text: # Copyright 2018, The TensorFlow Federated Authors.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # limitations under the License.
  """Utilities for type conversion, type checking, type inference, etc."""
  
  import collections
  
  import attr
  import numpy as np
  import tensorflow as tf
  
  from tensorflow_federated.python.common_libs import anonymous_tuple
  from tensorflow_federated.python.common_libs import py_typecheck
  from tensorflow_federated.python.core.api import computation_types
  from tensorflow_federated.python.core.api import typed_object
  
  # This symbol being defined here is somewhat unfortunate. Likely, this symbol
  # should be factored into a module that encapsulates the type functions related
  # to the TensorFlow platform. However, it seems useful to consider how to
  # organize such a boundary in the context of the entire type system. For
  # example, we have an abstraction for a TensorFlow computation, but we do not
  # have such an abstraction for a Tensor type.
  TF_DATASET_REPRESENTATION_TYPES = (
      tf.data.Dataset,
      tf.compat.v1.data.Dataset,
      tf.compat.v2.data.Dataset,
  )
  
  
  def infer_type(arg):
    """Infers the TFF type of the argument (a `computation_types.Type` instance).
  
    WARNING: This function is only partially implemented.
  
    The kinds of arguments that are currently correctly recognized:
    - tensors, variables, and data sets,
    - things that are convertible to tensors (including numpy arrays, builtin
      types, as well as lists and tuples of any of the above, etc.),
    - nested lists, tuples, namedtuples, anonymous tuples, dict, and OrderedDicts.
  
    Args:
      arg: The argument, the TFF type of which to infer.
  
    Returns:
      Either an instance of `computation_types.Type`, or `None` if the argument is
      `None`.
    """
    # TODO(b/113112885): Implement the remaining cases here on the need basis.
    if arg is None:
      return None
    elif isinstance(arg, typed_object.TypedObject):
      return arg.type_signature
    elif tf.is_tensor(arg):
      return computation_types.TensorType(arg.dtype.base_dtype, arg.shape)
    elif isinstance(arg, TF_DATASET_REPRESENTATION_TYPES):
      return computation_types.SequenceType(
          computation_types.to_type(arg.element_spec))
    elif isinstance(arg, anonymous_tuple.AnonymousTuple):
      return computation_types.NamedTupleType([
          (k, infer_type(v)) if k else infer_type(v)
          for k, v in anonymous_tuple.iter_elements(arg)
      ])
    elif py_typecheck.is_attrs(arg):
      items = attr.asdict(
          arg, dict_factory=collections.OrderedDict, recurse=False)
      return computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType(
          [(k, infer_type(v)) for k, v in items.items()], type(arg))
    elif py_typecheck.is_named_tuple(arg):
      items = arg._asdict()
      return computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType(
          [(k, infer_type(v)) for k, v in items.items()], type(arg))
    elif isinstance(arg, dict):
      if isinstance(arg, collections.OrderedDict):
        items = arg.items()
      else:
        items = sorted(arg.items())
      return computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType(
          [(k, infer_type(v)) for k, v in items], type(arg))
    elif isinstance(arg, (tuple, list)):
      elements = []
      all_elements_named = True
      for element in arg:
        all_elements_named &= py_typecheck.is_name_value_pair(element)
        elements.append(infer_type(element))
      # If this is a tuple of (name, value) pairs, the caller most likely intended
      # this to be a NamedTupleType, so we avoid storing the Python container.
      if all_elements_named:
        return computation_types.NamedTupleType(elements)
      else:
        return computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType(
            elements, type(arg))
    elif isinstance(arg, str):
      return computation_types.TensorType(tf.string)
    elif isinstance(arg, (np.generic, np.ndarray)):
      return computation_types.TensorType(
          tf.dtypes.as_dtype(arg.dtype), arg.shape)
    else:
      dtype = {bool: tf.bool, int: tf.int32, float: tf.float32}.get(type(arg))
      if dtype:
        return computation_types.TensorType(dtype)
      else:
        # Now fall back onto the heavier-weight processing, as all else failed.
        # Use make_tensor_proto() to make sure to handle it consistently with
        # how TensorFlow is handling values (e.g., recognizing int as int32, as
        # opposed to int64 as in NumPy).
        try:
          # TODO(b/113112885): Find something more lightweight we could use here.
          tensor_proto = tf.make_tensor_proto(arg)
          return computation_types.TensorType(
              tf.dtypes.as_dtype(tensor_proto.dtype),
              tf.TensorShape(tensor_proto.tensor_shape))
        except TypeError as err:
          raise TypeError('Could not infer the TFF type of {}: {}'.format(
              py_typecheck.type_string(type(arg)), err))
  
