text: /*
   * Command line utility to exercise the QEMU I/O path.
   *
   * Copyright (C) 2009 Red Hat, Inc.
   * Copyright (c) 2003-2005 Silicon Graphics, Inc.
   *
   * This work is licensed under the terms of the GNU GPL, version 2 or later.
   * See the COPYING file in the top-level directory.
   */
  #include <sys/time.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #include <stdarg.h>
  #include <stdio.h>
  #include <getopt.h>
  #include <libgen.h>
  
  #include "qemu-common.h"
  #include "block_int.h"
  #include "cmd.h"
  
  #define VERSION	"0.0.1"
  
  #define CMD_NOFILE_OK	0x01
  
  char *progname;
  static BlockDriverState *bs;
  
  static int misalign;
  
  /*
   * Parse the pattern argument to various sub-commands.
   *
   * Because the pattern is used as an argument to memset it must evaluate
   * to an unsigned integer that fits into a single byte.
   */
  static int parse_pattern(const char *arg)
  {
  	char *endptr = NULL;
  	long pattern;
  
  	pattern = strtol(arg, &endptr, 0);
  	if (pattern < 0 || pattern > UCHAR_MAX || *endptr != '\0') {
  		printf("%s is not a valid pattern byte\n", arg);
  		return -1;
  	}
  
  	return pattern;
  }
  
  /*
   * Memory allocation helpers.
   *
   * Make sure memory is aligned by default, or purposefully misaligned if
   * that is specified on the command line.
   */
  
  #define MISALIGN_OFFSET		16
  static void *qemu_io_alloc(size_t len, int pattern)
  {
  	void *buf;
  
  	if (misalign)
  		len += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
  	buf = qemu_blockalign(bs, len);
  	memset(buf, pattern, len);
  	if (misalign)
  		buf += MISALIGN_OFFSET;
  	return buf;
  }
  
  static void qemu_io_free(void *p)
  {
  	if (misalign)
  		p -= MISALIGN_OFFSET;
  	qemu_vfree(p);
  }
  
  static void
  dump_buffer(const void *buffer, int64_t offset, int len)
  {
  	int i, j;
  	const uint8_t *p;
  
  	for (i = 0, p = buffer; i < len; i += 16) {
  		const uint8_t *s = p;
  
                  printf("%08" PRIx64 ":  ", offset + i);
  		for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, p++)
  			printf("%02x ", *p);
  		printf(" ");
  		for (j = 0; j < 16 && i + j < len; j++, s++) {
  			if (isalnum(*s))
  				printf("%c", *s);
  			else
  				printf(".");
  		}
  		printf("\n");
  	}
  }
  
  static void
  print_report(const char *op, struct timeval *t, int64_t offset,
  		int count, int total, int cnt, int Cflag)
  {
  	char s1[64], s2[64], ts[64];
  
  	timestr(t, ts, sizeof(ts), Cflag ? VERBOSE_FIXED_TIME : 0);
  	if (!Cflag) {
  		cvtstr((double)total, s1, sizeof(s1));
  		cvtstr(tdiv((double)total, *t), s2, sizeof(s2));
                  printf("%s %d/%d bytes at offset %" PRId64 "\n",
                         op, total, count, offset);
  		printf("%s, %d ops; %s (%s/sec and %.4f ops/sec)\n",
  			s1, cnt, ts, s2, tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
  	} else {/* bytes,ops,time,bytes/sec,ops/sec */
  		printf("%d,%d,%s,%.3f,%.3f\n",
  			total, cnt, ts,
  			tdiv((double)total, *t),
  			tdiv((double)cnt, *t));
  	}
  }
  
  /*
   * Parse multiple length statements for vectored I/O, and construct an I/O
   * vector matching it.
   */
  static void *
  create_iovec(QEMUIOVector *qiov, char **argv, int nr_iov, int pattern)
  {
  	size_t *sizes = calloc(nr_iov, sizeof(size_t));
  	size_t count = 0;
  	void *buf = NULL;
  	void *p;
  	int i;
  
  	for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
  		char *arg = argv[i];
                  int64_t len;
  
  		len = cvtnum(arg);
  		if (len < 0) {
  			printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", arg);
  			goto fail;
  		}
  
