text: /**
   * @license
   * Lo-Dash 1.2.1 (Custom Build) <http://lodash.com/>
   * Build: `lodash mobile -o ./dist/lodash.mobile.js`
   * Copyright 2012-2013 The Dojo Foundation <http://dojofoundation.org/>
   * Based on Underscore.js 1.4.4 <http://underscorejs.org/>
   * Copyright 2009-2013 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
   * Available under MIT license <http://lodash.com/license>
   */
  ;(function(window) {
  
    /** Used as a safe reference for `undefined` in pre ES5 environments */
    var undefined;
  
    /** Detect free variable `exports` */
    var freeExports = typeof exports == 'object' && exports;
  
    /** Detect free variable `module` */
    var freeModule = typeof module == 'object' && module && module.exports == freeExports && module;
  
    /** Detect free variable `global`, from Node.js or Browserified code, and use it as `window` */
    var freeGlobal = typeof global == 'object' && global;
    if (freeGlobal.global === freeGlobal || freeGlobal.window === freeGlobal) {
      window = freeGlobal;
    }
  
    /** Used to generate unique IDs */
    var idCounter = 0;
  
    /** Used internally to indicate various things */
    var indicatorObject = {};
  
    /** Used to prefix keys to avoid issues with `__proto__` and properties on `Object.prototype` */
    var keyPrefix = +new Date + '';
  
    /** Used as the size when optimizations are enabled for large arrays */
    var largeArraySize = 200;
  
    /** Used to match empty string literals in compiled template source */
    var reEmptyStringLeading = /\b__p \+= '';/g,
        reEmptyStringMiddle = /\b(__p \+=) '' \+/g,
        reEmptyStringTrailing = /(__e\(.*?\)|\b__t\)) \+\n'';/g;
  
    /** Used to match HTML entities */
    var reEscapedHtml = /&(?:amp|lt|gt|quot|#39);/g;
  
    /**
     * Used to match ES6 template delimiters
     * http://people.mozilla.org/~jorendorff/es6-draft.html#sec-7.8.6
     */
    var reEsTemplate = /\$\{([^\\}]*(?:\\.[^\\}]*)*)\}/g;
  
    /** Used to match regexp flags from their coerced string values */
    var reFlags = /\w*$/;
  
    /** Used to match "interpolate" template delimiters */
    var reInterpolate = /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g;
  
    /** Used to detect and test whitespace */
    var whitespace = (
      // whitespace
      ' \t\x0B\f\xA0\ufeff' +
  
      // line terminators
      '\n\r\u2028\u2029' +
  
      // unicode category "Zs" space separators
      '\u1680\u180e\u2000\u2001\u2002\u2003\u2004\u2005\u2006\u2007\u2008\u2009\u200a\u202f\u205f\u3000'
    );
  
    /** Used to match leading whitespace and zeros to be removed */
    var reLeadingSpacesAndZeros = RegExp('^[' + whitespace + ']*0+(?=.$)');
  
    /** Used to ensure capturing order of template delimiters */
    var reNoMatch = /($^)/;
  
    /** Used to match HTML characters */
    var reUnescapedHtml = /[&<>"']/g;
  
    /** Used to match unescaped characters in compiled string literals */
    var reUnescapedString = /['\n\r\t\u2028\u2029\\]/g;
  
    /** Used to assign default `context` object properties */
    var contextProps = [
      'Array', 'Boolean', 'Date', 'Function', 'Math', 'Number', 'Object', 'RegExp',
      'String', '_', 'attachEvent', 'clearTimeout', 'isFinite', 'isNaN', 'parseInt',
      'setImmediate', 'setTimeout'
    ];
  
    /** Used to make template sourceURLs easier to identify */
    var templateCounter = 0;
  
    /** `Object#toString` result shortcuts */
    var argsClass = '[object Arguments]',
        arrayClass = '[object Array]',
        boolClass = '[object Boolean]',
        dateClass = '[object Date]',
        funcClass = '[object Function]',
        numberClass = '[object Number]',
        objectClass = '[object Object]',
        regexpClass = '[object RegExp]',
        stringClass = '[object String]';
  
    /** Used to identify object classifications that `_.clone` supports */
    var cloneableClasses = {};
    cloneableClasses[funcClass] = false;
    cloneableClasses[argsClass] = cloneableClasses[arrayClass] =
    cloneableClasses[boolClass] = cloneableClasses[dateClass] =
    cloneableClasses[numberClass] = cloneableClasses[objectClass] =
    cloneableClasses[regexpClass] = cloneableClasses[stringClass] = true;
  
    /** Used to determine if values are of the language type Object */
    var objectTypes = {
      'boolean': false,
      'function': true,
      'object': true,
      'number': false,
      'string': false,
      'undefined': false
    };
  
    /** Used to escape characters for inclusion in compiled string literals */
    var stringEscapes = {
      '\\': '\\',
      "'": "'",
      '\n': 'n',
      '\r': 'r',
      '\t': 't',
      '\u2028': 'u2028',
      '\u2029': 'u2029'
    };
  
    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
    /**
     * Create a new `lodash` function using the given `context` object.
     *
     * @static
     * @memberOf _
     * @category Utilities
     * @param {Object} [context=window] The context object.
     * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
     */
    function runInContext(context) {
      // Avoid issues with some ES3 environments that attempt to use values, named
      // after built-in constructors like `Object`, for the creation of literals.
      // ES5 clears this up by stating that literals must use built-in constructors.
      // See http://es5.github.com/#x11.1.5.
      context = context ? _.defaults(window.Object(), context, _.pick(window, contextProps)) : window;
  
      /** Native constructor references */
      var Array = context.Array,
          Boolean = context.Boolean,
          Date = context.Date,
          Function = context.Function,
          Math = context.Math,
          Number = context.Number,
          Object = context.Object,
          RegExp = context.RegExp,
          String = context.String,
          TypeError = context.TypeError;
  
      /** Used for `Array` and `Object` method references */
      var arrayRef = Array(),
          objectRef = Object();
  
      /** Used to restore the original `_` reference in `noConflict` */
      var oldDash = context._;
  
      /** Used to detect if a method is native */
      var reNative = RegExp('^' +
        String(objectRef.valueOf)
          .replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')
          .replace(/valueOf|for [^\]]+/g, '.+?') + '$'
      );
  
      /** Native method shortcuts */
      var ceil = Math.ceil,
          clearTimeout = context.clearTimeout,
          concat = arrayRef.concat,
          floor = Math.floor,
          getPrototypeOf = reNative.test(getPrototypeOf = Object.getPrototypeOf) && getPrototypeOf,
          hasOwnProperty = objectRef.hasOwnProperty,
          push = arrayRef.push,
          setTimeout = context.setTimeout,
          toString = objectRef.toString;
  
      /* Native method shortcuts for methods with the same name as other `lodash` methods */
      var nativeBind = reNative.test(nativeBind = toString.bind) && nativeBind,
          nativeIsArray = reNative.test(nativeIsArray = Array.isArray) && nativeIsArray,
          nativeIsFinite = context.isFinite,
          nativeIsNaN = context.isNaN,
          nativeKeys = reNative.test(nativeKeys = Object.keys) && nativeKeys,
          nativeMax = Math.max,
          nativeMin = Math.min,
          nativeParseInt = context.parseInt,
          nativeRandom = Math.random,
          nativeSlice = arrayRef.slice;
  
      /** Detect various environments */
      var isIeOpera = reNative.test(context.attachEvent),
          isV8 = nativeBind && !/\n|true/.test(nativeBind + isIeOpera);
  
      /** Used to lookup a built-in constructor by [[Class]] */
      var ctorByClass = {};
      ctorByClass[arrayClass] = Array;
      ctorByClass[boolClass] = Boolean;
      ctorByClass[dateClass] = Date;
      ctorByClass[objectClass] = Object;
      ctorByClass[numberClass] = Number;
      ctorByClass[regexpClass] = RegExp;
      ctorByClass[stringClass] = String;
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates a `lodash` object, which wraps the given `value`, to enable method
       * chaining.
       *
       * In addition to Lo-Dash methods, wrappers also have the following `Array` methods:
       * `concat`, `join`, `pop`, `push`, `reverse`, `shift`, `slice`, `sort`, `splice`,
       * and `unshift`
       *
       * Chaining is supported in custom builds as long as the `value` method is
       * implicitly or explicitly included in the build.
       *
       * The chainable wrapper functions are:
       * `after`, `assign`, `bind`, `bindAll`, `bindKey`, `chain`, `compact`,
       * `compose`, `concat`, `countBy`, `createCallback`, `debounce`, `defaults`,
       * `defer`, `delay`, `difference`, `filter`, `flatten`, `forEach`, `forIn`,
       * `forOwn`, `functions`, `groupBy`, `initial`, `intersection`, `invert`,
       * `invoke`, `keys`, `map`, `max`, `memoize`, `merge`, `min`, `object`, `omit`,
       * `once`, `pairs`, `partial`, `partialRight`, `pick`, `pluck`, `push`, `range`,
       * `reject`, `rest`, `reverse`, `shuffle`, `slice`, `sort`, `sortBy`, `splice`,
       * `tap`, `throttle`, `times`, `toArray`, `union`, `uniq`, `unshift`, `unzip`,
       * `values`, `where`, `without`, `wrap`, and `zip`
       *
       * The non-chainable wrapper functions are:
       * `clone`, `cloneDeep`, `contains`, `escape`, `every`, `find`, `has`,
       * `identity`, `indexOf`, `isArguments`, `isArray`, `isBoolean`, `isDate`,
       * `isElement`, `isEmpty`, `isEqual`, `isFinite`, `isFunction`, `isNaN`,
       * `isNull`, `isNumber`, `isObject`, `isPlainObject`, `isRegExp`, `isString`,
       * `isUndefined`, `join`, `lastIndexOf`, `mixin`, `noConflict`, `parseInt`,
       * `pop`, `random`, `reduce`, `reduceRight`, `result`, `shift`, `size`, `some`,
       * `sortedIndex`, `runInContext`, `template`, `unescape`, `uniqueId`, and `value`
       *
       * The wrapper functions `first` and `last` return wrapped values when `n` is
       * passed, otherwise they return unwrapped values.
       *
       * @name _
       * @constructor
       * @category Chaining
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
       * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
       * @example
       *
       * var wrapped = _([1, 2, 3]);
       *
       * // returns an unwrapped value
       * wrapped.reduce(function(sum, num) {
       *   return sum + num;
       * });
       * // => 6
       *
       * // returns a wrapped value
       * var squares = wrapped.map(function(num) {
       *   return num * num;
       * });
       *
       * _.isArray(squares);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isArray(squares.value());
       * // => true
       */
      function lodash(value) {
        // don't wrap if already wrapped, even if wrapped by a different `lodash` constructor
        return (value && typeof value == 'object' && !isArray(value) && hasOwnProperty.call(value, '__wrapped__'))
         ? value
         : new lodashWrapper(value);
      }
  
      /**
       * An object used to flag environments features.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Object
       */
      var support = lodash.support = {};
  
      /**
       * Detect if `prototype` properties are enumerable by default.
       *
       * Firefox < 3.6, Opera > 9.50 - Opera < 11.60, and Safari < 5.1
       * (if the prototype or a property on the prototype has been set)
       * incorrectly sets a function's `prototype` property [[Enumerable]]
       * value to `true`.
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type Boolean
       */
      support.enumPrototypes = true;
  
      /**
       * Detect if `Function#bind` exists and is inferred to be fast (all but V8).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type Boolean
       */
      support.fastBind = nativeBind && !isV8;
  
      /**
       * Detect if `arguments` object indexes are non-enumerable
       * (Firefox < 4, IE < 9, PhantomJS, Safari < 5.1).
       *
       * @memberOf _.support
       * @type Boolean
       */
      support.nonEnumArgs = true;
  
      /**
       * By default, the template delimiters used by Lo-Dash are similar to those in
       * embedded Ruby (ERB). Change the following template settings to use alternative
       * delimiters.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Object
       */
      lodash.templateSettings = {
  
        /**
         * Used to detect `data` property values to be HTML-escaped.
         *
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type RegExp
         */
        'escape': /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
  
        /**
         * Used to detect code to be evaluated.
         *
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type RegExp
         */
        'evaluate': /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
  
        /**
         * Used to detect `data` property values to inject.
         *
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type RegExp
         */
        'interpolate': reInterpolate,
  
        /**
         * Used to reference the data object in the template text.
         *
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type String
         */
        'variable': '',
  
        /**
         * Used to import variables into the compiled template.
         *
         * @memberOf _.templateSettings
         * @type Object
         */
        'imports': {
  
          /**
           * A reference to the `lodash` function.
           *
           * @memberOf _.templateSettings.imports
           * @type Function
           */
          '_': lodash
        }
      };
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates a function optimized to search large arrays for a given `value`,
       * starting at `fromIndex`, using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is found, else `false`.
       */
      function cachedContains(array) {
        var length = array.length,
            isLarge = length >= largeArraySize;
  
        if (isLarge) {
          var cache = {},
              index = -1;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            var key = keyPrefix + array[index];
            (cache[key] || (cache[key] = [])).push(array[index]);
          }
        }
        return function(value) {
          if (isLarge) {
            var key = keyPrefix + value;
            return  cache[key] && indexOf(cache[key], value) > -1;
          }
          return indexOf(array, value) > -1;
        }
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `_.max` and `_.min` as the default `callback` when a given
       * `collection` is a string value.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} value The character to inspect.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the code unit of given character.
       */
      function charAtCallback(value) {
        return value.charCodeAt(0);
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `sortBy` to compare transformed `collection` values, stable sorting
       * them in ascending order.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Object} a The object to compare to `b`.
       * @param {Object} b The object to compare to `a`.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the sort order indicator of `1` or `-1`.
       */
      function compareAscending(a, b) {
        var ai = a.index,
            bi = b.index;
  
        a = a.criteria;
        b = b.criteria;
  
