text: from typing import List, Dict, Optional, Union, Tuple
  from datetime import datetime as datetime_type, timedelta
  import json
  
  from flask import current_app
  from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declared_attr
  from sqlalchemy.orm import Query, Session
  import timely_beliefs as tb
  import timely_beliefs.utils as tb_utils
  
  from flexmeasures.data.config import db
  from flexmeasures.data.queries.utils import (
      add_belief_timing_filter,
      add_user_source_filter,
      add_source_type_filter,
      create_beliefs_query,
      exclude_source_type_filter,
  )
  from flexmeasures.data.services.time_series import collect_time_series_data
  from flexmeasures.utils.entity_address_utils import build_entity_address
  from flexmeasures.data.models.charts import chart_type_to_chart_specs
  from flexmeasures.data.models.data_sources import DataSource
  from flexmeasures.data.models.generic_assets import GenericAsset
  from flexmeasures.utils.time_utils import server_now
  from flexmeasures.utils.flexmeasures_inflection import capitalize
  
  
  class Sensor(db.Model, tb.SensorDBMixin):
      """A sensor measures events. """
  
      generic_asset_id = db.Column(
          db.Integer,
          db.ForeignKey("generic_asset.id", ondelete="CASCADE"),
          nullable=False,
      )
      generic_asset = db.relationship(
          "GenericAsset",
          foreign_keys=[generic_asset_id],
          backref=db.backref(
              "sensors", lazy=True, cascade="all, delete-orphan", passive_deletes=True
          ),
      )
  
      def __init__(
          self,
          name: str,
          generic_asset: Optional[GenericAsset] = None,
          generic_asset_id: Optional[int] = None,
          **kwargs,
      ):
          assert (generic_asset is None) ^ (
              generic_asset_id is None
          ), "Either generic_asset_id or generic_asset must be set."
          tb.SensorDBMixin.__init__(self, name, **kwargs)
          tb_utils.remove_class_init_kwargs(tb.SensorDBMixin, kwargs)
          if generic_asset is not None:
              kwargs["generic_asset"] = generic_asset
          else:
              kwargs["generic_asset_id"] = generic_asset_id
          db.Model.__init__(self, **kwargs)
  
      @property
      def entity_address(self) -> str:
          return build_entity_address(dict(sensor_id=self.id), "sensor")
  
      def latest_state(
          self,
          source: Optional[
              Union[DataSource, List[DataSource], int, List[int], str, List[str]]
          ] = None,
      ) -> tb.BeliefsDataFrame:
          """Search the most recent event for this sensor, and return the most recent ex-post belief.
  
          :param source: search only beliefs by this source (pass the DataSource, or its name or id) or list of sources
          """
          return self.search_beliefs(
              horizons_at_most=timedelta(0),
              source=source,
              most_recent_beliefs_only=True,
              most_recent_events_only=True,
          )
  
      def search_beliefs(
          self,
          event_starts_after: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          event_ends_before: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          beliefs_after: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          beliefs_before: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          horizons_at_least: Optional[timedelta] = None,
          horizons_at_most: Optional[timedelta] = None,
          source: Optional[
              Union[DataSource, List[DataSource], int, List[int], str, List[str]]
          ] = None,
          most_recent_beliefs_only: bool = False,
          most_recent_events_only: bool = False,
          most_recent_only: bool = False,  # deprecated
          as_json: bool = False,
      ) -> Union[tb.BeliefsDataFrame, str]:
          """Search all beliefs about events for this sensor.
  