  		/* should be SIZE_T_MAX, but that doesn't exist */
  		if (len > INT_MAX) {
  			printf("too large length argument -- %s\n", arg);
  			goto fail;
  		}
  
  		if (len & 0x1ff) {
                          printf("length argument %" PRId64
                                 " is not sector aligned\n", len);
  			goto fail;
  		}
  
  		sizes[i] = len;
  		count += len;
  	}
  
  	qemu_iovec_init(qiov, nr_iov);
  
  	buf = p = qemu_io_alloc(count, pattern);
  
  	for (i = 0; i < nr_iov; i++) {
  		qemu_iovec_add(qiov, p, sizes[i]);
  		p += sizes[i];
  	}
  
  fail:
  	free(sizes);
  	return buf;
  }
  
  static int do_read(char *buf, int64_t offset, int count, int *total)
  {
  	int ret;
  
  	ret = bdrv_read(bs, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
  	if (ret < 0)
  		return ret;
  	*total = count;
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static int do_write(char *buf, int64_t offset, int count, int *total)
  {
  	int ret;
  
  	ret = bdrv_write(bs, offset >> 9, (uint8_t *)buf, count >> 9);
  	if (ret < 0)
  		return ret;
  	*total = count;
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static int do_pread(char *buf, int64_t offset, int count, int *total)
  {
  	*total = bdrv_pread(bs, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
  	if (*total < 0)
  		return *total;
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static int do_pwrite(char *buf, int64_t offset, int count, int *total)
  {
  	*total = bdrv_pwrite(bs, offset, (uint8_t *)buf, count);
  	if (*total < 0)
  		return *total;
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static int do_load_vmstate(char *buf, int64_t offset, int count, int *total)
  {
  	*total = bdrv_load_vmstate(bs, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
  	if (*total < 0)
  		return *total;
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static int do_save_vmstate(char *buf, int64_t offset, int count, int *total)
  {
  	*total = bdrv_save_vmstate(bs, (uint8_t *)buf, offset, count);
  	if (*total < 0)
  		return *total;
  	return 1;
  }
  
  #define NOT_DONE 0x7fffffff
  static void aio_rw_done(void *opaque, int ret)
  {
  	*(int *)opaque = ret;
  }
  
  static int do_aio_readv(QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t offset, int *total)
  {
  	BlockDriverAIOCB *acb;
  	int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
  
  	acb = bdrv_aio_readv(bs, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
  			     aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
  	if (!acb)
  		return -EIO;
  
  	while (async_ret == NOT_DONE)
  		qemu_aio_wait();
  
  	*total = qiov->size;
  	return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
  }
  
  static int do_aio_writev(QEMUIOVector *qiov, int64_t offset, int *total)
  {
  	BlockDriverAIOCB *acb;
  	int async_ret = NOT_DONE;
  
  	acb = bdrv_aio_writev(bs, offset >> 9, qiov, qiov->size >> 9,
  			      aio_rw_done, &async_ret);
  	if (!acb)
  		return -EIO;
  
  	while (async_ret == NOT_DONE)
  		qemu_aio_wait();
  
  	*total = qiov->size;
  	return async_ret < 0 ? async_ret : 1;
  }
  
  struct multiwrite_async_ret {
  	int num_done;
  	int error;
  };
  
  static void multiwrite_cb(void *opaque, int ret)
  {
  	struct multiwrite_async_ret *async_ret = opaque;
  
  	async_ret->num_done++;
  	if (ret < 0) {
  		async_ret->error = ret;
  	}
  }
  
  static int do_aio_multiwrite(BlockRequest* reqs, int num_reqs, int *total)
  {
  	int i, ret;
  	struct multiwrite_async_ret async_ret = {
  		.num_done = 0,
  		.error = 0,
  	};
  
  	*total = 0;
  	for (i = 0; i < num_reqs; i++) {
  		reqs[i].cb = multiwrite_cb;
  		reqs[i].opaque = &async_ret;
  		*total += reqs[i].qiov->size;
  	}
  
  	ret = bdrv_aio_multiwrite(bs, reqs, num_reqs);
  	if (ret < 0) {
  		return ret;
  	}
  
  	while (async_ret.num_done < num_reqs) {
  		qemu_aio_wait();
  	}
  
  	return async_ret.error < 0 ? async_ret.error : 1;
  }
  
  static void
  read_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'read -v 512 1k' - dumps 1 kilobyte read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
  "\n"
  " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
  " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
  " -b, -- read from the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -l, -- length for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
  " -p, -- use bdrv_pread to read the file\n"
  " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  " -s, -- start offset for pattern verification (only with -P)\n"
  " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int read_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t read_cmd = {
  	.name		= "read",
  	.altname	= "r",
  	.cfunc		= read_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-abCpqv] [-P pattern [-s off] [-l len]] off len",
  	.oneline	= "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
  	.help		= read_help,
  };
  
  static int
  read_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	struct timeval t1, t2;
  	int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
  	int Pflag = 0, sflag = 0, lflag = 0, bflag = 0;
  	int c, cnt;
  	char *buf;
  	int64_t offset;
  	int count;
          /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
          int total = 0;
  	int pattern = 0, pattern_offset = 0, pattern_count = 0;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCl:pP:qs:v")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'b':
  			bflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'C':
  			Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'l':
  			lflag = 1;
  			pattern_count = cvtnum(optarg);
  			if (pattern_count < 0) {
  				printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", optarg);
  				return 0;
  			}
  			break;
  		case 'p':
  			pflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			Pflag = 1;
  			pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (pattern < 0)
  				return 0;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 's':
  			sflag = 1;
  			pattern_offset = cvtnum(optarg);
  			if (pattern_offset < 0) {
  				printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", optarg);
  				return 0;
  			}
  			break;
  		case 'v':
  			vflag = 1;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&read_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind != argc - 2)
  		return command_usage(&read_cmd);
  
