text: """Wrapper functions for Tcl/Tk.
  
  Tkinter provides classes which allow the display, positioning and
  control of widgets. Toplevel widgets are Tk and Toplevel. Other
  widgets are Frame, Label, Entry, Text, Canvas, Button, Radiobutton,
  Checkbutton, Scale, Listbox, Scrollbar, OptionMenu, Spinbox
  LabelFrame and PanedWindow.
  
  Properties of the widgets are specified with keyword arguments.
  Keyword arguments have the same name as the corresponding resource
  under Tk.
  
  Widgets are positioned with one of the geometry managers Place, Pack
  or Grid. These managers can be called with methods place, pack, grid
  available in every Widget.
  
  Actions are bound to events by resources (e.g. keyword argument
  command) or with the method bind.
  
  Example (Hello, World):
  import tkinter
  from tkinter.constants import *
  tk = tkinter.Tk()
  frame = tkinter.Frame(tk, relief=RIDGE, borderwidth=2)
  frame.pack(fill=BOTH,expand=1)
  label = tkinter.Label(frame, text="Hello, World")
  label.pack(fill=X, expand=1)
  button = tkinter.Button(frame,text="Exit",command=tk.destroy)
  button.pack(side=BOTTOM)
  tk.mainloop()
  """
  
  import enum
  import sys
  
  import _tkinter # If this fails your Python may not be configured for Tk
  TclError = _tkinter.TclError
  from tkinter.constants import *
  import re
  
  
  wantobjects = 1
  
  TkVersion = float(_tkinter.TK_VERSION)
  TclVersion = float(_tkinter.TCL_VERSION)
  
  READABLE = _tkinter.READABLE
  WRITABLE = _tkinter.WRITABLE
  EXCEPTION = _tkinter.EXCEPTION
  
  
  _magic_re = re.compile(r'([\\{}])')
  _space_re = re.compile(r'([\s])', re.ASCII)
  
  def _join(value):
      """Internal function."""
      return ' '.join(map(_stringify, value))
  
  def _stringify(value):
      """Internal function."""
      if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
          if len(value) == 1:
              value = _stringify(value[0])
              if value[0] == '{':
                  value = '{%s}' % value
          else:
              value = '{%s}' % _join(value)
      else:
          value = str(value)
          if not value:
              value = '{}'
          elif _magic_re.search(value):
              # add '\' before special characters and spaces
              value = _magic_re.sub(r'\\\1', value)
              value = _space_re.sub(r'\\\1', value)
          elif value[0] == '"' or _space_re.search(value):
              value = '{%s}' % value
      return value
  
  def _flatten(seq):
      """Internal function."""
      res = ()
      for item in seq:
          if isinstance(item, (tuple, list)):
              res = res + _flatten(item)
          elif item is not None:
              res = res + (item,)
      return res
  
  try: _flatten = _tkinter._flatten
  except AttributeError: pass
  
  def _cnfmerge(cnfs):
      """Internal function."""
      if isinstance(cnfs, dict):
          return cnfs
      elif isinstance(cnfs, (type(None), str)):
          return cnfs
      else:
          cnf = {}
          for c in _flatten(cnfs):
              try:
                  cnf.update(c)
              except (AttributeError, TypeError) as msg:
                  print("_cnfmerge: fallback due to:", msg)
                  for k, v in c.items():
                      cnf[k] = v
          return cnf
  
  try: _cnfmerge = _tkinter._cnfmerge
  except AttributeError: pass
  
  def _splitdict(tk, v, cut_minus=True, conv=None):
      """Return a properly formatted dict built from Tcl list pairs.
  
      If cut_minus is True, the supposed '-' prefix will be removed from
      keys. If conv is specified, it is used to convert values.
  
      Tcl list is expected to contain an even number of elements.
      """
      t = tk.splitlist(v)
      if len(t) % 2:
          raise RuntimeError('Tcl list representing a dict is expected '
                             'to contain an even number of elements')
      it = iter(t)
      dict = {}
      for key, value in zip(it, it):
          key = str(key)
          if cut_minus and key[0] == '-':
              key = key[1:]
          if conv:
              value = conv(value)
          dict[key] = value
      return dict
  
  
  class EventType(str, enum.Enum):
      KeyPress = '2'
      Key = KeyPress,
      KeyRelease = '3'
      ButtonPress = '4'
      Button = ButtonPress,
      ButtonRelease = '5'
      Motion = '6'
      Enter = '7'
      Leave = '8'
      FocusIn = '9'
      FocusOut = '10'
      Keymap = '11'           # undocumented
      Expose = '12'
      GraphicsExpose = '13'   # undocumented
      NoExpose = '14'         # undocumented
      Visibility = '15'
      Create = '16'
      Destroy = '17'
      Unmap = '18'
      Map = '19'
      MapRequest = '20'
      Reparent = '21'
      Configure = '22'
      ConfigureRequest = '23'
      Gravity = '24'
      ResizeRequest = '25'
      Circulate = '26'
      CirculateRequest = '27'
      Property = '28'
      SelectionClear = '29'   # undocumented
      SelectionRequest = '30' # undocumented
      Selection = '31'        # undocumented
      Colormap = '32'
      ClientMessage = '33'    # undocumented
      Mapping = '34'          # undocumented
      VirtualEvent = '35',    # undocumented
      Activate = '36',
      Deactivate = '37',
      MouseWheel = '38',
      def __str__(self):
          return self.name
  
  class Event:
      """Container for the properties of an event.
  
      Instances of this type are generated if one of the following events occurs:
  
      KeyPress, KeyRelease - for keyboard events
      ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, Motion, Enter, Leave, MouseWheel - for mouse events
      Visibility, Unmap, Map, Expose, FocusIn, FocusOut, Circulate,
      Colormap, Gravity, Reparent, Property, Destroy, Activate,
      Deactivate - for window events.
  
      If a callback function for one of these events is registered
      using bind, bind_all, bind_class, or tag_bind, the callback is
      called with an Event as first argument. It will have the
      following attributes (in braces are the event types for which
      the attribute is valid):
  
          serial - serial number of event
      num - mouse button pressed (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease)
      focus - whether the window has the focus (Enter, Leave)
      height - height of the exposed window (Configure, Expose)
      width - width of the exposed window (Configure, Expose)
      keycode - keycode of the pressed key (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
      state - state of the event as a number (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease,
                              Enter, KeyPress, KeyRelease,
                              Leave, Motion)
      state - state as a string (Visibility)
      time - when the event occurred
      x - x-position of the mouse
      y - y-position of the mouse
      x_root - x-position of the mouse on the screen
               (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Motion)
      y_root - y-position of the mouse on the screen
               (ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress, KeyRelease, Motion)
      char - pressed character (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
      send_event - see X/Windows documentation
      keysym - keysym of the event as a string (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
      keysym_num - keysym of the event as a number (KeyPress, KeyRelease)
      type - type of the event as a number
      widget - widget in which the event occurred
      delta - delta of wheel movement (MouseWheel)
      """
      def __repr__(self):
          attrs = {k: v for k, v in self.__dict__.items() if v != '??'}
          if not self.char:
              del attrs['char']
          elif self.char != '??':
              attrs['char'] = repr(self.char)
          if not getattr(self, 'send_event', True):
              del attrs['send_event']
          if self.state == 0:
              del attrs['state']
          elif isinstance(self.state, int):
              state = self.state
              mods = ('Shift', 'Lock', 'Control',
                      'Mod1', 'Mod2', 'Mod3', 'Mod4', 'Mod5',
                      'Button1', 'Button2', 'Button3', 'Button4', 'Button5')
              s = []
              for i, n in enumerate(mods):
                  if state & (1 << i):
                      s.append(n)
              state = state & ~((1<< len(mods)) - 1)
              if state or not s:
                  s.append(hex(state))
              attrs['state'] = '|'.join(s)
          if self.delta == 0:
              del attrs['delta']
          # widget usually is known
          # serial and time are not very interesting
          # keysym_num duplicates keysym
          # x_root and y_root mostly duplicate x and y
          keys = ('send_event',
                  'state', 'keysym', 'keycode', 'char',
                  'num', 'delta', 'focus',
                  'x', 'y', 'width', 'height')
          return '<%s event%s>' % (
              self.type,
              ''.join(' %s=%s' % (k, attrs[k]) for k in keys if k in attrs)
          )
  
  _support_default_root = 1
  _default_root = None
  
  def NoDefaultRoot():
      """Inhibit setting of default root window.
  
      Call this function to inhibit that the first instance of
      Tk is used for windows without an explicit parent window.
      """
      global _support_default_root
      _support_default_root = 0
      global _default_root
      _default_root = None
      del _default_root
  
  def _tkerror(err):
      """Internal function."""
      pass
  
  def _exit(code=0):
      """Internal function. Calling it will raise the exception SystemExit."""
      try:
          code = int(code)
      except ValueError:
          pass
      raise SystemExit(code)
  
  _varnum = 0
  class Variable:
      """Class to define value holders for e.g. buttons.
  
      Subclasses StringVar, IntVar, DoubleVar, BooleanVar are specializations
      that constrain the type of the value returned from get()."""
      _default = ""
      _tk = None
      _tclCommands = None
      def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
          """Construct a variable
  
          MASTER can be given as master widget.
          VALUE is an optional value (defaults to "")
          NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
  
          If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
          then the existing value is retained.
          """
          # check for type of NAME parameter to override weird error message
          # raised from Modules/_tkinter.c:SetVar like:
          # TypeError: setvar() takes exactly 3 arguments (2 given)
          if name is not None and not isinstance(name, str):
              raise TypeError("name must be a string")
          global _varnum
          if not master:
              master = _default_root
          self._root = master._root()
          self._tk = master.tk
          if name:
              self._name = name
          else:
              self._name = 'PY_VAR' + repr(_varnum)
              _varnum += 1
          if value is not None:
              self.initialize(value)
          elif not self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.call("info", "exists", self._name)):
              self.initialize(self._default)
      def __del__(self):
          """Unset the variable in Tcl."""
          if self._tk is None:
              return
          if self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.call("info", "exists", self._name)):
              self._tk.globalunsetvar(self._name)
          if self._tclCommands is not None:
              for name in self._tclCommands:
                  #print '- Tkinter: deleted command', name
                  self._tk.deletecommand(name)
              self._tclCommands = None
      def __str__(self):
          """Return the name of the variable in Tcl."""
          return self._name
      def set(self, value):
          """Set the variable to VALUE."""
          return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, value)
      initialize = set
      def get(self):
          """Return value of variable."""
          return self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)
  
      def _register(self, callback):
          f = CallWrapper(callback, None, self._root).__call__
          cbname = repr(id(f))
          try:
              callback = callback.__func__
          except AttributeError:
              pass
          try:
              cbname = cbname + callback.__name__
          except AttributeError:
              pass
          self._tk.createcommand(cbname, f)
          if self._tclCommands is None:
              self._tclCommands = []
          self._tclCommands.append(cbname)
          return cbname
  
      def trace_add(self, mode, callback):
          """Define a trace callback for the variable.
  
          Mode is one of "read", "write", "unset", or a list or tuple of
          such strings.
          Callback must be a function which is called when the variable is
          read, written or unset.
  
          Return the name of the callback.
          """
          cbname = self._register(callback)
          self._tk.call('trace', 'add', 'variable',
                        self._name, mode, (cbname,))
          return cbname
  
      def trace_remove(self, mode, cbname):
          """Delete the trace callback for a variable.
  
          Mode is one of "read", "write", "unset" or a list or tuple of
          such strings.  Must be same as were specified in trace_add().
          cbname is the name of the callback returned from trace_add().
          """
          self._tk.call('trace', 'remove', 'variable',
                        self._name, mode, cbname)
          for m, ca in self.trace_info():
              if self._tk.splitlist(ca)[0] == cbname:
                  break
          else:
              self._tk.deletecommand(cbname)
              try:
                  self._tclCommands.remove(cbname)
              except ValueError:
                  pass
  
      def trace_info(self):
          """Return all trace callback information."""
          splitlist = self._tk.splitlist
          return [(splitlist(k), v) for k, v in map(splitlist,
              splitlist(self._tk.call('trace', 'info', 'variable', self._name)))]
  
      def trace_variable(self, mode, callback):
          """Define a trace callback for the variable.
  
          MODE is one of "r", "w", "u" for read, write, undefine.
          CALLBACK must be a function which is called when
          the variable is read, written or undefined.
  
          Return the name of the callback.
  
          This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will
          likely be removed in the future.  Use trace_add() instead.
          """
          # TODO: Add deprecation warning
          cbname = self._register(callback)
          self._tk.call("trace", "variable", self._name, mode, cbname)
          return cbname
  
      trace = trace_variable
  
      def trace_vdelete(self, mode, cbname):
          """Delete the trace callback for a variable.
  
          MODE is one of "r", "w", "u" for read, write, undefine.
          CBNAME is the name of the callback returned from trace_variable or trace.
  
          This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will
          likely be removed in the future.  Use trace_remove() instead.
          """
          # TODO: Add deprecation warning
          self._tk.call("trace", "vdelete", self._name, mode, cbname)
          cbname = self._tk.splitlist(cbname)[0]
          for m, ca in self.trace_info():
              if self._tk.splitlist(ca)[0] == cbname:
                  break
          else:
              self._tk.deletecommand(cbname)
              try:
                  self._tclCommands.remove(cbname)
              except ValueError:
                  pass
  
      def trace_vinfo(self):
          """Return all trace callback information.
  
          This deprecated method wraps a deprecated Tcl method that will
          likely be removed in the future.  Use trace_info() instead.
          """
          # TODO: Add deprecation warning
          return [self._tk.splitlist(x) for x in self._tk.splitlist(
              self._tk.call("trace", "vinfo", self._name))]
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          """Comparison for equality (==).
  
          Note: if the Variable's master matters to behavior
          also compare self._master == other._master
          """
          return self.__class__.__name__ == other.__class__.__name__ \
              and self._name == other._name
  
  class StringVar(Variable):
      """Value holder for strings variables."""
      _default = ""
      def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
          """Construct a string variable.
  
          MASTER can be given as master widget.
          VALUE is an optional value (defaults to "")
          NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
  
          If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
          then the existing value is retained.
          """
          Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
  
      def get(self):
          """Return value of variable as string."""
          value = self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name)
          if isinstance(value, str):
              return value
          return str(value)
  
  class IntVar(Variable):
      """Value holder for integer variables."""
      _default = 0
      def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
          """Construct an integer variable.
  
          MASTER can be given as master widget.
          VALUE is an optional value (defaults to 0)
          NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
  
          If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
          then the existing value is retained.
          """
          Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
  
      def get(self):
          """Return the value of the variable as an integer."""
          return self._tk.getint(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name))
  
  class DoubleVar(Variable):
      """Value holder for float variables."""
      _default = 0.0
      def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
          """Construct a float variable.
  
          MASTER can be given as master widget.
          VALUE is an optional value (defaults to 0.0)
          NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
  
          If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
          then the existing value is retained.
          """
          Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
  
      def get(self):
          """Return the value of the variable as a float."""
          return self._tk.getdouble(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name))
  
  class BooleanVar(Variable):
      """Value holder for boolean variables."""
      _default = False
      def __init__(self, master=None, value=None, name=None):
          """Construct a boolean variable.
  
          MASTER can be given as master widget.
          VALUE is an optional value (defaults to False)
          NAME is an optional Tcl name (defaults to PY_VARnum).
  
          If NAME matches an existing variable and VALUE is omitted
          then the existing value is retained.
          """
          Variable.__init__(self, master, value, name)
  
      def set(self, value):
          """Set the variable to VALUE."""
          return self._tk.globalsetvar(self._name, self._tk.getboolean(value))
      initialize = set
  
      def get(self):
          """Return the value of the variable as a bool."""
          try:
              return self._tk.getboolean(self._tk.globalgetvar(self._name))
          except TclError:
              raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()")
  
  def mainloop(n=0):
      """Run the main loop of Tcl."""
      _default_root.tk.mainloop(n)
  
  getint = int
  
  getdouble = float
  
  def getboolean(s):
      """Convert true and false to integer values 1 and 0."""
      try:
          return _default_root.tk.getboolean(s)
      except TclError:
          raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()")
  
  # Methods defined on both toplevel and interior widgets
  class Misc:
      """Internal class.
  
      Base class which defines methods common for interior widgets."""
  
