text: // Copyright (c) 2009-2010 Satoshi Nakamoto
  // Distributed under the MIT/X11 software license, see the accompanying
  // file license.txt or http://www.opensource.org/licenses/mit-license.php.
  
  
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__)
  typedef __int64  int64;
  typedef unsigned __int64  uint64;
  #else
  typedef long long  int64;
  typedef unsigned long long  uint64;
  #endif
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) && _MSC_VER < 1300
  #define for  if (false) ; else for
  #endif
  #ifndef _MSC_VER
  #define __forceinline  inline
  #endif
  
  #define foreach             BOOST_FOREACH
  #define loop                for (;;)
  #define BEGIN(a)            ((char*)&(a))
  #define END(a)              ((char*)&((&(a))[1]))
  #define UBEGIN(a)           ((unsigned char*)&(a))
  #define UEND(a)             ((unsigned char*)&((&(a))[1]))
  #define ARRAYLEN(array)     (sizeof(array)/sizeof((array)[0]))
  #define printf              OutputDebugStringF
  
  #ifdef snprintf
  #undef snprintf
  #endif
  #define snprintf my_snprintf
  
  #ifndef PRI64d
  #if defined(_MSC_VER) || defined(__BORLANDC__) || defined(__MSVCRT__)
  #define PRI64d  "I64d"
  #define PRI64u  "I64u"
  #define PRI64x  "I64x"
  #else
  #define PRI64d  "lld"
  #define PRI64u  "llu"
  #define PRI64x  "llx"
  #endif
  #endif
  
  // This is needed because the foreach macro can't get over the comma in pair<t1, t2>
  #define PAIRTYPE(t1, t2)    pair<t1, t2>
  
  // Used to bypass the rule against non-const reference to temporary
  // where it makes sense with wrappers such as CFlatData or CTxDB
  template<typename T>
  inline T& REF(const T& val)
  {
      return (T&)val;
  }
  
  // Align by increasing pointer, must have extra space at end of buffer
  template <size_t nBytes, typename T>
  T* alignup(T* p)
  {
      union
      {
          T* ptr;
          size_t n;
      } u;
      u.ptr = p;
      u.n = (u.n + (nBytes-1)) & ~(nBytes-1);
      return u.ptr;
  }
  
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
  #define MSG_NOSIGNAL        0
  #define MSG_DONTWAIT        0
  #ifndef UINT64_MAX
  #define UINT64_MAX          _UI64_MAX
  #define INT64_MAX           _I64_MAX
  #define INT64_MIN           _I64_MIN
  #endif
  #ifndef S_IRUSR
  #define S_IRUSR             0400
  #define S_IWUSR             0200
  #endif
  #define unlink              _unlink
  typedef int socklen_t;
  #else
  #define WSAGetLastError()   errno
  #define WSAEWOULDBLOCK      EWOULDBLOCK
  #define WSAEMSGSIZE         EMSGSIZE
  #define WSAEINTR            EINTR
  #define WSAEINPROGRESS      EINPROGRESS
  #define WSAEADDRINUSE       EADDRINUSE
  #define WSAENOTSOCK         EBADF
  #define INVALID_SOCKET      (SOCKET)(~0)
  #define SOCKET_ERROR        -1
  typedef u_int SOCKET;
  #define _vsnprintf(a,b,c,d) vsnprintf(a,b,c,d)
  #define strlwr(psz)         to_lower(psz)
  #define _strlwr(psz)        to_lower(psz)
  #define MAX_PATH            1024
  #define Beep(n1,n2)         (0)
  inline void Sleep(int64 n)
  {
      boost::thread::sleep(boost::get_system_time() + boost::posix_time::milliseconds(n));
  }
  #endif
  
  inline int myclosesocket(SOCKET& hSocket)
  {
      if (hSocket == INVALID_SOCKET)
          return WSAENOTSOCK;
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
      int ret = closesocket(hSocket);
  #else
      int ret = close(hSocket);
  #endif
      hSocket = INVALID_SOCKET;
      return ret;
  }
  #define closesocket(s)      myclosesocket(s)
  
