text: // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
  // Copyright (c) 2009-2012 The BITDOOK developers
  // Distributed under the MIT/X11 software license, see the accompanying
  // file COPYING or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
  
  #ifndef WIN32
  // for posix_fallocate
  #ifdef __linux__
  #define _POSIX_C_SOURCE 200112L
  #endif
  #include <fcntl.h>
  #include <sys/stat.h>
  #include <sys/resource.h>
  #endif
  
  #include "chainparams.h"
  #include "util.h"
  #include "sync.h"
  #include "version.h"
  #include "ui_interface.h"
  #include <boost/algorithm/string/join.hpp>
  #include <boost/algorithm/string/case_conv.hpp> // for to_lower()
  #include <boost/algorithm/string/predicate.hpp> // for startswith() and endswith()
  
  // Work around clang compilation problem in Boost 1.46:
  // /usr/include/boost/program_options/detail/config_file.hpp:163:17: error: call to function 'to_internal' that is neither visible in the template definition nor found by argument-dependent lookup
  // See also: http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10020179/compilation-fail-in-boost-librairies-program-options
  //           http://clang.debian.net/status.php?version=3.0&key=CANNOT_FIND_FUNCTION
  namespace boost {
      namespace program_options {
          std::string to_internal(const std::string&);
      }
  }
  
  #include <boost/program_options/detail/config_file.hpp>
  #include <boost/program_options/parsers.hpp>
  #include <boost/filesystem.hpp>
  #include <boost/filesystem/fstream.hpp>
  #include <boost/foreach.hpp>
  #include <boost/thread.hpp>
  #include <openssl/crypto.h>
  #include <openssl/rand.h>
  #include <stdarg.h>
  
  #ifdef WIN32
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
  #pragma warning(disable:4786)
  #pragma warning(disable:4804)
  #pragma warning(disable:4805)
  #pragma warning(disable:4717)
  #endif
  #ifdef _WIN32_WINNT
  #undef _WIN32_WINNT
  #endif
  #define _WIN32_WINNT 0x0501
  #ifdef _WIN32_IE
  #undef _WIN32_IE
  #endif
  #define _WIN32_IE 0x0501
  #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN 1
  #ifndef NOMINMAX
  #define NOMINMAX
  #endif
  #include <io.h> /* for _commit */
  #include "shlobj.h"
  #elif defined(__linux__)
  # include <sys/prctl.h>
  #endif
  
  using namespace std;
  
  map<string, string> mapArgs;
  map<string, vector<string> > mapMultiArgs;
  bool fDebug = false;
  bool fDebugNet = false;
  bool fPrintToConsole = false;
  bool fPrintToDebugger = false;
  bool fDaemon = false;
  bool fServer = false;
  bool fCommandLine = false;
  string strMiscWarning;
  bool fNoListen = false;
  bool fLogTimestamps = false;
  CMedianFilter<int64> vTimeOffsets(200,0);
  volatile bool fReopenDebugLog = false;
  bool fCachedPath[2] = {false, false};
  
  // Init OpenSSL library multithreading support
  static CCriticalSection** ppmutexOpenSSL;
  void locking_callback(int mode, int i, const char* file, int line)
  {
      if (mode & CRYPTO_LOCK) {
          ENTER_CRITICAL_SECTION(*ppmutexOpenSSL[i]);
      } else {
          LEAVE_CRITICAL_SECTION(*ppmutexOpenSSL[i]);
      }
  }
  
  LockedPageManager LockedPageManager::instance;
  
  // Init
  class CInit
  {
  public:
      CInit()
      {
          // Init OpenSSL library multithreading support
          ppmutexOpenSSL = (CCriticalSection**)OPENSSL_malloc(CRYPTO_num_locks() * sizeof(CCriticalSection*));
          for (int i = 0; i < CRYPTO_num_locks(); i++)
              ppmutexOpenSSL[i] = new CCriticalSection();
          CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(locking_callback);
  
  #ifdef WIN32
          // Seed random number generator with screen scrape and other hardware sources
          RAND_screen();
  #endif
  
          // Seed random number generator with performance counter
          RandAddSeed();
      }
      ~CInit()
      {
          // Shutdown OpenSSL library multithreading support
          CRYPTO_set_locking_callback(NULL);
          for (int i = 0; i < CRYPTO_num_locks(); i++)
              delete ppmutexOpenSSL[i];
          OPENSSL_free(ppmutexOpenSSL);
      }
  }
  instance_of_cinit;
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  void RandAddSeed()
  {
      // Seed with CPU performance counter
      int64 nCounter = GetPerformanceCounter();
      RAND_add(&nCounter, sizeof(nCounter), 1.5);
      memset(&nCounter, 0, sizeof(nCounter));
  }
  
  void RandAddSeedPerfmon()
  {
      RandAddSeed();
  
      // This can take up to 2 seconds, so only do it every 10 minutes
      static int64 nLastPerfmon;
      if (GetTime() < nLastPerfmon + 10 * 60)
          return;
      nLastPerfmon = GetTime();
  
