text: import datetime
  import os
  import re
  import unittest
  from unittest import mock
  from urllib.parse import parse_qsl, urljoin, urlparse
  
  try:
      import zoneinfo
  except ImportError:
      from backports import zoneinfo
  
  try:
      import pytz
  except ImportError:
      pytz = None
  
  from django.contrib import admin
  from django.contrib.admin import AdminSite, ModelAdmin
  from django.contrib.admin.helpers import ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME
  from django.contrib.admin.models import ADDITION, DELETION, LogEntry
  from django.contrib.admin.options import TO_FIELD_VAR
  from django.contrib.admin.templatetags.admin_urls import add_preserved_filters
  from django.contrib.admin.tests import AdminSeleniumTestCase
  from django.contrib.admin.utils import quote
  from django.contrib.admin.views.main import IS_POPUP_VAR
  from django.contrib.auth import REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME, get_permission_codename
  from django.contrib.auth.models import Group, Permission, User
  from django.contrib.contenttypes.models import ContentType
  from django.core import mail
  from django.core.checks import Error
  from django.core.files import temp as tempfile
  from django.forms.utils import ErrorList
  from django.template.response import TemplateResponse
  from django.test import (
      TestCase, modify_settings, override_settings, skipUnlessDBFeature,
  )
  from django.test.utils import override_script_prefix
  from django.urls import NoReverseMatch, resolve, reverse
  from django.utils import formats, translation
  from django.utils.cache import get_max_age
  from django.utils.encoding import iri_to_uri
  from django.utils.html import escape
  from django.utils.http import urlencode
  
  from . import customadmin
  from .admin import CityAdmin, site, site2
  from .models import (
      Actor, AdminOrderedAdminMethod, AdminOrderedCallable, AdminOrderedField,
      AdminOrderedModelMethod, Album, Answer, Answer2, Article, BarAccount, Book,
      Bookmark, Box, Category, Chapter, ChapterXtra1, ChapterXtra2, Character,
      Child, Choice, City, Collector, Color, ComplexSortedPerson, CoverLetter,
      CustomArticle, CyclicOne, CyclicTwo, DooHickey, Employee, EmptyModel,
      Fabric, FancyDoodad, FieldOverridePost, FilteredManager, FooAccount,
      FoodDelivery, FunkyTag, Gallery, Grommet, Inquisition, Language, Link,
      MainPrepopulated, Media, ModelWithStringPrimaryKey, OtherStory, Paper,
      Parent, ParentWithDependentChildren, ParentWithUUIDPK, Person, Persona,
      Picture, Pizza, Plot, PlotDetails, PluggableSearchPerson, Podcast, Post,
      PrePopulatedPost, Promo, Question, ReadablePizza, ReadOnlyPizza,
      ReadOnlyRelatedField, Recommendation, Recommender, RelatedPrepopulated,
      RelatedWithUUIDPKModel, Report, Restaurant, RowLevelChangePermissionModel,
      SecretHideout, Section, ShortMessage, Simple, Song, State, Story,
      SuperSecretHideout, SuperVillain, Telegram, TitleTranslation, Topping,
      UnchangeableObject, UndeletableObject, UnorderedObject, UserProxy, Villain,
      Vodcast, Whatsit, Widget, Worker, WorkHour,
  )
  
  ERROR_MESSAGE = "Please enter the correct username and password \
  for a staff account. Note that both fields may be case-sensitive."
  
  MULTIPART_ENCTYPE = 'enctype="multipart/form-data"'
  
  
  def make_aware_datetimes(dt, iana_key):
      """Makes one aware datetime for each supported time zone provider."""
      yield dt.replace(tzinfo=zoneinfo.ZoneInfo(iana_key))
  
      if pytz is not None:
          yield pytz.timezone(iana_key).localize(dt, is_dst=None)
  
  
  class AdminFieldExtractionMixin:
      """
      Helper methods for extracting data from AdminForm.
      """
      def get_admin_form_fields(self, response):
          """
          Return a list of AdminFields for the AdminForm in the response.
          """
          fields = []
          for fieldset in response.context['adminform']:
              for field_line in fieldset:
                  fields.extend(field_line)
          return fields
  
      def get_admin_readonly_fields(self, response):
          """
          Return the readonly fields for the response's AdminForm.
          """
          return [f for f in self.get_admin_form_fields(response) if f.is_readonly]
  
      def get_admin_readonly_field(self, response, field_name):
          """
          Return the readonly field for the given field_name.
          """
          admin_readonly_fields = self.get_admin_readonly_fields(response)
          for field in admin_readonly_fields:
              if field.field['name'] == field_name:
                  return field
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls', USE_I18N=True, LANGUAGE_CODE='en')
  class AdminViewBasicTestCase(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>',
              date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
              section=cls.s1,
              title='Article 1',
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>',
              date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
              section=cls.s1,
              title='Article 2',
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
          cls.color1 = Color.objects.create(value='Red', warm=True)
          cls.color2 = Color.objects.create(value='Orange', warm=True)
          cls.color3 = Color.objects.create(value='Blue', warm=False)
          cls.color4 = Color.objects.create(value='Green', warm=False)
          cls.fab1 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='x')
          cls.fab2 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='y')
          cls.fab3 = Fabric.objects.create(surface='plain')
          cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Book 1')
          cls.b2 = Book.objects.create(name='Book 2')
          cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name='Promo 1', book=cls.b1)
          cls.pro1 = Promo.objects.create(name='Promo 2', book=cls.b2)
          cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 1', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b1)
          cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 2', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b1)
          cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 1', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b2)
          cls.chap4 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Chapter 2', content='[ insert contents here ]', book=cls.b2)
          cls.cx1 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='ChapterXtra1 1')
          cls.cx2 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='ChapterXtra1 2')
          Actor.objects.create(name='Palin', age=27)
  
          # Post data for edit inline
          cls.inline_post_data = {
              "name": "Test section",
              # inline data
              "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "6",
              "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "article_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "article_set-0-id": cls.a1.pk,
              # there is no title in database, give one here or formset will fail.
              "article_set-0-title": "Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer",
              "article_set-0-content": "&lt;p&gt;Middle content&lt;/p&gt;",
              "article_set-0-date_0": "2008-03-18",
              "article_set-0-date_1": "11:54:58",
              "article_set-0-section": cls.s1.pk,
              "article_set-1-id": cls.a2.pk,
              "article_set-1-title": "Need a title.",
              "article_set-1-content": "&lt;p&gt;Oldest content&lt;/p&gt;",
              "article_set-1-date_0": "2000-03-18",
              "article_set-1-date_1": "11:54:58",
              "article_set-2-id": cls.a3.pk,
              "article_set-2-title": "Need a title.",
              "article_set-2-content": "&lt;p&gt;Newest content&lt;/p&gt;",
              "article_set-2-date_0": "2009-03-18",
              "article_set-2-date_1": "11:54:58",
              "article_set-3-id": "",
              "article_set-3-title": "",
              "article_set-3-content": "",
              "article_set-3-date_0": "",
              "article_set-3-date_1": "",
              "article_set-4-id": "",
              "article_set-4-title": "",
              "article_set-4-content": "",
              "article_set-4-date_0": "",
              "article_set-4-date_1": "",
              "article_set-5-id": "",
              "article_set-5-title": "",
              "article_set-5-content": "",
              "article_set-5-date_0": "",
              "article_set-5-date_1": "",
          }
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def assertContentBefore(self, response, text1, text2, failing_msg=None):
          """
          Testing utility asserting that text1 appears before text2 in response
          content.
          """
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertLess(
              response.content.index(text1.encode()),
              response.content.index(text2.encode()),
              (failing_msg or '') + '\nResponse:\n' + response.content.decode(response.charset)
          )
  
  
  class AdminViewBasicTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
      def test_trailing_slash_required(self):
          """
          If you leave off the trailing slash, app should redirect and add it.
          """
          add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
          response = self.client.get(add_url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(response, add_url, status_code=301)
  
      def test_basic_add_GET(self):
          """
          A smoke test to ensure GET on the add_view works.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_add_with_GET_args(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), {'name': 'My Section'})
          self.assertContains(
              response, 'value="My Section"',
              msg_prefix="Couldn't find an input with the right value in the response"
          )
  
      def test_basic_edit_GET(self):
          """
          A smoke test to ensure GET on the change_view works.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_basic_edit_GET_string_PK(self):
          """
          GET on the change_view (when passing a string as the PK argument for a
          model with an integer PK field) redirects to the index page with a
          message saying the object doesn't exist.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(quote("abc/<b>"),)), follow=True)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(
              [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
              ['section with ID “abc/<b>” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
          )
  
      def test_basic_edit_GET_old_url_redirect(self):
          """
          The change URL changed in Django 1.9, but the old one still redirects.
          """
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)).replace('change/', '')
          )
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
  
      def test_basic_inheritance_GET_string_PK(self):
          """
          GET on the change_view (for inherited models) redirects to the index
          page with a message saying the object doesn't exist.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_supervillain_change', args=('abc',)), follow=True)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(
              [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
              ['super villain with ID “abc” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
          )
  
      def test_basic_add_POST(self):
          """
          A smoke test to ensure POST on add_view works.
          """
          post_data = {
              "name": "Another Section",
              # inline data
              "article_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "article_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "article_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
  
      def test_popup_add_POST(self):
          """HTTP response from a popup is properly escaped."""
          post_data = {
              IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
              'title': 'title with a new\nline',
              'content': 'some content',
              'date_0': '2010-09-10',
              'date_1': '14:55:39',
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), post_data)
          self.assertContains(response, 'title with a new\\nline')
  
      def test_basic_edit_POST(self):
          """
          A smoke test to ensure POST on edit_view works.
          """
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(url, self.inline_post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
  
      def test_edit_save_as(self):
          """
          Test "save as".
          """
          post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
          post_data.update({
              '_saveasnew': 'Save+as+new',
              "article_set-1-section": "1",
              "article_set-2-section": "1",
              "article_set-3-section": "1",
              "article_set-4-section": "1",
              "article_set-5-section": "1",
          })
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
  
      def test_edit_save_as_delete_inline(self):
          """
          Should be able to "Save as new" while also deleting an inline.
          """
          post_data = self.inline_post_data.copy()
          post_data.update({
              '_saveasnew': 'Save+as+new',
              "article_set-1-section": "1",
              "article_set-2-section": "1",
              "article_set-2-DELETE": "1",
              "article_set-3-section": "1",
          })
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          # started with 3 articles, one was deleted.
          self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest('id').article_set.count(), 2)
  
      def test_change_list_column_field_classes(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
          # callables display the callable name.
          self.assertContains(response, 'column-callable_year')
          self.assertContains(response, 'field-callable_year')
          # lambdas display as "lambda" + index that they appear in list_display.
          self.assertContains(response, 'column-lambda8')
          self.assertContains(response, 'field-lambda8')
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_callable(self):
          """
          Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a callable
          (column 2 is callable_year in ArticleAdmin)
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': 2})
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
              "Results of sorting on callable are out of order."
          )
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
              "Results of sorting on callable are out of order."
          )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_property(self):
          """
          Sort on a list_display field that is a property (column 10 is
          a property in Article model).
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': 10})
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response,
              'Oldest content',
              'Middle content',
              'Results of sorting on property are out of order.',
          )
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response,
              'Middle content',
              'Newest content',
              'Results of sorting on property are out of order.',
          )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression(self):
          """Query expressions may be used for admin_order_field."""
          tests = [
              ('order_by_expression', 9),
              ('order_by_f_expression', 12),
              ('order_by_orderby_expression', 13),
          ]
          for admin_order_field, index in tests:
              with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                  response = self.client.get(
                      reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'),
                      {'o': index},
                  )
                  self.assertContentBefore(
                      response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
                      'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
                  )
                  self.assertContentBefore(
                      response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
                      'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
                  )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_callable_query_expression_reverse(self):
          tests = [
              ('order_by_expression', -9),
              ('order_by_f_expression', -12),
              ('order_by_orderby_expression', -13),
          ]
          for admin_order_field, index in tests:
              with self.subTest(admin_order_field):
                  response = self.client.get(
                      reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'),
                      {'o': index},
                  )
                  self.assertContentBefore(
                      response, 'Middle content', 'Oldest content',
                      'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
                  )
                  self.assertContentBefore(
                      response, 'Newest content', 'Middle content',
                      'Results of sorting on callable are out of order.'
                  )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_model(self):
          """
          Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a Model method
          (column 3 is 'model_year' in ArticleAdmin)
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '-3'})
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, 'Newest content', 'Middle content',
              "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order."
          )
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, 'Middle content', 'Oldest content',
              "Results of sorting on Model method are out of order."
          )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin(self):
          """
          Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a ModelAdmin method
          (column 4 is 'modeladmin_year' in ArticleAdmin)
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '4'})
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, 'Oldest content', 'Middle content',
              "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
          )
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, 'Middle content', 'Newest content',
              "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
          )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_model_admin_reverse(self):
          """
          Ensure we can sort on a list_display field that is a ModelAdmin
          method in reverse order (i.e. admin_order_field uses the '-' prefix)
          (column 6 is 'model_year_reverse' in ArticleAdmin)
          """
          td = '<td class="field-model_property_year">%s</td>'
          td_2000, td_2008, td_2009 = td % 2000, td % 2008, td % 2009
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '6'})
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, td_2009, td_2008,
              "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
          )
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, td_2008, td_2000,
              "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
          )
          # Let's make sure the ordering is right and that we don't get a
          # FieldError when we change to descending order
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'), {'o': '-6'})
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, td_2000, td_2008,
              "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
          )
          self.assertContentBefore(
              response, td_2008, td_2009,
              "Results of sorting on ModelAdmin method are out of order."
          )
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_multiple(self):
          p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=1, alive=True)
          p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=True)
          p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True)
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p1.pk,))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p2.pk,))
          link3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p3.pk,))
  
          # Sort by name, gender
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {'o': '1.2'})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
  
          # Sort by gender descending, name
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {'o': '-2.1'})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link3)
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link1)
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_preserve_queryset_ordering(self):
          """
          If no ordering is defined in `ModelAdmin.ordering` or in the query
          string, then the underlying order of the queryset should not be
          changed, even if it is defined in `Modeladmin.get_queryset()`.
          Refs #11868, #7309.
          """
          p1 = Person.objects.create(name="Amy", gender=1, alive=True, age=80)
          p2 = Person.objects.create(name="Bob", gender=1, alive=True, age=70)
          p3 = Person.objects.create(name="Chris", gender=2, alive=False, age=60)
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p1.pk,))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p2.pk,))
          link3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(p3.pk,))
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), {})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link3, link2)
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_model_meta(self):
          # Test ordering on Model Meta is respected
  
          l1 = Language.objects.create(iso='ur', name='Urdu')
          l2 = Language.objects.create(iso='ar', name='Arabic')
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_language_change', args=(quote(l1.pk),))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_language_change', args=(quote(l2.pk),))
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'), {})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
  
          # Test we can override with query string
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'), {'o': '-1'})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
  
      def test_change_list_sorting_override_model_admin(self):
          # Test ordering on Model Admin is respected, and overrides Model Meta
          dt = datetime.datetime.now()
          p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
          p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(p1.pk,))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(p2.pk,))
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'), {})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
  
      def test_multiple_sort_same_field(self):
          # The changelist displays the correct columns if two columns correspond
          # to the same ordering field.
          dt = datetime.datetime.now()
          p1 = Podcast.objects.create(name="A", release_date=dt)
          p2 = Podcast.objects.create(name="B", release_date=dt - datetime.timedelta(10))
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(quote(p1.pk),))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_change', args=(quote(p2.pk),))
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'), {})
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link1, link2)
  
          p1 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
          p2 = ComplexSortedPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change', args=(p1.pk,))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_change', args=(p2.pk,))
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_complexsortedperson_changelist'), {})
          # Should have 5 columns (including action checkbox col)
          self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=5)
  
          self.assertContains(response, 'Name')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Colored name')
  
          # Check order
          self.assertContentBefore(response, 'Name', 'Colored name')
  
          # Check sorting - should be by name
          self.assertContentBefore(response, link2, link1)
  
      def test_sort_indicators_admin_order(self):
          """
          The admin shows default sort indicators for all kinds of 'ordering'
          fields: field names, method on the model admin and model itself, and
          other callables. See #17252.
          """
          models = [(AdminOrderedField, 'adminorderedfield'),
                    (AdminOrderedModelMethod, 'adminorderedmodelmethod'),
                    (AdminOrderedAdminMethod, 'adminorderedadminmethod'),
                    (AdminOrderedCallable, 'adminorderedcallable')]
          for model, url in models:
              model.objects.create(stuff='The Last Item', order=3)
              model.objects.create(stuff='The First Item', order=1)
              model.objects.create(stuff='The Middle Item', order=2)
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_%s_changelist' % url), {})
              # Should have 3 columns including action checkbox col.
              self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col"', count=3, msg_prefix=url)
              # Check if the correct column was selected. 2 is the index of the
              # 'order' column in the model admin's 'list_display' with 0 being
              # the implicit 'action_checkbox' and 1 being the column 'stuff'.
              self.assertEqual(response.context['cl'].get_ordering_field_columns(), {2: 'asc'})
              # Check order of records.
              self.assertContentBefore(response, 'The First Item', 'The Middle Item')
              self.assertContentBefore(response, 'The Middle Item', 'The Last Item')
  
      def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_fk(self):
          """Joins shouldn't be performed for <FK>_id fields in list display."""
          state = State.objects.create(name='Karnataka')
          City.objects.create(state=state, name='Bangalore')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_changelist'), {})
  
          response.context['cl'].list_display = ['id', 'name', 'state']
          self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
  
          response.context['cl'].list_display = ['id', 'name', 'state_id']
          self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
  
      def test_has_related_field_in_list_display_o2o(self):
          """Joins shouldn't be performed for <O2O>_id fields in list display."""
          media = Media.objects.create(name='Foo')
          Vodcast.objects.create(media=media)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist'), {})
  
          response.context['cl'].list_display = ['media']
          self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), True)
  
          response.context['cl'].list_display = ['media_id']
          self.assertIs(response.context['cl'].has_related_field_in_list_display(), False)
  
      def test_limited_filter(self):
          """Ensure admin changelist filters do not contain objects excluded via limit_choices_to.
          This also tests relation-spanning filters (e.g. 'color__value').
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(
              response, '<div id="changelist-filter">',
              msg_prefix="Expected filter not found in changelist view"
          )
          self.assertNotContains(
              response, '<a href="?color__id__exact=3">Blue</a>',
              msg_prefix="Changelist filter not correctly limited by limit_choices_to"
          )
  
      def test_relation_spanning_filters(self):
          changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_chapterxtra1_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
          self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
          filters = {
              'chap__id__exact': {
                  'values': [c.id for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.id == value,
              },
              'chap__title': {
                  'values': [c.title for c in Chapter.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.title == value,
              },
              'chap__book__id__exact': {
                  'values': [b.id for b in Book.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.id == value,
              },
              'chap__book__name': {
                  'values': [b.name for b in Book.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.name == value,
              },
              'chap__book__promo__id__exact': {
                  'values': [p.id for p in Promo.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(id=value).exists(),
              },
              'chap__book__promo__name': {
                  'values': [p.name for p in Promo.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.chap.book.promo_set.filter(name=value).exists(),
              },
              # A forward relation (book) after a reverse relation (promo).
              'guest_author__promo__book__id__exact': {
                  'values': [p.id for p in Book.objects.all()],
                  'test': lambda obj, value: obj.guest_author.promo_set.filter(book=value).exists(),
              },
          }
          for filter_path, params in filters.items():
              for value in params['values']:
                  query_string = urlencode({filter_path: value})
                  # ensure filter link exists
                  self.assertContains(response, '<a href="?%s"' % query_string)
                  # ensure link works
                  filtered_response = self.client.get('%s?%s' % (changelist_url, query_string))
                  self.assertEqual(filtered_response.status_code, 200)
                  # ensure changelist contains only valid objects
                  for obj in filtered_response.context['cl'].queryset.all():
                      self.assertTrue(params['test'](obj, value))
  
      def test_incorrect_lookup_parameters(self):
          """Ensure incorrect lookup parameters are handled gracefully."""
          changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'notarealfield': '5'})
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
  
          # Spanning relationships through a nonexistent related object (Refs #16716)
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'notarealfield__whatever': '5'})
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
  
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'color__id__exact': 'StringNotInteger!'})
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
  