  	if (bflag && pflag) {
  		printf("-b and -p cannot be specified at the same time\n");
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	optind++;
  	count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (count < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
      if (!Pflag && (lflag || sflag)) {
          return command_usage(&read_cmd);
      }
  
      if (!lflag) {
          pattern_count = count - pattern_offset;
      }
  
      if ((pattern_count < 0) || (pattern_count + pattern_offset > count))  {
          printf("pattern verfication range exceeds end of read data\n");
          return 0;
      }
  
  	if (!pflag)
  		if (offset & 0x1ff) {
                          printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                                 offset);
  			return 0;
  
  		if (count & 0x1ff) {
  			printf("count %d is not sector aligned\n",
  				count);
  			return 0;
  		}
  	}
  
  	buf = qemu_io_alloc(count, 0xab);
  
  	gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
  	if (pflag)
  		cnt = do_pread(buf, offset, count, &total);
  	else if (bflag)
  		cnt = do_load_vmstate(buf, offset, count, &total);
  	else
  		cnt = do_read(buf, offset, count, &total);
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (cnt < 0) {
  		printf("read failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (Pflag) {
  		void* cmp_buf = malloc(pattern_count);
  		memset(cmp_buf, pattern, pattern_count);
  		if (memcmp(buf + pattern_offset, cmp_buf, pattern_count)) {
  			printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
                                 PRId64 ", %d bytes\n",
                                 offset + pattern_offset, pattern_count);
  		}
  		free(cmp_buf);
  	}
  
  	if (qflag)
  		goto out;
  
          if (vflag)
  		dump_buffer(buf, offset, count);
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
  	print_report("read", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
  
  out:
  	qemu_io_free(buf);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  readv_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " reads a range of bytes from the given offset into multiple buffers\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'readv -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
  "\n"
  " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
  " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
  " Uses multiple iovec buffers if more than one byte range is specified.\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
  " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int readv_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t readv_cmd = {
  	.name		= "readv",
  	.cfunc		= readv_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
  	.oneline	= "reads a number of bytes at a specified offset",
  	.help		= readv_help,
  };
  
  static int
  readv_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	struct timeval t1, t2;
  	int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0, vflag = 0;
  	int c, cnt;
  	char *buf;
  	int64_t offset;
          /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
          int total = 0;
  	int nr_iov;
  	QEMUIOVector qiov;
  	int pattern = 0;
  	int Pflag = 0;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'C':
  			Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			Pflag = 1;
  			pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (pattern < 0)
  				return 0;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'v':
  			vflag = 1;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&readv_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind > argc - 2)
  		return command_usage(&readv_cmd);
  
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  	optind++;
  
  	if (offset & 0x1ff) {
                  printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                         offset);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	nr_iov = argc - optind;
  	buf = create_iovec(&qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
  
  	gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
  	cnt = do_aio_readv(&qiov, offset, &total);
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (cnt < 0) {
  		printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (Pflag) {
  		void* cmp_buf = malloc(qiov.size);
  		memset(cmp_buf, pattern, qiov.size);
  		if (memcmp(buf, cmp_buf, qiov.size)) {
  			printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
                                 PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n",
                                 offset, qiov.size);
  		}
  		free(cmp_buf);
  	}
  
  	if (qflag)
  		goto out;
  
          if (vflag)
  		dump_buffer(buf, offset, qiov.size);
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
  	print_report("read", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
  
  out:
  	qemu_io_free(buf);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  write_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " writes a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'write 512 1k' - writes 1 kilobyte at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
  "\n"
  " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
  " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
  " -b, -- write to the VM state rather than the virtual disk\n"
  " -p, -- use bdrv_pwrite to write the file\n"
  " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int write_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t write_cmd = {
  	.name		= "write",
  	.altname	= "w",
  	.cfunc		= write_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-abCpq] [-P pattern ] off len",
  	.oneline	= "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
  	.help		= write_help,
  };
  
  static int
  write_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	struct timeval t1, t2;
  	int Cflag = 0, pflag = 0, qflag = 0, bflag = 0;
  	int c, cnt;
  	char *buf;
  	int64_t offset;
  	int count;
          /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
          int total = 0;
  	int pattern = 0xcd;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "bCpP:q")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'b':
  			bflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'C':
  			Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'p':
  			pflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (pattern < 0)
  				return 0;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&write_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind != argc - 2)
  		return command_usage(&write_cmd);
  