        // ensure a stable sort in V8 and other engines
        // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=90
        if (a !== b) {
          if (a > b || typeof a == 'undefined') {
            return 1;
          }
          if (a < b || typeof b == 'undefined') {
            return -1;
          }
        }
        return ai < bi ? -1 : 1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this` binding
       * of `thisArg` and prepends any `partialArgs` to the arguments passed to the
       * bound function.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Function|String} func The function to bind or the method name.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
       * @param {Array} partialArgs An array of arguments to be partially applied.
       * @param {Object} [idicator] Used to indicate binding by key or partially
       *  applying arguments from the right.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
       */
      function createBound(func, thisArg, partialArgs, indicator) {
        var isFunc = isFunction(func),
            isPartial = !partialArgs,
            key = thisArg;
  
        // juggle arguments
        if (isPartial) {
          var rightIndicator = indicator;
          partialArgs = thisArg;
        }
        else if (!isFunc) {
          if (!indicator) {
            throw new TypeError;
          }
          thisArg = func;
        }
  
        function bound() {
          // `Function#bind` spec
          // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.5
          var args = arguments,
              thisBinding = isPartial ? this : thisArg;
  
          if (!isFunc) {
            func = thisArg[key];
          }
          if (partialArgs.length) {
            args = args.length
              ? (args = nativeSlice.call(args), rightIndicator ? args.concat(partialArgs) : partialArgs.concat(args))
              : partialArgs;
          }
          if (this instanceof bound) {
            // ensure `new bound` is an instance of `func`
            noop.prototype = func.prototype;
            thisBinding = new noop;
            noop.prototype = null;
  
            // mimic the constructor's `return` behavior
            // http://es5.github.com/#x13.2.2
            var result = func.apply(thisBinding, args);
            return isObject(result) ? result : thisBinding;
          }
          return func.apply(thisBinding, args);
        }
        return bound;
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `template` to escape characters for inclusion in compiled
       * string literals.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
       */
      function escapeStringChar(match) {
        return '\\' + stringEscapes[match];
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `escape` to convert characters to HTML entities.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} match The matched character to escape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the escaped character.
       */
      function escapeHtmlChar(match) {
        return htmlEscapes[match];
      }
  
      /**
       * A fast path for creating `lodash` wrapper objects.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap in a `lodash` instance.
       * @returns {Object} Returns a `lodash` instance.
       */
      function lodashWrapper(value) {
        this.__wrapped__ = value;
      }
      // ensure `new lodashWrapper` is an instance of `lodash`
      lodashWrapper.prototype = lodash.prototype;
  
      /**
       * A no-operation function.
       *
       * @private
       */
      function noop() {
        // no operation performed
      }
  
      /**
       * A fallback implementation of `isPlainObject` which checks if a given `value`
       * is an object created by the `Object` constructor, assuming objects created
       * by the `Object` constructor have no inherited enumerable properties and that
       * there are no `Object.prototype` extensions.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
       */
      function shimIsPlainObject(value) {
        // avoid non-objects and false positives for `arguments` objects
        var result = false;
        if (!(value && toString.call(value) == objectClass)) {
          return result;
        }
        // check that the constructor is `Object` (i.e. `Object instanceof Object`)
        var ctor = value.constructor;
  
        if (isFunction(ctor) ? ctor instanceof ctor : true) {
          // In most environments an object's own properties are iterated before
          // its inherited properties. If the last iterated property is an object's
          // own property then there are no inherited enumerable properties.
          forIn(value, function(value, key) {
            result = key;
          });
          return result === false || hasOwnProperty.call(value, result);
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Slices the `collection` from the `start` index up to, but not including,
       * the `end` index.
       *
       * Note: This function is used, instead of `Array#slice`, to support node lists
       * in IE < 9 and to ensure dense arrays are returned.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to slice.
       * @param {Number} start The start index.
       * @param {Number} end The end index.
       * @returns {Array} Returns the new array.
       */
      function slice(array, start, end) {
        start || (start = 0);
        if (typeof end == 'undefined') {
          end = array ? array.length : 0;
        }
        var index = -1,
            length = end - start || 0,
            result = Array(length < 0 ? 0 : length);
  
        while (++index < length) {
          result[index] = array[start + index];
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Used by `unescape` to convert HTML entities to characters.
       *
       * @private
       * @param {String} match The matched character to unescape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped character.
       */
      function unescapeHtmlChar(match) {
        return htmlUnescapes[match];
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is an `arguments` object.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an `arguments` object, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * (function() { return _.isArguments(arguments); })(1, 2, 3);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isArguments([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => false
       */
      function isArguments(value) {
        return toString.call(value) == argsClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is an array.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an array, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * (function() { return _.isArray(arguments); })();
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isArray([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => true
       */
      var isArray = nativeIsArray || function(value) {
        return value ? (typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == arrayClass) : false;
      };
  
      /**
       * A fallback implementation of `Object.keys` which produces an array of the
       * given object's own enumerable property names.
       *
       * @private
       * @type Function
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
       */
      var shimKeys = function (object) {
        var index, iterable = object, result = [];
        if (!iterable) return result;
        if (!(objectTypes[typeof object])) return result;
  
          var length = iterable.length; index = -1;
          if (length && isArguments(iterable)) {
            while (++index < length) {
              index += '';
              result.push(index)
            }
          } else {    
          var skipProto = typeof iterable == 'function';
  
          for (index in iterable) {
            if (!(skipProto && index == 'prototype') && hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
            result.push(index);    
            }
          }  
        }
        return result
      };
  
      /**
       * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property names of `object`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names.
       * @example
       *
       * _.keys({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
       * // => ['one', 'two', 'three'] (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      var keys = !nativeKeys ? shimKeys : function(object) {
        if (!isObject(object)) {
          return [];
        }
        if ((support.enumPrototypes && typeof object == 'function') ||
            (support.nonEnumArgs && object.length && isArguments(object))) {
          return shimKeys(object);
        }
        return nativeKeys(object);
      };
  
      /**
       * A function compiled to iterate `arguments` objects, arrays, objects, and
       * strings consistenly across environments, executing the `callback` for each
       * element in the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
       * with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit
       * iteration early by explicitly returning `false`.
       *
       * @private
       * @type Function
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
       */
      var each = function (collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
        if (!iterable) return result;
        callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        var length = iterable.length; index = -1;
        if (typeof length == 'number') {
          while (++index < length) {
            if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result
          }
        }
        else {    
          var skipProto = typeof iterable == 'function';
  
          for (index in iterable) {
            if (!(skipProto && index == 'prototype') && hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
            if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result;    
            }
          }  
        }
        return result
      };
  
      /**
       * Used to convert characters to HTML entities:
       *
       * Though the `>` character is escaped for symmetry, characters like `>` and `/`
       * don't require escaping in HTML and have no special meaning unless they're part
       * of a tag or an unquoted attribute value.
       * http://mathiasbynens.be/notes/ambiguous-ampersands (under "semi-related fun fact")
       */
      var htmlEscapes = {
        '&': '&amp;',
        '<': '&lt;',
        '>': '&gt;',
        '"': '&quot;',
        "'": '&#39;'
      };
  
      /** Used to convert HTML entities to characters */
      var htmlUnescapes = invert(htmlEscapes);
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
       * object. Subsequent sources will overwrite property assignments of previous
       * sources. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed to produce
       * the assigned values. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
       * two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @alias extend
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The destination object.
       * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize assigning values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
       * @example
       *
       * _.assign({ 'name': 'moe' }, { 'age': 40 });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }
       *
       * var defaults = _.partialRight(_.assign, function(a, b) {
       *   return typeof a == 'undefined' ? b : a;
       * });
       *
       * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
       * defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
       */
      var assign = function (object, source, guard) {
        var index, iterable = object, result = iterable;
        if (!iterable) return result;
        var args = arguments,
            argsIndex = 0,
            argsLength = typeof guard == 'number' ? 2 : args.length;
        if (argsLength > 3 && typeof args[argsLength - 2] == 'function') {
          var callback = lodash.createCallback(args[--argsLength - 1], args[argsLength--], 2);
        } else if (argsLength > 2 && typeof args[argsLength - 1] == 'function') {
          callback = args[--argsLength];
        }
        while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
          iterable = args[argsIndex];
          if (iterable && objectTypes[typeof iterable]) {;
        var length = iterable.length; index = -1;
        if (isArray(iterable)) {
          while (++index < length) {
            result[index] = callback ? callback(result[index], iterable[index]) : iterable[index]
          }
        }
        else {    
          var skipProto = typeof iterable == 'function';
  
          for (index in iterable) {
            if (!(skipProto && index == 'prototype') && hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
            result[index] = callback ? callback(result[index], iterable[index]) : iterable[index];    
            }
          }  
        }
          }
        };
        return result
      };
  
      /**
       * Creates a clone of `value`. If `deep` is `true`, nested objects will also
       * be cloned, otherwise they will be assigned by reference. If a `callback`
       * function is passed, it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If
       * `callback` returns `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead.
       * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to clone.
       * @param {Boolean} [deep=false] A flag to indicate a deep clone.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates clones with source counterparts.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the cloned `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * var shallow = _.clone(stooges);
       * shallow[0] === stooges[0];
       * // => true
       *
       * var deep = _.clone(stooges, true);
       * deep[0] === stooges[0];
       * // => false
       *
       * _.mixin({
       *   'clone': _.partialRight(_.clone, function(value) {
       *     return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(false) : undefined;
       *   })
       * });
       *
       * var clone = _.clone(document.body);
       * clone.childNodes.length;
       * // => 0
       */
      function clone(value, deep, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB) {
        var result = value;
  
        // allows working with "Collections" methods without using their `callback`
        // argument, `index|key`, for this method's `callback`
        if (typeof deep == 'function') {
          thisArg = callback;
          callback = deep;
          deep = false;
        }
        if (typeof callback == 'function') {
          callback = (typeof thisArg == 'undefined')
            ? callback
            : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
  
          result = callback(result);
          if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
            return result;
          }
          result = value;
        }
        // inspect [[Class]]
        var isObj = isObject(result);
        if (isObj) {
          var className = toString.call(result);
          if (!cloneableClasses[className]) {
            return result;
          }
          var isArr = isArray(result);
        }
        // shallow clone
        if (!isObj || !deep) {
          return isObj
            ? (isArr ? slice(result) : assign({}, result))
            : result;
        }
        var ctor = ctorByClass[className];
        switch (className) {
          case boolClass:
          case dateClass:
            return new ctor(+result);
  
          case numberClass:
          case stringClass:
            return new ctor(result);
  
          case regexpClass:
            return ctor(result.source, reFlags.exec(result));
        }
        // check for circular references and return corresponding clone
        stackA || (stackA = []);
        stackB || (stackB = []);
  
        var length = stackA.length;
        while (length--) {
          if (stackA[length] == value) {
            return stackB[length];
          }
        }
        // init cloned object
        result = isArr ? ctor(result.length) : {};
  
        // add array properties assigned by `RegExp#exec`
        if (isArr) {
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'index')) {
            result.index = value.index;
          }
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(value, 'input')) {
            result.input = value.input;
          }
        }
        // add the source value to the stack of traversed objects
        // and associate it with its clone
        stackA.push(value);
        stackB.push(result);
  
        // recursively populate clone (susceptible to call stack limits)
        (isArr ? forEach : forOwn)(value, function(objValue, key) {
          result[key] = clone(objValue, deep, callback, undefined, stackA, stackB);
        });
  
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a deep clone of `value`. If a `callback` function is passed,
       * it will be executed to produce the cloned values. If `callback` returns
       * `undefined`, cloning will be handled by the method instead. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
       *
       * Note: This function is loosely based on the structured clone algorithm. Functions
       * and DOM nodes are **not** cloned. The enumerable properties of `arguments` objects and
       * objects created by constructors other than `Object` are cloned to plain `Object` objects.
       * See http://www.w3.org/TR/html5/infrastructure.html#internal-structured-cloning-algorithm.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to deep clone.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize cloning values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the deep cloned `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * var deep = _.cloneDeep(stooges);
       * deep[0] === stooges[0];
       * // => false
       *
       * var view = {
       *   'label': 'docs',
       *   'node': element
       * };
       *
       * var clone = _.cloneDeep(view, function(value) {
       *   return _.isElement(value) ? value.cloneNode(true) : undefined;
       * });
       *
       * clone.node == view.node;
       * // => false
       */
      function cloneDeep(value, callback, thisArg) {
        return clone(value, true, callback, thisArg);
      }
  
      /**
       * Assigns own enumerable properties of source object(s) to the destination
       * object for all destination properties that resolve to `undefined`. Once a
       * property is set, additional defaults of the same property will be ignored.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The destination object.
       * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
       * @param- {Object} [guard] Allows working with `_.reduce` without using its
       *  callback's `key` and `object` arguments as sources.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
       * @example
       *
       * var food = { 'name': 'apple' };
       * _.defaults(food, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => { 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }
       */
      var defaults = function (object, source, guard) {
        var index, iterable = object, result = iterable;
        if (!iterable) return result;
        var args = arguments,
            argsIndex = 0,
            argsLength = typeof guard == 'number' ? 2 : args.length;
        while (++argsIndex < argsLength) {
          iterable = args[argsIndex];
          if (iterable && objectTypes[typeof iterable]) {;
        var length = iterable.length; index = -1;
        if (isArray(iterable)) {
          while (++index < length) {
            if (typeof result[index] == 'undefined') result[index] = iterable[index]
          }
        }
        else {    
          var skipProto = typeof iterable == 'function';
  
          for (index in iterable) {
            if (!(skipProto && index == 'prototype') && hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
            if (typeof result[index] == 'undefined') result[index] = iterable[index];    
            }
          }  
        }
          }
        };
        return result
      };
  