  #ifdef WIN32
      // Don't need this on Linux, OpenSSL automatically uses /dev/urandom
      // Seed with the entire set of perfmon data
      unsigned char pdata[250000];
      memset(pdata, 0, sizeof(pdata));
      unsigned long nSize = sizeof(pdata);
      long ret = RegQueryValueExA(HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA, "Global", NULL, NULL, pdata, &nSize);
      RegCloseKey(HKEY_PERFORMANCE_DATA);
      if (ret == ERROR_SUCCESS)
      {
          RAND_add(pdata, nSize, nSize/100.0);
          OPENSSL_cleanse(pdata, nSize);
          printf("RandAddSeed() %lu bytes\n", nSize);
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  uint64 GetRand(uint64 nMax)
  {
      if (nMax == 0)
          return 0;
  
      // The range of the random source must be a multiple of the modulus
      // to give every possible output value an equal possibility
      uint64 nRange = (std::numeric_limits<uint64>::max() / nMax) * nMax;
      uint64 nRand = 0;
      do
          RAND_bytes((unsigned char*)&nRand, sizeof(nRand));
      while (nRand >= nRange);
      return (nRand % nMax);
  }
  
  int GetRandInt(int nMax)
  {
      return GetRand(nMax);
  }
  
  uint256 GetRandHash()
  {
      uint256 hash;
      RAND_bytes((unsigned char*)&hash, sizeof(hash));
      return hash;
  }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  //
  // OutputDebugStringF (aka printf -- there is a #define that we really
  // should get rid of one day) has been broken a couple of times now
  // by well-meaning people adding mutexes in the most straightforward way.
  // It breaks because it may be called by global destructors during shutdown.
  // Since the order of destruction of static/global objects is undefined,
  // defining a mutex as a global object doesn't work (the mutex gets
  // destroyed, and then some later destructor calls OutputDebugStringF,
  // maybe indirectly, and you get a core dump at shutdown trying to lock
  // the mutex).
  
  static boost::once_flag debugPrintInitFlag = BOOST_ONCE_INIT;
  // We use boost::call_once() to make sure these are initialized in
  // in a thread-safe manner the first time it is called:
  static FILE* fileout = NULL;
  static boost::mutex* mutexDebugLog = NULL;
  
  static void DebugPrintInit()
  {
      assert(fileout == NULL);
      assert(mutexDebugLog == NULL);
  
      boost::filesystem::path pathDebug = GetDataDir() / "debug.log";
      fileout = fopen(pathDebug.string().c_str(), "a");
      if (fileout) setbuf(fileout, NULL); // unbuffered
  
      mutexDebugLog = new boost::mutex();
  }
  
  int OutputDebugStringF(const char* pszFormat, ...)
  {
      int ret = 0; // Returns total number of characters written
      if (fPrintToConsole)
      {
          // print to console
          va_list arg_ptr;
          va_start(arg_ptr, pszFormat);
          ret += vprintf(pszFormat, arg_ptr);
          va_end(arg_ptr);
      }
      else if (!fPrintToDebugger)
      {
          static bool fStartedNewLine = true;
          boost::call_once(&DebugPrintInit, debugPrintInitFlag);
  
          if (fileout == NULL)
              return ret;
  
          boost::mutex::scoped_lock scoped_lock(*mutexDebugLog);
  
          // reopen the log file, if requested
          if (fReopenDebugLog) {
              fReopenDebugLog = false;
              boost::filesystem::path pathDebug = GetDataDir() / "debug.log";
              if (freopen(pathDebug.string().c_str(),"a",fileout) != NULL)
                  setbuf(fileout, NULL); // unbuffered
          }
  
          // Debug print useful for profiling
          if (fLogTimestamps && fStartedNewLine)
              ret += fprintf(fileout, "%s ", DateTimeStrFormat("%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", GetTime()).c_str());
          if (pszFormat[strlen(pszFormat) - 1] == '\n')
              fStartedNewLine = true;
          else
              fStartedNewLine = false;
  
          va_list arg_ptr;
          va_start(arg_ptr, pszFormat);
          ret += vfprintf(fileout, pszFormat, arg_ptr);
          va_end(arg_ptr);
      }
  
  #ifdef WIN32
      if (fPrintToDebugger)
      {
          static CCriticalSection cs_OutputDebugStringF;
  
          // accumulate and output a line at a time
          {
              LOCK(cs_OutputDebugStringF);
              static std::string buffer;
  
              va_list arg_ptr;
              va_start(arg_ptr, pszFormat);
              buffer += vstrprintf(pszFormat, arg_ptr);
              va_end(arg_ptr);
  
              int line_start = 0, line_end;
              while((line_end = buffer.find('\n', line_start)) != -1)
              {
                  OutputDebugStringA(buffer.substr(line_start, line_end - line_start).c_str());
                  line_start = line_end + 1;
                  ret += line_end-line_start;
              }
              buffer.erase(0, line_start);
          }
      }
  #endif
      return ret;
  }
  
  string vstrprintf(const char *format, va_list ap)
  {
      char buffer[50000];
      char* p = buffer;
      int limit = sizeof(buffer);
      int ret;
      while (true)
      {
          va_list arg_ptr;
          va_copy(arg_ptr, ap);
  #ifdef WIN32
          ret = _vsnprintf(p, limit, format, arg_ptr);
  #else
          ret = vsnprintf(p, limit, format, arg_ptr);
  #endif
          va_end(arg_ptr);
          if (ret >= 0 && ret < limit)
              break;
          if (p != buffer)
              delete[] p;
          limit *= 2;
          p = new char[limit];
          if (p == NULL)
              throw std::bad_alloc();
      }
      string str(p, p+ret);
      if (p != buffer)
          delete[] p;
      return str;
  }
  