  #ifndef GUI
  inline const char* _(const char* psz)
  {
      return psz;
  }
  #endif
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  extern map<string, string> mapArgs;
  extern map<string, vector<string> > mapMultiArgs;
  extern bool fDebug;
  extern bool fPrintToConsole;
  extern bool fPrintToDebugger;
  extern char pszSetDataDir[MAX_PATH];
  extern bool fRequestShutdown;
  extern bool fShutdown;
  extern bool fDaemon;
  extern bool fServer;
  extern bool fCommandLine;
  extern string strMiscWarning;
  extern bool fTestNet;
  extern bool fNoListen;
  extern bool fLogTimestamps;
  
  void RandAddSeed();
  void RandAddSeedPerfmon();
  int OutputDebugStringF(const char* pszFormat, ...);
  int my_snprintf(char* buffer, size_t limit, const char* format, ...);
  string strprintf(const char* format, ...);
  bool error(const char* format, ...);
  void LogException(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread);
  void PrintException(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread);
  void PrintExceptionContinue(std::exception* pex, const char* pszThread);
  void ParseString(const string& str, char c, vector<string>& v);
  string FormatMoney(int64 n, bool fPlus=false);
  bool ParseMoney(const string& str, int64& nRet);
  bool ParseMoney(const char* pszIn, int64& nRet);
  vector<unsigned char> ParseHex(const char* psz);
  vector<unsigned char> ParseHex(const string& str);
  void ParseParameters(int argc, char* argv[]);
  const char* wxGetTranslation(const char* psz);
  bool WildcardMatch(const char* psz, const char* mask);
  bool WildcardMatch(const string& str, const string& mask);
  int GetFilesize(FILE* file);
  void GetDataDir(char* pszDirRet);
  string GetConfigFile();
  string GetPidFile();
  void CreatePidFile(string pidFile, pid_t pid);
  void ReadConfigFile(map<string, string>& mapSettingsRet, map<string, vector<string> >& mapMultiSettingsRet);
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
  string MyGetSpecialFolderPath(int nFolder, bool fCreate);
  #endif
  string GetDefaultDataDir();
  string GetDataDir();
  void ShrinkDebugFile();
  int GetRandInt(int nMax);
  uint64 GetRand(uint64 nMax);
  int64 GetTime();
  int64 GetAdjustedTime();
  void AddTimeData(unsigned int ip, int64 nTime);
  string FormatFullVersion();
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  // Wrapper to automatically initialize critical sections
  class CCriticalSection
  {
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
  protected:
      CRITICAL_SECTION cs;
  public:
      explicit CCriticalSection() { InitializeCriticalSection(&cs); }
      ~CCriticalSection() { DeleteCriticalSection(&cs); }
      void Enter() { EnterCriticalSection(&cs); }
      void Leave() { LeaveCriticalSection(&cs); }
      bool TryEnter() { return TryEnterCriticalSection(&cs); }
  #else
  protected:
      boost::interprocess::interprocess_recursive_mutex mutex;
  public:
      explicit CCriticalSection() { }
      ~CCriticalSection() { }
      void Enter() { mutex.lock(); }
      void Leave() { mutex.unlock(); }
      bool TryEnter() { return mutex.try_lock(); }
  #endif
  public:
      const char* pszFile;
      int nLine;
  };
  
  // Automatically leave critical section when leaving block, needed for exception safety
  class CCriticalBlock
  {
  protected:
      CCriticalSection* pcs;
  public:
      CCriticalBlock(CCriticalSection& csIn) { pcs = &csIn; pcs->Enter(); }
      ~CCriticalBlock() { pcs->Leave(); }
  };
  
  // WARNING: This will catch continue and break!
  // break is caught with an assertion, but there's no way to detect continue.
  // I'd rather be careful than suffer the other more error prone syntax.
  // The compiler will optimise away all this loop junk.
  #define CRITICAL_BLOCK(cs)     \
      for (bool fcriticalblockonce=true; fcriticalblockonce; assert(("break caught by CRITICAL_BLOCK!", !fcriticalblockonce)), fcriticalblockonce=false)  \
      for (CCriticalBlock criticalblock(cs); fcriticalblockonce && (cs.pszFile=__FILE__, cs.nLine=__LINE__, true); fcriticalblockonce=false, cs.pszFile=NULL, cs.nLine=0)
  
  class CTryCriticalBlock
  {
  protected:
      CCriticalSection* pcs;
  public:
      CTryCriticalBlock(CCriticalSection& csIn) { pcs = (csIn.TryEnter() ? &csIn : NULL); }
      ~CTryCriticalBlock() { if (pcs) pcs->Leave(); }
      bool Entered() { return pcs != NULL; }
  };
  