  	if (bflag && pflag) {
  		printf("-b and -p cannot be specified at the same time\n");
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	optind++;
  	count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (count < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	if (!pflag) {
  		if (offset & 0x1ff) {
                          printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                                 offset);
  			return 0;
  		}
  
  		if (count & 0x1ff) {
  			printf("count %d is not sector aligned\n",
  				count);
  			return 0;
  		}
  	}
  
  	buf = qemu_io_alloc(count, pattern);
  
  	gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
  	if (pflag)
  		cnt = do_pwrite(buf, offset, count, &total);
  	else if (bflag)
  		cnt = do_save_vmstate(buf, offset, count, &total);
  	else
  		cnt = do_write(buf, offset, count, &total);
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (cnt < 0) {
  		printf("write failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (qflag)
  		goto out;
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
  	print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, count, total, cnt, Cflag);
  
  out:
  	qemu_io_free(buf);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  writev_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
  "\n"
  " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
  " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
  " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int writev_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t writev_cmd = {
  	.name		= "writev",
  	.cfunc		= writev_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
  	.oneline	= "writes a number of bytes at a specified offset",
  	.help		= writev_help,
  };
  
  static int
  writev_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	struct timeval t1, t2;
  	int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
  	int c, cnt;
  	char *buf;
  	int64_t offset;
          /* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
          int total = 0;
  	int nr_iov;
  	int pattern = 0xcd;
  	QEMUIOVector qiov;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'C':
  			Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (pattern < 0)
  				return 0;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&writev_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind > argc - 2)
  		return command_usage(&writev_cmd);
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  	optind++;
  
  	if (offset & 0x1ff) {
                  printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                         offset);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	nr_iov = argc - optind;
  	buf = create_iovec(&qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
  
  	gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
  	cnt = do_aio_writev(&qiov, offset, &total);
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (cnt < 0) {
  		printf("writev failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (qflag)
  		goto out;
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
  	print_report("wrote", &t2, offset, qiov.size, total, cnt, Cflag);
  out:
  	qemu_io_free(buf);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  multiwrite_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " writes a range of bytes from the given offset source from multiple buffers,\n"
  " in a batch of requests that may be merged by qemu\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'multiwrite 512 1k 1k ; 4k 1k' \n"
  "  writes 2 kB at 512 bytes and 1 kB at 4 kB into the open file\n"
  "\n"
  " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
  " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd). The pattern byte is increased\n"
  " by one for each request contained in the multiwrite command.\n"
  " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int multiwrite_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t multiwrite_cmd = {
  	.name		= "multiwrite",
  	.cfunc		= multiwrite_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..] [; off len [len..]..]",
  	.oneline	= "issues multiple write requests at once",
  	.help		= multiwrite_help,
  };
  
  static int
  multiwrite_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	struct timeval t1, t2;
  	int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
  	int c, cnt;
  	char **buf;
  	int64_t offset, first_offset = 0;
  	/* Some compilers get confused and warn if this is not initialized.  */
  	int total = 0;
  	int nr_iov;
  	int nr_reqs;
  	int pattern = 0xcd;
  	QEMUIOVector *qiovs;
  	int i;
  	BlockRequest *reqs;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'C':
  			Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (pattern < 0)
  				return 0;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&writev_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind > argc - 2)
  		return command_usage(&writev_cmd);
  
  	nr_reqs = 1;
  	for (i = optind; i < argc; i++) {
  		if (!strcmp(argv[i], ";")) {
  			nr_reqs++;
  		}
  	}
  
  	reqs = qemu_malloc(nr_reqs * sizeof(*reqs));
  	buf = qemu_malloc(nr_reqs * sizeof(*buf));
  	qiovs = qemu_malloc(nr_reqs * sizeof(*qiovs));
  
  	for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs; i++) {
  		int j;
  
  		/* Read the offset of the request */
  		offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  		if (offset < 0) {
  			printf("non-numeric offset argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  			return 0;
  		}
  		optind++;
  
  		if (offset & 0x1ff) {
  			printf("offset %lld is not sector aligned\n",
  				(long long)offset);
  			return 0;
  		}
  
          if (i == 0) {
              first_offset = offset;
          }
  
  		/* Read lengths for qiov entries */
  		for (j = optind; j < argc; j++) {
  			if (!strcmp(argv[j], ";")) {
  				break;
  			}
  		}
  
  		nr_iov = j - optind;
  