  string real_strprintf(const char *format, int dummy, ...)
  {
      va_list arg_ptr;
      va_start(arg_ptr, dummy);
      string str = vstrprintf(format, arg_ptr);
      va_end(arg_ptr);
      return str;
  }
  
  string real_strprintf(const std::string &format, int dummy, ...)
  {
      va_list arg_ptr;
      va_start(arg_ptr, dummy);
      string str = vstrprintf(format.c_str(), arg_ptr);
      va_end(arg_ptr);
      return str;
  }
  
  bool error(const char *format, ...)
  {
      va_list arg_ptr;
      va_start(arg_ptr, format);
      std::string str = vstrprintf(format, arg_ptr);
      va_end(arg_ptr);
      printf("ERROR: %s\n", str.c_str());
      return false;
  }
  
  
  void ParseString(const string& str, char c, vector<string>& v)
  {
      if (str.empty())
          return;
      string::size_type i1 = 0;
      string::size_type i2;
      while (true)
      {
          i2 = str.find(c, i1);
          if (i2 == str.npos)
          {
              v.push_back(str.substr(i1));
              return;
          }
          v.push_back(str.substr(i1, i2-i1));
          i1 = i2+1;
      }
  }
  
  
  string FormatMoney(int64 n, bool fPlus)
  {
      // Note: not using straight sprintf here because we do NOT want
      // localized number formatting.
      int64 n_abs = (n > 0 ? n : -n);
      int64 quotient = n_abs/COIN;
      int64 remainder = n_abs%COIN;
      string str = strprintf("%"PRI64d".%08"PRI64d, quotient, remainder);
  
      // Right-trim excess zeros before the decimal point:
      int nTrim = 0;
      for (int i = str.size()-1; (str[i] == '0' && isdigit(str[i-2])); --i)
          ++nTrim;
      if (nTrim)
          str.erase(str.size()-nTrim, nTrim);
  
      if (n < 0)
          str.insert((unsigned int)0, 1, '-');
      else if (fPlus && n > 0)
          str.insert((unsigned int)0, 1, '+');
      return str;
  }
  
  
  bool ParseMoney(const string& str, int64& nRet)
  {
      return ParseMoney(str.c_str(), nRet);
  }
  
  bool ParseMoney(const char* pszIn, int64& nRet)
  {
      string strWhole;
      int64 nUnits = 0;
      const char* p = pszIn;
      while (isspace(*p))
          p++;
      for (; *p; p++)
      {
          if (*p == '.')
          {
              p++;
              int64 nMult = CENT*10;
              while (isdigit(*p) && (nMult > 0))
              {
                  nUnits += nMult * (*p++ - '0');
                  nMult /= 10;
              }
              break;
          }
          if (isspace(*p))
              break;
          if (!isdigit(*p))
              return false;
          strWhole.insert(strWhole.end(), *p);
      }
      for (; *p; p++)
          if (!isspace(*p))
              return false;
      if (strWhole.size() > 10) // guard against 63 bit overflow
          return false;
      if (nUnits < 0 || nUnits > COIN)
          return false;
      int64 nWhole = atoi64(strWhole);
      int64 nValue = nWhole*COIN + nUnits;
  
      nRet = nValue;
      return true;
  }
  
  
  static const signed char phexdigit[256] =
  { -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,0xa,0xb,0xc,0xd,0xe,0xf,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,0xa,0xb,0xc,0xd,0xe,0xf,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,
    -1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1, };
  
  bool IsHex(const string& str)
  {
      BOOST_FOREACH(unsigned char c, str)
      {
          if (phexdigit[c] < 0)
              return false;
      }
      return (str.size() > 0) && (str.size()%2 == 0);
  }
  
  vector<unsigned char> ParseHex(const char* psz)
  {
      // convert hex dump to vector
      vector<unsigned char> vch;
      while (true)
      {
          while (isspace(*psz))
              psz++;
          signed char c = phexdigit[(unsigned char)*psz++];
          if (c == (signed char)-1)
              break;
          unsigned char n = (c << 4);
          c = phexdigit[(unsigned char)*psz++];
          if (c == (signed char)-1)
              break;
          n |= c;
          vch.push_back(n);
      }
      return vch;
  }
  
  vector<unsigned char> ParseHex(const string& str)
  {
      return ParseHex(str.c_str());
  }
  
  static void InterpretNegativeSetting(string name, map<string, string>& mapSettingsRet)
  {
      // interpret -nofoo as -foo=0 (and -nofoo=0 as -foo=1) as long as -foo not set
      if (name.find("-no") == 0)
      {
          std::string positive("-");
          positive.append(name.begin()+3, name.end());
          if (mapSettingsRet.count(positive) == 0)
          {
              bool value = !GetBoolArg(name, false);
              mapSettingsRet[positive] = (value ? "1" : "0");
          }
      }
  }
  
  void ParseParameters(int argc, const char* const argv[])
  {
      mapArgs.clear();
      mapMultiArgs.clear();
      for (int i = 1; i < argc; i++)
      {
          std::string str(argv[i]);
          std::string strValue;
          size_t is_index = str.find('=');
          if (is_index != std::string::npos)
          {
              strValue = str.substr(is_index+1);
              str = str.substr(0, is_index);
          }
  #ifdef WIN32
          boost::to_lower(str);
          if (boost::algorithm::starts_with(str, "/"))
              str = "-" + str.substr(1);
  #endif
          if (str[0] != '-')
              break;
  
          mapArgs[str] = strValue;
          mapMultiArgs[str].push_back(strValue);
      }
  
