text: // Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
  // All rights reserved.
  //
  // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
  // modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
  // met:
  //
  //     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
  // notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
  //     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
  // copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
  // in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
  // distribution.
  //     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
  // contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
  // this software without specific prior written permission.
  //
  // THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
  // "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  // LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
  // A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
  // OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
  // SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
  // LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
  // DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
  // THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
  // (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
  // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
  //
  // Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
  
  // Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
  //
  // This file tests some commonly used argument matchers.
  
  #include "gmock/gmock-matchers.h"
  #include "gmock/gmock-more-matchers.h"
  
  #include <string.h>
  #include <time.h>
  #include <deque>
  #include <functional>
  #include <iostream>
  #include <iterator>
  #include <limits>
  #include <list>
  #include <map>
  #include <set>
  #include <sstream>
  #include <string>
  #include <utility>
  #include <vector>
  #include "gmock/gmock.h"
  #include "gtest/gtest.h"
  #include "gtest/gtest-spi.h"
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_FORWARD_LIST_
  # include <forward_list>  // NOLINT
  #endif
  
  namespace testing {
  
  namespace internal {
  GTEST_API_ string JoinAsTuple(const Strings& fields);
  }  // namespace internal
  
  namespace gmock_matchers_test {
  
  using std::greater;
  using std::less;
  using std::list;
  using std::make_pair;
  using std::map;
  using std::multimap;
  using std::multiset;
  using std::ostream;
  using std::pair;
  using std::set;
  using std::stringstream;
  using std::vector;
  using testing::A;
  using testing::AllArgs;
  using testing::AllOf;
  using testing::An;
  using testing::AnyOf;
  using testing::ByRef;
  using testing::ContainsRegex;
  using testing::DoubleEq;
  using testing::DoubleNear;
  using testing::EndsWith;
  using testing::Eq;
  using testing::ExplainMatchResult;
  using testing::Field;
  using testing::FloatEq;
  using testing::FloatNear;
  using testing::Ge;
  using testing::Gt;
  using testing::HasSubstr;
  using testing::IsEmpty;
  using testing::IsNull;
  using testing::Key;
  using testing::Le;
  using testing::Lt;
  using testing::MakeMatcher;
  using testing::MakePolymorphicMatcher;
  using testing::MatchResultListener;
  using testing::Matcher;
  using testing::MatcherCast;
  using testing::MatcherInterface;
  using testing::Matches;
  using testing::MatchesRegex;
  using testing::NanSensitiveDoubleEq;
  using testing::NanSensitiveDoubleNear;
  using testing::NanSensitiveFloatEq;
  using testing::NanSensitiveFloatNear;
  using testing::Ne;
  using testing::Not;
  using testing::NotNull;
  using testing::Pair;
  using testing::Pointee;
  using testing::Pointwise;
  using testing::PolymorphicMatcher;
  using testing::Property;
  using testing::Ref;
  using testing::ResultOf;
  using testing::SizeIs;
  using testing::StartsWith;
  using testing::StrCaseEq;
  using testing::StrCaseNe;
  using testing::StrEq;
  using testing::StrNe;
  using testing::StringMatchResultListener;
  using testing::Truly;
  using testing::TypedEq;
  using testing::UnorderedPointwise;
  using testing::Value;
  using testing::WhenSorted;
  using testing::WhenSortedBy;
  using testing::_;
  using testing::get;
  using testing::internal::DummyMatchResultListener;
  using testing::internal::ElementMatcherPair;
  using testing::internal::ElementMatcherPairs;
  using testing::internal::ExplainMatchFailureTupleTo;
  using testing::internal::FloatingEqMatcher;
  using testing::internal::FormatMatcherDescription;
  using testing::internal::IsReadableTypeName;
  using testing::internal::JoinAsTuple;
  using testing::internal::MatchMatrix;
  using testing::internal::RE;
  using testing::internal::StreamMatchResultListener;
  using testing::internal::Strings;
  using testing::internal::linked_ptr;
  using testing::internal::scoped_ptr;
  using testing::internal::string;
  using testing::make_tuple;
  using testing::tuple;
  
  // For testing ExplainMatchResultTo().
  class GreaterThanMatcher : public MatcherInterface<int> {
   public:
    explicit GreaterThanMatcher(int rhs) : rhs_(rhs) {}
  
    virtual void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "is > " << rhs_;
    }
  
    virtual bool MatchAndExplain(int lhs,
                                 MatchResultListener* listener) const {
      const int diff = lhs - rhs_;
      if (diff > 0) {
        *listener << "which is " << diff << " more than " << rhs_;
      } else if (diff == 0) {
        *listener << "which is the same as " << rhs_;
      } else {
        *listener << "which is " << -diff << " less than " << rhs_;
      }
  
      return lhs > rhs_;
    }
  
   private:
    int rhs_;
  };
  
  Matcher<int> GreaterThan(int n) {
    return MakeMatcher(new GreaterThanMatcher(n));
  }
  
  string OfType(const string& type_name) {
  #if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
    return " (of type " + type_name + ")";
  #else
    return "";
  #endif
  }
  
  // Returns the description of the given matcher.
  template <typename T>
  string Describe(const Matcher<T>& m) {
    stringstream ss;
    m.DescribeTo(&ss);
    return ss.str();
  }
  
  // Returns the description of the negation of the given matcher.
  template <typename T>
  string DescribeNegation(const Matcher<T>& m) {
    stringstream ss;
    m.DescribeNegationTo(&ss);
    return ss.str();
  }
  
  // Returns the reason why x matches, or doesn't match, m.
  template <typename MatcherType, typename Value>
  string Explain(const MatcherType& m, const Value& x) {
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    ExplainMatchResult(m, x, &listener);
    return listener.str();
  }
  
  TEST(MatchResultListenerTest, StreamingWorks) {
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    listener << "hi" << 5;
    EXPECT_EQ("hi5", listener.str());
  
    listener.Clear();
    EXPECT_EQ("", listener.str());
  
    listener << 42;
    EXPECT_EQ("42", listener.str());
  
    // Streaming shouldn't crash when the underlying ostream is NULL.
    DummyMatchResultListener dummy;
    dummy << "hi" << 5;
  }
  
  TEST(MatchResultListenerTest, CanAccessUnderlyingStream) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(DummyMatchResultListener().stream() == NULL);
    EXPECT_TRUE(StreamMatchResultListener(NULL).stream() == NULL);
  
    EXPECT_EQ(&std::cout, StreamMatchResultListener(&std::cout).stream());
  }
  
  TEST(MatchResultListenerTest, IsInterestedWorks) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(StringMatchResultListener().IsInterested());
    EXPECT_TRUE(StreamMatchResultListener(&std::cout).IsInterested());
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(DummyMatchResultListener().IsInterested());
    EXPECT_FALSE(StreamMatchResultListener(NULL).IsInterested());
  }
  
  // Makes sure that the MatcherInterface<T> interface doesn't
  // change.
  class EvenMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<int> {
   public:
    virtual bool MatchAndExplain(int x,
                                 MatchResultListener* /* listener */) const {
      return x % 2 == 0;
    }
  
    virtual void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "is an even number";
    }
  
    // We deliberately don't define DescribeNegationTo() and
    // ExplainMatchResultTo() here, to make sure the definition of these
    // two methods is optional.
  };
  
  // Makes sure that the MatcherInterface API doesn't change.
  TEST(MatcherInterfaceTest, CanBeImplementedUsingPublishedAPI) {
    EvenMatcherImpl m;
  }
  
  // Tests implementing a monomorphic matcher using MatchAndExplain().
  
  class NewEvenMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<int> {
   public:
    virtual bool MatchAndExplain(int x, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
      const bool match = x % 2 == 0;
      // Verifies that we can stream to a listener directly.
      *listener << "value % " << 2;
      if (listener->stream() != NULL) {
        // Verifies that we can stream to a listener's underlying stream
        // too.
        *listener->stream() << " == " << (x % 2);
      }
      return match;
    }
  
    virtual void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "is an even number";
    }
  };
  
  TEST(MatcherInterfaceTest, CanBeImplementedUsingNewAPI) {
    Matcher<int> m = MakeMatcher(new NewEvenMatcherImpl);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("value % 2 == 0", Explain(m, 2));
    EXPECT_EQ("value % 2 == 1", Explain(m, 3));
  }
  
  // Tests default-constructing a matcher.
  TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeDefaultConstructed) {
    Matcher<double> m;
  }
  
  // Tests that Matcher<T> can be constructed from a MatcherInterface<T>*.
  TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeConstructedFromMatcherInterface) {
    const MatcherInterface<int>* impl = new EvenMatcherImpl;
    Matcher<int> m(impl);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(4));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(5));
  }
  
  // Tests that value can be used in place of Eq(value).
  TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromValue) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = 5;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(5));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(6));
  }
  
  // Tests that NULL can be used in place of Eq(NULL).
  TEST(MatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromNULL) {
    Matcher<int*> m1 = NULL;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(NULL));
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(&n));
  }
  
  // Tests that matchers are copyable.
  TEST(MatcherTest, IsCopyable) {
    // Tests the copy constructor.
    Matcher<bool> m1 = Eq(false);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(false));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(true));
  
    // Tests the assignment operator.
    m1 = Eq(true);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(true));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(false));
  }
  
  // Tests that Matcher<T>::DescribeTo() calls
  // MatcherInterface<T>::DescribeTo().
  TEST(MatcherTest, CanDescribeItself) {
    EXPECT_EQ("is an even number",
              Describe(Matcher<int>(new EvenMatcherImpl)));
  }
  
  // Tests Matcher<T>::MatchAndExplain().
  TEST(MatcherTest, MatchAndExplain) {
    Matcher<int> m = GreaterThan(0);
    StringMatchResultListener listener1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.MatchAndExplain(42, &listener1));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 42 more than 0", listener1.str());
  
    StringMatchResultListener listener2;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.MatchAndExplain(-9, &listener2));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 9 less than 0", listener2.str());
  }
  
  // Tests that a C-string literal can be implicitly converted to a
  // Matcher<string> or Matcher<const string&>.
  TEST(StringMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromCStringLiteral) {
    Matcher<string> m1 = "hi";
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("hello"));
  
    Matcher<const string&> m2 = "hi";
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("hello"));
  }
  
  // Tests that a string object can be implicitly converted to a
  // Matcher<string> or Matcher<const string&>.
  TEST(StringMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromString) {
    Matcher<string> m1 = string("hi");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("hello"));
  
    Matcher<const string&> m2 = string("hi");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("hello"));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
  // Tests that a C-string literal can be implicitly converted to a
  // Matcher<StringPiece> or Matcher<const StringPiece&>.
  TEST(StringPieceMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromCStringLiteral) {
    Matcher<StringPiece> m1 = "cats";
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("cats"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("dogs"));
  
    Matcher<const StringPiece&> m2 = "cats";
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("cats"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("dogs"));
  }
  
  // Tests that a string object can be implicitly converted to a
  // Matcher<StringPiece> or Matcher<const StringPiece&>.
  TEST(StringPieceMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromString) {
    Matcher<StringPiece> m1 = string("cats");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("cats"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("dogs"));
  
