text: 
  '''
  Module implementing the C++ "standalone" device.
  '''
  import os
  import shutil
  import subprocess
  import sys
  import inspect
  import struct
  from collections import defaultdict, Counter
  import itertools
  import numbers
  import tempfile
  from distutils import ccompiler
  
  import numpy as np
  
  import brian2
  from brian2.codegen.codeobject import check_compiler_kwds
  from brian2.codegen.cpp_prefs import get_compiler_and_args, get_msvc_env
  from brian2.core.network import Network
  from brian2.devices.device import Device, all_devices, set_device, reset_device
  from brian2.core.functions import Function
  from brian2.core.base import BrianObject
  from brian2.core.variables import *
  from brian2.core.namespace import get_local_namespace
  from brian2.groups.group import Group
  from brian2.parsing.rendering import CPPNodeRenderer
  from brian2.synapses.synapses import Synapses
  from brian2.core.preferences import prefs, BrianPreference
  from brian2.utils.filetools import copy_directory, ensure_directory, in_directory
  from brian2.utils.stringtools import word_substitute
  from brian2.codegen.generators.cpp_generator import c_data_type
  from brian2.units.fundamentalunits import Quantity
  from brian2.units import second
  from brian2.utils.logger import get_logger, std_silent
  
  from .codeobject import CPPStandaloneCodeObject, openmp_pragma
  
  
  __all__ = []
  
  logger = get_logger(__name__)
  
  
  # Preferences
  prefs.register_preferences(
      'devices.cpp_standalone',
      'C++ standalone preferences ',
      openmp_threads=BrianPreference(
          default=0,
          docs='''
          The number of threads to use if OpenMP is turned on. By default, this value is set to 0 and the C++ code
          is generated without any reference to OpenMP. If greater than 0, then the corresponding number of threads
          are used to launch the simulation.
          ''',
          ),
      openmp_spatialneuron_strategy=BrianPreference(
          default=None,
          validator=lambda val: val in [None, 'branches', 'systems'],
          docs='''
          DEPRECATED. Previously used to chose the strategy to parallelize the
          solution of the three tridiagonal systems for multicompartmental
          neurons. Now, its value is ignored.
          '''
          ),
      make_cmd_unix=BrianPreference(
          default='make',
          docs='''
          The make command used to compile the standalone project. Defaults to the
          standard GNU make commane "make".'''
          ),
      run_cmd_unix=BrianPreference(
          default='./main',
          validator=lambda val: isinstance(val, str) or isinstance(val, list),
          docs='''
          The command used to run the compiled standalone project. Defaults to executing
          the compiled binary with "./main". Must be a single binary as string or a list
          of command arguments (e.g. ["./binary", "--key", "value"]).
          '''
          ),
      extra_make_args_unix=BrianPreference(
          default=['-j'],
          docs='''
          Additional flags to pass to the GNU make command on Linux/OS-X.
          Defaults to "-j" for parallel compilation.'''
          ),
      extra_make_args_windows=BrianPreference(
          default=[],
          docs='''
          Additional flags to pass to the nmake command on Windows. By default, no
          additional flags are passed.
          '''
          ),
      run_environment_variables=BrianPreference(
          default={'LD_BIND_NOW': '1'},
          docs='''
          Dictionary of environment variables and their values that will be set
          during the execution of the standalone code.
          '''
          )
      )
  
  
  class CPPWriter(object):
      def __init__(self, project_dir):
          self.project_dir = project_dir
          self.source_files = set()
          self.header_files = set()
          
      def write(self, filename, contents):
          logger.diagnostic('Writing file %s:\n%s' % (filename, contents))
          if filename.lower().endswith('.cpp') or filename.lower().endswith('.c'):
              self.source_files.add(filename)
          elif filename.lower().endswith('.h'):
              self.header_files.add(filename)
          elif filename.endswith('.*'):
              self.write(filename[:-1]+'cpp', contents.cpp_file)
              self.write(filename[:-1]+'h', contents.h_file)
              return
          fullfilename = os.path.join(self.project_dir, filename)
          if os.path.exists(fullfilename):
              with open(fullfilename, 'r') as f:
                  if f.read()==contents:
                      return
          with open(fullfilename, 'w') as f:
              f.write(contents)
  
  
  def invert_dict(x):
      return dict((v, k) for k, v in x.items())
  
  
  class CPPStandaloneDevice(Device):
      '''
      The `Device` used for C++ standalone simulations.
      '''
  
      def __init__(self):
          super(CPPStandaloneDevice, self).__init__()
          #: Dictionary mapping `ArrayVariable` objects to their globally
          #: unique name
          self.arrays = {}
          #: Dictionary mapping `ArrayVariable` objects to their value or to
          #: ``None`` if the value (potentially) depends on executed code. This
          #: mechanism allows to access state variables in standalone mode if
          #: their value is known at run time
          self.array_cache = {}
          #: List of all dynamic arrays
          #: Dictionary mapping `DynamicArrayVariable` objects with 1 dimension to
          #: their globally unique name
          self.dynamic_arrays = {}
          #: Dictionary mapping `DynamicArrayVariable` objects with 2 dimensions
          #: to their globally unique name
          self.dynamic_arrays_2d = {}
          #: List of all arrays to be filled with zeros (list of (var, varname) )
          self.zero_arrays = []
          #: List of all arrays to be filled with numbers (list of
          #: (var, varname, start) tuples
          self.arange_arrays = []
          #: Set of all existing synapses
          self.synapses = set()
          #: Whether the simulation has been run
          self.has_been_run = False
  
          #: Whether a run should trigger a build
          self.build_on_run = False
  
          #: build options
          self.build_options = None
  
          #: The directory which contains the generated code and results
          self.project_dir = None
  
          #: Whether to generate profiling information (stored in an instance
          #: variable to be accessible during CodeObject generation)
          self.enable_profiling = False
  
          #: CodeObjects that use profiling (users can potentially enable
          #: profiling only for a subset of runs)
          self.profiled_codeobjects = []
  
          #: Dict of all static saved arrays
          self.static_arrays = {}
  
          self.code_objects = {}
          self.main_queue = []
          self.runfuncs = {}
          self.networks = set()
          self.static_array_specs = []
          self.report_func = ''
  
          #: Code lines that have been manually added with `device.insert_code`
          #: Dictionary mapping slot names to lists of lines.
          #: Note that the main slot is handled separately as part of `main_queue`
          self.code_lines = {'before_start': [],
                             'after_start': [],
                             'before_end': [],
                             'after_end': []}
  
          self.clocks = set([])
  
          self.extra_compile_args = []
          self.define_macros = []
          self.headers = []
          self.include_dirs = ['brianlib/randomkit']
          self.library_dirs = ['brianlib/randomkit']
          self.runtime_library_dirs = []
          self.run_environment_variables = {}
          if sys.platform.startswith('darwin'):
              if 'DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH' in os.environ:
                  dyld_library_path = (os.environ['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'] + ':' +
                                       os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'lib'))
              else:
                  dyld_library_path = os.path.join(sys.prefix, 'lib')
              self.run_environment_variables['DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH'] = dyld_library_path
          self.libraries = []
          if sys.platform == 'win32':
              self.libraries += ['advapi32']
          self.extra_link_args = []
          self.writer = None
  
      def reinit(self):
          # Remember the build_on_run setting and its options -- important during
          # testing
          build_on_run = self.build_on_run
          build_options = self.build_options
          self.__init__()
          super(CPPStandaloneDevice, self).reinit()
          self.build_on_run = build_on_run
          self.build_options = build_options
  