          :param event_starts_after: only return beliefs about events that start after this datetime (inclusive)
          :param event_ends_before: only return beliefs about events that end before this datetime (inclusive)
          :param beliefs_after: only return beliefs formed after this datetime (inclusive)
          :param beliefs_before: only return beliefs formed before this datetime (inclusive)
          :param horizons_at_least: only return beliefs with a belief horizon equal or greater than this timedelta (for example, use timedelta(0) to get ante knowledge time beliefs)
          :param horizons_at_most: only return beliefs with a belief horizon equal or less than this timedelta (for example, use timedelta(0) to get post knowledge time beliefs)
          :param source: search only beliefs by this source (pass the DataSource, or its name or id) or list of sources
          :param most_recent_beliefs_only: only return the most recent beliefs for each event from each source (minimum belief horizon)
          :param most_recent_events_only: only return (post knowledge time) beliefs for the most recent event (maximum event start)
          :param as_json: return beliefs in JSON format (e.g. for use in charts) rather than as BeliefsDataFrame
          :returns: BeliefsDataFrame or JSON string (if as_json is True)
          """
          # todo: deprecate the 'most_recent_only' argument in favor of 'most_recent_beliefs_only' (announced v0.8.0)
          most_recent_beliefs_only = tb_utils.replace_deprecated_argument(
              "most_recent_only",
              most_recent_only,
              "most_recent_beliefs_only",
              most_recent_beliefs_only,
              required_argument=False,
          )
          bdf = TimedBelief.search(
              sensor=self,
              event_starts_after=event_starts_after,
              event_ends_before=event_ends_before,
              beliefs_after=beliefs_after,
              beliefs_before=beliefs_before,
              horizons_at_least=horizons_at_least,
              horizons_at_most=horizons_at_most,
              source=source,
              most_recent_beliefs_only=most_recent_beliefs_only,
              most_recent_events_only=most_recent_events_only,
          )
          if as_json:
              df = bdf.reset_index()
              df["source"] = df["source"].astype(str)
              return df.to_json(orient="records")
          return bdf
  
      def chart(
          self,
          chart_type: str = "bar_chart",
          event_starts_after: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          event_ends_before: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          beliefs_after: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          beliefs_before: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          source: Optional[
              Union[DataSource, List[DataSource], int, List[int], str, List[str]]
          ] = None,
          include_data: bool = False,
          dataset_name: Optional[str] = None,
          **kwargs,
      ) -> dict:
          """Create a chart showing sensor data.
  
          :param chart_type: currently only "bar_chart" # todo: where can we properly list the available chart types?
          :param event_starts_after: only return beliefs about events that start after this datetime (inclusive)
          :param event_ends_before: only return beliefs about events that end before this datetime (inclusive)
          :param beliefs_after: only return beliefs formed after this datetime (inclusive)
          :param beliefs_before: only return beliefs formed before this datetime (inclusive)
          :param source: search only beliefs by this source (pass the DataSource, or its name or id) or list of sources
          :param include_data: if True, include data in the chart, or if False, exclude data
          :param dataset_name: optionally name the dataset used in the chart (the default name is sensor_<id>)
          """
  
          # Set up chart specification
          if dataset_name is None:
              dataset_name = "sensor_" + str(self.id)
          self.sensor_type = (
              self.name
          )  # todo remove this placeholder when sensor types are modelled
          chart_specs = chart_type_to_chart_specs(
              chart_type,
              title=capitalize(self.name),
              quantity=capitalize(self.sensor_type),
              unit=self.unit,
              dataset_name=dataset_name,
              **kwargs,
          )
  
          if include_data:
              # Set up data
              data = self.search_beliefs(
                  as_json=True,
                  event_starts_after=event_starts_after,
                  event_ends_before=event_ends_before,
                  beliefs_after=beliefs_after,
                  beliefs_before=beliefs_before,
                  source=source,
              )
              # Combine chart specs and data
              chart_specs["datasets"] = {dataset_name: json.loads(data)}
          return chart_specs
  
      @property
      def timerange(self) -> Dict[str, datetime_type]:
          """Time range for which sensor data exists.
  