      # used for generating child widget names
      _last_child_ids = None
  
      # XXX font command?
      _tclCommands = None
      def destroy(self):
          """Internal function.
  
          Delete all Tcl commands created for
          this widget in the Tcl interpreter."""
          if self._tclCommands is not None:
              for name in self._tclCommands:
                  #print '- Tkinter: deleted command', name
                  self.tk.deletecommand(name)
              self._tclCommands = None
      def deletecommand(self, name):
          """Internal function.
  
          Delete the Tcl command provided in NAME."""
          #print '- Tkinter: deleted command', name
          self.tk.deletecommand(name)
          try:
              self._tclCommands.remove(name)
          except ValueError:
              pass
      def tk_strictMotif(self, boolean=None):
          """Set Tcl internal variable, whether the look and feel
          should adhere to Motif.
  
          A parameter of 1 means adhere to Motif (e.g. no color
          change if mouse passes over slider).
          Returns the set value."""
          return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
              'set', 'tk_strictMotif', boolean))
      def tk_bisque(self):
          """Change the color scheme to light brown as used in Tk 3.6 and before."""
          self.tk.call('tk_bisque')
      def tk_setPalette(self, *args, **kw):
          """Set a new color scheme for all widget elements.
  
          A single color as argument will cause that all colors of Tk
          widget elements are derived from this.
          Alternatively several keyword parameters and its associated
          colors can be given. The following keywords are valid:
          activeBackground, foreground, selectColor,
          activeForeground, highlightBackground, selectBackground,
          background, highlightColor, selectForeground,
          disabledForeground, insertBackground, troughColor."""
          self.tk.call(('tk_setPalette',)
                + _flatten(args) + _flatten(list(kw.items())))
      def wait_variable(self, name='PY_VAR'):
          """Wait until the variable is modified.
  
          A parameter of type IntVar, StringVar, DoubleVar or
          BooleanVar must be given."""
          self.tk.call('tkwait', 'variable', name)
      waitvar = wait_variable # XXX b/w compat
      def wait_window(self, window=None):
          """Wait until a WIDGET is destroyed.
  
          If no parameter is given self is used."""
          if window is None:
              window = self
          self.tk.call('tkwait', 'window', window._w)
      def wait_visibility(self, window=None):
          """Wait until the visibility of a WIDGET changes
          (e.g. it appears).
  
          If no parameter is given self is used."""
          if window is None:
              window = self
          self.tk.call('tkwait', 'visibility', window._w)
      def setvar(self, name='PY_VAR', value='1'):
          """Set Tcl variable NAME to VALUE."""
          self.tk.setvar(name, value)
      def getvar(self, name='PY_VAR'):
          """Return value of Tcl variable NAME."""
          return self.tk.getvar(name)
  
      def getint(self, s):
          try:
              return self.tk.getint(s)
          except TclError as exc:
              raise ValueError(str(exc))
  
      def getdouble(self, s):
          try:
              return self.tk.getdouble(s)
          except TclError as exc:
              raise ValueError(str(exc))
  
      def getboolean(self, s):
          """Return a boolean value for Tcl boolean values true and false given as parameter."""
          try:
              return self.tk.getboolean(s)
          except TclError:
              raise ValueError("invalid literal for getboolean()")
  
      def focus_set(self):
          """Direct input focus to this widget.
  
          If the application currently does not have the focus
          this widget will get the focus if the application gets
          the focus through the window manager."""
          self.tk.call('focus', self._w)
      focus = focus_set # XXX b/w compat?
      def focus_force(self):
          """Direct input focus to this widget even if the
          application does not have the focus. Use with
          caution!"""
          self.tk.call('focus', '-force', self._w)
      def focus_get(self):
          """Return the widget which has currently the focus in the
          application.
  
          Use focus_displayof to allow working with several
          displays. Return None if application does not have
          the focus."""
          name = self.tk.call('focus')
          if name == 'none' or not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def focus_displayof(self):
          """Return the widget which has currently the focus on the
          display where this widget is located.
  
          Return None if the application does not have the focus."""
          name = self.tk.call('focus', '-displayof', self._w)
          if name == 'none' or not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def focus_lastfor(self):
          """Return the widget which would have the focus if top level
          for this widget gets the focus from the window manager."""
          name = self.tk.call('focus', '-lastfor', self._w)
          if name == 'none' or not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def tk_focusFollowsMouse(self):
          """The widget under mouse will get automatically focus. Can not
          be disabled easily."""
          self.tk.call('tk_focusFollowsMouse')
      def tk_focusNext(self):
          """Return the next widget in the focus order which follows
          widget which has currently the focus.
  
          The focus order first goes to the next child, then to
          the children of the child recursively and then to the
          next sibling which is higher in the stacking order.  A
          widget is omitted if it has the takefocus resource set
          to 0."""
          name = self.tk.call('tk_focusNext', self._w)
          if not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def tk_focusPrev(self):
          """Return previous widget in the focus order. See tk_focusNext for details."""
          name = self.tk.call('tk_focusPrev', self._w)
          if not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def after(self, ms, func=None, *args):
          """Call function once after given time.
  
          MS specifies the time in milliseconds. FUNC gives the
          function which shall be called. Additional parameters
          are given as parameters to the function call.  Return
          identifier to cancel scheduling with after_cancel."""
          if not func:
              # I'd rather use time.sleep(ms*0.001)
              self.tk.call('after', ms)
          else:
              def callit():
                  try:
                      func(*args)
                  finally:
                      try:
                          self.deletecommand(name)
                      except TclError:
                          pass
              callit.__name__ = func.__name__
              name = self._register(callit)
              return self.tk.call('after', ms, name)
      def after_idle(self, func, *args):
          """Call FUNC once if the Tcl main loop has no event to
          process.
  
          Return an identifier to cancel the scheduling with
          after_cancel."""
          return self.after('idle', func, *args)
      def after_cancel(self, id):
          """Cancel scheduling of function identified with ID.
  
          Identifier returned by after or after_idle must be
          given as first parameter."""
          try:
              data = self.tk.call('after', 'info', id)
              # In Tk 8.3, splitlist returns: (script, type)
              # In Tk 8.4, splitlist may return (script, type) or (script,)
              script = self.tk.splitlist(data)[0]
              self.deletecommand(script)
          except TclError:
              pass
          self.tk.call('after', 'cancel', id)
      def bell(self, displayof=0):
          """Ring a display's bell."""
          self.tk.call(('bell',) + self._displayof(displayof))
  
      # Clipboard handling:
      def clipboard_get(self, **kw):
          """Retrieve data from the clipboard on window's display.
  
          The window keyword defaults to the root window of the Tkinter
          application.
  
          The type keyword specifies the form in which the data is
          to be returned and should be an atom name such as STRING
          or FILE_NAME.  Type defaults to STRING, except on X11, where the default
          is to try UTF8_STRING and fall back to STRING.
  
          This command is equivalent to:
  
          selection_get(CLIPBOARD)
          """
          if 'type' not in kw and self._windowingsystem == 'x11':
              try:
                  kw['type'] = 'UTF8_STRING'
                  return self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'get') + self._options(kw))
              except TclError:
                  del kw['type']
          return self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'get') + self._options(kw))
  
      def clipboard_clear(self, **kw):
          """Clear the data in the Tk clipboard.
  
          A widget specified for the optional displayof keyword
          argument specifies the target display."""
          if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
          self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'clear') + self._options(kw))
      def clipboard_append(self, string, **kw):
          """Append STRING to the Tk clipboard.
  
          A widget specified at the optional displayof keyword
          argument specifies the target display. The clipboard
          can be retrieved with selection_get."""
          if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
          self.tk.call(('clipboard', 'append') + self._options(kw)
                + ('--', string))
      # XXX grab current w/o window argument
      def grab_current(self):
          """Return widget which has currently the grab in this application
          or None."""
          name = self.tk.call('grab', 'current', self._w)
          if not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def grab_release(self):
          """Release grab for this widget if currently set."""
          self.tk.call('grab', 'release', self._w)
      def grab_set(self):
          """Set grab for this widget.
  
          A grab directs all events to this and descendant
          widgets in the application."""
          self.tk.call('grab', 'set', self._w)
      def grab_set_global(self):
          """Set global grab for this widget.
  
          A global grab directs all events to this and
          descendant widgets on the display. Use with caution -
          other applications do not get events anymore."""
          self.tk.call('grab', 'set', '-global', self._w)
      def grab_status(self):
          """Return None, "local" or "global" if this widget has
          no, a local or a global grab."""
          status = self.tk.call('grab', 'status', self._w)
          if status == 'none': status = None
          return status
      def option_add(self, pattern, value, priority = None):
          """Set a VALUE (second parameter) for an option
          PATTERN (first parameter).
  
          An optional third parameter gives the numeric priority
          (defaults to 80)."""
          self.tk.call('option', 'add', pattern, value, priority)
      def option_clear(self):
          """Clear the option database.
  
          It will be reloaded if option_add is called."""
          self.tk.call('option', 'clear')
      def option_get(self, name, className):
          """Return the value for an option NAME for this widget
          with CLASSNAME.
  
          Values with higher priority override lower values."""
          return self.tk.call('option', 'get', self._w, name, className)
      def option_readfile(self, fileName, priority = None):
          """Read file FILENAME into the option database.
  
          An optional second parameter gives the numeric
          priority."""
          self.tk.call('option', 'readfile', fileName, priority)
      def selection_clear(self, **kw):
          """Clear the current X selection."""
          if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
          self.tk.call(('selection', 'clear') + self._options(kw))
      def selection_get(self, **kw):
          """Return the contents of the current X selection.
  
          A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of
          the selection and defaults to PRIMARY.  A keyword
          parameter displayof specifies a widget on the display
          to use. A keyword parameter type specifies the form of data to be
          fetched, defaulting to STRING except on X11, where UTF8_STRING is tried
          before STRING."""
          if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
          if 'type' not in kw and self._windowingsystem == 'x11':
              try:
                  kw['type'] = 'UTF8_STRING'
                  return self.tk.call(('selection', 'get') + self._options(kw))
              except TclError:
                  del kw['type']
          return self.tk.call(('selection', 'get') + self._options(kw))
      def selection_handle(self, command, **kw):
          """Specify a function COMMAND to call if the X
          selection owned by this widget is queried by another
          application.
  
          This function must return the contents of the
          selection. The function will be called with the
          arguments OFFSET and LENGTH which allows the chunking
          of very long selections. The following keyword
          parameters can be provided:
          selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY),
          type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME)."""
          name = self._register(command)
          self.tk.call(('selection', 'handle') + self._options(kw)
                + (self._w, name))
      def selection_own(self, **kw):
          """Become owner of X selection.
  
          A keyword parameter selection specifies the name of
          the selection (default PRIMARY)."""
          self.tk.call(('selection', 'own') +
                   self._options(kw) + (self._w,))
      def selection_own_get(self, **kw):
          """Return owner of X selection.
  
          The following keyword parameter can
          be provided:
          selection - name of the selection (default PRIMARY),
          type - type of the selection (e.g. STRING, FILE_NAME)."""
          if 'displayof' not in kw: kw['displayof'] = self._w
          name = self.tk.call(('selection', 'own') + self._options(kw))
          if not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def send(self, interp, cmd, *args):
          """Send Tcl command CMD to different interpreter INTERP to be executed."""
          return self.tk.call(('send', interp, cmd) + args)
      def lower(self, belowThis=None):
          """Lower this widget in the stacking order."""
          self.tk.call('lower', self._w, belowThis)
      def tkraise(self, aboveThis=None):
          """Raise this widget in the stacking order."""
          self.tk.call('raise', self._w, aboveThis)
      lift = tkraise
      def winfo_atom(self, name, displayof=0):
          """Return integer which represents atom NAME."""
          args = ('winfo', 'atom') + self._displayof(displayof) + (name,)
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(args))
      def winfo_atomname(self, id, displayof=0):
          """Return name of atom with identifier ID."""
          args = ('winfo', 'atomname') \
                 + self._displayof(displayof) + (id,)
          return self.tk.call(args)
      def winfo_cells(self):
          """Return number of cells in the colormap for this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'cells', self._w))
      def winfo_children(self):
          """Return a list of all widgets which are children of this widget."""
          result = []
          for child in self.tk.splitlist(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'children', self._w)):
              try:
                  # Tcl sometimes returns extra windows, e.g. for
                  # menus; those need to be skipped
                  result.append(self._nametowidget(child))
              except KeyError:
                  pass
          return result
  
      def winfo_class(self):
          """Return window class name of this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'class', self._w)
      def winfo_colormapfull(self):
          """Return true if at the last color request the colormap was full."""
          return self.tk.getboolean(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'colormapfull', self._w))
      def winfo_containing(self, rootX, rootY, displayof=0):
          """Return the widget which is at the root coordinates ROOTX, ROOTY."""
          args = ('winfo', 'containing') \
                 + self._displayof(displayof) + (rootX, rootY)
          name = self.tk.call(args)
          if not name: return None
          return self._nametowidget(name)
      def winfo_depth(self):
          """Return the number of bits per pixel."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call('winfo', 'depth', self._w))
      def winfo_exists(self):
          """Return true if this widget exists."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'exists', self._w))
      def winfo_fpixels(self, number):
          """Return the number of pixels for the given distance NUMBER
          (e.g. "3c") as float."""
          return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(
              'winfo', 'fpixels', self._w, number))
      def winfo_geometry(self):
          """Return geometry string for this widget in the form "widthxheight+X+Y"."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'geometry', self._w)
      def winfo_height(self):
          """Return height of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'height', self._w))
      def winfo_id(self):
          """Return identifier ID for this widget."""
          return int(self.tk.call('winfo', 'id', self._w), 0)
      def winfo_interps(self, displayof=0):
          """Return the name of all Tcl interpreters for this display."""
          args = ('winfo', 'interps') + self._displayof(displayof)
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(args))
      def winfo_ismapped(self):
          """Return true if this widget is mapped."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'ismapped', self._w))
      def winfo_manager(self):
          """Return the window mananger name for this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'manager', self._w)
      def winfo_name(self):
          """Return the name of this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'name', self._w)
      def winfo_parent(self):
          """Return the name of the parent of this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'parent', self._w)
      def winfo_pathname(self, id, displayof=0):
          """Return the pathname of the widget given by ID."""
          args = ('winfo', 'pathname') \
                 + self._displayof(displayof) + (id,)
          return self.tk.call(args)
      def winfo_pixels(self, number):
          """Rounded integer value of winfo_fpixels."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'pixels', self._w, number))
      def winfo_pointerx(self):
          """Return the x coordinate of the pointer on the root window."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointerx', self._w))
      def winfo_pointerxy(self):
          """Return a tuple of x and y coordinates of the pointer on the root window."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointerxy', self._w))
      def winfo_pointery(self):
          """Return the y coordinate of the pointer on the root window."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'pointery', self._w))
      def winfo_reqheight(self):
          """Return requested height of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'reqheight', self._w))
      def winfo_reqwidth(self):
          """Return requested width of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'reqwidth', self._w))
      def winfo_rgb(self, color):
          """Return tuple of decimal values for red, green, blue for
          COLOR in this widget."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'rgb', self._w, color))
      def winfo_rootx(self):
          """Return x coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the
          root window."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'rootx', self._w))
      def winfo_rooty(self):
          """Return y coordinate of upper left corner of this widget on the
          root window."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'rooty', self._w))
      def winfo_screen(self):
          """Return the screen name of this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'screen', self._w)
      def winfo_screencells(self):
          """Return the number of the cells in the colormap of the screen
          of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'screencells', self._w))
      def winfo_screendepth(self):
          """Return the number of bits per pixel of the root window of the
          screen of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'screendepth', self._w))
      def winfo_screenheight(self):
          """Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of this widget
          in pixel."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenheight', self._w))
      def winfo_screenmmheight(self):
          """Return the number of pixels of the height of the screen of
          this widget in mm."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenmmheight', self._w))
      def winfo_screenmmwidth(self):
          """Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of
          this widget in mm."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenmmwidth', self._w))
      def winfo_screenvisual(self):
          """Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor,
          staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the default
          colormodel of this screen."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenvisual', self._w)
      def winfo_screenwidth(self):
          """Return the number of pixels of the width of the screen of
          this widget in pixel."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'screenwidth', self._w))
      def winfo_server(self):
          """Return information of the X-Server of the screen of this widget in
          the form "XmajorRminor vendor vendorVersion"."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'server', self._w)
      def winfo_toplevel(self):
          """Return the toplevel widget of this widget."""
          return self._nametowidget(self.tk.call(
              'winfo', 'toplevel', self._w))
      def winfo_viewable(self):
          """Return true if the widget and all its higher ancestors are mapped."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'viewable', self._w))
      def winfo_visual(self):
          """Return one of the strings directcolor, grayscale, pseudocolor,
          staticcolor, staticgray, or truecolor for the
          colormodel of this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'visual', self._w)
      def winfo_visualid(self):
          """Return the X identifier for the visual for this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('winfo', 'visualid', self._w)
      def winfo_visualsavailable(self, includeids=False):
          """Return a list of all visuals available for the screen
          of this widget.
  