      // New 0.6 features:
      BOOST_FOREACH(const PAIRTYPE(string,string)& entry, mapArgs)
      {
          string name = entry.first;
  
          //  interpret --foo as -foo (as long as both are not set)
          if (name.find("--") == 0)
          {
              std::string singleDash(name.begin()+1, name.end());
              if (mapArgs.count(singleDash) == 0)
                  mapArgs[singleDash] = entry.second;
              name = singleDash;
          }
  
          // interpret -nofoo as -foo=0 (and -nofoo=0 as -foo=1) as long as -foo not set
          InterpretNegativeSetting(name, mapArgs);
      }
  }
  
  std::string GetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strDefault)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
          return mapArgs[strArg];
      return strDefault;
  }
  
  int64 GetArg(const std::string& strArg, int64 nDefault)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
          return atoi64(mapArgs[strArg]);
      return nDefault;
  }
  
  bool GetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fDefault)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
      {
          if (mapArgs[strArg].empty())
              return true;
          return (atoi(mapArgs[strArg]) != 0);
      }
      return fDefault;
  }
  
  bool SoftSetArg(const std::string& strArg, const std::string& strValue)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
          return false;
      mapArgs[strArg] = strValue;
      return true;
  }
  
  bool SoftSetBoolArg(const std::string& strArg, bool fValue)
  {
      if (fValue)
          return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("1"));
      else
          return SoftSetArg(strArg, std::string("0"));
  }
  
  
  string EncodeBase64(const unsigned char* pch, size_t len)
  {
      static const char *pbase64 = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/";
  
      string strRet="";
      strRet.reserve((len+2)/3*4);
  
      int mode=0, left=0;
      const unsigned char *pchEnd = pch+len;
  
      while (pch<pchEnd)
      {
          int enc = *(pch++);
          switch (mode)
          {
              case 0: // we have no bits
                  strRet += pbase64[enc >> 2];
                  left = (enc & 3) << 4;
                  mode = 1;
                  break;
  
              case 1: // we have two bits
                  strRet += pbase64[left | (enc >> 4)];
                  left = (enc & 15) << 2;
                  mode = 2;
                  break;
  
              case 2: // we have four bits
                  strRet += pbase64[left | (enc >> 6)];
                  strRet += pbase64[enc & 63];
                  mode = 0;
                  break;
          }
      }
  
      if (mode)
      {
          strRet += pbase64[left];
          strRet += '=';
          if (mode == 1)
              strRet += '=';
      }
  
      return strRet;
  }
  
  string EncodeBase64(const string& str)
  {
      return EncodeBase64((const unsigned char*)str.c_str(), str.size());
  }
  
  vector<unsigned char> DecodeBase64(const char* p, bool* pfInvalid)
  {
      static const int decode64_table[256] =
      {
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, 62, -1, -1, -1, 63, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
          15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 26, 27, 28,
          29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,
          49, 50, 51, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1
      };
  
      if (pfInvalid)
          *pfInvalid = false;
  
      vector<unsigned char> vchRet;
      vchRet.reserve(strlen(p)*3/4);
  
      int mode = 0;
      int left = 0;
  
      while (1)
      {
           int dec = decode64_table[(unsigned char)*p];
           if (dec == -1) break;
           p++;
           switch (mode)
           {
               case 0: // we have no bits and get 6
                   left = dec;
                   mode = 1;
                   break;
  
                case 1: // we have 6 bits and keep 4
                    vchRet.push_back((left<<2) | (dec>>4));
                    left = dec & 15;
                    mode = 2;
                    break;
  
               case 2: // we have 4 bits and get 6, we keep 2
                   vchRet.push_back((left<<4) | (dec>>2));
                   left = dec & 3;
                   mode = 3;
                   break;
  
               case 3: // we have 2 bits and get 6
                   vchRet.push_back((left<<6) | dec);
                   mode = 0;
                   break;
           }
      }
  
      if (pfInvalid)
          switch (mode)
          {
              case 0: // 4n base64 characters processed: ok
                  break;
  
              case 1: // 4n+1 base64 character processed: impossible
                  *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
  
              case 2: // 4n+2 base64 characters processed: require '=='
                  if (left || p[0] != '=' || p[1] != '=' || decode64_table[(unsigned char)p[2]] != -1)
                      *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
  
              case 3: // 4n+3 base64 characters processed: require '='
                  if (left || p[0] != '=' || decode64_table[(unsigned char)p[1]] != -1)
                      *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
          }
  
      return vchRet;
  }
  
  string DecodeBase64(const string& str)
  {
      vector<unsigned char> vchRet = DecodeBase64(str.c_str());
      return string((const char*)&vchRet[0], vchRet.size());
  }
  
  string EncodeBase32(const unsigned char* pch, size_t len)
  {
      static const char *pbase32 = "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz234567";
  
      string strRet="";
      strRet.reserve((len+4)/5*8);
  
      int mode=0, left=0;
      const unsigned char *pchEnd = pch+len;
  
      while (pch<pchEnd)
      {
          int enc = *(pch++);
          switch (mode)
          {
              case 0: // we have no bits
                  strRet += pbase32[enc >> 3];
                  left = (enc & 7) << 2;
                  mode = 1;
                  break;
  