          :returns: dictionary with start and end, for example:
                    {
                        'start': datetime.datetime(2020, 12, 3, 14, 0, tzinfo=pytz.utc),
                        'end': datetime.datetime(2020, 12, 3, 14, 30, tzinfo=pytz.utc)
                    }
          """
          least_recent_query = (
              TimedBelief.query.filter(TimedBelief.sensor == self)
              .order_by(TimedBelief.event_start.asc())
              .limit(1)
          )
          most_recent_query = (
              TimedBelief.query.filter(TimedBelief.sensor == self)
              .order_by(TimedBelief.event_start.desc())
              .limit(1)
          )
          results = least_recent_query.union_all(most_recent_query).all()
          if not results:
              # return now in case there is no data for the sensor
              now = server_now()
              return dict(start=now, end=now)
          least_recent, most_recent = results
          return dict(start=least_recent.event_start, end=most_recent.event_end)
  
      def __repr__(self) -> str:
          return f"<Sensor {self.id}: {self.name}, unit: {self.unit} res.: {self.event_resolution}>"
  
  
  class TimedBelief(db.Model, tb.TimedBeliefDBMixin):
      """A timed belief holds a precisely timed record of a belief about an event.
  
      It also records the source of the belief, and the sensor that the event pertains to.
      """
  
      @declared_attr
      def source_id(cls):
          return db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey("data_source.id"), primary_key=True)
  
      sensor = db.relationship("Sensor", backref=db.backref("beliefs", lazy=True))
      source = db.relationship("DataSource", backref=db.backref("beliefs", lazy=True))
  
      def __init__(
          self,
          sensor: tb.DBSensor,
          source: tb.DBBeliefSource,
          **kwargs,
      ):
          tb.TimedBeliefDBMixin.__init__(self, sensor, source, **kwargs)
          tb_utils.remove_class_init_kwargs(tb.TimedBeliefDBMixin, kwargs)
          db.Model.__init__(self, **kwargs)
  
      @classmethod
      def search(
          cls,
          sensor: Sensor,
          event_starts_after: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          event_ends_before: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          beliefs_after: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          beliefs_before: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          horizons_at_least: Optional[timedelta] = None,
          horizons_at_most: Optional[timedelta] = None,
          source: Optional[
              Union[DataSource, List[DataSource], int, List[int], str, List[str]]
          ] = None,
          most_recent_beliefs_only: bool = False,
          most_recent_events_only: bool = False,
          most_recent_only: bool = False,  # deprecated
      ) -> tb.BeliefsDataFrame:
          """Search all beliefs about events for a given sensor.
  
          :param sensor: search only this sensor
          :param event_starts_after: only return beliefs about events that start after this datetime (inclusive)
          :param event_ends_before: only return beliefs about events that end before this datetime (inclusive)
          :param beliefs_after: only return beliefs formed after this datetime (inclusive)
          :param beliefs_before: only return beliefs formed before this datetime (inclusive)
          :param horizons_at_least: only return beliefs with a belief horizon equal or greater than this timedelta (for example, use timedelta(0) to get ante knowledge time beliefs)
          :param horizons_at_most: only return beliefs with a belief horizon equal or less than this timedelta (for example, use timedelta(0) to get post knowledge time beliefs)
          :param source: search only beliefs by this source (pass the DataSource, or its name or id) or list of sources
          :param most_recent_beliefs_only: only return the most recent beliefs for each event from each source (minimum belief horizon)
          :param most_recent_events_only: only return (post knowledge time) beliefs for the most recent event (maximum event start)
          """
          # todo: deprecate the 'most_recent_only' argument in favor of 'most_recent_beliefs_only' (announced v0.8.0)
          most_recent_beliefs_only = tb_utils.replace_deprecated_argument(
              "most_recent_only",
              most_recent_only,
              "most_recent_beliefs_only",
              most_recent_beliefs_only,
              required_argument=False,
          )
          parsed_sources = parse_source_arg(source)
          return cls.search_session(
              session=db.session,
              sensor=sensor,
              event_starts_after=event_starts_after,
              event_ends_before=event_ends_before,
              beliefs_after=beliefs_after,
              beliefs_before=beliefs_before,
              horizons_at_least=horizons_at_least,
              horizons_at_most=horizons_at_most,
              source=parsed_sources,
              most_recent_beliefs_only=most_recent_beliefs_only,
              most_recent_events_only=most_recent_events_only,
          )
  
      @classmethod
      def add(
          cls,
          bdf: tb.BeliefsDataFrame,
          expunge_session: bool = False,
          allow_overwrite: bool = False,
          bulk_save_objects: bool = False,
          commit_transaction: bool = False,
      ):
          """Add a BeliefsDataFrame as timed beliefs in the database.
  
