JS engine embedded in Adobe products requires returning the `match`
              // string in order to produce the correct `offset` value
              return match;
          });
  
          source += "';\n";
  
          // if `variable` is not specified and the template contains "evaluate"
          // delimiters, wrap a with-statement around the generated code to add the
          // data object to the top of the scope chain
          var variable = options.variable,
              hasVariable = variable;
  
          if (!hasVariable) {
              variable = 'obj';
              source = 'with (' + variable + ') {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
          }
          // cleanup code by stripping empty strings
          source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
              .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
              .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');
  
          // frame code as the function body
          source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
          (hasVariable ? '' : variable + ' || (' + variable + ' = {});\n') +
          "var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape" +
          (isEvaluating
              ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
          "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n"
              : ';\n'
          ) +
          source +
          'return __p\n}';
  
          // Use a sourceURL for easier debugging and wrap in a multi-line comment to
          // avoid issues with Narwhal, IE conditional compilation, and the JS engine
          // embedded in Adobe products.
          // http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
          var sourceURL = '\n/*\n//@ sourceURL=' + (options.sourceURL || '/lodash/template/source[' + (templateCounter++) + ']') + '\n*/';
  
          try {
              var result = Function(importsKeys, 'return ' + source + sourceURL).apply(undefined, importsValues);
          } catch (e) {
              e.source = source;
              throw e;
          }
          if (data) {
              return result(data);
          }
          // provide the compiled function's source via its `toString` method, in
          // supported environments, or the `source` property as a convenience for
          // inlining compiled templates during the build process
          result.source = source;
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Executes the `callback` function `n` times, returning an array of the results
       * of each `callback` execution. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
       * with one argument; (index).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
       * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
       * @example
       *
       * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
       * // => [3, 6, 4]
       *
       * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
       * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
       *
       * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
       * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
       */
      function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
          n = +n || 0;
          var index = -1,
              result = Array(n);
  
          while (++index < n) {
              result[index] = callback.call(thisArg, index);
          }
          return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * The opposite of `_.escape`, this method converts the HTML entities
       * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#39;` in `string` to their
       * corresponding characters.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} string The string to unescape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped string.
       * @example
       *
       * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
       * // => 'Moe, Larry & Curly'
       */
      function unescape(string) {
          return string == null ? '' : (string + '').replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
      }
  
      /**
       * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is passed, the ID will be appended to it.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
       * @returns {String} Returns the unique ID.
       * @example
       *
       * _.uniqueId('contact_');
       * // => 'contact_104'
       *
       * _.uniqueId();
       * // => '105'
       */
      function uniqueId(prefix) {
          var id = ++idCounter;
          return (prefix == null ? '' : prefix + '') + id;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument, and then
       * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
       * in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Chaining
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to pass to `interceptor`.
       * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3, 4])
       *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
       *  .tap(alert)
       *  .map(function(num) { return num * num; })
       *  .value();
       * // => // [2, 4] (alerted)
       * // => [4, 16]
       */
      function tap(value, interceptor) {
          interceptor(value);
          return value;
      }
  
      /**
       * Produces the `toString` result of the wrapped value.
       *
       * @name toString
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Chaining
       * @returns {String} Returns the string result.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3]).toString();
       * // => '1,2,3'
       */
      function wrapperToString() {
          return this.__wrapped__ + '';
      }
  
      /**
       * Extracts the wrapped value.
       *
       * @name valueOf
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias value
       * @category Chaining
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapped value.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3]).valueOf();
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       */
      function wrapperValueOf() {
          return this.__wrapped__;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // add functions that return wrapped values when chaining
      lodash.after = after;
      lodash.assign = assign;
      lodash.at = at;
      lodash.bind = bind;
      lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
      lodash.bindKey = bindKey;
      lodash.compact = compact;
      lodash.compose = compose;
      lodash.countBy = countBy;
      lodash.debounce = debounce;
      lodash.defaults = defaults;
      lodash.defer = defer;
      lodash.delay = delay;
      lodash.difference = difference;
      lodash.filter = filter;
      lodash.flatten = flatten;
      lodash.forEach = forEach;
      lodash.forIn = forIn;
      lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
      lodash.functions = functions;
      lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
      lodash.initial = initial;
      lodash.intersection = intersection;
      lodash.invert = invert;
      lodash.invoke = invoke;
      lodash.keys = keys;
      lodash.map = map;
      lodash.max = max;
      lodash.memoize = memoize;
      lodash.merge = merge;
      lodash.min = min;
      lodash.object = object;
      lodash.omit = omit;
      lodash.once = once;
      lodash.pairs = pairs;
      lodash.partial = partial;
      lodash.partialRight = partialRight;
      lodash.pick = pick;
      lodash.pluck = pluck;
      lodash.range = range;
      lodash.reject = reject;
      lodash.rest = rest;
      lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
      lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
      lodash.tap = tap;
      lodash.throttle = throttle;
      lodash.times = times;
      lodash.toArray = toArray;
      lodash.union = union;
      lodash.uniq = uniq;
      lodash.values = values;
      lodash.where = where;
      lodash.without = without;
      lodash.wrap = wrap;
      lodash.zip = zip;
  
