text: # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
  
  """
  The MIT License (MIT)
  
  Copyright (c) 2015-2020 Rapptz
  
  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
  copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
  to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
  the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
  and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
  Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
  all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  
  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
  OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
  FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
  DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  """
  
  import array
  import asyncio
  import collections.abc
  import unicodedata
  from base64 import b64encode
  from bisect import bisect_left
  import datetime
  from email.utils import parsedate_to_datetime
  import functools
  from inspect import isawaitable as _isawaitable
  from operator import attrgetter
  import json
  import re
  import warnings
  
  from .errors import InvalidArgument
  from .object import Object
  
  DISCORD_EPOCH = 1420070400000
  MAX_ASYNCIO_SECONDS = 3456000
  
  class cached_property:
      def __init__(self, function):
          self.function = function
          self.__doc__ = getattr(function, '__doc__')
  
      def __get__(self, instance, owner):
          if instance is None:
              return self
  
          value = self.function(instance)
          setattr(instance, self.function.__name__, value)
  
          return value
  
  class CachedSlotProperty:
      def __init__(self, name, function):
          self.name = name
          self.function = function
          self.__doc__ = getattr(function, '__doc__')
  
      def __get__(self, instance, owner):
          if instance is None:
              return self
  
          try:
              return getattr(instance, self.name)
          except AttributeError:
              value = self.function(instance)
              setattr(instance, self.name, value)
              return value
  
  def cached_slot_property(name):
      def decorator(func):
          return CachedSlotProperty(name, func)
      return decorator
  
  class SequenceProxy(collections.abc.Sequence):
      """Read-only proxy of a Sequence."""
      def __init__(self, proxied):
          self.__proxied = proxied
  
      def __getitem__(self, idx):
          return self.__proxied[idx]
  
      def __len__(self):
          return len(self.__proxied)
  
      def __contains__(self, item):
          return item in self.__proxied
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return iter(self.__proxied)
  
      def __reversed__(self):
          return reversed(self.__proxied)
  
      def index(self, value, *args, **kwargs):
          return self.__proxied.index(value, *args, **kwargs)
  
      def count(self, value):
          return self.__proxied.count(value)
  
  def parse_time(timestamp):
      if timestamp:
          return datetime.datetime(*map(int, re.split(r'[^\d]', timestamp.replace('+00:00', ''))))
      return None
  
  def deprecated(instead=None):
      def actual_decorator(func):
          @functools.wraps(func)
          def decorated(*args, **kwargs):
              warnings.simplefilter('always', DeprecationWarning) # turn off filter
              if instead:
                  fmt = "{0.__name__} is deprecated, use {1} instead."
              else:
                  fmt = '{0.__name__} is deprecated.'
  
              warnings.warn(fmt.format(func, instead), stacklevel=3, category=DeprecationWarning)
              warnings.simplefilter('default', DeprecationWarning) # reset filter
              return func(*args, **kwargs)
          return decorated
      return actual_decorator
  
  def oauth_url(client_id, permissions=None, guild=None, redirect_uri=None):
      """A helper function that returns the OAuth2 URL for inviting the bot
      into guilds.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      client_id: :class:`str`
          The client ID for your bot.
      permissions: :class:`~discord.Permissions`
          The permissions you're requesting. If not given then you won't be requesting any
          permissions.
      guild: :class:`~discord.Guild`
          The guild to pre-select in the authorization screen, if available.
      redirect_uri: :class:`str`
          An optional valid redirect URI.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The OAuth2 URL for inviting the bot into guilds.
      """
      url = 'https://discord.com/oauth2/authorize?client_id={}&scope=bot'.format(client_id)
      if permissions is not None:
          url = url + '&permissions=' + str(permissions.value)
      if guild is not None:
          url = url + "&guild_id=" + str(guild.id)
      if redirect_uri is not None:
          from urllib.parse import urlencode
          url = url + "&response_type=code&" + urlencode({'redirect_uri': redirect_uri})
      return url
  
  
  def snowflake_time(id):
      """
      Parameters
      -----------
      id: :class:`int`
          The snowflake ID.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`datetime.datetime`
          The creation date in UTC of a Discord snowflake ID."""
      return datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(((id >> 22) + DISCORD_EPOCH) / 1000)
  
  def time_snowflake(datetime_obj, high=False):
      """Returns a numeric snowflake pretending to be created at the given date.
  