    Matcher<const StringPiece&> m2 = string("cats");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("cats"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("dogs"));
  }
  
  // Tests that a StringPiece object can be implicitly converted to a
  // Matcher<StringPiece> or Matcher<const StringPiece&>.
  TEST(StringPieceMatcherTest, CanBeImplicitlyConstructedFromStringPiece) {
    Matcher<StringPiece> m1 = StringPiece("cats");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("cats"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("dogs"));
  
    Matcher<const StringPiece&> m2 = StringPiece("cats");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("cats"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("dogs"));
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STRING_PIECE_
  
  // Tests that MakeMatcher() constructs a Matcher<T> from a
  // MatcherInterface* without requiring the user to explicitly
  // write the type.
  TEST(MakeMatcherTest, ConstructsMatcherFromMatcherInterface) {
    const MatcherInterface<int>* dummy_impl = NULL;
    Matcher<int> m = MakeMatcher(dummy_impl);
  }
  
  // Tests that MakePolymorphicMatcher() can construct a polymorphic
  // matcher from its implementation using the old API.
  const int g_bar = 1;
  class ReferencesBarOrIsZeroImpl {
   public:
    template <typename T>
    bool MatchAndExplain(const T& x,
                         MatchResultListener* /* listener */) const {
      const void* p = &x;
      return p == &g_bar || x == 0;
    }
  
    void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const { *os << "g_bar or zero"; }
  
    void DescribeNegationTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "doesn't reference g_bar and is not zero";
    }
  };
  
  // This function verifies that MakePolymorphicMatcher() returns a
  // PolymorphicMatcher<T> where T is the argument's type.
  PolymorphicMatcher<ReferencesBarOrIsZeroImpl> ReferencesBarOrIsZero() {
    return MakePolymorphicMatcher(ReferencesBarOrIsZeroImpl());
  }
  
  TEST(MakePolymorphicMatcherTest, ConstructsMatcherUsingOldAPI) {
    // Using a polymorphic matcher to match a reference type.
    Matcher<const int&> m1 = ReferencesBarOrIsZero();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(0));
    // Verifies that the identity of a by-reference argument is preserved.
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(g_bar));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_EQ("g_bar or zero", Describe(m1));
  
    // Using a polymorphic matcher to match a value type.
    Matcher<double> m2 = ReferencesBarOrIsZero();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0.0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(0.1));
    EXPECT_EQ("g_bar or zero", Describe(m2));
  }
  
  // Tests implementing a polymorphic matcher using MatchAndExplain().
  
  class PolymorphicIsEvenImpl {
   public:
    void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const { *os << "is even"; }
  
    void DescribeNegationTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "is odd";
    }
  
    template <typename T>
    bool MatchAndExplain(const T& x, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
      // Verifies that we can stream to the listener directly.
      *listener << "% " << 2;
      if (listener->stream() != NULL) {
        // Verifies that we can stream to the listener's underlying stream
        // too.
        *listener->stream() << " == " << (x % 2);
      }
      return (x % 2) == 0;
    }
  };
  
  PolymorphicMatcher<PolymorphicIsEvenImpl> PolymorphicIsEven() {
    return MakePolymorphicMatcher(PolymorphicIsEvenImpl());
  }
  
  TEST(MakePolymorphicMatcherTest, ConstructsMatcherUsingNewAPI) {
    // Using PolymorphicIsEven() as a Matcher<int>.
    const Matcher<int> m1 = PolymorphicIsEven();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(42));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(43));
    EXPECT_EQ("is even", Describe(m1));
  
    const Matcher<int> not_m1 = Not(m1);
    EXPECT_EQ("is odd", Describe(not_m1));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("% 2 == 0", Explain(m1, 42));
  
    // Using PolymorphicIsEven() as a Matcher<char>.
    const Matcher<char> m2 = PolymorphicIsEven();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches('\x42'));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches('\x43'));
    EXPECT_EQ("is even", Describe(m2));
  
    const Matcher<char> not_m2 = Not(m2);
    EXPECT_EQ("is odd", Describe(not_m2));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("% 2 == 0", Explain(m2, '\x42'));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a polymorphic matcher.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromPolymorphicMatcher) {
    Matcher<int> m = MatcherCast<int>(Eq(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(5));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(6));
  }
  
  // For testing casting matchers between compatible types.
  class IntValue {
   public:
    // An int can be statically (although not implicitly) cast to a
    // IntValue.
    explicit IntValue(int a_value) : value_(a_value) {}
  
    int value() const { return value_; }
   private:
    int value_;
  };
  
  // For testing casting matchers between compatible types.
  bool IsPositiveIntValue(const IntValue& foo) {
    return foo.value() > 0;
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<U> where T
  // can be statically converted to U.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromCompatibleType) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = Eq(2.0);
    Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(3));
  
    Matcher<IntValue> m3 = Truly(IsPositiveIntValue);
    Matcher<int> m4 = MatcherCast<int>(m3);
    // In the following, the arguments 1 and 0 are statically converted
    // to IntValue objects, and then tested by the IsPositiveIntValue()
    // predicate.
    EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m4.Matches(0));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<const T&>.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromConstReferenceToNonReference) {
    Matcher<const int&> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T&>.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromReferenceToNonReference) {
    Matcher<int&> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<const T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToConstReference) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<const int&> m2 = MatcherCast<const int&>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToReference) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<int&> m2 = MatcherCast<int&>(m1);
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(n));
    n = 1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(n));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromSameType) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<int> m2 = MatcherCast<int>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
  }
  
  // Implicitly convertible from any type.
  struct ConvertibleFromAny {
    ConvertibleFromAny(int a_value) : value(a_value) {}
    template <typename T>
    ConvertibleFromAny(const T& /*a_value*/) : value(-1) {
      ADD_FAILURE() << "Conversion constructor called";
    }
    int value;
  };
  
  bool operator==(const ConvertibleFromAny& a, const ConvertibleFromAny& b) {
    return a.value == b.value;
  }
  
  ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, const ConvertibleFromAny& a) {
    return os << a.value;
  }
  
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, ConversionConstructorIsUsed) {
    Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m = MatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
  }
  
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, FromConvertibleFromAny) {
    Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m =
        MatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(Eq(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
  }
  
  struct IntReferenceWrapper {
    IntReferenceWrapper(const int& a_value) : value(&a_value) {}
    const int* value;
  };
  
  bool operator==(const IntReferenceWrapper& a, const IntReferenceWrapper& b) {
    return a.value == b.value;
  }
  
  TEST(MatcherCastTest, ValueIsNotCopied) {
    int n = 42;
    Matcher<IntReferenceWrapper> m = MatcherCast<IntReferenceWrapper>(n);
    // Verify that the matcher holds a reference to n, not to its temporary copy.
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(n));
  }
  
  class Base {
   public:
    virtual ~Base() {}
    Base() {}
   private:
    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(Base);
  };
  
  class Derived : public Base {
   public:
    Derived() : Base() {}
    int i;
  };
  
  class OtherDerived : public Base {};
  
  // Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a polymorphic matcher.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromPolymorphicMatcher) {
    Matcher<char> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<char>(Eq(32));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(' '));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches('\n'));
  }
  
  // Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<U> where
  // T and U are arithmetic types and T can be losslessly converted to
  // U.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromLosslesslyConvertibleArithmeticType) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = DoubleEq(1.0);
    Matcher<float> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<float>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(1.0f));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(2.0f));
  
    Matcher<char> m3 = SafeMatcherCast<char>(TypedEq<int>('a'));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches('a'));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches('b'));
  }
  
  // Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<U> where T and U
  // are pointers or references to a derived and a base class, correspondingly.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromBaseClass) {
    Derived d, d2;
    Matcher<Base*> m1 = Eq(&d);
    Matcher<Derived*> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<Derived*>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(&d));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(&d2));
  
    Matcher<Base&> m3 = Ref(d);
    Matcher<Derived&> m4 = SafeMatcherCast<Derived&>(m3);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(d));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m4.Matches(d2));
  }
  
  // Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<const T&>.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromConstReferenceToReference) {
    int n = 0;
    Matcher<const int&> m1 = Ref(n);
    Matcher<int&> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<int&>(m1);
    int n1 = 0;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(n1));
  }
  
  // Tests that MatcherCast<const T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToConstReference) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<const int&> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<const int&>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
  }
  
  // Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T&>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromNonReferenceToReference) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<int&> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<int&>(m1);
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(n));
    n = 1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(n));
  }
  
  // Tests that SafeMatcherCast<T>(m) works when m is a Matcher<T>.
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromSameType) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(0);
    Matcher<int> m2 = SafeMatcherCast<int>(m1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(1));
  }
  
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, ConversionConstructorIsUsed) {
    Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m = SafeMatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
  }
  
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, FromConvertibleFromAny) {
    Matcher<ConvertibleFromAny> m =
        SafeMatcherCast<ConvertibleFromAny>(Eq(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(1)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConvertibleFromAny(2)));
  }
  
  TEST(SafeMatcherCastTest, ValueIsNotCopied) {
    int n = 42;
    Matcher<IntReferenceWrapper> m = SafeMatcherCast<IntReferenceWrapper>(n);
    // Verify that the matcher holds a reference to n, not to its temporary copy.
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(n));
  }
  
  // Tests that A<T>() matches any value of type T.
  TEST(ATest, MatchesAnyValue) {
    // Tests a matcher for a value type.
    Matcher<double> m1 = A<double>();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(91.43));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-15.32));
  
    // Tests a matcher for a reference type.
    int a = 2;
    int b = -6;
    Matcher<int&> m2 = A<int&>();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(a));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(b));
  }
  
  TEST(ATest, WorksForDerivedClass) {
    Base base;
    Derived derived;
    EXPECT_THAT(&base, A<Base*>());
    // This shouldn't compile: EXPECT_THAT(&base, A<Derived*>());
    EXPECT_THAT(&derived, A<Base*>());
    EXPECT_THAT(&derived, A<Derived*>());
  }
  
  // Tests that A<T>() describes itself properly.
  TEST(ATest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", Describe(A<bool>()));
  }
  
  // Tests that An<T>() matches any value of type T.
  TEST(AnTest, MatchesAnyValue) {
    // Tests a matcher for a value type.
    Matcher<int> m1 = An<int>();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(9143));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-1532));
  
    // Tests a matcher for a reference type.
    int a = 2;
    int b = -6;
    Matcher<int&> m2 = An<int&>();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(a));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(b));
  }
  
  // Tests that An<T>() describes itself properly.
  TEST(AnTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", Describe(An<int>()));
  }
  
  // Tests that _ can be used as a matcher for any type and matches any
  // value of that type.
  TEST(UnderscoreTest, MatchesAnyValue) {
    // Uses _ as a matcher for a value type.
    Matcher<int> m1 = _;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(123));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-242));
  
    // Uses _ as a matcher for a reference type.
    bool a = false;
    const bool b = true;
    Matcher<const bool&> m2 = _;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(a));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(b));
  }
  
  // Tests that _ describes itself properly.
  TEST(UnderscoreTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = _;
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Eq(x) matches any value equal to x.
  TEST(EqTest, MatchesEqualValue) {
    // 2 C-strings with same content but different addresses.
    const char a1[] = "hi";
    const char a2[] = "hi";
  
    Matcher<const char*> m1 = Eq(a1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(a1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(a2));
  }
  
  // Tests that Eq(v) describes itself properly.
  
  class Unprintable {
   public:
    Unprintable() : c_('a') {}
  
    bool operator==(const Unprintable& /* rhs */) { return true; }
   private:
    char c_;
  };
  
  TEST(EqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<Unprintable> m = Eq(Unprintable());
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to 1-byte object <61>", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Eq(v) can be used to match any type that supports
  // comparing with type T, where T is v's type.
  TEST(EqTest, IsPolymorphic) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Eq(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(2));
  
    Matcher<char> m2 = Eq(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches('\1'));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches('a'));
  }
  
  // Tests that TypedEq<T>(v) matches values of type T that's equal to v.
  TEST(TypedEqTest, ChecksEqualityForGivenType) {
    Matcher<char> m1 = TypedEq<char>('a');
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches('a'));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches('b'));
  
    Matcher<int> m2 = TypedEq<int>(6);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(6));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(7));
  }
  
  // Tests that TypedEq(v) describes itself properly.
  TEST(TypedEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to 2", Describe(TypedEq<int>(2)));
  }
  
  // Tests that TypedEq<T>(v) has type Matcher<T>.
  