      /**
       * This method is similar to `_.find`, except that it returns the key of the
       * element that passes the callback check, instead of the element itself.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to search.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the key of the found element, else `undefined`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.findKey({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4 }, function(num) {
       *   return num % 2 == 0;
       * });
       * // => 'b'
       */
      function findKey(object, callback, thisArg) {
        var result;
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forOwn(object, function(value, key, object) {
          if (callback(value, key, object)) {
            result = key;
            return false;
          }
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Iterates over `object`'s own and inherited enumerable properties, executing
       * the `callback` for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration
       * early by explicitly returning `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
       * @example
       *
       * function Dog(name) {
       *   this.name = name;
       * }
       *
       * Dog.prototype.bark = function() {
       *   alert('Woof, woof!');
       * };
       *
       * _.forIn(new Dog('Dagny'), function(value, key) {
       *   alert(key);
       * });
       * // => alerts 'name' and 'bark' (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      var forIn = function (collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
        if (!iterable) return result;
        if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
        callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          var length = iterable.length; index = -1;
          if (length && isArguments(iterable)) {
            while (++index < length) {
              index += '';
              if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result
            }
          } else {    
          var skipProto = typeof iterable == 'function';
  
          for (index in iterable) {
            if (!(skipProto && index == 'prototype')) {    
            if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result;    
            }
          }  
        }
        return result
      };
  
      /**
       * Iterates over an object's own enumerable properties, executing the `callback`
       * for each property. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, key, object). Callbacks may exit iteration early by explicitly
       * returning `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.forOwn({ '0': 'zero', '1': 'one', 'length': 2 }, function(num, key) {
       *   alert(key);
       * });
       * // => alerts '0', '1', and 'length' (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      var forOwn = function (collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var index, iterable = collection, result = iterable;
        if (!iterable) return result;
        if (!objectTypes[typeof iterable]) return result;
        callback = callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' ? callback : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          var length = iterable.length; index = -1;
          if (length && isArguments(iterable)) {
            while (++index < length) {
              index += '';
              if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result
            }
          } else {    
          var skipProto = typeof iterable == 'function';
  
          for (index in iterable) {
            if (!(skipProto && index == 'prototype') && hasOwnProperty.call(iterable, index)) {    
            if (callback(iterable[index], index, collection) === false) return result;    
            }
          }  
        }
        return result
      };
  
      /**
       * Creates a sorted array of all enumerable properties, own and inherited,
       * of `object` that have function values.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias methods
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property names that have function values.
       * @example
       *
       * _.functions(_);
       * // => ['all', 'any', 'bind', 'bindAll', 'clone', 'compact', 'compose', ...]
       */
      function functions(object) {
        var result = [];
        forIn(object, function(value, key) {
          if (isFunction(value)) {
            result.push(key);
          }
        });
        return result.sort();
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the specified object `property` exists and is a direct property,
       * instead of an inherited property.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to check.
       * @param {String} property The property to check for.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if key is a direct property, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.has({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, 'b');
       * // => true
       */
      function has(object, property) {
        return object ? hasOwnProperty.call(object, property) : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed of the inverted keys and values of the given `object`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to invert.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the created inverted object.
       * @example
       *
       *  _.invert({ 'first': 'moe', 'second': 'larry' });
       * // => { 'moe': 'first', 'larry': 'second' }
       */
      function invert(object) {
        var index = -1,
            props = keys(object),
            length = props.length,
            result = {};
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var key = props[index];
          result[object[key]] = key;
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a boolean value.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a boolean value, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isBoolean(null);
       * // => false
       */
      function isBoolean(value) {
        return value === true || value === false || toString.call(value) == boolClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a date.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a date, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isDate(new Date);
       * // => true
       */
      function isDate(value) {
        return value ? (typeof value == 'object' && toString.call(value) == dateClass) : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a DOM element.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a DOM element, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isElement(document.body);
       * // => true
       */
      function isElement(value) {
        return value ? value.nodeType === 1 : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is empty. Arrays, strings, or `arguments` objects with a
       * length of `0` and objects with no own enumerable properties are considered
       * "empty".
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Array|Object|String} value The value to inspect.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is empty, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isEmpty([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isEmpty({});
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isEmpty('');
       * // => true
       */
      function isEmpty(value) {
        var result = true;
        if (!value) {
          return result;
        }
        var className = toString.call(value),
            length = value.length;
  
        if ((className == arrayClass || className == stringClass || className == argsClass ) ||
            (className == objectClass && typeof length == 'number' && isFunction(value.splice))) {
          return !length;
        }
        forOwn(value, function() {
          return (result = false);
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Performs a deep comparison between two values to determine if they are
       * equivalent to each other. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed to
       * compare values. If `callback` returns `undefined`, comparisons will be handled
       * by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
       * two arguments; (a, b).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} a The value to compare.
       * @param {Mixed} b The other value to compare.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize comparing values.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed `a` objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Tracks traversed `b` objects.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the values are equivalent, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * var moe = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       * var copy = { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       *
       * moe == copy;
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isEqual(moe, copy);
       * // => true
       *
       * var words = ['hello', 'goodbye'];
       * var otherWords = ['hi', 'goodbye'];
       *
       * _.isEqual(words, otherWords, function(a, b) {
       *   var reGreet = /^(?:hello|hi)$/i,
       *       aGreet = _.isString(a) && reGreet.test(a),
       *       bGreet = _.isString(b) && reGreet.test(b);
       *
       *   return (aGreet || bGreet) ? (aGreet == bGreet) : undefined;
       * });
       * // => true
       */
      function isEqual(a, b, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB) {
        // used to indicate that when comparing objects, `a` has at least the properties of `b`
        var whereIndicator = callback === indicatorObject;
        if (typeof callback == 'function' && !whereIndicator) {
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 2);
          var result = callback(a, b);
          if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
            return !!result;
          }
        }
        // exit early for identical values
        if (a === b) {
          // treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
          return a !== 0 || (1 / a == 1 / b);
        }
        var type = typeof a,
            otherType = typeof b;
  
        // exit early for unlike primitive values
        if (a === a &&
            (!a || (type != 'function' && type != 'object')) &&
            (!b || (otherType != 'function' && otherType != 'object'))) {
          return false;
        }
        // exit early for `null` and `undefined`, avoiding ES3's Function#call behavior
        // http://es5.github.com/#x15.3.4.4
        if (a == null || b == null) {
          return a === b;
        }
        // compare [[Class]] names
        var className = toString.call(a),
            otherClass = toString.call(b);
  
        if (className == argsClass) {
          className = objectClass;
        }
        if (otherClass == argsClass) {
          otherClass = objectClass;
        }
        if (className != otherClass) {
          return false;
        }
        switch (className) {
          case boolClass:
          case dateClass:
            // coerce dates and booleans to numbers, dates to milliseconds and booleans
            // to `1` or `0`, treating invalid dates coerced to `NaN` as not equal
            return +a == +b;
  
          case numberClass:
            // treat `NaN` vs. `NaN` as equal
            return (a != +a)
              ? b != +b
              // but treat `+0` vs. `-0` as not equal
              : (a == 0 ? (1 / a == 1 / b) : a == +b);
  
          case regexpClass:
          case stringClass:
            // coerce regexes to strings (http://es5.github.com/#x15.10.6.4)
            // treat string primitives and their corresponding object instances as equal
            return a == String(b);
        }
        var isArr = className == arrayClass;
        if (!isArr) {
          // unwrap any `lodash` wrapped values
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, '__wrapped__ ') || hasOwnProperty.call(b, '__wrapped__')) {
            return isEqual(a.__wrapped__ || a, b.__wrapped__ || b, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB);
          }
          // exit for functions and DOM nodes
          if (className != objectClass) {
            return false;
          }
          // in older versions of Opera, `arguments` objects have `Array` constructors
          var ctorA = a.constructor,
              ctorB = b.constructor;
  
          // non `Object` object instances with different constructors are not equal
          if (ctorA != ctorB && !(
                isFunction(ctorA) && ctorA instanceof ctorA &&
                isFunction(ctorB) && ctorB instanceof ctorB
              )) {
            return false;
          }
        }
        // assume cyclic structures are equal
        // the algorithm for detecting cyclic structures is adapted from ES 5.1
        // section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO` (http://es5.github.com/#x15.12.3)
        stackA || (stackA = []);
        stackB || (stackB = []);
  
        var length = stackA.length;
        while (length--) {
          if (stackA[length] == a) {
            return stackB[length] == b;
          }
        }
        var size = 0;
        result = true;
  
        // add `a` and `b` to the stack of traversed objects
        stackA.push(a);
        stackB.push(b);
  
        // recursively compare objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
        if (isArr) {
          length = a.length;
          size = b.length;
  
          // compare lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary
          result = size == a.length;
          if (!result && !whereIndicator) {
            return result;
          }
          // deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties
          while (size--) {
            var index = length,
                value = b[size];
  
            if (whereIndicator) {
              while (index--) {
                if ((result = isEqual(a[index], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB))) {
                  break;
                }
              }
            } else if (!(result = isEqual(a[size], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB))) {
              break;
            }
          }
          return result;
        }
        // deep compare objects using `forIn`, instead of `forOwn`, to avoid `Object.keys`
        // which, in this case, is more costly
        forIn(b, function(value, key, b) {
          if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key)) {
            // count the number of properties.
            size++;
            // deep compare each property value.
            return (result = hasOwnProperty.call(a, key) && isEqual(a[key], value, callback, thisArg, stackA, stackB));
          }
        });
  
        if (result && !whereIndicator) {
          // ensure both objects have the same number of properties
          forIn(a, function(value, key, a) {
            if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
              // `size` will be `-1` if `a` has more properties than `b`
              return (result = --size > -1);
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is, or can be coerced to, a finite number.
       *
       * Note: This is not the same as native `isFinite`, which will return true for
       * booleans and empty strings. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.5.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is finite, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isFinite(-101);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isFinite('10');
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isFinite(true);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isFinite('');
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isFinite(Infinity);
       * // => false
       */
      function isFinite(value) {
        return nativeIsFinite(value) && !nativeIsNaN(parseFloat(value));
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a function, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isFunction(_);
       * // => true
       */
      function isFunction(value) {
        return typeof value == 'function';
      }
      // fallback for older versions of Chrome and Safari
      if (isFunction(/x/)) {
        isFunction = function(value) {
          return typeof value == 'function' && toString.call(value) == funcClass;
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is the language type of Object.
       * (e.g. arrays, functions, objects, regexes, `new Number(0)`, and `new String('')`)
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is an object, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isObject({});
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isObject([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isObject(1);
       * // => false
       */
      function isObject(value) {
        // check if the value is the ECMAScript language type of Object
        // http://es5.github.com/#x8
        // and avoid a V8 bug
        // http://code.google.com/p/v8/issues/detail?id=2291
        return value ? objectTypes[typeof value] : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is `NaN`.
       *
       * Note: This is not the same as native `isNaN`, which will return `true` for
       * `undefined` and other values. See http://es5.github.com/#x15.1.2.4.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `NaN`, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isNaN(NaN);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isNaN(new Number(NaN));
       * // => true
       *
       * isNaN(undefined);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isNaN(undefined);
       * // => false
       */
      function isNaN(value) {
        // `NaN` as a primitive is the only value that is not equal to itself
        // (perform the [[Class]] check first to avoid errors with some host objects in IE)
        return isNumber(value) && value != +value
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is `null`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `null`, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isNull(null);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.isNull(undefined);
       * // => false
       */
      function isNull(value) {
        return value === null;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a number.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a number, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isNumber(8.4 * 5);
       * // => true
       */
      function isNumber(value) {
        return typeof value == 'number' || toString.call(value) == numberClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if a given `value` is an object created by the `Object` constructor.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if `value` is a plain object, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * function Stooge(name, age) {
       *   this.name = name;
       *   this.age = age;
       * }
       *
       * _.isPlainObject(new Stooge('moe', 40));
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isPlainObject([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.isPlainObject({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 });
       * // => true
       */
      var isPlainObject = !getPrototypeOf ? shimIsPlainObject : function(value) {
        if (!(value && toString.call(value) == objectClass)) {
          return false;
        }
        var valueOf = value.valueOf,
            objProto = typeof valueOf == 'function' && (objProto = getPrototypeOf(valueOf)) && getPrototypeOf(objProto);
  
        return objProto
          ? (value == objProto || getPrototypeOf(value) == objProto)
          : shimIsPlainObject(value);
      };
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a regular expression.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a regular expression, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isRegExp(/moe/);
       * // => true
       */
      function isRegExp(value) {
        return value ? (objectTypes[typeof value] && toString.call(value) == regexpClass) : false;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is a string.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is a string, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isString('moe');
       * // => true
       */
      function isString(value) {
        return typeof value == 'string' || toString.call(value) == stringClass;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if `value` is `undefined`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to check.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true`, if the `value` is `undefined`, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.isUndefined(void 0);
       * // => true
       */
      function isUndefined(value) {
        return typeof value == 'undefined';
      }
  