              case 1: // we have three bits
                  strRet += pbase32[left | (enc >> 6)];
                  strRet += pbase32[(enc >> 1) & 31];
                  left = (enc & 1) << 4;
                  mode = 2;
                  break;
  
              case 2: // we have one bit
                  strRet += pbase32[left | (enc >> 4)];
                  left = (enc & 15) << 1;
                  mode = 3;
                  break;
  
              case 3: // we have four bits
                  strRet += pbase32[left | (enc >> 7)];
                  strRet += pbase32[(enc >> 2) & 31];
                  left = (enc & 3) << 3;
                  mode = 4;
                  break;
  
              case 4: // we have two bits
                  strRet += pbase32[left | (enc >> 5)];
                  strRet += pbase32[enc & 31];
                  mode = 0;
          }
      }
  
      static const int nPadding[5] = {0, 6, 4, 3, 1};
      if (mode)
      {
          strRet += pbase32[left];
          for (int n=0; n<nPadding[mode]; n++)
               strRet += '=';
      }
  
      return strRet;
  }
  
  string EncodeBase32(const string& str)
  {
      return EncodeBase32((const unsigned char*)str.c_str(), str.size());
  }
  
  vector<unsigned char> DecodeBase32(const char* p, bool* pfInvalid)
  {
      static const int decode32_table[256] =
      {
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
          15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,  0,  1,  2,
           3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22,
          23, 24, 25, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1,
          -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1, -1
      };
  
      if (pfInvalid)
          *pfInvalid = false;
  
      vector<unsigned char> vchRet;
      vchRet.reserve((strlen(p))*5/8);
  
      int mode = 0;
      int left = 0;
  
      while (1)
      {
           int dec = decode32_table[(unsigned char)*p];
           if (dec == -1) break;
           p++;
           switch (mode)
           {
               case 0: // we have no bits and get 5
                   left = dec;
                   mode = 1;
                   break;
  
                case 1: // we have 5 bits and keep 2
                    vchRet.push_back((left<<3) | (dec>>2));
                    left = dec & 3;
                    mode = 2;
                    break;
  
               case 2: // we have 2 bits and keep 7
                   left = left << 5 | dec;
                   mode = 3;
                   break;
  
               case 3: // we have 7 bits and keep 4
                   vchRet.push_back((left<<1) | (dec>>4));
                   left = dec & 15;
                   mode = 4;
                   break;
  
               case 4: // we have 4 bits, and keep 1
                   vchRet.push_back((left<<4) | (dec>>1));
                   left = dec & 1;
                   mode = 5;
                   break;
  
               case 5: // we have 1 bit, and keep 6
                   left = left << 5 | dec;
                   mode = 6;
                   break;
  
               case 6: // we have 6 bits, and keep 3
                   vchRet.push_back((left<<2) | (dec>>3));
                   left = dec & 7;
                   mode = 7;
                   break;
  
               case 7: // we have 3 bits, and keep 0
                   vchRet.push_back((left<<5) | dec);
                   mode = 0;
                   break;
           }
      }
  
      if (pfInvalid)
          switch (mode)
          {
              case 0: // 8n base32 characters processed: ok
                  break;
  
              case 1: // 8n+1 base32 characters processed: impossible
              case 3: //   +3
              case 6: //   +6
                  *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
  
              case 2: // 8n+2 base32 characters processed: require '======'
                  if (left || p[0] != '=' || p[1] != '=' || p[2] != '=' || p[3] != '=' || p[4] != '=' || p[5] != '=' || decode32_table[(unsigned char)p[6]] != -1)
                      *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
  
              case 4: // 8n+4 base32 characters processed: require '===='
                  if (left || p[0] != '=' || p[1] != '=' || p[2] != '=' || p[3] != '=' || decode32_table[(unsigned char)p[4]] != -1)
                      *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
  
              case 5: // 8n+5 base32 characters processed: require '==='
                  if (left || p[0] != '=' || p[1] != '=' || p[2] != '=' || decode32_table[(unsigned char)p[3]] != -1)
                      *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
  
              case 7: // 8n+7 base32 characters processed: require '='
                  if (left || p[0] != '=' || decode32_table[(unsigned char)p[1]] != -1)
                      *pfInvalid = true;
                  break;
          }
  
      return vchRet;
  }
  
  string DecodeBase32(const string& str)
  {
      vector<unsigned char> vchRet = DecodeBase32(str.c_str());
      return string((const char*)&vchRet[0], vchRet.size());
  }
  
  
  bool WildcardMatch(const char* psz, const char* mask)
  {
      while (true)
      {
          switch (*mask)
          {
          case '\0':
              return (*psz == '\0');
          case '*':
              return WildcardMatch(psz, mask+1) || (*psz && WildcardMatch(psz+1, mask));
          case '?':
              if (*psz == '\0')
                  return false;
              break;
          default:
              if (*psz != *mask)
                  return false;
              break;
          }
          psz++;
          mask++;
      }
  }
  
  bool WildcardMatch(const string& str, const string& mask)
  {
      return WildcardMatch(str.c_str(), mask.c_str());
  }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  static std::string FormatException(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      char pszModule[MAX_PATH] = "";
      GetModuleFileNameA(NULL, pszModule, sizeof(pszModule));
  #else
      const char* pszModule = "bitdook";
  #endif
      if (pex)
          return strprintf(
              "EXCEPTION: %s       \n%s       \n%s in %s       \n", typeid(*pex).name(), pex->what(), pszModule, pszThread);
      else
          return strprintf(
              "UNKNOWN EXCEPTION       \n%s in %s       \n", pszModule, pszThread);
  }
  