  // Type<T>::IsTypeOf(v) compiles iff the type of value v is T, where T
  // is a "bare" type (i.e. not in the form of const U or U&).  If v's
  // type is not T, the compiler will generate a message about
  // "undefined referece".
  template <typename T>
  struct Type {
    static bool IsTypeOf(const T& /* v */) { return true; }
  
    template <typename T2>
    static void IsTypeOf(T2 v);
  };
  
  TEST(TypedEqTest, HasSpecifiedType) {
    // Verfies that the type of TypedEq<T>(v) is Matcher<T>.
    Type<Matcher<int> >::IsTypeOf(TypedEq<int>(5));
    Type<Matcher<double> >::IsTypeOf(TypedEq<double>(5));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ge(v) matches anything >= v.
  TEST(GeTest, ImplementsGreaterThanOrEqual) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Ge(0);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(-1));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ge(v) describes itself properly.
  TEST(GeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = Ge(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is >= 5", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Gt(v) matches anything > v.
  TEST(GtTest, ImplementsGreaterThan) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = Gt(0);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1.0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(0.0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(-1.0));
  }
  
  // Tests that Gt(v) describes itself properly.
  TEST(GtTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = Gt(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is > 5", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Le(v) matches anything <= v.
  TEST(LeTest, ImplementsLessThanOrEqual) {
    Matcher<char> m1 = Le('b');
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches('a'));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches('b'));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches('c'));
  }
  
  // Tests that Le(v) describes itself properly.
  TEST(LeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = Le(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is <= 5", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Lt(v) matches anything < v.
  TEST(LtTest, ImplementsLessThan) {
    Matcher<const string&> m1 = Lt("Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("Abc"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches("Hello, world!"));
  }
  
  // Tests that Lt(v) describes itself properly.
  TEST(LtTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = Lt(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is < 5", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ne(v) matches anything != v.
  TEST(NeTest, ImplementsNotEqual) {
    Matcher<int> m1 = Ne(0);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(0));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ne(v) describes itself properly.
  TEST(NeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = Ne(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to 5", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsNull() matches any NULL pointer of any type.
  TEST(IsNullTest, MatchesNullPointer) {
    Matcher<int*> m1 = IsNull();
    int* p1 = NULL;
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(p1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(&n));
  
    Matcher<const char*> m2 = IsNull();
    const char* p2 = NULL;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(p2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("hi"));
  
  #if !GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
    // Nokia's Symbian compiler generates:
    // gmock-matchers.h: ambiguous access to overloaded function
    // gmock-matchers.h: 'testing::Matcher<void *>::Matcher(void *)'
    // gmock-matchers.h: 'testing::Matcher<void *>::Matcher(const testing::
    //     MatcherInterface<void *> *)'
    // gmock-matchers.h:  (point of instantiation: 'testing::
    //     gmock_matchers_test::IsNullTest_MatchesNullPointer_Test::TestBody()')
    // gmock-matchers.h:   (instantiating: 'testing::PolymorphicMatc
    Matcher<void*> m3 = IsNull();
    void* p3 = NULL;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(p3));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(reinterpret_cast<void*>(0xbeef)));
  #endif
  }
  
  TEST(IsNullTest, LinkedPtr) {
    const Matcher<linked_ptr<int> > m = IsNull();
    const linked_ptr<int> null_p;
    const linked_ptr<int> non_null_p(new int);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(null_p));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
  }
  
  TEST(IsNullTest, ReferenceToConstLinkedPtr) {
    const Matcher<const linked_ptr<double>&> m = IsNull();
    const linked_ptr<double> null_p;
    const linked_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(null_p));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
  }
  
  TEST(IsNullTest, ReferenceToConstScopedPtr) {
    const Matcher<const scoped_ptr<double>&> m = IsNull();
    const scoped_ptr<double> null_p;
    const scoped_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(null_p));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
  }
  
  // Tests that IsNull() describes itself properly.
  TEST(IsNullTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int*> m = IsNull();
    EXPECT_EQ("is NULL", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't NULL", DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that NotNull() matches any non-NULL pointer of any type.
  TEST(NotNullTest, MatchesNonNullPointer) {
    Matcher<int*> m1 = NotNull();
    int* p1 = NULL;
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(p1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(&n));
  
    Matcher<const char*> m2 = NotNull();
    const char* p2 = NULL;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(p2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(NotNullTest, LinkedPtr) {
    const Matcher<linked_ptr<int> > m = NotNull();
    const linked_ptr<int> null_p;
    const linked_ptr<int> non_null_p(new int);
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(null_p));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
  }
  
  TEST(NotNullTest, ReferenceToConstLinkedPtr) {
    const Matcher<const linked_ptr<double>&> m = NotNull();
    const linked_ptr<double> null_p;
    const linked_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(null_p));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
  }
  
  TEST(NotNullTest, ReferenceToConstScopedPtr) {
    const Matcher<const scoped_ptr<double>&> m = NotNull();
    const scoped_ptr<double> null_p;
    const scoped_ptr<double> non_null_p(new double);
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(null_p));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(non_null_p));
  }
  
  // Tests that NotNull() describes itself properly.
  TEST(NotNullTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int*> m = NotNull();
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't NULL", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ref(variable) matches an argument that references
  // 'variable'.
  TEST(RefTest, MatchesSameVariable) {
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    Matcher<int&> m = Ref(a);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(b));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ref(variable) describes itself properly.
  TEST(RefTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    int n = 5;
    Matcher<int&> m = Ref(n);
    stringstream ss;
    ss << "references the variable @" << &n << " 5";
    EXPECT_EQ(string(ss.str()), Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Test that Ref(non_const_varialbe) can be used as a matcher for a
  // const reference.
  TEST(RefTest, CanBeUsedAsMatcherForConstReference) {
    int a = 0;
    int b = 0;
    Matcher<const int&> m = Ref(a);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(b));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ref(variable) is covariant, i.e. Ref(derived) can be
  // used wherever Ref(base) can be used (Ref(derived) is a sub-type
  // of Ref(base), but not vice versa.
  
  TEST(RefTest, IsCovariant) {
    Base base, base2;
    Derived derived;
    Matcher<const Base&> m1 = Ref(base);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(base));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(base2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(derived));
  
    m1 = Ref(derived);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(derived));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(base));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(base2));
  }
  
  TEST(RefTest, ExplainsResult) {
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_THAT(Explain(Matcher<const int&>(Ref(n)), n),
                StartsWith("which is located @"));
  
    int m = 0;
    EXPECT_THAT(Explain(Matcher<const int&>(Ref(n)), m),
                StartsWith("which is located @"));
  }
  
  // Tests string comparison matchers.
  
  TEST(StrEqTest, MatchesEqualString) {
    Matcher<const char*> m = StrEq(string("Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  
    Matcher<const string&> m2 = StrEq("Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(StrEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<string> m = StrEq("Hi-\'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v\xD3");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to \"Hi-\'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t\\v\\xD3\"",
        Describe(m));
  
    string str("01204500800");
    str[3] = '\0';
    Matcher<string> m2 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to \"012\\04500800\"", Describe(m2));
    str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = '\0';
    Matcher<string> m3 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to \"\\012\\045\\0\\08\\0\\0\"", Describe(m3));
  }
  
  TEST(StrNeTest, MatchesUnequalString) {
    Matcher<const char*> m = StrNe("Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("Hello"));
  
    Matcher<string> m2 = StrNe(string("Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hello"));
  }
  
  TEST(StrNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const char*> m = StrNe("Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(StrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringIgnoringCase) {
    Matcher<const char*> m = StrCaseEq(string("Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("Hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  
    Matcher<const string&> m2 = StrCaseEq("Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(StrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringWith0IgnoringCase) {
    string str1("oabocdooeoo");
    string str2("OABOCDOOEOO");
    Matcher<const string&> m0 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m0.Matches(str2 + string(1, '\0')));
  
    str1[3] = str2[3] = '\0';
    Matcher<const string&> m1 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(str2));
  
    str1[0] = str1[6] = str1[7] = str1[10] = '\0';
    str2[0] = str2[6] = str2[7] = str2[10] = '\0';
    Matcher<const string&> m2 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    str1[9] = str2[9] = '\0';
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(str2));
  
    Matcher<const string&> m3 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(str2));
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2 + "x"));
    str2.append(1, '\0');
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(string(str2, 0, 9)));
  }
  
  TEST(StrCaseEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<string> m = StrCaseEq("Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to (ignoring case) \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(StrCaseNeTest, MatchesUnequalStringIgnoringCase) {
    Matcher<const char*> m = StrCaseNe("Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches("Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches("hello"));
  
    Matcher<string> m2 = StrCaseNe(string("Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hello"));
  }
  
  TEST(StrCaseNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const char*> m = StrCaseNe("Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to (ignoring case) \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching string-typed values.
  TEST(HasSubstrTest, WorksForStringClasses) {
    const Matcher<string> m1 = HasSubstr("foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(string("I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(string("tofo")));
  
    const Matcher<const std::string&> m2 = HasSubstr("foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(std::string("I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(std::string("tofo")));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching C-string-typed values.
  TEST(HasSubstrTest, WorksForCStrings) {
    const Matcher<char*> m1 = HasSubstr("foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(const_cast<char*>("I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(const_cast<char*>("tofo")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const char*> m2 = HasSubstr("foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("I love food."));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("tofo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr(s) describes itself properly.
  TEST(HasSubstrTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<string> m = HasSubstr("foo\n\"");
    EXPECT_EQ("has substring \"foo\\n\\\"\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(KeyTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const pair<std::string, int>&> m = Key("foo");
    EXPECT_EQ("has a key that is equal to \"foo\"", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("doesn't have a key that is equal to \"foo\"", DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(KeyTest, ExplainsResult) {
    Matcher<pair<int, bool> > m = Key(GreaterThan(10));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose first field is a value which is 5 less than 10",
              Explain(m, make_pair(5, true)));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose first field is a value which is 5 more than 10",
              Explain(m, make_pair(15, true)));
  }
  
