text: #pragma once
  
  #include <torch/csrc/python_headers.h>
  #include <stdexcept>
  #include <string>
  #include <torch/csrc/utils/object_ptr.h>
  #include <torch/csrc/utils/pybind.h>
  
  // Utilities for handling Python strings. Note that PyString, when defined, is
  // the same as PyBytes.
  
  // Returns true if obj is a bytes/str or unicode object
  // As of Python 3.6, this does not require the GIL
  inline bool THPUtils_checkString(PyObject* obj) {
    return PyBytes_Check(obj) || PyUnicode_Check(obj);
  }
  
  // Unpacks PyBytes (PyString) or PyUnicode as std::string
  // PyBytes are unpacked as-is. PyUnicode is unpacked as UTF-8.
  // NOTE: this method requires the GIL
  inline std::string THPUtils_unpackString(PyObject* obj) {
    if (PyBytes_Check(obj)) {
      size_t size = PyBytes_GET_SIZE(obj);
      return std::string(PyBytes_AS_STRING(obj), size);
    }
    if (PyUnicode_Check(obj)) {
      Py_ssize_t size;
      const char* data = PyUnicode_AsUTF8AndSize(obj, &size);
      if (!data) {
        throw std::runtime_error("error unpacking string as utf-8");
      }
      return std::string(data, (size_t)size);
    }
    throw std::runtime_error("unpackString: expected bytes or unicode object");
  }
  
  inline PyObject* THPUtils_packString(const char* str) {
    return PyUnicode_FromString(str);
  }
  
  inline PyObject* THPUtils_packString(const std::string& str) {
    return PyUnicode_FromStringAndSize(str.c_str(), str.size());
  }
  
  inline PyObject* THPUtils_internString(const std::string& str) {
    return PyUnicode_InternFromString(str.c_str());
  }
  
  // Precondition: THPUtils_checkString(obj) must be true
  inline bool THPUtils_isInterned(PyObject* obj) {
    return PyUnicode_CHECK_INTERNED(obj);
  }
  
  // Precondition: THPUtils_checkString(obj) must be true
  inline void THPUtils_internStringInPlace(PyObject** obj) {
    PyUnicode_InternInPlace(obj);
  }
  
  /*
   * Reference: https://github.com/numpy/numpy/blob/f4c497c768e0646df740b647782df463825bfd27/numpy/core/src/common/get_attr_string.h#L42
   *
   * Stripped down version of PyObject_GetAttrString,
   * avoids lookups for None, tuple, and List objects,
   * and doesn't create a PyErr since this code ignores it.
   *
   * This can be much faster then PyObject_GetAttrString where
   * exceptions are not used by caller.
   *
   * 'obj' is the object to search for attribute.
   *
   * 'name' is the attribute to search for.
   *
   * Returns a py::object wrapping the return value. If the attribute lookup failed
   * the value will be NULL.
   *
   */
  
  static py::object PyObject_FastGetAttrString(PyObject *obj, char *name)
  {
      PyTypeObject *tp = Py_TYPE(obj);
      PyObject *res = (PyObject *)nullptr;
  
      /* Attribute referenced by (char *)name */
      if (tp->tp_getattr != nullptr) {
          res = (*tp->tp_getattr)(obj, name);
          if (res == nullptr) {
            PyErr_Clear();
          }
      }
      /* Attribute referenced by (PyObject *)name */
      else if (tp->tp_getattro != nullptr) {
          auto w = py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(
            THPUtils_internString(name));
          if (w.ptr() == nullptr) {
            return py::object();
          }
          res = (*tp->tp_getattro)(obj, w.ptr());
          if (res == nullptr) {
              PyErr_Clear();
          }
      }
      return py::reinterpret_steal<py::object>(res);
  }
  