          Each item in the list consists of a visual name (see winfo_visual), a
          depth and if includeids is true is given also the X identifier."""
          data = self.tk.call('winfo', 'visualsavailable', self._w,
                              'includeids' if includeids else None)
          data = [self.tk.splitlist(x) for x in self.tk.splitlist(data)]
          return [self.__winfo_parseitem(x) for x in data]
      def __winfo_parseitem(self, t):
          """Internal function."""
          return t[:1] + tuple(map(self.__winfo_getint, t[1:]))
      def __winfo_getint(self, x):
          """Internal function."""
          return int(x, 0)
      def winfo_vrootheight(self):
          """Return the height of the virtual root window associated with this
          widget in pixels. If there is no virtual root window return the
          height of the screen."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootheight', self._w))
      def winfo_vrootwidth(self):
          """Return the width of the virtual root window associated with this
          widget in pixel. If there is no virtual root window return the
          width of the screen."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootwidth', self._w))
      def winfo_vrootx(self):
          """Return the x offset of the virtual root relative to the root
          window of the screen of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrootx', self._w))
      def winfo_vrooty(self):
          """Return the y offset of the virtual root relative to the root
          window of the screen of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'vrooty', self._w))
      def winfo_width(self):
          """Return the width of this widget."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'width', self._w))
      def winfo_x(self):
          """Return the x coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget
          in the parent."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'x', self._w))
      def winfo_y(self):
          """Return the y coordinate of the upper left corner of this widget
          in the parent."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('winfo', 'y', self._w))
      def update(self):
          """Enter event loop until all pending events have been processed by Tcl."""
          self.tk.call('update')
      def update_idletasks(self):
          """Enter event loop until all idle callbacks have been called. This
          will update the display of windows but not process events caused by
          the user."""
          self.tk.call('update', 'idletasks')
      def bindtags(self, tagList=None):
          """Set or get the list of bindtags for this widget.
  
          With no argument return the list of all bindtags associated with
          this widget. With a list of strings as argument the bindtags are
          set to this list. The bindtags determine in which order events are
          processed (see bind)."""
          if tagList is None:
              return self.tk.splitlist(
                  self.tk.call('bindtags', self._w))
          else:
              self.tk.call('bindtags', self._w, tagList)
      def _bind(self, what, sequence, func, add, needcleanup=1):
          """Internal function."""
          if isinstance(func, str):
              self.tk.call(what + (sequence, func))
          elif func:
              funcid = self._register(func, self._substitute,
                          needcleanup)
              cmd = ('%sif {"[%s %s]" == "break"} break\n'
                     %
                     (add and '+' or '',
                  funcid, self._subst_format_str))
              self.tk.call(what + (sequence, cmd))
              return funcid
          elif sequence:
              return self.tk.call(what + (sequence,))
          else:
              return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(what))
      def bind(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
          """Bind to this widget at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
  
          SEQUENCE is a string of concatenated event
          patterns. An event pattern is of the form
          <MODIFIER-MODIFIER-TYPE-DETAIL> where MODIFIER is one
          of Control, Mod2, M2, Shift, Mod3, M3, Lock, Mod4, M4,
          Button1, B1, Mod5, M5 Button2, B2, Meta, M, Button3,
          B3, Alt, Button4, B4, Double, Button5, B5 Triple,
          Mod1, M1. TYPE is one of Activate, Enter, Map,
          ButtonPress, Button, Expose, Motion, ButtonRelease
          FocusIn, MouseWheel, Circulate, FocusOut, Property,
          Colormap, Gravity Reparent, Configure, KeyPress, Key,
          Unmap, Deactivate, KeyRelease Visibility, Destroy,
          Leave and DETAIL is the button number for ButtonPress,
          ButtonRelease and DETAIL is the Keysym for KeyPress and
          KeyRelease. Examples are
          <Control-Button-1> for pressing Control and mouse button 1 or
          <Alt-A> for pressing A and the Alt key (KeyPress can be omitted).
          An event pattern can also be a virtual event of the form
          <<AString>> where AString can be arbitrary. This
          event can be generated by event_generate.
          If events are concatenated they must appear shortly
          after each other.
  
          FUNC will be called if the event sequence occurs with an
          instance of Event as argument. If the return value of FUNC is
          "break" no further bound function is invoked.
  
          An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will
          be called additionally to the other bound function or whether
          it will replace the previous function.
  
          Bind will return an identifier to allow deletion of the bound function with
          unbind without memory leak.
  
          If FUNC or SEQUENCE is omitted the bound function or list
          of bound events are returned."""
  
          return self._bind(('bind', self._w), sequence, func, add)
      def unbind(self, sequence, funcid=None):
          """Unbind for this widget for event SEQUENCE  the
          function identified with FUNCID."""
          self.tk.call('bind', self._w, sequence, '')
          if funcid:
              self.deletecommand(funcid)
      def bind_all(self, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
          """Bind to all widgets at an event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
          An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will
          be called additionally to the other bound function or whether
          it will replace the previous function. See bind for the return value."""
          return self._bind(('bind', 'all'), sequence, func, add, 0)
      def unbind_all(self, sequence):
          """Unbind for all widgets for event SEQUENCE all functions."""
          self.tk.call('bind', 'all' , sequence, '')
      def bind_class(self, className, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
  
          """Bind to widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME at event
          SEQUENCE a call of function FUNC. An additional
          boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
          called additionally to the other bound function or
          whether it will replace the previous function. See bind for
          the return value."""
  
          return self._bind(('bind', className), sequence, func, add, 0)
      def unbind_class(self, className, sequence):
          """Unbind for all widgets with bindtag CLASSNAME for event SEQUENCE
          all functions."""
          self.tk.call('bind', className , sequence, '')
      def mainloop(self, n=0):
          """Call the mainloop of Tk."""
          self.tk.mainloop(n)
      def quit(self):
          """Quit the Tcl interpreter. All widgets will be destroyed."""
          self.tk.quit()
      def _getints(self, string):
          """Internal function."""
          if string:
              return tuple(map(self.tk.getint, self.tk.splitlist(string)))
      def _getdoubles(self, string):
          """Internal function."""
          if string:
              return tuple(map(self.tk.getdouble, self.tk.splitlist(string)))
      def _getboolean(self, string):
          """Internal function."""
          if string:
              return self.tk.getboolean(string)
      def _displayof(self, displayof):
          """Internal function."""
          if displayof:
              return ('-displayof', displayof)
          if displayof is None:
              return ('-displayof', self._w)
          return ()
      @property
      def _windowingsystem(self):
          """Internal function."""
          try:
              return self._root()._windowingsystem_cached
          except AttributeError:
              ws = self._root()._windowingsystem_cached = \
                          self.tk.call('tk', 'windowingsystem')
              return ws
      def _options(self, cnf, kw = None):
          """Internal function."""
          if kw:
              cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
          else:
              cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf)
          res = ()
          for k, v in cnf.items():
              if v is not None:
                  if k[-1] == '_': k = k[:-1]
                  if callable(v):
                      v = self._register(v)
                  elif isinstance(v, (tuple, list)):
                      nv = []
                      for item in v:
                          if isinstance(item, int):
                              nv.append(str(item))
                          elif isinstance(item, str):
                              nv.append(_stringify(item))
                          else:
                              break
                      else:
                          v = ' '.join(nv)
                  res = res + ('-'+k, v)
          return res
      def nametowidget(self, name):
          """Return the Tkinter instance of a widget identified by
          its Tcl name NAME."""
          name = str(name).split('.')
          w = self
  
          if not name[0]:
              w = w._root()
              name = name[1:]
  
          for n in name:
              if not n:
                  break
              w = w.children[n]
  
          return w
      _nametowidget = nametowidget
      def _register(self, func, subst=None, needcleanup=1):
          """Return a newly created Tcl function. If this
          function is called, the Python function FUNC will
          be executed. An optional function SUBST can
          be given which will be executed before FUNC."""
          f = CallWrapper(func, subst, self).__call__
          name = repr(id(f))
          try:
              func = func.__func__
          except AttributeError:
              pass
          try:
              name = name + func.__name__
          except AttributeError:
              pass
          self.tk.createcommand(name, f)
          if needcleanup:
              if self._tclCommands is None:
                  self._tclCommands = []
              self._tclCommands.append(name)
          return name
      register = _register
      def _root(self):
          """Internal function."""
          w = self
          while w.master: w = w.master
          return w
      _subst_format = ('%#', '%b', '%f', '%h', '%k',
               '%s', '%t', '%w', '%x', '%y',
               '%A', '%E', '%K', '%N', '%W', '%T', '%X', '%Y', '%D')
      _subst_format_str = " ".join(_subst_format)
      def _substitute(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          if len(args) != len(self._subst_format): return args
          getboolean = self.tk.getboolean
  
          getint = self.tk.getint
          def getint_event(s):
              """Tk changed behavior in 8.4.2, returning "??" rather more often."""
              try:
                  return getint(s)
              except (ValueError, TclError):
                  return s
  
          nsign, b, f, h, k, s, t, w, x, y, A, E, K, N, W, T, X, Y, D = args
          # Missing: (a, c, d, m, o, v, B, R)
          e = Event()
          # serial field: valid for all events
          # number of button: ButtonPress and ButtonRelease events only
          # height field: Configure, ConfigureRequest, Create,
          # ResizeRequest, and Expose events only
          # keycode field: KeyPress and KeyRelease events only
          # time field: "valid for events that contain a time field"
          # width field: Configure, ConfigureRequest, Create, ResizeRequest,
          # and Expose events only
          # x field: "valid for events that contain an x field"
          # y field: "valid for events that contain a y field"
          # keysym as decimal: KeyPress and KeyRelease events only
          # x_root, y_root fields: ButtonPress, ButtonRelease, KeyPress,
          # KeyRelease, and Motion events
          e.serial = getint(nsign)
          e.num = getint_event(b)
          try: e.focus = getboolean(f)
          except TclError: pass
          e.height = getint_event(h)
          e.keycode = getint_event(k)
          e.state = getint_event(s)
          e.time = getint_event(t)
          e.width = getint_event(w)
          e.x = getint_event(x)
          e.y = getint_event(y)
          e.char = A
          try: e.send_event = getboolean(E)
          except TclError: pass
          e.keysym = K
          e.keysym_num = getint_event(N)
          try:
              e.type = EventType(T)
          except ValueError:
              e.type = T
          try:
              e.widget = self._nametowidget(W)
          except KeyError:
              e.widget = W
          e.x_root = getint_event(X)
          e.y_root = getint_event(Y)
          try:
              e.delta = getint(D)
          except (ValueError, TclError):
              e.delta = 0
          return (e,)
      def _report_exception(self):
          """Internal function."""
          exc, val, tb = sys.exc_info()
          root = self._root()
          root.report_callback_exception(exc, val, tb)
  
      def _getconfigure(self, *args):
          """Call Tcl configure command and return the result as a dict."""
          cnf = {}
          for x in self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(*args)):
              x = self.tk.splitlist(x)
              cnf[x[0][1:]] = (x[0][1:],) + x[1:]
          return cnf
  
      def _getconfigure1(self, *args):
          x = self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(*args))
          return (x[0][1:],) + x[1:]
  
      def _configure(self, cmd, cnf, kw):
          """Internal function."""
          if kw:
              cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
          elif cnf:
              cnf = _cnfmerge(cnf)
          if cnf is None:
              return self._getconfigure(_flatten((self._w, cmd)))
          if isinstance(cnf, str):
              return self._getconfigure1(_flatten((self._w, cmd, '-'+cnf)))
          self.tk.call(_flatten((self._w, cmd)) + self._options(cnf))
      # These used to be defined in Widget:
      def configure(self, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure resources of a widget.
  
          The values for resources are specified as keyword
          arguments. To get an overview about
          the allowed keyword arguments call the method keys.
          """
          return self._configure('configure', cnf, kw)
      config = configure
      def cget(self, key):
          """Return the resource value for a KEY given as string."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'cget', '-' + key)
      __getitem__ = cget
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          self.configure({key: value})
      def keys(self):
          """Return a list of all resource names of this widget."""
          splitlist = self.tk.splitlist
          return [splitlist(x)[0][1:] for x in
                  splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'configure'))]
      def __str__(self):
          """Return the window path name of this widget."""
          return self._w
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return '<%s.%s object %s>' % (
              self.__class__.__module__, self.__class__.__qualname__, self._w)
  
      # Pack methods that apply to the master
      _noarg_ = ['_noarg_']
      def pack_propagate(self, flag=_noarg_):
          """Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
  
          A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
          of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
          is given the current setting will be returned.
          """
          if flag is Misc._noarg_:
              return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(
                  'pack', 'propagate', self._w))
          else:
              self.tk.call('pack', 'propagate', self._w, flag)
      propagate = pack_propagate
      def pack_slaves(self):
          """Return a list of all slaves of this widget
          in its packing order."""
          return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
                  self.tk.splitlist(
                     self.tk.call('pack', 'slaves', self._w))]
      slaves = pack_slaves
      # Place method that applies to the master
      def place_slaves(self):
          """Return a list of all slaves of this widget
          in its packing order."""
          return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
                  self.tk.splitlist(
                     self.tk.call(
                         'place', 'slaves', self._w))]
      # Grid methods that apply to the master
      def grid_anchor(self, anchor=None): # new in Tk 8.5
          """The anchor value controls how to place the grid within the
          master when no row/column has any weight.
  
          The default anchor is nw."""
          self.tk.call('grid', 'anchor', self._w, anchor)
      anchor = grid_anchor
      def grid_bbox(self, column=None, row=None, col2=None, row2=None):
          """Return a tuple of integer coordinates for the bounding
          box of this widget controlled by the geometry manager grid.
  
          If COLUMN, ROW is given the bounding box applies from
          the cell with row and column 0 to the specified
          cell. If COL2 and ROW2 are given the bounding box
          starts at that cell.
  