      def spike_queue(self, source_start, source_end):
          return None  # handled differently
  
      def freeze(self, code, ns):
          # TODO: Remove this function at some point
          logger.warn('The CPPStandaloneDevice.freeze function should no longer '
                      'be used, add constant definitions directly to the '
                      'code in the "CONSTANTS" section instead.',
                      name_suffix='deprecated_freeze_use', once=True)
          # this is a bit of a hack, it should be passed to the template somehow
          for k, v in ns.items():
              if (isinstance(v, Variable) and
                    v.scalar and v.constant and v.read_only):
                  try:
                      v = v.get_value()
                  except NotImplementedError:
                      continue
              if isinstance(v, str):
                  code = word_substitute(code, {k: v})
              elif isinstance(v, numbers.Number):
                  # Use a renderer to correctly transform constants such as True or inf
                  renderer = CPPNodeRenderer()
                  string_value = renderer.render_expr(repr(v))
                  if (prefs.core.default_float_dtype == np.float32 and
                          isinstance(v, (float, np.float32, np.float64))):
                      string_value += 'f'
                  if v < 0:
                      string_value = '(%s)' % string_value
                  code = word_substitute(code, {k: string_value})
              else:
                  pass  # don't deal with this object
          return code
  
      def insert_code(self, slot, code):
          '''
          Insert code directly into main.cpp
          '''
          if slot == 'main':
              self.main_queue.append(('insert_code', code))
          elif slot in self.code_lines:
              self.code_lines[slot].append(code)
          else:
              logger.warn("Ignoring device code, unknown slot: %s, code: %s" % (slot, code))
              
      def static_array(self, name, arr):
          arr = np.atleast_1d(arr)
          assert len(arr), 'length for %s: %d' % (name, len(arr))
          name = '_static_array_' + name
          basename = name
          i = 0
          while name in self.static_arrays:
              i += 1
              name = basename+'_'+str(i)
          self.static_arrays[name] = arr.copy()
          return name
  
      def get_array_name(self, var, access_data=True):
          '''
          Return a globally unique name for `var`.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          access_data : bool, optional
              For `DynamicArrayVariable` objects, specifying `True` here means the
              name for the underlying data is returned. If specifying `False`,
              the name of object itself is returned (e.g. to allow resizing).
          '''
          if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
              if access_data:
                  return self.arrays[var]
              elif var.ndim == 1:
                  return self.dynamic_arrays[var]
              else:
                  return self.dynamic_arrays_2d[var]
          elif isinstance(var, ArrayVariable):
              return self.arrays[var]
          else:
              raise TypeError(('Do not have a name for variable of type '
                               '%s') % type(var))
  
      def get_array_filename(self, var, basedir='results'):
          '''
          Return a file name for a variable.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          var : `ArrayVariable`
              The variable to get a filename for.
          basedir : str
              The base directory for the filename, defaults to ``'results'``.
          Returns
          -------
          filename : str
              A filename of the form
              ``'results/'+varname+'_'+str(hash(varname))``, where varname is the
              name returned by `get_array_name`.
  
          Notes
          -----
          The reason that the filename is not simply ``'results/' + varname`` is
          that this could lead to file names that are not unique in file systems
          that are not case sensitive (e.g. on Windows).
          '''
          varname = self.get_array_name(var, access_data=False)
          return os.path.join(basedir, varname + '_' + str(hash(varname)))
  
      def add_array(self, var):
          # Note that a dynamic array variable is added to both the arrays and
          # the _dynamic_array dictionary
          if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
              # The code below is slightly more complicated than just looking
              # for a unique name as above for static_array, the name has
              # potentially to be unique for more than one dictionary, with
              # different prefixes. This is because dynamic arrays are added to
              # a ``dynamic_arrays`` dictionary (with a `_dynamic` prefix) and to
              # the general ``arrays`` dictionary. We want to make sure that we
              # use the same name in the two dictionaries, not for example
              # ``_dynamic_array_source_name_2`` and ``_array_source_name_1``
              # (this would work fine, but it would make the code harder to read).
              orig_dynamic_name = dynamic_name = '_dynamic_array_%s_%s' % (var.owner.name, var.name)
              orig_array_name = array_name = '_array_%s_%s' % (var.owner.name, var.name)
              suffix = 0
  
              if var.ndim == 1:
                  dynamic_dict = self.dynamic_arrays
              elif var.ndim == 2:
                  dynamic_dict = self.dynamic_arrays_2d
              else:
                  raise AssertionError(('Did not expect a dynamic array with %d '
                                        'dimensions.') % var.ndim)
              while (dynamic_name in dynamic_dict.values() or
                     array_name in self.arrays.values()):
                  suffix += 1
                  dynamic_name = orig_dynamic_name + '_%d' % suffix
                  array_name = orig_array_name + '_%d' % suffix
              dynamic_dict[var] = dynamic_name
              self.arrays[var] = array_name
          else:
              orig_array_name = array_name = '_array_%s_%s' % (var.owner.name, var.name)
              suffix = 0
              while array_name in self.arrays.values():
                  suffix += 1
                  array_name = orig_array_name + '_%d' % suffix
              self.arrays[var] = array_name
  
      def init_with_zeros(self, var, dtype):
          if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
              varname = '_dynamic' + self.arrays[var]
          else:
              varname = self.arrays[var]
          self.zero_arrays.append((var, varname))
          self.array_cache[var] = np.zeros(var.size, dtype=dtype)
  
      def init_with_arange(self, var, start, dtype):
          if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
              varname = '_dynamic' + self.arrays[var]
          else:
              varname = self.arrays[var]
          self.arange_arrays.append((var, varname, start))
          self.array_cache[var] = np.arange(0, var.size, dtype=dtype) + start
  
      def fill_with_array(self, var, arr):
          arr = np.asarray(arr)
          if arr.size == 0:
              return  # nothing to do
          array_name = self.get_array_name(var, access_data=False)
          if isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable):
              # We can never be sure about the size of a dynamic array, so
              # we can't do correct broadcasting. Therefore, we do not cache
              # them at all for now.
              self.array_cache[var] = None
          else:
              new_arr = np.empty(var.size, dtype=var.dtype)
              new_arr[:] = arr
              self.array_cache[var] = new_arr
  
          if arr.size == 1:
              if var.size == 1:
                  value = CPPNodeRenderer().render_expr(repr(arr.item(0)))
                  # For a single assignment, generate a code line instead of storing the array
                  self.main_queue.append(('set_by_single_value', (array_name,
                                                                  0,
                                                                  value)))
              else:
                  self.main_queue.append(('set_by_constant', (array_name,
                                                              arr.item(),
                                                              isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable))))
          else:
              # Using the std::vector instead of a pointer to the underlying
              # data for dynamic arrays is fast enough here and it saves us some
              # additional work to set up the pointer
              static_array_name = self.static_array(array_name, arr)
              self.main_queue.append(('set_by_array', (array_name,
                                                       static_array_name,
                                                       isinstance(var, DynamicArrayVariable))))
  
      def resize(self, var, new_size):
          array_name = self.get_array_name(var, access_data=False)
          self.main_queue.append(('resize_array', (array_name, new_size)))
  
      def variableview_set_with_index_array(self, variableview, item,
                                            value, check_units):
          if isinstance(item, slice) and item == slice(None):
              item = 'True'
          value = Quantity(value)
  