  TEST(KeyTest, MatchesCorrectly) {
    pair<int, std::string> p(25, "foo");
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Key(25));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Key(42)));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Key(Ge(20)));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Key(Lt(25))));
  }
  
  TEST(KeyTest, SafelyCastsInnerMatcher) {
    Matcher<int> is_positive = Gt(0);
    Matcher<int> is_negative = Lt(0);
    pair<char, bool> p('a', true);
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Key(is_positive));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Key(is_negative)));
  }
  
  TEST(KeyTest, InsideContainsUsingMap) {
    map<int, char> container;
    container.insert(make_pair(1, 'a'));
    container.insert(make_pair(2, 'b'));
    container.insert(make_pair(4, 'c'));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(1)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Key(3))));
  }
  
  TEST(KeyTest, InsideContainsUsingMultimap) {
    multimap<int, char> container;
    container.insert(make_pair(1, 'a'));
    container.insert(make_pair(2, 'b'));
    container.insert(make_pair(4, 'c'));
  
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Key(25))));
    container.insert(make_pair(25, 'd'));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(25)));
    container.insert(make_pair(25, 'e'));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(25)));
  
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Key(1)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Key(3))));
  }
  
  TEST(PairTest, Typing) {
    // Test verifies the following type conversions can be compiled.
    Matcher<const pair<const char*, int>&> m1 = Pair("foo", 42);
    Matcher<const pair<const char*, int> > m2 = Pair("foo", 42);
    Matcher<pair<const char*, int> > m3 = Pair("foo", 42);
  
    Matcher<pair<int, const std::string> > m4 = Pair(25, "42");
    Matcher<pair<const std::string, int> > m5 = Pair("25", 42);
  }
  
  TEST(PairTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const pair<std::string, int>&> m1 = Pair("foo", 42);
    EXPECT_EQ("has a first field that is equal to \"foo\""
              ", and has a second field that is equal to 42",
              Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ("has a first field that isn't equal to \"foo\""
              ", or has a second field that isn't equal to 42",
              DescribeNegation(m1));
    // Double and triple negation (1 or 2 times not and description of negation).
    Matcher<const pair<int, int>&> m2 = Not(Pair(Not(13), 42));
    EXPECT_EQ("has a first field that isn't equal to 13"
              ", and has a second field that is equal to 42",
              DescribeNegation(m2));
  }
  
  TEST(PairTest, CanExplainMatchResultTo) {
    // If neither field matches, Pair() should explain about the first
    // field.
    const Matcher<pair<int, int> > m = Pair(GreaterThan(0), GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose first field does not match, which is 1 less than 0",
              Explain(m, make_pair(-1, -2)));
  
    // If the first field matches but the second doesn't, Pair() should
    // explain about the second field.
    EXPECT_EQ("whose second field does not match, which is 2 less than 0",
              Explain(m, make_pair(1, -2)));
  
    // If the first field doesn't match but the second does, Pair()
    // should explain about the first field.
    EXPECT_EQ("whose first field does not match, which is 1 less than 0",
              Explain(m, make_pair(-1, 2)));
  
    // If both fields match, Pair() should explain about them both.
    EXPECT_EQ("whose both fields match, where the first field is a value "
              "which is 1 more than 0, and the second field is a value "
              "which is 2 more than 0",
              Explain(m, make_pair(1, 2)));
  
    // If only the first match has an explanation, only this explanation should
    // be printed.
    const Matcher<pair<int, int> > explain_first = Pair(GreaterThan(0), 0);
    EXPECT_EQ("whose both fields match, where the first field is a value "
              "which is 1 more than 0",
              Explain(explain_first, make_pair(1, 0)));
  
    // If only the second match has an explanation, only this explanation should
    // be printed.
    const Matcher<pair<int, int> > explain_second = Pair(0, GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose both fields match, where the second field is a value "
              "which is 1 more than 0",
              Explain(explain_second, make_pair(0, 1)));
  }
  
  TEST(PairTest, MatchesCorrectly) {
    pair<int, std::string> p(25, "foo");
  
    // Both fields match.
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(25, "foo"));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(Ge(20), HasSubstr("o")));
  
    // 'first' doesnt' match, but 'second' matches.
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(42, "foo")));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(Lt(25), "foo")));
  
    // 'first' matches, but 'second' doesn't match.
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(25, "bar")));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(25, Not("foo"))));
  
    // Neither field matches.
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(13, "bar")));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(Lt(13), HasSubstr("a"))));
  }
  
  TEST(PairTest, SafelyCastsInnerMatchers) {
    Matcher<int> is_positive = Gt(0);
    Matcher<int> is_negative = Lt(0);
    pair<char, bool> p('a', true);
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(is_positive, _));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(is_negative, _)));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Pair(_, is_positive));
    EXPECT_THAT(p, Not(Pair(_, is_negative)));
  }
  
  TEST(PairTest, InsideContainsUsingMap) {
    map<int, char> container;
    container.insert(make_pair(1, 'a'));
    container.insert(make_pair(2, 'b'));
    container.insert(make_pair(4, 'c'));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Pair(1, 'a')));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Pair(1, _)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Contains(Pair(_, 'a')));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(Contains(Pair(3, _))));
  }
  
  // Tests StartsWith(s).
  
  TEST(StartsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenPrefix) {
    const Matcher<const char*> m1 = StartsWith(string(""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const string&> m2 = StartsWith("Hi");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hi Hi!"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("High"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("H"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(" Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(StartsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const std::string> m = StartsWith("Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("starts with \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests EndsWith(s).
  
  TEST(EndsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenSuffix) {
    const Matcher<const char*> m1 = EndsWith("");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const string&> m2 = EndsWith(string("Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Wow Hi Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("Super Hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("i"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("Hi "));
  }
  
  TEST(EndsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const std::string> m = EndsWith("Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("ends with \"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests MatchesRegex().
  
  TEST(MatchesRegexTest, MatchesStringMatchingGivenRegex) {
    const Matcher<const char*> m1 = MatchesRegex("a.*z");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("az"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("abcz"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const string&> m2 = MatchesRegex(new RE("a.*z"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("azbz"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("az1"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("1az"));
  }
  
  TEST(MatchesRegexTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const std::string> m1 = MatchesRegex(string("Hi.*"));
    EXPECT_EQ("matches regular expression \"Hi.*\"", Describe(m1));
  
    Matcher<const char*> m2 = MatchesRegex(new RE("a.*"));
    EXPECT_EQ("matches regular expression \"a.*\"", Describe(m2));
  }
  
  // Tests ContainsRegex().
  
  TEST(ContainsRegexTest, MatchesStringContainingGivenRegex) {
    const Matcher<const char*> m1 = ContainsRegex(string("a.*z"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("az"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches("0abcz1"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const string&> m2 = ContainsRegex(new RE("a.*z"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("azbz"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches("az1"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches("1a"));
  }
  
  TEST(ContainsRegexTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const std::string> m1 = ContainsRegex("Hi.*");
    EXPECT_EQ("contains regular expression \"Hi.*\"", Describe(m1));
  
    Matcher<const char*> m2 = ContainsRegex(new RE("a.*"));
    EXPECT_EQ("contains regular expression \"a.*\"", Describe(m2));
  }
  
  // Tests for wide strings.
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  TEST(StdWideStrEqTest, MatchesEqual) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrEq(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StrEq(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
  
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m3 = StrEq(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74E"));
  
    ::std::wstring str(L"01204500800");
    str[3] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m4 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(str));
    str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m5 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m5.Matches(str));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher< ::std::wstring> m = StrEq(L"Hi-\'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"Hi-\'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t\\v\"",
      Describe(m));
  
    Matcher< ::std::wstring> m2 = StrEq(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D\"",
      Describe(m2));
  
    ::std::wstring str(L"01204500800");
    str[3] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m4 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"012\\04500800\"", Describe(m4));
    str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m5 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"\\012\\045\\0\\08\\0\\0\"", Describe(m5));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrNeTest, MatchesUnequalString) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrNe(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
  
    Matcher< ::std::wstring> m2 = StrNe(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrNe(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringIgnoringCase) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseEq(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StrCaseEq(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringWith0IgnoringCase) {
    ::std::wstring str1(L"oabocdooeoo");
    ::std::wstring str2(L"OABOCDOOEOO");
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m0 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m0.Matches(str2 + ::std::wstring(1, L'\0')));
  
    str1[3] = str2[3] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m1 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(str2));
  
    str1[0] = str1[6] = str1[7] = str1[10] = L'\0';
    str2[0] = str2[6] = str2[7] = str2[10] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    str1[9] = str2[9] = L'\0';
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(str2));
  
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m3 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(str2));
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2 + L"x"));
    str2.append(1, L'\0');
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(::std::wstring(str2, 0, 9)));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrCaseEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher< ::std::wstring> m = StrCaseEq(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to (ignoring case) L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrCaseNeTest, MatchesUnequalStringIgnoringCase) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseNe(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
  
    Matcher< ::std::wstring> m2 = StrCaseNe(::std::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStrCaseNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseNe(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to (ignoring case) L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching wstring-typed values.
  TEST(StdWideHasSubstrTest, WorksForStringClasses) {
    const Matcher< ::std::wstring> m1 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(::std::wstring(L"I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(::std::wstring(L"tofo")));
  
    const Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(::std::wstring(L"I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(::std::wstring(L"tofo")));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching C-wide-string-typed values.
  TEST(StdWideHasSubstrTest, WorksForCStrings) {
    const Matcher<wchar_t*> m1 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"tofo")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const wchar_t*> m2 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"I love food."));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"tofo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr(s) describes itself properly.
  TEST(StdWideHasSubstrTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher< ::std::wstring> m = HasSubstr(L"foo\n\"");
    EXPECT_EQ("has substring L\"foo\\n\\\"\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests StartsWith(s).
  
  TEST(StdWideStartsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenPrefix) {
    const Matcher<const wchar_t*> m1 = StartsWith(::std::wstring(L""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = StartsWith(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hi Hi!"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"High"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"H"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L" Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideStartsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring> m = StartsWith(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("starts with L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests EndsWith(s).
  