  
  def type_to_tf_dtypes_and_shapes(type_spec):
    """Returns nested structures of tensor dtypes and shapes for a given TFF type.
  
    The returned dtypes and shapes match those used by `tf.data.Dataset`s to
    indicate the type and shape of their elements. They can be used, e.g., as
    arguments in constructing an iterator over a string handle.
  
    Args:
      type_spec: Type specification, either an instance of
        `computation_types.Type`, or something convertible to it. The type
        specification must be composed of only named tuples and tensors. In all
        named tuples that appear in the type spec, all the elements must be named.
  
    Returns:
      A pair of parallel nested structures with the dtypes and shapes of tensors
      defined in `type_spec`. The layout of the two structures returned is the
      same as the layout of the nested type defined by `type_spec`. Named tuples
      are represented as dictionaries.
  
    Raises:
      ValueError: if the `type_spec` is composed of something other than named
        tuples and tensors, or if any of the elements in named tuples are unnamed.
    """
    type_spec = computation_types.to_type(type_spec)
    if isinstance(type_spec, computation_types.TensorType):
      return (type_spec.dtype, type_spec.shape)
    elif isinstance(type_spec, computation_types.NamedTupleType):
      elements = anonymous_tuple.to_elements(type_spec)
      if not elements:
        output_dtypes = []
        output_shapes = []
      elif elements[0][0] is not None:
        output_dtypes = collections.OrderedDict()
        output_shapes = collections.OrderedDict()
        for e in elements:
          element_name = e[0]
          element_spec = e[1]
          if element_name is None:
            raise ValueError(
                'When a sequence appears as a part of a parameter to a section '
                'of TensorFlow code, in the type signature of elements of that '
                'sequence all named tuples must have their elements explicitly '
                'named, and this does not appear to be the case in {}.'.format(
                    type_spec))
          element_output = type_to_tf_dtypes_and_shapes(element_spec)
          output_dtypes[element_name] = element_output[0]
          output_shapes[element_name] = element_output[1]
      else:
        output_dtypes = []
        output_shapes = []
        for e in elements:
          element_name = e[0]
          element_spec = e[1]
          if element_name is not None:
            raise ValueError(
                'When a sequence appears as a part of a parameter to a section '
                'of TensorFlow code, in the type signature of elements of that '
                'sequence all named tuples must have their elements explicitly '
                'named, and this does not appear to be the case in {}.'.format(
                    type_spec))
          element_output = type_to_tf_dtypes_and_shapes(element_spec)
          output_dtypes.append(element_output[0])
          output_shapes.append(element_output[1])
      if isinstance(type_spec,
                    computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType):
        container_type = computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType.get_container_type(
            type_spec)
  
        def build_py_container(elements):
          if (py_typecheck.is_named_tuple(container_type) or
              py_typecheck.is_attrs(container_type)):
            return container_type(**dict(elements))
          else:
            return container_type(elements)
  
        output_dtypes = build_py_container(output_dtypes)
        output_shapes = build_py_container(output_shapes)
      else:
        output_dtypes = tuple(output_dtypes)
        output_shapes = tuple(output_shapes)
      return (output_dtypes, output_shapes)
    else:
      raise ValueError('Unsupported type {}.'.format(
          py_typecheck.type_string(type(type_spec))))
  
  
  def type_to_tf_tensor_specs(type_spec):
    """Returns nested structure of `tf.TensorSpec`s for a given TFF type.
  