          if (isinstance(item, int) or (isinstance(item, np.ndarray) and item.shape==())) and value.size == 1:
              array_name = self.get_array_name(variableview.variable, access_data=False)
              value_str = CPPNodeRenderer().render_expr(repr(np.asarray(value).item(0)))
              if self.array_cache.get(variableview.variable, None) is not None:
                  self.array_cache[variableview.variable][item] = value
              # For a single assignment, generate a code line instead of storing the array
              self.main_queue.append(('set_by_single_value', (array_name,
                                                              item,
                                                              value_str)))
          # Simple case where we don't have to do any indexing
          elif (item == 'True' and variableview.index_var in ('_idx', '0')):
              self.fill_with_array(variableview.variable, value)
          else:
              # We have to calculate indices. This will not work for synaptic
              # variables
              try:
                  indices = np.asarray(variableview.indexing(item,
                                                             index_var=variableview.index_var))
              except NotImplementedError:
                  raise NotImplementedError(('Cannot set variable "%s" this way in '
                                             'standalone, try using string '
                                             'expressions.') % variableview.name)
              # Using the std::vector instead of a pointer to the underlying
              # data for dynamic arrays is fast enough here and it saves us some
              # additional work to set up the pointer
              arrayname = self.get_array_name(variableview.variable,
                                              access_data=False)
              if (indices.shape != () and
                      (value.shape == () or
                           (value.size == 1 and indices.size > 1))):
                  value = np.repeat(value, indices.size)
              elif (value.shape != indices.shape and len(value) != len(indices)):
                  raise ValueError(('Provided values do not match the size '
                                    'of the indices, '
                                    '%d != %d.') % (len(value),
                                                    len(indices)))
  
              staticarrayname_index = self.static_array('_index_'+arrayname,
                                                        indices)
              staticarrayname_value = self.static_array('_value_'+arrayname,
                                                        value)
              self.array_cache[variableview.variable] = None
              self.main_queue.append(('set_array_by_array', (arrayname,
                                                             staticarrayname_index,
                                                             staticarrayname_value)))
  
      def get_value(self, var, access_data=True):
          # Usually, we cannot retrieve the values of state variables in
          # standalone scripts since their values might depend on the evaluation
          # of expressions at runtime. For some variables we do know the value
          # however (values that have been set with explicit values and not
          # changed in code objects)
          if self.array_cache.get(var, None) is not None:
              return self.array_cache[var]
          else:
              # After the network has been run, we can retrieve the values from
              # disk
              if self.has_been_run:
                  dtype = var.dtype
                  fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir,
                                       self.get_array_filename(var))
                  with open(fname, 'rb') as f:
                      data = np.fromfile(f, dtype=dtype)
                  # This is a bit of an heuristic, but our 2d dynamic arrays are
                  # only expanding in one dimension, we assume here that the
                  # other dimension has size 0 at the beginning
                  if isinstance(var.size, tuple) and len(var.size) == 2:
                      if var.size[0] * var.size[1] == len(data):
                          size = var.size
                      elif var.size[0] == 0:
                          size = (len(data)//var.size[1], var.size[1])
                      elif var.size[1] == 0:
                          size = (var.size[0], len(data)//var.size[0])
                      else:
                          raise IndexError(('Do not now how to deal with 2d '
                                            'array of size %s, the array on disk '
                                            'has length %d') % (str(var.size),
                                                                len(data)))
  
                      var.size = size
                      return data.reshape(var.size)
                  var.size = len(data)
                  return data
              raise NotImplementedError('Cannot retrieve the values of state '
                                        'variables in standalone code before the '
                                        'simulation has been run.')
  
      def variableview_get_subexpression_with_index_array(self, variableview,
                                                          item,
                                                          run_namespace=None):
          if not self.has_been_run:
              raise NotImplementedError('Cannot retrieve the values of state '
                                        'variables in standalone code before the '
                                        'simulation has been run.')
          # Temporarily switch to the runtime device to evaluate the subexpression
          # (based on the values stored on disk)
          set_device('runtime')
          result = VariableView.get_subexpression_with_index_array(variableview, item,
                                                                   run_namespace=run_namespace)
          reset_device()
          return result
  
      def variableview_get_with_expression(self, variableview, code,
                                           run_namespace=None):
          raise NotImplementedError('Cannot retrieve the values of state '
                                    'variables with string expressions in '
                                    'standalone scripts.')
  
      def code_object_class(self, codeobj_class=None, fallback_pref=None):
          '''
          Return `CodeObject` class (either `CPPStandaloneCodeObject` class or input)
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          codeobj_class : a `CodeObject` class, optional
              If this is keyword is set to None or no arguments are given, this method will return
              the default (`CPPStandaloneCodeObject` class).
          fallback_pref : str, optional
              For the cpp_standalone device this option is ignored.
  
          Returns
          -------
          codeobj_class : class
              The `CodeObject` class that should be used
          '''
          # Ignore the requested pref (used for optimization in runtime)
          if codeobj_class is None:
              return CPPStandaloneCodeObject
          else:
              return codeobj_class
  
      def code_object(self, owner, name, abstract_code, variables, template_name,
                      variable_indices, codeobj_class=None, template_kwds=None,
                      override_conditional_write=None, compiler_kwds=None):
          if compiler_kwds is None:
              compiler_kwds = {}
          check_compiler_kwds(compiler_kwds, ['headers', 'sources',
                                              'define_macros', 'libraries',
                                              'include_dirs', 'library_dirs',
                                              'runtime_library_dirs'],
                              'C++ standalone')
          if template_kwds is None:
              template_kwds = dict()
          else:
              template_kwds = dict(template_kwds)
          # In standalone mode, the only place where we use additional header
          # files is by inserting them into the template
          codeobj_headers = compiler_kwds.get('headers', [])
          template_kwds['user_headers'] = (self.headers +
                                           prefs['codegen.cpp.headers'] +
                                           codeobj_headers)
          template_kwds['profiled'] = self.enable_profiling
          codeobj = super(CPPStandaloneDevice, self).code_object(owner, name, abstract_code, variables,
                                                                 template_name, variable_indices,
                                                                 codeobj_class=codeobj_class,
                                                                 template_kwds=template_kwds,
                                                                 override_conditional_write=override_conditional_write,
                                                                 compiler_kwds=compiler_kwds
                                                                 )
          self.code_objects[codeobj.name] = codeobj
          if self.enable_profiling:
              self.profiled_codeobjects.append(codeobj.name)
  