          The returned integers specify the offset of the upper left
          corner in the master widget and the width and height.
          """
          args = ('grid', 'bbox', self._w)
          if column is not None and row is not None:
              args = args + (column, row)
          if col2 is not None and row2 is not None:
              args = args + (col2, row2)
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(*args)) or None
      bbox = grid_bbox
  
      def _gridconvvalue(self, value):
          if isinstance(value, (str, _tkinter.Tcl_Obj)):
              try:
                  svalue = str(value)
                  if not svalue:
                      return None
                  elif '.' in svalue:
                      return self.tk.getdouble(svalue)
                  else:
                      return self.tk.getint(svalue)
              except (ValueError, TclError):
                  pass
          return value
  
      def _grid_configure(self, command, index, cnf, kw):
          """Internal function."""
          if isinstance(cnf, str) and not kw:
              if cnf[-1:] == '_':
                  cnf = cnf[:-1]
              if cnf[:1] != '-':
                  cnf = '-'+cnf
              options = (cnf,)
          else:
              options = self._options(cnf, kw)
          if not options:
              return _splitdict(
                  self.tk,
                  self.tk.call('grid', command, self._w, index),
                  conv=self._gridconvvalue)
          res = self.tk.call(
                    ('grid', command, self._w, index)
                    + options)
          if len(options) == 1:
              return self._gridconvvalue(res)
  
      def grid_columnconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Configure column INDEX of a grid.
  
          Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the column),
          weight (how much does additional space propagate to this column)
          and pad (how much space to let additionally)."""
          return self._grid_configure('columnconfigure', index, cnf, kw)
      columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure
      def grid_location(self, x, y):
          """Return a tuple of column and row which identify the cell
          at which the pixel at position X and Y inside the master
          widget is located."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call(
                  'grid', 'location', self._w, x, y)) or None
      def grid_propagate(self, flag=_noarg_):
          """Set or get the status for propagation of geometry information.
  
          A boolean argument specifies whether the geometry information
          of the slaves will determine the size of this widget. If no argument
          is given, the current setting will be returned.
          """
          if flag is Misc._noarg_:
              return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(
                  'grid', 'propagate', self._w))
          else:
              self.tk.call('grid', 'propagate', self._w, flag)
      def grid_rowconfigure(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Configure row INDEX of a grid.
  
          Valid resources are minsize (minimum size of the row),
          weight (how much does additional space propagate to this row)
          and pad (how much space to let additionally)."""
          return self._grid_configure('rowconfigure', index, cnf, kw)
      rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure
      def grid_size(self):
          """Return a tuple of the number of column and rows in the grid."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call('grid', 'size', self._w)) or None
      size = grid_size
      def grid_slaves(self, row=None, column=None):
          """Return a list of all slaves of this widget
          in its packing order."""
          args = ()
          if row is not None:
              args = args + ('-row', row)
          if column is not None:
              args = args + ('-column', column)
          return [self._nametowidget(x) for x in
                  self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
                     ('grid', 'slaves', self._w) + args))]
  
      # Support for the "event" command, new in Tk 4.2.
      # By Case Roole.
  
      def event_add(self, virtual, *sequences):
          """Bind a virtual event VIRTUAL (of the form <<Name>>)
          to an event SEQUENCE such that the virtual event is triggered
          whenever SEQUENCE occurs."""
          args = ('event', 'add', virtual) + sequences
          self.tk.call(args)
  
      def event_delete(self, virtual, *sequences):
          """Unbind a virtual event VIRTUAL from SEQUENCE."""
          args = ('event', 'delete', virtual) + sequences
          self.tk.call(args)
  
      def event_generate(self, sequence, **kw):
          """Generate an event SEQUENCE. Additional
          keyword arguments specify parameter of the event
          (e.g. x, y, rootx, rooty)."""
          args = ('event', 'generate', self._w, sequence)
          for k, v in kw.items():
              args = args + ('-%s' % k, str(v))
          self.tk.call(args)
  
      def event_info(self, virtual=None):
          """Return a list of all virtual events or the information
          about the SEQUENCE bound to the virtual event VIRTUAL."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(
              self.tk.call('event', 'info', virtual))
  
      # Image related commands
  
      def image_names(self):
          """Return a list of all existing image names."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('image', 'names'))
  
      def image_types(self):
          """Return a list of all available image types (e.g. phote bitmap)."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call('image', 'types'))
  
  
  class CallWrapper:
      """Internal class. Stores function to call when some user
      defined Tcl function is called e.g. after an event occurred."""
      def __init__(self, func, subst, widget):
          """Store FUNC, SUBST and WIDGET as members."""
          self.func = func
          self.subst = subst
          self.widget = widget
      def __call__(self, *args):
          """Apply first function SUBST to arguments, than FUNC."""
          try:
              if self.subst:
                  args = self.subst(*args)
              return self.func(*args)
          except SystemExit:
              raise
          except:
              self.widget._report_exception()
  
  
  class XView:
      """Mix-in class for querying and changing the horizontal position
      of a widget's window."""
  
      def xview(self, *args):
          """Query and change the horizontal position of the view."""
          res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', *args)
          if not args:
              return self._getdoubles(res)
  
      def xview_moveto(self, fraction):
          """Adjusts the view in the window so that FRACTION of the
          total width of the canvas is off-screen to the left."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', 'moveto', fraction)
  
      def xview_scroll(self, number, what):
          """Shift the x-view according to NUMBER which is measured in "units"
          or "pages" (WHAT)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'xview', 'scroll', number, what)
  
  
  class YView:
      """Mix-in class for querying and changing the vertical position
      of a widget's window."""
  
      def yview(self, *args):
          """Query and change the vertical position of the view."""
          res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', *args)
          if not args:
              return self._getdoubles(res)
  
      def yview_moveto(self, fraction):
          """Adjusts the view in the window so that FRACTION of the
          total height of the canvas is off-screen to the top."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', 'moveto', fraction)
  
      def yview_scroll(self, number, what):
          """Shift the y-view according to NUMBER which is measured in
          "units" or "pages" (WHAT)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'yview', 'scroll', number, what)
  
  
  class Wm:
      """Provides functions for the communication with the window manager."""
  
      def wm_aspect(self,
                minNumer=None, minDenom=None,
                maxNumer=None, maxDenom=None):
          """Instruct the window manager to set the aspect ratio (width/height)
          of this widget to be between MINNUMER/MINDENOM and MAXNUMER/MAXDENOM. Return a tuple
          of the actual values if no argument is given."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call('wm', 'aspect', self._w,
                       minNumer, minDenom,
                       maxNumer, maxDenom))
      aspect = wm_aspect
  
      def wm_attributes(self, *args):
          """This subcommand returns or sets platform specific attributes
  
          The first form returns a list of the platform specific flags and
          their values. The second form returns the value for the specific
          option. The third form sets one or more of the values. The values
          are as follows:
  
          On Windows, -disabled gets or sets whether the window is in a
          disabled state. -toolwindow gets or sets the style of the window
          to toolwindow (as defined in the MSDN). -topmost gets or sets
          whether this is a topmost window (displays above all other
          windows).
  
          On Macintosh, XXXXX
  
          On Unix, there are currently no special attribute values.
          """
          args = ('wm', 'attributes', self._w) + args
          return self.tk.call(args)
      attributes=wm_attributes
  
      def wm_client(self, name=None):
          """Store NAME in WM_CLIENT_MACHINE property of this widget. Return
          current value."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'client', self._w, name)
      client = wm_client
      def wm_colormapwindows(self, *wlist):
          """Store list of window names (WLIST) into WM_COLORMAPWINDOWS property
          of this widget. This list contains windows whose colormaps differ from their
          parents. Return current list of widgets if WLIST is empty."""
          if len(wlist) > 1:
              wlist = (wlist,) # Tk needs a list of windows here
          args = ('wm', 'colormapwindows', self._w) + wlist
          if wlist:
              self.tk.call(args)
          else:
              return [self._nametowidget(x)
                      for x in self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(args))]
      colormapwindows = wm_colormapwindows
      def wm_command(self, value=None):
          """Store VALUE in WM_COMMAND property. It is the command
          which shall be used to invoke the application. Return current
          command if VALUE is None."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'command', self._w, value)
      command = wm_command
      def wm_deiconify(self):
          """Deiconify this widget. If it was never mapped it will not be mapped.
          On Windows it will raise this widget and give it the focus."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'deiconify', self._w)
      deiconify = wm_deiconify
      def wm_focusmodel(self, model=None):
          """Set focus model to MODEL. "active" means that this widget will claim
          the focus itself, "passive" means that the window manager shall give
          the focus. Return current focus model if MODEL is None."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'focusmodel', self._w, model)
      focusmodel = wm_focusmodel
      def wm_forget(self, window): # new in Tk 8.5
          """The window will be unmappend from the screen and will no longer
          be managed by wm. toplevel windows will be treated like frame
          windows once they are no longer managed by wm, however, the menu
          option configuration will be remembered and the menus will return
          once the widget is managed again."""
          self.tk.call('wm', 'forget', window)
      forget = wm_forget
      def wm_frame(self):
          """Return identifier for decorative frame of this widget if present."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'frame', self._w)
      frame = wm_frame
      def wm_geometry(self, newGeometry=None):
          """Set geometry to NEWGEOMETRY of the form =widthxheight+x+y. Return
          current value if None is given."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'geometry', self._w, newGeometry)
      geometry = wm_geometry
      def wm_grid(self,
           baseWidth=None, baseHeight=None,
           widthInc=None, heightInc=None):
          """Instruct the window manager that this widget shall only be
          resized on grid boundaries. WIDTHINC and HEIGHTINC are the width and
          height of a grid unit in pixels. BASEWIDTH and BASEHEIGHT are the
          number of grid units requested in Tk_GeometryRequest."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(
              'wm', 'grid', self._w,
              baseWidth, baseHeight, widthInc, heightInc))
      grid = wm_grid
      def wm_group(self, pathName=None):
          """Set the group leader widgets for related widgets to PATHNAME. Return
          the group leader of this widget if None is given."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'group', self._w, pathName)
      group = wm_group
      def wm_iconbitmap(self, bitmap=None, default=None):
          """Set bitmap for the iconified widget to BITMAP. Return
          the bitmap if None is given.
  
          Under Windows, the DEFAULT parameter can be used to set the icon
          for the widget and any descendents that don't have an icon set
          explicitly.  DEFAULT can be the relative path to a .ico file
          (example: root.iconbitmap(default='myicon.ico') ).  See Tk
          documentation for more information."""
          if default:
              return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconbitmap', self._w, '-default', default)
          else:
              return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconbitmap', self._w, bitmap)
      iconbitmap = wm_iconbitmap
      def wm_iconify(self):
          """Display widget as icon."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconify', self._w)
      iconify = wm_iconify
      def wm_iconmask(self, bitmap=None):
          """Set mask for the icon bitmap of this widget. Return the
          mask if None is given."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconmask', self._w, bitmap)
      iconmask = wm_iconmask
      def wm_iconname(self, newName=None):
          """Set the name of the icon for this widget. Return the name if
          None is given."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconname', self._w, newName)
      iconname = wm_iconname
      def wm_iconphoto(self, default=False, *args): # new in Tk 8.5
          """Sets the titlebar icon for this window based on the named photo
          images passed through args. If default is True, this is applied to
          all future created toplevels as well.
  
          The data in the images is taken as a snapshot at the time of
          invocation. If the images are later changed, this is not reflected
          to the titlebar icons. Multiple images are accepted to allow
          different images sizes to be provided. The window manager may scale
          provided icons to an appropriate size.
  
          On Windows, the images are packed into a Windows icon structure.
          This will override an icon specified to wm_iconbitmap, and vice
          versa.
  
          On X, the images are arranged into the _NET_WM_ICON X property,
          which most modern window managers support. An icon specified by
          wm_iconbitmap may exist simultaneously.
  
          On Macintosh, this currently does nothing."""
          if default:
              self.tk.call('wm', 'iconphoto', self._w, "-default", *args)
          else:
              self.tk.call('wm', 'iconphoto', self._w, *args)
      iconphoto = wm_iconphoto
      def wm_iconposition(self, x=None, y=None):
          """Set the position of the icon of this widget to X and Y. Return
          a tuple of the current values of X and X if None is given."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(
              'wm', 'iconposition', self._w, x, y))
      iconposition = wm_iconposition
      def wm_iconwindow(self, pathName=None):
          """Set widget PATHNAME to be displayed instead of icon. Return the current
          value if None is given."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'iconwindow', self._w, pathName)
      iconwindow = wm_iconwindow
      def wm_manage(self, widget): # new in Tk 8.5
          """The widget specified will become a stand alone top-level window.
          The window will be decorated with the window managers title bar,
          etc."""
          self.tk.call('wm', 'manage', widget)
      manage = wm_manage
      def wm_maxsize(self, width=None, height=None):
          """Set max WIDTH and HEIGHT for this widget. If the window is gridded
          the values are given in grid units. Return the current values if None
          is given."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(
              'wm', 'maxsize', self._w, width, height))
      maxsize = wm_maxsize
      def wm_minsize(self, width=None, height=None):
          """Set min WIDTH and HEIGHT for this widget. If the window is gridded
          the values are given in grid units. Return the current values if None
          is given."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(
              'wm', 'minsize', self._w, width, height))
      minsize = wm_minsize
      def wm_overrideredirect(self, boolean=None):
          """Instruct the window manager to ignore this widget
          if BOOLEAN is given with 1. Return the current value if None
          is given."""
          return self._getboolean(self.tk.call(
              'wm', 'overrideredirect', self._w, boolean))
      overrideredirect = wm_overrideredirect
      def wm_positionfrom(self, who=None):
          """Instruct the window manager that the position of this widget shall
          be defined by the user if WHO is "user", and by its own policy if WHO is
          "program"."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'positionfrom', self._w, who)
      positionfrom = wm_positionfrom
      def wm_protocol(self, name=None, func=None):
          """Bind function FUNC to command NAME for this widget.
          Return the function bound to NAME if None is given. NAME could be
          e.g. "WM_SAVE_YOURSELF" or "WM_DELETE_WINDOW"."""
          if callable(func):
              command = self._register(func)
          else:
              command = func
          return self.tk.call(
              'wm', 'protocol', self._w, name, command)
      protocol = wm_protocol
      def wm_resizable(self, width=None, height=None):
          """Instruct the window manager whether this width can be resized
          in WIDTH or HEIGHT. Both values are boolean values."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'resizable', self._w, width, height)
      resizable = wm_resizable
      def wm_sizefrom(self, who=None):
          """Instruct the window manager that the size of this widget shall
          be defined by the user if WHO is "user", and by its own policy if WHO is
          "program"."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'sizefrom', self._w, who)
      sizefrom = wm_sizefrom
      def wm_state(self, newstate=None):
          """Query or set the state of this widget as one of normal, icon,
          iconic (see wm_iconwindow), withdrawn, or zoomed (Windows only)."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'state', self._w, newstate)
      state = wm_state
      def wm_title(self, string=None):
          """Set the title of this widget."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'title', self._w, string)
      title = wm_title
      def wm_transient(self, master=None):
          """Instruct the window manager that this widget is transient
          with regard to widget MASTER."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'transient', self._w, master)
      transient = wm_transient
      def wm_withdraw(self):
          """Withdraw this widget from the screen such that it is unmapped
          and forgotten by the window manager. Re-draw it with wm_deiconify."""
          return self.tk.call('wm', 'withdraw', self._w)
      withdraw = wm_withdraw
  