    The dtypes and shapes of the returned `tf.TensorSpec`s match those used by
    `tf.data.Dataset`s to indicate the type and shape of their elements. They can
    be used, e.g., as arguments in constructing an iterator over a string handle.
  
    Args:
      type_spec: Type specification, either an instance of
        `computation_types.Type`, or something convertible to it. Ther type
        specification must be composed of only named tuples and tensors. In all
        named tuples that appear in the type spec, all the elements must be named.
  
    Returns:
      A nested structure of `tf.TensorSpec`s with the dtypes and shapes of tensors
      defined in `type_spec`. The layout of the structure returned is the same as
      the layout of the nested type defined by `type_spec`. Named tuples are
      represented as dictionaries.
    """
    dtypes, shapes = type_to_tf_dtypes_and_shapes(type_spec)
    return tf.nest.map_structure(lambda dtype, shape: tf.TensorSpec(shape, dtype),
                                 dtypes, shapes)
  
  
  def type_to_tf_structure(type_spec):
    """Returns nested `tf.data.experimental.Structure` for a given TFF type.
  
    Args:
      type_spec: Type specification, either an instance of
        `computation_types.Type`, or something convertible to it. Ther type
        specification must be composed of only named tuples and tensors. In all
        named tuples that appear in the type spec, all the elements must be named.
  
    Returns:
      An instance of `tf.data.experimental.Structure`, possibly nested, that
      corresponds to `type_spec`.
  
    Raises:
      ValueError: if the `type_spec` is composed of something other than named
        tuples and tensors, or if any of the elements in named tuples are unnamed.
    """
    type_spec = computation_types.to_type(type_spec)
    if isinstance(type_spec, computation_types.TensorType):
      return tf.TensorSpec(type_spec.shape, type_spec.dtype)
    elif isinstance(type_spec, computation_types.NamedTupleType):
      elements = anonymous_tuple.to_elements(type_spec)
      if not elements:
        raise ValueError('Empty tuples are unsupported.')
      element_outputs = [(k, type_to_tf_structure(v)) for k, v in elements]
      named = element_outputs[0][0] is not None
      if not all((e[0] is not None) == named for e in element_outputs):
        raise ValueError('Tuple elements inconsistently named.')
      if not isinstance(type_spec,
                        computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType):
        if named:
          output = collections.OrderedDict(element_outputs)
        else:
          output = tuple(v for _, v in element_outputs)
      else:
        container_type = computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType.get_container_type(
            type_spec)
        if (py_typecheck.is_named_tuple(container_type) or
            py_typecheck.is_attrs(container_type)):
          output = container_type(**dict(element_outputs))
        elif named:
          output = container_type(element_outputs)
        else:
          output = container_type(
              e if e[0] is not None else e[1] for e in element_outputs)
      return output
    else:
      raise ValueError('Unsupported type {}.'.format(
          py_typecheck.type_string(type(type_spec))))
  
  
  def type_from_tensors(tensors):
    """Builds a `tff.Type` from supplied tensors.
  
    Args:
      tensors: A nested structure of tensors.
  
    Returns:
      The nested TensorType structure.
    """
  
    def _mapping_fn(x):
      if not tf.is_tensor(x):
        x = tf.convert_to_tensor(x)
      return computation_types.TensorType(x.dtype.base_dtype, x.shape)
  
    if isinstance(tensors, anonymous_tuple.AnonymousTuple):
      return computation_types.to_type(
          anonymous_tuple.map_structure(_mapping_fn, tensors))
    else:
      return computation_types.to_type(
          tf.nest.map_structure(_mapping_fn, tensors))
  
  
  def type_to_py_container(value, type_spec):
    """Recursively convert `AnonymousTuple`s to Python containers.
  
    This is in some sense the inverse operation to
    `anonymous_tuple.from_container`.
  