  		/* Build request */
  		reqs[i].qiov = &qiovs[i];
  		buf[i] = create_iovec(reqs[i].qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
  		reqs[i].sector = offset >> 9;
  		reqs[i].nb_sectors = reqs[i].qiov->size >> 9;
  
  		optind = j + 1;
  
  		offset += reqs[i].qiov->size;
  		pattern++;
  	}
  
  	gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
  	cnt = do_aio_multiwrite(reqs, nr_reqs, &total);
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (cnt < 0) {
  		printf("aio_multiwrite failed: %s\n", strerror(-cnt));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (qflag)
  		goto out;
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
  	print_report("wrote", &t2, first_offset, total, total, cnt, Cflag);
  out:
  	for (i = 0; i < nr_reqs; i++) {
  		qemu_io_free(buf[i]);
  		qemu_iovec_destroy(&qiovs[i]);
  	}
  	qemu_free(buf);
  	qemu_free(reqs);
  	qemu_free(qiovs);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  struct aio_ctx {
  	QEMUIOVector qiov;
  	int64_t offset;
  	char *buf;
  	int qflag;
  	int vflag;
  	int Cflag;
  	int Pflag;
  	int pattern;
  	struct timeval t1;
  };
  
  static void
  aio_write_done(void *opaque, int ret)
  {
  	struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
  	struct timeval t2;
  
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  
  	if (ret < 0) {
  		printf("aio_write failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (ctx->qflag) {
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
  	print_report("wrote", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
  		     ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
  out:
  	qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
  	free(ctx);
  }
  
  static void
  aio_read_done(void *opaque, int ret)
  {
  	struct aio_ctx *ctx = opaque;
  	struct timeval t2;
  
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (ret < 0) {
  		printf("readv failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (ctx->Pflag) {
  		void *cmp_buf = malloc(ctx->qiov.size);
  
  		memset(cmp_buf, ctx->pattern, ctx->qiov.size);
  		if (memcmp(ctx->buf, cmp_buf, ctx->qiov.size)) {
  			printf("Pattern verification failed at offset %"
                                 PRId64 ", %zd bytes\n",
                                 ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
  		}
  		free(cmp_buf);
  	}
  
  	if (ctx->qflag) {
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	if (ctx->vflag) {
  		dump_buffer(ctx->buf, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size);
  	}
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	t2 = tsub(t2, ctx->t1);
  	print_report("read", &t2, ctx->offset, ctx->qiov.size,
  		     ctx->qiov.size, 1, ctx->Cflag);
  out:
  	qemu_io_free(ctx->buf);
  	free(ctx);
  }
  
  static void
  aio_read_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " asynchronously reads a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'aio_read -v 512 1k 1k ' - dumps 2 kilobytes read from 512 bytes into the file\n"
  "\n"
  " Reads a segment of the currently open file, optionally dumping it to the\n"
  " standard output stream (with -v option) for subsequent inspection.\n"
  " The read is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
  " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -P, -- use a pattern to verify read data\n"
  " -v, -- dump buffer to standard output\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int aio_read_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t aio_read_cmd = {
  	.name		= "aio_read",
  	.cfunc		= aio_read_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-Cqv] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
  	.oneline	= "asynchronously reads a number of bytes",
  	.help		= aio_read_help,
  };
  
  static int
  aio_read_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int nr_iov, c;
  	struct aio_ctx *ctx = calloc(1, sizeof(struct aio_ctx));
  	BlockDriverAIOCB *acb;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CP:qv")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'C':
  			ctx->Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			ctx->Pflag = 1;
  			ctx->pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (ctx->pattern < 0) {
                                  free(ctx);
  				return 0;
                          }
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			ctx->qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'v':
  			ctx->vflag = 1;
  			break;
  		default:
  			free(ctx);
  			return command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind > argc - 2) {
  		free(ctx);
  		return command_usage(&aio_read_cmd);
  	}
  
  	ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (ctx->offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		free(ctx);
  		return 0;
  	}
  	optind++;
  
  	if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
  		printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                         ctx->offset);
  		free(ctx);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	nr_iov = argc - optind;
  	ctx->buf = create_iovec(&ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, 0xab);
  
  	gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
  	acb = bdrv_aio_readv(bs, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
  			      ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_read_done, ctx);
  	if (!acb) {
  		free(ctx->buf);
  		free(ctx);
  		return -EIO;
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  aio_write_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " asynchronously writes a range of bytes from the given offset source \n"
  " from multiple buffers\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'aio_write 512 1k 1k' - writes 2 kilobytes at 512 bytes into the open file\n"
  "\n"
  " Writes into a segment of the currently open file, using a buffer\n"
  " filled with a set pattern (0xcdcdcdcd).\n"
  " The write is performed asynchronously and the aio_flush command must be\n"
  " used to ensure all outstanding aio requests have been completed\n"
  " -P, -- use different pattern to fill file\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int aio_write_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t aio_write_cmd = {
  	.name		= "aio_write",
  	.cfunc		= aio_write_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-Cq] [-P pattern ] off len [len..]",
  	.oneline	= "asynchronously writes a number of bytes",
  	.help		= aio_write_help,
  };
  