  
  class Tk(Misc, Wm):
      """Toplevel widget of Tk which represents mostly the main window
      of an application. It has an associated Tcl interpreter."""
      _w = '.'
      def __init__(self, screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk',
                   useTk=1, sync=0, use=None):
          """Return a new Toplevel widget on screen SCREENNAME. A new Tcl interpreter will
          be created. BASENAME will be used for the identification of the profile file (see
          readprofile).
          It is constructed from sys.argv[0] without extensions if None is given. CLASSNAME
          is the name of the widget class."""
          self.master = None
          self.children = {}
          self._tkloaded = 0
          # to avoid recursions in the getattr code in case of failure, we
          # ensure that self.tk is always _something_.
          self.tk = None
          if baseName is None:
              import os
              baseName = os.path.basename(sys.argv[0])
              baseName, ext = os.path.splitext(baseName)
              if ext not in ('.py', '.pyc'):
                  baseName = baseName + ext
          interactive = 0
          self.tk = _tkinter.create(screenName, baseName, className, interactive, wantobjects, useTk, sync, use)
          if useTk:
              self._loadtk()
          if not sys.flags.ignore_environment:
              # Issue #16248: Honor the -E flag to avoid code injection.
              self.readprofile(baseName, className)
      def loadtk(self):
          if not self._tkloaded:
              self.tk.loadtk()
              self._loadtk()
      def _loadtk(self):
          self._tkloaded = 1
          global _default_root
          # Version sanity checks
          tk_version = self.tk.getvar('tk_version')
          if tk_version != _tkinter.TK_VERSION:
              raise RuntimeError("tk.h version (%s) doesn't match libtk.a version (%s)"
                                 % (_tkinter.TK_VERSION, tk_version))
          # Under unknown circumstances, tcl_version gets coerced to float
          tcl_version = str(self.tk.getvar('tcl_version'))
          if tcl_version != _tkinter.TCL_VERSION:
              raise RuntimeError("tcl.h version (%s) doesn't match libtcl.a version (%s)" \
                                 % (_tkinter.TCL_VERSION, tcl_version))
          # Create and register the tkerror and exit commands
          # We need to inline parts of _register here, _ register
          # would register differently-named commands.
          if self._tclCommands is None:
              self._tclCommands = []
          self.tk.createcommand('tkerror', _tkerror)
          self.tk.createcommand('exit', _exit)
          self._tclCommands.append('tkerror')
          self._tclCommands.append('exit')
          if _support_default_root and not _default_root:
              _default_root = self
          self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.destroy)
      def destroy(self):
          """Destroy this and all descendants widgets. This will
          end the application of this Tcl interpreter."""
          for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy()
          self.tk.call('destroy', self._w)
          Misc.destroy(self)
          global _default_root
          if _support_default_root and _default_root is self:
              _default_root = None
      def readprofile(self, baseName, className):
          """Internal function. It reads BASENAME.tcl and CLASSNAME.tcl into
          the Tcl Interpreter and calls exec on the contents of BASENAME.py and
          CLASSNAME.py if such a file exists in the home directory."""
          import os
          if 'HOME' in os.environ: home = os.environ['HOME']
          else: home = os.curdir
          class_tcl = os.path.join(home, '.%s.tcl' % className)
          class_py = os.path.join(home, '.%s.py' % className)
          base_tcl = os.path.join(home, '.%s.tcl' % baseName)
          base_py = os.path.join(home, '.%s.py' % baseName)
          dir = {'self': self}
          exec('from tkinter import *', dir)
          if os.path.isfile(class_tcl):
              self.tk.call('source', class_tcl)
          if os.path.isfile(class_py):
              exec(open(class_py).read(), dir)
          if os.path.isfile(base_tcl):
              self.tk.call('source', base_tcl)
          if os.path.isfile(base_py):
              exec(open(base_py).read(), dir)
      def report_callback_exception(self, exc, val, tb):
          """Report callback exception on sys.stderr.
  
          Applications may want to override this internal function, and
          should when sys.stderr is None."""
          import traceback
          print("Exception in Tkinter callback", file=sys.stderr)
          sys.last_type = exc
          sys.last_value = val
          sys.last_traceback = tb
          traceback.print_exception(exc, val, tb)
      def __getattr__(self, attr):
          "Delegate attribute access to the interpreter object"
          return getattr(self.tk, attr)
  
  # Ideally, the classes Pack, Place and Grid disappear, the
  # pack/place/grid methods are defined on the Widget class, and
  # everybody uses w.pack_whatever(...) instead of Pack.whatever(w,
  # ...), with pack(), place() and grid() being short for
  # pack_configure(), place_configure() and grid_columnconfigure(), and
  # forget() being short for pack_forget().  As a practical matter, I'm
  # afraid that there is too much code out there that may be using the
  # Pack, Place or Grid class, so I leave them intact -- but only as
  # backwards compatibility features.  Also note that those methods that
  # take a master as argument (e.g. pack_propagate) have been moved to
  # the Misc class (which now incorporates all methods common between
  # toplevel and interior widgets).  Again, for compatibility, these are
  # copied into the Pack, Place or Grid class.
  
  
  def Tcl(screenName=None, baseName=None, className='Tk', useTk=0):
      return Tk(screenName, baseName, className, useTk)
  
  class Pack:
      """Geometry manager Pack.
  
      Base class to use the methods pack_* in every widget."""
      def pack_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Pack a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
          after=widget - pack it after you have packed widget
          anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position widget according to
                                    given direction
          before=widget - pack it before you will pack widget
          expand=bool - expand widget if parent size grows
          fill=NONE or X or Y or BOTH - fill widget if widget grows
          in=master - use master to contain this widget
          in_=master - see 'in' option description
          ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
          ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
          padx=amount - add padding in x direction
          pady=amount - add padding in y direction
          side=TOP or BOTTOM or LEFT or RIGHT -  where to add this widget.
          """
          self.tk.call(
                ('pack', 'configure', self._w)
                + self._options(cnf, kw))
      pack = configure = config = pack_configure
      def pack_forget(self):
          """Unmap this widget and do not use it for the packing order."""
          self.tk.call('pack', 'forget', self._w)
      forget = pack_forget
      def pack_info(self):
          """Return information about the packing options
          for this widget."""
          d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('pack', 'info', self._w))
          if 'in' in d:
              d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in'])
          return d
      info = pack_info
      propagate = pack_propagate = Misc.pack_propagate
      slaves = pack_slaves = Misc.pack_slaves
  
  class Place:
      """Geometry manager Place.
  
      Base class to use the methods place_* in every widget."""
      def place_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Place a widget in the parent widget. Use as options:
          in=master - master relative to which the widget is placed
          in_=master - see 'in' option description
          x=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position x of master
          y=amount - locate anchor of this widget at position y of master
          relx=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
                        relative to width of master (1.0 is right edge)
          rely=amount - locate anchor of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
                        relative to height of master (1.0 is bottom edge)
          anchor=NSEW (or subset) - position anchor according to given direction
          width=amount - width of this widget in pixel
          height=amount - height of this widget in pixel
          relwidth=amount - width of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
                            relative to width of master (1.0 is the same width
                            as the master)
          relheight=amount - height of this widget between 0.0 and 1.0
                             relative to height of master (1.0 is the same
                             height as the master)
          bordermode="inside" or "outside" - whether to take border width of
                                             master widget into account
          """
          self.tk.call(
                ('place', 'configure', self._w)
                + self._options(cnf, kw))
      place = configure = config = place_configure
      def place_forget(self):
          """Unmap this widget."""
          self.tk.call('place', 'forget', self._w)
      forget = place_forget
      def place_info(self):
          """Return information about the placing options
          for this widget."""
          d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('place', 'info', self._w))
          if 'in' in d:
              d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in'])
          return d
      info = place_info
      slaves = place_slaves = Misc.place_slaves
  
  class Grid:
      """Geometry manager Grid.
  
      Base class to use the methods grid_* in every widget."""
      # Thanks to Masazumi Yoshikawa (yosikawa@isi.edu)
      def grid_configure(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Position a widget in the parent widget in a grid. Use as options:
          column=number - use cell identified with given column (starting with 0)
          columnspan=number - this widget will span several columns
          in=master - use master to contain this widget
          in_=master - see 'in' option description
          ipadx=amount - add internal padding in x direction
          ipady=amount - add internal padding in y direction
          padx=amount - add padding in x direction
          pady=amount - add padding in y direction
          row=number - use cell identified with given row (starting with 0)
          rowspan=number - this widget will span several rows
          sticky=NSEW - if cell is larger on which sides will this
                        widget stick to the cell boundary
          """
          self.tk.call(
                ('grid', 'configure', self._w)
                + self._options(cnf, kw))
      grid = configure = config = grid_configure
      bbox = grid_bbox = Misc.grid_bbox
      columnconfigure = grid_columnconfigure = Misc.grid_columnconfigure
      def grid_forget(self):
          """Unmap this widget."""
          self.tk.call('grid', 'forget', self._w)
      forget = grid_forget
      def grid_remove(self):
          """Unmap this widget but remember the grid options."""
          self.tk.call('grid', 'remove', self._w)
      def grid_info(self):
          """Return information about the options
          for positioning this widget in a grid."""
          d = _splitdict(self.tk, self.tk.call('grid', 'info', self._w))
          if 'in' in d:
              d['in'] = self.nametowidget(d['in'])
          return d
      info = grid_info
      location = grid_location = Misc.grid_location
      propagate = grid_propagate = Misc.grid_propagate
      rowconfigure = grid_rowconfigure = Misc.grid_rowconfigure
      size = grid_size = Misc.grid_size
      slaves = grid_slaves = Misc.grid_slaves
  
  class BaseWidget(Misc):
      """Internal class."""
      def _setup(self, master, cnf):
          """Internal function. Sets up information about children."""
          if _support_default_root:
              global _default_root
              if not master:
                  if not _default_root:
                      _default_root = Tk()
                  master = _default_root
          self.master = master
          self.tk = master.tk
          name = None
          if 'name' in cnf:
              name = cnf['name']
              del cnf['name']
          if not name:
              name = self.__class__.__name__.lower()
              if master._last_child_ids is None:
                  master._last_child_ids = {}
              count = master._last_child_ids.get(name, 0) + 1
              master._last_child_ids[name] = count
              if count == 1:
                  name = '`%s' % (name,)
              else:
                  name = '`%s%d' % (name, count)
          self._name = name
          if master._w=='.':
              self._w = '.' + name
          else:
              self._w = master._w + '.' + name
          self.children = {}
          if self._name in self.master.children:
              self.master.children[self._name].destroy()
          self.master.children[self._name] = self
      def __init__(self, master, widgetName, cnf={}, kw={}, extra=()):
          """Construct a widget with the parent widget MASTER, a name WIDGETNAME
          and appropriate options."""
          if kw:
              cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
          self.widgetName = widgetName
          BaseWidget._setup(self, master, cnf)
          if self._tclCommands is None:
              self._tclCommands = []
          classes = [(k, v) for k, v in cnf.items() if isinstance(k, type)]
          for k, v in classes:
              del cnf[k]
          self.tk.call(
              (widgetName, self._w) + extra + self._options(cnf))
          for k, v in classes:
              k.configure(self, v)
      def destroy(self):
          """Destroy this and all descendants widgets."""
          for c in list(self.children.values()): c.destroy()
          self.tk.call('destroy', self._w)
          if self._name in self.master.children:
              del self.master.children[self._name]
          Misc.destroy(self)
      def _do(self, name, args=()):
          # XXX Obsolete -- better use self.tk.call directly!
          return self.tk.call((self._w, name) + args)
  
  class Widget(BaseWidget, Pack, Place, Grid):
      """Internal class.
  
      Base class for a widget which can be positioned with the geometry managers
      Pack, Place or Grid."""
      pass
  
  class Toplevel(BaseWidget, Wm):
      """Toplevel widget, e.g. for dialogs."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a toplevel widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, class,
          colormap, container, cursor, height, highlightbackground,
          highlightcolor, highlightthickness, menu, relief, screen, takefocus,
          use, visual, width."""
          if kw:
              cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
          extra = ()
          for wmkey in ['screen', 'class_', 'class', 'visual',
                    'colormap']:
              if wmkey in cnf:
                  val = cnf[wmkey]
                  # TBD: a hack needed because some keys
                  # are not valid as keyword arguments
                  if wmkey[-1] == '_': opt = '-'+wmkey[:-1]
                  else: opt = '-'+wmkey
                  extra = extra + (opt, val)
                  del cnf[wmkey]
          BaseWidget.__init__(self, master, 'toplevel', cnf, {}, extra)
          root = self._root()
          self.iconname(root.iconname())
          self.title(root.title())
          self.protocol("WM_DELETE_WINDOW", self.destroy)
  
  class Button(Widget):
      """Button widget."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a button widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          STANDARD OPTIONS
  
              activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
              background, bitmap, borderwidth, cursor,
              disabledforeground, font, foreground
              highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
              highlightthickness, image, justify,
              padx, pady, relief, repeatdelay,
              repeatinterval, takefocus, text,
              textvariable, underline, wraplength
  
          WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
  
              command, compound, default, height,
              overrelief, state, width
          """
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'button', cnf, kw)
  
      def flash(self):
          """Flash the button.
  
          This is accomplished by redisplaying
          the button several times, alternating between active and
          normal colors. At the end of the flash the button is left
          in the same normal/active state as when the command was
          invoked. This command is ignored if the button's state is
          disabled.
          """
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash')
  
      def invoke(self):
          """Invoke the command associated with the button.
  
          The return value is the return value from the command,
          or an empty string if there is no command associated with
          the button. This command is ignored if the button's state
          is disabled.
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke')
  
  class Canvas(Widget, XView, YView):
      """Canvas widget to display graphical elements like lines or text."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a canvas widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, closeenough,
          confine, cursor, height, highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
          highlightthickness, insertbackground, insertborderwidth,
          insertofftime, insertontime, insertwidth, offset, relief,
          scrollregion, selectbackground, selectborderwidth, selectforeground,
          state, takefocus, width, xscrollcommand, xscrollincrement,
          yscrollcommand, yscrollincrement."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'canvas', cnf, kw)
      def addtag(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'addtag') + args)
      def addtag_above(self, newtag, tagOrId):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to all items above TAGORID."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'above', tagOrId)
      def addtag_all(self, newtag):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to all items."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'all')
      def addtag_below(self, newtag, tagOrId):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to all items below TAGORID."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'below', tagOrId)
      def addtag_closest(self, newtag, x, y, halo=None, start=None):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to item which is closest to pixel at X, Y.
          If several match take the top-most.
          All items closer than HALO are considered overlapping (all are
          closests). If START is specified the next below this tag is taken."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'closest', x, y, halo, start)
      def addtag_enclosed(self, newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to all items in the rectangle defined
          by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'enclosed', x1, y1, x2, y2)
      def addtag_overlapping(self, newtag, x1, y1, x2, y2):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to all items which overlap the rectangle
          defined by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'overlapping', x1, y1, x2, y2)
      def addtag_withtag(self, newtag, tagOrId):
          """Add tag NEWTAG to all items with TAGORID."""
          self.addtag(newtag, 'withtag', tagOrId)
      def bbox(self, *args):
          """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a rectangle
          which encloses all items with tags specified as arguments."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'bbox') + args)) or None
      def tag_unbind(self, tagOrId, sequence, funcid=None):
          """Unbind for all items with TAGORID for event SEQUENCE  the
          function identified with FUNCID."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'bind', tagOrId, sequence, '')
          if funcid:
              self.deletecommand(funcid)
      def tag_bind(self, tagOrId, sequence=None, func=None, add=None):
          """Bind to all items with TAGORID at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
  