  #define TRY_CRITICAL_BLOCK(cs)     \
      for (bool fcriticalblockonce=true; fcriticalblockonce; assert(("break caught by TRY_CRITICAL_BLOCK!", !fcriticalblockonce)), fcriticalblockonce=false)  \
      for (CTryCriticalBlock criticalblock(cs); fcriticalblockonce && (fcriticalblockonce = criticalblock.Entered()) && (cs.pszFile=__FILE__, cs.nLine=__LINE__, true); fcriticalblockonce=false, cs.pszFile=NULL, cs.nLine=0)
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  inline string i64tostr(int64 n)
  {
      return strprintf("%"PRI64d, n);
  }
  
  inline string itostr(int n)
  {
      return strprintf("%d", n);
  }
  
  inline int64 atoi64(const char* psz)
  {
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
      return _atoi64(psz);
  #else
      return strtoll(psz, NULL, 10);
  #endif
  }
  
  inline int64 atoi64(const string& str)
  {
  #ifdef _MSC_VER
      return _atoi64(str.c_str());
  #else
      return strtoll(str.c_str(), NULL, 10);
  #endif
  }
  
  inline int atoi(const string& str)
  {
      return atoi(str.c_str());
  }
  
  inline int roundint(double d)
  {
      return (int)(d > 0 ? d + 0.5 : d - 0.5);
  }
  
  inline int64 roundint64(double d)
  {
      return (int64)(d > 0 ? d + 0.5 : d - 0.5);
  }
  
  inline int64 abs64(int64 n)
  {
      return (n >= 0 ? n : -n);
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  string HexStr(const T itbegin, const T itend, bool fSpaces=false)
  {
      if (itbegin == itend)
          return "";
      const unsigned char* pbegin = (const unsigned char*)&itbegin[0];
      const unsigned char* pend = pbegin + (itend - itbegin) * sizeof(itbegin[0]);
      string str;
      str.reserve((pend-pbegin) * (fSpaces ? 3 : 2));
      for (const unsigned char* p = pbegin; p != pend; p++)
          str += strprintf((fSpaces && p != pend-1 ? "%02x " : "%02x"), *p);
      return str;
  }
  
  inline string HexStr(const vector<unsigned char>& vch, bool fSpaces=false)
  {
      return HexStr(vch.begin(), vch.end(), fSpaces);
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  string HexNumStr(const T itbegin, const T itend, bool f0x=true)
  {
      if (itbegin == itend)
          return "";
      const unsigned char* pbegin = (const unsigned char*)&itbegin[0];
      const unsigned char* pend = pbegin + (itend - itbegin) * sizeof(itbegin[0]);
      string str = (f0x ? "0x" : "");
      str.reserve(str.size() + (pend-pbegin) * 2);
      for (const unsigned char* p = pend-1; p >= pbegin; p--)
          str += strprintf("%02x", *p);
      return str;
  }
  
  inline string HexNumStr(const vector<unsigned char>& vch, bool f0x=true)
  {
      return HexNumStr(vch.begin(), vch.end(), f0x);
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  void PrintHex(const T pbegin, const T pend, const char* pszFormat="%s", bool fSpaces=true)
  {
      printf(pszFormat, HexStr(pbegin, pend, fSpaces).c_str());
  }
  
  inline void PrintHex(const vector<unsigned char>& vch, const char* pszFormat="%s", bool fSpaces=true)
  {
      printf(pszFormat, HexStr(vch, fSpaces).c_str());
  }
  
  inline int64 GetPerformanceCounter()
  {
      int64 nCounter = 0;
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
      QueryPerformanceCounter((LARGE_INTEGER*)&nCounter);
  #else
      timeval t;
      gettimeofday(&t, NULL);
      nCounter = t.tv_sec * 1000000 + t.tv_usec;
  #endif
      return nCounter;
  }
  
  inline int64 GetTimeMillis()
  {
      return (posix_time::ptime(posix_time::microsec_clock::universal_time()) -
              posix_time::ptime(gregorian::date(1970,1,1))).total_milliseconds();
  }
  