          # Regression test for #18530
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'pub_date__gte': 'foo'})
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?e=1' % changelist_url)
  
      def test_isnull_lookups(self):
          """Ensure is_null is handled correctly."""
          Article.objects.create(title="I Could Go Anywhere", content="Versatile", date=datetime.datetime.now())
          changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url)
          self.assertContains(response, '4 articles')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': 'false'})
          self.assertContains(response, '3 articles')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': '0'})
          self.assertContains(response, '3 articles')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': 'true'})
          self.assertContains(response, '1 article')
          response = self.client.get(changelist_url, {'section__isnull': '1'})
          self.assertContains(response, '1 article')
  
      def test_logout_and_password_change_URLs(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse('admin:logout'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">' % reverse('admin:password_change'))
  
      def test_named_group_field_choices_change_list(self):
          """
          Ensures the admin changelist shows correct values in the relevant column
          for rows corresponding to instances of a model in which a named group
          has been used in the choices option of a field.
          """
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_change', args=(self.fab1.pk,))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_change', args=(self.fab2.pk,))
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
          fail_msg = (
              "Changelist table isn't showing the right human-readable values "
              "set by a model field 'choices' option named group."
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Horizontal</a>' % link1, msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s">Vertical</a>' % link2, msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True)
  
      def test_named_group_field_choices_filter(self):
          """
          Ensures the filter UI shows correctly when at least one named group has
          been used in the choices option of a model field.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
          fail_msg = (
              "Changelist filter isn't showing options contained inside a model "
              "field 'choices' option named group."
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<div id="changelist-filter">')
          self.assertContains(
              response, '<a href="?surface__exact=x" title="Horizontal">Horizontal</a>',
              msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response, '<a href="?surface__exact=y" title="Vertical">Vertical</a>',
              msg_prefix=fail_msg, html=True
          )
  
      def test_change_list_null_boolean_display(self):
          Post.objects.create(public=None)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'icon-unknown.svg')
  
      def test_display_decorator_with_boolean_and_empty_value(self):
          msg = (
              'The boolean and empty_value arguments to the @display decorator '
              'are mutually exclusive.'
          )
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(ValueError, msg):
              class BookAdmin(admin.ModelAdmin):
                  @admin.display(boolean=True, empty_value='(Missing)')
                  def is_published(self, obj):
                      return obj.publish_date is not None
  
      def test_i18n_language_non_english_default(self):
          """
          Check if the JavaScript i18n view returns an empty language catalog
          if the default language is non-English but the selected language
          is English. See #13388 and #3594 for more details.
          """
          with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), translation.override('en-us'):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
              self.assertNotContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
  
      def test_i18n_language_non_english_fallback(self):
          """
          Makes sure that the fallback language is still working properly
          in cases where the selected language cannot be found.
          """
          with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'), translation.override('none'):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
              self.assertContains(response, 'Choisir une heure')
  
      def test_jsi18n_with_context(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin-extra-context:jsi18n'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_jsi18n_format_fallback(self):
          """
          The JavaScript i18n view doesn't return localized date/time formats
          when the selected language cannot be found.
          """
          with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='ru'), translation.override('none'):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
              self.assertNotContains(response, '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M:%S')
              self.assertContains(response, '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S')
  
      def test_disallowed_filtering(self):
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminLookup', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.get(
                  "%s?owner__email__startswith=fuzzy" % reverse('admin:admin_views_album_changelist')
              )
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
          # Filters are allowed if explicitly included in list_filter
          response = self.client.get("%s?color__value__startswith=red" % reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          response = self.client.get("%s?color__value=red" % reverse('admin:admin_views_thing_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # Filters should be allowed if they involve a local field without the
          # need to allow them in list_filter or date_hierarchy.
          response = self.client.get("%s?age__gt=30" % reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          e1 = Employee.objects.create(name='Anonymous', gender=1, age=22, alive=True, code='123')
          e2 = Employee.objects.create(name='Visitor', gender=2, age=19, alive=True, code='124')
          WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e1)
          WorkHour.objects.create(datum=datetime.datetime.now(), employee=e2)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'employee__person_ptr__exact')
          response = self.client.get("%s?employee__person_ptr__exact=%d" % (
              reverse('admin:admin_views_workhour_changelist'), e1.pk)
          )
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_disallowed_to_field(self):
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist')
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'missing_field'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
          # Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model registered
          # to this admin site should raise an exception.
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
          # #23839 - Primary key should always be allowed, even if the referenced model isn't registered.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_notreferenced_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'id'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # #23915 - Specifying a field referenced by another model though a m2m should be allowed.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recipe_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'rname'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # #23604, #23915 - Specifying a field referenced through a reverse m2m relationship should be allowed.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_ingredient_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'iname'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # #23329 - Specifying a field that is not referred by any other model directly registered
          # to this admin site but registered through inheritance should be allowed.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbyparent_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # #23431 - Specifying a field that is only referred to by a inline of a registered
          # model should be allowed.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbyinline_changelist'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # #25622 - Specifying a field of a model only referred by a generic
          # relation should raise DisallowedModelAdminToField.
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_referencedbygenrel_changelist')
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.get(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'object_id'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
          # We also want to prevent the add, change, and delete views from
          # leaking a disallowed field value.
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
          section = Section.objects.create()
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(section.pk,))
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(section.pk,))
          with self.assertLogs('django.security.DisallowedModelAdminToField', 'ERROR'):
              response = self.client.post(url, {TO_FIELD_VAR: 'name'})
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 400)
  
      def test_allowed_filtering_15103(self):
          """
          Regressions test for ticket 15103 - filtering on fields defined in a
          ForeignKey 'limit_choices_to' should be allowed, otherwise raw_id_fields
          can break.
          """
          # Filters should be allowed if they are defined on a ForeignKey pointing to this model
          url = "%s?leader__name=Palin&leader__age=27" % reverse('admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_popup_dismiss_related(self):
          """
          Regression test for ticket 20664 - ensure the pk is properly quoted.
          """
          actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
          response = self.client.get("%s?%s" % (reverse('admin:admin_views_actor_changelist'), IS_POPUP_VAR))
          self.assertContains(response, 'data-popup-opener="%s"' % actor.pk)
  
      def test_hide_change_password(self):
          """
          Tests if the "change password" link in the admin is hidden if the User
          does not have a usable password set.
          (against 9bea85795705d015cdadc82c68b99196a8554f5c)
          """
          user = User.objects.get(username='super')
          user.set_unusable_password()
          user.save()
          self.client.force_login(user)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertNotContains(
              response, reverse('admin:password_change'),
              msg_prefix='The "change password" link should not be displayed if a user does not have a usable password.'
          )
  
      def test_change_view_with_show_delete_extra_context(self):
          """
          The 'show_delete' context variable in the admin's change view controls
          the display of the delete button.
          """
          instance = UndeletableObject.objects.create(name='foo')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_undeletableobject_change', args=(instance.pk,)))
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'deletelink')
  
      def test_change_view_logs_m2m_field_changes(self):
          """Changes to ManyToManyFields are included in the object's history."""
          pizza = ReadablePizza.objects.create(name='Cheese')
          cheese = Topping.objects.create(name='cheese')
          post_data = {'name': pizza.name, 'toppings': [cheese.pk]}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_readablepizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,)), post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_readablepizza_changelist'))
          pizza_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ReadablePizza, for_concrete_model=False)
          log = LogEntry.objects.filter(content_type=pizza_ctype, object_id=pizza.pk).first()
          self.assertEqual(log.get_change_message(), 'Changed Toppings.')
  
      def test_allows_attributeerror_to_bubble_up(self):
          """
          AttributeErrors are allowed to bubble when raised inside a change list
          view. Requires a model to be created so there's something to display.
          Refs: #16655, #18593, and #18747
          """
          Simple.objects.create()
          with self.assertRaises(AttributeError):
              self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_simple_changelist'))
  
      def test_changelist_with_no_change_url(self):
          """
          ModelAdmin.changelist_view shouldn't result in a NoReverseMatch if url
          for change_view is removed from get_urls (#20934).
          """
          o = UnchangeableObject.objects.create()
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unchangeableobject_changelist'))
          # Check the format of the shown object -- shouldn't contain a change link
          self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-__str__">%s</th>' % o, html=True)
  
      def test_invalid_appindex_url(self):
          """
          #21056 -- URL reversing shouldn't work for nonexistent apps.
          """
          good_url = '/test_admin/admin/admin_views/'
          confirm_good_url = reverse('admin:app_list',
                                     kwargs={'app_label': 'admin_views'})
          self.assertEqual(good_url, confirm_good_url)
  
          with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
              reverse('admin:app_list', kwargs={'app_label': 'this_should_fail'})
          with self.assertRaises(NoReverseMatch):
              reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views2',))
  
      def test_resolve_admin_views(self):
          index_match = resolve('/test_admin/admin4/')
          list_match = resolve('/test_admin/admin4/auth/user/')
          self.assertIs(index_match.func.admin_site, customadmin.simple_site)
          self.assertIsInstance(list_match.func.model_admin, customadmin.CustomPwdTemplateUserAdmin)
  
      def test_adminsite_display_site_url(self):
          """
          #13749 - Admin should display link to front-end site 'View site'
          """
          url = reverse('admin:index')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['site_url'], '/my-site-url/')
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/my-site-url/">View site</a>')
  
      def test_date_hierarchy_empty_queryset(self):
          self.assertIs(Question.objects.exists(), False)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      @override_settings(TIME_ZONE='America/Sao_Paulo', USE_TZ=True)
      def test_date_hierarchy_timezone_dst(self):
          # This datetime doesn't exist in this timezone due to DST.
          for date in make_aware_datetimes(datetime.datetime(2016, 10, 16, 15), 'America/Sao_Paulo'):
              with self.subTest(repr(date.tzinfo)):
                  q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?', expires=date)
                  Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
                  response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
                  self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__day=16')
                  self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__month=10')
                  self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__year=2016')
  
      @override_settings(TIME_ZONE='America/Los_Angeles', USE_TZ=True)
      def test_date_hierarchy_local_date_differ_from_utc(self):
          # This datetime is 2017-01-01 in UTC.
          for date in make_aware_datetimes(datetime.datetime(2016, 12, 31, 16), 'America/Los_Angeles'):
              with self.subTest(repr(date.tzinfo)):
                  q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?', expires=date)
                  Answer2.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
                  response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer2_changelist'))
                  self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__day=31')
                  self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__month=12')
                  self.assertContains(response, 'question__expires__year=2016')
  
      def test_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
          expected_sortable_fields = ('date', 'callable_year')
          expected_not_sortable_fields = (
              'content', 'model_year', 'modeladmin_year', 'model_year_reversed',
              'section',
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_article_changelist'))
          for field_name in expected_sortable_fields:
              self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-%s">' % field_name)
          for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
              self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name)
  
      def test_get_sortable_by_columns_subset(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_actor_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column-age">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-name">')
  
      def test_sortable_by_no_column(self):
          expected_not_sortable_fields = ('title', 'book')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_chapter_changelist'))
          for field_name in expected_not_sortable_fields:
              self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-%s">' % field_name)
          self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column')
  
      def test_get_sortable_by_no_column(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin6:admin_views_color_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="column-value">')
          self.assertNotContains(response, '<th scope="col" class="sortable column')
  
      def test_app_index_context(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Admin_Views administration | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Admin_Views administration')
          self.assertEqual(response.context['app_label'], 'admin_views')
  
      def test_change_view_subtitle_per_object(self):
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Article 1 | Change article | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 1</h2>')
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a2.pk,)),
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Article 2 | Change article | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 2</h2>')
  
      def test_view_subtitle_per_object(self):
          viewuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True,
          )
          viewuser.user_permissions.add(
              get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('view', Article._meta)),
          )
          self.client.force_login(viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Article 1 | View article | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 1</h2>')
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a2.pk,)),
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Article 2 | View article | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Article 2</h2>')
  
      def test_formset_kwargs_can_be_overridden(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'overridden_name')
  
      def test_render_views_no_subtitle(self):
          tests = [
              reverse('admin:index'),
              reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)),
              reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
              reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)),
          ]
          for url in tests:
              with self.subTest(url=url):
                  with self.assertNoLogs('django.template', 'DEBUG'):
                      self.client.get(url)
  
  
  @override_settings(TEMPLATES=[{
      'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
      # Put this app's and the shared tests templates dirs in DIRS to take precedence
      # over the admin's templates dir.
      'DIRS': [
          os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), 'templates'),
          os.path.join(os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(__file__)), 'templates'),
      ],
      'APP_DIRS': True,
      'OPTIONS': {
          'context_processors': [
              'django.template.context_processors.debug',
              'django.template.context_processors.request',
              'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
              'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
          ],
      },
  }])
  class AdminCustomTemplateTests(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
      def test_custom_model_admin_templates(self):
          # Test custom change list template with custom extra context
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, "var hello = 'Hello!';")
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/change_list.html')
  
          # Test custom add form template
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add'))
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/add_form.html')
  
          # Add an article so we can test delete, change, and history views
          post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add'), {
              'content': '<p>great article</p>',
              'date_0': '2008-03-18',
              'date_1': '10:54:39'
          })
          self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(CustomArticle.objects.all().count(), 1)
          article_pk = CustomArticle.objects.all()[0].pk
  
          # Test custom delete, change, and object history templates
          # Test custom change form template
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_change', args=(article_pk,)))
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/change_form.html')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_delete', args=(article_pk,)))
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/delete_confirmation.html')
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_changelist'), data={
              'index': 0,
              'action': ['delete_selected'],
              '_selected_action': ['1'],
          })
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_history', args=(article_pk,)))
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/object_history.html')
  
          # A custom popup response template may be specified by
          # ModelAdmin.popup_response_template.
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_customarticle_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR, {
              'content': '<p>great article</p>',
              'date_0': '2008-03-18',
              'date_1': '10:54:39',
              IS_POPUP_VAR: '1'
          })
          self.assertEqual(response.template_name, 'custom_admin/popup_response.html')
  
      def test_extended_bodyclass_template_change_form(self):
          """
          The admin/change_form.html template uses block.super in the
          bodyclass block.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
      def test_change_password_template(self):
          user = User.objects.get(username='super')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_password_change', args=(user.id,)))
          # The auth/user/change_password.html template uses super in the
          # bodyclass block.
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
          # When a site has multiple passwords in the browser's password manager,
          # a browser pop up asks which user the new password is for. To prevent
          # this, the username is added to the change password form.
          self.assertContains(response, '<input type="text" name="username" value="super" class="hidden">')
  
      def test_extended_bodyclass_template_index(self):
          """
          The admin/index.html template uses block.super in the bodyclass block.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
      def test_extended_bodyclass_change_list(self):
          """
          The admin/change_list.html' template uses block.super
          in the bodyclass block.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
      def test_extended_bodyclass_template_login(self):
          """
          The admin/login.html template uses block.super in the
          bodyclass block.
          """
          self.client.logout()
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:login'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
      def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_confirmation(self):
          """
          The admin/delete_confirmation.html template uses
          block.super in the bodyclass block.
          """
          group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_group_delete', args=(group.id,)))
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
      def test_extended_bodyclass_template_delete_selected_confirmation(self):
          """
          The admin/delete_selected_confirmation.html template uses
          block.super in bodyclass block.
          """
          group = Group.objects.create(name="foogroup")
          post_data = {
              'action': 'delete_selected',
              'selected_across': '0',
              'index': '0',
              '_selected_action': group.id
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_group_changelist'), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['site_header'], 'Django administration')
          self.assertContains(response, 'bodyclass_consistency_check ')
  
      def test_filter_with_custom_template(self):
          """
          A custom template can be used to render an admin filter.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_color2_changelist'))
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_filter_template.html')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewFormUrlTest(TestCase):
      current_app = "admin3"
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_change_form_URL_has_correct_value(self):
          """
          change_view has form_url in response.context
          """
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,), current_app=self.current_app)
          )
          self.assertIn('form_url', response.context, msg='form_url not present in response.context')
          self.assertEqual(response.context['form_url'], 'pony')
  
      def test_initial_data_can_be_overridden(self):
          """
          The behavior for setting initial form data can be overridden in the
          ModelAdmin class. Usually, the initial value is set via the GET params.
          """
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_add', current_app=self.current_app),
              {'name': 'test_value'}
          )
          # this would be the usual behaviour
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'value="test_value"')
          # this is the overridden behaviour
          self.assertContains(response, 'value="overridden_value"')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminJavaScriptTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_js_minified_only_if_debug_is_false(self):
          """
          The minified versions of the JS files are only used when DEBUG is False.
          """
          with override_settings(DEBUG=False):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
              self.assertNotContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'prepopulate.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'actions.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'collapse.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'inlines.js')
          with override_settings(DEBUG=True):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
              self.assertContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.js')
              self.assertNotContains(response, 'vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'prepopulate.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'actions.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'collapse.js')
              self.assertContains(response, 'inlines.js')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class SaveAsTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_save_as_duplication(self):
          """'save as' creates a new person"""
          post_data = {'_saveasnew': '', 'name': 'John M', 'gender': 1, 'age': 42}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name='John M')), 1)
          self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
          new_person = Person.objects.latest('id')
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(new_person.pk,)))
  
      def test_save_as_continue_false(self):
          """
          Saving a new object using "Save as new" redirects to the changelist
          instead of the change view when ModelAdmin.save_as_continue=False.
          """
          post_data = {'_saveasnew': '', 'name': 'John M', 'gender': 1, 'age': 42}
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,), current_app=site2.name)
          response = self.client.post(url, post_data)
          self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(name='John M')), 1)
          self.assertEqual(len(Person.objects.filter(id=self.per1.pk)), 1)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist', current_app=site2.name))
  
      def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors(self):
          """
          When you click "Save as new" and have a validation error,
          you only see the "Save as new" button and not the other save buttons,
          and that only the "Save as" button is visible.
          """
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_change', args=(self.per1.pk,)), {
              '_saveasnew': '',
              'gender': 'invalid',
              '_addanother': 'fail',
          })
          self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the errors below.')
          self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
          self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
          self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
  
      def test_save_as_new_with_validation_errors_with_inlines(self):
          parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Father')
          child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Child')
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.pk,)), {
              '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
              'child_set-0-parent': parent.pk,
              'child_set-0-id': child.pk,
              'child_set-0-name': 'Child',
              'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
              'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
              'child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
              'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 4,
              'name': '_invalid',
          })
          self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the error below.')
          self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
          self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
          self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
  
      def test_save_as_new_with_inlines_with_validation_errors(self):
          parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Father')
          child = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Child')
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.pk,)), {
              '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
              'child_set-0-parent': parent.pk,
              'child_set-0-id': child.pk,
              'child_set-0-name': '_invalid',
              'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 1,
              'child_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': 1000,
              'child_set-MIN_NUM_FORMS': 0,
              'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 4,
              'name': 'Father',
          })
          self.assertContains(response, 'Please correct the error below.')
          self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_add_another'])
          self.assertFalse(response.context['show_save_and_continue'])
          self.assertTrue(response.context['show_save_as_new'])
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class CustomModelAdminTest(AdminViewBasicTestCase):
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_login_form(self):
          self.client.logout()
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'), follow=True)
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          login = self.client.post(reverse('admin2:login'), {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('admin2:index'),
              'username': 'customform',
              'password': 'secret',
          }, follow=True)
          self.assertIsInstance(login, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertContains(login, 'custom form error')
          self.assertContains(login, 'path/to/media.css')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_login_template(self):
          self.client.logout()
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'), follow=True)
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/login.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom login template')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_logout_template(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:logout'))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/logout.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom logout template')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_index_view_and_template(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:index'))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/index.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom index template *bar*')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_app_index_view_and_template(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/app_index.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom app_index template')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_template(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change'))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom password change form template')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_with_extra_context(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change'))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_form.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'eggs')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_password_change_done_template(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:password_change_done'))
          self.assertIsInstance(response, TemplateResponse)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'custom_admin/password_change_done.html')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Hello from a custom password change done template')
  
      def test_custom_admin_site_view(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:my_view'))
          self.assertEqual(response.content, b"Django is a magical pony!")
  
      def test_pwd_change_custom_template(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          su = User.objects.get(username='super')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin4:auth_user_password_change', args=(su.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
  
  def get_perm(Model, codename):
      """Return the permission object, for the Model"""
      ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Model, for_concrete_model=False)
      return Permission.objects.get(content_type=ct, codename=codename)
  
  
  @override_settings(
      ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
      # Test with the admin's documented list of required context processors.
      TEMPLATES=[{
          'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
          'APP_DIRS': True,
          'OPTIONS': {
              'context_processors': [
                  'django.template.context_processors.request',
                  'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                  'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
              ],
          },
      }],
  )
  class AdminViewPermissionsTest(TestCase):
      """Tests for Admin Views Permissions."""
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
          cls.nostaffuser = User.objects.create_user(username='nostaff', password='secret')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1,
              another_section=cls.s1,
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
          # Setup permissions, for our users who can add, change, and delete.
          opts = Article._meta
  
          # User who can view Articles
          cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('view', opts)))
          # User who can add Articles
          cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', opts)))
          # User who can change Articles
          cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
          cls.nostaffuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
  
          # User who can delete Articles
          cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('delete', opts)))
          cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('delete', Section._meta)))
  
          # login POST dicts
          cls.index_url = reverse('admin:index')
          cls.super_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'super',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.super_email_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'super@example.com',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.super_email_bad_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'super@example.com',
              'password': 'notsecret',
          }
          cls.adduser_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'adduser',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.changeuser_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'changeuser',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.deleteuser_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'deleteuser',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.nostaff_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('has_permission_admin:index'),
              'username': 'nostaff',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.joepublic_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'joepublic',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.viewuser_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'username': 'viewuser',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
          cls.no_username_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: cls.index_url,
              'password': 'secret',
          }
  
      def test_login(self):
          """
          Make sure only staff members can log in.
  