  static int
  aio_write_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int nr_iov, c;
  	int pattern = 0xcd;
  	struct aio_ctx *ctx = calloc(1, sizeof(struct aio_ctx));
  	BlockDriverAIOCB *acb;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "CqP:")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'C':
  			ctx->Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			ctx->qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'P':
  			pattern = parse_pattern(optarg);
  			if (pattern < 0)
  				return 0;
  			break;
  		default:
  			free(ctx);
  			return command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind > argc - 2) {
  		free(ctx);
  		return command_usage(&aio_write_cmd);
  	}
  
  	ctx->offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (ctx->offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		free(ctx);
  		return 0;
  	}
  	optind++;
  
  	if (ctx->offset & 0x1ff) {
  		printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                         ctx->offset);
  		free(ctx);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	nr_iov = argc - optind;
  	ctx->buf = create_iovec(&ctx->qiov, &argv[optind], nr_iov, pattern);
  
  	gettimeofday(&ctx->t1, NULL);
  	acb = bdrv_aio_writev(bs, ctx->offset >> 9, &ctx->qiov,
  			      ctx->qiov.size >> 9, aio_write_done, ctx);
  	if (!acb) {
  		free(ctx->buf);
  		free(ctx);
  		return -EIO;
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int
  aio_flush_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	qemu_aio_flush();
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static const cmdinfo_t aio_flush_cmd = {
  	.name		= "aio_flush",
  	.cfunc		= aio_flush_f,
  	.oneline	= "completes all outstanding aio requests"
  };
  
  static int
  flush_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	bdrv_flush(bs);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static const cmdinfo_t flush_cmd = {
  	.name		= "flush",
  	.altname	= "f",
  	.cfunc		= flush_f,
  	.oneline	= "flush all in-core file state to disk",
  };
  
  static int
  truncate_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int64_t offset;
  	int ret;
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
  	if (offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric truncate argument -- %s\n", argv[1]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	ret = bdrv_truncate(bs, offset);
  	if (ret < 0) {
  		printf("truncate: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static const cmdinfo_t truncate_cmd = {
  	.name		= "truncate",
  	.altname	= "t",
  	.cfunc		= truncate_f,
  	.argmin		= 1,
  	.argmax		= 1,
  	.args		= "off",
  	.oneline	= "truncates the current file at the given offset",
  };
  
  static int
  length_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
          int64_t size;
  	char s1[64];
  
  	size = bdrv_getlength(bs);
  	if (size < 0) {
  		printf("getlength: %s\n", strerror(-size));
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	cvtstr(size, s1, sizeof(s1));
  	printf("%s\n", s1);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  
  static const cmdinfo_t length_cmd = {
  	.name		= "length",
  	.altname	= "l",
  	.cfunc		= length_f,
  	.oneline	= "gets the length of the current file",
  };
  
  
  static int
  info_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	BlockDriverInfo bdi;
  	char s1[64], s2[64];
  	int ret;
  
  	if (bs->drv && bs->drv->format_name)
  		printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->format_name);
  	if (bs->drv && bs->drv->protocol_name)
  		printf("format name: %s\n", bs->drv->protocol_name);
  
  	ret = bdrv_get_info(bs, &bdi);
  	if (ret)
  		return 0;
  
  	cvtstr(bdi.cluster_size, s1, sizeof(s1));
  	cvtstr(bdi.vm_state_offset, s2, sizeof(s2));
  
  	printf("cluster size: %s\n", s1);
  	printf("vm state offset: %s\n", s2);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  
  
  static const cmdinfo_t info_cmd = {
  	.name		= "info",
  	.altname	= "i",
  	.cfunc		= info_f,
  	.oneline	= "prints information about the current file",
  };
  
  static void
  discard_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " discards a range of bytes from the given offset\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'discard 512 1k' - discards 1 kilobyte from 512 bytes into the file\n"
  "\n"
  " Discards a segment of the currently open file.\n"
  " -C, -- report statistics in a machine parsable format\n"
  " -q, -- quiet mode, do not show I/O statistics\n"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int discard_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t discard_cmd = {
  	.name		= "discard",
  	.altname	= "d",
  	.cfunc		= discard_f,
  	.argmin		= 2,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.args		= "[-Cq] off len",
  	.oneline	= "discards a number of bytes at a specified offset",
  	.help		= discard_help,
  };
  
  static int
  discard_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	struct timeval t1, t2;
  	int Cflag = 0, qflag = 0;
  	int c, ret;
  	int64_t offset;
  	int count;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "Cq")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 'C':
  			Cflag = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'q':
  			qflag = 1;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&discard_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (optind != argc - 2) {
  		return command_usage(&discard_cmd);
  	}
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (offset < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	optind++;
  	count = cvtnum(argv[optind]);
  	if (count < 0) {
  		printf("non-numeric length argument -- %s\n", argv[optind]);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	gettimeofday(&t1, NULL);
  	ret = bdrv_discard(bs, offset >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS, count >> BDRV_SECTOR_BITS);
  	gettimeofday(&t2, NULL);
  
  	if (ret < 0) {
  		printf("discard failed: %s\n", strerror(-ret));
  		goto out;
  	}
  