          An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
          called additionally to the other bound function or whether it will
          replace the previous function. See bind for the return value."""
          return self._bind((self._w, 'bind', tagOrId),
                    sequence, func, add)
      def canvasx(self, screenx, gridspacing=None):
          """Return the canvas x coordinate of pixel position SCREENX rounded
          to nearest multiple of GRIDSPACING units."""
          return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'canvasx', screenx, gridspacing))
      def canvasy(self, screeny, gridspacing=None):
          """Return the canvas y coordinate of pixel position SCREENY rounded
          to nearest multiple of GRIDSPACING units."""
          return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'canvasy', screeny, gridspacing))
      def coords(self, *args):
          """Return a list of coordinates for the item given in ARGS."""
          # XXX Should use _flatten on args
          return [self.tk.getdouble(x) for x in
                             self.tk.splitlist(
                     self.tk.call((self._w, 'coords') + args))]
      def _create(self, itemType, args, kw): # Args: (val, val, ..., cnf={})
          """Internal function."""
          args = _flatten(args)
          cnf = args[-1]
          if isinstance(cnf, (dict, tuple)):
              args = args[:-1]
          else:
              cnf = {}
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'create', itemType,
              *(args + self._options(cnf, kw))))
      def create_arc(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create arc shaped region with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
          return self._create('arc', args, kw)
      def create_bitmap(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create bitmap with coordinates x1,y1."""
          return self._create('bitmap', args, kw)
      def create_image(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create image item with coordinates x1,y1."""
          return self._create('image', args, kw)
      def create_line(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create line with coordinates x1,y1,...,xn,yn."""
          return self._create('line', args, kw)
      def create_oval(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create oval with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
          return self._create('oval', args, kw)
      def create_polygon(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create polygon with coordinates x1,y1,...,xn,yn."""
          return self._create('polygon', args, kw)
      def create_rectangle(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create rectangle with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
          return self._create('rectangle', args, kw)
      def create_text(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create text with coordinates x1,y1."""
          return self._create('text', args, kw)
      def create_window(self, *args, **kw):
          """Create window with coordinates x1,y1,x2,y2."""
          return self._create('window', args, kw)
      def dchars(self, *args):
          """Delete characters of text items identified by tag or id in ARGS (possibly
          several times) from FIRST to LAST character (including)."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'dchars') + args)
      def delete(self, *args):
          """Delete items identified by all tag or ids contained in ARGS."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'delete') + args)
      def dtag(self, *args):
          """Delete tag or id given as last arguments in ARGS from items
          identified by first argument in ARGS."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'dtag') + args)
      def find(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'find') + args)) or ()
      def find_above(self, tagOrId):
          """Return items above TAGORID."""
          return self.find('above', tagOrId)
      def find_all(self):
          """Return all items."""
          return self.find('all')
      def find_below(self, tagOrId):
          """Return all items below TAGORID."""
          return self.find('below', tagOrId)
      def find_closest(self, x, y, halo=None, start=None):
          """Return item which is closest to pixel at X, Y.
          If several match take the top-most.
          All items closer than HALO are considered overlapping (all are
          closests). If START is specified the next below this tag is taken."""
          return self.find('closest', x, y, halo, start)
      def find_enclosed(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
          """Return all items in rectangle defined
          by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
          return self.find('enclosed', x1, y1, x2, y2)
      def find_overlapping(self, x1, y1, x2, y2):
          """Return all items which overlap the rectangle
          defined by X1,Y1,X2,Y2."""
          return self.find('overlapping', x1, y1, x2, y2)
      def find_withtag(self, tagOrId):
          """Return all items with TAGORID."""
          return self.find('withtag', tagOrId)
      def focus(self, *args):
          """Set focus to the first item specified in ARGS."""
          return self.tk.call((self._w, 'focus') + args)
      def gettags(self, *args):
          """Return tags associated with the first item specified in ARGS."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'gettags') + args))
      def icursor(self, *args):
          """Set cursor at position POS in the item identified by TAGORID.
          In ARGS TAGORID must be first."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'icursor') + args)
      def index(self, *args):
          """Return position of cursor as integer in item specified in ARGS."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call((self._w, 'index') + args))
      def insert(self, *args):
          """Insert TEXT in item TAGORID at position POS. ARGS must
          be TAGORID POS TEXT."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert') + args)
      def itemcget(self, tagOrId, option):
          """Return the resource value for an OPTION for item TAGORID."""
          return self.tk.call(
              (self._w, 'itemcget') + (tagOrId, '-'+option))
      def itemconfigure(self, tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure resources of an item TAGORID.
  
          The values for resources are specified as keyword
          arguments. To get an overview about
          the allowed keyword arguments call the method without arguments.
          """
          return self._configure(('itemconfigure', tagOrId), cnf, kw)
      itemconfig = itemconfigure
      # lower, tkraise/lift hide Misc.lower, Misc.tkraise/lift,
      # so the preferred name for them is tag_lower, tag_raise
      # (similar to tag_bind, and similar to the Text widget);
      # unfortunately can't delete the old ones yet (maybe in 1.6)
      def tag_lower(self, *args):
          """Lower an item TAGORID given in ARGS
          (optional below another item)."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'lower') + args)
      lower = tag_lower
      def move(self, *args):
          """Move an item TAGORID given in ARGS."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'move') + args)
      def postscript(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Print the contents of the canvas to a postscript
          file. Valid options: colormap, colormode, file, fontmap,
          height, pageanchor, pageheight, pagewidth, pagex, pagey,
          rotate, witdh, x, y."""
          return self.tk.call((self._w, 'postscript') +
                      self._options(cnf, kw))
      def tag_raise(self, *args):
          """Raise an item TAGORID given in ARGS
          (optional above another item)."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'raise') + args)
      lift = tkraise = tag_raise
      def scale(self, *args):
          """Scale item TAGORID with XORIGIN, YORIGIN, XSCALE, YSCALE."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'scale') + args)
      def scan_mark(self, x, y):
          """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y)
      def scan_dragto(self, x, y, gain=10):
          """Adjust the view of the canvas to GAIN times the
          difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
          scan_mark."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y, gain)
      def select_adjust(self, tagOrId, index):
          """Adjust the end of the selection near the cursor of an item TAGORID to index."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'adjust', tagOrId, index)
      def select_clear(self):
          """Clear the selection if it is in this widget."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'clear')
      def select_from(self, tagOrId, index):
          """Set the fixed end of a selection in item TAGORID to INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'from', tagOrId, index)
      def select_item(self):
          """Return the item which has the selection."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'item') or None
      def select_to(self, tagOrId, index):
          """Set the variable end of a selection in item TAGORID to INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'select', 'to', tagOrId, index)
      def type(self, tagOrId):
          """Return the type of the item TAGORID."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'type', tagOrId) or None
  
  class Checkbutton(Widget):
      """Checkbutton widget which is either in on- or off-state."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a checkbutton widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
          background, bd, bg, bitmap, borderwidth, command, cursor,
          disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, height,
          highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, image,
          indicatoron, justify, offvalue, onvalue, padx, pady, relief,
          selectcolor, selectimage, state, takefocus, text, textvariable,
          underline, variable, width, wraplength."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'checkbutton', cnf, kw)
      def deselect(self):
          """Put the button in off-state."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'deselect')
      def flash(self):
          """Flash the button."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash')
      def invoke(self):
          """Toggle the button and invoke a command if given as resource."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke')
      def select(self):
          """Put the button in on-state."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'select')
      def toggle(self):
          """Toggle the button."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'toggle')
  
  class Entry(Widget, XView):
      """Entry widget which allows displaying simple text."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct an entry widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor,
          exportselection, fg, font, foreground, highlightbackground,
          highlightcolor, highlightthickness, insertbackground,
          insertborderwidth, insertofftime, insertontime, insertwidth,
          invalidcommand, invcmd, justify, relief, selectbackground,
          selectborderwidth, selectforeground, show, state, takefocus,
          textvariable, validate, validatecommand, vcmd, width,
          xscrollcommand."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'entry', cnf, kw)
      def delete(self, first, last=None):
          """Delete text from FIRST to LAST (not included)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last)
      def get(self):
          """Return the text."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')
      def icursor(self, index):
          """Insert cursor at INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'icursor', index)
      def index(self, index):
          """Return position of cursor."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'index', index))
      def insert(self, index, string):
          """Insert STRING at INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, string)
      def scan_mark(self, x):
          """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x)
      def scan_dragto(self, x):
          """Adjust the view of the canvas to 10 times the
          difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
          scan_mark."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x)
      def selection_adjust(self, index):
          """Adjust the end of the selection near the cursor to INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'adjust', index)
      select_adjust = selection_adjust
      def selection_clear(self):
          """Clear the selection if it is in this widget."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'clear')
      select_clear = selection_clear
      def selection_from(self, index):
          """Set the fixed end of a selection to INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'from', index)
      select_from = selection_from
      def selection_present(self):
          """Return True if there are characters selected in the entry, False
          otherwise."""
          return self.tk.getboolean(
              self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'present'))
      select_present = selection_present
      def selection_range(self, start, end):
          """Set the selection from START to END (not included)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'range', start, end)
      select_range = selection_range
      def selection_to(self, index):
          """Set the variable end of a selection to INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'to', index)
      select_to = selection_to
  
  class Frame(Widget):
      """Frame widget which may contain other widgets and can have a 3D border."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a frame widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, class,
          colormap, container, cursor, height, highlightbackground,
          highlightcolor, highlightthickness, relief, takefocus, visual, width."""
          cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
          extra = ()
          if 'class_' in cnf:
              extra = ('-class', cnf['class_'])
              del cnf['class_']
          elif 'class' in cnf:
              extra = ('-class', cnf['class'])
              del cnf['class']
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'frame', cnf, {}, extra)
  
  class Label(Widget):
      """Label widget which can display text and bitmaps."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a label widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          STANDARD OPTIONS
  
              activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
              background, bitmap, borderwidth, cursor,
              disabledforeground, font, foreground,
              highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
              highlightthickness, image, justify,
              padx, pady, relief, takefocus, text,
              textvariable, underline, wraplength
  
          WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
  
              height, state, width
  
          """
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'label', cnf, kw)
  
  class Listbox(Widget, XView, YView):
      """Listbox widget which can display a list of strings."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a listbox widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor,
          exportselection, fg, font, foreground, height, highlightbackground,
          highlightcolor, highlightthickness, relief, selectbackground,
          selectborderwidth, selectforeground, selectmode, setgrid, takefocus,
          width, xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand, listvariable."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'listbox', cnf, kw)
      def activate(self, index):
          """Activate item identified by INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index)
      def bbox(self, index):
          """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a rectangle
          which encloses the item identified by the given index."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None
      def curselection(self):
          """Return the indices of currently selected item."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'curselection')) or ()
      def delete(self, first, last=None):
          """Delete items from FIRST to LAST (included)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last)
      def get(self, first, last=None):
          """Get list of items from FIRST to LAST (included)."""
          if last is not None:
              return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
                  self._w, 'get', first, last))
          else:
              return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', first)
      def index(self, index):
          """Return index of item identified with INDEX."""
          i = self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)
          if i == 'none': return None
          return self.tk.getint(i)
      def insert(self, index, *elements):
          """Insert ELEMENTS at INDEX."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index) + elements)
      def nearest(self, y):
          """Get index of item which is nearest to y coordinate Y."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'nearest', y))
      def scan_mark(self, x, y):
          """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y)
      def scan_dragto(self, x, y):
          """Adjust the view of the listbox to 10 times the
          difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
          scan_mark."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y)
      def see(self, index):
          """Scroll such that INDEX is visible."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index)
      def selection_anchor(self, index):
          """Set the fixed end oft the selection to INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'anchor', index)
      select_anchor = selection_anchor
      def selection_clear(self, first, last=None):
          """Clear the selection from FIRST to LAST (included)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w,
                   'selection', 'clear', first, last)
      select_clear = selection_clear
      def selection_includes(self, index):
          """Return 1 if INDEX is part of the selection."""
          return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'selection', 'includes', index))
      select_includes = selection_includes
      def selection_set(self, first, last=None):
          """Set the selection from FIRST to LAST (included) without
          changing the currently selected elements."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'selection', 'set', first, last)
      select_set = selection_set
      def size(self):
          """Return the number of elements in the listbox."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, 'size'))
      def itemcget(self, index, option):
          """Return the resource value for an ITEM and an OPTION."""
          return self.tk.call(
              (self._w, 'itemcget') + (index, '-'+option))
      def itemconfigure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure resources of an ITEM.
  
          The values for resources are specified as keyword arguments.
          To get an overview about the allowed keyword arguments
          call the method without arguments.
          Valid resource names: background, bg, foreground, fg,
          selectbackground, selectforeground."""
          return self._configure(('itemconfigure', index), cnf, kw)
      itemconfig = itemconfigure
  
  class Menu(Widget):
      """Menu widget which allows displaying menu bars, pull-down menus and pop-up menus."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct menu widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: activebackground, activeborderwidth,
          activeforeground, background, bd, bg, borderwidth, cursor,
          disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, postcommand, relief,
          selectcolor, takefocus, tearoff, tearoffcommand, title, type."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'menu', cnf, kw)
      def tk_popup(self, x, y, entry=""):
          """Post the menu at position X,Y with entry ENTRY."""
          self.tk.call('tk_popup', self._w, x, y, entry)
      def activate(self, index):
          """Activate entry at INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index)
      def add(self, itemType, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Internal function."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'add', itemType) +
                   self._options(cnf, kw))
      def add_cascade(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add hierarchical menu item."""
          self.add('cascade', cnf or kw)
      def add_checkbutton(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add checkbutton menu item."""
          self.add('checkbutton', cnf or kw)
      def add_command(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add command menu item."""
          self.add('command', cnf or kw)
      def add_radiobutton(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Addd radio menu item."""
          self.add('radiobutton', cnf or kw)
      def add_separator(self, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add separator."""
          self.add('separator', cnf or kw)
      def insert(self, index, itemType, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Internal function."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index, itemType) +
                   self._options(cnf, kw))
      def insert_cascade(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add hierarchical menu item at INDEX."""
          self.insert(index, 'cascade', cnf or kw)
      def insert_checkbutton(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add checkbutton menu item at INDEX."""
          self.insert(index, 'checkbutton', cnf or kw)
      def insert_command(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add command menu item at INDEX."""
          self.insert(index, 'command', cnf or kw)
      def insert_radiobutton(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Addd radio menu item at INDEX."""
          self.insert(index, 'radiobutton', cnf or kw)
      def insert_separator(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Add separator at INDEX."""
          self.insert(index, 'separator', cnf or kw)
      def delete(self, index1, index2=None):
          """Delete menu items between INDEX1 and INDEX2 (included)."""
          if index2 is None:
              index2 = index1
  
          num_index1, num_index2 = self.index(index1), self.index(index2)
          if (num_index1 is None) or (num_index2 is None):
              num_index1, num_index2 = 0, -1
  
          for i in range(num_index1, num_index2 + 1):
              if 'command' in self.entryconfig(i):
                  c = str(self.entrycget(i, 'command'))
                  if c:
                      self.deletecommand(c)
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', index1, index2)
      def entrycget(self, index, option):
          """Return the resource value of a menu item for OPTION at INDEX."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'entrycget', index, '-' + option)
      def entryconfigure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure a menu item at INDEX."""
          return self._configure(('entryconfigure', index), cnf, kw)
      entryconfig = entryconfigure
      def index(self, index):
          """Return the index of a menu item identified by INDEX."""
          i = self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)
          if i == 'none': return None
          return self.tk.getint(i)
      def invoke(self, index):
          """Invoke a menu item identified by INDEX and execute
          the associated command."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', index)
      def post(self, x, y):
          """Display a menu at position X,Y."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'post', x, y)
      def type(self, index):
          """Return the type of the menu item at INDEX."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'type', index)
      def unpost(self):
          """Unmap a menu."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'unpost')
      def xposition(self, index): # new in Tk 8.5
          """Return the x-position of the leftmost pixel of the menu item
          at INDEX."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(self._w, 'xposition', index))
      def yposition(self, index):
          """Return the y-position of the topmost pixel of the menu item at INDEX."""
          return self.tk.getint(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'yposition', index))
  
  class Menubutton(Widget):
      """Menubutton widget, obsolete since Tk8.0."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'menubutton', cnf, kw)
  
  class Message(Widget):
      """Message widget to display multiline text. Obsolete since Label does it too."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'message', cnf, kw)
  
  class Radiobutton(Widget):
      """Radiobutton widget which shows only one of several buttons in on-state."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a radiobutton widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: activebackground, activeforeground, anchor,
          background, bd, bg, bitmap, borderwidth, command, cursor,
          disabledforeground, fg, font, foreground, height,
          highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, image,
          indicatoron, justify, padx, pady, relief, selectcolor, selectimage,
          state, takefocus, text, textvariable, underline, value, variable,
          width, wraplength."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'radiobutton', cnf, kw)
      def deselect(self):
          """Put the button in off-state."""
  