          Successful posts to the login page will redirect to the original url.
          Unsuccessful attempts will continue to render the login page with
          a 200 status code.
          """
          login_url = '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), reverse('admin:index'))
          # Super User
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, login_url)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Test if user enters email address
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_login)
          self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
          # only correct passwords get a username hint
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_bad_login)
          self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
          new_user = User(username='jondoe', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          new_user.save()
          # check to ensure if there are multiple email addresses a user doesn't get a 500
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_email_login)
          self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
  
          # View User
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.viewuser_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Add User
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.adduser_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Change User
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.changeuser_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Delete User
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.deleteuser_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Regular User should not be able to login.
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.joepublic_login)
          self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
  
          # Requests without username should not return 500 errors.
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.no_username_login)
          self.assertEqual(login.status_code, 200)
          self.assertFormError(login, 'form', 'username', ['This field is required.'])
  
      def test_login_redirect_for_direct_get(self):
          """
          Login redirect should be to the admin index page when going directly to
          /admin/login/.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:login'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], reverse('admin:index'))
  
      def test_login_has_permission(self):
          # Regular User should not be able to login.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), self.joepublic_login)
          self.assertContains(login, 'permission denied')
  
          # User with permissions should be able to login.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), self.nostaff_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:logout'))
  
          # Staff should be able to login.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          login = self.client.post(reverse('has_permission_admin:login'), {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('has_permission_admin:index'),
              'username': 'deleteuser',
              'password': 'secret',
          })
          self.assertRedirects(login, reverse('has_permission_admin:index'))
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('has_permission_admin:logout'))
  
      def test_login_successfully_redirects_to_original_URL(self):
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          query_string = 'the-answer=42'
          redirect_url = '%s?%s' % (self.index_url, query_string)
          new_next = {REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: redirect_url}
          post_data = self.super_login.copy()
          post_data.pop(REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME)
          login = self.client.post(
              '%s?%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), urlencode(new_next)),
              post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(login, redirect_url)
  
      def test_double_login_is_not_allowed(self):
          """Regression test for #19327"""
          login_url = '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), reverse('admin:index'))
  
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
          # Establish a valid admin session
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
  
          # Logging in with non-admin user fails
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.joepublic_login)
          self.assertContains(login, ERROR_MESSAGE)
  
          # Establish a valid admin session
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
  
          # Logging in with admin user while already logged in
          login = self.client.post(login_url, self.super_login)
          self.assertRedirects(login, self.index_url)
          self.assertFalse(login.context)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
      def test_login_page_notice_for_non_staff_users(self):
          """
          A logged-in non-staff user trying to access the admin index should be
          presented with the login page and a hint indicating that the current
          user doesn't have access to it.
          """
          hint_template = 'You are authenticated as {}'
  
          # Anonymous user should not be shown the hint
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
          self.assertNotContains(response, hint_template.format(''), status_code=200)
  
          # Non-staff user should be shown the hint
          self.client.force_login(self.nostaffuser)
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
          self.assertContains(response, hint_template.format(self.nostaffuser.username), status_code=200)
  
      def test_add_view(self):
          """Test add view restricts access and actually adds items."""
          add_dict = {
              'title': 'Døm ikke',
              'content': '<p>great article</p>',
              'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
              'section': self.s1.pk,
          }
          # Change User should not have access to add articles
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          # make sure the view removes test cookie
          self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          # Try POST just to make sure
          post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # View User should not have access to add articles
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          # Try POST just to make sure
          post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
          # Now give the user permission to add but not change.
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', Article._meta)))
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Add article')
          self.assertContains(response, '<title>Add article | Django site admin</title>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<input type="submit" value="Save and view" name="_continue">')
          post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict, follow=False)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
          article = Article.objects.latest('pk')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(article.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<li class="success">The article “Døm ikke” was added successfully.</li>')
          article.delete()
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Add user may login and POST to add view, then redirect to admin root
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          addpage = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
          change_list_link = '&rsaquo; <a href="%s">Articles</a>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          self.assertNotContains(
              addpage, change_list_link,
              msg_prefix='User restricted to add permission is given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.'
          )
          post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
          self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
          self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 2)
          self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a created object')
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # The addition was logged correctly
          addition_log = LogEntry.objects.all()[0]
          new_article = Article.objects.last()
          article_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article)
          self.assertEqual(addition_log.user_id, self.adduser.pk)
          self.assertEqual(addition_log.content_type_id, article_ct.pk)
          self.assertEqual(addition_log.object_id, str(new_article.pk))
          self.assertEqual(addition_log.object_repr, "Døm ikke")
          self.assertEqual(addition_log.action_flag, ADDITION)
          self.assertEqual(addition_log.get_change_message(), "Added.")
  
          # Super can add too, but is redirected to the change list view
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          addpage = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
          self.assertContains(
              addpage, change_list_link,
              msg_prefix='Unrestricted user is not given link to change list view in breadcrumbs.'
          )
          post = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), add_dict)
          self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 5)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # 8509 - if a normal user is already logged in, it is possible
          # to change user into the superuser without error
          self.client.force_login(self.joepublicuser)
          # Check and make sure that if user expires, data still persists
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          # make sure the view removes test cookie
          self.assertIs(self.client.session.test_cookie_worked(), False)
  
      @mock.patch('django.contrib.admin.options.InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission')
      def test_add_view_with_view_only_inlines(self, has_change_permission):
          """User with add permission to a section but view-only for inlines."""
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('add', Section._meta)))
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          # Valid POST creates a new section.
          data = {
              'name': 'New obj',
              'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 0,
              'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 0,
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'), data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(Section.objects.latest('id').name, data['name'])
          # InlineModelAdmin.has_change_permission()'s obj argument is always
          # None during object add.
          self.assertEqual([obj for (request, obj), _ in has_change_permission.call_args_list], [None, None])
  
      def test_change_view(self):
          """Change view should restrict access and allow users to edit items."""
          change_dict = {
              'title': 'Ikke fordømt',
              'content': '<p>edited article</p>',
              'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
              'section': self.s1.pk,
          }
          article_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
          article_changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
  
          # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # view user can view articles but not make changes.
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Select article to view | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select article to view</h1>')
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Select article to view')
          response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
          self.assertContains(response, '<title>View article | Django site admin</title>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<label>Extra form field:</label>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>')
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'View article')
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, '<p>Middle content</p>')
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # change user can view all items and edit them
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          response = self.client.get(article_changelist_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Select article to change')
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Select article to change | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select article to change</h1>')
          response = self.client.get(article_change_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'Change article')
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<title>Change article | Django site admin</title>',
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Change article</h1>')
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
          self.assertRedirects(post, article_changelist_url)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.get(pk=self.a1.pk).content, '<p>edited article</p>')
  
          # one error in form should produce singular error message, multiple errors plural
          change_dict['title'] = ''
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
          self.assertContains(
              post, 'Please correct the error below.',
              msg_prefix='Singular error message not found in response to post with one error'
          )
  
          change_dict['content'] = ''
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict)
          self.assertContains(
              post, 'Please correct the errors below.',
              msg_prefix='Plural error message not found in response to post with multiple errors'
          )
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
          r1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
          r2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
          r3 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=3, name='odd id mult 3')
          r6 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=6, name='even id mult 3')
          change_url_1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r1.pk,))
          change_url_2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r2.pk,))
          change_url_3 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r3.pk,))
          change_url_6 = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_change', args=(r6.pk,))
          logins = [self.superuser, self.viewuser, self.adduser, self.changeuser, self.deleteuser]
          for login_user in logins:
              with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                  self.client.force_login(login_user)
                  response = self.client.get(change_url_1)
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
                  response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {'name': 'changed'})
                  self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, 'odd id')
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
                  response = self.client.get(change_url_2)
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
                  response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {'name': 'changed'})
                  self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, 'changed')
                  self.assertRedirects(response, self.index_url)
                  response = self.client.get(change_url_3)
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
                  response = self.client.post(change_url_3, {'name': 'changed'})
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
                  self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=3).name, 'odd id mult 3')
                  response = self.client.get(change_url_6)
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
                  response = self.client.post(change_url_6, {'name': 'changed'})
                  self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=6).name, 'changed')
                  self.assertRedirects(response, self.index_url)
  
                  self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          for login_user in [self.joepublicuser, self.nostaffuser]:
              with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                  self.client.force_login(login_user)
                  response = self.client.get(change_url_1, follow=True)
                  self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
                  response = self.client.post(change_url_1, {'name': 'changed'}, follow=True)
                  self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=1).name, 'odd id')
                  self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
                  response = self.client.get(change_url_2, follow=True)
                  self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
                  response = self.client.post(change_url_2, {'name': 'changed again'}, follow=True)
                  self.assertEqual(RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.get(id=2).name, 'changed')
                  self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
                  self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
      def test_change_view_without_object_change_permission(self):
          """
          The object should be read-only if the user has permission to view it
          and change objects of that type but not to change the current object.
          """
          change_url = reverse('admin9:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(change_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['title'], 'View article')
          self.assertContains(response, '<title>View article | Django site admin</title>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View article</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="/test_admin/admin9/admin_views/article/" class="closelink">Close</a>')
  
      def test_change_view_save_as_new(self):
          """
          'Save as new' should raise PermissionDenied for users without the 'add'
          permission.
          """
          change_dict_save_as_new = {
              '_saveasnew': 'Save as new',
              'title': 'Ikke fordømt',
              'content': '<p>edited article</p>',
              'date_0': '2008-03-18', 'date_1': '10:54:39',
              'section': self.s1.pk,
          }
          article_change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(self.a1.pk,))
  
          # Add user can perform "Save as new".
          article_count = Article.objects.count()
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict_save_as_new)
          self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), article_count + 1)
          self.client.logout()
  
          # Change user cannot perform "Save as new" (no 'add' permission).
          article_count = Article.objects.count()
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict_save_as_new)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), article_count)
  
          # User with both add and change permissions should be redirected to the
          # change page for the newly created object.
          article_count = Article.objects.count()
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          post = self.client.post(article_change_url, change_dict_save_as_new)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), article_count + 1)
          new_article = Article.objects.latest('id')
          self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_article_change', args=(new_article.pk,)))
  
      def test_change_view_with_view_only_inlines(self):
          """
          User with change permission to a section but view-only for inlines.
          """
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          # GET shows inlines.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
          formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
          self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
          # Valid POST changes the name.
          data = {
              'name': 'Can edit name with view-only inlines',
              'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 3,
              'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data['name'])
          # Invalid POST reshows inlines.
          del data['name']
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
          formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
          self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 3)
  
      def test_change_view_with_view_and_add_inlines(self):
          """User has view and add permissions on the inline model."""
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('add', Article._meta)))
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          # GET shows inlines.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
          formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
          self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
          # Valid POST creates a new article.
          data = {
              'name': 'Can edit name with view-only inlines',
              'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
              'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
              'article_set-3-id': [''],
              'article_set-3-title': ['A title'],
              'article_set-3-content': ['Added content'],
              'article_set-3-date_0': ['2008-3-18'],
              'article_set-3-date_1': ['11:54:58'],
              'article_set-3-section': [str(self.s1.pk)],
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(Section.objects.get(pk=self.s1.pk).name, data['name'])
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 4)
          # Invalid POST reshows inlines.
          del data['name']
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(len(response.context['inline_admin_formsets']), 1)
          formset = response.context['inline_admin_formsets'][0]
          self.assertEqual(len(formset.forms), 6)
  
      def test_change_view_with_view_and_delete_inlines(self):
          """User has view and delete permissions on the inline model."""
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta)))
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          data = {
              'name': 'Name is required.',
              'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
              'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
              'article_set-0-id': [str(self.a1.pk)],
              'article_set-0-DELETE': ['on'],
          }
          # Inline POST details are ignored without delete permission.
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
          # Deletion successful when delete permission is added.
          self.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('delete', Article._meta)))
          data = {
              'name': 'Name is required.',
              'article_set-TOTAL_FORMS': 6,
              'article_set-INITIAL_FORMS': 3,
              'article_set-0-id': [str(self.a1.pk)],
              'article_set-0-DELETE': ['on'],
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)), data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 2)
  
      def test_delete_view(self):
          """Delete view should restrict access and actually delete items."""
          delete_dict = {'post': 'yes'}
          delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=(self.a1.pk,))
  
          # add user should not be able to delete articles
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          response = self.client.get(delete_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          post = self.client.post(delete_url, delete_dict)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
          self.client.logout()
  
          # view user should not be able to delete articles
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(delete_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          post = self.client.post(delete_url, delete_dict)
          self.assertEqual(post.status_code, 403)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 3)
          self.client.logout()
  
          # Delete user can delete
          self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
          self.assertContains(response, "<li>Articles: 3</li>")
          # test response contains link to related Article
          self.assertContains(response, "admin_views/article/%s/" % self.a1.pk)
  
          response = self.client.get(delete_url)
          self.assertContains(response, "admin_views/article/%s/" % self.a1.pk)
          self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Summary</h2>")
          self.assertContains(response, "<li>Articles: 1</li>")
          post = self.client.post(delete_url, delete_dict)
          self.assertRedirects(post, self.index_url)
          self.assertEqual(Article.objects.count(), 2)
          self.assertEqual(len(mail.outbox), 1)
          self.assertEqual(mail.outbox[0].subject, 'Greetings from a deleted object')
          article_ct = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Article)
          logged = LogEntry.objects.get(content_type=article_ct, action_flag=DELETION)
          self.assertEqual(logged.object_id, str(self.a1.pk))
  
      def test_delete_view_with_no_default_permissions(self):
          """
          The delete view allows users to delete collected objects without a
          'delete' permission (ReadOnlyPizza.Meta.default_permissions is empty).
          """
          pizza = ReadOnlyPizza.objects.create(name='Double Cheese')
          delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_delete', args=(pizza.pk,))
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          response = self.client.get(delete_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views/readonlypizza/%s/' % pizza.pk)
          self.assertContains(response, '<h2>Summary</h2>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<li>Read only pizzas: 1</li>')
          post = self.client.post(delete_url, {'post': 'yes'})
          self.assertRedirects(post, reverse('admin:admin_views_readonlypizza_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(ReadOnlyPizza.objects.count(), 0)
  
      def test_delete_view_nonexistent_obj(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_delete', args=('nonexistent',))
          response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(
              [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
              ['article with ID “nonexistent” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
          )
  
      def test_history_view(self):
          """History view should restrict access."""
          # add user should not be able to view the list of article or change any of them
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # view user can view all items
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          # change user can view all items and edit them
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=(self.a1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # Test redirection when using row-level change permissions. Refs #11513.
          rl1 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=1, name="odd id")
          rl2 = RowLevelChangePermissionModel.objects.create(id=2, name="even id")
          logins = [self.superuser, self.viewuser, self.adduser, self.changeuser, self.deleteuser]
          for login_user in logins:
              with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                  self.client.force_login(login_user)
                  url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl1.pk,))
                  response = self.client.get(url)
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 403)
  
                  url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl2.pk,))
                  response = self.client.get(url)
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
                  self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
          for login_user in [self.joepublicuser, self.nostaffuser]:
              with self.subTest(login_user.username):
                  self.client.force_login(login_user)
                  url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl1.pk,))
                  response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
                  self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
                  url = reverse('admin:admin_views_rowlevelchangepermissionmodel_history', args=(rl2.pk,))
                  response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
                  self.assertContains(response, 'login-form')
  
                  self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
      def test_history_view_bad_url(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_history', args=('foo',)), follow=True)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(
              [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
              ['article with ID “foo” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
          )
  
      def test_conditionally_show_add_section_link(self):
          """
          The foreign key widget should only show the "add related" button if the
          user has permission to add that related item.
          """
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          # The user can't add sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "add section" link.
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
          add_link_text = 'add_id_section'
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertNotContains(response, add_link_text)
          # Allow the user to add sections too. Now they can see the "add section" link.
          user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
          perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('add', Section._meta))
          user.user_permissions.add(perm)
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertContains(response, add_link_text)
  
      def test_conditionally_show_change_section_link(self):
          """
          The foreign key widget should only show the "change related" button if
          the user has permission to change that related item.
          """
          def get_change_related(response):
              return response.context['adminform'].form.fields['section'].widget.can_change_related
  
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          # The user can't change sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "change section" link.
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
          change_link_text = 'change_id_section'
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertFalse(get_change_related(response))
          self.assertNotContains(response, change_link_text)
          # Allow the user to change sections too. Now they can see the "change section" link.
          user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
          perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('change', Section._meta))
          user.user_permissions.add(perm)
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertTrue(get_change_related(response))
          self.assertContains(response, change_link_text)
  
      def test_conditionally_show_delete_section_link(self):
          """
          The foreign key widget should only show the "delete related" button if
          the user has permission to delete that related item.
          """
          def get_delete_related(response):
              return response.context['adminform'].form.fields['sub_section'].widget.can_delete_related
  
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          # The user can't delete sections yet, so they shouldn't see the "delete section" link.
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add')
          delete_link_text = 'delete_id_sub_section'
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertFalse(get_delete_related(response))
          self.assertNotContains(response, delete_link_text)
          # Allow the user to delete sections too. Now they can see the "delete section" link.
          user = User.objects.get(username='adduser')
          perm = get_perm(Section, get_permission_codename('delete', Section._meta))
          user.user_permissions.add(perm)
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertTrue(get_delete_related(response))
          self.assertContains(response, delete_link_text)
  
      def test_disabled_permissions_when_logged_in(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          superuser = User.objects.get(username='super')
          superuser.is_active = False
          superuser.save()
  
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'Log out')
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('secure_view'), follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
  
      def test_disabled_staff_permissions_when_logged_in(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          superuser = User.objects.get(username='super')
          superuser.is_staff = False
          superuser.save()
  
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'Log out')
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('secure_view'), follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="login-form"')
  
      def test_app_list_permissions(self):
          """
          If a user has no module perms, the app list returns a 404.
          """
          opts = Article._meta
          change_user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
          permission = get_perm(Article, get_permission_codename('change', opts))
  
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
  
          # the user has no module permissions
          change_user.user_permissions.remove(permission)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
          # the user now has module permissions
          change_user.user_permissions.add(permission)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_shortcut_view_only_available_to_staff(self):
          """
          Only admin users should be able to use the admin shortcut view.
          """
          model_ctype = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey)
          obj = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk='foo')
          shortcut_url = reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(model_ctype.pk, obj.pk))
  
          # Not logged in: we should see the login page.
          response = self.client.get(shortcut_url, follow=True)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
  
          # Logged in? Redirect.
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          response = self.client.get(shortcut_url, follow=False)
          # Can't use self.assertRedirects() because User.get_absolute_url() is silly.
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          # Domain may depend on contrib.sites tests also run
          self.assertRegex(response.url, 'http://(testserver|example.com)/dummy/foo/')
  
      def test_has_module_permission(self):
          """
          has_module_permission() returns True for all users who
          have any permission for that module (add, change, or delete), so that
          the module is displayed on the admin index page.
          """
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
          response = self.client.get(self.index_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Articles')
  
      def test_overriding_has_module_permission(self):
          """
          If has_module_permission() always returns False, the module shouldn't
          be displayed on the admin index page for any users.
          """
          articles = Article._meta.verbose_name_plural.title()
          sections = Section._meta.verbose_name_plural.title()
          index_url = reverse('admin7:index')
  
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          response = self.client.get(index_url)
          self.assertContains(response, sections)
          self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(index_url)
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          response = self.client.get(index_url)
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          response = self.client.get(index_url)
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'admin_views')
          self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
          self.client.logout()
  
          self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
          response = self.client.get(index_url)
          self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
  
          # The app list displays Sections but not Articles as the latter has
          # ModelAdmin.has_module_permission() = False.
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertContains(response, sections)
          self.assertNotContains(response, articles)
  
      def test_post_save_message_no_forbidden_links_visible(self):
          """
          Post-save message shouldn't contain a link to the change form if the
          user doesn't have the change permission.
          """
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          # Emulate Article creation for user with add-only permission.
          post_data = {
              "title": "Fun & games",
              "content": "Some content",
              "date_0": "2015-10-31",
              "date_1": "16:35:00",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The article “Fun &amp; games” was added successfully.</li>',
              html=True
          )
  