  TEST(StdWideEndsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenSuffix) {
    const Matcher<const wchar_t*> m1 = EndsWith(L"");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const ::std::wstring&> m2 = EndsWith(::std::wstring(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Wow Hi Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Super Hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"i"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi "));
  }
  
  TEST(StdWideEndsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const ::std::wstring> m = EndsWith(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("ends with L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
  TEST(GlobalWideStrEqTest, MatchesEqual) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrEq(::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m2 = StrEq(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
  
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m3 = StrEq(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74E"));
  
    ::wstring str(L"01204500800");
    str[3] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m4 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(str));
    str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m5 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m5.Matches(str));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher< ::wstring> m = StrEq(L"Hi-\'\"?\\\a\b\f\n\r\t\v");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"Hi-\'\\\"?\\\\\\a\\b\\f\\n\\r\\t\\v\"",
      Describe(m));
  
    Matcher< ::wstring> m2 = StrEq(L"\xD3\x576\x8D3\xC74D");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"\\xD3\\x576\\x8D3\\xC74D\"",
      Describe(m2));
  
    ::wstring str(L"01204500800");
    str[3] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m4 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"012\\04500800\"", Describe(m4));
    str[0] = str[6] = str[7] = str[9] = str[10] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m5 = StrEq(str);
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to L\"\\012\\045\\0\\08\\0\\0\"", Describe(m5));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrNeTest, MatchesUnequalString) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrNe(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
  
    Matcher< ::wstring> m2 = StrNe(::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrNe(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringIgnoringCase) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseEq(::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m2 = StrCaseEq(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrCaseEqTest, MatchesEqualStringWith0IgnoringCase) {
    ::wstring str1(L"oabocdooeoo");
    ::wstring str2(L"OABOCDOOEOO");
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m0 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m0.Matches(str2 + ::wstring(1, L'\0')));
  
    str1[3] = str2[3] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m1 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(str2));
  
    str1[0] = str1[6] = str1[7] = str1[10] = L'\0';
    str2[0] = str2[6] = str2[7] = str2[10] = L'\0';
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m2 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    str1[9] = str2[9] = L'\0';
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(str2));
  
    Matcher<const ::wstring&> m3 = StrCaseEq(str1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(str2));
  
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2 + L"x"));
    str2.append(1, L'\0');
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(str2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(::wstring(str2, 0, 9)));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrCaseEqTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher< ::wstring> m = StrCaseEq(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("is equal to (ignoring case) L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrCaseNeTest, MatchesUnequalStringIgnoringCase) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseNe(L"Hello");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(NULL));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(L"hello"));
  
    Matcher< ::wstring> m2 = StrCaseNe(::wstring(L"Hello"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hello"));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStrCaseNeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const wchar_t*> m = StrCaseNe(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to (ignoring case) L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching wstring-typed values.
  TEST(GlobalWideHasSubstrTest, WorksForStringClasses) {
    const Matcher< ::wstring> m1 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(::wstring(L"I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(::wstring(L"tofo")));
  
    const Matcher<const ::wstring&> m2 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(::wstring(L"I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(::wstring(L"tofo")));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr() works for matching C-wide-string-typed values.
  TEST(GlobalWideHasSubstrTest, WorksForCStrings) {
    const Matcher<wchar_t*> m1 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"I love food.")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(const_cast<wchar_t*>(L"tofo")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const wchar_t*> m2 = HasSubstr(L"foo");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"I love food."));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"tofo"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  // Tests that HasSubstr(s) describes itself properly.
  TEST(GlobalWideHasSubstrTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher< ::wstring> m = HasSubstr(L"foo\n\"");
    EXPECT_EQ("has substring L\"foo\\n\\\"\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests StartsWith(s).
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStartsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenPrefix) {
    const Matcher<const wchar_t*> m1 = StartsWith(::wstring(L""));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const ::wstring&> m2 = StartsWith(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hi Hi!"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"High"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"H"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L" Hi"));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideStartsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const ::wstring> m = StartsWith(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("starts with L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests EndsWith(s).
  
  TEST(GlobalWideEndsWithTest, MatchesStringWithGivenSuffix) {
    const Matcher<const wchar_t*> m1 = EndsWith(L"");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(L""));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(NULL));
  
    const Matcher<const ::wstring&> m2 = EndsWith(::wstring(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Wow Hi Hi"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(L"Super Hi"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"i"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(L"Hi "));
  }
  
  TEST(GlobalWideEndsWithTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const ::wstring> m = EndsWith(L"Hi");
    EXPECT_EQ("ends with L\"Hi\"", Describe(m));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING
  
  
  typedef ::testing::tuple<long, int> Tuple2;  // NOLINT
  
  // Tests that Eq() matches a 2-tuple where the first field == the
  // second field.
  TEST(Eq2Test, MatchesEqualArguments) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Eq();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 5)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 6)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Eq() describes itself properly.
  TEST(Eq2Test, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Eq();
    EXPECT_EQ("are an equal pair", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ge() matches a 2-tuple where the first field >= the
  // second field.
  TEST(Ge2Test, MatchesGreaterThanOrEqualArguments) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Ge();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 4)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 5)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 6)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ge() describes itself properly.
  TEST(Ge2Test, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Ge();
    EXPECT_EQ("are a pair where the first >= the second", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Gt() matches a 2-tuple where the first field > the
  // second field.
  TEST(Gt2Test, MatchesGreaterThanArguments) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Gt();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 4)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 5)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 6)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Gt() describes itself properly.
  TEST(Gt2Test, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Gt();
    EXPECT_EQ("are a pair where the first > the second", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Le() matches a 2-tuple where the first field <= the
  // second field.
  TEST(Le2Test, MatchesLessThanOrEqualArguments) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Le();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 6)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 5)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 4)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Le() describes itself properly.
  TEST(Le2Test, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Le();
    EXPECT_EQ("are a pair where the first <= the second", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Lt() matches a 2-tuple where the first field < the
  // second field.
  TEST(Lt2Test, MatchesLessThanArguments) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Lt();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 6)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 5)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 4)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Lt() describes itself properly.
  TEST(Lt2Test, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Lt();
    EXPECT_EQ("are a pair where the first < the second", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ne() matches a 2-tuple where the first field != the
  // second field.
  TEST(Ne2Test, MatchesUnequalArguments) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Ne();
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 6)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 4)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(Tuple2(5L, 5)));
  }
  
  // Tests that Ne() describes itself properly.
  TEST(Ne2Test, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const Tuple2&> m = Ne();
    EXPECT_EQ("are an unequal pair", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Not(m) matches any value that doesn't match m.
  TEST(NotTest, NegatesMatcher) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = Not(Eq(2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(3));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(2));
  }
  
  // Tests that Not(m) describes itself properly.
  TEST(NotTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m = Not(Eq(5));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't equal to 5", Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that monomorphic matchers are safely cast by the Not matcher.
  TEST(NotTest, NotMatcherSafelyCastsMonomorphicMatchers) {
    // greater_than_5 is a monomorphic matcher.
    Matcher<int> greater_than_5 = Gt(5);
  
    Matcher<const int&> m = Not(greater_than_5);
    Matcher<int&> m2 = Not(greater_than_5);
    Matcher<int&> m3 = Not(m);
  }
  
  // Helper to allow easy testing of AllOf matchers with num parameters.
  void AllOfMatches(int num, const Matcher<int>& m) {
    SCOPED_TRACE(Describe(m));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(0));
    for (int i = 1; i <= num; ++i) {
      EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(i));
    }
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(num + 1));
  }
  
  // Tests that AllOf(m1, ..., mn) matches any value that matches all of
  // the given matchers.
  TEST(AllOfTest, MatchesWhenAllMatch) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = AllOf(Le(2), Ge(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(3));
  
    m = AllOf(Gt(0), Ne(1), Ne(2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(3));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
  
    m = AllOf(Gt(0), Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(4));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(3));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
  
    m = AllOf(Ge(0), Lt(10), Ne(3), Ne(5), Ne(7));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(3));
  
    // The following tests for varying number of sub-matchers. Due to the way
    // the sub-matchers are handled it is enough to test every sub-matcher once
    // with sub-matchers using the same matcher type. Varying matcher types are
    // checked for above.
    AllOfMatches(2, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2)));
    AllOfMatches(3, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3)));
    AllOfMatches(4, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4)));
    AllOfMatches(5, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5)));
    AllOfMatches(6, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6)));
    AllOfMatches(7, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6), Ne(7)));
    AllOfMatches(8, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6), Ne(7),
                          Ne(8)));
    AllOfMatches(9, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6), Ne(7),
                          Ne(8), Ne(9)));
    AllOfMatches(10, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6), Ne(7), Ne(8),
                           Ne(9), Ne(10)));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_LANG_CXX11
  // Tests the variadic version of the AllOfMatcher.
  TEST(AllOfTest, VariadicMatchesWhenAllMatch) {
    // Make sure AllOf is defined in the right namespace and does not depend on
    // ADL.
    ::testing::AllOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);
    Matcher<int> m = AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6), Ne(7), Ne(8),
                           Ne(9), Ne(10), Ne(11));
    EXPECT_THAT(Describe(m), EndsWith("and (isn't equal to 11))))))))))"));
    AllOfMatches(11, m);
    AllOfMatches(50, AllOf(Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3), Ne(4), Ne(5), Ne(6), Ne(7), Ne(8),
                           Ne(9), Ne(10), Ne(11), Ne(12), Ne(13), Ne(14), Ne(15),
                           Ne(16), Ne(17), Ne(18), Ne(19), Ne(20), Ne(21), Ne(22),
                           Ne(23), Ne(24), Ne(25), Ne(26), Ne(27), Ne(28), Ne(29),
                           Ne(30), Ne(31), Ne(32), Ne(33), Ne(34), Ne(35), Ne(36),
                           Ne(37), Ne(38), Ne(39), Ne(40), Ne(41), Ne(42), Ne(43),
                           Ne(44), Ne(45), Ne(46), Ne(47), Ne(48), Ne(49),
                           Ne(50)));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_LANG_CXX11
  
  // Tests that AllOf(m1, ..., mn) describes itself properly.
  TEST(AllOfTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = AllOf(Le(2), Ge(1));
    EXPECT_EQ("(is <= 2) and (is >= 1)", Describe(m));
  
    m = AllOf(Gt(0), Ne(1), Ne(2));
    EXPECT_EQ("(is > 0) and "
              "((isn't equal to 1) and "
              "(isn't equal to 2))",
              Describe(m));
  
  
    m = AllOf(Gt(0), Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("((is > 0) and "
              "(isn't equal to 1)) and "
              "((isn't equal to 2) and "
              "(isn't equal to 3))",
              Describe(m));
  
  
    m = AllOf(Ge(0), Lt(10), Ne(3), Ne(5), Ne(7));
    EXPECT_EQ("((is >= 0) and "
              "(is < 10)) and "
              "((isn't equal to 3) and "
              "((isn't equal to 5) and "
              "(isn't equal to 7)))",
              Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that AllOf(m1, ..., mn) describes its negation properly.
  TEST(AllOfTest, CanDescribeNegation) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = AllOf(Le(2), Ge(1));
    EXPECT_EQ("(isn't <= 2) or "
              "(isn't >= 1)",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  
    m = AllOf(Gt(0), Ne(1), Ne(2));
    EXPECT_EQ("(isn't > 0) or "
              "((is equal to 1) or "
              "(is equal to 2))",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  
  
    m = AllOf(Gt(0), Ne(1), Ne(2), Ne(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("((isn't > 0) or "
              "(is equal to 1)) or "
              "((is equal to 2) or "
              "(is equal to 3))",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  
  
    m = AllOf(Ge(0), Lt(10), Ne(3), Ne(5), Ne(7));
    EXPECT_EQ("((isn't >= 0) or "
              "(isn't < 10)) or "
              "((is equal to 3) or "
              "((is equal to 5) or "
              "(is equal to 7)))",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that monomorphic matchers are safely cast by the AllOf matcher.
  TEST(AllOfTest, AllOfMatcherSafelyCastsMonomorphicMatchers) {
    // greater_than_5 and less_than_10 are monomorphic matchers.
    Matcher<int> greater_than_5 = Gt(5);
    Matcher<int> less_than_10 = Lt(10);
  