      /**
       * Recursively merges own enumerable properties of the source object(s), that
       * don't resolve to `undefined`, into the destination object. Subsequent sources
       * will overwrite property assignments of previous sources. If a `callback` function
       * is passed, it will be executed to produce the merged values of the destination
       * and source properties. If `callback` returns `undefined`, merging will be
       * handled by the method instead. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with two arguments; (objectValue, sourceValue).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The destination object.
       * @param {Object} [source1, source2, ...] The source objects.
       * @param {Function} [callback] The function to customize merging properties.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @param- {Object} [deepIndicator] Indicates that `stackA` and `stackB` are
       *  arrays of traversed objects, instead of source objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackA=[]] Tracks traversed source objects.
       * @param- {Array} [stackB=[]] Associates values with source counterparts.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the destination object.
       * @example
       *
       * var names = {
       *   'stooges': [
       *     { 'name': 'moe' },
       *     { 'name': 'larry' }
       *   ]
       * };
       *
       * var ages = {
       *   'stooges': [
       *     { 'age': 40 },
       *     { 'age': 50 }
       *   ]
       * };
       *
       * _.merge(names, ages);
       * // => { 'stooges': [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }] }
       *
       * var food = {
       *   'fruits': ['apple'],
       *   'vegetables': ['beet']
       * };
       *
       * var otherFood = {
       *   'fruits': ['banana'],
       *   'vegetables': ['carrot']
       * };
       *
       * _.merge(food, otherFood, function(a, b) {
       *   return _.isArray(a) ? a.concat(b) : undefined;
       * });
       * // => { 'fruits': ['apple', 'banana'], 'vegetables': ['beet', 'carrot] }
       */
      function merge(object, source, deepIndicator) {
        var args = arguments,
            index = 0,
            length = 2;
  
        if (!isObject(object)) {
          return object;
        }
        if (deepIndicator === indicatorObject) {
          var callback = args[3],
              stackA = args[4],
              stackB = args[5];
        } else {
          stackA = [];
          stackB = [];
  
          // allows working with `_.reduce` and `_.reduceRight` without
          // using their `callback` arguments, `index|key` and `collection`
          if (typeof deepIndicator != 'number') {
            length = args.length;
          }
          if (length > 3 && typeof args[length - 2] == 'function') {
            callback = lodash.createCallback(args[--length - 1], args[length--], 2);
          } else if (length > 2 && typeof args[length - 1] == 'function') {
            callback = args[--length];
          }
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          (isArray(args[index]) ? forEach : forOwn)(args[index], function(source, key) {
            var found,
                isArr,
                result = source,
                value = object[key];
  
            if (source && ((isArr = isArray(source)) || isPlainObject(source))) {
              // avoid merging previously merged cyclic sources
              var stackLength = stackA.length;
              while (stackLength--) {
                if ((found = stackA[stackLength] == source)) {
                  value = stackB[stackLength];
                  break;
                }
              }
              if (!found) {
                var isShallow;
                if (callback) {
                  result = callback(value, source);
                  if ((isShallow = typeof result != 'undefined')) {
                    value = result;
                  }
                }
                if (!isShallow) {
                  value = isArr
                    ? (isArray(value) ? value : [])
                    : (isPlainObject(value) ? value : {});
                }
                // add `source` and associated `value` to the stack of traversed objects
                stackA.push(source);
                stackB.push(value);
  
                // recursively merge objects and arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
                if (!isShallow) {
                  value = merge(value, source, indicatorObject, callback, stackA, stackB);
                }
              }
            }
            else {
              if (callback) {
                result = callback(value, source);
                if (typeof result == 'undefined') {
                  result = source;
                }
              }
              if (typeof result != 'undefined') {
                value = result;
              }
            }
            object[key] = value;
          });
        }
        return object;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a shallow clone of `object` excluding the specified properties.
       * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of
       * property names. If a `callback` function is passed, it will be executed
       * for each property in the `object`, omitting the properties `callback`
       * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
       * with three arguments; (value, key, object).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The source object.
       * @param {Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The properties to omit
       *  or the function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns an object without the omitted properties.
       * @example
       *
       * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'age');
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       *
       * _.omit({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, function(value) {
       *   return typeof value == 'number';
       * });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       */
      function omit(object, callback, thisArg) {
        var isFunc = typeof callback == 'function',
            result = {};
  
        if (isFunc) {
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        } else {
          var props = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
        }
        forIn(object, function(value, key, object) {
          if (isFunc
                ? !callback(value, key, object)
                : indexOf(props, key) < 0
              ) {
            result[key] = value;
          }
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a two dimensional array of the given object's key-value pairs,
       * i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns new array of key-value pairs.
       * @example
       *
       * _.pairs({ 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 });
       * // => [['moe', 30], ['larry', 40]] (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      function pairs(object) {
        var index = -1,
            props = keys(object),
            length = props.length,
            result = Array(length);
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var key = props[index];
          result[index] = [key, object[key]];
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a shallow clone of `object` composed of the specified properties.
       * Property names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of property
       * names. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for each property in the
       * `object`, picking the properties `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, key, object).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The source object.
       * @param {Array|Function|String} callback|[prop1, prop2, ...] The function called
       *  per iteration or properties to pick, either as individual arguments or arrays.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the picked properties.
       * @example
       *
       * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, 'name');
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       *
       * _.pick({ 'name': 'moe', '_userid': 'moe1' }, function(value, key) {
       *   return key.charAt(0) != '_';
       * });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe' }
       */
      function pick(object, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = {};
        if (typeof callback != 'function') {
          var index = -1,
              props = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)),
              length = isObject(object) ? props.length : 0;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            var key = props[index];
            if (key in object) {
              result[key] = object[key];
            }
          }
        } else {
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          forIn(object, function(value, key, object) {
            if (callback(value, key, object)) {
              result[key] = value;
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array composed of the own enumerable property values of `object`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Objects
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
       * @example
       *
       * _.values({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
       * // => [1, 2, 3] (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      function values(object) {
        var index = -1,
            props = keys(object),
            length = props.length,
            result = Array(length);
  
        while (++index < length) {
          result[index] = object[props[index]];
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of elements from the specified indexes, or keys, of the
       * `collection`. Indexes may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays
       * of indexes.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Array|Number|String} [index1, index2, ...] The indexes of
       *  `collection` to retrieve, either as individual arguments or arrays.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements corresponding to the
       *  provided indexes.
       * @example
       *
       * _.at(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'], [0, 2, 4]);
       * // => ['a', 'c', 'e']
       *
       * _.at(['moe', 'larry', 'curly'], 0, 2);
       * // => ['moe', 'curly']
       */
      function at(collection) {
        var index = -1,
            props = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)),
            length = props.length,
            result = Array(length);
  
        while(++index < length) {
          result[index] = collection[props[index]];
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if a given `target` element is present in a `collection` using strict
       * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
       * as the offset from the end of the collection.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias include
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Mixed} target The value to check for.
       * @param {Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if the `target` element is found, else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1);
       * // => true
       *
       * _.contains([1, 2, 3], 1, 2);
       * // => false
       *
       * _.contains({ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'moe');
       * // => true
       *
       * _.contains('curly', 'ur');
       * // => true
       */
      function contains(collection, target, fromIndex) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = false;
  
        fromIndex = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex) || 0;
        if (typeof length == 'number') {
          result = (isString(collection)
            ? collection.indexOf(target, fromIndex)
            : indexOf(collection, target, fromIndex)
          ) > -1;
        } else {
          each(collection, function(value) {
            if (++index >= fromIndex) {
              return !(result = value === target);
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
       * `collection` through the given `callback`. The corresponding value of each key
       * is the number of times the key was returned by the `callback`. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
       * @example
       *
       * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
       * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
       *
       * _.countBy([4.3, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
       * // => { '4': 1, '6': 2 }
       *
       * _.countBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
       * // => { '3': 2, '5': 1 }
       */
      function countBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = {};
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
        forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
          key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
          (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key]++ : result[key] = 1);
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **all** elements of a
       * `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias all
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if all elements pass the callback check,
       *  else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.every([true, 1, null, 'yes'], Boolean);
       * // => false
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.every(stooges, 'age');
       * // => true
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.every(stooges, { 'age': 50 });
       * // => false
       */
      function every(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = true;
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
        if (isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            if (!(result = !!callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
              break;
            }
          }
        } else {
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            return (result = !!callback(value, index, collection));
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
       * the `callback` returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias select
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that passed the callback check.
       * @example
       *
       * var evens = _.filter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
       * // => [2, 4, 6]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.filter(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.filter(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
       */
      function filter(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = [];
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
        if (isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            var value = collection[index];
            if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
              result.push(value);
            }
          }
        } else {
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
              result.push(value);
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning the first that the `callback`
       * returns truthy for. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias detect
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the found element, else `undefined`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.find([1, 2, 3, 4], function(num) {
       *   return num % 2 == 0;
       * });
       * // => 2
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true,  'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.find(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
       * // => { 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false, 'type': 'vegetable' }
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.find(food, 'organic');
       * // => { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true, 'type': 'fruit' }
       */
      function find(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
        if (isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            var value = collection[index];
            if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
              return value;
            }
          }
        } else {
          var result;
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            if (callback(value, index, collection)) {
              result = value;
              return false;
            }
          });
          return result;
        }
      }
  
      /**
       * Iterates over a `collection`, executing the `callback` for each element in
       * the `collection`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection). Callbacks may exit iteration early
       * by explicitly returning `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias each
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array|Object|String} Returns `collection`.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3]).forEach(alert).join(',');
       * // => alerts each number and returns '1,2,3'
       *
       * _.forEach({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, alert);
       * // => alerts each number value (order is not guaranteed)
       */
      function forEach(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        if (callback && typeof thisArg == 'undefined' && isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            if (callback(collection[index], index, collection) === false) {
              break;
            }
          }
        } else {
          each(collection, callback, thisArg);
        }
        return collection;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed of keys returned from running each element of the
       * `collection` through the `callback`. The corresponding value of each key is
       * an array of elements passed to `callback` that returned the key. The `callback`
       * is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Object} Returns the composed aggregate object.
       * @example
       *
       * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
       * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
       *
       * _.groupBy([4.2, 6.1, 6.4], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
       * // => { '4': [4.2], '6': [6.1, 6.4] }
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.groupBy(['one', 'two', 'three'], 'length');
       * // => { '3': ['one', 'two'], '5': ['three'] }
       */
      function groupBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result = {};
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
        forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
          key = String(callback(value, key, collection));
          (hasOwnProperty.call(result, key) ? result[key] : result[key] = []).push(value);
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Invokes the method named by `methodName` on each element in the `collection`,
       * returning an array of the results of each invoked method. Additional arguments
       * will be passed to each invoked method. If `methodName` is a function, it will
       * be invoked for, and `this` bound to, each element in the `collection`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|String} methodName The name of the method to invoke or
       *  the function invoked per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the method with.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each invoked method.
       * @example
       *
       * _.invoke([[5, 1, 7], [3, 2, 1]], 'sort');
       * // => [[1, 5, 7], [1, 2, 3]]
       *
       * _.invoke([123, 456], String.prototype.split, '');
       * // => [['1', '2', '3'], ['4', '5', '6']]
       */
      function invoke(collection, methodName) {
        var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2),
            index = -1,
            isFunc = typeof methodName == 'function',
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
        forEach(collection, function(value) {
          result[++index] = (isFunc ? methodName : value[methodName]).apply(value, args);
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of values by running each element in the `collection`
       * through the `callback`. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with
       * three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias collect
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
       * @example
       *
       * _.map([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return num * 3; });
       * // => [3, 6, 9]
       *
       * _.map({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 }, function(num) { return num * 3; });
       * // => [3, 6, 9] (order is not guaranteed)
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.map(stooges, 'name');
       * // => ['moe', 'larry']
       */
      function map(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        if (isArray(collection)) {
          while (++index < length) {
            result[index] = callback(collection[index], index, collection);
          }
        } else {
          each(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
            result[++index] = callback(value, key, collection);
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieves the maximum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
       * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
       * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to
       * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the maximum value.
       * @example
       *
       * _.max([4, 2, 8, 6]);
       * // => 8
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.max(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
       * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.max(stooges, 'age');
       * // => { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 };
       */
      function max(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var computed = -Infinity,
            result = computed;
  
        if (!callback && isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            var value = collection[index];
            if (value > result) {
              result = value;
            }
          }
        } else {
          callback = (!callback && isString(collection))
            ? charAtCallback
            : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            var current = callback(value, index, collection);
            if (current > computed) {
              computed = current;
              result = value;
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieves the minimum value of an `array`. If `callback` is passed,
       * it will be executed for each value in the `array` to generate the
       * criterion by which the value is ranked. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
       * and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the minimum value.
       * @example
       *
       * _.min([4, 2, 8, 6]);
       * // => 2
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.min(stooges, function(stooge) { return stooge.age; });
       * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.min(stooges, 'age');
       * // => { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 };
       */
      function min(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var computed = Infinity,
            result = computed;
  
        if (!callback && isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            var value = collection[index];
            if (value < result) {
              result = value;
            }
          }
        } else {
          callback = (!callback && isString(collection))
            ? charAtCallback
            : lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            var current = callback(value, index, collection);
            if (current < computed) {
              computed = current;
              result = value;
            }
          });
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Retrieves the value of a specified property from all elements in the `collection`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {String} property The property to pluck.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of property values.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.pluck(stooges, 'name');
       * // => ['moe', 'larry']
       */
      var pluck = map;
  
      /**
       * Reduces a `collection` to a value which is the accumulated result of running
       * each element in the `collection` through the `callback`, where each successive
       * `callback` execution consumes the return value of the previous execution.
       * If `accumulator` is not passed, the first element of the `collection` will be
       * used as the initial `accumulator` value. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg`
       * and invoked with four arguments; (accumulator, value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias foldl, inject
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
       * @example
       *
       * var sum = _.reduce([1, 2, 3], function(sum, num) {
       *   return sum + num;
       * });
       * // => 6
       *
       * var mapped = _.reduce({ 'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3 }, function(result, num, key) {
       *   result[key] = num * 3;
       *   return result;
       * }, {});
       * // => { 'a': 3, 'b': 6, 'c': 9 }
       */
      function reduce(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
        var noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
  
        if (isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          if (noaccum) {
            accumulator = collection[++index];
          }
          while (++index < length) {
            accumulator = callback(accumulator, collection[index], index, collection);
          }
        } else {
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            accumulator = noaccum
              ? (noaccum = false, value)
              : callback(accumulator, value, index, collection)
          });
        }
        return accumulator;
      }
  