  
  @override_settings(
      ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
      TEMPLATES=[{
          'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
          'APP_DIRS': True,
          'OPTIONS': {
              'context_processors': [
                  'django.template.context_processors.request',
                  'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                  'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
              ],
          },
      }],
  )
  class AdminViewProxyModelPermissionsTests(TestCase):
      """Tests for proxy models permissions in the admin."""
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.viewuser = User.objects.create_user(username='viewuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          # Setup permissions.
          opts = UserProxy._meta
          cls.viewuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('view', opts)))
          cls.adduser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('add', opts)))
          cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('change', opts)))
          cls.deleteuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(UserProxy, get_permission_codename('delete', opts)))
          # UserProxy instances.
          cls.user_proxy = UserProxy.objects.create(username='user_proxy', password='secret')
  
      def test_add(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.adduser)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_add')
          data = {
              'username': 'can_add',
              'password': 'secret',
              'date_joined_0': '2019-01-15',
              'date_joined_1': '16:59:10',
          }
          response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertTrue(UserProxy.objects.filter(username='can_add').exists())
  
      def test_view(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.viewuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>Select user proxy to view</h1>')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_change', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<h1>View user proxy</h1>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">user_proxy</div>')
  
      def test_change(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          data = {
              'password': self.user_proxy.password,
              'username': self.user_proxy.username,
              'date_joined_0': self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime('%Y-%m-%d'),
              'date_joined_1': self.user_proxy.date_joined.strftime('%H:%M:%S'),
              'first_name': 'first_name',
          }
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_change', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(url, data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(UserProxy.objects.get(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).first_name, 'first_name')
  
      def test_delete(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_userproxy_delete', args=(self.user_proxy.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(url, {'post': 'yes'}, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertFalse(UserProxy.objects.filter(pk=self.user_proxy.pk).exists())
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewsNoUrlTest(TestCase):
      """Regression test for #17333"""
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          # User who can change Reports
          cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.changeuser.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Report, get_permission_codename('change', Report._meta)))
  
      def test_no_standard_modeladmin_urls(self):
          """Admin index views don't break when user's ModelAdmin removes standard urls"""
          self.client.force_login(self.changeuser)
          r = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          # we shouldn't get a 500 error caused by a NoReverseMatch
          self.assertEqual(r.status_code, 200)
          self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
  
  
  @skipUnlessDBFeature('can_defer_constraint_checks')
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewDeletedObjectsTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.deleteuser = User.objects.create_user(username='deleteuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
          cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
          cls.v2 = Villain.objects.create(name='Sue')
          cls.sv1 = SuperVillain.objects.create(name='Bob')
          cls.pl1 = Plot.objects.create(name='World Domination', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v2)
          cls.pl2 = Plot.objects.create(name='World Peace', team_leader=cls.v2, contact=cls.v2)
          cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(name='Corn Conspiracy', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1)
          cls.pd1 = PlotDetails.objects.create(details='almost finished', plot=cls.pl1)
          cls.sh1 = SecretHideout.objects.create(location='underground bunker', villain=cls.v1)
          cls.sh2 = SecretHideout.objects.create(location='floating castle', villain=cls.sv1)
          cls.ssh1 = SuperSecretHideout.objects.create(location='super floating castle!', supervillain=cls.sv1)
          cls.cy1 = CyclicOne.objects.create(name='I am recursive', two_id=1)
          cls.cy2 = CyclicTwo.objects.create(name='I am recursive too', one_id=1)
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_nesting(self):
          """
          Objects should be nested to display the relationships that
          cause them to be scheduled for deletion.
          """
          pattern = re.compile(
              r'<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Domination</a>\s*<ul>\s*'
              r'<li>Plot details: <a href="%s">almost finished</a>' % (
                  reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl1.pk,)),
                  reverse('admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change', args=(self.pd1.pk,)),
              )
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
          self.assertRegex(response.content.decode(), pattern)
  
      def test_cyclic(self):
          """
          Cyclic relationships should still cause each object to only be
          listed once.
          """
          one = '<li>Cyclic one: <a href="%s">I am recursive</a>' % (
              reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclicone_change', args=(self.cy1.pk,)),
          )
          two = '<li>Cyclic two: <a href="%s">I am recursive too</a>' % (
              reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclictwo_change', args=(self.cy2.pk,)),
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_cyclicone_delete', args=(self.cy1.pk,)))
  
          self.assertContains(response, one, 1)
          self.assertContains(response, two, 1)
  
      def test_perms_needed(self):
          self.client.logout()
          delete_user = User.objects.get(username='deleteuser')
          delete_user.user_permissions.add(get_perm(Plot, get_permission_codename('delete', Plot._meta)))
  
          self.client.force_login(self.deleteuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_delete', args=(self.pl1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, "your account doesn't have permission to delete the following types of objects")
          self.assertContains(response, "<li>plot details</li>")
  
      def test_protected(self):
          q = Question.objects.create(question="Why?")
          a1 = Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Because.")
          a2 = Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer="Yes.")
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_delete', args=(q.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects")
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Because.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a1.pk,))
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li>Answer: <a href="%s">Yes.</a></li>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_change', args=(a2.pk,))
          )
  
      def test_post_delete_protected(self):
          """
          A POST request to delete protected objects should display the page
          which says the deletion is prohibited.
          """
          q = Question.objects.create(question='Why?')
          Answer.objects.create(question=q, answer='Because.')
  
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_question_delete', args=(q.pk,)), {'post': 'yes'})
          self.assertEqual(Question.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertContains(response, "would require deleting the following protected related objects")
  
      def test_restricted(self):
          album = Album.objects.create(title='Amaryllis')
          song = Song.objects.create(album=album, name='Unity')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_delete', args=(album.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              'would require deleting the following protected related objects',
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li>Song: <a href="%s">Unity</a></li>'
              % reverse('admin:admin_views_song_change', args=(song.pk,))
          )
  
      def test_post_delete_restricted(self):
          album = Album.objects.create(title='Amaryllis')
          Song.objects.create(album=album, name='Unity')
          response = self.client.post(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_album_delete', args=(album.pk,)),
              {'post': 'yes'},
          )
          self.assertEqual(Album.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              'would require deleting the following protected related objects',
          )
  
      def test_not_registered(self):
          should_contain = """<li>Secret hideout: underground bunker"""
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain, 1)
  
      def test_multiple_fkeys_to_same_model(self):
          """
          If a deleted object has two relationships from another model,
          both of those should be followed in looking for related
          objects to delete.
          """
          should_contain = '<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Domination</a>' % reverse(
              'admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl1.pk,)
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v2.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_multiple_fkeys_to_same_instance(self):
          """
          If a deleted object has two relationships pointing to it from
          another object, the other object should still only be listed
          once.
          """
          should_contain = '<li>Plot: <a href="%s">World Peace</a></li>' % reverse(
              'admin:admin_views_plot_change', args=(self.pl2.pk,)
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.v2.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain, 1)
  
      def test_inheritance(self):
          """
          In the case of an inherited model, if either the child or
          parent-model instance is deleted, both instances are listed
          for deletion, as well as any relationships they have.
          """
          should_contain = [
              '<li>Villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>' % reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_change', args=(self.sv1.pk,)),
              '<li>Super villain: <a href="%s">Bob</a>' % reverse(
                  'admin:admin_views_supervillain_change', args=(self.sv1.pk,)
              ),
              '<li>Secret hideout: floating castle',
              '<li>Super secret hideout: super floating castle!',
          ]
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_villain_delete', args=(self.sv1.pk,)))
          for should in should_contain:
              self.assertContains(response, should, 1)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_supervillain_delete', args=(self.sv1.pk,)))
          for should in should_contain:
              self.assertContains(response, should, 1)
  
      def test_generic_relations(self):
          """
          If a deleted object has GenericForeignKeys pointing to it,
          those objects should be listed for deletion.
          """
          plot = self.pl3
          tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=plot, name='hott')
          should_contain = '<li>Funky tag: <a href="%s">hott' % reverse(
              'admin:admin_views_funkytag_change', args=(tag.id,))
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plot_delete', args=(plot.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_generic_relations_with_related_query_name(self):
          """
          If a deleted object has GenericForeignKey with
          GenericRelation(related_query_name='...') pointing to it, those objects
          should be listed for deletion.
          """
          bookmark = Bookmark.objects.create(name='djangoproject')
          tag = FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=bookmark, name='django')
          tag_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_funkytag_change', args=(tag.id,))
          should_contain = '<li>Funky tag: <a href="%s">django' % tag_url
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_bookmark_delete', args=(bookmark.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_delete_view_uses_get_deleted_objects(self):
          """The delete view uses ModelAdmin.get_deleted_objects()."""
          book = Book.objects.create(name='Test Book')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:admin_views_book_delete', args=(book.pk,)))
          # BookAdmin.get_deleted_objects() returns custom text.
          self.assertContains(response, 'a deletable object')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class TestGenericRelations(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
          cls.pl3 = Plot.objects.create(name='Corn Conspiracy', team_leader=cls.v1, contact=cls.v1)
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_generic_content_object_in_list_display(self):
          FunkyTag.objects.create(content_object=self.pl3, name='hott')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_funkytag_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, "%s</td>" % self.pl3)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewStringPrimaryKeyTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
          cls.pk = (
              "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ 1234567890 "
              r"""-_.!~*'() ;/?:@&=+$, <>#%" {}|\^[]`"""
          )
          cls.m1 = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(string_pk=cls.pk)
          content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(ModelWithStringPrimaryKey).pk
          user_pk = cls.superuser.pk
          LogEntry.objects.log_action(user_pk, content_type_pk, cls.pk, cls.pk, 2, change_message='Changed something')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_get_history_view(self):
          """
          Retrieving the history for an object using urlencoded form of primary
          key should work.
          Refs #12349, #18550.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_history', args=(self.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, escape(self.pk))
          self.assertContains(response, 'Changed something')
  
      def test_get_change_view(self):
          "Retrieving the object using urlencoded form of primary key should work"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(self.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, escape(self.pk))
  
      def test_changelist_to_changeform_link(self):
          "Link to the changeform of the object in changelist should use reverse() and be quoted -- #18072"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_changelist'))
          # this URL now comes through reverse(), thus url quoting and iri_to_uri encoding
          pk_final_url = escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk)))
          change_url = reverse(
              'admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=('__fk__',)
          ).replace('__fk__', pk_final_url)
          should_contain = '<th class="field-__str__"><a href="%s">%s</a></th>' % (change_url, escape(self.pk))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_recentactions_link(self):
          "The link from the recent actions list referring to the changeform of the object should be quoted"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          link = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(self.pk),))
          should_contain = """<a href="%s">%s</a>""" % (escape(link), escape(self.pk))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_deleteconfirmation_link(self):
          "The link from the delete confirmation page referring back to the changeform of the object should be quoted"
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_delete', args=(quote(self.pk),))
          response = self.client.get(url)
          # this URL now comes through reverse(), thus url quoting and iri_to_uri encoding
          change_url = reverse(
              'admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=('__fk__',)
          ).replace('__fk__', escape(iri_to_uri(quote(self.pk))))
          should_contain = '<a href="%s">%s</a>' % (change_url, escape(self.pk))
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_url_conflicts_with_add(self):
          "A model with a primary key that ends with add or is `add` should be visible"
          add_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(pk="i have something to add")
          add_model.save()
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(add_model.pk),))
          )
          should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
          add_model2 = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey.objects.create(pk="add")
          add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add')
          change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(add_model2.pk),))
          self.assertNotEqual(add_url, change_url)
  
      def test_url_conflicts_with_delete(self):
          "A model with a primary key that ends with delete should be visible"
          delete_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="delete")
          delete_model.save()
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(delete_model.pk),))
          )
          should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_url_conflicts_with_history(self):
          "A model with a primary key that ends with history should be visible"
          history_model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk="history")
          history_model.save()
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(history_model.pk),))
          )
          should_contain = """<h1>Change model with string primary key</h1>"""
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_shortcut_view_with_escaping(self):
          "'View on site should' work properly with char fields"
          model = ModelWithStringPrimaryKey(pk='abc_123')
          model.save()
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_change', args=(quote(model.pk),))
          )
          should_contain = '/%s/" class="viewsitelink">' % model.pk
          self.assertContains(response, should_contain)
  
      def test_change_view_history_link(self):
          """Object history button link should work and contain the pk value quoted."""
          url = reverse(
              'admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_change' % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
              args=(quote(self.pk),)
          )
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          expected_link = reverse(
              'admin:%s_modelwithstringprimarykey_history' % ModelWithStringPrimaryKey._meta.app_label,
              args=(quote(self.pk),)
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<a href="%s" class="historylink"' % escape(expected_link))
  
      def test_redirect_on_add_view_continue_button(self):
          """As soon as an object is added using "Save and continue editing"
          button, the user should be redirected to the object's change_view.
  
          In case primary key is a string containing some special characters
          like slash or underscore, these characters must be escaped (see #22266)
          """
          response = self.client.post(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_modelwithstringprimarykey_add'),
              {
                  'string_pk': '123/history',
                  "_continue": "1",  # Save and continue editing
              }
          )
  
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # temporary redirect
          self.assertIn('/123_2Fhistory/', response.headers['location'])  # PK is quoted
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class SecureViewTests(TestCase):
      """
      Test behavior of a view protected by the staff_member_required decorator.
      """
  
      def test_secure_view_shows_login_if_not_logged_in(self):
          secure_url = reverse('secure_view')
          response = self.client.get(secure_url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), secure_url))
          response = self.client.get(secure_url, follow=True)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
          self.assertEqual(response.context[REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME], secure_url)
  
      def test_staff_member_required_decorator_works_with_argument(self):
          """
          Staff_member_required decorator works with an argument
          (redirect_field_name).
          """
          secure_url = '/test_admin/admin/secure-view2/'
          response = self.client.get(secure_url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?myfield=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), secure_url))
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewUnicodeTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.b1 = Book.objects.create(name='Lærdommer')
          cls.p1 = Promo.objects.create(name='<Promo for Lærdommer>', book=cls.b1)
          cls.chap1 = Chapter.objects.create(
              title='Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer', content='<p>Svært frustrerende med UnicodeDecodeErro</p>',
              book=cls.b1
          )
          cls.chap2 = Chapter.objects.create(
              title='Kjærlighet', content='<p>La kjærligheten til de lidende seire.</p>', book=cls.b1)
          cls.chap3 = Chapter.objects.create(title='Kjærlighet', content='<p>Noe innhold</p>', book=cls.b1)
          cls.chap4 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='<Xtra(1) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>')
          cls.chap5 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap2, xtra='<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>')
          cls.chap6 = ChapterXtra1.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='<Xtra(1) Kjærlighet>')
          cls.chap7 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap1, xtra='<Xtra(2) Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer>')
          cls.chap8 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap2, xtra='<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>')
          cls.chap9 = ChapterXtra2.objects.create(chap=cls.chap3, xtra='<Xtra(2) Kjærlighet>')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_unicode_edit(self):
          """
          A test to ensure that POST on edit_view handles non-ASCII characters.
          """
          post_data = {
              "name": "Test lærdommer",
              # inline data
              "chapter_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "6",
              "chapter_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "chapter_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "chapter_set-0-id": self.chap1.pk,
              "chapter_set-0-title": "Norske bostaver æøå skaper problemer",
              "chapter_set-0-content": "&lt;p&gt;Svært frustrerende med UnicodeDecodeError&lt;/p&gt;",
              "chapter_set-1-id": self.chap2.id,
              "chapter_set-1-title": "Kjærlighet.",
              "chapter_set-1-content": "&lt;p&gt;La kjærligheten til de lidende seire.&lt;/p&gt;",
              "chapter_set-2-id": self.chap3.id,
              "chapter_set-2-title": "Need a title.",
              "chapter_set-2-content": "&lt;p&gt;Newest content&lt;/p&gt;",
              "chapter_set-3-id": "",
              "chapter_set-3-title": "",
              "chapter_set-3-content": "",
              "chapter_set-4-id": "",
              "chapter_set-4-title": "",
              "chapter_set-4-content": "",
              "chapter_set-5-id": "",
              "chapter_set-5-title": "",
              "chapter_set-5-content": "",
          }
  
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_book_change', args=(self.b1.pk,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
  
      def test_unicode_delete(self):
          """
          The delete_view handles non-ASCII characters
          """
          delete_dict = {'post': 'yes'}
          delete_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_book_delete', args=(self.b1.pk,))
          response = self.client.get(delete_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          response = self.client.post(delete_url, delete_dict)
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:admin_views_book_changelist'))
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewListEditable(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
          cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
          cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
          cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_inheritance(self):
          Podcast.objects.create(name="This Week in Django", release_date=datetime.date.today())
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_inheritance_2(self):
          Vodcast.objects.create(name="This Week in Django", released=True)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_vodcast_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_custom_pk(self):
          Language.objects.create(iso='en', name='English', english_name='English')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_language_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_changelist_input_html(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
          # 2 inputs per object(the field and the hidden id field) = 6
          # 4 management hidden fields = 4
          # 4 action inputs (3 regular checkboxes, 1 checkbox to select all)
          # main form submit button = 1
          # search field and search submit button = 2
          # CSRF field = 1
          # field to track 'select all' across paginated views = 1
          # 6 + 4 + 4 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 19 inputs
          self.assertContains(response, "<input", count=20)
          # 1 select per object = 3 selects
          self.assertContains(response, "<select", count=4)
  
      def test_post_messages(self):
          # Ticket 12707: Saving inline editable should not show admin
          # action warnings
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-gender": "1",
              "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
  
              "form-1-gender": "2",
              "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
  
              "form-2-alive": "checked",
              "form-2-gender": "1",
              "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'),
                                      data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(len(response.context['messages']), 1)
  
      def test_post_submission(self):
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-gender": "1",
              "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
  
              "form-1-gender": "2",
              "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
  
              "form-2-alive": "checked",
              "form-2-gender": "1",
              "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
  
          self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
          self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 2)
  
          # test a filtered page
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "2",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
              "form-0-gender": "1",
              "form-0-alive": "checked",
  
              "form-1-id": str(self.per3.pk),
              "form-1-gender": "1",
              "form-1-alive": "checked",
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?gender__exact=1', data)
  
          self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, True)
  
          # test a searched page
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
              "form-0-gender": "1",
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=john', data)
  
          self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
  
      def test_non_field_errors(self):
          """
          Non-field errors are displayed for each of the forms in the
          changelist's formset.
          """
          fd1 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='123', driver='bill', restaurant='thai')
          fd2 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='456', driver='bill', restaurant='india')
          fd3 = FoodDelivery.objects.create(reference='789', driver='bill', restaurant='pizza')
  
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
              "form-0-reference": "123",
              "form-0-driver": "bill",
              "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
  
              # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
              "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
              "form-1-reference": "456",
              "form-1-driver": "bill",
              "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
  
              "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
              "form-2-reference": "789",
              "form-2-driver": "bill",
              "form-2-restaurant": "pizza",
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist'), data)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
              'with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>',
              1,
              html=True
          )
  
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-id": str(fd1.id),
              "form-0-reference": "123",
              "form-0-driver": "bill",
              "form-0-restaurant": "thai",
  
              # Same data as above: Forbidden because of unique_together!
              "form-1-id": str(fd2.id),
              "form-1-reference": "456",
              "form-1-driver": "bill",
              "form-1-restaurant": "thai",
  
              # Same data also.
              "form-2-id": str(fd3.id),
              "form-2-reference": "789",
              "form-2-driver": "bill",
              "form-2-restaurant": "thai",
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_fooddelivery_changelist'), data)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<tr><td colspan="4"><ul class="errorlist nonfield"><li>Food delivery '
              'with this Driver and Restaurant already exists.</li></ul></td></tr>',
              2,
              html=True
          )
  
      def test_non_form_errors(self):
          # test if non-form errors are handled; ticket #12716
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-id": str(self.per2.pk),
              "form-0-alive": "1",
              "form-0-gender": "2",
  
              # The form processing understands this as a list_editable "Save"
              # and not an action "Go".
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
          self.assertContains(response, "Grace is not a Zombie")
  
      def test_non_form_errors_is_errorlist(self):
          # test if non-form errors are correctly handled; ticket #12878
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-id": str(self.per2.pk),
              "form-0-alive": "1",
              "form-0-gender": "2",
  
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
          non_form_errors = response.context['cl'].formset.non_form_errors()
          self.assertIsInstance(non_form_errors, ErrorList)
          self.assertEqual(
              str(non_form_errors),
              str(ErrorList(['Grace is not a Zombie'], error_class='nonform')),
          )
  
      def test_list_editable_ordering(self):
          collector = Collector.objects.create(id=1, name="Frederick Clegg")
  
          Category.objects.create(id=1, order=1, collector=collector)
          Category.objects.create(id=2, order=2, collector=collector)
          Category.objects.create(id=3, order=0, collector=collector)
          Category.objects.create(id=4, order=0, collector=collector)
  
          # NB: The order values must be changed so that the items are reordered.
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "4",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-order": "14",
              "form-0-id": "1",
              "form-0-collector": "1",
  
              "form-1-order": "13",
              "form-1-id": "2",
              "form-1-collector": "1",
  
              "form-2-order": "1",
              "form-2-id": "3",
              "form-2-collector": "1",
  
              "form-3-order": "0",
              "form-3-id": "4",
              "form-3-collector": "1",
  
              # The form processing understands this as a list_editable "Save"
              # and not an action "Go".
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_category_changelist'), data)
          # Successful post will redirect
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
          # The order values have been applied to the right objects
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=1).order, 14)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=2).order, 13)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=3).order, 1)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=4).order, 0)
  
      def test_list_editable_pagination(self):
          """
          Pagination works for list_editable items.
          """
          UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=1, name='Unordered object #1')
          UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=2, name='Unordered object #2')
          UnorderedObject.objects.create(id=3, name='Unordered object #3')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #3')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #2')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #1')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_unorderedobject_changelist') + '?p=2')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #3')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'Unordered object #2')
          self.assertContains(response, 'Unordered object #1')
  
      def test_list_editable_action_submit(self):
          # List editable changes should not be executed if the action "Go" button is
          # used to submit the form.
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-gender": "1",
              "form-0-id": "1",
  