    Matcher<const int&> m = AllOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10);
    Matcher<int&> m2 = AllOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10);
    Matcher<int&> m3 = AllOf(greater_than_5, m2);
  
    // Tests that BothOf works when composing itself.
    Matcher<const int&> m4 = AllOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10, less_than_10);
    Matcher<int&> m5 = AllOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10, less_than_10);
  }
  
  TEST(AllOfTest, ExplainsResult) {
    Matcher<int> m;
  
    // Successful match.  Both matchers need to explain.  The second
    // matcher doesn't give an explanation, so only the first matcher's
    // explanation is printed.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), Lt(30));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 15 more than 10", Explain(m, 25));
  
    // Successful match.  Both matchers need to explain.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 20 more than 10, and which is 10 more than 20",
              Explain(m, 30));
  
    // Successful match.  All matchers need to explain.  The second
    // matcher doesn't given an explanation.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), Lt(30), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 15 more than 10, and which is 5 more than 20",
              Explain(m, 25));
  
    // Successful match.  All matchers need to explain.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20), GreaterThan(30));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 30 more than 10, and which is 20 more than 20, "
              "and which is 10 more than 30",
              Explain(m, 40));
  
    // Failed match.  The first matcher, which failed, needs to
    // explain.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 less than 10", Explain(m, 5));
  
    // Failed match.  The second matcher, which failed, needs to
    // explain.  Since it doesn't given an explanation, nothing is
    // printed.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), Lt(30));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, 40));
  
    // Failed match.  The second matcher, which failed, needs to
    // explain.
    m = AllOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 less than 20", Explain(m, 15));
  }
  
  // Helper to allow easy testing of AnyOf matchers with num parameters.
  void AnyOfMatches(int num, const Matcher<int>& m) {
    SCOPED_TRACE(Describe(m));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
    for (int i = 1; i <= num; ++i) {
      EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(i));
    }
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(num + 1));
  }
  
  // Tests that AnyOf(m1, ..., mn) matches any value that matches at
  // least one of the given matchers.
  TEST(AnyOfTest, MatchesWhenAnyMatches) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = AnyOf(Le(1), Ge(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(4));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(2));
  
    m = AnyOf(Lt(0), Eq(1), Eq(2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(-1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
  
    m = AnyOf(Lt(0), Eq(1), Eq(2), Eq(3));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(-1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(2));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(3));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
  
    m = AnyOf(Le(0), Gt(10), 3, 5, 7);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(0));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(11));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(3));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(2));
  
    // The following tests for varying number of sub-matchers. Due to the way
    // the sub-matchers are handled it is enough to test every sub-matcher once
    // with sub-matchers using the same matcher type. Varying matcher types are
    // checked for above.
    AnyOfMatches(2, AnyOf(1, 2));
    AnyOfMatches(3, AnyOf(1, 2, 3));
    AnyOfMatches(4, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4));
    AnyOfMatches(5, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
    AnyOfMatches(6, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6));
    AnyOfMatches(7, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7));
    AnyOfMatches(8, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8));
    AnyOfMatches(9, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9));
    AnyOfMatches(10, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_LANG_CXX11
  // Tests the variadic version of the AnyOfMatcher.
  TEST(AnyOfTest, VariadicMatchesWhenAnyMatches) {
    // Also make sure AnyOf is defined in the right namespace and does not depend
    // on ADL.
    Matcher<int> m = ::testing::AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11);
  
    EXPECT_THAT(Describe(m), EndsWith("or (is equal to 11))))))))))"));
    AnyOfMatches(11, m);
    AnyOfMatches(50, AnyOf(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
                           11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20,
                           21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
                           31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
                           41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_LANG_CXX11
  
  // Tests that AnyOf(m1, ..., mn) describes itself properly.
  TEST(AnyOfTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = AnyOf(Le(1), Ge(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("(is <= 1) or (is >= 3)",
              Describe(m));
  
    m = AnyOf(Lt(0), Eq(1), Eq(2));
    EXPECT_EQ("(is < 0) or "
              "((is equal to 1) or (is equal to 2))",
              Describe(m));
  
    m = AnyOf(Lt(0), Eq(1), Eq(2), Eq(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("((is < 0) or "
              "(is equal to 1)) or "
              "((is equal to 2) or "
              "(is equal to 3))",
              Describe(m));
  
    m = AnyOf(Le(0), Gt(10), 3, 5, 7);
    EXPECT_EQ("((is <= 0) or "
              "(is > 10)) or "
              "((is equal to 3) or "
              "((is equal to 5) or "
              "(is equal to 7)))",
              Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that AnyOf(m1, ..., mn) describes its negation properly.
  TEST(AnyOfTest, CanDescribeNegation) {
    Matcher<int> m;
    m = AnyOf(Le(1), Ge(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("(isn't <= 1) and (isn't >= 3)",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  
    m = AnyOf(Lt(0), Eq(1), Eq(2));
    EXPECT_EQ("(isn't < 0) and "
              "((isn't equal to 1) and (isn't equal to 2))",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  
    m = AnyOf(Lt(0), Eq(1), Eq(2), Eq(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("((isn't < 0) and "
              "(isn't equal to 1)) and "
              "((isn't equal to 2) and "
              "(isn't equal to 3))",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  
    m = AnyOf(Le(0), Gt(10), 3, 5, 7);
    EXPECT_EQ("((isn't <= 0) and "
              "(isn't > 10)) and "
              "((isn't equal to 3) and "
              "((isn't equal to 5) and "
              "(isn't equal to 7)))",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that monomorphic matchers are safely cast by the AnyOf matcher.
  TEST(AnyOfTest, AnyOfMatcherSafelyCastsMonomorphicMatchers) {
    // greater_than_5 and less_than_10 are monomorphic matchers.
    Matcher<int> greater_than_5 = Gt(5);
    Matcher<int> less_than_10 = Lt(10);
  
    Matcher<const int&> m = AnyOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10);
    Matcher<int&> m2 = AnyOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10);
    Matcher<int&> m3 = AnyOf(greater_than_5, m2);
  
    // Tests that EitherOf works when composing itself.
    Matcher<const int&> m4 = AnyOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10, less_than_10);
    Matcher<int&> m5 = AnyOf(greater_than_5, less_than_10, less_than_10);
  }
  
  TEST(AnyOfTest, ExplainsResult) {
    Matcher<int> m;
  
    // Failed match.  Both matchers need to explain.  The second
    // matcher doesn't give an explanation, so only the first matcher's
    // explanation is printed.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(10), Lt(0));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 less than 10", Explain(m, 5));
  
    // Failed match.  Both matchers need to explain.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 less than 10, and which is 15 less than 20",
              Explain(m, 5));
  
    // Failed match.  All matchers need to explain.  The second
    // matcher doesn't given an explanation.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(10), Gt(20), GreaterThan(30));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 less than 10, and which is 25 less than 30",
              Explain(m, 5));
  
    // Failed match.  All matchers need to explain.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20), GreaterThan(30));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 less than 10, and which is 15 less than 20, "
              "and which is 25 less than 30",
              Explain(m, 5));
  
    // Successful match.  The first matcher, which succeeded, needs to
    // explain.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(10), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 more than 10", Explain(m, 15));
  
    // Successful match.  The second matcher, which succeeded, needs to
    // explain.  Since it doesn't given an explanation, nothing is
    // printed.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(10), Lt(30));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, 0));
  
    // Successful match.  The second matcher, which succeeded, needs to
    // explain.
    m = AnyOf(GreaterThan(30), GreaterThan(20));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 5 more than 20", Explain(m, 25));
  }
  
  // The following predicate function and predicate functor are for
  // testing the Truly(predicate) matcher.
  
  // Returns non-zero if the input is positive.  Note that the return
  // type of this function is not bool.  It's OK as Truly() accepts any
  // unary function or functor whose return type can be implicitly
  // converted to bool.
  int IsPositive(double x) {
    return x > 0 ? 1 : 0;
  }
  
  // This functor returns true if the input is greater than the given
  // number.
  class IsGreaterThan {
   public:
    explicit IsGreaterThan(int threshold) : threshold_(threshold) {}
  
    bool operator()(int n) const { return n > threshold_; }
  
   private:
    int threshold_;
  };
  
  // For testing Truly().
  const int foo = 0;
  
  // This predicate returns true iff the argument references foo and has
  // a zero value.
  bool ReferencesFooAndIsZero(const int& n) {
    return (&n == &foo) && (n == 0);
  }
  
  // Tests that Truly(predicate) matches what satisfies the given
  // predicate.
  TEST(TrulyTest, MatchesWhatSatisfiesThePredicate) {
    Matcher<double> m = Truly(IsPositive);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(2.0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(-1.5));
  }
  
  // Tests that Truly(predicate_functor) works too.
  TEST(TrulyTest, CanBeUsedWithFunctor) {
    Matcher<int> m = Truly(IsGreaterThan(5));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(6));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(4));
  }
  
  // A class that can be implicitly converted to bool.
  class ConvertibleToBool {
   public:
    explicit ConvertibleToBool(int number) : number_(number) {}
    operator bool() const { return number_ != 0; }
  
   private:
    int number_;
  };
  
  ConvertibleToBool IsNotZero(int number) {
    return ConvertibleToBool(number);
  }
  
  // Tests that the predicate used in Truly() may return a class that's
  // implicitly convertible to bool, even when the class has no
  // operator!().
  TEST(TrulyTest, PredicateCanReturnAClassConvertibleToBool) {
    Matcher<int> m = Truly(IsNotZero);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(0));
  }
  
  // Tests that Truly(predicate) can describe itself properly.
  TEST(TrulyTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<double> m = Truly(IsPositive);
    EXPECT_EQ("satisfies the given predicate",
              Describe(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Truly(predicate) works when the matcher takes its
  // argument by reference.
  TEST(TrulyTest, WorksForByRefArguments) {
    Matcher<const int&> m = Truly(ReferencesFooAndIsZero);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(foo));
    int n = 0;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(n));
  }
  
  // Tests that Matches(m) is a predicate satisfied by whatever that
  // matches matcher m.
  TEST(MatchesTest, IsSatisfiedByWhatMatchesTheMatcher) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(Matches(Ge(0))(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(Matches(Eq('a'))('b'));
  }
  
  // Tests that Matches(m) works when the matcher takes its argument by
  // reference.
  TEST(MatchesTest, WorksOnByRefArguments) {
    int m = 0, n = 0;
    EXPECT_TRUE(Matches(AllOf(Ref(n), Eq(0)))(n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(Matches(Ref(m))(n));
  }
  
  // Tests that a Matcher on non-reference type can be used in
  // Matches().
  TEST(MatchesTest, WorksWithMatcherOnNonRefType) {
    Matcher<int> eq5 = Eq(5);
    EXPECT_TRUE(Matches(eq5)(5));
    EXPECT_FALSE(Matches(eq5)(2));
  }
  
  // Tests Value(value, matcher).  Since Value() is a simple wrapper for
  // Matches(), which has been tested already, we don't spend a lot of
  // effort on testing Value().
  TEST(ValueTest, WorksWithPolymorphicMatcher) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(Value("hi", StartsWith("h")));
    EXPECT_FALSE(Value(5, Gt(10)));
  }
  