      /**
       * This method is similar to `_.reduce`, except that it iterates over a
       * `collection` from right to left.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias foldr
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function} [callback=identity] The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [accumulator] Initial value of the accumulator.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the accumulated value.
       * @example
       *
       * var list = [[0, 1], [2, 3], [4, 5]];
       * var flat = _.reduceRight(list, function(a, b) { return a.concat(b); }, []);
       * // => [4, 5, 2, 3, 0, 1]
       */
      function reduceRight(collection, callback, accumulator, thisArg) {
        var iterable = collection,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            noaccum = arguments.length < 3;
  
        if (typeof length != 'number') {
          var props = keys(collection);
          length = props.length;
        }
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 4);
        forEach(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          index = props ? props[--length] : --length;
          accumulator = noaccum
            ? (noaccum = false, iterable[index])
            : callback(accumulator, iterable[index], index, collection);
        });
        return accumulator;
      }
  
      /**
       * The opposite of `_.filter`, this method returns the elements of a
       * `collection` that `callback` does **not** return truthy for.
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that did **not** pass the
       *  callback check.
       * @example
       *
       * var odds = _.reject([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6], function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; });
       * // => [1, 3, 5]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.reject(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' }]
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.reject(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true, 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       */
      function reject(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        return filter(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
          return !callback(value, index, collection);
        });
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of shuffled `array` values, using a version of the
       * Fisher-Yates shuffle. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Yates_shuffle.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to shuffle.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new shuffled collection.
       * @example
       *
       * _.shuffle([1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
       * // => [4, 1, 6, 3, 5, 2]
       */
      function shuffle(collection) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
        forEach(collection, function(value) {
          var rand = floor(nativeRandom() * (++index + 1));
          result[index] = result[rand];
          result[rand] = value;
        });
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the size of the `collection` by returning `collection.length` for arrays
       * and array-like objects or the number of own enumerable properties for objects.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to inspect.
       * @returns {Number} Returns `collection.length` or number of own enumerable properties.
       * @example
       *
       * _.size([1, 2]);
       * // => 2
       *
       * _.size({ 'one': 1, 'two': 2, 'three': 3 });
       * // => 3
       *
       * _.size('curly');
       * // => 5
       */
      function size(collection) {
        var length = collection ? collection.length : 0;
        return typeof length == 'number' ? length : keys(collection).length;
      }
  
      /**
       * Checks if the `callback` returns a truthy value for **any** element of a
       * `collection`. The function returns as soon as it finds passing value, and
       * does not iterate over the entire `collection`. The `callback` is bound to
       * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias any
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Boolean} Returns `true` if any element passes the callback check,
       *  else `false`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.some([null, 0, 'yes', false], Boolean);
       * // => true
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'organic': false, 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true,  'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.some(food, 'organic');
       * // => true
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.some(food, { 'type': 'meat' });
       * // => false
       */
      function some(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var result;
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
  
        if (isArray(collection)) {
          var index = -1,
              length = collection.length;
  
          while (++index < length) {
            if ((result = callback(collection[index], index, collection))) {
              break;
            }
          }
        } else {
          each(collection, function(value, index, collection) {
            return !(result = callback(value, index, collection));
          });
        }
        return !!result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of elements, sorted in ascending order by the results of
       * running each element in the `collection` through the `callback`. This method
       * performs a stable sort, that is, it will preserve the original sort order of
       * equal elements. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index|key, collection).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of sorted elements.
       * @example
       *
       * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return Math.sin(num); });
       * // => [3, 1, 2]
       *
       * _.sortBy([1, 2, 3], function(num) { return this.sin(num); }, Math);
       * // => [3, 1, 2]
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.sortBy(['banana', 'strawberry', 'apple'], 'length');
       * // => ['apple', 'banana', 'strawberry']
       */
      function sortBy(collection, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = collection ? collection.length : 0,
            result = Array(typeof length == 'number' ? length : 0);
  
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        forEach(collection, function(value, key, collection) {
          result[++index] = {
            'criteria': callback(value, key, collection),
            'index': index,
            'value': value
          };
        });
  
        length = result.length;
        result.sort(compareAscending);
        while (length--) {
          result[length] = result[length].value;
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Converts the `collection` to an array.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to convert.
       * @returns {Array} Returns the new converted array.
       * @example
       *
       * (function() { return _.toArray(arguments).slice(1); })(1, 2, 3, 4);
       * // => [2, 3, 4]
       */
      function toArray(collection) {
        if (collection && typeof collection.length == 'number') {
          return slice(collection);
        }
        return values(collection);
      }
  
      /**
       * Examines each element in a `collection`, returning an array of all elements
       * that have the given `properties`. When checking `properties`, this method
       * performs a deep comparison between values to determine if they are equivalent
       * to each other.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type Function
       * @category Collections
       * @param {Array|Object|String} collection The collection to iterate over.
       * @param {Object} properties The object of property values to filter by.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of elements that have the given `properties`.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * _.where(stooges, { 'age': 40 });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }]
       */
      var where = filter;
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Creates an array with all falsey values of `array` removed. The values
       * `false`, `null`, `0`, `""`, `undefined` and `NaN` are all falsey.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to compact.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.compact([0, 1, false, 2, '', 3]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       */
      function compact(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [];
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var value = array[index];
          if (value) {
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of `array` elements not present in the other arrays
       * using strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to process.
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to check.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of `array` elements not present in the
       *  other arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.difference([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [5, 2, 10]);
       * // => [1, 3, 4]
       */
      function difference(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            flattened = concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)),
            contains = cachedContains(flattened),
            result = [];
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var value = array[index];
          if (!contains(value)) {
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * This method is similar to `_.find`, except that it returns the index of
       * the element that passes the callback check, instead of the element itself.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the index of the found element, else `-1`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.findIndex(['apple', 'banana', 'beet'], function(food) {
       *   return /^b/.test(food);
       * });
       * // => 1
       */
      function findIndex(array, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0;
  
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        while (++index < length) {
          if (callback(array[index], index, array)) {
            return index;
          }
        }
        return -1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the first element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first
       * `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function is passed,
       * elements at the beginning of the array are returned as long as the `callback`
       * returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias head, take
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the first element(s) of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.first([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => 1
       *
       * _.first([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [1, 2]
       *
       * _.first([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
       *   return num < 3;
       * });
       * // => [1, 2]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.first(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.first(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'apple', 'type': 'fruit' }, { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
       */
      function first(array, callback, thisArg) {
        if (array) {
          var n = 0,
              length = array.length;
  
          if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
            var index = -1;
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
              n++;
            }
          } else {
            n = callback;
            if (n == null || thisArg) {
              return array[0];
            }
          }
          return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, n), length));
        }
      }
  
      /**
       * Flattens a nested array (the nesting can be to any depth). If `isShallow`
       * is truthy, `array` will only be flattened a single level. If `callback`
       * is passed, each element of `array` is passed through a `callback` before
       * flattening. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to flatten.
       * @param {Boolean} [isShallow=false] A flag to indicate only flattening a single level.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new flattened array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, 4];
       *
       * _.flatten([1, [2], [3, [[4]]]], true);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, [[4]]];
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'curly', 'quotes': ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!'] },
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'quotes': ['Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!'] }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.flatten(stooges, 'quotes');
       * // => ['Oh, a wise guy, eh?', 'Poifect!', 'Spread out!', 'You knucklehead!']
       */
      function flatten(array, isShallow, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [];
  
        // juggle arguments
        if (typeof isShallow != 'boolean' && isShallow != null) {
          thisArg = callback;
          callback = isShallow;
          isShallow = false;
        }
        if (callback != null) {
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          var value = array[index];
          if (callback) {
            value = callback(value, index, array);
          }
          // recursively flatten arrays (susceptible to call stack limits)
          if (isArray(value)) {
            push.apply(result, isShallow ? value : flatten(value));
          } else {
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the index at which the first occurrence of `value` is found using
       * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already
       * sorted, passing `true` for `fromIndex` will run a faster binary search.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
       * @param {Boolean|Number} [fromIndex=0] The index to search from or `true` to
       *  perform a binary search on a sorted `array`.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => 1
       *
       * _.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
       * // => 4
       *
       * _.indexOf([1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3], 2, true);
       * // => 2
       */
      function indexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0;
  
        if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
          index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, length + fromIndex) : fromIndex || 0) - 1;
        } else if (fromIndex) {
          index = sortedIndex(array, value);
          return array[index] === value ? index : -1;
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          if (array[index] === value) {
            return index;
          }
        }
        return -1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets all but the last element of `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
       * last `n` elements are excluded from the result. If a `callback` function
       * is passed, elements at the end of the array are excluded from the result
       * as long as the `callback` returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to
       * `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.initial([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => [1, 2]
       *
       * _.initial([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [1]
       *
       * _.initial([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
       *   return num > 1;
       * });
       * // => [1]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.initial(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.initial(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' }]
       */
      function initial(array, callback, thisArg) {
        if (!array) {
          return [];
        }
        var n = 0,
            length = array.length;
  
        if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
          var index = length;
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
            n++;
          }
        } else {
          n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : callback || n;
        }
        return slice(array, 0, nativeMin(nativeMax(0, length - n), length));
      }
  
      /**
       * Computes the intersection of all the passed-in arrays using strict equality
       * for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique elements that are present
       *  in **all** of the arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.intersection([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
       * // => [1, 2]
       */
      function intersection(array) {
        var args = arguments,
            argsLength = args.length,
            cache = { '0': {} },
            index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            isLarge = length >= largeArraySize,
            result = [],
            seen = result;
  
        outer:
        while (++index < length) {
          var value = array[index];
          if (isLarge) {
            var key = keyPrefix + value;
            var inited = cache[0][key]
              ? !(seen = cache[0][key])
              : (seen = cache[0][key] = []);
          }
          if (inited || indexOf(seen, value) < 0) {
            if (isLarge) {
              seen.push(value);
            }
            var argsIndex = argsLength;
            while (--argsIndex) {
              if (!(cache[argsIndex] || (cache[argsIndex] = cachedContains(args[argsIndex])))(value)) {
                continue outer;
              }
            }
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the last element of the `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the
       * last `n` elements of the `array` are returned. If a `callback` function
       * is passed, elements at the end of the array are returned as long as the
       * `callback` returns truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and
       * invoked with three arguments;(value, index, array).
       *
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to return. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the last element(s) of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.last([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => 3
       *
       * _.last([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [2, 3]
       *
       * _.last([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
       *   return num > 1;
       * });
       * // => [2, 3]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.last(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'carrot', 'organic': true }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' },
       *   { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.last(food, { 'type': 'vegetable' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }, { 'name': 'carrot', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       */
      function last(array, callback, thisArg) {
        if (array) {
          var n = 0,
              length = array.length;
  
          if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
            var index = length;
            callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
            while (index-- && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
              n++;
            }
          } else {
            n = callback;
            if (n == null || thisArg) {
              return array[length - 1];
            }
          }
          return slice(array, nativeMax(0, length - n));
        }
      }
  
      /**
       * Gets the index at which the last occurrence of `value` is found using strict
       * equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If `fromIndex` is negative, it is used
       * as the offset from the end of the collection.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to search.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to search for.
       * @param {Number} [fromIndex=array.length-1] The index to search from.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the index of the matched value or `-1`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => 4
       *
       * _.lastIndexOf([1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 3], 2, 3);
       * // => 1
       */
      function lastIndexOf(array, value, fromIndex) {
        var index = array ? array.length : 0;
        if (typeof fromIndex == 'number') {
          index = (fromIndex < 0 ? nativeMax(0, index + fromIndex) : nativeMin(fromIndex, index - 1)) + 1;
        }
        while (index--) {
          if (array[index] === value) {
            return index;
          }
        }
        return -1;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array of numbers (positive and/or negative) progressing from
       * `start` up to but not including `end`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Number} [start=0] The start of the range.
       * @param {Number} end The end of the range.
       * @param {Number} [step=1] The value to increment or decrement by.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new range array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.range(10);
       * // => [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
       *
       * _.range(1, 11);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]
       *
       * _.range(0, 30, 5);
       * // => [0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25]
       *
       * _.range(0, -10, -1);
       * // => [0, -1, -2, -3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -8, -9]
       *
       * _.range(0);
       * // => []
       */
      function range(start, end, step) {
        start = +start || 0;
        step = +step || 1;
  
        if (end == null) {
          end = start;
          start = 0;
        }
        // use `Array(length)` so V8 will avoid the slower "dictionary" mode
        // http://youtu.be/XAqIpGU8ZZk#t=17m25s
        var index = -1,
            length = nativeMax(0, ceil((end - start) / step)),
            result = Array(length);
  
        while (++index < length) {
          result[index] = start;
          start += step;
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * The opposite of `_.initial`, this method gets all but the first value of
       * `array`. If a number `n` is passed, the first `n` values are excluded from
       * the result. If a `callback` function is passed, elements at the beginning
       * of the array are excluded from the result as long as the `callback` returns
       * truthy. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three
       * arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias drop, tail
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to query.
       * @param {Function|Object|Number|String} [callback|n=1] The function called
       *  per element or the number of elements to exclude. If a property name or
       *  object is passed, it will be used to create a "_.pluck" or "_.where"
       *  style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a slice of `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.rest([1, 2, 3]);
       * // => [2, 3]
       *
       * _.rest([1, 2, 3], 2);
       * // => [3]
       *
       * _.rest([1, 2, 3], function(num) {
       *   return num < 3;
       * });
       * // => [3]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'organic': true },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'organic': false },
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.rest(food, 'organic');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'organic': false }]
       *
       * var food = [
       *   { 'name': 'apple',  'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'banana', 'type': 'fruit' },
       *   { 'name': 'beet',   'type': 'vegetable' }
       * ];
       *
       * // using "_.where" callback shorthand
       * _.rest(food, { 'type': 'fruit' });
       * // => [{ 'name': 'beet', 'type': 'vegetable' }]
       */
      function rest(array, callback, thisArg) {
        if (typeof callback != 'number' && callback != null) {
          var n = 0,
              index = -1,
              length = array ? array.length : 0;
  