              "form-1-gender": "2",
              "form-1-id": "2",
  
              "form-2-alive": "checked",
              "form-2-gender": "1",
              "form-2-id": "3",
  
              "index": "0",
              "_selected_action": ['3'],
              "action": ['', 'delete_selected'],
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
  
          self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, True)
          self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 1)
  
      def test_list_editable_action_choices(self):
          # List editable changes should be executed if the "Save" button is
          # used to submit the form - any action choices should be ignored.
          data = {
              "form-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-INITIAL_FORMS": "3",
              "form-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "form-0-gender": "1",
              "form-0-id": str(self.per1.pk),
  
              "form-1-gender": "2",
              "form-1-id": str(self.per2.pk),
  
              "form-2-alive": "checked",
              "form-2-gender": "1",
              "form-2-id": str(self.per3.pk),
  
              "_save": "Save",
              "_selected_action": ['1'],
              "action": ['', 'delete_selected'],
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'), data)
  
          self.assertIs(Person.objects.get(name="John Mauchly").alive, False)
          self.assertEqual(Person.objects.get(name="Grace Hopper").gender, 2)
  
      def test_list_editable_popup(self):
          """
          Fields should not be list-editable in popups.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist'))
          self.assertNotEqual(response.context['cl'].list_editable, ())
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?%s' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['cl'].list_editable, ())
  
      def test_pk_hidden_fields(self):
          """
          hidden pk fields aren't displayed in the table body and their
          corresponding human-readable value is displayed instead. The hidden pk
          fields are displayed but separately (not in the table) and only once.
          """
          story1 = Story.objects.create(title='The adventures of Guido', content='Once upon a time in Djangoland...')
          story2 = Story.objects.create(
              title='Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python',
              content='The Python was sneaking into...',
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_story_changelist'))
          # Only one hidden field, in a separate place than the table.
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-0-id"', 1)
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-1-id"', 1)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="hiddenfields">\n'
              '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
              '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id">\n</div>'
              % (story2.id, story1.id),
              html=True
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-id">%d</td>' % story1.id, 1)
          self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-id">%d</td>' % story2.id, 1)
  
      def test_pk_hidden_fields_with_list_display_links(self):
          """ Similarly as test_pk_hidden_fields, but when the hidden pk fields are
              referenced in list_display_links.
              Refs #12475.
          """
          story1 = OtherStory.objects.create(
              title='The adventures of Guido',
              content='Once upon a time in Djangoland...',
          )
          story2 = OtherStory.objects.create(
              title='Crouching Tiger, Hidden Python',
              content='The Python was sneaking into...',
          )
          link1 = reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_change', args=(story1.pk,))
          link2 = reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_change', args=(story2.pk,))
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_otherstory_changelist'))
          # Only one hidden field, in a separate place than the table.
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-0-id"', 1)
          self.assertContains(response, 'id="id_form-1-id"', 1)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="hiddenfields">\n'
              '<input type="hidden" name="form-0-id" value="%d" id="id_form-0-id">'
              '<input type="hidden" name="form-1-id" value="%d" id="id_form-1-id">\n</div>'
              % (story2.id, story1.id),
              html=True
          )
          self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link1, story1.id), 1)
          self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-id"><a href="%s">%d</a></th>' % (link2, story2.id), 1)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminSearchTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
          cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
          cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
          cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
          Person.objects.create(name='John Doe', gender=1)
          Person.objects.create(name='John O"Hara', gender=1)
          Person.objects.create(name="John O'Hara", gender=1)
  
          cls.t1 = Recommender.objects.create()
          cls.t2 = Recommendation.objects.create(the_recommender=cls.t1)
          cls.t3 = Recommender.objects.create()
          cls.t4 = Recommendation.objects.create(the_recommender=cls.t3)
  
          cls.tt1 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t1, text='Bar')
          cls.tt2 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t2, text='Foo')
          cls.tt3 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t3, text='Few')
          cls.tt4 = TitleTranslation.objects.create(title=cls.t4, text='Bas')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_search_on_sibling_models(self):
          "A search that mentions sibling models"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
          # confirm the search returned 1 object
          self.assertContains(response, "\n1 recommendation\n")
  
      def test_with_fk_to_field(self):
          """
          The to_field GET parameter is preserved when a search is performed.
          Refs #10918.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist') + '?q=joe&%s=id' % TO_FIELD_VAR)
          self.assertContains(response, "\n1 user\n")
          self.assertContains(response, '<input type="hidden" name="%s" value="id">' % TO_FIELD_VAR, html=True)
  
      def test_exact_matches(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
          # confirm the search returned one object
          self.assertContains(response, "\n1 recommendation\n")
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=ba')
          # confirm the search returned zero objects
          self.assertContains(response, "\n0 recommendations\n")
  
      def test_beginning_matches(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui')
          # confirm the search returned one object
          self.assertContains(response, "\n1 person\n")
          self.assertContains(response, "Guido")
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=uido')
          # confirm the search returned zero objects
          self.assertContains(response, "\n0 persons\n")
          self.assertNotContains(response, "Guido")
  
      def test_pluggable_search(self):
          PluggableSearchPerson.objects.create(name="Bob", age=10)
          PluggableSearchPerson.objects.create(name="Amy", age=20)
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist') + '?q=Bob')
          # confirm the search returned one object
          self.assertContains(response, "\n1 pluggable search person\n")
          self.assertContains(response, "Bob")
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pluggablesearchperson_changelist') + '?q=20')
          # confirm the search returned one object
          self.assertContains(response, "\n1 pluggable search person\n")
          self.assertContains(response, "Amy")
  
      def test_reset_link(self):
          """
          Test presence of reset link in search bar ("1 result (_x total_)").
          """
          #   1 query for session + 1 for fetching user
          # + 1 for filtered result + 1 for filtered count
          # + 1 for total count
          with self.assertNumQueries(5):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui')
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              """<span class="small quiet">1 result (<a href="?">6 total</a>)</span>""",
              html=True
          )
  
      def test_no_total_count(self):
          """
          #8408 -- "Show all" should be displayed instead of the total count if
          ModelAdmin.show_full_result_count is False.
          """
          #   1 query for session + 1 for fetching user
          # + 1 for filtered result + 1 for filtered count
          with self.assertNumQueries(4):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_recommendation_changelist') + '?q=bar')
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              """<span class="small quiet">1 result (<a href="?">Show all</a>)</span>""",
              html=True
          )
          self.assertTrue(response.context['cl'].show_admin_actions)
  
      def test_search_with_spaces(self):
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=%s'
          tests = [
              ('"John Doe"', 1),
              ("'John Doe'", 1),
              ('John Doe', 0),
              ('"John Doe" John', 1),
              ("'John Doe' John", 1),
              ("John Doe John", 0),
              ('"John Do"', 1),
              ("'John Do'", 1),
              ("'John O\'Hara'", 0),
              ("'John O\\'Hara'", 1),
              ('"John O\"Hara"', 0),
              ('"John O\\"Hara"', 1),
          ]
          for search, hits in tests:
              with self.subTest(search=search):
                  response = self.client.get(url % search)
                  self.assertContains(response, '\n%s person' % hits)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminInheritedInlinesTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_inline(self):
          """
          Inline models which inherit from a common parent are correctly handled.
          """
          foo_user = "foo username"
          bar_user = "bar username"
  
          name_re = re.compile(b'name="(.*?)"')
  
          # test the add case
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_add'))
          names = name_re.findall(response.content)
          # make sure we have no duplicate HTML names
          self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
  
          # test the add case
          post_data = {
              "name": "Test Name",
              # inline data
              "accounts-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
              "accounts-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "accounts-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "accounts-0-username": foo_user,
              "accounts-2-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
              "accounts-2-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "accounts-2-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "accounts-2-0-username": bar_user,
          }
  
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_add'), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
          self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(BarAccount.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.all()[0].username, foo_user)
          self.assertEqual(BarAccount.objects.all()[0].username, bar_user)
          self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.all()[0].accounts.count(), 2)
  
          persona_id = Persona.objects.all()[0].id
          foo_id = FooAccount.objects.all()[0].id
          bar_id = BarAccount.objects.all()[0].id
  
          # test the edit case
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_change', args=(persona_id,)))
          names = name_re.findall(response.content)
          # make sure we have no duplicate HTML names
          self.assertEqual(len(names), len(set(names)))
  
          post_data = {
              "name": "Test Name",
  
              "accounts-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
              "accounts-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
              "accounts-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "accounts-0-username": "%s-1" % foo_user,
              "accounts-0-account_ptr": str(foo_id),
              "accounts-0-persona": str(persona_id),
  
              "accounts-2-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
              "accounts-2-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
              "accounts-2-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "accounts-2-0-username": "%s-1" % bar_user,
              "accounts-2-0-account_ptr": str(bar_id),
              "accounts-2-0-persona": str(persona_id),
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_persona_change', args=(persona_id,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(BarAccount.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FooAccount.objects.all()[0].username, "%s-1" % foo_user)
          self.assertEqual(BarAccount.objects.all()[0].username, "%s-1" % bar_user)
          self.assertEqual(Persona.objects.all()[0].accounts.count(), 2)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class TestCustomChangeList(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_custom_changelist(self):
          """
          Validate that a custom ChangeList class can be used (#9749)
          """
          # Insert some data
          post_data = {"name": "First Gadget"}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_add'), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # redirect somewhere
          # Hit the page once to get messages out of the queue message list
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist'))
          # Data is still not visible on the page
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_gadget_changelist'))
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'First Gadget')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class TestInlineNotEditable(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_GET_parent_add(self):
          """
          InlineModelAdmin broken?
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_add'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminCustomQuerysetTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.pks = [EmptyModel.objects.create().id for i in range(3)]
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          self.super_login = {
              REDIRECT_FIELD_NAME: reverse('admin:index'),
              'username': 'super',
              'password': 'secret',
          }
  
      def test_changelist_view(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodel_changelist'))
          for i in self.pks:
              if i > 1:
                  self.assertContains(response, 'Primary key = %s' % i)
              else:
                  self.assertNotContains(response, 'Primary key = %s' % i)
  
      def test_changelist_view_count_queries(self):
          # create 2 Person objects
          Person.objects.create(name='person1', gender=1)
          Person.objects.create(name='person2', gender=2)
          changelist_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist')
  
          # 5 queries are expected: 1 for the session, 1 for the user,
          # 2 for the counts and 1 for the objects on the page
          with self.assertNumQueries(5):
              resp = self.client.get(changelist_url)
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 2 selected')
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 2 selected')
          with self.assertNumQueries(5):
              extra = {'q': 'not_in_name'}
              resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 0 selected')
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 0 selected')
          with self.assertNumQueries(5):
              extra = {'q': 'person'}
              resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 2 selected')
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], 'All 2 selected')
          with self.assertNumQueries(5):
              extra = {'gender__exact': '1'}
              resp = self.client.get(changelist_url, extra)
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note'], '0 of 1 selected')
              self.assertEqual(resp.context['selection_note_all'], '1 selected')
  
      def test_change_view(self):
          for i in self.pks:
              url = reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodel_change', args=(i,))
              response = self.client.get(url, follow=True)
              if i > 1:
                  self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
              else:
                  self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:index'))
                  self.assertEqual(
                      [m.message for m in response.context['messages']],
                      ['empty model with ID “1” doesn’t exist. Perhaps it was deleted?']
                  )
  
      def test_add_model_modeladmin_defer_qs(self):
          # Test for #14529. defer() is used in ModelAdmin.get_queryset()
  
          # model has __str__ method
          self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 0)
          # Emulate model instance creation via the admin
          post_data = {
              "author": "Candidate, Best",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_add'), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
          pk = CoverLetter.objects.all()[0].pk
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The cover letter “<a href="%s">'
              'Candidate, Best</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
              reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(pk,)), html=True
          )
  
          # model has no __str__ method
          self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 0)
          # Emulate model instance creation via the admin
          post_data = {
              "content": "What's this SMS thing?",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_add'), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
          sm = ShortMessage.objects.all()[0]
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The short message “<a href="%s">'
              '%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
              (reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)), sm), html=True
          )
  
      def test_add_model_modeladmin_only_qs(self):
          # Test for #14529. only() is used in ModelAdmin.get_queryset()
  
          # model has __str__ method
          self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 0)
          # Emulate model instance creation via the admin
          post_data = {
              "title": "Urgent telegram",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_add'), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
          pk = Telegram.objects.all()[0].pk
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The telegram “<a href="%s">'
              'Urgent telegram</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
              reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(pk,)), html=True
          )
  
          # model has no __str__ method
          self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 0)
          # Emulate model instance creation via the admin
          post_data = {
              "title": "My Modified Paper Title",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_add'), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name
          p = Paper.objects.all()[0]
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The paper “<a href="%s">'
              '%s</a>” was added successfully.</li>' %
              (reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), p), html=True
          )
  
      def test_edit_model_modeladmin_defer_qs(self):
          # Test for #14529. defer() is used in ModelAdmin.get_queryset()
  
          # model has __str__ method
          cl = CoverLetter.objects.create(author="John Doe")
          self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
          post_data = {
              "author": "John Doe II",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(url, post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(CoverLetter.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. Instance
          # representation is set by model's __str__()
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The cover letter “<a href="%s">'
              'John Doe II</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
              reverse('admin:admin_views_coverletter_change', args=(cl.pk,)), html=True
          )
  
          # model has no __str__ method
          sm = ShortMessage.objects.create(content="This is expensive")
          self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
          post_data = {
              "content": "Too expensive",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(url, post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(ShortMessage.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The ugly(!)
          # instance representation is set by __str__().
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The short message “<a href="%s">'
              '%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
              (reverse('admin:admin_views_shortmessage_change', args=(sm.pk,)), sm), html=True
          )
  
      def test_edit_model_modeladmin_only_qs(self):
          # Test for #14529. only() is used in ModelAdmin.get_queryset()
  
          # model has __str__ method
          t = Telegram.objects.create(title="First Telegram")
          self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
          post_data = {
              "title": "Telegram without typo",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(Telegram.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The instance
          # representation is set by model's __str__()
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The telegram “<a href="%s">'
              'Telegram without typo</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
              reverse('admin:admin_views_telegram_change', args=(t.pk,)), html=True
          )
  
          # model has no __str__ method
          p = Paper.objects.create(title="My Paper Title")
          self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          # Emulate model instance edit via the admin
          post_data = {
              "title": "My Modified Paper Title",
              "_save": "Save",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), post_data, follow=True)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(Paper.objects.count(), 1)
          # Message should contain non-ugly model verbose name. The ugly(!)
          # instance representation is set by __str__().
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The paper “<a href="%s">'
              '%s</a>” was changed successfully.</li>' %
              (reverse('admin:admin_views_paper_change', args=(p.pk,)), p), html=True
          )
  
      def test_history_view_custom_qs(self):
          """
          Custom querysets are considered for the admin history view.
          """
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:login'), self.super_login)
          FilteredManager.objects.create(pk=1)
          FilteredManager.objects.create(pk=2)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, "PK=1")
          self.assertContains(response, "PK=2")
          self.assertEqual(
              self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history', args=(1,))).status_code, 200
          )
          self.assertEqual(
              self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_filteredmanager_history', args=(2,))).status_code, 200
          )
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminInlineFileUploadTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          file1 = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=".file1")
          file1.write(b'a' * (2 ** 21))
          filename = file1.name
          file1.close()
          cls.gallery = Gallery.objects.create(name='Test Gallery')
          cls.picture = Picture.objects.create(
              name='Test Picture',
              image=filename,
              gallery=cls.gallery,
          )
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_form_has_multipart_enctype(self):
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_gallery_change', args=(self.gallery.id,))
          )
          self.assertIs(response.context['has_file_field'], True)
          self.assertContains(response, MULTIPART_ENCTYPE)
  
      def test_inline_file_upload_edit_validation_error_post(self):
          """
          Inline file uploads correctly display prior data (#10002).
          """
          post_data = {
              "name": "Test Gallery",
              "pictures-TOTAL_FORMS": "2",
              "pictures-INITIAL_FORMS": "1",
              "pictures-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "pictures-0-id": str(self.picture.id),
              "pictures-0-gallery": str(self.gallery.id),
              "pictures-0-name": "Test Picture",
              "pictures-0-image": "",
              "pictures-1-id": "",
              "pictures-1-gallery": str(self.gallery.id),
              "pictures-1-name": "Test Picture 2",
              "pictures-1-image": "",
          }
          response = self.client.post(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_gallery_change', args=(self.gallery.id,)), post_data
          )
          self.assertContains(response, b"Currently")
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminInlineTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.collector = Collector.objects.create(pk=1, name='John Fowles')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.post_data = {
              "name": "Test Name",
  
              "widget_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "widget_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "widget_set-0-id": "",
              "widget_set-0-owner": "1",
              "widget_set-0-name": "",
              "widget_set-1-id": "",
              "widget_set-1-owner": "1",
              "widget_set-1-name": "",
              "widget_set-2-id": "",
              "widget_set-2-owner": "1",
              "widget_set-2-name": "",
  
              "doohickey_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "doohickey_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "doohickey_set-0-owner": "1",
              "doohickey_set-0-code": "",
              "doohickey_set-0-name": "",
              "doohickey_set-1-owner": "1",
              "doohickey_set-1-code": "",
              "doohickey_set-1-name": "",
              "doohickey_set-2-owner": "1",
              "doohickey_set-2-code": "",
              "doohickey_set-2-name": "",
  
              "grommet_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "grommet_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "grommet_set-0-code": "",
              "grommet_set-0-owner": "1",
              "grommet_set-0-name": "",
              "grommet_set-1-code": "",
              "grommet_set-1-owner": "1",
              "grommet_set-1-name": "",
              "grommet_set-2-code": "",
              "grommet_set-2-owner": "1",
              "grommet_set-2-name": "",
  
              "whatsit_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "whatsit_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "whatsit_set-0-owner": "1",
              "whatsit_set-0-index": "",
              "whatsit_set-0-name": "",
              "whatsit_set-1-owner": "1",
              "whatsit_set-1-index": "",
              "whatsit_set-1-name": "",
              "whatsit_set-2-owner": "1",
              "whatsit_set-2-index": "",
              "whatsit_set-2-name": "",
  
              "fancydoodad_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "fancydoodad_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr": "",
              "fancydoodad_set-0-owner": "1",
              "fancydoodad_set-0-name": "",
              "fancydoodad_set-0-expensive": "on",
              "fancydoodad_set-1-doodad_ptr": "",
              "fancydoodad_set-1-owner": "1",
              "fancydoodad_set-1-name": "",
              "fancydoodad_set-1-expensive": "on",
              "fancydoodad_set-2-doodad_ptr": "",
              "fancydoodad_set-2-owner": "1",
              "fancydoodad_set-2-name": "",
              "fancydoodad_set-2-expensive": "on",
  
              "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "3",
              "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
              "category_set-0-order": "",
              "category_set-0-id": "",
              "category_set-0-collector": "1",
              "category_set-1-order": "",
              "category_set-1-id": "",
              "category_set-1-collector": "1",
              "category_set-2-order": "",
              "category_set-2-id": "",
              "category_set-2-collector": "1",
          }
  
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_simple_inline(self):
          "A simple model can be saved as inlines"
          # First add a new inline
          self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1"
          collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.all()[0].name, "Widget 1")
          widget_id = Widget.objects.all()[0].id
  
          # The PK link exists on the rendered form
          response = self.client.get(collector_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'name="widget_set-0-id"')
  
          # No file or image fields, no enctype on the forms
          self.assertIs(response.context['has_file_field'], False)
          self.assertNotContains(response, MULTIPART_ENCTYPE)
  
          # Now resave that inline
          self.post_data['widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['widget_set-0-id'] = str(widget_id)
          self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.all()[0].name, "Widget 1")
  
          # Now modify that inline
          self.post_data['widget_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['widget_set-0-id'] = str(widget_id)
          self.post_data['widget_set-0-name'] = "Widget 1 Updated"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Widget.objects.all()[0].name, "Widget 1 Updated")
  
      def test_explicit_autofield_inline(self):
          "A model with an explicit autofield primary key can be saved as inlines. Regression for #8093"
          # First add a new inline
          self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1"
          collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.all()[0].name, "Grommet 1")
  
          # The PK link exists on the rendered form
          response = self.client.get(collector_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'name="grommet_set-0-code"')
  
          # Now resave that inline
          self.post_data['grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['grommet_set-0-code'] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
          self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.all()[0].name, "Grommet 1")
  
          # Now modify that inline
          self.post_data['grommet_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['grommet_set-0-code'] = str(Grommet.objects.all()[0].code)
          self.post_data['grommet_set-0-name'] = "Grommet 1 Updated"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Grommet.objects.all()[0].name, "Grommet 1 Updated")
  
      def test_char_pk_inline(self):
          "A model with a character PK can be saved as inlines. Regression for #10992"
          # First add a new inline
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1"
          collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.all()[0].name, "Doohickey 1")
  
          # The PK link exists on the rendered form
          response = self.client.get(collector_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'name="doohickey_set-0-code"')
  