  inline string DateTimeStrFormat(const char* pszFormat, int64 nTime)
  {
      time_t n = nTime;
      struct tm* ptmTime = gmtime(&n);
      char pszTime[200];
      strftime(pszTime, sizeof(pszTime), pszFormat, ptmTime);
      return pszTime;
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  void skipspaces(T& it)
  {
      while (isspace(*it))
          ++it;
  }
  
  inline bool IsSwitchChar(char c)
  {
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
      return c == '-' || c == '/';
  #else
      return c == '-';
  #endif
  }
  
  inline string GetArg(const string& strArg, const string& strDefault)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
          return mapArgs[strArg];
      return strDefault;
  }
  
  inline int64 GetArg(const string& strArg, int64 nDefault)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
          return atoi64(mapArgs[strArg]);
      return nDefault;
  }
  
  inline bool GetBoolArg(const string& strArg)
  {
      if (mapArgs.count(strArg))
      {
          if (mapArgs[strArg].empty())
              return true;
          return (atoi(mapArgs[strArg]) != 0);
      }
      return false;
  }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  inline void heapchk()
  {
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
      /// for debugging
      //if (_heapchk() != _HEAPOK)
      //    DebugBreak();
  #endif
  }
  
  // Randomize the stack to help protect against buffer overrun exploits
  #define IMPLEMENT_RANDOMIZE_STACK(ThreadFn)     \
      {                                           \
          static char nLoops;                     \
          if (nLoops <= 0)                        \
              nLoops = GetRand(20) + 1;           \
          if (nLoops-- > 1)                       \
          {                                       \
              ThreadFn;                           \
              return;                             \
          }                                       \
      }
  
  #define CATCH_PRINT_EXCEPTION(pszFn)     \
      catch (std::exception& e) {          \
          PrintException(&e, (pszFn));     \
      } catch (...) {                      \
          PrintException(NULL, (pszFn));   \
      }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  template<typename T1>
  inline uint256 Hash(const T1 pbegin, const T1 pend)
  {
      static unsigned char pblank[1];
      uint256 hash1;
      SHA256((pbegin == pend ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&pbegin[0]), (pend - pbegin) * sizeof(pbegin[0]), (unsigned char*)&hash1);
      uint256 hash2;
      SHA256((unsigned char*)&hash1, sizeof(hash1), (unsigned char*)&hash2);
      return hash2;
  }
  
  template<typename T1, typename T2>
  inline uint256 Hash(const T1 p1begin, const T1 p1end,
                      const T2 p2begin, const T2 p2end)
  {
      static unsigned char pblank[1];
      uint256 hash1;
      SHA256_CTX ctx;
      SHA256_Init(&ctx);
      SHA256_Update(&ctx, (p1begin == p1end ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&p1begin[0]), (p1end - p1begin) * sizeof(p1begin[0]));
      SHA256_Update(&ctx, (p2begin == p2end ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&p2begin[0]), (p2end - p2begin) * sizeof(p2begin[0]));
      SHA256_Final((unsigned char*)&hash1, &ctx);
      uint256 hash2;
      SHA256((unsigned char*)&hash1, sizeof(hash1), (unsigned char*)&hash2);
      return hash2;
  }
  
  template<typename T1, typename T2, typename T3>
  inline uint256 Hash(const T1 p1begin, const T1 p1end,
                      const T2 p2begin, const T2 p2end,
                      const T3 p3begin, const T3 p3end)
  {
      static unsigned char pblank[1];
      uint256 hash1;
      SHA256_CTX ctx;
      SHA256_Init(&ctx);
      SHA256_Update(&ctx, (p1begin == p1end ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&p1begin[0]), (p1end - p1begin) * sizeof(p1begin[0]));
      SHA256_Update(&ctx, (p2begin == p2end ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&p2begin[0]), (p2end - p2begin) * sizeof(p2begin[0]));
      SHA256_Update(&ctx, (p3begin == p3end ? pblank : (unsigned char*)&p3begin[0]), (p3end - p3begin) * sizeof(p3begin[0]));
      SHA256_Final((unsigned char*)&hash1, &ctx);
      uint256 hash2;
      SHA256((unsigned char*)&hash1, sizeof(hash1), (unsigned char*)&hash2);
      return hash2;
  }
  