  TEST(ValueTest, WorksWithMonomorphicMatcher) {
    const Matcher<int> is_zero = Eq(0);
    EXPECT_TRUE(Value(0, is_zero));
    EXPECT_FALSE(Value('a', is_zero));
  
    int n = 0;
    const Matcher<const int&> ref_n = Ref(n);
    EXPECT_TRUE(Value(n, ref_n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(Value(1, ref_n));
  }
  
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, WorksWithPolymorphicMatcher) {
    StringMatchResultListener listener1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(PolymorphicIsEven(), 42, &listener1));
    EXPECT_EQ("% 2 == 0", listener1.str());
  
    StringMatchResultListener listener2;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(Ge(42), 1.5, &listener2));
    EXPECT_EQ("", listener2.str());
  }
  
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, WorksWithMonomorphicMatcher) {
    const Matcher<int> is_even = PolymorphicIsEven();
    StringMatchResultListener listener1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(is_even, 42, &listener1));
    EXPECT_EQ("% 2 == 0", listener1.str());
  
    const Matcher<const double&> is_zero = Eq(0);
    StringMatchResultListener listener2;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(is_zero, 1.5, &listener2));
    EXPECT_EQ("", listener2.str());
  }
  
  MATCHER_P(Really, inner_matcher, "") {
    return ExplainMatchResult(inner_matcher, arg, result_listener);
  }
  
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, WorksInsideMATCHER) {
    EXPECT_THAT(0, Really(Eq(0)));
  }
  
  TEST(AllArgsTest, WorksForTuple) {
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(1, 2L), AllArgs(Lt()));
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(2L, 1), Not(AllArgs(Lt())));
  }
  
  TEST(AllArgsTest, WorksForNonTuple) {
    EXPECT_THAT(42, AllArgs(Gt(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT('a', Not(AllArgs(Eq('b'))));
  }
  
  class AllArgsHelper {
   public:
    AllArgsHelper() {}
  
    MOCK_METHOD2(Helper, int(char x, int y));
  
   private:
    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(AllArgsHelper);
  };
  
  TEST(AllArgsTest, WorksInWithClause) {
    AllArgsHelper helper;
    ON_CALL(helper, Helper(_, _))
        .With(AllArgs(Lt()))
        .WillByDefault(Return(1));
    EXPECT_CALL(helper, Helper(_, _));
    EXPECT_CALL(helper, Helper(_, _))
        .With(AllArgs(Gt()))
        .WillOnce(Return(2));
  
    EXPECT_EQ(1, helper.Helper('\1', 2));
    EXPECT_EQ(2, helper.Helper('a', 1));
  }
  
  // Tests that ASSERT_THAT() and EXPECT_THAT() work when the value
  // matches the matcher.
  TEST(MatcherAssertionTest, WorksWhenMatcherIsSatisfied) {
    ASSERT_THAT(5, Ge(2)) << "This should succeed.";
    ASSERT_THAT("Foo", EndsWith("oo"));
    EXPECT_THAT(2, AllOf(Le(7), Ge(0))) << "This should succeed too.";
    EXPECT_THAT("Hello", StartsWith("Hell"));
  }
  
  // Tests that ASSERT_THAT() and EXPECT_THAT() work when the value
  // doesn't match the matcher.
  TEST(MatcherAssertionTest, WorksWhenMatcherIsNotSatisfied) {
    // 'n' must be static as it is used in an EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(),
    // which cannot reference auto variables.
    static unsigned short n;  // NOLINT
    n = 5;
  
    // VC++ prior to version 8.0 SP1 has a bug where it will not see any
    // functions declared in the namespace scope from within nested classes.
    // EXPECT/ASSERT_(NON)FATAL_FAILURE macros use nested classes so that all
    // namespace-level functions invoked inside them need to be explicitly
    // resolved.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_THAT(n, ::testing::Gt(10)),
                         "Value of: n\n"
                         "Expected: is > 10\n"
                         "  Actual: 5" + OfType("unsigned short"));
    n = 0;
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(
        EXPECT_THAT(n, ::testing::AllOf(::testing::Le(7), ::testing::Ge(5))),
        "Value of: n\n"
        "Expected: (is <= 7) and (is >= 5)\n"
        "  Actual: 0" + OfType("unsigned short"));
  }
  
  // Tests that ASSERT_THAT() and EXPECT_THAT() work when the argument
  // has a reference type.
  TEST(MatcherAssertionTest, WorksForByRefArguments) {
    // We use a static variable here as EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE() cannot
    // reference auto variables.
    static int n;
    n = 0;
    EXPECT_THAT(n, AllOf(Le(7), Ref(n)));
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_THAT(n, ::testing::Not(::testing::Ref(n))),
                         "Value of: n\n"
                         "Expected: does not reference the variable @");
    // Tests the "Actual" part.
    EXPECT_FATAL_FAILURE(ASSERT_THAT(n, ::testing::Not(::testing::Ref(n))),
                         "Actual: 0" + OfType("int") + ", which is located @");
  }
  
  #if !GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
  // Tests that ASSERT_THAT() and EXPECT_THAT() work when the matcher is
  // monomorphic.
  
  // ASSERT_THAT("hello", starts_with_he) fails to compile with Nokia's
  // Symbian compiler: it tries to compile
  // template<T, U> class MatcherCastImpl { ...
  //   virtual bool MatchAndExplain(T x, ...) const {
  //     return source_matcher_.MatchAndExplain(static_cast<U>(x), ...);
  // with U == string and T == const char*
  // With ASSERT_THAT("hello"...) changed to ASSERT_THAT(string("hello") ... )
  // the compiler silently crashes with no output.
  // If MatcherCastImpl is changed to use U(x) instead of static_cast<U>(x)
  // the code compiles but the converted string is bogus.
  TEST(MatcherAssertionTest, WorksForMonomorphicMatcher) {
    Matcher<const char*> starts_with_he = StartsWith("he");
    ASSERT_THAT("hello", starts_with_he);
  
    Matcher<const string&> ends_with_ok = EndsWith("ok");
    ASSERT_THAT("book", ends_with_ok);
    const string bad = "bad";
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THAT(bad, ends_with_ok),
                            "Value of: bad\n"
                            "Expected: ends with \"ok\"\n"
                            "  Actual: \"bad\"");
    Matcher<int> is_greater_than_5 = Gt(5);
    EXPECT_NONFATAL_FAILURE(EXPECT_THAT(5, is_greater_than_5),
                            "Value of: 5\n"
                            "Expected: is > 5\n"
                            "  Actual: 5" + OfType("int"));
  }
  #endif  // !GTEST_OS_SYMBIAN
  
  // Tests floating-point matchers.
  template <typename RawType>
  class FloatingPointTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
    typedef testing::internal::FloatingPoint<RawType> Floating;
    typedef typename Floating::Bits Bits;
  
    FloatingPointTest()
        : max_ulps_(Floating::kMaxUlps),
          zero_bits_(Floating(0).bits()),
          one_bits_(Floating(1).bits()),
          infinity_bits_(Floating(Floating::Infinity()).bits()),
          close_to_positive_zero_(
              Floating::ReinterpretBits(zero_bits_ + max_ulps_/2)),
          close_to_negative_zero_(
              -Floating::ReinterpretBits(zero_bits_ + max_ulps_ - max_ulps_/2)),
          further_from_negative_zero_(-Floating::ReinterpretBits(
              zero_bits_ + max_ulps_ + 1 - max_ulps_/2)),
          close_to_one_(Floating::ReinterpretBits(one_bits_ + max_ulps_)),
          further_from_one_(Floating::ReinterpretBits(one_bits_ + max_ulps_ + 1)),
          infinity_(Floating::Infinity()),
          close_to_infinity_(
              Floating::ReinterpretBits(infinity_bits_ - max_ulps_)),
          further_from_infinity_(
              Floating::ReinterpretBits(infinity_bits_ - max_ulps_ - 1)),
          max_(Floating::Max()),
          nan1_(Floating::ReinterpretBits(Floating::kExponentBitMask | 1)),
          nan2_(Floating::ReinterpretBits(Floating::kExponentBitMask | 200)) {
    }
  
    void TestSize() {
      EXPECT_EQ(sizeof(RawType), sizeof(Bits));
    }
  
    // A battery of tests for FloatingEqMatcher::Matches.
    // matcher_maker is a pointer to a function which creates a FloatingEqMatcher.
    void TestMatches(
        testing::internal::FloatingEqMatcher<RawType> (*matcher_maker)(RawType)) {
      Matcher<RawType> m1 = matcher_maker(0.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-0.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(close_to_positive_zero_));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(close_to_negative_zero_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(1.0));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m2 = matcher_maker(close_to_positive_zero_);
      EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(further_from_negative_zero_));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m3 = matcher_maker(1.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(close_to_one_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(further_from_one_));
  
      // Test commutativity: matcher_maker(0.0).Matches(1.0) was tested above.
      EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(0.0));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m4 = matcher_maker(-infinity_);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(-close_to_infinity_));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m5 = matcher_maker(infinity_);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m5.Matches(close_to_infinity_));
  
      // This is interesting as the representations of infinity_ and nan1_
      // are only 1 DLP apart.
      EXPECT_FALSE(m5.Matches(nan1_));
  
      // matcher_maker can produce a Matcher<const RawType&>, which is needed in
      // some cases.
      Matcher<const RawType&> m6 = matcher_maker(0.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m6.Matches(-0.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m6.Matches(close_to_positive_zero_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m6.Matches(1.0));
  
      // matcher_maker can produce a Matcher<RawType&>, which is needed in some
      // cases.
      Matcher<RawType&> m7 = matcher_maker(0.0);
      RawType x = 0.0;
      EXPECT_TRUE(m7.Matches(x));
      x = 0.01f;
      EXPECT_FALSE(m7.Matches(x));
    }
  
    // Pre-calculated numbers to be used by the tests.
  
    const size_t max_ulps_;
  
    const Bits zero_bits_;  // The bits that represent 0.0.
    const Bits one_bits_;  // The bits that represent 1.0.
    const Bits infinity_bits_;  // The bits that represent +infinity.
  