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'deselect')
      def flash(self):
          """Flash the button."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'flash')
      def invoke(self):
          """Toggle the button and invoke a command if given as resource."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke')
      def select(self):
          """Put the button in on-state."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'select')
  
  class Scale(Widget):
      """Scale widget which can display a numerical scale."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a scale widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: activebackground, background, bigincrement, bd,
          bg, borderwidth, command, cursor, digits, fg, font, foreground, from,
          highlightbackground, highlightcolor, highlightthickness, label,
          length, orient, relief, repeatdelay, repeatinterval, resolution,
          showvalue, sliderlength, sliderrelief, state, takefocus,
          tickinterval, to, troughcolor, variable, width."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'scale', cnf, kw)
      def get(self):
          """Get the current value as integer or float."""
          value = self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')
          try:
              return self.tk.getint(value)
          except (ValueError, TclError):
              return self.tk.getdouble(value)
      def set(self, value):
          """Set the value to VALUE."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', value)
      def coords(self, value=None):
          """Return a tuple (X,Y) of the point along the centerline of the
          trough that corresponds to VALUE or the current value if None is
          given."""
  
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'coords', value))
      def identify(self, x, y):
          """Return where the point X,Y lies. Valid return values are "slider",
          "though1" and "though2"."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
  
  class Scrollbar(Widget):
      """Scrollbar widget which displays a slider at a certain position."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a scrollbar widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          Valid resource names: activebackground, activerelief,
          background, bd, bg, borderwidth, command, cursor,
          elementborderwidth, highlightbackground,
          highlightcolor, highlightthickness, jump, orient,
          relief, repeatdelay, repeatinterval, takefocus,
          troughcolor, width."""
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'scrollbar', cnf, kw)
      def activate(self, index=None):
          """Marks the element indicated by index as active.
          The only index values understood by this method are "arrow1",
          "slider", or "arrow2".  If any other value is specified then no
          element of the scrollbar will be active.  If index is not specified,
          the method returns the name of the element that is currently active,
          or None if no element is active."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'activate', index) or None
      def delta(self, deltax, deltay):
          """Return the fractional change of the scrollbar setting if it
          would be moved by DELTAX or DELTAY pixels."""
          return self.tk.getdouble(
              self.tk.call(self._w, 'delta', deltax, deltay))
      def fraction(self, x, y):
          """Return the fractional value which corresponds to a slider
          position of X,Y."""
          return self.tk.getdouble(self.tk.call(self._w, 'fraction', x, y))
      def identify(self, x, y):
          """Return the element under position X,Y as one of
          "arrow1","slider","arrow2" or ""."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
      def get(self):
          """Return the current fractional values (upper and lower end)
          of the slider position."""
          return self._getdoubles(self.tk.call(self._w, 'get'))
      def set(self, first, last):
          """Set the fractional values of the slider position (upper and
          lower ends as value between 0 and 1)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'set', first, last)
  
  
  
  class Text(Widget, XView, YView):
      """Text widget which can display text in various forms."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a text widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          STANDARD OPTIONS
  
              background, borderwidth, cursor,
              exportselection, font, foreground,
              highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
              highlightthickness, insertbackground,
              insertborderwidth, insertofftime,
              insertontime, insertwidth, padx, pady,
              relief, selectbackground,
              selectborderwidth, selectforeground,
              setgrid, takefocus,
              xscrollcommand, yscrollcommand,
  
          WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
  
              autoseparators, height, maxundo,
              spacing1, spacing2, spacing3,
              state, tabs, undo, width, wrap,
  
          """
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'text', cnf, kw)
      def bbox(self, index):
          """Return a tuple of (x,y,width,height) which gives the bounding
          box of the visible part of the character at the given index."""
          return self._getints(
                  self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None
      def compare(self, index1, op, index2):
          """Return whether between index INDEX1 and index INDEX2 the
          relation OP is satisfied. OP is one of <, <=, ==, >=, >, or !=."""
          return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'compare', index1, op, index2))
      def count(self, index1, index2, *args): # new in Tk 8.5
          """Counts the number of relevant things between the two indices.
          If index1 is after index2, the result will be a negative number
          (and this holds for each of the possible options).
  
          The actual items which are counted depends on the options given by
          args. The result is a list of integers, one for the result of each
          counting option given. Valid counting options are "chars",
          "displaychars", "displayindices", "displaylines", "indices",
          "lines", "xpixels" and "ypixels". There is an additional possible
          option "update", which if given then all subsequent options ensure
          that any possible out of date information is recalculated."""
          args = ['-%s' % arg for arg in args if not arg.startswith('-')]
          args += [index1, index2]
          res = self.tk.call(self._w, 'count', *args) or None
          if res is not None and len(args) <= 3:
              return (res, )
          else:
              return res
      def debug(self, boolean=None):
          """Turn on the internal consistency checks of the B-Tree inside the text
          widget according to BOOLEAN."""
          if boolean is None:
              return self.tk.getboolean(self.tk.call(self._w, 'debug'))
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'debug', boolean)
      def delete(self, index1, index2=None):
          """Delete the characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 (not included)."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', index1, index2)
      def dlineinfo(self, index):
          """Return tuple (x,y,width,height,baseline) giving the bounding box
          and baseline position of the visible part of the line containing
          the character at INDEX."""
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'dlineinfo', index))
      def dump(self, index1, index2=None, command=None, **kw):
          """Return the contents of the widget between index1 and index2.
  
          The type of contents returned in filtered based on the keyword
          parameters; if 'all', 'image', 'mark', 'tag', 'text', or 'window' are
          given and true, then the corresponding items are returned. The result
          is a list of triples of the form (key, value, index). If none of the
          keywords are true then 'all' is used by default.
  
          If the 'command' argument is given, it is called once for each element
          of the list of triples, with the values of each triple serving as the
          arguments to the function. In this case the list is not returned."""
          args = []
          func_name = None
          result = None
          if not command:
              # Never call the dump command without the -command flag, since the
              # output could involve Tcl quoting and would be a pain to parse
              # right. Instead just set the command to build a list of triples
              # as if we had done the parsing.
              result = []
              def append_triple(key, value, index, result=result):
                  result.append((key, value, index))
              command = append_triple
          try:
              if not isinstance(command, str):
                  func_name = command = self._register(command)
              args += ["-command", command]
              for key in kw:
                  if kw[key]: args.append("-" + key)
              args.append(index1)
              if index2:
                  args.append(index2)
              self.tk.call(self._w, "dump", *args)
              return result
          finally:
              if func_name:
                  self.deletecommand(func_name)
  
      ## new in tk8.4
      def edit(self, *args):
          """Internal method
  
          This method controls the undo mechanism and
          the modified flag. The exact behavior of the
          command depends on the option argument that
          follows the edit argument. The following forms
          of the command are currently supported:
  
          edit_modified, edit_redo, edit_reset, edit_separator
          and edit_undo
  
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'edit', *args)
  
      def edit_modified(self, arg=None):
          """Get or Set the modified flag
  
          If arg is not specified, returns the modified
          flag of the widget. The insert, delete, edit undo and
          edit redo commands or the user can set or clear the
          modified flag. If boolean is specified, sets the
          modified flag of the widget to arg.
          """
          return self.edit("modified", arg)
  
      def edit_redo(self):
          """Redo the last undone edit
  
          When the undo option is true, reapplies the last
          undone edits provided no other edits were done since
          then. Generates an error when the redo stack is empty.
          Does nothing when the undo option is false.
          """
          return self.edit("redo")
  
      def edit_reset(self):
          """Clears the undo and redo stacks
          """
          return self.edit("reset")
  
      def edit_separator(self):
          """Inserts a separator (boundary) on the undo stack.
  
          Does nothing when the undo option is false
          """
          return self.edit("separator")
  
      def edit_undo(self):
          """Undoes the last edit action
  
          If the undo option is true. An edit action is defined
          as all the insert and delete commands that are recorded
          on the undo stack in between two separators. Generates
          an error when the undo stack is empty. Does nothing
          when the undo option is false
          """
          return self.edit("undo")
  
      def get(self, index1, index2=None):
          """Return the text from INDEX1 to INDEX2 (not included)."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get', index1, index2)
      # (Image commands are new in 8.0)
      def image_cget(self, index, option):
          """Return the value of OPTION of an embedded image at INDEX."""
          if option[:1] != "-":
              option = "-" + option
          if option[-1:] == "_":
              option = option[:-1]
          return self.tk.call(self._w, "image", "cget", index, option)
      def image_configure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure an embedded image at INDEX."""
          return self._configure(('image', 'configure', index), cnf, kw)
      def image_create(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Create an embedded image at INDEX."""
          return self.tk.call(
                   self._w, "image", "create", index,
                   *self._options(cnf, kw))
      def image_names(self):
          """Return all names of embedded images in this widget."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, "image", "names")
      def index(self, index):
          """Return the index in the form line.char for INDEX."""
          return str(self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index))
      def insert(self, index, chars, *args):
          """Insert CHARS before the characters at INDEX. An additional
          tag can be given in ARGS. Additional CHARS and tags can follow in ARGS."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'insert', index, chars) + args)
      def mark_gravity(self, markName, direction=None):
          """Change the gravity of a mark MARKNAME to DIRECTION (LEFT or RIGHT).
          Return the current value if None is given for DIRECTION."""
          return self.tk.call(
              (self._w, 'mark', 'gravity', markName, direction))
      def mark_names(self):
          """Return all mark names."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'mark', 'names'))
      def mark_set(self, markName, index):
          """Set mark MARKNAME before the character at INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'set', markName, index)
      def mark_unset(self, *markNames):
          """Delete all marks in MARKNAMES."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'mark', 'unset') + markNames)
      def mark_next(self, index):
          """Return the name of the next mark after INDEX."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'next', index) or None
      def mark_previous(self, index):
          """Return the name of the previous mark before INDEX."""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'mark', 'previous', index) or None
      def peer_create(self, newPathName, cnf={}, **kw): # new in Tk 8.5
          """Creates a peer text widget with the given newPathName, and any
          optional standard configuration options. By default the peer will
          have the same start and end line as the parent widget, but
          these can be overridden with the standard configuration options."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'peer', 'create', newPathName,
              *self._options(cnf, kw))
      def peer_names(self): # new in Tk 8.5
          """Returns a list of peers of this widget (this does not include
          the widget itself)."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'peer', 'names'))
      def replace(self, index1, index2, chars, *args): # new in Tk 8.5
          """Replaces the range of characters between index1 and index2 with
          the given characters and tags specified by args.
  
          See the method insert for some more information about args, and the
          method delete for information about the indices."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'replace', index1, index2, chars, *args)
      def scan_mark(self, x, y):
          """Remember the current X, Y coordinates."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'mark', x, y)
      def scan_dragto(self, x, y):
          """Adjust the view of the text to 10 times the
          difference between X and Y and the coordinates given in
          scan_mark."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'scan', 'dragto', x, y)
      def search(self, pattern, index, stopindex=None,
             forwards=None, backwards=None, exact=None,
             regexp=None, nocase=None, count=None, elide=None):
          """Search PATTERN beginning from INDEX until STOPINDEX.
          Return the index of the first character of a match or an
          empty string."""
          args = [self._w, 'search']
          if forwards: args.append('-forwards')
          if backwards: args.append('-backwards')
          if exact: args.append('-exact')
          if regexp: args.append('-regexp')
          if nocase: args.append('-nocase')
          if elide: args.append('-elide')
          if count: args.append('-count'); args.append(count)
          if pattern and pattern[0] == '-': args.append('--')
          args.append(pattern)
          args.append(index)
          if stopindex: args.append(stopindex)
          return str(self.tk.call(tuple(args)))
      def see(self, index):
          """Scroll such that the character at INDEX is visible."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'see', index)
      def tag_add(self, tagName, index1, *args):
          """Add tag TAGNAME to all characters between INDEX1 and index2 in ARGS.
          Additional pairs of indices may follow in ARGS."""
          self.tk.call(
              (self._w, 'tag', 'add', tagName, index1) + args)
      def tag_unbind(self, tagName, sequence, funcid=None):
          """Unbind for all characters with TAGNAME for event SEQUENCE  the
          function identified with FUNCID."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName, sequence, '')
          if funcid:
              self.deletecommand(funcid)
      def tag_bind(self, tagName, sequence, func, add=None):
          """Bind to all characters with TAGNAME at event SEQUENCE a call to function FUNC.
  
          An additional boolean parameter ADD specifies whether FUNC will be
          called additionally to the other bound function or whether it will
          replace the previous function. See bind for the return value."""
          return self._bind((self._w, 'tag', 'bind', tagName),
                    sequence, func, add)
      def tag_cget(self, tagName, option):
          """Return the value of OPTION for tag TAGNAME."""
          if option[:1] != '-':
              option = '-' + option
          if option[-1:] == '_':
              option = option[:-1]
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'cget', tagName, option)
      def tag_configure(self, tagName, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure a tag TAGNAME."""
          return self._configure(('tag', 'configure', tagName), cnf, kw)
      tag_config = tag_configure
      def tag_delete(self, *tagNames):
          """Delete all tags in TAGNAMES."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'tag', 'delete') + tagNames)
      def tag_lower(self, tagName, belowThis=None):
          """Change the priority of tag TAGNAME such that it is lower
          than the priority of BELOWTHIS."""
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'lower', tagName, belowThis)
      def tag_names(self, index=None):
          """Return a list of all tag names."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(
              self.tk.call(self._w, 'tag', 'names', index))
      def tag_nextrange(self, tagName, index1, index2=None):
          """Return a list of start and end index for the first sequence of
          characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 which all have tag TAGNAME.
          The text is searched forward from INDEX1."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'tag', 'nextrange', tagName, index1, index2))
      def tag_prevrange(self, tagName, index1, index2=None):
          """Return a list of start and end index for the first sequence of
          characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2 which all have tag TAGNAME.
          The text is searched backwards from INDEX1."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'tag', 'prevrange', tagName, index1, index2))
      def tag_raise(self, tagName, aboveThis=None):
          """Change the priority of tag TAGNAME such that it is higher
          than the priority of ABOVETHIS."""
          self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'tag', 'raise', tagName, aboveThis)
      def tag_ranges(self, tagName):
          """Return a list of ranges of text which have tag TAGNAME."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'tag', 'ranges', tagName))
      def tag_remove(self, tagName, index1, index2=None):
          """Remove tag TAGNAME from all characters between INDEX1 and INDEX2."""
          self.tk.call(
              self._w, 'tag', 'remove', tagName, index1, index2)
      def window_cget(self, index, option):
          """Return the value of OPTION of an embedded window at INDEX."""
          if option[:1] != '-':
              option = '-' + option
          if option[-1:] == '_':
              option = option[:-1]
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'window', 'cget', index, option)
      def window_configure(self, index, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Configure an embedded window at INDEX."""
          return self._configure(('window', 'configure', index), cnf, kw)
      window_config = window_configure
      def window_create(self, index, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Create a window at INDEX."""
          self.tk.call(
                (self._w, 'window', 'create', index)
                + self._options(cnf, kw))
      def window_names(self):
          """Return all names of embedded windows in this widget."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(
              self.tk.call(self._w, 'window', 'names'))
      def yview_pickplace(self, *what):
          """Obsolete function, use see."""
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'yview', '-pickplace') + what)
  
  
  class _setit:
      """Internal class. It wraps the command in the widget OptionMenu."""
      def __init__(self, var, value, callback=None):
          self.__value = value
          self.__var = var
          self.__callback = callback
      def __call__(self, *args):
          self.__var.set(self.__value)
          if self.__callback:
              self.__callback(self.__value, *args)
  
  class OptionMenu(Menubutton):
      """OptionMenu which allows the user to select a value from a menu."""
      def __init__(self, master, variable, value, *values, **kwargs):
          """Construct an optionmenu widget with the parent MASTER, with
          the resource textvariable set to VARIABLE, the initially selected
          value VALUE, the other menu values VALUES and an additional
          keyword argument command."""
          kw = {"borderwidth": 2, "textvariable": variable,
                "indicatoron": 1, "relief": RAISED, "anchor": "c",
                "highlightthickness": 2}
          Widget.__init__(self, master, "menubutton", kw)
          self.widgetName = 'tk_optionMenu'
          menu = self.__menu = Menu(self, name="menu", tearoff=0)
          self.menuname = menu._w
          # 'command' is the only supported keyword
          callback = kwargs.get('command')
          if 'command' in kwargs:
              del kwargs['command']
          if kwargs:
              raise TclError('unknown option -'+kwargs.keys()[0])
          menu.add_command(label=value,
                   command=_setit(variable, value, callback))
          for v in values:
              menu.add_command(label=v,
                       command=_setit(variable, v, callback))
          self["menu"] = menu
  