          # We mark all writeable (i.e. not read-only) variables used by the code
          # as "dirty" to avoid that the cache contains incorrect values. This
          # might remove a number of variables from the cache unnecessarily,
          # since many variables are only read in the code.
          # On the other hand, there are also *read-only* variables that can be
          # changed by code (the "read-only" attribute only refers to the user
          # being able to change values directly). For example, synapse creation
          # write source and target indices, and monitors write the shared values.
          # To correctly mark these values as changed, templates can include a
          # "WRITES_TO_READ_ONLY_VARIABLES" comment, stating the name of the
          # changed variables. For a monitor, this would for example state that
          # the number of recorded values "N" changes. For the recorded variables,
          # however, this information cannot be included in the template because
          # it is up to the user to define which variables are recorded. For such
          # cases, the "owner" object (e.g. a SpikeMonitor) can define a
          # "written_readonly_vars" attribute, storing a set of `Variable` objects
          # that will be changed by the owner's code objects.
          template = getattr(codeobj.templater, template_name)
          written_readonly_vars = ({codeobj.variables[varname]
                                    for varname in template.writes_read_only} |
                                   getattr(owner, 'written_readonly_vars', set()))
          for var in codeobj.variables.values():
              if (isinstance(var, ArrayVariable) and
                      (not var.read_only or var in written_readonly_vars)):
                  self.array_cache[var] = None
  
          return codeobj
  
      def check_openmp_compatible(self, nb_threads):
          if nb_threads > 0:
              logger.warn("OpenMP code is not yet well tested, and may be inaccurate.", "openmp", once=True)
              logger.diagnostic("Using OpenMP with %d threads " % nb_threads)
              if prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_spatialneuron_strategy is not None:
                  logger.warn("The devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_spatialneuron_strategy "
                              "preference is no longer used and will be removed in "
                              "future versions of Brian.", "openmp_spatialneuron_strategy",
                              once=True)
  
      def generate_objects_source(self, writer, arange_arrays, synapses, static_array_specs, networks):
          arr_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.objects(
                          None, None,
                          array_specs=self.arrays,
                          dynamic_array_specs=self.dynamic_arrays,
                          dynamic_array_2d_specs=self.dynamic_arrays_2d,
                          zero_arrays=self.zero_arrays,
                          arange_arrays=arange_arrays,
                          synapses=synapses,
                          clocks=self.clocks,
                          static_array_specs=static_array_specs,
                          networks=networks,
                          get_array_filename=self.get_array_filename,
                          get_array_name=self.get_array_name,
                          profiled_codeobjects=self.profiled_codeobjects,
                          code_objects=list(self.code_objects.values()))
          writer.write('objects.*', arr_tmp)
  
      def generate_main_source(self, writer):
          main_lines = []
          procedures = [('', main_lines)]
          runfuncs = {}
          for func, args in self.main_queue:
              if func=='before_run_code_object':
                  codeobj, = args
                  main_lines.append('_before_run_%s();' % codeobj.name)
              elif func=='run_code_object':
                  codeobj, = args
                  main_lines.append('_run_%s();' % codeobj.name)
              elif func == 'after_run_code_object':
                  codeobj, = args
                  main_lines.append('_after_run_%s();' % codeobj.name)
              elif func=='run_network':
                  net, netcode = args
                  main_lines.extend(netcode)
              elif func=='set_by_constant':
                  arrayname, value, is_dynamic = args
                  size_str = arrayname+'.size()' if is_dynamic else '_num_'+arrayname
                  code = '''
                  {pragma}
                  for(int i=0; i<{size_str}; i++)
                  {{
                      {arrayname}[i] = {value};
                  }}
                  '''.format(arrayname=arrayname, size_str=size_str,
                             value=CPPNodeRenderer().render_expr(repr(value)),
                             pragma=openmp_pragma('static'))
                  main_lines.extend(code.split('\n'))
              elif func=='set_by_array':
                  arrayname, staticarrayname, is_dynamic = args
                  size_str = arrayname+'.size()' if is_dynamic else '_num_'+arrayname
                  code = '''
                  {pragma}
                  for(int i=0; i<{size_str}; i++)
                  {{
                      {arrayname}[i] = {staticarrayname}[i];
                  }}
                  '''.format(arrayname=arrayname, size_str=size_str,
                             staticarrayname=staticarrayname,
                             pragma=openmp_pragma('static'))
                  main_lines.extend(code.split('\n'))
              elif func=='set_by_single_value':
                  arrayname, item, value = args
                  code = '{arrayname}[{item}] = {value};'.format(arrayname=arrayname,
                                                                 item=item,
                                                                 value=value)
                  main_lines.extend([code])
              elif func=='set_array_by_array':
                  arrayname, staticarrayname_index, staticarrayname_value = args
                  code = '''
                  {pragma}
                  for(int i=0; i<_num_{staticarrayname_index}; i++)
                  {{
                      {arrayname}[{staticarrayname_index}[i]] = {staticarrayname_value}[i];
                  }}
                  '''.format(arrayname=arrayname, staticarrayname_index=staticarrayname_index,
                             staticarrayname_value=staticarrayname_value, pragma=openmp_pragma('static'))
                  main_lines.extend(code.split('\n'))
              elif func=='resize_array':
                  array_name, new_size = args
                  main_lines.append("{array_name}.resize({new_size});".format(array_name=array_name,
                                                                              new_size=new_size))
              elif func=='insert_code':
                  main_lines.append(args)
              elif func=='start_run_func':
                  name, include_in_parent = args
                  if include_in_parent:
                      main_lines.append('%s();' % name)
                  main_lines = []
                  procedures.append((name, main_lines))
              elif func=='end_run_func':
                  name, include_in_parent = args
                  name, main_lines = procedures.pop(-1)
                  runfuncs[name] = main_lines
                  name, main_lines = procedures[-1]
              elif func=='seed':
                  seed = args
                  nb_threads = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_threads
                  if nb_threads == 0:  # no OpenMP
                      nb_threads = 1
                  main_lines.append('for (int _i=0; _i<{nb_threads}; _i++)'.format(nb_threads=nb_threads))
                  if seed is None:  # random
                      main_lines.append('    rk_randomseed(brian::_mersenne_twister_states[_i]);')
                  else:
                      main_lines.append('    rk_seed({seed!r}L + _i, brian::_mersenne_twister_states[_i]);'.format(seed=seed))
              else:
                  raise NotImplementedError("Unknown main queue function type "+func)
  
          self.runfuncs = runfuncs
  
          # generate the finalisations
          for codeobj in self.code_objects.values():
              if hasattr(codeobj.code, 'main_finalise'):
                  main_lines.append(codeobj.code.main_finalise)
  
          user_headers = self.headers + prefs['codegen.cpp.headers']
          main_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.main(None, None,
                                                             main_lines=main_lines,
                                                             code_lines=self.code_lines,
                                                             code_objects=list(self.code_objects.values()),
                                                             report_func=self.report_func,
                                                             dt=float(self.defaultclock.dt),
                                                             user_headers=user_headers
                                                             )
          writer.write('main.cpp', main_tmp)
  
      def generate_codeobj_source(self, writer):
          # Generate data for non-constant values
          renderer = CPPNodeRenderer()
          code_object_defs = defaultdict(list)
          for codeobj in self.code_objects.values():
              lines = []
              for k, v in codeobj.variables.items():
                  if isinstance(v, ArrayVariable):
                      try:
                          if isinstance(v, DynamicArrayVariable):
                              if v.ndim == 1:
                                  dyn_array_name = self.dynamic_arrays[v]
                                  array_name = self.arrays[v]
                                  line = '{c_type}* const {array_name} = {dyn_array_name}.empty()? 0 : &{dyn_array_name}[0];'
                                  line = line.format(c_type=c_data_type(v.dtype), array_name=array_name,
                                                     dyn_array_name=dyn_array_name)
                                  lines.append(line)
                                  line = 'const size_t _num{k} = {dyn_array_name}.size();'
                                  line = line.format(k=k, dyn_array_name=dyn_array_name)
                                  lines.append(line)
                          else:
                              lines.append('const size_t _num%s = %s;' % (k, v.size))
                      except TypeError:
                          pass
                  elif isinstance(v, Constant):
                      value = repr(v.value)
                      line = 'const {c_type} {name} = {value};'
                      line = line.format(c_type=c_data_type(v.dtype),
                                         name=k,
                                         value=renderer.render_expr(value))
                      lines.append(line)
              for line in lines:
                  # Sometimes an array is referred to by to different keys in our
                  # dictionary -- make sure to never add a line twice
                  if not line in code_object_defs[codeobj.name]:
                      code_object_defs[codeobj.name].append(line)
  