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
          while (++index < length && callback(array[index], index, array)) {
            n++;
          }
        } else {
          n = (callback == null || thisArg) ? 1 : nativeMax(0, callback);
        }
        return slice(array, n);
      }
  
      /**
       * Uses a binary search to determine the smallest index at which the `value`
       * should be inserted into `array` in order to maintain the sort order of the
       * sorted `array`. If `callback` is passed, it will be executed for `value` and
       * each element in `array` to compute their sort ranking. The `callback` is
       * bound to `thisArg` and invoked with one argument; (value).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to inspect.
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to evaluate.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the index at which the value should be inserted
       *  into `array`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.sortedIndex([20, 30, 50], 40);
       * // => 2
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.sortedIndex([{ 'x': 20 }, { 'x': 30 }, { 'x': 50 }], { 'x': 40 }, 'x');
       * // => 2
       *
       * var dict = {
       *   'wordToNumber': { 'twenty': 20, 'thirty': 30, 'fourty': 40, 'fifty': 50 }
       * };
       *
       * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
       *   return dict.wordToNumber[word];
       * });
       * // => 2
       *
       * _.sortedIndex(['twenty', 'thirty', 'fifty'], 'fourty', function(word) {
       *   return this.wordToNumber[word];
       * }, dict);
       * // => 2
       */
      function sortedIndex(array, value, callback, thisArg) {
        var low = 0,
            high = array ? array.length : low;
  
        // explicitly reference `identity` for better inlining in Firefox
        callback = callback ? lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1) : identity;
        value = callback(value);
  
        while (low < high) {
          var mid = (low + high) >>> 1;
          (callback(array[mid]) < value)
            ? low = mid + 1
            : high = mid;
        }
        return low;
      }
  
      /**
       * Computes the union of the passed-in arrays using strict equality for
       * comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of unique values, in order, that are
       *  present in one or more of the arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.union([1, 2, 3], [101, 2, 1, 10], [2, 1]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3, 101, 10]
       */
      function union(array) {
        if (!isArray(array)) {
          arguments[0] = array ? nativeSlice.call(array) : arrayRef;
        }
        return uniq(concat.apply(arrayRef, arguments));
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a duplicate-value-free version of the `array` using strict equality
       * for comparisons, i.e. `===`. If the `array` is already sorted, passing `true`
       * for `isSorted` will run a faster algorithm. If `callback` is passed, each
       * element of `array` is passed through a `callback` before uniqueness is computed.
       * The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked with three arguments; (value, index, array).
       *
       * If a property name is passed for `callback`, the created "_.pluck" style
       * callback will return the property value of the given element.
       *
       * If an object is passed for `callback`, the created "_.where" style callback
       * will return `true` for elements that have the properties of the given object,
       * else `false`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias unique
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to process.
       * @param {Boolean} [isSorted=false] A flag to indicate that the `array` is already sorted.
       * @param {Function|Object|String} [callback=identity] The function called per
       *  iteration. If a property name or object is passed, it will be used to create
       *  a "_.pluck" or "_.where" style callback, respectively.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a duplicate-value-free array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 2, 1, 3, 1]);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 1, 2, 2, 3], true);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return Math.floor(num); });
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * _.uniq([1, 2, 1.5, 3, 2.5], function(num) { return this.floor(num); }, Math);
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       *
       * // using "_.pluck" callback shorthand
       * _.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
       * // => [{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }]
       */
      function uniq(array, isSorted, callback, thisArg) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            result = [],
            seen = result;
  
        // juggle arguments
        if (typeof isSorted != 'boolean' && isSorted != null) {
          thisArg = callback;
          callback = isSorted;
          isSorted = false;
        }
        // init value cache for large arrays
        var isLarge = !isSorted && length >= largeArraySize;
        if (isLarge) {
          var cache = {};
        }
        if (callback != null) {
          seen = [];
          callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
        }
        while (++index < length) {
          var value = array[index],
              computed = callback ? callback(value, index, array) : value;
  
          if (isLarge) {
            var key = keyPrefix + computed;
            var inited = cache[key]
              ? !(seen = cache[key])
              : (seen = cache[key] = []);
          }
          if (isSorted
                ? !index || seen[seen.length - 1] !== computed
                : inited || indexOf(seen, computed) < 0
              ) {
            if (callback || isLarge) {
              seen.push(computed);
            }
            result.push(value);
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * The inverse of `_.zip`, this method splits groups of elements into arrays
       * composed of elements from each group at their corresponding indexes.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the composed arrays.
       * @example
       *
       * _.unzip([['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]);
       * // => [['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]];
       */
      function unzip(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? array.length : 0,
            tupleLength = length ? max(pluck(array, 'length')) : 0,
            result = Array(tupleLength);
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var tupleIndex = -1,
              tuple = array[index];
  
          while (++tupleIndex < tupleLength) {
            (result[tupleIndex] || (result[tupleIndex] = Array(length)))[index] = tuple[tupleIndex];
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an array with all occurrences of the passed values removed using
       * strict equality for comparisons, i.e. `===`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} array The array to filter.
       * @param {Mixed} [value1, value2, ...] Values to remove.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new filtered array.
       * @example
       *
       * _.without([1, 2, 1, 0, 3, 1, 4], 0, 1);
       * // => [2, 3, 4]
       */
      function without(array) {
        return difference(array, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
      }
  
      /**
       * Groups the elements of each array at their corresponding indexes. Useful for
       * separate data sources that are coordinated through matching array indexes.
       * For a matrix of nested arrays, `_.zip.apply(...)` can transpose the matrix
       * in a similar fashion.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} [array1, array2, ...] Arrays to process.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of grouped elements.
       * @example
       *
       * _.zip(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40], [true, false]);
       * // => [['moe', 30, true], ['larry', 40, false]]
       */
      function zip(array) {
        var index = -1,
            length = array ? max(pluck(arguments, 'length')) : 0,
            result = Array(length);
  
        while (++index < length) {
          result[index] = pluck(arguments, index);
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates an object composed from arrays of `keys` and `values`. Pass either
       * a single two dimensional array, i.e. `[[key1, value1], [key2, value2]]`, or
       * two arrays, one of `keys` and one of corresponding `values`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias object
       * @category Arrays
       * @param {Array} keys The array of keys.
       * @param {Array} [values=[]] The array of values.
       * @returns {Object} Returns an object composed of the given keys and
       *  corresponding values.
       * @example
       *
       * _.zipObject(['moe', 'larry'], [30, 40]);
       * // => { 'moe': 30, 'larry': 40 }
       */
      function zipObject(keys, values) {
        var index = -1,
            length = keys ? keys.length : 0,
            result = {};
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var key = keys[index];
          if (values) {
            result[key] = values[index];
          } else {
            result[key[0]] = key[1];
          }
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * If `n` is greater than `0`, a function is created that is restricted to
       * executing `func`, with the `this` binding and arguments of the created
       * function, only after it is called `n` times. If `n` is less than `1`,
       * `func` is executed immediately, without a `this` binding or additional
       * arguments, and its result is returned.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Number} n The number of times the function must be called before
       * it is executed.
       * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
       * @example
       *
       * var renderNotes = _.after(notes.length, render);
       * _.forEach(notes, function(note) {
       *   note.asyncSave({ 'success': renderNotes });
       * });
       * // `renderNotes` is run once, after all notes have saved
       */
      function after(n, func) {
        if (n < 1) {
          return func();
        }
        return function() {
          if (--n < 1) {
            return func.apply(this, arguments);
          }
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with the `this`
       * binding of `thisArg` and prepends any additional `bind` arguments to those
       * passed to the bound function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to bind.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `func`.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
       * @example
       *
       * var func = function(greeting) {
       *   return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
       * };
       *
       * func = _.bind(func, { 'name': 'moe' }, 'hi');
       * func();
       * // => 'hi moe'
       */
      function bind(func, thisArg) {
        // use `Function#bind` if it exists and is fast
        // (in V8 `Function#bind` is slower except when partially applied)
        return support.fastBind || (nativeBind && arguments.length > 2)
          ? nativeBind.call.apply(nativeBind, arguments)
          : createBound(func, thisArg, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2));
      }
  
      /**
       * Binds methods on `object` to `object`, overwriting the existing method.
       * Method names may be specified as individual arguments or as arrays of method
       * names. If no method names are provided, all the function properties of `object`
       * will be bound.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Object} object The object to bind and assign the bound methods to.
       * @param {String} [methodName1, methodName2, ...] Method names on the object to bind.
       * @returns {Object} Returns `object`.
       * @example
       *
       * var view = {
       *  'label': 'docs',
       *  'onClick': function() { alert('clicked ' + this.label); }
       * };
       *
       * _.bindAll(view);
       * jQuery('#docs').on('click', view.onClick);
       * // => alerts 'clicked docs', when the button is clicked
       */
      function bindAll(object) {
        var funcs = arguments.length > 1 ? concat.apply(arrayRef, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1)) : functions(object),
            index = -1,
            length = funcs.length;
  
        while (++index < length) {
          var key = funcs[index];
          object[key] = bind(object[key], object);
        }
        return object;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes the method at `object[key]`
       * and prepends any additional `bindKey` arguments to those passed to the bound
       * function. This method differs from `_.bind` by allowing bound functions to
       * reference methods that will be redefined or don't yet exist.
       * See http://michaux.ca/articles/lazy-function-definition-pattern.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Object} object The object the method belongs to.
       * @param {String} key The key of the method.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new bound function.
       * @example
       *
       * var object = {
       *   'name': 'moe',
       *   'greet': function(greeting) {
       *     return greeting + ' ' + this.name;
       *   }
       * };
       *
       * var func = _.bindKey(object, 'greet', 'hi');
       * func();
       * // => 'hi moe'
       *
       * object.greet = function(greeting) {
       *   return greeting + ', ' + this.name + '!';
       * };
       *
       * func();
       * // => 'hi, moe!'
       */
      function bindKey(object, key) {
        return createBound(object, key, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2), indicatorObject);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that is the composition of the passed functions,
       * where each function consumes the return value of the function that follows.
       * For example, composing the functions `f()`, `g()`, and `h()` produces `f(g(h()))`.
       * Each function is executed with the `this` binding of the composed function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} [func1, func2, ...] Functions to compose.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new composed function.
       * @example
       *
       * var greet = function(name) { return 'hi ' + name; };
       * var exclaim = function(statement) { return statement + '!'; };
       * var welcome = _.compose(exclaim, greet);
       * welcome('moe');
       * // => 'hi moe!'
       */
      function compose() {
        var funcs = arguments;
        return function() {
          var args = arguments,
              length = funcs.length;
  
          while (length--) {
            args = [funcs[length].apply(this, args)];
          }
          return args[0];
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Produces a callback bound to an optional `thisArg`. If `func` is a property
       * name, the created callback will return the property value for a given element.
       * If `func` is an object, the created callback will return `true` for elements
       * that contain the equivalent object properties, otherwise it will return `false`.
       *
       * Note: All Lo-Dash methods, that accept a `callback` argument, use `_.createCallback`.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Mixed} [func=identity] The value to convert to a callback.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of the created callback.
       * @param {Number} [argCount=3] The number of arguments the callback accepts.
       * @returns {Function} Returns a callback function.
       * @example
       *
       * var stooges = [
       *   { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 },
       *   { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }
       * ];
       *
       * // wrap to create custom callback shorthands
       * _.createCallback = _.wrap(_.createCallback, function(func, callback, thisArg) {
       *   var match = /^(.+?)__([gl]t)(.+)$/.exec(callback);
       *   return !match ? func(callback, thisArg) : function(object) {
       *     return match[2] == 'gt' ? object[match[1]] > match[3] : object[match[1]] < match[3];
       *   };
       * });
       *
       * _.filter(stooges, 'age__gt45');
       * // => [{ 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 }]
       *
       * // create mixins with support for "_.pluck" and "_.where" callback shorthands
       * _.mixin({
       *   'toLookup': function(collection, callback, thisArg) {
       *     callback = _.createCallback(callback, thisArg);
       *     return _.reduce(collection, function(result, value, index, collection) {
       *       return (result[callback(value, index, collection)] = value, result);
       *     }, {});
       *   }
       * });
       *
       * _.toLookup(stooges, 'name');
       * // => { 'moe': { 'name': 'moe', 'age': 40 }, 'larry': { 'name': 'larry', 'age': 50 } }
       */
      function createCallback(func, thisArg, argCount) {
        if (func == null) {
          return identity;
        }
        var type = typeof func;
        if (type != 'function') {
          if (type != 'object') {
            return function(object) {
              return object[func];
            };
          }
          var props = keys(func);
          return function(object) {
            var length = props.length,
                result = false;
            while (length--) {
              if (!(result = isEqual(object[props[length]], func[props[length]], indicatorObject))) {
                break;
              }
            }
            return result;
          };
        }
        if (typeof thisArg != 'undefined') {
          if (argCount === 1) {
            return function(value) {
              return func.call(thisArg, value);
            };
          }
          if (argCount === 2) {
            return function(a, b) {
              return func.call(thisArg, a, b);
            };
          }
          if (argCount === 4) {
            return function(accumulator, value, index, collection) {
              return func.call(thisArg, accumulator, value, index, collection);
            };
          }
          return function(value, index, collection) {
            return func.call(thisArg, value, index, collection);
          };
        }
        return func;
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that will delay the execution of `func` until after
       * `wait` milliseconds have elapsed since the last time it was invoked. Pass
       * an `options` object to indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading
       * and/or trailing edge of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the debounced
       * function will return the result of the last `func` call.
       *
       * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` will be called
       * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the debounced function is
       * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to debounce.
       * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay.
       * @param {Object} options The options object.
       *  [leading=false] A boolean to specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
       *  [trailing=true] A boolean to specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new debounced function.
       * @example
       *
       * var lazyLayout = _.debounce(calculateLayout, 300);
       * jQuery(window).on('resize', lazyLayout);
       *
       * jQuery('#postbox').on('click', _.debounce(sendMail, 200, {
       *   'leading': true,
       *   'trailing': false
       * });
       */
      function debounce(func, wait, options) {
        var args,
            inited,
            result,
            thisArg,
            timeoutId,
            trailing = true;
  
        function delayed() {
          inited = timeoutId = null;
          if (trailing) {
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          }
        }
        if (options === true) {
          var leading = true;
          trailing = false;
        } else if (options && objectTypes[typeof options]) {
          leading = options.leading;
          trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
        }
        return function() {
          args = arguments;
          thisArg = this;
          clearTimeout(timeoutId);
  
          if (!inited && leading) {
            inited = true;
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          } else {
            timeoutId = setTimeout(delayed, wait);
          }
          return result;
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Defers executing the `func` function until the current call stack has cleared.
       * Additional arguments will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to defer.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the timer id.
       * @example
       *
       * _.defer(function() { alert('deferred'); });
       * // returns from the function before `alert` is called
       */
      function defer(func) {
        var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1);
        return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, 1);
      }
  