      When using as the lower end of a range, use ``time_snowflake(high=False) - 1`` to be inclusive, ``high=True`` to be exclusive
      When using as the higher end of a range, use ``time_snowflake(high=True)`` + 1 to be inclusive, ``high=False`` to be exclusive
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      datetime_obj: :class:`datetime.datetime`
          A timezone-naive datetime object representing UTC time.
      high: :class:`bool`
          Whether or not to set the lower 22 bit to high or low.
      """
      unix_seconds = (datetime_obj - type(datetime_obj)(1970, 1, 1)).total_seconds()
      discord_millis = int(unix_seconds * 1000 - DISCORD_EPOCH)
  
      return (discord_millis << 22) + (2**22-1 if high else 0)
  
  def find(predicate, seq):
      """A helper to return the first element found in the sequence
      that meets the predicate. For example: ::
  
          member = discord.utils.find(lambda m: m.name == 'Mighty', channel.guild.members)
  
      would find the first :class:`~discord.Member` whose name is 'Mighty' and return it.
      If an entry is not found, then ``None`` is returned.
  
      This is different from :func:`py:filter` due to the fact it stops the moment it finds
      a valid entry.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      predicate
          A function that returns a boolean-like result.
      seq: iterable
          The iterable to search through.
      """
  
      for element in seq:
          if predicate(element):
              return element
      return None
  
  def get(iterable, **attrs):
      r"""A helper that returns the first element in the iterable that meets
      all the traits passed in ``attrs``. This is an alternative for
      :func:`~discord.utils.find`.
  
      When multiple attributes are specified, they are checked using
      logical AND, not logical OR. Meaning they have to meet every
      attribute passed in and not one of them.
  
      To have a nested attribute search (i.e. search by ``x.y``) then
      pass in ``x__y`` as the keyword argument.
  
      If nothing is found that matches the attributes passed, then
      ``None`` is returned.
  
      Examples
      ---------
  
      Basic usage:
  
      .. code-block:: python3
  
          member = discord.utils.get(message.guild.members, name='Foo')
  
      Multiple attribute matching:
  
      .. code-block:: python3
  
          channel = discord.utils.get(guild.voice_channels, name='Foo', bitrate=64000)
  
      Nested attribute matching:
  
      .. code-block:: python3
  
          channel = discord.utils.get(client.get_all_channels(), guild__name='Cool', name='general')
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      iterable
          An iterable to search through.
      \*\*attrs
          Keyword arguments that denote attributes to search with.
      """
  
      # global -> local
      _all = all
      attrget = attrgetter
  
      # Special case the single element call
      if len(attrs) == 1:
          k, v = attrs.popitem()
          pred = attrget(k.replace('__', '.'))
          for elem in iterable:
              if pred(elem) == v:
                  return elem
          return None
  
      converted = [
          (attrget(attr.replace('__', '.')), value)
          for attr, value in attrs.items()
      ]
  
      for elem in iterable:
          if _all(pred(elem) == value for pred, value in converted):
              return elem
      return None
  
  def _unique(iterable):
      seen = set()
      adder = seen.add
      return [x for x in iterable if not (x in seen or adder(x))]
  
  def _get_as_snowflake(data, key):
      try:
          value = data[key]
      except KeyError:
          return None
      else:
          return value and int(value)
  