          # Generate the code objects
          for codeobj in self.code_objects.values():
              ns = codeobj.variables
  
              # Before/after run code
              for block in codeobj.before_after_blocks:
                  cpp_code = getattr(codeobj.code, block + '_cpp_file')
                  cpp_code = cpp_code.replace('%CONSTANTS%', '\n'.join(code_object_defs[codeobj.name]))
                  h_code = getattr(codeobj.code, block + '_h_file')
                  writer.write('code_objects/' + block + '_' + codeobj.name + '.cpp',
                               cpp_code)
                  writer.write('code_objects/' + block + '_' + codeobj.name + '.h',
                               h_code)
  
              # Main code
              code = codeobj.code.cpp_file
              code = code.replace('%CONSTANTS%', '\n'.join(code_object_defs[codeobj.name]))
  
              writer.write('code_objects/'+codeobj.name+'.cpp', code)
              writer.write('code_objects/'+codeobj.name+'.h', codeobj.code.h_file)
  
      def generate_network_source(self, writer, compiler):
          maximum_run_time = self._maximum_run_time
          if maximum_run_time is not None:
              maximum_run_time = float(maximum_run_time)
          network_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.network(None, None, maximum_run_time=maximum_run_time)
          writer.write('network.*', network_tmp)
  
      def generate_synapses_classes_source(self, writer):
          synapses_classes_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.synapses_classes(None, None)
          writer.write('synapses_classes.*', synapses_classes_tmp)
  
      def generate_run_source(self, writer):
          run_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.run(None, None, run_funcs=self.runfuncs,
                                                          code_objects=list(self.code_objects.values()),
                                                          user_headers=self.headers,
                                                          array_specs=self.arrays,
                                                          clocks=self.clocks
                                                          )
          writer.write('run.*', run_tmp)
  
      def generate_makefile(self, writer, compiler, compiler_flags, linker_flags, nb_threads, debug):
          if compiler == 'msvc':
              if nb_threads>1:
                  openmp_flag = '/openmp'
              else:
                  openmp_flag = ''
              if debug:
                  compiler_debug_flags = '/DEBUG /DDEBUG'
                  linker_debug_flags = '/DEBUG'
              else:
                  compiler_debug_flags = ''
                  linker_debug_flags = ''
              # Generate the visual studio makefile
              source_bases = [fname.replace('.cpp', '').replace('.c', '').replace('/', '\\')
                              for fname in sorted(writer.source_files)]
              win_makefile_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.win_makefile(
                  None, None,
                  source_files=sorted(writer.source_files),
                  source_bases=source_bases,
                  compiler_flags=compiler_flags,
                  compiler_debug_flags=compiler_debug_flags,
                  linker_flags=linker_flags,
                  linker_debug_flags=linker_debug_flags,
                  openmp_flag=openmp_flag,
                  )
              writer.write('win_makefile', win_makefile_tmp)
              # write the list of sources
              source_list = ' '.join(source_bases)
              source_list_fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, 'sourcefiles.txt')
              if os.path.exists(source_list_fname):
                  with open(source_list_fname, 'r') as f:
                      if f.read() == source_list:
                          return
              with open(source_list_fname, 'w') as f:
                  f.write(source_list)
          else:
              # Generate the makefile
              if os.name=='nt':
                  rm_cmd = 'del *.o /s\n\tdel main.exe $(DEPS)'
              else:
                  rm_cmd = 'rm $(OBJS) $(PROGRAM) $(DEPS)'
              if debug:
                  compiler_debug_flags = '-g -DDEBUG'
                  linker_debug_flags = '-g'
              else:
                  compiler_debug_flags = ''
                  linker_debug_flags = ''
              makefile_tmp = self.code_object_class().templater.makefile(None, None,
                  source_files=' '.join(sorted(writer.source_files)),
                  header_files=' '.join(sorted(writer.header_files)),
                  compiler_flags=compiler_flags,
                  compiler_debug_flags=compiler_debug_flags,
                  linker_debug_flags=linker_debug_flags,
                  linker_flags=linker_flags,
                  rm_cmd=rm_cmd)
              writer.write('makefile', makefile_tmp)
  
      def copy_source_files(self, writer, directory):
          # Copy the brianlibdirectory
          brianlib_dir = os.path.join(os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(CPPStandaloneCodeObject))[0],
                                      'brianlib')
          brianlib_files = copy_directory(brianlib_dir, os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib'))
          for file in brianlib_files:
              if file.lower().endswith('.cpp'):
                  writer.source_files.add('brianlib/'+file)
              elif file.lower().endswith('.h'):
                  writer.header_files.add('brianlib/'+file)
  
          # Copy the CSpikeQueue implementation
          shutil.copy2(os.path.join(os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(Synapses))[0], 'cspikequeue.cpp'),
                       os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib', 'spikequeue.h'))
          shutil.copy2(os.path.join(os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(Synapses))[0], 'stdint_compat.h'),
                       os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib', 'stdint_compat.h'))
  
          # Copy the RandomKit implementation
          if not os.path.exists(os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib', 'randomkit')):
              os.mkdir(os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib', 'randomkit'))
          shutil.copy2(os.path.join(os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(brian2))[0],
                                    'random', 'randomkit', 'randomkit.c'),
                       os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib', 'randomkit', 'randomkit.c'))
          shutil.copy2(os.path.join(os.path.split(inspect.getsourcefile(brian2))[0],
                                    'random', 'randomkit', 'randomkit.h'),
                       os.path.join(directory, 'brianlib', 'randomkit', 'randomkit.h'))
  
      def _insert_func_namespace(self, func, code_object, namespace):
          impl = func.implementations[self.code_object_class()]
          func_namespace = impl.get_namespace(code_object.owner)
          if func_namespace is not None:
              namespace.update(func_namespace)
          if impl.dependencies is not None:
              for dep in impl.dependencies.values():
                  self._insert_func_namespace(dep, code_object, namespace)
  
      def write_static_arrays(self, directory):
          # Write Function namespaces as static arrays
          for code_object in self.code_objects.values():
              for var in code_object.variables.values():
                  if isinstance(var, Function):
                      self._insert_func_namespace(var, code_object,
                                                  self.static_arrays)
  
          logger.diagnostic("static arrays: "+str(sorted(self.static_arrays.keys())))
          
          static_array_specs = []
          for name, arr in sorted(self.static_arrays.items()):
              arr.tofile(os.path.join(directory, 'static_arrays', name))
              static_array_specs.append((name, c_data_type(arr.dtype), arr.size, name))
          self.static_array_specs = static_array_specs
      