      /**
       * Executes the `func` function after `wait` milliseconds. Additional arguments
       * will be passed to `func` when it is invoked.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to delay.
       * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to delay execution.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to invoke the function with.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the timer id.
       * @example
       *
       * var log = _.bind(console.log, console);
       * _.delay(log, 1000, 'logged later');
       * // => 'logged later' (Appears after one second.)
       */
      function delay(func, wait) {
        var args = nativeSlice.call(arguments, 2);
        return setTimeout(function() { func.apply(undefined, args); }, wait);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that memoizes the result of `func`. If `resolver` is
       * passed, it will be used to determine the cache key for storing the result
       * based on the arguments passed to the memoized function. By default, the first
       * argument passed to the memoized function is used as the cache key. The `func`
       * is executed with the `this` binding of the memoized function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to have its output memoized.
       * @param {Function} [resolver] A function used to resolve the cache key.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new memoizing function.
       * @example
       *
       * var fibonacci = _.memoize(function(n) {
       *   return n < 2 ? n : fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2);
       * });
       */
      function memoize(func, resolver) {
        var cache = {};
        return function() {
          var key = keyPrefix + (resolver ? resolver.apply(this, arguments) : arguments[0]);
          return hasOwnProperty.call(cache, key)
            ? cache[key]
            : (cache[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that is restricted to execute `func` once. Repeat calls to
       * the function will return the value of the first call. The `func` is executed
       * with the `this` binding of the created function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to restrict.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new restricted function.
       * @example
       *
       * var initialize = _.once(createApplication);
       * initialize();
       * initialize();
       * // `initialize` executes `createApplication` once
       */
      function once(func) {
        var ran,
            result;
  
        return function() {
          if (ran) {
            return result;
          }
          ran = true;
          result = func.apply(this, arguments);
  
          // clear the `func` variable so the function may be garbage collected
          func = null;
          return result;
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when called, invokes `func` with any additional
       * `partial` arguments prepended to those passed to the new function. This
       * method is similar to `_.bind`, except it does **not** alter the `this` binding.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
       * @example
       *
       * var greet = function(greeting, name) { return greeting + ' ' + name; };
       * var hi = _.partial(greet, 'hi');
       * hi('moe');
       * // => 'hi moe'
       */
      function partial(func) {
        return createBound(func, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1));
      }
  
      /**
       * This method is similar to `_.partial`, except that `partial` arguments are
       * appended to those passed to the new function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to partially apply arguments to.
       * @param {Mixed} [arg1, arg2, ...] Arguments to be partially applied.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new partially applied function.
       * @example
       *
       * var defaultsDeep = _.partialRight(_.merge, _.defaults);
       *
       * var options = {
       *   'variable': 'data',
       *   'imports': { 'jq': $ }
       * };
       *
       * defaultsDeep(options, _.templateSettings);
       *
       * options.variable
       * // => 'data'
       *
       * options.imports
       * // => { '_': _, 'jq': $ }
       */
      function partialRight(func) {
        return createBound(func, nativeSlice.call(arguments, 1), null, indicatorObject);
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that, when executed, will only call the `func` function
       * at most once per every `wait` milliseconds. Pass an `options` object to
       * indicate that `func` should be invoked on the leading and/or trailing edge
       * of the `wait` timeout. Subsequent calls to the throttled function will
       * return the result of the last `func` call.
       *
       * Note: If `leading` and `trailing` options are `true`, `func` will be called
       * on the trailing edge of the timeout only if the the throttled function is
       * invoked more than once during the `wait` timeout.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Function} func The function to throttle.
       * @param {Number} wait The number of milliseconds to throttle executions to.
       * @param {Object} options The options object.
       *  [leading=true] A boolean to specify execution on the leading edge of the timeout.
       *  [trailing=true] A boolean to specify execution on the trailing edge of the timeout.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new throttled function.
       * @example
       *
       * var throttled = _.throttle(updatePosition, 100);
       * jQuery(window).on('scroll', throttled);
       *
       * jQuery('.interactive').on('click', _.throttle(renewToken, 300000, {
       *   'trailing': false
       * }));
       */
      function throttle(func, wait, options) {
        var args,
            result,
            thisArg,
            timeoutId,
            lastCalled = 0,
            leading = true,
            trailing = true;
  
        function trailingCall() {
          timeoutId = null;
          if (trailing) {
            lastCalled = new Date;
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          }
        }
        if (options === false) {
          leading = false;
        } else if (options && objectTypes[typeof options]) {
          leading = 'leading' in options ? options.leading : leading;
          trailing = 'trailing' in options ? options.trailing : trailing;
        }
        return function() {
          var now = new Date;
          if (!timeoutId && !leading) {
            lastCalled = now;
          }
          var remaining = wait - (now - lastCalled);
          args = arguments;
          thisArg = this;
  
          if (remaining <= 0) {
            clearTimeout(timeoutId);
            timeoutId = null;
            lastCalled = now;
            result = func.apply(thisArg, args);
          }
          else if (!timeoutId) {
            timeoutId = setTimeout(trailingCall, remaining);
          }
          return result;
        };
      }
  
      /**
       * Creates a function that passes `value` to the `wrapper` function as its
       * first argument. Additional arguments passed to the function are appended
       * to those passed to the `wrapper` function. The `wrapper` is executed with
       * the `this` binding of the created function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Functions
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to wrap.
       * @param {Function} wrapper The wrapper function.
       * @returns {Function} Returns the new function.
       * @example
       *
       * var hello = function(name) { return 'hello ' + name; };
       * hello = _.wrap(hello, function(func) {
       *   return 'before, ' + func('moe') + ', after';
       * });
       * hello();
       * // => 'before, hello moe, after'
       */
      function wrap(value, wrapper) {
        return function() {
          var args = [value];
          push.apply(args, arguments);
          return wrapper.apply(this, args);
        };
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Converts the characters `&`, `<`, `>`, `"`, and `'` in `string` to their
       * corresponding HTML entities.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} string The string to escape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the escaped string.
       * @example
       *
       * _.escape('Moe, Larry & Curly');
       * // => 'Moe, Larry &amp; Curly'
       */
      function escape(string) {
        return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reUnescapedHtml, escapeHtmlChar);
      }
  
      /**
       * This function returns the first argument passed to it.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Mixed} value Any value.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * var moe = { 'name': 'moe' };
       * moe === _.identity(moe);
       * // => true
       */
      function identity(value) {
        return value;
      }
  
      /**
       * Adds functions properties of `object` to the `lodash` function and chainable
       * wrapper.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Object} object The object of function properties to add to `lodash`.
       * @example
       *
       * _.mixin({
       *   'capitalize': function(string) {
       *     return string.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + string.slice(1).toLowerCase();
       *   }
       * });
       *
       * _.capitalize('moe');
       * // => 'Moe'
       *
       * _('moe').capitalize();
       * // => 'Moe'
       */
      function mixin(object) {
        forEach(functions(object), function(methodName) {
          var func = lodash[methodName] = object[methodName];
  
          lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
            var value = this.__wrapped__,
                args = [value];
  
            push.apply(args, arguments);
            var result = func.apply(lodash, args);
            return (value && typeof value == 'object' && value == result)
              ? this
              : new lodashWrapper(result);
          };
        });
      }
  
      /**
       * Reverts the '_' variable to its previous value and returns a reference to
       * the `lodash` function.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @returns {Function} Returns the `lodash` function.
       * @example
       *
       * var lodash = _.noConflict();
       */
      function noConflict() {
        context._ = oldDash;
        return this;
      }
  
      /**
       * Converts the given `value` into an integer of the specified `radix`.
       * If `radix` is `undefined` or `0`, a `radix` of `10` is used unless the
       * `value` is a hexadecimal, in which case a `radix` of `16` is used.
       *
       * Note: This method avoids differences in native ES3 and ES5 `parseInt`
       * implementations. See http://es5.github.com/#E.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} value The value to parse.
       * @param {Number} [radix] The radix used to interpret the value to parse.
       * @returns {Number} Returns the new integer value.
       * @example
       *
       * _.parseInt('08');
       * // => 8
       */
      var parseInt = nativeParseInt(whitespace + '08') == 8 ? nativeParseInt : function(value, radix) {
        // Firefox and Opera still follow the ES3 specified implementation of `parseInt`
        return nativeParseInt(isString(value) ? value.replace(reLeadingSpacesAndZeros, '') : value, radix || 0);
      };
  
      /**
       * Produces a random number between `min` and `max` (inclusive). If only one
       * argument is passed, a number between `0` and the given number will be returned.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Number} [min=0] The minimum possible value.
       * @param {Number} [max=1] The maximum possible value.
       * @returns {Number} Returns a random number.
       * @example
       *
       * _.random(0, 5);
       * // => a number between 0 and 5
       *
       * _.random(5);
       * // => also a number between 0 and 5
       */
      function random(min, max) {
        if (min == null && max == null) {
          max = 1;
        }
        min = +min || 0;
        if (max == null) {
          max = min;
          min = 0;
        }
        return min + floor(nativeRandom() * ((+max || 0) - min + 1));
      }
  
      /**
       * Resolves the value of `property` on `object`. If `property` is a function,
       * it will be invoked with the `this` binding of `object` and its result returned,
       * else the property value is returned. If `object` is falsey, then `undefined`
       * is returned.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Object} object The object to inspect.
       * @param {String} property The property to get the value of.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the resolved value.
       * @example
       *
       * var object = {
       *   'cheese': 'crumpets',
       *   'stuff': function() {
       *     return 'nonsense';
       *   }
       * };
       *
       * _.result(object, 'cheese');
       * // => 'crumpets'
       *
       * _.result(object, 'stuff');
       * // => 'nonsense'
       */
      function result(object, property) {
        var value = object ? object[property] : undefined;
        return isFunction(value) ? object[property]() : value;
      }
  
      /**
       * A micro-templating method that handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves
       * whitespace, and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
       *
       * Note: In the development build, `_.template` utilizes sourceURLs for easier
       * debugging. See http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
       *
       * For more information on precompiling templates see:
       * http://lodash.com/#custom-builds
       *
       * For more information on Chrome extension sandboxes see:
       * http://developer.chrome.com/stable/extensions/sandboxingEval.html
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} text The template text.
       * @param {Object} data The data object used to populate the text.
       * @param {Object} options The options object.
       *  escape - The "escape" delimiter regexp.
       *  evaluate - The "evaluate" delimiter regexp.
       *  interpolate - The "interpolate" delimiter regexp.
       *  sourceURL - The sourceURL of the template's compiled source.
       *  variable - The data object variable name.
       * @returns {Function|String} Returns a compiled function when no `data` object
       *  is given, else it returns the interpolated text.
       * @example
       *
       * // using a compiled template
       * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>');
       * compiled({ 'name': 'moe' });
       * // => 'hello moe'
       *
       * var list = '<% _.forEach(people, function(name) { %><li><%= name %></li><% }); %>';
       * _.template(list, { 'people': ['moe', 'larry'] });
       * // => '<li>moe</li><li>larry</li>'
       *
       * // using the "escape" delimiter to escape HTML in data property values
       * _.template('<b><%- value %></b>', { 'value': '<script>' });
       * // => '<b>&lt;script&gt;</b>'
       *
       * // using the ES6 delimiter as an alternative to the default "interpolate" delimiter
       * _.template('hello ${ name }', { 'name': 'curly' });
       * // => 'hello curly'
       *
       * // using the internal `print` function in "evaluate" delimiters
       * _.template('<% print("hello " + epithet); %>!', { 'epithet': 'stooge' });
       * // => 'hello stooge!'
       *
       * // using custom template delimiters
       * _.templateSettings = {
       *   'interpolate': /{{([\s\S]+?)}}/g
       * };
       *
       * _.template('hello {{ name }}!', { 'name': 'mustache' });
       * // => 'hello mustache!'
       *
       * // using the `sourceURL` option to specify a custom sourceURL for the template
       * var compiled = _.template('hello <%= name %>', null, { 'sourceURL': '/basic/greeting.jst' });
       * compiled(data);
       * // => find the source of "greeting.jst" under the Sources tab or Resources panel of the web inspector
       *
       * // using the `variable` option to ensure a with-statement isn't used in the compiled template
       * var compiled = _.template('hi <%= data.name %>!', null, { 'variable': 'data' });
       * compiled.source;
       * // => function(data) {
       *   var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape;
       *   __p += 'hi ' + ((__t = ( data.name )) == null ? '' : __t) + '!';
       *   return __p;
       * }
       *
       * // using the `source` property to inline compiled templates for meaningful
       * // line numbers in error messages and a stack trace
       * fs.writeFileSync(path.join(cwd, 'jst.js'), '\
       *   var JST = {\
       *     "main": ' + _.template(mainText).source + '\
       *   };\
       * ');
       */
      function template(text, data, options) {
        // based on John Resig's `tmpl` implementation
        // http://ejohn.org/blog/javascript-micro-templating/
        // and Laura Doktorova's doT.js
        // https://github.com/olado/doT
        var settings = lodash.templateSettings;
        text || (text = '');
  