  void LogException(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
      std::string message = FormatException(pex, pszThread);
      printf("\n%s", message.c_str());
  }
  
  void PrintException(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
      std::string message = FormatException(pex, pszThread);
      printf("\n\n************************\n%s\n", message.c_str());
      fprintf(stderr, "\n\n************************\n%s\n", message.c_str());
      strMiscWarning = message;
      throw;
  }
  
  void PrintExceptionContinue(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread)
  {
      std::string message = FormatException(pex, pszThread);
      printf("\n\n************************\n%s\n", message.c_str());
      fprintf(stderr, "\n\n************************\n%s\n", message.c_str());
      strMiscWarning = message;
  }
  
  boost::filesystem::path GetDefaultDataDir()
  {
      namespace fs = boost::filesystem;
      // Windows < Vista: C:\Documents and Settings\Username\Application Data\BITDOOK
      // Windows >= Vista: C:\Users\Username\AppData\Roaming\BITDOOK
      // Mac: ~/Library/Application Support/BITDOOK
      // Unix: ~/.bitdook
  #ifdef WIN32
      // Windows
      return GetSpecialFolderPath(CSIDL_APPDATA) / "BITDOOK";
  #else
      fs::path pathRet;
      char* pszHome = getenv("HOME");
      if (pszHome == NULL || strlen(pszHome) == 0)
          pathRet = fs::path("/");
      else
          pathRet = fs::path(pszHome);
  #ifdef MAC_OSX
      // Mac
      pathRet /= "Library/Application Support";
      fs::create_directory(pathRet);
      return pathRet / "BITDOOK";
  #else
      // Unix
      return pathRet / ".bitdook";
  #endif
  #endif
  }
  
  const boost::filesystem::path &GetDataDir(bool fNetSpecific)
  {
      namespace fs = boost::filesystem;
  
      static fs::path pathCached[2];
      static CCriticalSection csPathCached;
  
      fs::path &path = pathCached[fNetSpecific];
  
      // This can be called during exceptions by printf, so we cache the
      // value so we don't have to do memory allocations after that.
      if (fCachedPath[fNetSpecific])
          return path;
  
      LOCK(csPathCached);
  
      if (mapArgs.count("-datadir")) {
          path = fs::system_complete(mapArgs["-datadir"]);
          if (!fs::is_directory(path)) {
              path = "";
              return path;
          }
      } else {
          path = GetDefaultDataDir();
      }
      if (fNetSpecific)
          path /= Params().DataDir();
  
      fs::create_directories(path);
  
      fCachedPath[fNetSpecific] = true;
      return path;
  }
  
  boost::filesystem::path GetConfigFile()
  {
      boost::filesystem::path pathConfigFile(GetArg("-conf", "bitdook.conf"));
      if (!pathConfigFile.is_complete()) pathConfigFile = GetDataDir(false) / pathConfigFile;
      return pathConfigFile;
  }
  
  void ReadConfigFile(map<string, string>& mapSettingsRet,
                      map<string, vector<string> >& mapMultiSettingsRet)
  {
      boost::filesystem::ifstream streamConfig(GetConfigFile());
      if (!streamConfig.good())
          return; // No bitdook.conf file is OK
  
      // clear path cache after loading config file
      fCachedPath[0] = fCachedPath[1] = false;
  
      set<string> setOptions;
      setOptions.insert("*");
  
      for (boost::program_options::detail::config_file_iterator it(streamConfig, setOptions), end; it != end; ++it)
      {
          // Don't overwrite existing settings so command line settings override bitdook.conf
          string strKey = string("-") + it->string_key;
          if (mapSettingsRet.count(strKey) == 0)
          {
              mapSettingsRet[strKey] = it->value[0];
              // interpret nofoo=1 as foo=0 (and nofoo=0 as foo=1) as long as foo not set)
              InterpretNegativeSetting(strKey, mapSettingsRet);
          }
          mapMultiSettingsRet[strKey].push_back(it->value[0]);
      }
  }
  
  boost::filesystem::path GetPidFile()
  {
      boost::filesystem::path pathPidFile(GetArg("-pid", "bitdookd.pid"));
      if (!pathPidFile.is_complete()) pathPidFile = GetDataDir() / pathPidFile;
      return pathPidFile;
  }
  
  #ifndef WIN32
  void CreatePidFile(const boost::filesystem::path &path, pid_t pid)
  {
      FILE* file = fopen(path.string().c_str(), "w");
      if (file)
      {
          fprintf(file, "%d\n", pid);
          fclose(file);
      }
  }
  #endif
  
  bool RenameOver(boost::filesystem::path src, boost::filesystem::path dest)
  {
  #ifdef WIN32
      return MoveFileExA(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str(),
                        MOVEFILE_REPLACE_EXISTING);
  #else
      int rc = std::rename(src.string().c_str(), dest.string().c_str());
      return (rc == 0);
  #endif /* WIN32 */
  }
  
  void FileCommit(FILE *fileout)
  {
      fflush(fileout);                // harmless if redundantly called
  #ifdef WIN32
      _commit(_fileno(fileout));
  #else
      #if defined(__linux__) || defined(__NetBSD__)
      fdatasync(fileno(fileout));
      #else
      fsync(fileno(fileout));
      #endif
  #endif
  }
  
  int GetFilesize(FILE* file)
  {
      int nSavePos = ftell(file);
      int nFilesize = -1;
      if (fseek(file, 0, SEEK_END) == 0)
          nFilesize = ftell(file);
      fseek(file, nSavePos, SEEK_SET);
      return nFilesize;
  }
  
  bool TruncateFile(FILE *file, unsigned int length) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      return _chsize(_fileno(file), length) == 0;
  #else
      return ftruncate(fileno(file), length) == 0;
  #endif
  }
  