      def compile_source(self, directory, compiler, debug, clean):
          with in_directory(directory):
              if compiler == 'msvc':
                  msvc_env, vcvars_cmd = get_msvc_env()
                  make_cmd = 'nmake /f win_makefile'
                  make_args = ' '.join(prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.extra_make_args_windows)
                  if os.path.exists('winmake.log'):
                      os.remove('winmake.log')
                  if vcvars_cmd:
                      with open('winmake.log', 'w') as f:
                          f.write(vcvars_cmd + '\n')
                  else:
                      with open('winmake.log', 'w') as f:
                          f.write('MSVC environment: \n')
                          for key, value in msvc_env.items():
                              f.write('{}={}\n'.format(key, value))
                  with std_silent(debug):
                      if vcvars_cmd:
                          if clean:
                              os.system('%s >>winmake.log 2>&1 && %s clean > NUL 2>&1' % (vcvars_cmd, make_cmd))
                          x = os.system('%s >>winmake.log 2>&1 && %s %s>>winmake.log 2>&1' % (vcvars_cmd,
                                                                                              make_cmd,
                                                                                              make_args))
                      else:
                          os.environ.update(msvc_env)
                          if clean:
                              os.system('%s clean > NUL 2>&1' % make_cmd)
                          x = os.system('%s %s>>winmake.log 2>&1' % (make_cmd, make_args))
                      if x != 0:
                          if os.path.exists('winmake.log'):
                              with open('winmake.log', 'r') as f:
                                  print(f.read())
                          error_message = ('Project compilation failed (error '
                                           'code: %u).') % x
                          if not clean:
                              error_message += (' Consider running with ' 
                                               '"clean=True" to force a complete '
                                                'rebuild.')
                          raise RuntimeError(error_message)
              else:
                  with std_silent(debug):
                      if clean:
                          os.system('make clean >/dev/null 2>&1')
                      make_cmd = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.make_cmd_unix
                      make_args = ' '.join(prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.extra_make_args_unix)
                      x = os.system('%s %s' % (make_cmd, make_args, ))
                      if x != 0:
                          error_message = ('Project compilation failed (error '
                                           'code: %u).') % x
                          if not clean:
                              error_message += (' Consider running with ' 
                                               '"clean=True" to force a complete '
                                                'rebuild.')
                          raise RuntimeError(error_message)
  
      def seed(self, seed=None):
          '''
          Set the seed for the random number generator.
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          seed : int, optional
              The seed value for the random number generator, or ``None`` (the
              default) to set a random seed.
          '''
          self.main_queue.append(('seed', seed))
  
      def run(self, directory, with_output, run_args):
          with in_directory(directory):
              # Set environment variables
  
              for key, value in itertools.chain(prefs['devices.cpp_standalone.run_environment_variables'].items(),
                                                self.run_environment_variables.items()):
                  if key in os.environ and os.environ[key] != value:
                      logger.info('Overwriting environment variable '
                                  '"{key}"'.format(key=key),
                                  name_suffix='overwritten_env_var', once=True)
                  os.environ[key] = value
              if not with_output:
                  stdout = open('results/stdout.txt', 'w')
              else:
                  stdout = None
              if os.name == 'nt':
                  x = subprocess.call(['main'] + run_args, stdout=stdout)
              else:
                  run_cmd = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.run_cmd_unix
                  if isinstance(run_cmd, str):
                      run_cmd = [run_cmd]
                  x = subprocess.call(run_cmd + run_args, stdout=stdout)
              if stdout is not None:
                  stdout.close()
              if x:
                  if os.path.exists('results/stdout.txt'):
                      with open('results/stdout.txt', 'r') as f:
                          print(f.read())
                  raise RuntimeError("Project run failed (project directory: "
                                     "%s)" % os.path.abspath(directory))
              self.has_been_run = True
              if os.path.isfile('results/last_run_info.txt'):
                  with open('results/last_run_info.txt', 'r') as f:
                      last_run_info = f.read()
                  run_time, completed_fraction = last_run_info.split()
                  self._last_run_time = float(run_time)
                  self._last_run_completed_fraction = float(completed_fraction)
  
          # Make sure that integration did not create NaN or very large values
          owners = [var.owner for var in self.arrays]
          # We don't want to check the same owner twice but var.owner is a
          # weakproxy which we can't put into a set. We therefore store the name
          # of all objects we already checked. Furthermore, under some specific
          # instances a variable might have been created whose owner no longer
          # exists (e.g. a `_sub_idx` variable for a subgroup) -- we ignore the
          # resulting reference error.
          already_checked = set()
          for owner in owners:
              try:
                  if owner.name in already_checked:
                      continue
                  if isinstance(owner, Group):
                      owner._check_for_invalid_states()
                      already_checked.add(owner.name)
              except ReferenceError:
                  pass
  
      def build(self, directory='output',
                compile=True, run=True, debug=False, clean=False,
                with_output=True, additional_source_files=None,
                run_args=None, direct_call=True, **kwds):
          '''
          Build the project
  
          TODO: more details
  
          Parameters
          ----------
          directory : str, optional
              The output directory to write the project to, any existing files
              will be overwritten. If the given directory name is ``None``, then
              a temporary directory will be used (used in the test suite to avoid
              problems when running several tests in parallel). Defaults to
              ``'output'``.
          compile : bool, optional
              Whether or not to attempt to compile the project. Defaults to
              ``True``.
          run : bool, optional
              Whether or not to attempt to run the built project if it
              successfully builds. Defaults to ``True``.
          debug : bool, optional
              Whether to compile in debug mode. Defaults to ``False``.
          with_output : bool, optional
              Whether or not to show the ``stdout`` of the built program when run.
              Output will be shown in case of compilation or runtime error.
              Defaults to ``True``.
          clean : bool, optional
              Whether or not to clean the project before building. Defaults to
              ``False``.
          additional_source_files : list of str, optional
              A list of additional ``.cpp`` files to include in the build.
          direct_call : bool, optional
              Whether this function was called directly. Is used internally to
              distinguish an automatic build due to the ``build_on_run`` option
              from a manual ``device.build`` call.
          '''
          if self.build_on_run and direct_call:
              raise RuntimeError('You used set_device with build_on_run=True '
                                 '(the default option), which will automatically '
                                 'build the simulation at the first encountered '
                                 'run call - do not call device.build manually '
                                 'in this case. If you want to call it manually, '
                                 'e.g. because you have multiple run calls, use '
                                 'set_device with build_on_run=False.')
          if self.has_been_run:
              raise RuntimeError('The network has already been built and run '
                                 'before. To build several simulations in '
                                 'the same script, call "device.reinit()" '
                                 'and "device.activate()". Note that you '
                                 'will have to set build options (e.g. the '
                                 'directory) and defaultclock.dt again.')
          renames = {'project_dir': 'directory',
                     'compile_project': 'compile',
                     'run_project': 'run'}
          if len(kwds):
              msg = ''
              for kwd in kwds:
                  if kwd in renames:
                      msg += ("Keyword argument '%s' has been renamed to "
                              "'%s'. ") % (kwd, renames[kwd])
                  else:
                      msg += "Unknown keyword argument '%s'. " % kwd
              raise TypeError(msg)
  
          if additional_source_files is None:
              additional_source_files = []
          if run_args is None:
              run_args = []
          if directory is None:
              directory = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix='brian_standalone_')
          self.project_dir = directory
          ensure_directory(directory)
  