          # Now resave that inline
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.all()[0].name, "Doohickey 1")
  
          # Now modify that inline
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-code'] = "DH1"
          self.post_data['doohickey_set-0-name'] = "Doohickey 1 Updated"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(DooHickey.objects.all()[0].name, "Doohickey 1 Updated")
  
      def test_integer_pk_inline(self):
          "A model with an integer PK can be saved as inlines. Regression for #10992"
          # First add a new inline
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1"
          collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.all()[0].name, "Whatsit 1")
  
          # The PK link exists on the rendered form
          response = self.client.get(collector_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'name="whatsit_set-0-index"')
  
          # Now resave that inline
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.all()[0].name, "Whatsit 1")
  
          # Now modify that inline
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-index'] = "42"
          self.post_data['whatsit_set-0-name'] = "Whatsit 1 Updated"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Whatsit.objects.all()[0].name, "Whatsit 1 Updated")
  
      def test_inherited_inline(self):
          "An inherited model can be saved as inlines. Regression for #11042"
          # First add a new inline
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
          collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.all()[0].name, "Fancy Doodad 1")
          doodad_pk = FancyDoodad.objects.all()[0].pk
  
          # The PK link exists on the rendered form
          response = self.client.get(collector_url)
          self.assertContains(response, 'name="fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr"')
  
          # Now resave that inline
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr'] = str(doodad_pk)
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.all()[0].name, "Fancy Doodad 1")
  
          # Now modify that inline
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-INITIAL_FORMS'] = "1"
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-doodad_ptr'] = str(doodad_pk)
          self.post_data['fancydoodad_set-0-name'] = "Fancy Doodad 1 Updated"
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(FancyDoodad.objects.all()[0].name, "Fancy Doodad 1 Updated")
  
      def test_ordered_inline(self):
          """
          An inline with an editable ordering fields is updated correctly.
          """
          # Create some objects with an initial ordering
          Category.objects.create(id=1, order=1, collector=self.collector)
          Category.objects.create(id=2, order=2, collector=self.collector)
          Category.objects.create(id=3, order=0, collector=self.collector)
          Category.objects.create(id=4, order=0, collector=self.collector)
  
          # NB: The order values must be changed so that the items are reordered.
          self.post_data.update({
              "name": "Frederick Clegg",
  
              "category_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "7",
              "category_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "4",
              "category_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
  
              "category_set-0-order": "14",
              "category_set-0-id": "1",
              "category_set-0-collector": "1",
  
              "category_set-1-order": "13",
              "category_set-1-id": "2",
              "category_set-1-collector": "1",
  
              "category_set-2-order": "1",
              "category_set-2-id": "3",
              "category_set-2-collector": "1",
  
              "category_set-3-order": "0",
              "category_set-3-id": "4",
              "category_set-3-collector": "1",
  
              "category_set-4-order": "",
              "category_set-4-id": "",
              "category_set-4-collector": "1",
  
              "category_set-5-order": "",
              "category_set-5-id": "",
              "category_set-5-collector": "1",
  
              "category_set-6-order": "",
              "category_set-6-id": "",
              "category_set-6-collector": "1",
          })
          collector_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_collector_change', args=(self.collector.pk,))
          response = self.client.post(collector_url, self.post_data)
          # Successful post will redirect
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
          # The order values have been applied to the right objects
          self.assertEqual(self.collector.category_set.count(), 4)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=1).order, 14)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=2).order, 13)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=3).order, 1)
          self.assertEqual(Category.objects.get(id=4).order, 0)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class NeverCacheTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_admin_index(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of the main index"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_app_index(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of an application index"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_model_index(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of a model index"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_model_add(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of a model add page"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fabric_add'))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_model_view(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of a model edit page"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_model_history(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of a model history page"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_history', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_model_delete(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of a model delete page"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_login(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of login views"
          self.client.logout()
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_logout(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of logout view"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
          self.assertEqual(get_max_age(response), 0)
  
      def test_password_change(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of the password change view"
          self.client.logout()
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:password_change'))
          self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
  
      def test_password_change_done(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of the password change done view"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:password_change_done'))
          self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
  
      def test_JS_i18n(self):
          "Check the never-cache status of the JavaScript i18n view"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:jsi18n'))
          self.assertIsNone(get_max_age(response))
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class PrePopulatedTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_prepopulated_on(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
          self.assertContains(response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]")
          self.assertContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;")
  
      def test_prepopulated_off(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change', args=(self.p1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, "A Long Title")
          self.assertNotContains(response, "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;")
          self.assertNotContains(response, "&quot;dependency_ids&quot;: [&quot;#id_title&quot;]")
          self.assertNotContains(
              response,
              "&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_prepopulatedsubpost_set-0-subslug&quot;"
          )
  
      @override_settings(USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
      def test_prepopulated_maxlength_localized(self):
          """
          Regression test for #15938: if USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR is set, make sure
          that maxLength (in the JavaScript) is rendered without separators.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_prepopulatedpostlargeslug_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, "&quot;maxLength&quot;: 1000")  # instead of 1,000
  
      def test_view_only_add_form(self):
          """
          PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin.prepopulated_fields includes 'slug'
          which is present in the add view, even if the
          ModelAdmin.has_change_permission() returns False.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'data-prepopulated-fields=')
          self.assertContains(response, '&quot;id&quot;: &quot;#id_slug&quot;')
  
      def test_view_only_change_form(self):
          """
          PrePopulatedPostReadOnlyAdmin.prepopulated_fields includes 'slug'. That
          doesn't break a view-only change view.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin7:admin_views_prepopulatedpost_change', args=(self.p1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, 'data-prepopulated-fields="[]"')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">%s</div>' % self.p1.slug)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class SeleniumTests(AdminSeleniumTestCase):
  
      available_apps = ['admin_views'] + AdminSeleniumTestCase.available_apps
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          self.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
      def test_login_button_centered(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
          button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '.submit-row input')
          offset_left = button.get_property('offsetLeft')
          offset_right = (
              button.get_property('offsetParent').get_property('offsetWidth') -
              (offset_left + button.get_property('offsetWidth'))
          )
          # Use assertAlmostEqual to avoid pixel rounding errors.
          self.assertAlmostEqual(offset_left, offset_right, delta=3)
  
      def test_prepopulated_fields(self):
          """
          The JavaScript-automated prepopulated fields work with the main form
          and with stacked and tabular inlines.
          Refs #13068, #9264, #9983, #9784.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_add'))
          self.wait_for('.select2')
  
          # Main form ----------------------------------------------------------
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_pubdate').send_keys('2012-02-18')
          self.select_option('#id_status', 'option two')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ')
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
          slug3 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug3').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii')
          self.assertEqual(slug3, 'the-main-n\xe0m\xeb-and-its-aw\u03b5\u0161ome\u0131\u0131\u0131i')
  
          # Stacked inlines with fieldsets -------------------------------------
          # Initial inline
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-17')
          self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-status', 'option one')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-name').send_keys(
              ' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  '
          )
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline')
          initial_select2_inputs = self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')
          # Inline formsets have empty/invisible forms.
          # Only the 4 visible select2 inputs are initialized.
          num_initial_select2_inputs = len(initial_select2_inputs)
          self.assertEqual(num_initial_select2_inputs, 4)
  
          # Add an inline
          self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[0].click()
          self.assertEqual(
              len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
              num_initial_select2_inputs + 2
          )
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-25')
          self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-status', 'option two')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-name').send_keys(
              ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... '
              'loooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooog text... '
          )
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
          # 50 characters maximum for slug1 field
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
          # 60 characters maximum for slug2 field
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l')
  
          # Tabular inlines ----------------------------------------------------
          # Initial inline
          element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status')
          self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-pubdate').send_keys('1234-12-07')
          self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-status', 'option two')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-name').send_keys(
              'And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!'
          )
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-0-slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline')
  
          # Add an inline
          # Button may be outside the browser frame.
          element = self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[1]
          self.selenium.execute_script('window.scrollTo(0, %s);' % element.location['y'])
          element.click()
          self.assertEqual(
              len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
              num_initial_select2_inputs + 4
          )
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-pubdate').send_keys('1981-08-22')
          self.select_option('#id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-status', 'option one')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-name').send_keys(
              r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters'
          )
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-2-1-slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters')
          # Add an inline without an initial inline.
          # The button is outside of the browser frame.
          self.selenium.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")
          self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Add another Related prepopulated')[2].click()
          self.assertEqual(
              len(self.selenium.find_elements(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection')),
              num_initial_select2_inputs + 6
          )
          # Stacked Inlines without fieldsets ----------------------------------
          # Initial inline.
          row_id = 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-0-'
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}pubdate').send_keys('2011-12-12')
          self.select_option(f'#{row_id}status', 'option one')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}name').send_keys(' sŤāÇkeð  inline !  ')
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'stacked-inline-2011-12-12')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-one')
          # Add inline.
          self.selenium.find_elements(
              By.LINK_TEXT,
              'Add another Related prepopulated',
          )[3].click()
          row_id = 'id_relatedprepopulated_set-4-1-'
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}pubdate').send_keys('1999-01-20')
          self.select_option(f'#{row_id}status', 'option two')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}name').send_keys(
              ' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very loooong '
          )
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, f'{row_id}slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two')
  
          # Save and check that everything is properly stored in the database
          with self.wait_page_loaded():
              self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.assertEqual(MainPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 1)
          MainPrepopulated.objects.get(
              name=' the mAin nÀMë and it\'s awεšomeıııİ',
              pubdate='2012-02-18',
              status='option two',
              slug1='the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii-2012-02-18',
              slug2='option-two-the-main-name-and-its-awesomeiiii',
              slug3='the-main-nàmë-and-its-awεšomeıııi',
          )
          self.assertEqual(RelatedPrepopulated.objects.all().count(), 6)
          RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
              name=' here is a sŤāÇkeð   inline !  ',
              pubdate='2011-12-17',
              status='option one',
              slug1='here-is-a-stacked-inline-2011-12-17',
              slug2='option-one-here-is-a-stacked-inline',
          )
          RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
              # 75 characters in name field
              name=' now you haVe anöther   sŤāÇkeð  inline with a very ... loooooooooooooooooo',
              pubdate='1999-01-25',
              status='option two',
              slug1='now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-lo',
              slug2='option-two-now-you-have-another-stacked-inline-with-a-very-l',
          )
          RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
              name='And now, with a tÃbűlaŘ inline !!!',
              pubdate='1234-12-07',
              status='option two',
              slug1='and-now-with-a-tabular-inline-1234-12-07',
              slug2='option-two-and-now-with-a-tabular-inline',
          )
          RelatedPrepopulated.objects.get(
              name=r'tÃbűlaŘ inline with ignored ;"&*^\%$#@-/`~ characters',
              pubdate='1981-08-22',
              status='option one',
              slug1='tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters-1981-08-22',
              slug2='option-one-tabular-inline-with-ignored-characters',
          )
  
      def test_populate_existing_object(self):
          """
          The prepopulation works for existing objects too, as long as
          the original field is empty (#19082).
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  
          # Slugs are empty to start with.
          item = MainPrepopulated.objects.create(
              name=' this is the mAin nÀMë',
              pubdate='2012-02-18',
              status='option two',
              slug1='',
              slug2='',
          )
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
  
          object_url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_mainprepopulated_change', args=(item.id,))
  
          self.selenium.get(object_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' the best')
  
          # The slugs got prepopulated since they were originally empty
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
  
          # Save the object
          with self.wait_page_loaded():
              self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
  
          self.selenium.get(object_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys(' hello')
  
          # The slugs got prepopulated didn't change since they were originally not empty
          slug1 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug1').get_attribute('value')
          slug2 = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_slug2').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(slug1, 'this-is-the-main-name-the-best-2012-02-18')
          self.assertEqual(slug2, 'option-two-this-is-the-main-name-the-best')
  
      def test_collapsible_fieldset(self):
          """
          The 'collapse' class in fieldsets definition allows to
          show/hide the appropriate field section.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_add'))
          self.assertFalse(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
          self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
          self.assertTrue(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').is_displayed())
          self.assertEqual(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'fieldsetcollapser0').text, "Hide")
  
      def test_selectbox_height_collapsible_fieldset(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  
          self.admin_login(
              username='super',
              password='secret',
              login_url=reverse('admin7:index'),
          )
          url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin7:admin_views_pizza_add')
          self.selenium.get(url)
          self.selenium.find_elements(By.LINK_TEXT, 'Show')[0].click()
          filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_filter')
          from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_from')
          to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_toppings_to')
          self.assertEqual(
              to_box.get_property('offsetHeight'),
              (
                  filter_box.get_property('offsetHeight') +
                  from_box.get_property('offsetHeight')
              ),
          )
  
      def test_selectbox_height_not_collapsible_fieldset(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  
          self.admin_login(
              username='super',
              password='secret',
              login_url=reverse('admin7:index'),
          )
          url = self.live_server_url + reverse('admin7:admin_views_question_add')
          self.selenium.get(url)
          filter_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_filter')
          from_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_from')
          to_box = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_related_questions_to')
          self.assertEqual(
              to_box.get_property('offsetHeight'),
              (
                  filter_box.get_property('offsetHeight') +
                  from_box.get_property('offsetHeight')
              ),
          )
  
      def test_first_field_focus(self):
          """JavaScript-assisted auto-focus on first usable form field."""
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
  
          # First form field has a single widget
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          with self.wait_page_loaded():
              self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_picture_add'))
          self.assertEqual(
              self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
              self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
          )
  
          # First form field has a MultiWidget
          with self.wait_page_loaded():
              self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_reservation_add'))
          self.assertEqual(
              self.selenium.switch_to.active_element,
              self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_start_date_0')
          )
  
      def test_cancel_delete_confirmation(self):
          "Cancelling the deletion of an object takes the user back one page."
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
          full_url = self.live_server_url + url
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          self.selenium.get(full_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
          # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
          self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
          # Wait until we're back on the change page.
          self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
          self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
          self.assertEqual(Pizza.objects.count(), 1)
  
      def test_cancel_delete_related_confirmation(self):
          """
          Cancelling the deletion of an object with relations takes the user back
          one page.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name="Double Cheese")
          topping1 = Topping.objects.create(name="Cheddar")
          topping2 = Topping.objects.create(name="Mozzarella")
          pizza.toppings.add(topping1, topping2)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.id,))
          full_url = self.live_server_url + url
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          self.selenium.get(full_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'deletelink').click()
          # Click 'cancel' on the delete page.
          self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'cancel-link').click()
          # Wait until we're back on the change page.
          self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change pizza')
          self.assertEqual(self.selenium.current_url, full_url)
          self.assertEqual(Pizza.objects.count(), 1)
          self.assertEqual(Topping.objects.count(), 2)
  
      def test_list_editable_popups(self):
          """
          list_editable foreign keys have add/change popups.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
          s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          Article.objects.create(
              title='foo',
              content='<p>Middle content</p>',
              date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58),
              section=s1,
          )
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist'))
          # Change popup
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_form-0-section').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Change section')
          name_input = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name')
          name_input.clear()
          name_input.send_keys('<i>edited section</i>')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          # Hide sidebar.
          toggle_button = self.selenium.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, '#toggle-nav-sidebar')
          toggle_button.click()
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '<i>edited section</i>')
          # Rendered select2 input.
          select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
          # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
          self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\n<i>edited section</i>')
  
          # Add popup
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_form-0-section').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          self.wait_for_text('#content h1', 'Add section')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_name').send_keys('new section')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-section'))
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, 'new section')
          select2_display = self.selenium.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, 'select2-selection__rendered')
          # Clear button (×\n) is included in text.
          self.assertEqual(select2_display.text, '×\nnew section')
  
      def test_inline_uuid_pk_edit_with_popup(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
          parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
          related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'change_id_parent').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, str(parent.id))
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), str(parent.id))
  
      def test_inline_uuid_pk_add_with_popup(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_add'))
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_parent').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
          uuid_id = str(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.first().id)
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, uuid_id)
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), uuid_id)
  
      def test_inline_uuid_pk_delete_with_popup(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
          parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
          related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Yes, I’m sure"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_parent'))
          self.assertEqual(ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.count(), 0)
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.text, '---------')
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), '')
  
      def test_inline_with_popup_cancel_delete(self):
          """Clicking ""No, take me back" on a delete popup closes the window."""
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
          related_with_parent = RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_change', args=(related_with_parent.id,))
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'delete_id_parent').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//a[text()="No, take me back"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 1)
  
      def test_list_editable_raw_id_fields(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          parent = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test')
          parent2 = ParentWithUUIDPK.objects.create(title='test2')
          RelatedWithUUIDPKModel.objects.create(parent=parent)
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          change_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_relatedwithuuidpkmodel_changelist', current_app=site2.name)
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + change_url)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'lookup_id_form-0-parent').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
          # Select "parent2" in the popup.
          self.selenium.find_element(By.LINK_TEXT, str(parent2.pk)).click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[0])
          # The newly selected pk should appear in the raw id input.
          value = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_form-0-parent').get_attribute('value')
          self.assertEqual(value, str(parent2.pk))
  
      def test_input_element_font(self):
          """
          Browsers' default stylesheets override the font of inputs. The admin
          adds additional CSS to handle this.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + reverse('admin:login'))
          element = self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_username')
          # Some browsers quotes the fonts, some don't.
          fonts = [
              font.strip().strip('"')
              for font in element.value_of_css_property('font-family').split(',')
          ]
          self.assertEqual(
              fonts,
              ['Roboto', 'Lucida Grande', 'Verdana', 'Arial', 'sans-serif'],
          )
  
      def test_search_input_filtered_page(self):
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
          Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          person_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_person_changelist') + '?q=Gui'
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + person_url)
          self.assertGreater(
              self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'searchbar').rect['width'],
              50,
          )
  
      def test_related_popup_index(self):
          """
          Create a chain of 'self' related objects via popups.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import Select
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
  
          base_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
  
          popup_window_test = self.selenium.current_window_handle
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
  
          popup_window_test2 = self.selenium.current_window_handle
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
  
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test3')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test2)
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
          next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test3").id)
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
  
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(popup_window_test)
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
          next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test2").id)
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
  
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(base_window)
          select = Select(self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_next_box'))
          next_box_id = str(Box.objects.get(title="test").id)
          self.assertEqual(select.first_selected_option.get_attribute('value'), next_box_id)
  
      def test_related_popup_incorrect_close(self):
          """
          Cleanup child popups when closing a parent popup.
          """
          from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
          self.admin_login(username='super', password='secret', login_url=reverse('admin:index'))
          add_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_box_add', current_app=site.name)
          self.selenium.get(self.live_server_url + add_url)
  
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup()
  
          test_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=3)
  
          test2_window = self.selenium.current_window_handle
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'id_title').send_keys('test2')
          self.selenium.find_element(By.ID, 'add_id_next_box').click()
          self.wait_for_and_switch_to_popup(num_windows=4)
          self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 4)
  
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(test2_window)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.wait_until(lambda d: len(d.window_handles) == 2, 1)
          self.assertEqual(len(self.selenium.window_handles), 2)
  
          # Close final popup to clean up test.
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(test_window)
          self.selenium.find_element(By.XPATH, '//input[@value="Save"]').click()
          self.wait_until(lambda d: len(d.window_handles) == 1, 1)
          self.selenium.switch_to.window(self.selenium.window_handles[-1])
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class ReadonlyTest(AdminFieldExtractionMixin, TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_readonly_get(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'))
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="posted"')
          # 3 fields + 2 submit buttons + 5 inline management form fields, + 2
          # hidden fields for inlines + 1 field for the inline + 2 empty form
          self.assertContains(response, "<input", count=16)
          self.assertContains(response, formats.localize(datetime.date.today()))
          self.assertContains(response, "<label>Awesomeness level:</label>")
          self.assertContains(response, "Very awesome.")
          self.assertContains(response, "Unknown coolness.")
          self.assertContains(response, "foo")
  
          # Multiline text in a readonly field gets <br> tags
          self.assertContains(response, 'Multiline<br>test<br>string')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Multiline<br>html<br>content</div>', html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, 'InlineMultiline<br>test<br>string')
  
          self.assertContains(response, formats.localize(datetime.date.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=7)))
  