      def __getitem__(self, name):
          if name == 'menu':
              return self.__menu
          return Widget.__getitem__(self, name)
  
      def destroy(self):
          """Destroy this widget and the associated menu."""
          Menubutton.destroy(self)
          self.__menu = None
  
  class Image:
      """Base class for images."""
      _last_id = 0
      def __init__(self, imgtype, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw):
          self.name = None
          if not master:
              master = _default_root
              if not master:
                  raise RuntimeError('Too early to create image')
          self.tk = getattr(master, 'tk', master)
          if not name:
              Image._last_id += 1
              name = "pyimage%r" % (Image._last_id,) # tk itself would use image<x>
          if kw and cnf: cnf = _cnfmerge((cnf, kw))
          elif kw: cnf = kw
          options = ()
          for k, v in cnf.items():
              if callable(v):
                  v = self._register(v)
              options = options + ('-'+k, v)
          self.tk.call(('image', 'create', imgtype, name,) + options)
          self.name = name
      def __str__(self): return self.name
      def __del__(self):
          if self.name:
              try:
                  self.tk.call('image', 'delete', self.name)
              except TclError:
                  # May happen if the root was destroyed
                  pass
      def __setitem__(self, key, value):
          self.tk.call(self.name, 'configure', '-'+key, value)
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          return self.tk.call(self.name, 'configure', '-'+key)
      def configure(self, **kw):
          """Configure the image."""
          res = ()
          for k, v in _cnfmerge(kw).items():
              if v is not None:
                  if k[-1] == '_': k = k[:-1]
                  if callable(v):
                      v = self._register(v)
                  res = res + ('-'+k, v)
          self.tk.call((self.name, 'config') + res)
      config = configure
      def height(self):
          """Return the height of the image."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('image', 'height', self.name))
      def type(self):
          """Return the type of the imgage, e.g. "photo" or "bitmap"."""
          return self.tk.call('image', 'type', self.name)
      def width(self):
          """Return the width of the image."""
          return self.tk.getint(
              self.tk.call('image', 'width', self.name))
  
  class PhotoImage(Image):
      """Widget which can display colored images in GIF, PPM/PGM format."""
      def __init__(self, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw):
          """Create an image with NAME.
  
          Valid resource names: data, format, file, gamma, height, palette,
          width."""
          Image.__init__(self, 'photo', name, cnf, master, **kw)
      def blank(self):
          """Display a transparent image."""
          self.tk.call(self.name, 'blank')
      def cget(self, option):
          """Return the value of OPTION."""
          return self.tk.call(self.name, 'cget', '-' + option)
      # XXX config
      def __getitem__(self, key):
          return self.tk.call(self.name, 'cget', '-' + key)
      # XXX copy -from, -to, ...?
      def copy(self):
          """Return a new PhotoImage with the same image as this widget."""
          destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk)
          self.tk.call(destImage, 'copy', self.name)
          return destImage
      def zoom(self, x, y=''):
          """Return a new PhotoImage with the same image as this widget
          but zoom it with a factor of x in the X direction and y in the Y
          direction.  If y is not given, the default value is the same as x.
          """
          destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk)
          if y=='': y=x
          self.tk.call(destImage, 'copy', self.name, '-zoom',x,y)
          return destImage
      def subsample(self, x, y=''):
          """Return a new PhotoImage based on the same image as this widget
          but use only every Xth or Yth pixel.  If y is not given, the
          default value is the same as x.
          """
          destImage = PhotoImage(master=self.tk)
          if y=='': y=x
          self.tk.call(destImage, 'copy', self.name, '-subsample',x,y)
          return destImage
      def get(self, x, y):
          """Return the color (red, green, blue) of the pixel at X,Y."""
          return self.tk.call(self.name, 'get', x, y)
      def put(self, data, to=None):
          """Put row formatted colors to image starting from
          position TO, e.g. image.put("{red green} {blue yellow}", to=(4,6))"""
          args = (self.name, 'put', data)
          if to:
              if to[0] == '-to':
                  to = to[1:]
              args = args + ('-to',) + tuple(to)
          self.tk.call(args)
      # XXX read
      def write(self, filename, format=None, from_coords=None):
          """Write image to file FILENAME in FORMAT starting from
          position FROM_COORDS."""
          args = (self.name, 'write', filename)
          if format:
              args = args + ('-format', format)
          if from_coords:
              args = args + ('-from',) + tuple(from_coords)
          self.tk.call(args)
  
  class BitmapImage(Image):
      """Widget which can display a bitmap."""
      def __init__(self, name=None, cnf={}, master=None, **kw):
          """Create a bitmap with NAME.
  
          Valid resource names: background, data, file, foreground, maskdata, maskfile."""
          Image.__init__(self, 'bitmap', name, cnf, master, **kw)
  
  def image_names():
      return _default_root.tk.splitlist(_default_root.tk.call('image', 'names'))
  
  def image_types():
      return _default_root.tk.splitlist(_default_root.tk.call('image', 'types'))
  
  
  class Spinbox(Widget, XView):
      """spinbox widget."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a spinbox widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          STANDARD OPTIONS
  
              activebackground, background, borderwidth,
              cursor, exportselection, font, foreground,
              highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
              highlightthickness, insertbackground,
              insertborderwidth, insertofftime,
              insertontime, insertwidth, justify, relief,
              repeatdelay, repeatinterval,
              selectbackground, selectborderwidth
              selectforeground, takefocus, textvariable
              xscrollcommand.
  
          WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
  
              buttonbackground, buttoncursor,
              buttondownrelief, buttonuprelief,
              command, disabledbackground,
              disabledforeground, format, from,
              invalidcommand, increment,
              readonlybackground, state, to,
              validate, validatecommand values,
              width, wrap,
          """
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'spinbox', cnf, kw)
  
      def bbox(self, index):
          """Return a tuple of X1,Y1,X2,Y2 coordinates for a
          rectangle which encloses the character given by index.
  
          The first two elements of the list give the x and y
          coordinates of the upper-left corner of the screen
          area covered by the character (in pixels relative
          to the widget) and the last two elements give the
          width and height of the character, in pixels. The
          bounding box may refer to a region outside the
          visible area of the window.
          """
          return self._getints(self.tk.call(self._w, 'bbox', index)) or None
  
      def delete(self, first, last=None):
          """Delete one or more elements of the spinbox.
  
          First is the index of the first character to delete,
          and last is the index of the character just after
          the last one to delete. If last isn't specified it
          defaults to first+1, i.e. a single character is
          deleted.  This command returns an empty string.
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'delete', first, last)
  
      def get(self):
          """Returns the spinbox's string"""
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'get')
  
      def icursor(self, index):
          """Alter the position of the insertion cursor.
  
          The insertion cursor will be displayed just before
          the character given by index. Returns an empty string
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'icursor', index)
  
      def identify(self, x, y):
          """Returns the name of the widget at position x, y
  
          Return value is one of: none, buttondown, buttonup, entry
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
  
      def index(self, index):
          """Returns the numerical index corresponding to index
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'index', index)
  
      def insert(self, index, s):
          """Insert string s at index
  
           Returns an empty string.
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'insert', index, s)
  
      def invoke(self, element):
          """Causes the specified element to be invoked
  
          The element could be buttondown or buttonup
          triggering the action associated with it.
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'invoke', element)
  
      def scan(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'scan') + args)) or ()
  
      def scan_mark(self, x):
          """Records x and the current view in the spinbox window;
  
          used in conjunction with later scan dragto commands.
          Typically this command is associated with a mouse button
          press in the widget. It returns an empty string.
          """
          return self.scan("mark", x)
  
      def scan_dragto(self, x):
          """Compute the difference between the given x argument
          and the x argument to the last scan mark command
  
          It then adjusts the view left or right by 10 times the
          difference in x-coordinates. This command is typically
          associated with mouse motion events in the widget, to
          produce the effect of dragging the spinbox at high speed
          through the window. The return value is an empty string.
          """
          return self.scan("dragto", x)
  
      def selection(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'selection') + args)) or ()
  
      def selection_adjust(self, index):
          """Locate the end of the selection nearest to the character
          given by index,
  
          Then adjust that end of the selection to be at index
          (i.e including but not going beyond index). The other
          end of the selection is made the anchor point for future
          select to commands. If the selection isn't currently in
          the spinbox, then a new selection is created to include
          the characters between index and the most recent selection
          anchor point, inclusive. Returns an empty string.
          """
          return self.selection("adjust", index)
  
      def selection_clear(self):
          """Clear the selection
  
          If the selection isn't in this widget then the
          command has no effect. Returns an empty string.
          """
          return self.selection("clear")
  
      def selection_element(self, element=None):
          """Sets or gets the currently selected element.
  
          If a spinbutton element is specified, it will be
          displayed depressed
          """
          return self.selection("element", element)
  
  ###########################################################################
  
  class LabelFrame(Widget):
      """labelframe widget."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a labelframe widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          STANDARD OPTIONS
  
              borderwidth, cursor, font, foreground,
              highlightbackground, highlightcolor,
              highlightthickness, padx, pady, relief,
              takefocus, text
  
          WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
  
              background, class, colormap, container,
              height, labelanchor, labelwidget,
              visual, width
          """
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'labelframe', cnf, kw)
  
  ########################################################################
  
  class PanedWindow(Widget):
      """panedwindow widget."""
      def __init__(self, master=None, cnf={}, **kw):
          """Construct a panedwindow widget with the parent MASTER.
  
          STANDARD OPTIONS
  
              background, borderwidth, cursor, height,
              orient, relief, width
  
          WIDGET-SPECIFIC OPTIONS
  
              handlepad, handlesize, opaqueresize,
              sashcursor, sashpad, sashrelief,
              sashwidth, showhandle,
          """
          Widget.__init__(self, master, 'panedwindow', cnf, kw)
  
      def add(self, child, **kw):
          """Add a child widget to the panedwindow in a new pane.
  
          The child argument is the name of the child widget
          followed by pairs of arguments that specify how to
          manage the windows. The possible options and values
          are the ones accepted by the paneconfigure method.
          """
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'add', child) + self._options(kw))
  
      def remove(self, child):
          """Remove the pane containing child from the panedwindow
  
          All geometry management options for child will be forgotten.
          """
          self.tk.call(self._w, 'forget', child)
      forget=remove
  
      def identify(self, x, y):
          """Identify the panedwindow component at point x, y
  
          If the point is over a sash or a sash handle, the result
          is a two element list containing the index of the sash or
          handle, and a word indicating whether it is over a sash
          or a handle, such as {0 sash} or {2 handle}. If the point
          is over any other part of the panedwindow, the result is
          an empty list.
          """
          return self.tk.call(self._w, 'identify', x, y)
  
      def proxy(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'proxy') + args)) or ()
  
      def proxy_coord(self):
          """Return the x and y pair of the most recent proxy location
          """
          return self.proxy("coord")
  
      def proxy_forget(self):
          """Remove the proxy from the display.
          """
          return self.proxy("forget")
  
      def proxy_place(self, x, y):
          """Place the proxy at the given x and y coordinates.
          """
          return self.proxy("place", x, y)
  
      def sash(self, *args):
          """Internal function."""
          return self._getints(
              self.tk.call((self._w, 'sash') + args)) or ()
  
      def sash_coord(self, index):
          """Return the current x and y pair for the sash given by index.
  
          Index must be an integer between 0 and 1 less than the
          number of panes in the panedwindow. The coordinates given are
          those of the top left corner of the region containing the sash.
          pathName sash dragto index x y This command computes the
          difference between the given coordinates and the coordinates
          given to the last sash coord command for the given sash. It then
          moves that sash the computed difference. The return value is the
          empty string.
          """
          return self.sash("coord", index)
  
      def sash_mark(self, index):
          """Records x and y for the sash given by index;
  
          Used in conjunction with later dragto commands to move the sash.
          """
          return self.sash("mark", index)
  
      def sash_place(self, index, x, y):
          """Place the sash given by index at the given coordinates
          """
          return self.sash("place", index, x, y)
  
      def panecget(self, child, option):
          """Query a management option for window.
  
          Option may be any value allowed by the paneconfigure subcommand
          """
          return self.tk.call(
              (self._w, 'panecget') + (child, '-'+option))
  
      def paneconfigure(self, tagOrId, cnf=None, **kw):
          """Query or modify the management options for window.
  
          If no option is specified, returns a list describing all
          of the available options for pathName.  If option is
          specified with no value, then the command returns a list
          describing the one named option (this list will be identical
          to the corresponding sublist of the value returned if no
          option is specified). If one or more option-value pairs are
          specified, then the command modifies the given widget
          option(s) to have the given value(s); in this case the
          command returns an empty string. The following options
          are supported:
  
          after window
              Insert the window after the window specified. window
              should be the name of a window already managed by pathName.
          before window
              Insert the window before the window specified. window
              should be the name of a window already managed by pathName.
          height size
              Specify a height for the window. The height will be the
              outer dimension of the window including its border, if
              any. If size is an empty string, or if -height is not
              specified, then the height requested internally by the
              window will be used initially; the height may later be
              adjusted by the movement of sashes in the panedwindow.
              Size may be any value accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
          minsize n
              Specifies that the size of the window cannot be made
              less than n. This constraint only affects the size of
              the widget in the paned dimension -- the x dimension
              for horizontal panedwindows, the y dimension for
              vertical panedwindows. May be any value accepted by
              Tk_GetPixels.
          padx n
              Specifies a non-negative value indicating how much
              extra space to leave on each side of the window in
              the X-direction. The value may have any of the forms
              accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
          pady n
              Specifies a non-negative value indicating how much
              extra space to leave on each side of the window in
              the Y-direction. The value may have any of the forms
              accepted by Tk_GetPixels.
          sticky style
              If a window's pane is larger than the requested
              dimensions of the window, this option may be used
              to position (or stretch) the window within its pane.
              Style is a string that contains zero or more of the
              characters n, s, e or w. The string can optionally
              contains spaces or commas, but they are ignored. Each
              letter refers to a side (north, south, east, or west)
              that the window will "stick" to. If both n and s
              (or e and w) are specified, the window will be
              stretched to fill the entire height (or width) of
              its cavity.
          width size
              Specify a width for the window. The width will be
              the outer dimension of the window including its
              border, if any. If size is an empty string, or
              if -width is not specified, then the width requested
              internally by the window will be used initially; the
              width may later be adjusted by the movement of sashes
              in the panedwindow. Size may be any value accepted by
              Tk_GetPixels.
  
          """
          if cnf is None and not kw:
              return self._getconfigure(self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId)
          if isinstance(cnf, str) and not kw:
              return self._getconfigure1(
                  self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId, '-'+cnf)
          self.tk.call((self._w, 'paneconfigure', tagOrId) +
                   self._options(cnf, kw))
      paneconfig = paneconfigure
  
      def panes(self):
          """Returns an ordered list of the child panes."""
          return self.tk.splitlist(self.tk.call(self._w, 'panes'))
  
  # Test:
  
  def _test():
      root = Tk()
      text = "This is Tcl/Tk version %s" % TclVersion
      text += "\nThis should be a cedilla: \xe7"
      label = Label(root, text=text)
      label.pack()
      test = Button(root, text="Click me!",
                command=lambda root=root: root.test.configure(
                    text="[%s]" % root.test['text']))
      test.pack()
      root.test = test
      quit = Button(root, text="QUIT", command=root.destroy)
      quit.pack()
      # The following three commands are needed so the window pops
      # up on top on Windows...
      root.iconify()
      root.update()
      root.deiconify()
      root.mainloop()
  
  if __name__ == '__main__':
      _test()
  