          # Determine compiler flags and directories
          compiler, default_extra_compile_args = get_compiler_and_args()
          extra_compile_args = self.extra_compile_args + default_extra_compile_args
          extra_link_args = self.extra_link_args + prefs['codegen.cpp.extra_link_args']
  
          codeobj_define_macros = [macro for codeobj in
                                   self.code_objects.values()
                                   for macro in
                                   codeobj.compiler_kwds.get('define_macros', [])]
          define_macros = (self.define_macros +
                           prefs['codegen.cpp.define_macros'] +
                           codeobj_define_macros)
  
          codeobj_include_dirs = [include_dir for codeobj in
                                  self.code_objects.values()
                                  for include_dir in
                                  codeobj.compiler_kwds.get('include_dirs', [])]
          include_dirs = (self.include_dirs +
                          prefs['codegen.cpp.include_dirs'] +
                          codeobj_include_dirs)
  
          codeobj_library_dirs = [library_dir for codeobj in
                                  self.code_objects.values()
                                  for library_dir in
                                  codeobj.compiler_kwds.get('library_dirs', [])]
          library_dirs = (self.library_dirs +
                          prefs['codegen.cpp.library_dirs'] +
                          codeobj_library_dirs)
  
          codeobj_runtime_dirs = [runtime_dir for codeobj in
                                  self.code_objects.values()
                                  for runtime_dir in
                                  codeobj.compiler_kwds.get('runtime_library_dirs', [])]
          runtime_library_dirs = (self.runtime_library_dirs +
                                  prefs['codegen.cpp.runtime_library_dirs'] +
                                  codeobj_runtime_dirs)
  
          codeobj_libraries = [library for codeobj in
                               self.code_objects.values()
                               for library in
                               codeobj.compiler_kwds.get('libraries', [])]
          libraries = (self.libraries +
                       prefs['codegen.cpp.libraries'] +
                       codeobj_libraries)
  
          compiler_obj = ccompiler.new_compiler(compiler=compiler)
          compiler_flags = (ccompiler.gen_preprocess_options(define_macros,
                                                             include_dirs) +
                            extra_compile_args)
          linker_flags = (ccompiler.gen_lib_options(compiler_obj,
                                                    library_dirs=library_dirs,
                                                    runtime_library_dirs=runtime_library_dirs,
                                                    libraries=libraries) +
                          extra_link_args)
  
          codeobj_source_files = [source_file for codeobj in
                                  self.code_objects.values()
                                  for source_file in
                                  codeobj.compiler_kwds.get('sources', [])]
          additional_source_files += (codeobj_source_files +
                                      ['brianlib/randomkit/randomkit.c'])
  
          for d in ['code_objects', 'results', 'static_arrays']:
              ensure_directory(os.path.join(directory, d))
  
          self.writer = CPPWriter(directory)
  
          # Get the number of threads if specified in an openmp context
          nb_threads = prefs.devices.cpp_standalone.openmp_threads
          # If the number is negative, we need to throw an error
          if (nb_threads < 0):
              raise ValueError('The number of OpenMP threads can not be negative !')
  
          logger.diagnostic("Writing C++ standalone project to directory "+os.path.normpath(directory))
  
          self.check_openmp_compatible(nb_threads)
  
          self.write_static_arrays(directory)
  
          # Check that all names are globally unique
          names = [obj.name for net in self.networks for obj in net.sorted_objects]
          non_unique_names = [name for name, count in Counter(names).items()
                              if count > 1]
          if len(non_unique_names):
              formatted_names = ', '.join("'%s'" % name
                                          for name in non_unique_names)
              raise ValueError('All objects need to have unique names in '
                               'standalone mode, the following name(s) were used '
                               'more than once: %s' % formatted_names)
  
          self.generate_objects_source(self.writer, self.arange_arrays,
                                       self.synapses, self.static_array_specs,
                                       self.networks)
          self.generate_main_source(self.writer)
          self.generate_codeobj_source(self.writer)
          self.generate_network_source(self.writer, compiler)
          self.generate_synapses_classes_source(self.writer)
          self.generate_run_source(self.writer)
          self.copy_source_files(self.writer, directory)
  
          self.writer.source_files.update(additional_source_files)
  
          self.generate_makefile(self.writer, compiler,
                                 compiler_flags=' '.join(compiler_flags),
                                 linker_flags=' '.join(linker_flags),
                                 nb_threads=nb_threads,
                                 debug=debug)
  
          if compile:
              self.compile_source(directory, compiler, debug, clean)
              if run:
                  self.run(directory, with_output, run_args)
  
      def delete(self, code=True, data=True, directory=True, force=False):
          if self.project_dir is None:
              return  # Nothing to delete
  
          if directory and not (code and data):
              raise ValueError('When deleting the directory, code and data will'
                               'be deleted as well. Set the corresponding '
                               'parameters to True.')
  
          fnames = []
  
          # Delete data
          if data:
              logger.debug('Deleting data files in '
                           '"{}"'.format(os.path.join(self.project_dir,
                                                      'results')))
              fnames.append(os.path.join('results', 'last_run_info.txt'))
              if self.profiled_codeobjects:
                  fnames.append(os.path.join('results', 'profiling_info.txt'))
              for var in self.arrays:
                  fnames.append(self.get_array_filename(var))
  
          # Delete code
          if code:
              logger.debug('Deleting code files in '
                           '"{}"'.format(self.project_dir))
              if sys.platform == 'win32':
                  fnames.extend(['sourcefiles.txt', 'win_makefile', 'main.exe',
                                 'main.ilk', 'main.pdb', 'winmake.log'])
              else:
                  fnames.extend(['make.deps', 'makefile', 'main'])
  
              fnames.extend([os.path.join('brianlib', 'spikequeue.h'),
                             os.path.join('brianlib', 'randomkit', 'randomkit.h'),
                             os.path.join('brianlib', 'stdint_compat.h')])
              fnames.extend(self.writer.header_files)
  
              for source_file in self.writer.source_files:
                  fnames.append(source_file)
                  base_name, _ = os.path.splitext(source_file)
                  if sys.platform == 'win32':
                      fnames.append(base_name + '.obj')
                  else:
                      fnames.append(base_name + '.o')
  
              for static_array_name in self.static_arrays:
                  fnames.append(os.path.join('static_arrays', static_array_name))
  
          for fname in fnames:
              full_fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, fname)
              try:
                  os.remove(full_fname)
              except (OSError, IOError) as ex:
                  logger.debug('File "{}" could not be deleted: '
                               '{}'.format(full_fname, str(ex)))
  
          # Delete directories
  
          if directory:
              directories = [os.path.join('brianlib', 'randomkit'), 'brianlib',
                             'code_objects',
                             'results',
                             'static_arrays',
                             '']
              full_directories = [os.path.join(self.project_dir, directory)
                                  for directory in directories]
              for full_directory in full_directories:
                  try:
                      os.rmdir(full_directory)
                  except OSError:
                      if not os.path.exists(full_directory):
                          continue
  
                      # The directory is not empty:
                      if force:
                          logger.debug('Directory "{}" is not empty, but '
                                       'deleting it due to the use of the force '
                                       'option.')
                          shutil.rmtree(full_directory)
                      else:
                          # We only give a warning if there is a file or a
                          # directory we do not know about. We do not want to e.g.
                          # complain about an unknown file in the results
                          # directory and then again complain about the results
                          # directory when deleting the main directory
                          still_present = [name
                                           for name in os.listdir(full_directory)
                                           if os.path.isfile(name) or
                                           os.path.join(full_directory, name) not in full_directories]
                          if len(still_present):
                              still_present = ", ".join('"{}"'.format(name)
                                                        for name in still_present)
                              logger.warn('Not deleting the "{}" directory, '
                                          'because it contains files/directories '
                                          'not added by Brian: {}'.format(full_directory,
                                                                          still_present),
                                          name_suffix='delete_skips_directory')
  
      def network_run(self, net, duration, report=None, report_period=10*second,
                      namespace=None, profile=False, level=0, **kwds):
          self.networks.add(net)
          if kwds:
              logger.warn(('Unsupported keyword argument(s) provided for run: '
                           '%s') % ', '.join(kwds.keys()))
          # We store this as an instance variable for later access by the
          # `code_object` method
          self.enable_profiling = profile
          all_objects = net.sorted_objects
          net._clocks = {obj.clock for obj in all_objects}
          t_end = net.t+duration
          for clock in net._clocks:
              clock.set_interval(net.t, t_end)
  