    Args:
      value: An `AnonymousTuple`, in which case this method recurses, replacing
        all `AnonymousTuple`s with the appropriate Python containers if possible
        (and keeping AnonymousTuple otherwise); or some other value, in which case
        that value is returned unmodified immediately (terminating the recursion).
      type_spec: The `tff.Type` to which value should conform, possibly including
        `NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType`.
  
    Returns:
      The input value, with containers converted to appropriate Python
      containers as specified by the `type_spec`.
  
    Raises:
      ValueError: If the conversion is not possible due to a mix of named
        and unnamed values.
    """
    if not isinstance(value, anonymous_tuple.AnonymousTuple):
      return value
  
    anon_tuple = value
    if isinstance(type_spec, computation_types.FederatedType):
      structure_type_spec = type_spec.member
    else:
      structure_type_spec = type_spec
    py_typecheck.check_type(structure_type_spec, computation_types.NamedTupleType)
  
    def is_container_type_without_names(container_type):
      return (issubclass(container_type, (list, tuple)) and
              not py_typecheck.is_named_tuple(container_type))
  
    def is_container_type_with_names(container_type):
      return (py_typecheck.is_named_tuple(container_type) or
              py_typecheck.is_attrs(container_type) or
              issubclass(container_type, dict))
  
    if isinstance(structure_type_spec,
                  computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType):
      container_type = (
          computation_types.NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType.get_container_type(
              structure_type_spec))
      container_is_anon_tuple = False
    else:
      # TODO(b/133228705): Consider requiring NamedTupleTypeWithPyContainerType.
      container_is_anon_tuple = True
      container_type = anonymous_tuple.AnonymousTuple
  
    # Avoid projecting the AnonymousTuple into a Python container that is not
    # supported.
    if not container_is_anon_tuple:
      num_named_elements = len(dir(anon_tuple))
      num_unnamed_elements = len(anon_tuple) - num_named_elements
      if num_named_elements > 0 and num_unnamed_elements > 0:
        raise ValueError('Cannot represent value {} with container type {}, '
                         'because value contains a mix of named and unnamed '
                         'elements.'.format(anon_tuple, container_type))
      if (num_named_elements > 0 and
          is_container_type_without_names(container_type)):
        # Note: This could be relaxed in some cases if needed.
        raise ValueError(
            'Cannot represent value {} with named elements '
            'using container type {} which does not support names.'.format(
                anon_tuple, container_type))
      if (num_unnamed_elements > 0 and
          is_container_type_with_names(container_type)):
        # Note: This could be relaxed in some cases if needed.
        raise ValueError('Cannot represent value {} with unnamed elements '
                         'with container type {} which requires names.'.format(
                             anon_tuple, container_type))
  
    elements = []
    for index, (elem_name, elem_type) in enumerate(
        anonymous_tuple.iter_elements(structure_type_spec)):
      value = type_to_py_container(anon_tuple[index], elem_type)
  
      if elem_name is None and not container_is_anon_tuple:
        elements.append(value)
      else:
        elements.append((elem_name, value))
  
    if (py_typecheck.is_named_tuple(container_type) or
        py_typecheck.is_attrs(container_type)):
      # The namedtuple and attr.s class constructors cannot interpret a list of
      # (name, value) tuples; instead call constructor using kwargs. Note
      # that these classes already define an order of names internally,
      # so order does not matter.
      return container_type(**dict(elements))
    else:
      # E.g., tuple and list when elements only has values,
      # but also dict, OrderedDict, or AnonymousTuple when
      # elements has (name, value) tuples.
      return container_type(elements)
  
  
  def type_to_non_all_equal(type_spec):
    """Constructs a non-`all_equal` version of the federated type `type_spec`.
  
    Args:
      type_spec: An instance of `tff.FederatedType`.
  
    Returns:
      A federated type with the same member and placement, but `all_equal=False`.
    """
    py_typecheck.check_type(type_spec, computation_types.FederatedType)
    return computation_types.FederatedType(
        type_spec.member, type_spec.placement, all_equal=False)
  