  // this function tries to raise the file descriptor limit to the requested number.
  // It returns the actual file descriptor limit (which may be more or less than nMinFD)
  int RaiseFileDescriptorLimit(int nMinFD) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      return 2048;
  #else
      struct rlimit limitFD;
      if (getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD) != -1) {
          if (limitFD.rlim_cur < (rlim_t)nMinFD) {
              limitFD.rlim_cur = nMinFD;
              if (limitFD.rlim_cur > limitFD.rlim_max)
                  limitFD.rlim_cur = limitFD.rlim_max;
              setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
              getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &limitFD);
          }
          return limitFD.rlim_cur;
      }
      return nMinFD; // getrlimit failed, assume it's fine
  #endif
  }
  
  // this function tries to make a particular range of a file allocated (corresponding to disk space)
  // it is advisory, and the range specified in the arguments will never contain live data
  void AllocateFileRange(FILE *file, unsigned int offset, unsigned int length) {
  #if defined(WIN32)
      // Windows-specific version
      HANDLE hFile = (HANDLE)_get_osfhandle(_fileno(file));
      LARGE_INTEGER nFileSize;
      int64 nEndPos = (int64)offset + length;
      nFileSize.u.LowPart = nEndPos & 0xFFFFFFFF;
      nFileSize.u.HighPart = nEndPos >> 32;
      SetFilePointerEx(hFile, nFileSize, 0, FILE_BEGIN);
      SetEndOfFile(hFile);
  #elif defined(MAC_OSX)
      // OSX specific version
      fstore_t fst;
      fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATECONTIG;
      fst.fst_posmode = F_PEOFPOSMODE;
      fst.fst_offset = 0;
      fst.fst_length = (off_t)offset + length;
      fst.fst_bytesalloc = 0;
      if (fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst) == -1) {
          fst.fst_flags = F_ALLOCATEALL;
          fcntl(fileno(file), F_PREALLOCATE, &fst);
      }
      ftruncate(fileno(file), fst.fst_length);
  #elif defined(__linux__)
      // Version using posix_fallocate
      off_t nEndPos = (off_t)offset + length;
      posix_fallocate(fileno(file), 0, nEndPos);
  #else
      // Fallback version
      // TODO: just write one byte per block
      static const char buf[65536] = {};
      fseek(file, offset, SEEK_SET);
      while (length > 0) {
          unsigned int now = 65536;
          if (length < now)
              now = length;
          fwrite(buf, 1, now, file); // allowed to fail; this function is advisory anyway
          length -= now;
      }
  #endif
  }
  
  void ShrinkDebugFile()
  {
      // Scroll debug.log if it's getting too big
      boost::filesystem::path pathLog = GetDataDir() / "debug.log";
      FILE* file = fopen(pathLog.string().c_str(), "r");
      if (file && GetFilesize(file) > 10 * 1000000)
      {
          // Restart the file with some of the end
          char pch[200000];
          fseek(file, -sizeof(pch), SEEK_END);
          int nBytes = fread(pch, 1, sizeof(pch), file);
          fclose(file);
  
          file = fopen(pathLog.string().c_str(), "w");
          if (file)
          {
              fwrite(pch, 1, nBytes, file);
              fclose(file);
          }
      }
      else if (file != NULL)
          fclose(file);
  }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  //
  // "Never go to sea with two chronometers; take one or three."
  // Our three time sources are:
  //  - System clock
  //  - Median of other nodes clocks
  //  - The user (asking the user to fix the system clock if the first two disagree)
  //
  static int64 nMockTime = 0;  // For unit testing
  
  int64 GetTime()
  {
      if (nMockTime) return nMockTime;
  
      return time(NULL);
  }
  
  void SetMockTime(int64 nMockTimeIn)
  {
      nMockTime = nMockTimeIn;
  }
  
  static int64 nTimeOffset = 0;
  
  int64 GetTimeOffset()
  {
      return nTimeOffset;
  }
  
  int64 GetAdjustedTime()
  {
      return GetTime() + GetTimeOffset();
  }
  
  void AddTimeData(const CNetAddr& ip, int64 nTime)
  {
      int64 nOffsetSample = nTime - GetTime();
  
      // Ignore duplicates
      static set<CNetAddr> setKnown;
      if (!setKnown.insert(ip).second)
          return;
  