        // avoid missing dependencies when `iteratorTemplate` is not defined
        options = defaults({}, options, settings);
  
        var imports = defaults({}, options.imports, settings.imports),
            importsKeys = keys(imports),
            importsValues = values(imports);
  
        var isEvaluating,
            index = 0,
            interpolate = options.interpolate || reNoMatch,
            source = "__p += '";
  
        // compile the regexp to match each delimiter
        var reDelimiters = RegExp(
          (options.escape || reNoMatch).source + '|' +
          interpolate.source + '|' +
          (interpolate === reInterpolate ? reEsTemplate : reNoMatch).source + '|' +
          (options.evaluate || reNoMatch).source + '|$'
        , 'g');
  
        text.replace(reDelimiters, function(match, escapeValue, interpolateValue, esTemplateValue, evaluateValue, offset) {
          interpolateValue || (interpolateValue = esTemplateValue);
  
          // escape characters that cannot be included in string literals
          source += text.slice(index, offset).replace(reUnescapedString, escapeStringChar);
  
          // replace delimiters with snippets
          if (escapeValue) {
            source += "' +\n__e(" + escapeValue + ") +\n'";
          }
          if (evaluateValue) {
            isEvaluating = true;
            source += "';\n" + evaluateValue + ";\n__p += '";
          }
          if (interpolateValue) {
            source += "' +\n((__t = (" + interpolateValue + ")) == null ? '' : __t) +\n'";
          }
          index = offset + match.length;
  
          // the JS engine embedded in Adobe products requires returning the `match`
          // string in order to produce the correct `offset` value
          return match;
        });
  
        source += "';\n";
  
        // if `variable` is not specified, wrap a with-statement around the generated
        // code to add the data object to the top of the scope chain
        var variable = options.variable,
            hasVariable = variable;
  
        if (!hasVariable) {
          variable = 'obj';
          source = 'with (' + variable + ') {\n' + source + '\n}\n';
        }
        // cleanup code by stripping empty strings
        source = (isEvaluating ? source.replace(reEmptyStringLeading, '') : source)
          .replace(reEmptyStringMiddle, '$1')
          .replace(reEmptyStringTrailing, '$1;');
  
        // frame code as the function body
        source = 'function(' + variable + ') {\n' +
          (hasVariable ? '' : variable + ' || (' + variable + ' = {});\n') +
          "var __t, __p = '', __e = _.escape" +
          (isEvaluating
            ? ', __j = Array.prototype.join;\n' +
              "function print() { __p += __j.call(arguments, '') }\n"
            : ';\n'
          ) +
          source +
          'return __p\n}';
  
        // Use a sourceURL for easier debugging and wrap in a multi-line comment to
        // avoid issues with Narwhal, IE conditional compilation, and the JS engine
        // embedded in Adobe products.
        // http://www.html5rocks.com/en/tutorials/developertools/sourcemaps/#toc-sourceurl
        var sourceURL = '\n/*\n//@ sourceURL=' + (options.sourceURL || '/lodash/template/source[' + (templateCounter++) + ']') + '\n*/';
  
        try {
          var result = Function(importsKeys, 'return ' + source + sourceURL).apply(undefined, importsValues);
        } catch(e) {
          e.source = source;
          throw e;
        }
        if (data) {
          return result(data);
        }
        // provide the compiled function's source via its `toString` method, in
        // supported environments, or the `source` property as a convenience for
        // inlining compiled templates during the build process
        result.source = source;
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * Executes the `callback` function `n` times, returning an array of the results
       * of each `callback` execution. The `callback` is bound to `thisArg` and invoked
       * with one argument; (index).
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {Number} n The number of times to execute the callback.
       * @param {Function} callback The function called per iteration.
       * @param {Mixed} [thisArg] The `this` binding of `callback`.
       * @returns {Array} Returns a new array of the results of each `callback` execution.
       * @example
       *
       * var diceRolls = _.times(3, _.partial(_.random, 1, 6));
       * // => [3, 6, 4]
       *
       * _.times(3, function(n) { mage.castSpell(n); });
       * // => calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times, passing `n` of `0`, `1`, and `2` respectively
       *
       * _.times(3, function(n) { this.cast(n); }, mage);
       * // => also calls `mage.castSpell(n)` three times
       */
      function times(n, callback, thisArg) {
        n = (n = +n) > -1 ? n : 0;
        var index = -1,
            result = Array(n);
  
        callback = lodash.createCallback(callback, thisArg, 1);
        while (++index < n) {
          result[index] = callback(index);
        }
        return result;
      }
  
      /**
       * The inverse of `_.escape`, this method converts the HTML entities
       * `&amp;`, `&lt;`, `&gt;`, `&quot;`, and `&#39;` in `string` to their
       * corresponding characters.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} string The string to unescape.
       * @returns {String} Returns the unescaped string.
       * @example
       *
       * _.unescape('Moe, Larry &amp; Curly');
       * // => 'Moe, Larry & Curly'
       */
      function unescape(string) {
        return string == null ? '' : String(string).replace(reEscapedHtml, unescapeHtmlChar);
      }
  
      /**
       * Generates a unique ID. If `prefix` is passed, the ID will be appended to it.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Utilities
       * @param {String} [prefix] The value to prefix the ID with.
       * @returns {String} Returns the unique ID.
       * @example
       *
       * _.uniqueId('contact_');
       * // => 'contact_104'
       *
       * _.uniqueId();
       * // => '105'
       */
      function uniqueId(prefix) {
        var id = ++idCounter;
        return String(prefix == null ? '' : prefix) + id;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * Invokes `interceptor` with the `value` as the first argument, and then
       * returns `value`. The purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain,
       * in order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Chaining
       * @param {Mixed} value The value to pass to `interceptor`.
       * @param {Function} interceptor The function to invoke.
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns `value`.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3, 4])
       *  .filter(function(num) { return num % 2 == 0; })
       *  .tap(alert)
       *  .map(function(num) { return num * num; })
       *  .value();
       * // => // [2, 4] (alerted)
       * // => [4, 16]
       */
      function tap(value, interceptor) {
        interceptor(value);
        return value;
      }
  
      /**
       * Produces the `toString` result of the wrapped value.
       *
       * @name toString
       * @memberOf _
       * @category Chaining
       * @returns {String} Returns the string result.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3]).toString();
       * // => '1,2,3'
       */
      function wrapperToString() {
        return String(this.__wrapped__);
      }
  
      /**
       * Extracts the wrapped value.
       *
       * @name valueOf
       * @memberOf _
       * @alias value
       * @category Chaining
       * @returns {Mixed} Returns the wrapped value.
       * @example
       *
       * _([1, 2, 3]).valueOf();
       * // => [1, 2, 3]
       */
      function wrapperValueOf() {
        return this.__wrapped__;
      }
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // add functions that return wrapped values when chaining
      lodash.after = after;
      lodash.assign = assign;
      lodash.at = at;
      lodash.bind = bind;
      lodash.bindAll = bindAll;
      lodash.bindKey = bindKey;
      lodash.compact = compact;
      lodash.compose = compose;
      lodash.countBy = countBy;
      lodash.createCallback = createCallback;
      lodash.debounce = debounce;
      lodash.defaults = defaults;
      lodash.defer = defer;
      lodash.delay = delay;
      lodash.difference = difference;
      lodash.filter = filter;
      lodash.flatten = flatten;
      lodash.forEach = forEach;
      lodash.forIn = forIn;
      lodash.forOwn = forOwn;
      lodash.functions = functions;
      lodash.groupBy = groupBy;
      lodash.initial = initial;
      lodash.intersection = intersection;
      lodash.invert = invert;
      lodash.invoke = invoke;
      lodash.keys = keys;
      lodash.map = map;
      lodash.max = max;
      lodash.memoize = memoize;
      lodash.merge = merge;
      lodash.min = min;
      lodash.omit = omit;
      lodash.once = once;
      lodash.pairs = pairs;
      lodash.partial = partial;
      lodash.partialRight = partialRight;
      lodash.pick = pick;
      lodash.pluck = pluck;
      lodash.range = range;
      lodash.reject = reject;
      lodash.rest = rest;
      lodash.shuffle = shuffle;
      lodash.sortBy = sortBy;
      lodash.tap = tap;
      lodash.throttle = throttle;
      lodash.times = times;
      lodash.toArray = toArray;
      lodash.union = union;
      lodash.uniq = uniq;
      lodash.unzip = unzip;
      lodash.values = values;
      lodash.where = where;
      lodash.without = without;
      lodash.wrap = wrap;
      lodash.zip = zip;
      lodash.zipObject = zipObject;
  
      // add aliases
      lodash.collect = map;
      lodash.drop = rest;
      lodash.each = forEach;
      lodash.extend = assign;
      lodash.methods = functions;
      lodash.object = zipObject;
      lodash.select = filter;
      lodash.tail = rest;
      lodash.unique = uniq;
  
      // add functions to `lodash.prototype`
      mixin(lodash);
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // add functions that return unwrapped values when chaining
      lodash.clone = clone;
      lodash.cloneDeep = cloneDeep;
      lodash.contains = contains;
      lodash.escape = escape;
      lodash.every = every;
      lodash.find = find;
      lodash.findIndex = findIndex;
      lodash.findKey = findKey;
      lodash.has = has;
      lodash.identity = identity;
      lodash.indexOf = indexOf;
      lodash.isArguments = isArguments;
      lodash.isArray = isArray;
      lodash.isBoolean = isBoolean;
      lodash.isDate = isDate;
      lodash.isElement = isElement;
      lodash.isEmpty = isEmpty;
      lodash.isEqual = isEqual;
      lodash.isFinite = isFinite;
      lodash.isFunction = isFunction;
      lodash.isNaN = isNaN;
      lodash.isNull = isNull;
      lodash.isNumber = isNumber;
      lodash.isObject = isObject;
      lodash.isPlainObject = isPlainObject;
      lodash.isRegExp = isRegExp;
      lodash.isString = isString;
      lodash.isUndefined = isUndefined;
      lodash.lastIndexOf = lastIndexOf;
      lodash.mixin = mixin;
      lodash.noConflict = noConflict;
      lodash.parseInt = parseInt;
      lodash.random = random;
      lodash.reduce = reduce;
      lodash.reduceRight = reduceRight;
      lodash.result = result;
      lodash.runInContext = runInContext;
      lodash.size = size;
      lodash.some = some;
      lodash.sortedIndex = sortedIndex;
      lodash.template = template;
      lodash.unescape = unescape;
      lodash.uniqueId = uniqueId;
  
      // add aliases
      lodash.all = every;
      lodash.any = some;
      lodash.detect = find;
      lodash.foldl = reduce;
      lodash.foldr = reduceRight;
      lodash.include = contains;
      lodash.inject = reduce;
  
      forOwn(lodash, function(func, methodName) {
        if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
          lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
            var args = [this.__wrapped__];
            push.apply(args, arguments);
            return func.apply(lodash, args);
          };
        }
      });
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      // add functions capable of returning wrapped and unwrapped values when chaining
      lodash.first = first;
      lodash.last = last;
  
      // add aliases
      lodash.take = first;
      lodash.head = first;
  
      forOwn(lodash, function(func, methodName) {
        if (!lodash.prototype[methodName]) {
          lodash.prototype[methodName]= function(callback, thisArg) {
            var result = func(this.__wrapped__, callback, thisArg);
            return callback == null || (thisArg && typeof callback != 'function')
              ? result
              : new lodashWrapper(result);
          };
        }
      });
  
      /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
      /**
       * The semantic version number.
       *
       * @static
       * @memberOf _
       * @type String
       */
      lodash.VERSION = '1.2.1';
  
      // add "Chaining" functions to the wrapper
      lodash.prototype.toString = wrapperToString;
      lodash.prototype.value = wrapperValueOf;
      lodash.prototype.valueOf = wrapperValueOf;
  
      // add `Array` functions that return unwrapped values
      each(['join', 'pop', 'shift'], function(methodName) {
        var func = arrayRef[methodName];
        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
          return func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
        };
      });
  
      // add `Array` functions that return the wrapped value
      each(['push', 'reverse', 'sort', 'unshift'], function(methodName) {
        var func = arrayRef[methodName];
        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
          func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments);
          return this;
        };
      });
  
      // add `Array` functions that return new wrapped values
      each(['concat', 'slice', 'splice'], function(methodName) {
        var func = arrayRef[methodName];
        lodash.prototype[methodName] = function() {
          return new lodashWrapper(func.apply(this.__wrapped__, arguments));
        };
      });
  
      return lodash;
    }
  
    /*--------------------------------------------------------------------------*/
  
    // expose Lo-Dash
    var _ = runInContext();
  
    // some AMD build optimizers, like r.js, check for specific condition patterns like the following:
    if (typeof define == 'function' && typeof define.amd == 'object' && define.amd) {
      // Expose Lo-Dash to the global object even when an AMD loader is present in
      // case Lo-Dash was injected by a third-party script and not intended to be
      // loaded as a module. The global assignment can be reverted in the Lo-Dash
      // module via its `noConflict()` method.
      window._ = _;
  
      // define as an anonymous module so, through path mapping, it can be
      // referenced as the "underscore" module
      define(function() {
        return _;
      });
    }
    // check for `exports` after `define` in case a build optimizer adds an `exports` object
    else if (freeExports && !freeExports.nodeType) {
      // in Node.js or RingoJS v0.8.0+
      if (freeModule) {
        (freeModule.exports = _)._ = _;
      }
      // in Narwhal or RingoJS v0.7.0-
      else {
        freeExports._ = _;
      }
    }
    else {
      // in a browser or Rhino
      window._ = _;
    }
  }(this));
  