      // add aliases
      lodash.collect = map;
      lodash.drop = rest;
      lodash.each = forEach;
      lodash.extend = assign;
      lodash.methods = functions;
      lodash.select = filter;
      lodash.tail = rest;
      lodash.unique = uniq;
  
      // add functions to `lodash.prototype`
      mixin(lodash);
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining
      lodash.clone = clone;
      lodash.cloneDeep = cloneDeep;
      lodash.contains = contains;
      lodash.escape = escape;
      lodash.every = every;
      lodash.find = find;
      lodash.has = has;
      lodash.identity = identity;
      lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
      lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
      lodash.isArray = isArray;
      lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
      lodash.isDate = isDate;
      lodash.isElement = isElement;
      lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
      lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
      lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
      lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
      lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
      lodash.isNull = isNull;
      lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
      lodash.isObject = isObject;
      lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
      lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
      lodash.isString = isString;
      lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
      lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
      lodash.mixin = mixin;
      lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
      lodash.random = random;
      lodash.reduce = reduce;
      lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
      lodash.result = result;
      lodash.size = size;
      lodash.some = some;
      lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
      lodash.template = template;
      lodash.unescape = unescape;
      lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
  
      // add aliases
      lodash.all = every;
      lodash.any = some;
      lodash.detect = find;
      lodash.foldl = reduce;
      lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
      lodash.include = contains;
      lodash.inject = reduce;
  
      forOwn(lodash, function (func, methodName) {
          if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
              lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                  var args = [this.__wrapped__];
                  push.apply(args, arguments);
                  return func.apply(lodash, args);
              };
          }
      });
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining
      lodash.first = first;
      lodash.last = last;
  
      // add aliases
      lodash.take = first;
      lodash.head = first;
  
      forOwn(lodash, function (func, methodName) {
          if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
              lodash.prototype[methodName] = function (callback, thisArg) {
                  var result = func(this.__wrapped__, callback, thisArg);
                  return callback == null || (thisArg && typeof callback != 'function')
                      ? result
                      : new lodash(result);
              };
          }
      });
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * The semantic version number.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type String
       */
      lodash.VERSION = '1.0.2';
  
      // add "Chaining" functions to the wrapper
      lodash.prototype.toString = wrapperToString;
      lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValueOf;
      lodash.prototype.valueOf = wrapperValueOf;
  
      // add `Array` functions that return unwrapped values
      each(['join', 'pop', 'shift'], function (methodName) {
          var func = arrayRef[methodName];
          lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
              return func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
          };
      });
  
      // add `Array` functions that return the wrapped value
      each(['push', 'reverse', 'sort', 'unshift'], function (methodName) {
          var func = arrayRef[methodName];
          lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
              func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
              return this;
          };
      });
  
      // add `Array` functions that return new wrapped values
      each(['concat', 'slice', 'splice'], function (methodName) {
          var func = arrayRef[methodName];
          lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
              return new lodash(func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments));
          };
      });
  
      // avoid array-like object bugs with `Array#shift` and `Array#splice`
      // in Firefox < 10 and IE < 9
      if (hasObjectSpliceBug) {
          each(['pop', 'shift', 'splice'], function (methodName) {
              var func = arrayRef[methodName],
                  isSplice = methodName == 'splice';
  
              lodash.prototype[methodName] = function () {
                  var value = this.__wrapped__,
                      result = func.apply(value, arguments);
  
                  if (value.length === 0) {
                      delete value[0];
                  }
                  return isSplice ? new lodash(result) : result;
              };
          });
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // expose Lo-Dash
      // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns like the following:
      if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
          // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
          // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
          // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
          // module via its `noConflict()` method.
          window._ = lodash;
  
          // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
          // referenced as the "underscore" module
          define(function () {
              return lodash;
          });
      }
      // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
      else if (freeExports) {
          // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
          if (freeModule) {
              (freeModule.exports = lodash)._ = lodash;
          }
          // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
          else {
              freeExports._ = lodash;
          }
      }
      else {
          // in a browser or Rhino
          window._ = lodash;
      }
  }(this));
  