          :param bdf: the BeliefsDataFrame to be persisted
          :param expunge_session:     if True, all non-flushed instances are removed from the session before adding beliefs.
                                      Expunging can resolve problems you might encounter with states of objects in your session.
                                      When using this option, you might want to flush newly-created objects which are not beliefs
                                      (e.g. a sensor or data source object).
          :param allow_overwrite:     if True, new objects are merged
                                      if False, objects are added to the session or bulk saved
          :param bulk_save_objects:   if True, objects are bulk saved with session.bulk_save_objects(),
                                      which is quite fast but has several caveats, see:
                                      https://docs.sqlalchemy.org/orm/persistence_techniques.html#bulk-operations-caveats
                                      if False, objects are added to the session with session.add_all()
          :param commit_transaction:  if True, the session is committed
                                      if False, you can still add other data to the session
                                      and commit it all within an atomic transaction
          """
          return cls.add_to_session(
              session=db.session,
              beliefs_data_frame=bdf,
              expunge_session=expunge_session,
              allow_overwrite=allow_overwrite,
              bulk_save_objects=bulk_save_objects,
              commit_transaction=commit_transaction,
          )
  
      def __repr__(self) -> str:
          """timely-beliefs representation of timed beliefs."""
          return tb.TimedBelief.__repr__(self)
  
  
  class TimedValue(object):
      """
      A mixin of all tables that store time series data, either forecasts or measurements.
      Represents one row.
      """
  
      @declared_attr
      def __tablename__(cls):  # noqa: B902
          return cls.__name__.lower()
  
      """The time at which the value is supposed to (have) happen(ed)."""
  
      @declared_attr
      def datetime(cls):  # noqa: B902
          return db.Column(db.DateTime(timezone=True), primary_key=True, index=True)
  
      """The time delta of measuring or forecasting.
      This should be a duration in ISO8601, e.g. "PT10M", which you can turn into a timedelta with
      isodate.parse_duration, optionally with a minus sign, e.g. "-PT10M".
      Positive durations indicate a forecast into the future, negative ones a backward forecast into the past or simply
      a measurement after the fact.
      """
  
      @declared_attr
      def horizon(cls):  # noqa: B902
          return db.Column(
              db.Interval(), nullable=False, primary_key=True
          )  # todo: default=timedelta(hours=0)
  
      """The value."""
  
      @declared_attr
      def value(cls):  # noqa: B902
          return db.Column(db.Float, nullable=False)
  
      """The data source."""
  
      @declared_attr
      def data_source_id(cls):  # noqa: B902
          return db.Column(db.Integer, db.ForeignKey("data_source.id"), primary_key=True)
  
      @classmethod
      def make_query(
          cls,
          asset_class: db.Model,
          asset_names: Tuple[str],
          query_window: Tuple[Optional[datetime_type], Optional[datetime_type]],
          belief_horizon_window: Tuple[Optional[timedelta], Optional[timedelta]] = (
              None,
              None,
          ),
          belief_time_window: Tuple[Optional[datetime_type], Optional[datetime_type]] = (
              None,
              None,
          ),
          belief_time: Optional[datetime_type] = None,
          user_source_ids: Optional[Union[int, List[int]]] = None,
          source_types: Optional[List[str]] = None,
          exclude_source_types: Optional[List[str]] = None,
          session: Session = None,
      ) -> Query:
          """
          Can be extended with the make_query function in subclasses.
          We identify the assets by their name, which assumes a unique string field can be used.
          The query window consists of two optional datetimes (start and end).
          The horizon window expects first the shorter horizon (e.g. 6H) and then the longer horizon (e.g. 24H).
          The session can be supplied, but if None, the implementation should find a session itself.
  