  def _get_mime_type_for_image(data):
      if data.startswith(b'\x89\x50\x4E\x47\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A'):
          return 'image/png'
      elif data[0:3] == b'\xff\xd8\xff' or data[6:10] in (b'JFIF', b'Exif'):
          return 'image/jpeg'
      elif data.startswith((b'\x47\x49\x46\x38\x37\x61', b'\x47\x49\x46\x38\x39\x61')):
          return 'image/gif'
      elif data.startswith(b'RIFF') and data[8:12] == b'WEBP':
          return 'image/webp'
      else:
          raise InvalidArgument('Unsupported image type given')
  
  def _bytes_to_base64_data(data):
      fmt = 'data:{mime};base64,{data}'
      mime = _get_mime_type_for_image(data)
      b64 = b64encode(data).decode('ascii')
      return fmt.format(mime=mime, data=b64)
  
  def to_json(obj):
      return json.dumps(obj, separators=(',', ':'), ensure_ascii=True)
  
  def _parse_ratelimit_header(request, *, use_clock=False):
      reset_after = request.headers.get('X-Ratelimit-Reset-After')
      if use_clock or not reset_after:
          utc = datetime.timezone.utc
          now = datetime.datetime.now(utc)
          reset = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(float(request.headers['X-Ratelimit-Reset']), utc)
          return (reset - now).total_seconds()
      else:
          return float(reset_after)
  
  async def maybe_coroutine(f, *args, **kwargs):
      value = f(*args, **kwargs)
      if _isawaitable(value):
          return await value
      else:
          return value
  
  async def async_all(gen, *, check=_isawaitable):
      for elem in gen:
          if check(elem):
              elem = await elem
          if not elem:
              return False
      return True
  
  async def sane_wait_for(futures, *, timeout):
      ensured = [
          asyncio.ensure_future(fut) for fut in futures
      ]
      done, pending = await asyncio.wait(ensured, timeout=timeout, return_when=asyncio.ALL_COMPLETED)
  
      if len(pending) != 0:
          raise asyncio.TimeoutError()
  
      return done
  
  async def sleep_until(when, result=None):
      """|coro|
  
      Sleep until a specified time.
  
      If the time supplied is in the past this function will yield instantly.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.3
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      when: :class:`datetime.datetime`
          The timestamp in which to sleep until. If the datetime is naive then
          it is assumed to be in UTC.
      result: Any
          If provided is returned to the caller when the coroutine completes.
      """
      if when.tzinfo is None:
          when = when.replace(tzinfo=datetime.timezone.utc)
      now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
      delta = (when - now).total_seconds()
      while delta > MAX_ASYNCIO_SECONDS:
          await asyncio.sleep(MAX_ASYNCIO_SECONDS)
          delta -= MAX_ASYNCIO_SECONDS
      return await asyncio.sleep(max(delta, 0), result)
  
  def valid_icon_size(size):
      """Icons must be power of 2 within [16, 4096]."""
      return not size & (size - 1) and size in range(16, 4097)
  
  class SnowflakeList(array.array):
      """Internal data storage class to efficiently store a list of snowflakes.
  
      This should have the following characteristics:
  
      - Low memory usage
      - O(n) iteration (obviously)
      - O(n log n) initial creation if data is unsorted
      - O(log n) search and indexing
      - O(n) insertion
      """
  
      __slots__ = ()
  
      def __new__(cls, data, *, is_sorted=False):
          return array.array.__new__(cls, 'Q', data if is_sorted else sorted(data))
  
      def add(self, element):
          i = bisect_left(self, element)
          self.insert(i, element)
  
      def get(self, element):
          i = bisect_left(self, element)
          return self[i] if i != len(self) and self[i] == element else None
  
      def has(self, element):
          i = bisect_left(self, element)
          return i != len(self) and self[i] == element
  
  _IS_ASCII = re.compile(r'^[\x00-\x7f]+$')
  
  def _string_width(string, *, _IS_ASCII=_IS_ASCII):
      """Returns string's width."""
      match = _IS_ASCII.match(string)
      if match:
          return match.endpos
  