  	/* Finally, report back -- -C gives a parsable format */
  	if (!qflag) {
  		t2 = tsub(t2, t1);
  		print_report("discard", &t2, offset, count, count, 1, Cflag);
  	}
  
  out:
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static int
  alloc_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int64_t offset;
  	int nb_sectors, remaining;
  	char s1[64];
  	int num, sum_alloc;
  	int ret;
  
  	offset = cvtnum(argv[1]);
  	if (offset & 0x1ff) {
                  printf("offset %" PRId64 " is not sector aligned\n",
                         offset);
  		return 0;
  	}
  
  	if (argc == 3)
  		nb_sectors = cvtnum(argv[2]);
  	else
  		nb_sectors = 1;
  
  	remaining = nb_sectors;
  	sum_alloc = 0;
  	while (remaining) {
  		ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset >> 9, nb_sectors, &num);
  		remaining -= num;
  		if (ret) {
  			sum_alloc += num;
  		}
  	}
  
  	cvtstr(offset, s1, sizeof(s1));
  
  	printf("%d/%d sectors allocated at offset %s\n",
  	       sum_alloc, nb_sectors, s1);
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static const cmdinfo_t alloc_cmd = {
  	.name		= "alloc",
  	.altname	= "a",
  	.argmin		= 1,
  	.argmax		= 2,
  	.cfunc		= alloc_f,
  	.args		= "off [sectors]",
  	.oneline	= "checks if a sector is present in the file",
  };
  
  static int
  map_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int64_t offset;
  	int64_t nb_sectors;
  	char s1[64];
  	int num, num_checked;
  	int ret;
  	const char *retstr;
  
  	offset = 0;
  	nb_sectors = bs->total_sectors;
  
  	do {
  		num_checked = MIN(nb_sectors, INT_MAX);
  		ret = bdrv_is_allocated(bs, offset, num_checked, &num);
  		retstr = ret ? "    allocated" : "not allocated";
  		cvtstr(offset << 9ULL, s1, sizeof(s1));
  		printf("[% 24" PRId64 "] % 8d/% 8d sectors %s at offset %s (%d)\n",
  				offset << 9ULL, num, num_checked, retstr, s1, ret);
  
  		offset += num;
  		nb_sectors -= num;
  	} while(offset < bs->total_sectors);
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static const cmdinfo_t map_cmd = {
         .name           = "map",
         .argmin         = 0,
         .argmax         = 0,
         .cfunc          = map_f,
         .args           = "",
         .oneline        = "prints the allocated areas of a file",
  };
  
  
  static int
  close_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	bdrv_close(bs);
  	bs = NULL;
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static const cmdinfo_t close_cmd = {
  	.name		= "close",
  	.altname	= "c",
  	.cfunc		= close_f,
  	.oneline	= "close the current open file",
  };
  
  static int openfile(char *name, int flags, int growable)
  {
  	if (bs) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "file open already, try 'help close'\n");
  		return 1;
  	}
  
  	if (growable) {
  		if (bdrv_file_open(&bs, name, flags)) {
  			fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't open device %s\n", progname, name);
  			return 1;
  		}
  	} else {
  		bs = bdrv_new("hda");
  
  		if (bdrv_open(bs, name, flags, NULL) < 0) {
  			fprintf(stderr, "%s: can't open device %s\n", progname, name);
  			bs = NULL;
  			return 1;
  		}
  	}
  
  	return 0;
  }
  
  static void
  open_help(void)
  {
  	printf(
  "\n"
  " opens a new file in the requested mode\n"
  "\n"
  " Example:\n"
  " 'open -Cn /tmp/data' - creates/opens data file read-write and uncached\n"
  "\n"
  " Opens a file for subsequent use by all of the other qemu-io commands.\n"
  " -r, -- open file read-only\n"
  " -s, -- use snapshot file\n"
  " -n, -- disable host cache\n"
  " -g, -- allow file to grow (only applies to protocols)"
  "\n");
  }
  
  static int open_f(int argc, char **argv);
  
  static const cmdinfo_t open_cmd = {
  	.name		= "open",
  	.altname	= "o",
  	.cfunc		= open_f,
  	.argmin		= 1,
  	.argmax		= -1,
  	.flags		= CMD_NOFILE_OK,
  	.args		= "[-Crsn] [path]",
  	.oneline	= "open the file specified by path",
  	.help		= open_help,
  };
  
  static int
  open_f(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int flags = 0;
  	int readonly = 0;
  	int growable = 0;
  	int c;
  