          :param user_source_ids: Optional list of user source ids to query only specific user sources
          :param source_types: Optional list of source type names to query only specific source types *
          :param exclude_source_types: Optional list of source type names to exclude specific source types *
  
          * If user_source_ids is specified, the "user" source type is automatically included (and not excluded).
            Somewhat redundant, but still allowed is to set both source_types and exclude_source_types.
  
  
          # todo: add examples
          # todo: switch to using timely_beliefs queries, which are more powerful
          """
          if session is None:
              session = db.session
          start, end = query_window
          query = create_beliefs_query(cls, session, asset_class, asset_names, start, end)
          query = add_belief_timing_filter(
              cls, query, asset_class, belief_horizon_window, belief_time_window
          )
          if user_source_ids:
              query = add_user_source_filter(cls, query, user_source_ids)
          if source_types:
              if user_source_ids and "user" not in source_types:
                  source_types.append("user")
              query = add_source_type_filter(cls, query, source_types)
          if exclude_source_types:
              if user_source_ids and "user" in exclude_source_types:
                  exclude_source_types.remove("user")
              query = exclude_source_type_filter(cls, query, exclude_source_types)
          return query
  
      @classmethod
      def collect(
          cls,
          generic_asset_names: Union[str, List[str]],
          query_window: Tuple[Optional[datetime_type], Optional[datetime_type]] = (
              None,
              None,
          ),
          belief_horizon_window: Tuple[Optional[timedelta], Optional[timedelta]] = (
              None,
              None,
          ),
          belief_time_window: Tuple[Optional[datetime_type], Optional[datetime_type]] = (
              None,
              None,
          ),
          user_source_ids: Union[
              int, List[int]
          ] = None,  # None is interpreted as all sources
          source_types: Optional[List[str]] = None,
          exclude_source_types: Optional[List[str]] = None,
          resolution: Union[str, timedelta] = None,
          sum_multiple: bool = True,
      ) -> Union[tb.BeliefsDataFrame, Dict[str, tb.BeliefsDataFrame]]:
          """Basically a convenience wrapper for services.collect_time_series_data,
          where time series data collection is implemented.
          """
          return collect_time_series_data(
              generic_asset_names=generic_asset_names,
              make_query=cls.make_query,
              query_window=query_window,
              belief_horizon_window=belief_horizon_window,
              belief_time_window=belief_time_window,
              user_source_ids=user_source_ids,
              source_types=source_types,
              exclude_source_types=exclude_source_types,
              resolution=resolution,
              sum_multiple=sum_multiple,
          )
  
  
  def parse_source_arg(
      source: Optional[
          Union[DataSource, List[DataSource], int, List[int], str, List[str]]
      ]
  ) -> Optional[List[DataSource]]:
      """Parse the "source" argument by looking up DataSources corresponding to any given ids or names."""
      if source is None:
          return source
      if not isinstance(source, list):
          sources = [source]
      else:
          sources = source
      parsed_sources: List[DataSource] = []
      for source in sources:
          if isinstance(source, int):
              parsed_source = DataSource.query.filter_by(id=source).one_or_none()
              if parsed_source is None:
                  current_app.logger.warning(
                      f"Beliefs searched for unknown source {source}"
                  )
              else:
                  parsed_sources.append(parsed_source)
          elif isinstance(source, str):
              _parsed_sources = DataSource.query.filter_by(name=source).all()
              if _parsed_sources is []:
                  current_app.logger.warning(
                      f"Beliefs searched for unknown source {source}"
                  )
              else:
                  parsed_sources.extend(_parsed_sources)
          else:
              parsed_sources.append(source)
      return parsed_sources
  