  template<typename T>
  uint256 SerializeHash(const T& obj, int nType=SER_GETHASH, int nVersion=VERSION)
  {
      // Most of the time is spent allocating and deallocating CDataStream's
      // buffer.  If this ever needs to be optimized further, make a CStaticStream
      // class with its buffer on the stack.
      CDataStream ss(nType, nVersion);
      ss.reserve(10000);
      ss << obj;
      return Hash(ss.begin(), ss.end());
  }
  
  inline uint160 Hash160(const vector<unsigned char>& vch)
  {
      uint256 hash1;
      SHA256(&vch[0], vch.size(), (unsigned char*)&hash1);
      uint160 hash2;
      RIPEMD160((unsigned char*)&hash1, sizeof(hash1), (unsigned char*)&hash2);
      return hash2;
  }
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  
  // Note: It turns out we might have been able to use boost::thread
  // by using TerminateThread(boost::thread.native_handle(), 0);
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
  typedef HANDLE pthread_t;
  
  inline pthread_t CreateThread(void(*pfn)(void*), void* parg, bool fWantHandle=false)
  {
      DWORD nUnused = 0;
      HANDLE hthread =
          CreateThread(
              NULL,                        // default security
              0,                           // inherit stack size from parent
              (LPTHREAD_START_ROUTINE)pfn, // function pointer
              parg,                        // argument
              0,                           // creation option, start immediately
              &nUnused);                   // thread identifier
      if (hthread == NULL)
      {
          printf("Error: CreateThread() returned %d\n", GetLastError());
          return (pthread_t)0;
      }
      if (!fWantHandle)
      {
          CloseHandle(hthread);
          return (pthread_t)-1;
      }
      return hthread;
  }
  
  inline void SetThreadPriority(int nPriority)
  {
      SetThreadPriority(GetCurrentThread(), nPriority);
  }
  #else
  inline pthread_t CreateThread(void(*pfn)(void*), void* parg, bool fWantHandle=false)
  {
      pthread_t hthread = 0;
      int ret = pthread_create(&hthread, NULL, (void*(*)(void*))pfn, parg);
      if (ret != 0)
      {
          printf("Error: pthread_create() returned %d\n", ret);
          return (pthread_t)0;
      }
      if (!fWantHandle)
          return (pthread_t)-1;
      return hthread;
  }
  
  #define THREAD_PRIORITY_LOWEST          PRIO_MAX
  #define THREAD_PRIORITY_BELOW_NORMAL    2
  #define THREAD_PRIORITY_NORMAL          0
  #define THREAD_PRIORITY_ABOVE_NORMAL    0
  
  inline void SetThreadPriority(int nPriority)
  {
      // It's unclear if it's even possible to change thread priorities on Linux,
      // but we really and truly need it for the generation threads.
  #ifdef PRIO_THREAD
      setpriority(PRIO_THREAD, 0, nPriority);
  #else
      setpriority(PRIO_PROCESS, 0, nPriority);
  #endif
  }
  
  inline bool TerminateThread(pthread_t hthread, unsigned int nExitCode)
  {
      return (pthread_cancel(hthread) == 0);
  }
  
  inline void ExitThread(unsigned int nExitCode)
  {
      pthread_exit((void*)nExitCode);
  }
  #endif
  
  
  
  
  
  inline bool AffinityBugWorkaround(void(*pfn)(void*))
  {
  #ifdef __WXMSW__
      // Sometimes after a few hours affinity gets stuck on one processor
      DWORD dwProcessAffinityMask = -1;
      DWORD dwSystemAffinityMask = -1;
      GetProcessAffinityMask(GetCurrentProcess(), &dwProcessAffinityMask, &dwSystemAffinityMask);
      DWORD dwPrev1 = SetThreadAffinityMask(GetCurrentThread(), dwProcessAffinityMask);
      DWORD dwPrev2 = SetThreadAffinityMask(GetCurrentThread(), dwProcessAffinityMask);
      if (dwPrev2 != dwProcessAffinityMask)
      {
          printf("AffinityBugWorkaround() : SetThreadAffinityMask=%d, ProcessAffinityMask=%d, restarting thread\n", dwPrev2, dwProcessAffinityMask);
          if (!CreateThread(pfn, NULL))
              printf("Error: CreateThread() failed\n");
          return true;
      }
  #endif
      return false;
  }
  