  	while ((c = getopt(argc, argv, "snrg")) != EOF) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 's':
  			flags |= BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT;
  			break;
  		case 'n':
  			flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;
  			break;
  		case 'r':
  			readonly = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'g':
  			growable = 1;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return command_usage(&open_cmd);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (!readonly) {
              flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
          }
  
  	if (optind != argc - 1)
  		return command_usage(&open_cmd);
  
  	return openfile(argv[optind], flags, growable);
  }
  
  static int
  init_args_command(
          int     index)
  {
  	/* only one device allowed so far */
  	if (index >= 1)
  		return 0;
  	return ++index;
  }
  
  static int
  init_check_command(
  	const cmdinfo_t *ct)
  {
  	if (ct->flags & CMD_FLAG_GLOBAL)
  		return 1;
  	if (!(ct->flags & CMD_NOFILE_OK) && !bs) {
  		fprintf(stderr, "no file open, try 'help open'\n");
  		return 0;
  	}
  	return 1;
  }
  
  static void usage(const char *name)
  {
  	printf(
  "Usage: %s [-h] [-V] [-rsnm] [-c cmd] ... [file]\n"
  "QEMU Disk exerciser\n"
  "\n"
  "  -c, --cmd            command to execute\n"
  "  -r, --read-only      export read-only\n"
  "  -s, --snapshot       use snapshot file\n"
  "  -n, --nocache        disable host cache\n"
  "  -g, --growable       allow file to grow (only applies to protocols)\n"
  "  -m, --misalign       misalign allocations for O_DIRECT\n"
  "  -k, --native-aio     use kernel AIO implementation (on Linux only)\n"
  "  -h, --help           display this help and exit\n"
  "  -V, --version        output version information and exit\n"
  "\n",
  	name);
  }
  
  
  int main(int argc, char **argv)
  {
  	int readonly = 0;
  	int growable = 0;
  	const char *sopt = "hVc:rsnmgk";
          const struct option lopt[] = {
  		{ "help", 0, NULL, 'h' },
  		{ "version", 0, NULL, 'V' },
  		{ "offset", 1, NULL, 'o' },
  		{ "cmd", 1, NULL, 'c' },
  		{ "read-only", 0, NULL, 'r' },
  		{ "snapshot", 0, NULL, 's' },
  		{ "nocache", 0, NULL, 'n' },
  		{ "misalign", 0, NULL, 'm' },
  		{ "growable", 0, NULL, 'g' },
  		{ "native-aio", 0, NULL, 'k' },
  		{ NULL, 0, NULL, 0 }
  	};
  	int c;
  	int opt_index = 0;
  	int flags = 0;
  
  	progname = basename(argv[0]);
  
  	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, sopt, lopt, &opt_index)) != -1) {
  		switch (c) {
  		case 's':
  			flags |= BDRV_O_SNAPSHOT;
  			break;
  		case 'n':
  			flags |= BDRV_O_NOCACHE;
  			break;
  		case 'c':
  			add_user_command(optarg);
  			break;
  		case 'r':
  			readonly = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'm':
  			misalign = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'g':
  			growable = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'k':
  			flags |= BDRV_O_NATIVE_AIO;
  			break;
  		case 'V':
  			printf("%s version %s\n", progname, VERSION);
  			exit(0);
  		case 'h':
  			usage(progname);
  			exit(0);
  		default:
  			usage(progname);
  			exit(1);
  		}
  	}
  
  	if ((argc - optind) > 1) {
  		usage(progname);
  		exit(1);
  	}
  
  	bdrv_init();
  
  	/* initialize commands */
  	quit_init();
  	help_init();
  	add_command(&open_cmd);
  	add_command(&close_cmd);
  	add_command(&read_cmd);
  	add_command(&readv_cmd);
  	add_command(&write_cmd);
  	add_command(&writev_cmd);
  	add_command(&multiwrite_cmd);
  	add_command(&aio_read_cmd);
  	add_command(&aio_write_cmd);
  	add_command(&aio_flush_cmd);
  	add_command(&flush_cmd);
  	add_command(&truncate_cmd);
  	add_command(&length_cmd);
  	add_command(&info_cmd);
  	add_command(&discard_cmd);
  	add_command(&alloc_cmd);
  	add_command(&map_cmd);
  
  	add_args_command(init_args_command);
  	add_check_command(init_check_command);
  
  	/* open the device */
  	if (!readonly) {
              flags |= BDRV_O_RDWR;
          }
  
  	if ((argc - optind) == 1)
  		openfile(argv[optind], flags, growable);
  	command_loop();
  
  	/*
  	 * Make sure all outstanding requests get flushed the program exits.
  	 */
  	qemu_aio_flush();
  
  	if (bs)
  		bdrv_close(bs);
  	return 0;
  }
  