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-coolness">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-awesomeness_level">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-posted">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-value">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="help">', 3)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="help">Some help text for the title (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
              html=True
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="help">Some help text for the content (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
              html=True
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="help">Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)</div>',
              html=True
          )
  
          p = Post.objects.create(title="I worked on readonly_fields", content="Its good stuff")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_change', args=(p.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, "%d amount of cool" % p.pk)
  
      def test_readonly_text_field(self):
          p = Post.objects.create(
              title="Readonly test", content="test",
              readonly_content='test\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest\r\n\r\ntest',
          )
          Link.objects.create(
              url="http://www.djangoproject.com", post=p,
              readonly_link_content="test\r\nlink",
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_change', args=(p.pk,)))
          # Checking readonly field.
          self.assertContains(response, 'test<br><br>test<br><br>test<br><br>test')
          # Checking readonly field in inline.
          self.assertContains(response, 'test<br>link')
  
      def test_readonly_post(self):
          data = {
              "title": "Django Got Readonly Fields",
              "content": "This is an incredible development.",
              "link_set-TOTAL_FORMS": "1",
              "link_set-INITIAL_FORMS": "0",
              "link_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS": "0",
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'), data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 1)
          p = Post.objects.get()
          self.assertEqual(p.posted, datetime.date.today())
  
          data["posted"] = "10-8-1990"  # some date that's not today
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'), data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
          self.assertEqual(Post.objects.count(), 2)
          p = Post.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
          self.assertEqual(p.posted, datetime.date.today())
  
      def test_readonly_manytomany(self):
          "Regression test for #13004"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_add'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_user_password_change_limited_queryset(self):
          su = User.objects.filter(is_superuser=True)[0]
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin2:auth_user_password_change', args=(su.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      def test_change_form_renders_correct_null_choice_value(self):
          """
          Regression test for #17911.
          """
          choice = Choice.objects.create(choice=None)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_choice_change', args=(choice.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">No opinion</div>', html=True)
  
      def _test_readonly_foreignkey_links(self, admin_site):
          """
          ForeignKey readonly fields render as links if the target model is
          registered in admin.
          """
          chapter = Chapter.objects.create(
              title='Chapter 1',
              content='content',
              book=Book.objects.create(name='Book 1'),
          )
          language = Language.objects.create(iso='_40', name='Test')
          obj = ReadOnlyRelatedField.objects.create(
              chapter=chapter,
              language=language,
              user=self.superuser,
          )
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse(f'{admin_site}:admin_views_readonlyrelatedfield_change', args=(obj.pk,)),
          )
          # Related ForeignKey object registered in admin.
          user_url = reverse(f'{admin_site}:auth_user_change', args=(self.superuser.pk,))
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="readonly"><a href="%s">super</a></div>' % user_url,
              html=True,
          )
          # Related ForeignKey with the string primary key registered in admin.
          language_url = reverse(
              f'{admin_site}:admin_views_language_change',
              args=(quote(language.pk),),
          )
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<div class="readonly"><a href="%s">_40</a></div>' % language_url,
              html=True,
          )
          # Related ForeignKey object not registered in admin.
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Chapter 1</div>', html=True)
  
      def test_readonly_foreignkey_links_default_admin_site(self):
          self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links('admin')
  
      def test_readonly_foreignkey_links_custom_admin_site(self):
          self._test_readonly_foreignkey_links('namespaced_admin')
  
      def test_readonly_manytomany_backwards_ref(self):
          """
          Regression test for #16433 - backwards references for related objects
          broke if the related field is read-only due to the help_text attribute
          """
          topping = Topping.objects.create(name='Salami')
          pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
          pizza.toppings.add(topping)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_topping_add'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_readonly_manytomany_forwards_ref(self):
          topping = Topping.objects.create(name='Salami')
          pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
          pizza.toppings.add(topping)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<label>Toppings:</label>', html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="readonly">Salami</div>', html=True)
  
      def test_readonly_onetoone_backwards_ref(self):
          """
          Can reference a reverse OneToOneField in ModelAdmin.readonly_fields.
          """
          v1 = Villain.objects.create(name='Adam')
          pl = Plot.objects.create(name='Test Plot', team_leader=v1, contact=v1)
          pd = PlotDetails.objects.create(details='Brand New Plot', plot=pl)
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change', args=(pl.pk,)))
          field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, 'plotdetails')
          pd_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_plotdetails_change', args=(pd.pk,))
          self.assertEqual(field.contents(), '<a href="%s">Brand New Plot</a>' % pd_url)
  
          # The reverse relation also works if the OneToOneField is null.
          pd.plot = None
          pd.save()
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_plotproxy_change', args=(pl.pk,)))
          field = self.get_admin_readonly_field(response, 'plotdetails')
          self.assertEqual(field.contents(), '-')  # default empty value
  
      def test_readonly_field_overrides(self):
          """
          Regression test for #22087 - ModelForm Meta overrides are ignored by
          AdminReadonlyField
          """
          p = FieldOverridePost.objects.create(title="Test Post", content="Test Content")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_fieldoverridepost_change', args=(p.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="help">Overridden help text for the date</div>')
          self.assertContains(response, '<label for="id_public">Overridden public label:</label>', html=True)
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'Some help text for the date (with Unicode ŠĐĆŽćžšđ)')
  
      def test_correct_autoescaping(self):
          """
          Make sure that non-field readonly elements are properly autoescaped (#24461)
          """
          section = Section.objects.create(name='<a>evil</a>')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_change', args=(section.pk,)))
          self.assertNotContains(response, "<a>evil</a>", status_code=200)
          self.assertContains(response, "&lt;a&gt;evil&lt;/a&gt;", status_code=200)
  
      def test_label_suffix_translated(self):
          pizza = Pizza.objects.create(name='Americano')
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_pizza_change', args=(pizza.pk,))
          with self.settings(LANGUAGE_CODE='fr'):
              response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertContains(response, '<label>Toppings\u00A0:</label>', html=True)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class LimitChoicesToInAdminTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_limit_choices_to_as_callable(self):
          """Test for ticket 2445 changes to admin."""
          threepwood = Character.objects.create(
              username='threepwood',
              last_action=datetime.datetime.today() + datetime.timedelta(days=1),
          )
          marley = Character.objects.create(
              username='marley',
              last_action=datetime.datetime.today() - datetime.timedelta(days=1),
          )
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_stumpjoke_add'))
          # The allowed option should appear twice; the limited option should not appear.
          self.assertContains(response, threepwood.username, count=2)
          self.assertNotContains(response, marley.username)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class RawIdFieldsTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_limit_choices_to(self):
          """Regression test for 14880"""
          actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
          Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True,
                                     leader=actor,
                                     country="England")
          Inquisition.objects.create(expected=False,
                                     leader=actor,
                                     country="Spain")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
          # Find the link
          m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_inquisition"', response.content)
          self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
          popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
  
          # Handle relative links
          popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
          # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
          # page. This step also tests integers, strings and booleans in the
          # lookup query string; in model we define inquisition field to have a
          # limit_choices_to option that includes a filter on a string field
          # (inquisition__actor__name), a filter on an integer field
          # (inquisition__actor__age), and a filter on a boolean field
          # (inquisition__expected).
          response2 = self.client.get(popup_url)
          self.assertContains(response2, "Spain")
          self.assertNotContains(response2, "England")
  
      def test_limit_choices_to_isnull_false(self):
          """Regression test for 20182"""
          Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
          Actor.objects.create(name="Kilbraken", age=50, title="Judge")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
          # Find the link
          m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant0"', response.content)
          self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
          popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
  
          # Handle relative links
          popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
          # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
          # page. This step tests field__isnull=0 gets parsed correctly from the
          # lookup query string; in model we define defendant0 field to have a
          # limit_choices_to option that includes "actor__title__isnull=False".
          response2 = self.client.get(popup_url)
          self.assertContains(response2, "Kilbraken")
          self.assertNotContains(response2, "Palin")
  
      def test_limit_choices_to_isnull_true(self):
          """Regression test for 20182"""
          Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
          Actor.objects.create(name="Kilbraken", age=50, title="Judge")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_sketch_add'))
          # Find the link
          m = re.search(br'<a href="([^"]*)"[^>]* id="lookup_id_defendant1"', response.content)
          self.assertTrue(m)  # Got a match
          popup_url = m[1].decode().replace('&amp;', '&')
  
          # Handle relative links
          popup_url = urljoin(response.request['PATH_INFO'], popup_url)
          # Get the popup and verify the correct objects show up in the resulting
          # page. This step tests field__isnull=1 gets parsed correctly from the
          # lookup query string; in model we define defendant1 field to have a
          # limit_choices_to option that includes "actor__title__isnull=True".
          response2 = self.client.get(popup_url)
          self.assertNotContains(response2, "Kilbraken")
          self.assertContains(response2, "Palin")
  
      def test_list_display_method_same_name_as_reverse_accessor(self):
          """
          Should be able to use a ModelAdmin method in list_display that has the
          same name as a reverse model field ("sketch" in this case).
          """
          actor = Actor.objects.create(name="Palin", age=27)
          Inquisition.objects.create(expected=True, leader=actor, country="England")
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_inquisition_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'list-display-sketch')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class UserAdminTest(TestCase):
      """
      Tests user CRUD functionality.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.adduser = User.objects.create_user(username='adduser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.changeuser = User.objects.create_user(username='changeuser', password='secret', is_staff=True)
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
          cls.per1 = Person.objects.create(name='John Mauchly', gender=1, alive=True)
          cls.per2 = Person.objects.create(name='Grace Hopper', gender=1, alive=False)
          cls.per3 = Person.objects.create(name='Guido van Rossum', gender=1, alive=True)
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_save_button(self):
          user_count = User.objects.count()
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
              'username': 'newuser',
              'password1': 'newpassword',
              'password2': 'newpassword',
          })
          new_user = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(new_user.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
          self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
  
      def test_save_continue_editing_button(self):
          user_count = User.objects.count()
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
              'username': 'newuser',
              'password1': 'newpassword',
              'password2': 'newpassword',
              '_continue': '1',
          })
          new_user = User.objects.get(username='newuser')
          new_user_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(new_user.pk,))
          self.assertRedirects(response, new_user_url, fetch_redirect_response=False)
          self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
          self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
          response = self.client.get(new_user_url)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<li class="success">The user “<a href="%s">'
              '%s</a>” was added successfully. You may edit it again below.</li>'
              % (new_user_url, new_user),
              html=True,
          )
  
      def test_password_mismatch(self):
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
              'username': 'newuser',
              'password1': 'newpassword',
              'password2': 'mismatch',
          })
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'password', [])
          self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'password2', ['The two password fields didn’t match.'])
  
      def test_user_fk_add_popup(self):
          """User addition through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link add-related" id="add_id_owner"')
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR)
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_continue"')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_addanother"')
          data = {
              'username': 'newuser',
              'password1': 'newpassword',
              'password2': 'newpassword',
              IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
              '_save': '1',
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add') + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR, data, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;')
  
      def test_user_fk_change_popup(self):
          """User change through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=('__fk__',)))
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"')
          user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
          url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(user.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_continue"')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'name="_addanother"')
          data = {
              'username': 'newuser',
              'password1': 'newpassword',
              'password2': 'newpassword',
              'last_login_0': '2007-05-30',
              'last_login_1': '13:20:10',
              'date_joined_0': '2007-05-30',
              'date_joined_1': '13:20:10',
              IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
              '_save': '1',
          }
          response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '&quot;obj&quot;: &quot;newuser&quot;')
          self.assertContains(response, '&quot;action&quot;: &quot;change&quot;')
  
      def test_user_fk_delete_popup(self):
          """User deletion through a FK popup should return the appropriate JavaScript response."""
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_album_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=('__fk__',)))
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="related-widget-wrapper-link change-related" id="change_id_owner"')
          user = User.objects.get(username='changeuser')
          url = reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=(user.pk,)) + '?%s=1' % IS_POPUP_VAR
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          data = {
              'post': 'yes',
              IS_POPUP_VAR: '1',
          }
          response = self.client.post(url, data, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '&quot;action&quot;: &quot;delete&quot;')
  
      def test_save_add_another_button(self):
          user_count = User.objects.count()
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_user_add'), {
              'username': 'newuser',
              'password1': 'newpassword',
              'password2': 'newpassword',
              '_addanother': '1',
          })
          new_user = User.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_user_add'))
          self.assertEqual(User.objects.count(), user_count + 1)
          self.assertTrue(new_user.has_usable_password())
  
      def test_user_permission_performance(self):
          u = User.objects.all()[0]
  
          # Don't depend on a warm cache, see #17377.
          ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
  
          with self.assertNumQueries(10):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(u.pk,)))
              self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
      def test_form_url_present_in_context(self):
          u = User.objects.all()[0]
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin3:auth_user_password_change', args=(u.pk,)))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertEqual(response.context['form_url'], 'pony')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class GroupAdminTest(TestCase):
      """
      Tests group CRUD functionality.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_save_button(self):
          group_count = Group.objects.count()
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:auth_group_add'), {
              'name': 'newgroup',
          })
  
          Group.objects.order_by('-id')[0]
          self.assertRedirects(response, reverse('admin:auth_group_changelist'))
          self.assertEqual(Group.objects.count(), group_count + 1)
  
      def test_group_permission_performance(self):
          g = Group.objects.create(name="test_group")
  
          # Ensure no queries are skipped due to cached content type for Group.
          ContentType.objects.clear_cache()
  
          with self.assertNumQueries(8):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:auth_group_change', args=(g.pk,)))
              self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class CSSTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.s1 = Section.objects.create(name='Test section')
          cls.a1 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Middle content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2008, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a2 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Oldest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2000, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.a3 = Article.objects.create(
              content='<p>Newest content</p>', date=datetime.datetime(2009, 3, 18, 11, 54, 58), section=cls.s1
          )
          cls.p1 = PrePopulatedPost.objects.create(title='A Long Title', published=True, slug='a-long-title')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_field_prefix_css_classes(self):
          """
          Fields have a CSS class name with a 'field-' prefix.
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_post_add'))
  
          # The main form
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-title"')
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-content"')
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-public"')
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-awesomeness_level"')
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-coolness"')
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row field-value"')
          self.assertContains(response, 'class="form-row"')  # The lambda function
  
          # The tabular inline
          self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-url">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-posted">')
  
      def test_index_css_classes(self):
          """
          CSS class names are used for each app and model on the admin index
          pages (#17050).
          """
          # General index page
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:index'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module')
          self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-actor">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-album">')
  
          # App index page
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="app-admin_views module')
          self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-actor">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<tr class="model-album">')
  
      def test_app_model_in_form_body_class(self):
          """
          Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by change_form template
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_add'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
  
      def test_app_model_in_list_body_class(self):
          """
          Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by change_list template
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
  
      def test_app_model_in_delete_confirmation_body_class(self):
          """
          Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by delete_confirmation
          template
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_delete', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
  
      def test_app_model_in_app_index_body_class(self):
          """
          Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by app_index template
          """
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
          self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" dashboard app-admin_views')
  
      def test_app_model_in_delete_selected_confirmation_body_class(self):
          """
          Ensure app and model tag are correctly read by
          delete_selected_confirmation template
          """
          action_data = {
              ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [self.s1.pk],
              'action': 'delete_selected',
              'index': 0,
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_section_changelist'), action_data)
          self.assertContains(response, '<body class=" app-admin_views model-section ')
  
      def test_changelist_field_classes(self):
          """
          Cells of the change list table should contain the field name in their class attribute
          Refs #11195.
          """
          Podcast.objects.create(name="Django Dose", release_date=datetime.date.today())
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
          self.assertContains(response, '<th class="field-name">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<td class="field-release_date nowrap">')
          self.assertContains(response, '<td class="action-checkbox">')
  
  
  try:
      import docutils
  except ImportError:
      docutils = None
  
  
  @unittest.skipUnless(docutils, "no docutils installed.")
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  @modify_settings(INSTALLED_APPS={'append': ['django.contrib.admindocs', 'django.contrib.flatpages']})
  class AdminDocsTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_tags(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-tags'))
  
          # The builtin tag group exists
          self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Built-in tags</h2>", count=2, html=True)
  
          # A builtin tag exists in both the index and detail
          self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-autoescape">autoescape</h3>', html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#built_in-autoescape">autoescape</a></li>', html=True)
  
          # An app tag exists in both the index and detail
          self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</h3>', html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#flatpages-get_flatpages">get_flatpages</a></li>', html=True)
  
          # The admin list tag group exists
          self.assertContains(response, "<h2>admin_list</h2>", count=2, html=True)
  
          # An admin list tag exists in both the index and detail
          self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</h3>', html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#admin_list-admin_actions">admin_actions</a></li>', html=True)
  
      def test_filters(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('django-admindocs-filters'))
  
          # The builtin filter group exists
          self.assertContains(response, "<h2>Built-in filters</h2>", count=2, html=True)
  
          # A builtin filter exists in both the index and detail
          self.assertContains(response, '<h3 id="built_in-add">add</h3>', html=True)
          self.assertContains(response, '<li><a href="#built_in-add">add</a></li>', html=True)
  
  
  @override_settings(
      ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls',
      TEMPLATES=[{
          'BACKEND': 'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates',
          'APP_DIRS': True,
          'OPTIONS': {
              'context_processors': [
                  'django.template.context_processors.debug',
                  'django.template.context_processors.request',
                  'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth',
                  'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages',
              ],
          },
      }],
  )
  class ValidXHTMLTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_lang_name_present(self):
          with translation.override(None):
              response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:app_list', args=('admin_views',)))
              self.assertNotContains(response, ' lang=""')
              self.assertNotContains(response, ' xml:lang=""')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls', USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR=True)
  class DateHierarchyTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def assert_non_localized_year(self, response, year):
          """
          The year is not localized with USE_THOUSAND_SEPARATOR (#15234).
          """
          self.assertNotContains(response, formats.number_format(year))
  
      def assert_contains_year_link(self, response, date):
          self.assertContains(response, '?release_date__year=%d"' % date.year)
  
      def assert_contains_month_link(self, response, date):
          self.assertContains(
              response, '?release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"' % (
                  date.month, date.year))
  
      def assert_contains_day_link(self, response, date):
          self.assertContains(
              response, '?release_date__day=%d&amp;'
              'release_date__month=%d&amp;release_date__year=%d"' % (
                  date.day, date.month, date.year))
  
      def test_empty(self):
          """
          No date hierarchy links display with empty changelist.
          """
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__year=')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__month=')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
  
      def test_single(self):
          """
          Single day-level date hierarchy appears for single object.
          """
          DATE = datetime.date(2000, 6, 30)
          Podcast.objects.create(release_date=DATE)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assert_contains_day_link(response, DATE)
          self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
  
      def test_within_month(self):
          """
          day-level links appear for changelist within single month.
          """
          DATES = (datetime.date(2000, 6, 30),
                   datetime.date(2000, 6, 15),
                   datetime.date(2000, 6, 3))
          for date in DATES:
              Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          for date in DATES:
              self.assert_contains_day_link(response, date)
          self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
  
      def test_within_year(self):
          """
          month-level links appear for changelist within single year.
          """
          DATES = (datetime.date(2000, 1, 30),
                   datetime.date(2000, 3, 15),
                   datetime.date(2000, 5, 3))
          for date in DATES:
              Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
          url = reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          # no day-level links
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
          for date in DATES:
              self.assert_contains_month_link(response, date)
          self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
  
      def test_multiple_years(self):
          """
          year-level links appear for year-spanning changelist.
          """
          DATES = (datetime.date(2001, 1, 30),
                   datetime.date(2003, 3, 15),
                   datetime.date(2005, 5, 3))
          for date in DATES:
              Podcast.objects.create(release_date=date)
          response = self.client.get(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'))
          # no day/month-level links
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__day=')
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'release_date__month=')
          for date in DATES:
              self.assert_contains_year_link(response, date)
  
          # and make sure GET parameters still behave correctly
          for date in DATES:
              url = '%s?release_date__year=%d' % (
                    reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'),
                    date.year)
              response = self.client.get(url)
              self.assert_contains_month_link(response, date)
              self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
              self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2003)
              self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2005)
  
              url = '%s?release_date__year=%d&release_date__month=%d' % (
                    reverse('admin:admin_views_podcast_changelist'),
                    date.year, date.month)
              response = self.client.get(url)
              self.assert_contains_day_link(response, date)
              self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2000)
              self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2003)
              self.assert_non_localized_year(response, 2005)
  
      def test_related_field(self):
          questions_data = (
              # (posted data, number of answers),
              (datetime.date(2001, 1, 30), 0),
              (datetime.date(2003, 3, 15), 1),
              (datetime.date(2005, 5, 3), 2),
          )
          for date, answer_count in questions_data:
              question = Question.objects.create(posted=date)
              for i in range(answer_count):
                  question.answer_set.create()
  
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_answer_changelist'))
          for date, answer_count in questions_data:
              link = '?question__posted__year=%d"' % date.year
              if answer_count > 0:
                  self.assertContains(response, link)
              else:
                  self.assertNotContains(response, link)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminCustomSaveRelatedTests(TestCase):
      """
      One can easily customize the way related objects are saved.
      Refs #16115.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_add_view(self):
          post = {
              'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '3',
              'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
              'name': 'Josh Stone',
              'child_set-0-name': 'Paul',
              'child_set-1-name': 'Catherine',
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_add'), post)
          self.assertEqual(1, Parent.objects.count())
          self.assertEqual(2, Child.objects.count())
  
          children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
  
          self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
          self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
  
      def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_change_view(self):
          parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Josh Stone')
          paul = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Paul')
          catherine = Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Catherine')
          post = {
              'child_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '5',
              'child_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '2',
              'name': 'Josh Stone',
              'child_set-0-name': 'Paul',
              'child_set-0-id': paul.id,
              'child_set-1-name': 'Catherine',
              'child_set-1-id': catherine.id,
          }
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_change', args=(parent.id,)), post)
  
          children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
  
          self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
          self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
  
      def test_should_be_able_to_edit_related_objects_on_changelist_view(self):
          parent = Parent.objects.create(name='Josh Rock')
          Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Paul')
          Child.objects.create(parent=parent, name='Catherine')
          post = {
              'form-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
              'form-INITIAL_FORMS': '1',
              'form-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '0',
              'form-0-id': parent.id,
              'form-0-name': 'Josh Stone',
              '_save': 'Save'
          }
  
          self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parent_changelist'), post)
          children_names = list(Child.objects.order_by('name').values_list('name', flat=True))
  
          self.assertEqual('Josh Stone', Parent.objects.latest('id').name)
          self.assertEqual(['Catherine Stone', 'Paul Stone'], children_names)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewLogoutTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def test_logout(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'registration/logged_out.html')
          self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], reverse('admin:logout'))
          self.assertFalse(response.context['has_permission'])
          self.assertNotContains(response, 'user-tools')  # user-tools div shouldn't visible.
  
      def test_client_logout_url_can_be_used_to_login(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'))
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)  # we should be redirected to the login page.
  