      UNICODE_WIDE_CHAR_TYPE = 'WFA'
      width = 0
      func = unicodedata.east_asian_width
      for char in string:
          width += 2 if func(char) in UNICODE_WIDE_CHAR_TYPE else 1
      return width
  
  def resolve_invite(invite):
      """
      Resolves an invite from a :class:`~discord.Invite`, URL or code.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      invite: Union[:class:`~discord.Invite`, :class:`str`]
          The invite.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The invite code.
      """
      from .invite import Invite  # circular import
      if isinstance(invite, Invite):
          return invite.code
      else:
          rx = r'(?:https?\:\/\/)?discord(?:\.gg|(?:app)?\.com\/invite)\/(.+)'
          m = re.match(rx, invite)
          if m:
              return m.group(1)
      return invite
  
  def resolve_template(code):
      """
      Resolves a template code from a :class:`~discord.Template`, URL or code.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.4
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      code: Union[:class:`~discord.Template`, :class:`str`]
          The code.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The template code.
      """
      from .template import Template # circular import
      if isinstance(code, Template):
          return code.code
      else:
          rx = r'(?:https?\:\/\/)?discord(?:\.new|(?:app)?\.com\/template)\/(.+)'
          m = re.match(rx, code)
          if m:
              return m.group(1)
      return code
  
  _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_SUBREGEX = '|'.join(r'\{0}(?=([\s\S]*((?<!\{0})\{0})))'.format(c)
                                       for c in ('*', '`', '_', '~', '|'))
  
  _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_COMMON = r'^>(?:>>)?\s|\[.+\]\(.+\)'
  
  _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_REGEX = re.compile(r'(?P<markdown>%s|%s)' % (_MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_SUBREGEX, _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_COMMON), re.MULTILINE)
  
  def escape_markdown(text, *, as_needed=False, ignore_links=True):
      r"""A helper function that escapes Discord's markdown.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      text: :class:`str`
          The text to escape markdown from.
      as_needed: :class:`bool`
          Whether to escape the markdown characters as needed. This
          means that it does not escape extraneous characters if it's
          not necessary, e.g. ``**hello**`` is escaped into ``\*\*hello**``
          instead of ``\*\*hello\*\*``. Note however that this can open
          you up to some clever syntax abuse. Defaults to ``False``.
      ignore_links: :class:`bool`
          Whether to leave links alone when escaping markdown. For example,
          if a URL in the text contains characters such as ``_`` then it will
          be left alone. This option is not supported with ``as_needed``.
          Defaults to ``True``.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The text with the markdown special characters escaped with a slash.
      """
  
      if not as_needed:
          url_regex = r'(?P<url><[^: >]+:\/[^ >]+>|(?:https?|steam):\/\/[^\s<]+[^<.,:;\"\'\]\s])'
          def replacement(match):
              groupdict = match.groupdict()
              is_url = groupdict.get('url')
              if is_url:
                  return is_url
              return '\\' + groupdict['markdown']
  
          regex = r'(?P<markdown>[_\\~|\*`]|%s)' % _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_COMMON
          if ignore_links:
              regex = '(?:%s|%s)' % (url_regex, regex)
          return re.sub(regex, replacement, text, 0, re.MULTILINE)
      else:
          text = re.sub(r'\\', r'\\\\', text)
          return _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_REGEX.sub(r'\\\1', text)
  
  def escape_mentions(text):
      """A helper function that escapes everyone, here, role, and user mentions.
  
      .. note::
  
          This does not include channel mentions.
  
      .. note::
  
          For more granular control over what mentions should be escaped
          within messages, refer to the :class:`~discord.AllowedMentions`
          class.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      text: :class:`str`
          The text to escape mentions from.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The text with the mentions removed.
      """
      return re.sub(r'@(everyone|here|[!&]?[0-9]{17,21})', '@\u200b\\1', text)
  