      // Add data
      vTimeOffsets.input(nOffsetSample);
      printf("Added time data, samples %d, offset %+"PRI64d" (%+"PRI64d" minutes)\n", vTimeOffsets.size(), nOffsetSample, nOffsetSample/60);
      if (vTimeOffsets.size() >= 5 && vTimeOffsets.size() % 2 == 1)
      {
          int64 nMedian = vTimeOffsets.median();
          std::vector<int64> vSorted = vTimeOffsets.sorted();
          // Only let other nodes change our time by so much
          if (abs64(nMedian) < 70 * 60)
          {
              nTimeOffset = nMedian;
          }
          else
          {
              nTimeOffset = 0;
  
              static bool fDone;
              if (!fDone)
              {
                  // If nobody has a time different than ours but within 5 minutes of ours, give a warning
                  bool fMatch = false;
                  BOOST_FOREACH(int64 nOffset, vSorted)
                      if (nOffset != 0 && abs64(nOffset) < 5 * 60)
                          fMatch = true;
  
                  if (!fMatch)
                  {
                      fDone = true;
                      string strMessage = _("Warning: Please check that your computer's date and time are correct! If your clock is wrong BITDOOK will not work properly.");
                      strMiscWarning = strMessage;
                      printf("*** %s\n", strMessage.c_str());
                      uiInterface.ThreadSafeMessageBox(strMessage, "", CClientUIInterface::MSG_WARNING);
                  }
              }
          }
          if (fDebug) {
              BOOST_FOREACH(int64 n, vSorted)
                  printf("%+"PRI64d"  ", n);
              printf("|  ");
          }
          printf("nTimeOffset = %+"PRI64d"  (%+"PRI64d" minutes)\n", nTimeOffset, nTimeOffset/60);
      }
  }
  
  uint32_t insecure_rand_Rz = 11;
  uint32_t insecure_rand_Rw = 11;
  void seed_insecure_rand(bool fDeterministic)
  {
      //The seed values have some unlikely fixed points which we avoid.
      if(fDeterministic)
      {
          insecure_rand_Rz = insecure_rand_Rw = 11;
      } else {
          uint32_t tmp;
          do {
              RAND_bytes((unsigned char*)&tmp, 4);
          } while(tmp == 0 || tmp == 0x9068ffffU);
          insecure_rand_Rz = tmp;
          do {
              RAND_bytes((unsigned char*)&tmp, 4);
          } while(tmp == 0 || tmp == 0x464fffffU);
          insecure_rand_Rw = tmp;
      }
  }
  
  string FormatVersion(int nVersion)
  {
      if (nVersion%100 == 0)
          return strprintf("%d.%d.%d", nVersion/1000000, (nVersion/10000)%100, (nVersion/100)%100);
      else
          return strprintf("%d.%d.%d.%d", nVersion/1000000, (nVersion/10000)%100, (nVersion/100)%100, nVersion%100);
  }
  
  string FormatFullVersion()
  {
      return CLIENT_BUILD;
  }
  
  // Format the subversion field according to BIP 14 spec (https://en.bitcoin.it/wiki/BIP_0014)
  std::string FormatSubVersion(const std::string& name, int nClientVersion, const std::vector<std::string>& comments)
  {
      std::ostringstream ss;
      ss << "/";
      ss << name << ":" << FormatVersion(nClientVersion);
      if (!comments.empty())
          ss << "(" << boost::algorithm::join(comments, "; ") << ")";
      ss << "/";
      return ss.str();
  }
  
  #ifdef WIN32
  boost::filesystem::path GetSpecialFolderPath(int nFolder, bool fCreate)
  {
      namespace fs = boost::filesystem;
  
      char pszPath[MAX_PATH] = "";
  
      if(SHGetSpecialFolderPathA(NULL, pszPath, nFolder, fCreate))
      {
          return fs::path(pszPath);
      }
  
      printf("SHGetSpecialFolderPathA() failed, could not obtain requested path.\n");
      return fs::path("");
  }
  #endif
  
  boost::filesystem::path GetTempPath() {
  #if BOOST_FILESYSTEM_VERSION == 3
      return boost::filesystem::temp_directory_path();
  #else
      // TODO: remove when we don't support filesystem v2 anymore
      boost::filesystem::path path;
  #ifdef WIN32
      char pszPath[MAX_PATH] = "";
  
      if (GetTempPathA(MAX_PATH, pszPath))
          path = boost::filesystem::path(pszPath);
  #else
      path = boost::filesystem::path("/tmp");
  #endif
      if (path.empty() || !boost::filesystem::is_directory(path)) {
          printf("GetTempPath(): failed to find temp path\n");
          return boost::filesystem::path("");
      }
      return path;
  #endif
  }
  
  void runCommand(std::string strCommand)
  {
      int nErr = ::system(strCommand.c_str());
      if (nErr)
          printf("runCommand error: system(%s) returned %d\n", strCommand.c_str(), nErr);
  }
  
  void RenameThread(const char* name)
  {
  #if defined(PR_SET_NAME)
      // Only the first 15 characters are used (16 - NUL terminator)
      ::prctl(PR_SET_NAME, name, 0, 0, 0);
  #elif 0 && (defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__OpenBSD__))
      // TODO: This is currently disabled because it needs to be verified to work
      //       on FreeBSD or OpenBSD first. When verified the '0 &&' part can be
      //       removed.
      pthread_set_name_np(pthread_self(), name);
  
  #elif defined(MAC_OSX) && defined(__MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED)
  
  // pthread_setname_np is XCode 10.6-and-later
  #if __MAC_OS_X_VERSION_MAX_ALLOWED >= 1060
      pthread_setname_np(name);
  #endif
  
  #else
      // Prevent warnings for unused parameters...
      (void)name;
  #endif
  }
  