          # follow the redirect and test results.
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:logout'), follow=True)
          self.assertContains(
              response,
              '<input type="hidden" name="next" value="%s">' % reverse('admin:index'),
          )
          self.assertTemplateUsed(response, 'admin/login.html')
          self.assertEqual(response.request['PATH_INFO'], reverse('admin:login'))
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminUserMessageTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def send_message(self, level):
          """
          Helper that sends a post to the dummy test methods and asserts that a
          message with the level has appeared in the response.
          """
          action_data = {
              ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [1],
              'action': 'message_%s' % level,
              'index': 0,
          }
  
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist'),
                                      action_data, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response,
                              '<li class="%s">Test %s</li>' % (level, level),
                              html=True)
  
      @override_settings(MESSAGE_LEVEL=10)  # Set to DEBUG for this request
      def test_message_debug(self):
          self.send_message('debug')
  
      def test_message_info(self):
          self.send_message('info')
  
      def test_message_success(self):
          self.send_message('success')
  
      def test_message_warning(self):
          self.send_message('warning')
  
      def test_message_error(self):
          self.send_message('error')
  
      def test_message_extra_tags(self):
          action_data = {
              ACTION_CHECKBOX_NAME: [1],
              'action': 'message_extra_tags',
              'index': 0,
          }
  
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_usermessenger_changelist'),
                                      action_data, follow=True)
          self.assertContains(response,
                              '<li class="extra_tag info">Test tags</li>',
                              html=True)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(TestCase):
      admin_site = site
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
          cls.joepublicuser = User.objects.create_user(username='joepublic', password='secret')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def assertURLEqual(self, url1, url2, msg_prefix=''):
          """
          Assert that two URLs are equal despite the ordering
          of their querystring. Refs #22360.
          """
          parsed_url1 = urlparse(url1)
          path1 = parsed_url1.path
          parsed_qs1 = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url1.query))
  
          parsed_url2 = urlparse(url2)
          path2 = parsed_url2.path
          parsed_qs2 = dict(parse_qsl(parsed_url2.query))
  
          for parsed_qs in [parsed_qs1, parsed_qs2]:
              if '_changelist_filters' in parsed_qs:
                  changelist_filters = parsed_qs['_changelist_filters']
                  parsed_filters = dict(parse_qsl(changelist_filters))
                  parsed_qs['_changelist_filters'] = parsed_filters
  
          self.assertEqual(path1, path2)
          self.assertEqual(parsed_qs1, parsed_qs2)
  
      def test_assert_url_equal(self):
          # Test equality.
          change_user_url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(self.joepublicuser.pk,))
          self.assertURLEqual(
              'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
                  change_user_url
              ),
              'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
                  change_user_url
              )
          )
  
          # Test inequality.
          with self.assertRaises(AssertionError):
              self.assertURLEqual(
                  'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
                      change_user_url
                  ),
                  'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D1%26is_superuser__exact%3D1'.format(
                      change_user_url
                  )
              )
  
          # Ignore scheme and host.
          self.assertURLEqual(
              'http://testserver{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(
                  change_user_url
              ),
              '{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url)
          )
  
          # Ignore ordering of querystring.
          self.assertURLEqual(
              '{}?is_staff__exact=0&is_superuser__exact=0'.format(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist')),
              '{}?is_superuser__exact=0&is_staff__exact=0'.format(reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist'))
          )
  
          # Ignore ordering of _changelist_filters.
          self.assertURLEqual(
              '{}?_changelist_filters=is_staff__exact%3D0%26is_superuser__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url),
              '{}?_changelist_filters=is_superuser__exact%3D0%26is_staff__exact%3D0'.format(change_user_url)
          )
  
      def get_changelist_filters(self):
          return {
              'is_superuser__exact': 0,
              'is_staff__exact': 0,
          }
  
      def get_changelist_filters_querystring(self):
          return urlencode(self.get_changelist_filters())
  
      def get_preserved_filters_querystring(self):
          return urlencode({
              '_changelist_filters': self.get_changelist_filters_querystring()
          })
  
      def get_sample_user_id(self):
          return self.joepublicuser.pk
  
      def get_changelist_url(self):
          return '%s?%s' % (
              reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist',
                      current_app=self.admin_site.name),
              self.get_changelist_filters_querystring(),
          )
  
      def get_add_url(self, add_preserved_filters=True):
          url = reverse('admin:auth_user_add', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
          if add_preserved_filters:
              url = '%s?%s' % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
          return url
  
      def get_change_url(self, user_id=None, add_preserved_filters=True):
          if user_id is None:
              user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
          url = reverse('admin:auth_user_change', args=(user_id,), current_app=self.admin_site.name)
          if add_preserved_filters:
              url = '%s?%s' % (url, self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
          return url
  
      def get_history_url(self, user_id=None):
          if user_id is None:
              user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
          return "%s?%s" % (
              reverse('admin:auth_user_history', args=(user_id,),
                      current_app=self.admin_site.name),
              self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
          )
  
      def get_delete_url(self, user_id=None):
          if user_id is None:
              user_id = self.get_sample_user_id()
          return "%s?%s" % (
              reverse('admin:auth_user_delete', args=(user_id,),
                      current_app=self.admin_site.name),
              self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
          )
  
      def test_changelist_view(self):
          response = self.client.get(self.get_changelist_url())
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # Check the `change_view` link has the correct querystring.
          detail_link = re.search(
              '<a href="(.*?)">{}</a>'.format(self.joepublicuser.username),
              response.content.decode()
          )
          self.assertURLEqual(detail_link[1], self.get_change_url())
  
      def test_change_view(self):
          # Get the `change_view`.
          response = self.client.get(self.get_change_url())
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # Check the form action.
          form_action = re.search(
              '<form action="(.*?)" method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>',
              response.content.decode()
          )
          self.assertURLEqual(form_action[1], '?%s' % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
  
          # Check the history link.
          history_link = re.search(
              '<a href="(.*?)" class="historylink">History</a>',
              response.content.decode()
          )
          self.assertURLEqual(history_link[1], self.get_history_url())
  
          # Check the delete link.
          delete_link = re.search(
              '<a href="(.*?)" class="deletelink">Delete</a>',
              response.content.decode()
          )
          self.assertURLEqual(delete_link[1], self.get_delete_url())
  
          # Test redirect on "Save".
          post_data = {
              'username': 'joepublic',
              'last_login_0': '2007-05-30',
              'last_login_1': '13:20:10',
              'date_joined_0': '2007-05-30',
              'date_joined_1': '13:20:10',
          }
  
          post_data['_save'] = 1
          response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_changelist_url())
          post_data.pop('_save')
  
          # Test redirect on "Save and continue".
          post_data['_continue'] = 1
          response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url())
          post_data.pop('_continue')
  
          # Test redirect on "Save and add new".
          post_data['_addanother'] = 1
          response = self.client.post(self.get_change_url(), data=post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_add_url())
          post_data.pop('_addanother')
  
      def test_change_view_without_preserved_filters(self):
          response = self.client.get(self.get_change_url(add_preserved_filters=False))
          # The action attribute is omitted.
          self.assertContains(response, '<form method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>')
  
      def test_add_view(self):
          # Get the `add_view`.
          response = self.client.get(self.get_add_url())
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 200)
  
          # Check the form action.
          form_action = re.search(
              '<form action="(.*?)" method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>',
              response.content.decode()
          )
          self.assertURLEqual(form_action[1], '?%s' % self.get_preserved_filters_querystring())
  
          post_data = {
              'username': 'dummy',
              'password1': 'test',
              'password2': 'test',
          }
  
          # Test redirect on "Save".
          post_data['_save'] = 1
          response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username='dummy').pk))
          post_data.pop('_save')
  
          # Test redirect on "Save and continue".
          post_data['username'] = 'dummy2'
          post_data['_continue'] = 1
          response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_change_url(User.objects.get(username='dummy2').pk))
          post_data.pop('_continue')
  
          # Test redirect on "Save and add new".
          post_data['username'] = 'dummy3'
          post_data['_addanother'] = 1
          response = self.client.post(self.get_add_url(), data=post_data)
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_add_url())
          post_data.pop('_addanother')
  
      def test_add_view_without_preserved_filters(self):
          response = self.client.get(self.get_add_url(add_preserved_filters=False))
          # The action attribute is omitted.
          self.assertContains(response, '<form method="post" id="user_form" novalidate>')
  
      def test_delete_view(self):
          # Test redirect on "Delete".
          response = self.client.post(self.get_delete_url(), {'post': 'yes'})
          self.assertRedirects(response, self.get_changelist_url())
  
      def test_url_prefix(self):
          context = {
              'preserved_filters': self.get_preserved_filters_querystring(),
              'opts': User._meta,
          }
          prefixes = ('', '/prefix/', '/後台/')
          for prefix in prefixes:
              with self.subTest(prefix=prefix), override_script_prefix(prefix):
                  url = reverse('admin:auth_user_changelist', current_app=self.admin_site.name)
                  self.assertURLEqual(
                      self.get_changelist_url(),
                      add_preserved_filters(context, url),
                  )
  
  
  class NamespacedAdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests(AdminKeepChangeListFiltersTests):
      admin_site = site2
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class TestLabelVisibility(TestCase):
      """ #11277 -Labels of hidden fields in admin were not hidden. """
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_all_fields_visible(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelvisible_add'))
          self.assert_fieldline_visible(response)
          self.assert_field_visible(response, 'first')
          self.assert_field_visible(response, 'second')
  
      def test_all_fields_hidden(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelhidden_add'))
          self.assert_fieldline_hidden(response)
          self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'first')
          self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'second')
  
      def test_mixin(self):
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_emptymodelmixin_add'))
          self.assert_fieldline_visible(response)
          self.assert_field_hidden(response, 'first')
          self.assert_field_visible(response, 'second')
  
      def assert_field_visible(self, response, field_name):
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s">' % field_name)
  
      def assert_field_hidden(self, response, field_name):
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="fieldBox field-%s hidden">' % field_name)
  
      def assert_fieldline_visible(self, response):
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row field-first field-second">')
  
      def assert_fieldline_hidden(self, response):
          self.assertContains(response, '<div class="form-row hidden')
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminViewOnSiteTests(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
          cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name='New York')
          cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name='Illinois')
          cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name='California')
          cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name='New York')
          cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name='Chicago')
          cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name='San Francisco')
          cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Italian Pizza')
          cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Boulevard')
          cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Chinese Dinner')
          cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Angels')
          cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Take Away')
          cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name='The Unknown Restaurant')
          cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Mario', surname='Rossi')
          cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Antonio', surname='Bianchi')
          cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='John', surname='Doe')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_add_view_form_and_formsets_run_validation(self):
          """
          Issue #20522
          Verifying that if the parent form fails validation, the inlines also
          run validation even if validation is contingent on parent form data.
          Also, assertFormError() and assertFormsetError() is usable for admin
          forms and formsets.
          """
          # The form validation should fail because 'some_required_info' is
          # not included on the parent form, and the family_name of the parent
          # does not match that of the child
          post_data = {
              'family_name': 'Test1',
              'dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
              'dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
              'dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
              'dependentchild_set-0-id': '',
              'dependentchild_set-0-parent': '',
              'dependentchild_set-0-family_name': 'Test2',
          }
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_add'), post_data)
          self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'some_required_info', ['This field is required.'])
          msg = "The form 'adminform' in context 0 does not contain the non-field error 'Error'"
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
              self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', None, ['Error'])
          self.assertFormsetError(
              response, 'inline_admin_formset', 0, None,
              ['Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case']
          )
          msg = "The formset 'inline_admin_formset' in context 22 does not contain any non-form errors."
          with self.assertRaisesMessage(AssertionError, msg):
              self.assertFormsetError(response, 'inline_admin_formset', None, None, ['Error'])
  
      def test_change_view_form_and_formsets_run_validation(self):
          """
          Issue #20522
          Verifying that if the parent form fails validation, the inlines also
          run validation even if validation is contingent on parent form data
          """
          pwdc = ParentWithDependentChildren.objects.create(some_required_info=6, family_name='Test1')
          # The form validation should fail because 'some_required_info' is
          # not included on the parent form, and the family_name of the parent
          # does not match that of the child
          post_data = {
              'family_name': 'Test2',
              'dependentchild_set-TOTAL_FORMS': '1',
              'dependentchild_set-INITIAL_FORMS': '0',
              'dependentchild_set-MAX_NUM_FORMS': '1',
              'dependentchild_set-0-id': '',
              'dependentchild_set-0-parent': str(pwdc.id),
              'dependentchild_set-0-family_name': 'Test1',
          }
          response = self.client.post(
              reverse('admin:admin_views_parentwithdependentchildren_change', args=(pwdc.id,)), post_data
          )
          self.assertFormError(response, 'adminform', 'some_required_info', ['This field is required.'])
          self.assertFormsetError(
              response, 'inline_admin_formset', 0, None,
              ['Children must share a family name with their parents in this contrived test case']
          )
  
      def test_check(self):
          "The view_on_site value is either a boolean or a callable"
          try:
              admin = CityAdmin(City, AdminSite())
              CityAdmin.view_on_site = True
              self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [])
              CityAdmin.view_on_site = False
              self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [])
              CityAdmin.view_on_site = lambda obj: obj.get_absolute_url()
              self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [])
              CityAdmin.view_on_site = []
              self.assertEqual(admin.check(), [
                  Error(
                      "The value of 'view_on_site' must be a callable or a boolean value.",
                      obj=CityAdmin,
                      id='admin.E025',
                  ),
              ])
          finally:
              # Restore the original values for the benefit of other tests.
              CityAdmin.view_on_site = True
  
      def test_false(self):
          "The 'View on site' button is not displayed if view_on_site is False"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_change', args=(self.r1.pk,)))
          content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Restaurant).pk
          self.assertNotContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, 1)))
  
      def test_true(self):
          "The default behavior is followed if view_on_site is True"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_change', args=(self.c1.pk,)))
          content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(City).pk
          self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk)))
  
      def test_callable(self):
          "The right link is displayed if view_on_site is a callable"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_worker_change', args=(self.w1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '"/worker/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name))
  
      def test_missing_get_absolute_url(self):
          "None is returned if model doesn't have get_absolute_url"
          model_admin = ModelAdmin(Worker, None)
          self.assertIsNone(model_admin.get_view_on_site_url(Worker()))
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class InlineAdminViewOnSiteTest(TestCase):
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
          cls.s1 = State.objects.create(name='New York')
          cls.s2 = State.objects.create(name='Illinois')
          cls.s3 = State.objects.create(name='California')
          cls.c1 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s1, name='New York')
          cls.c2 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s2, name='Chicago')
          cls.c3 = City.objects.create(state=cls.s3, name='San Francisco')
          cls.r1 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Italian Pizza')
          cls.r2 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c1, name='Boulevard')
          cls.r3 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Chinese Dinner')
          cls.r4 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Angels')
          cls.r5 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c2, name='Take Away')
          cls.r6 = Restaurant.objects.create(city=cls.c3, name='The Unknown Restaurant')
          cls.w1 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Mario', surname='Rossi')
          cls.w2 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='Antonio', surname='Bianchi')
          cls.w3 = Worker.objects.create(work_at=cls.r1, name='John', surname='Doe')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_false(self):
          "The 'View on site' button is not displayed if view_on_site is False"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_state_change', args=(self.s1.pk,)))
          content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(City).pk
          self.assertNotContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.c1.pk)))
  
      def test_true(self):
          "The 'View on site' button is displayed if view_on_site is True"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_city_change', args=(self.c1.pk,)))
          content_type_pk = ContentType.objects.get_for_model(Restaurant).pk
          self.assertContains(response, reverse('admin:view_on_site', args=(content_type_pk, self.r1.pk)))
  
      def test_callable(self):
          "The right link is displayed if view_on_site is a callable"
          response = self.client.get(reverse('admin:admin_views_restaurant_change', args=(self.r1.pk,)))
          self.assertContains(response, '"/worker_inline/%s/%s/"' % (self.w1.surname, self.w1.name))
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class GetFormsetsWithInlinesArgumentTest(TestCase):
      """
      #23934 - When adding a new model instance in the admin, the 'obj' argument
      of get_formsets_with_inlines() should be None. When changing, it should be
      equal to the existing model instance.
      The GetFormsetsArgumentCheckingAdmin ModelAdmin throws an exception
      if obj is not None during add_view or obj is None during change_view.
      """
  
      @classmethod
      def setUpTestData(cls):
          cls.superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(username='super', password='secret', email='super@example.com')
  
      def setUp(self):
          self.client.force_login(self.superuser)
  
      def test_explicitly_provided_pk(self):
          post_data = {'name': '1'}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_add'), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
          post_data = {'name': '2'}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_explicitlyprovidedpk_change', args=(1,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
      def test_implicitly_generated_pk(self):
          post_data = {'name': '1'}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_add'), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
          post_data = {'name': '2'}
          response = self.client.post(reverse('admin:admin_views_implicitlygeneratedpk_change', args=(1,)), post_data)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 302)
  
  
  @override_settings(ROOT_URLCONF='admin_views.urls')
  class AdminSiteFinalCatchAllPatternTests(TestCase):
      """
      Verifies the behaviour of the admin catch-all view.
  
      * Anonynous/non-staff users are redirected to login for all URLs, whether
        otherwise valid or not.
      * APPEND_SLASH is applied for staff if needed.
      * Otherwise Http404.
      * Catch-all view disabled via AdminSite.final_catch_all_view.
      """
      def test_unknown_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
          unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), unknown_url))
  
      def test_unknown_url_404_if_authenticated(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
              username='super',
              password='secret',
              email='super@example.com',
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), known_url))
  
      def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated(self):
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')[:-1]
          response = self.client.get(known_url)
          # Redirects with the next URL also missing the slash.
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), known_url))
  
      def test_non_admin_url_shares_url_prefix(self):
          url = reverse('non_admin')[:-1]
          response = self.client.get(url)
          # Redirects with the next URL also missing the slash.
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
  
      def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated(self):
          url = reverse('admin:article_extra_json')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
  
      def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated(self):
          url = reverse('admin:article_extra_json')[:-1]
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin:login'), url))
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url[:-1])
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403)
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_script_name(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1], SCRIPT_NAME='/prefix/')
          self.assertRedirects(
              response,
              '/prefix' + known_url,
              status_code=301,
              fetch_redirect_response=False,
          )
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True, FORCE_SCRIPT_NAME='/prefix/')
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_force_script_name(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(
              response,
              '/prefix' + known_url,
              status_code=301,
              fetch_redirect_response=False,
          )
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_non_staff_user(self):
          user = User.objects.create_user(
              username='user',
              password='secret',
              email='user@example.com',
              is_staff=False,
          )
          self.client.force_login(user)
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(response, '/test_admin/admin/login/?next=/test_admin/admin/admin_views/article')
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_false(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_single_model_no_append_slash(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin9:admin_views_actor_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      # Same tests above with final_catch_all_view=False.
  
      def test_unknown_url_404_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      def test_unknown_url_404_if_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_superuser(
              username='super',
              password='secret',
              email='super@example.com',
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      def test_known_url_redirects_login_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin10:login'), known_url))
  
      def test_known_url_missing_slash_redirects_with_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False)
  
      def test_non_admin_url_shares_url_prefix_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          url = reverse('non_admin10')
          response = self.client.get(url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(response, url, status_code=301)
  
      def test_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          url = reverse('admin10:article_extra_json')
          response = self.client.get(url)
          self.assertRedirects(response, '%s?next=%s' % (reverse('admin10:login'), url))
  
      def test_unkown_url_without_trailing_slash_if_not_authenticated_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          url = reverse('admin10:article_extra_json')[:-1]
          response = self.client.get(url)
          # Matches test_admin/admin10/admin_views/article/<path:object_id>/
          self.assertRedirects(response, url + '/', status_code=301, fetch_redirect_response=False)
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_unknown_url_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          unknown_url = '/test_admin/admin10/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url[:-1])
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=True)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_true_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertRedirects(response, known_url, status_code=301, target_status_code=403)
  
      @override_settings(APPEND_SLASH=False)
      def test_missing_slash_append_slash_false_without_final_catch_all_view(self):
          superuser = User.objects.create_user(
              username='staff',
              password='secret',
              email='staff@example.com',
              is_staff=True,
          )
          self.client.force_login(superuser)
          known_url = reverse('admin10:admin_views_article_changelist')
          response = self.client.get(known_url[:-1])
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  
      # Outside admin.
  
      def test_non_admin_url_404_if_not_authenticated(self):
          unknown_url = '/unknown/'
          response = self.client.get(unknown_url)
          # Does not redirect to the admin login.
          self.assertEqual(response.status_code, 404)
  