          # Get the local namespace
          if namespace is None:
              namespace = get_local_namespace(level=level+2)
  
          net.before_run(namespace)
          self.synapses |= {s for s in net.objects
                            if isinstance(s, Synapses)}
          self.clocks.update(net._clocks)
          net.t_ = float(t_end)
  
          # TODO: remove this horrible hack
          for clock in self.clocks:
              if clock.name=='clock':
                  clock._name = '_clock'
              
          # Extract all the CodeObjects
          # Note that since we ran the Network object, these CodeObjects will be sorted into the right
          # running order, assuming that there is only one clock
          code_objects = []
          for obj in all_objects:
              if obj.active:
                  for codeobj in obj._code_objects:
                      code_objects.append((obj.clock, codeobj))
  
          # Code for a progress reporting function
          standard_code = '''
          std::string _format_time(float time_in_s)
          {
              float divisors[] = {24*60*60, 60*60, 60, 1};
              char letters[] = {'d', 'h', 'm', 's'};
              float remaining = time_in_s;
              std::string text = "";
              int time_to_represent;
              for (int i =0; i < sizeof(divisors)/sizeof(float); i++)
              {
                  time_to_represent = int(remaining / divisors[i]);
                  remaining -= time_to_represent * divisors[i];
                  if (time_to_represent > 0 || text.length())
                  {
                      if(text.length() > 0)
                      {
                          text += " ";
                      }
                      text += (std::to_string(time_to_represent)+letters[i]);
                  }
              }
              //less than one second
              if(text.length() == 0) 
              {
                  text = "< 1s";
              }
              return text;
          }
          void report_progress(const double elapsed, const double completed, const double start, const double duration)
          {
              if (completed == 0.0)
              {
                  %STREAMNAME% << "Starting simulation at t=" << start << " s for duration " << duration << " s";
              } else
              {
                  %STREAMNAME% << completed*duration << " s (" << (int)(completed*100.) << "%) simulated in " << _format_time(elapsed);
                  if (completed < 1.0)
                  {
                      const int remaining = (int)((1-completed)/completed*elapsed+0.5);
                      %STREAMNAME% << ", estimated " << _format_time(remaining) << " remaining.";
                  }
              }
  
              %STREAMNAME% << std::endl << std::flush;
          }
          '''
          if report is None:
              report_func = ''
          elif report == 'text' or report == 'stdout':
              report_func = standard_code.replace('%STREAMNAME%', 'std::cout')
          elif report == 'stderr':
              report_func = standard_code.replace('%STREAMNAME%', 'std::cerr')
          elif isinstance(report, str):
              report_func = '''
              void report_progress(const double elapsed, const double completed, const double start, const double duration)
              {
              %REPORT%
              }
              '''.replace('%REPORT%', report)
          else:
              raise TypeError(('report argument has to be either "text", '
                               '"stdout", "stderr", or the code for a report '
                               'function'))
  
          if report_func != '':
              if self.report_func != '' and report_func != self.report_func:
                  raise NotImplementedError('The C++ standalone device does not '
                                            'support multiple report functions, '
                                            'each run has to use the same (or '
                                            'none).')
              self.report_func = report_func
  
          if report is not None:
              report_call = 'report_progress'
          else:
              report_call = 'NULL'
  
          # Generate the updaters
          run_lines = ['{net.name}.clear();'.format(net=net)]
          all_clocks = set()
          for clock, codeobj in code_objects:
              run_lines.append('{net.name}.add(&{clock.name}, _run_{codeobj.name});'.format(clock=clock, net=net,
                                                                                                 codeobj=codeobj))
              all_clocks.add(clock)
  
          # Under some rare circumstances (e.g. a NeuronGroup only defining a
          # subexpression that is used by other groups (via linking, or recorded
          # by a StateMonitor) *and* not calculating anything itself *and* using a
          # different clock than all other objects) a clock that is not used by
          # any code object should nevertheless advance during the run. We include
          # such clocks without a code function in the network.
          for clock in net._clocks:
              if clock not in all_clocks:
                  run_lines.append('{net.name}.add(&{clock.name}, NULL);'.format(clock=clock, net=net))
  
          run_lines.append('{net.name}.run({duration!r}, {report_call}, {report_period!r});'.format(net=net,
                                                                                                duration=float(duration),
                                                                                                report_call=report_call,
                                                                                                report_period=float(report_period)))
          self.main_queue.append(('run_network', (net, run_lines)))
  
          net.after_run()
  
          # Manually set the cache for the clocks, simulation scripts might
          # want to access the time (which has been set in code and is therefore
          # not accessible by the normal means until the code has been built and
          # run)
          for clock in net._clocks:
              self.array_cache[clock.variables['timestep']] = np.array([clock._i_end])
              self.array_cache[clock.variables['t']] = np.array([clock._i_end * clock.dt_])
  
          if self.build_on_run:
              if self.has_been_run:
                  raise RuntimeError('The network has already been built and run '
                                     'before. Use set_device with '
                                     'build_on_run=False and an explicit '
                                     'device.build call to use multiple run '
                                     'statements with this device.')
              self.build(direct_call=False, **self.build_options)
  
      def network_store(self, net, *args, **kwds):
          raise NotImplementedError(('The store/restore mechanism is not '
                                     'supported in the C++ standalone'))
  
      def network_restore(self, net, *args, **kwds):
          raise NotImplementedError(('The store/restore mechanism is not '
                                     'supported in the C++ standalone'))
  
      def network_get_profiling_info(self, net):
          fname = os.path.join(self.project_dir, 'results', 'profiling_info.txt')
          if not os.path.exists(fname):
              raise ValueError('No profiling info collected (did you run with '
                               'profile=True?)')
          net._profiling_info = []
          with open(fname) as f:
              for line in f:
                  (key, val) = line.split()
                  net._profiling_info.append((key, float(val)*second))
          return sorted(net._profiling_info, key=lambda item: item[1],
                        reverse=True)
  
      def run_function(self, name, include_in_parent=True):
          '''
          Context manager to divert code into a function
          
          Code that happens within the scope of this context manager will go into the named function.
          
          Parameters
          ----------
          name : str
              The name of the function to divert code into.
          include_in_parent : bool
              Whether or not to include a call to the newly defined function in the parent context.
          '''
          return RunFunctionContext(name, include_in_parent)
  
  
  class RunFunctionContext(object):
      def __init__(self, name, include_in_parent):
          self.name = name
          self.include_in_parent = include_in_parent
      def __enter__(self):
          cpp_standalone_device.main_queue.append(('start_run_func', (self.name, self.include_in_parent)))
      def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
          cpp_standalone_device.main_queue.append(('end_run_func', (self.name, self.include_in_parent)))
  
  cpp_standalone_device = CPPStandaloneDevice()
  all_devices['cpp_standalone'] = cpp_standalone_device
  