    // Some numbers close to 0.0.
    const RawType close_to_positive_zero_;
    const RawType close_to_negative_zero_;
    const RawType further_from_negative_zero_;
  
    // Some numbers close to 1.0.
    const RawType close_to_one_;
    const RawType further_from_one_;
  
    // Some numbers close to +infinity.
    const RawType infinity_;
    const RawType close_to_infinity_;
    const RawType further_from_infinity_;
  
    // Maximum representable value that's not infinity.
    const RawType max_;
  
    // Some NaNs.
    const RawType nan1_;
    const RawType nan2_;
  };
  
  // Tests floating-point matchers with fixed epsilons.
  template <typename RawType>
  class FloatingPointNearTest : public FloatingPointTest<RawType> {
   protected:
    typedef FloatingPointTest<RawType> ParentType;
  
    // A battery of tests for FloatingEqMatcher::Matches with a fixed epsilon.
    // matcher_maker is a pointer to a function which creates a FloatingEqMatcher.
    void TestNearMatches(
        testing::internal::FloatingEqMatcher<RawType>
            (*matcher_maker)(RawType, RawType)) {
      Matcher<RawType> m1 = matcher_maker(0.0, 0.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(0.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m1.Matches(-0.0));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(ParentType::close_to_positive_zero_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(ParentType::close_to_negative_zero_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m1.Matches(1.0));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m2 = matcher_maker(0.0, 1.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(0.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(-0.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(1.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m2.Matches(-1.0));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(ParentType::close_to_one_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m2.Matches(-ParentType::close_to_one_));
  
      // Check that inf matches inf, regardless of the of the specified max
      // absolute error.
      Matcher<RawType> m3 = matcher_maker(ParentType::infinity_, 0.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m3.Matches(ParentType::infinity_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(ParentType::close_to_infinity_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m3.Matches(-ParentType::infinity_));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m4 = matcher_maker(-ParentType::infinity_, 0.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m4.Matches(-ParentType::infinity_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m4.Matches(-ParentType::close_to_infinity_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m4.Matches(ParentType::infinity_));
  
      // Test various overflow scenarios.
      Matcher<RawType> m5 = matcher_maker(ParentType::max_, ParentType::max_);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m5.Matches(ParentType::max_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m5.Matches(-ParentType::max_));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m6 = matcher_maker(-ParentType::max_, ParentType::max_);
      EXPECT_FALSE(m6.Matches(ParentType::max_));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m6.Matches(-ParentType::max_));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m7 = matcher_maker(ParentType::max_, 0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m7.Matches(ParentType::max_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m7.Matches(-ParentType::max_));
  
      Matcher<RawType> m8 = matcher_maker(-ParentType::max_, 0);
      EXPECT_FALSE(m8.Matches(ParentType::max_));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m8.Matches(-ParentType::max_));
  
      // The difference between max() and -max() normally overflows to infinity,
      // but it should still match if the max_abs_error is also infinity.
      Matcher<RawType> m9 = matcher_maker(
          ParentType::max_, ParentType::infinity_);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m8.Matches(-ParentType::max_));
  
      // matcher_maker can produce a Matcher<const RawType&>, which is needed in
      // some cases.
      Matcher<const RawType&> m10 = matcher_maker(0.0, 1.0);
      EXPECT_TRUE(m10.Matches(-0.0));
      EXPECT_TRUE(m10.Matches(ParentType::close_to_positive_zero_));
      EXPECT_FALSE(m10.Matches(ParentType::close_to_one_));
  
      // matcher_maker can produce a Matcher<RawType&>, which is needed in some
      // cases.
      Matcher<RawType&> m11 = matcher_maker(0.0, 1.0);
      RawType x = 0.0;
      EXPECT_TRUE(m11.Matches(x));
      x = 1.0f;
      EXPECT_TRUE(m11.Matches(x));
      x = -1.0f;
      EXPECT_TRUE(m11.Matches(x));
      x = 1.1f;
      EXPECT_FALSE(m11.Matches(x));
      x = -1.1f;
      EXPECT_FALSE(m11.Matches(x));
    }
  };
  
  // Instantiate FloatingPointTest for testing floats.
  typedef FloatingPointTest<float> FloatTest;
  
  TEST_F(FloatTest, FloatEqApproximatelyMatchesFloats) {
    TestMatches(&FloatEq);
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatTest, NanSensitiveFloatEqApproximatelyMatchesFloats) {
    TestMatches(&NanSensitiveFloatEq);
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatTest, FloatEqCannotMatchNaN) {
    // FloatEq never matches NaN.
    Matcher<float> m = FloatEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatTest, NanSensitiveFloatEqCanMatchNaN) {
    // NanSensitiveFloatEq will match NaN.
    Matcher<float> m = NanSensitiveFloatEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatTest, FloatEqCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<float> m1 = FloatEq(2.0f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 2", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<float> m2 = FloatEq(0.5f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 0.5", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<float> m3 = FloatEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_EQ("never matches", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatTest, NanSensitiveFloatEqCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<float> m1 = NanSensitiveFloatEq(2.0f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 2", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<float> m2 = NanSensitiveFloatEq(0.5f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 0.5", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<float> m3 = NanSensitiveFloatEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_EQ("is NaN", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't NaN", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  // Instantiate FloatingPointTest for testing floats with a user-specified
  // max absolute error.
  typedef FloatingPointNearTest<float> FloatNearTest;
  
  TEST_F(FloatNearTest, FloatNearMatches) {
    TestNearMatches(&FloatNear);
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatNearTest, NanSensitiveFloatNearApproximatelyMatchesFloats) {
    TestNearMatches(&NanSensitiveFloatNear);
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatNearTest, FloatNearCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<float> m1 = FloatNear(2.0f, 0.5f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 2 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<float> m2 = FloatNear(0.5f, 0.5f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 0.5 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<float> m3 = FloatNear(nan1_, 0.0);
    EXPECT_EQ("never matches", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatNearTest, NanSensitiveFloatNearCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<float> m1 = NanSensitiveFloatNear(2.0f, 0.5f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 2 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<float> m2 = NanSensitiveFloatNear(0.5f, 0.5f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 0.5 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<float> m3 = NanSensitiveFloatNear(nan1_, 0.1f);
    EXPECT_EQ("is NaN", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't NaN", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatNearTest, FloatNearCannotMatchNaN) {
    // FloatNear never matches NaN.
    Matcher<float> m = FloatNear(ParentType::nan1_, 0.1f);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST_F(FloatNearTest, NanSensitiveFloatNearCanMatchNaN) {
    // NanSensitiveFloatNear will match NaN.
    Matcher<float> m = NanSensitiveFloatNear(nan1_, 0.1f);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  // Instantiate FloatingPointTest for testing doubles.
  typedef FloatingPointTest<double> DoubleTest;
  
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, DoubleEqApproximatelyMatchesDoubles) {
    TestMatches(&DoubleEq);
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, NanSensitiveDoubleEqApproximatelyMatchesDoubles) {
    TestMatches(&NanSensitiveDoubleEq);
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, DoubleEqCannotMatchNaN) {
    // DoubleEq never matches NaN.
    Matcher<double> m = DoubleEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, NanSensitiveDoubleEqCanMatchNaN) {
    // NanSensitiveDoubleEq will match NaN.
    Matcher<double> m = NanSensitiveDoubleEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, DoubleEqCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = DoubleEq(2.0);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 2", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<double> m2 = DoubleEq(0.5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 0.5", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<double> m3 = DoubleEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_EQ("never matches", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleTest, NanSensitiveDoubleEqCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = NanSensitiveDoubleEq(2.0);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 2", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<double> m2 = NanSensitiveDoubleEq(0.5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't approximately 0.5", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<double> m3 = NanSensitiveDoubleEq(nan1_);
    EXPECT_EQ("is NaN", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't NaN", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  // Instantiate FloatingPointTest for testing floats with a user-specified
  // max absolute error.
  typedef FloatingPointNearTest<double> DoubleNearTest;
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, DoubleNearMatches) {
    TestNearMatches(&DoubleNear);
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, NanSensitiveDoubleNearApproximatelyMatchesDoubles) {
    TestNearMatches(&NanSensitiveDoubleNear);
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, DoubleNearCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = DoubleNear(2.0, 0.5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 2 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<double> m2 = DoubleNear(0.5, 0.5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 0.5 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<double> m3 = DoubleNear(nan1_, 0.0);
    EXPECT_EQ("never matches", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("is anything", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, ExplainsResultWhenMatchFails) {
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(DoubleNear(2.0, 0.1), 2.05));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 0.2 from 2", Explain(DoubleNear(2.0, 0.1), 2.2));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is -0.3 from 2", Explain(DoubleNear(2.0, 0.1), 1.7));
  
    const string explanation = Explain(DoubleNear(2.1, 1e-10), 2.1 + 1.2e-10);
    // Different C++ implementations may print floating-point numbers
    // slightly differently.
    EXPECT_TRUE(explanation == "which is 1.2e-10 from 2.1" ||  // GCC
                explanation == "which is 1.2e-010 from 2.1")   // MSVC
        << " where explanation is \"" << explanation << "\".";
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, NanSensitiveDoubleNearCanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<double> m1 = NanSensitiveDoubleNear(2.0, 0.5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 2 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m1));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 2 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m1));
  
    Matcher<double> m2 = NanSensitiveDoubleNear(0.5, 0.5);
    EXPECT_EQ("is approximately 0.5 (absolute error <= 0.5)", Describe(m2));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "isn't approximately 0.5 (absolute error > 0.5)", DescribeNegation(m2));
  
    Matcher<double> m3 = NanSensitiveDoubleNear(nan1_, 0.1);
    EXPECT_EQ("is NaN", Describe(m3));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't NaN", DescribeNegation(m3));
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, DoubleNearCannotMatchNaN) {
    // DoubleNear never matches NaN.
    Matcher<double> m = DoubleNear(ParentType::nan1_, 0.1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST_F(DoubleNearTest, NanSensitiveDoubleNearCanMatchNaN) {
    // NanSensitiveDoubleNear will match NaN.
    Matcher<double> m = NanSensitiveDoubleNear(nan1_, 0.1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan1_));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(nan2_));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(1.0));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, RawPointer) {
    const Matcher<int*> m = Pointee(Ge(0));
  
    int n = 1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&n));
    n = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, RawPointerToConst) {
    const Matcher<const double*> m = Pointee(Ge(0));
  
    double x = 1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&x));
    x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&x));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, ReferenceToConstRawPointer) {
    const Matcher<int* const &> m = Pointee(Ge(0));
  
    int n = 1;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&n));
    n = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, ReferenceToNonConstRawPointer) {
    const Matcher<double* &> m = Pointee(Ge(0));
  
    double x = 1.0;
    double* p = &x;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(p));
    x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(p));
    p = NULL;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(p));
  }
  
  
  MATCHER_P(FieldIIs, inner_matcher, "") {
    return ExplainMatchResult(inner_matcher, arg.i, result_listener);
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, SameType) {
    Derived derived;
    derived.i = 4;
  
    // Right type. A pointer is passed down.
    Base* as_base_ptr = &derived;
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Not(IsNull())));
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Pointee(FieldIIs(4))));
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr,
                Not(WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Pointee(FieldIIs(5)))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, WrongTypes) {
    Base base;
    Derived derived;
    OtherDerived other_derived;
  
    // Wrong types. NULL is passed.
    EXPECT_THAT(&base, Not(WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Pointee(_))));
    EXPECT_THAT(&base, WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(IsNull()));
    Base* as_base_ptr = &derived;
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, Not(WhenDynamicCastTo<OtherDerived*>(Pointee(_))));
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, WhenDynamicCastTo<OtherDerived*>(IsNull()));
    as_base_ptr = &other_derived;
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, Not(WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Pointee(_))));
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(IsNull()));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, AlreadyNull) {
    // Already NULL.
    Base* as_base_ptr = NULL;
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr, WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(IsNull()));
  }
  
  struct AmbiguousCastTypes {
    class VirtualDerived : public virtual Base {};
    class DerivedSub1 : public VirtualDerived {};
    class DerivedSub2 : public VirtualDerived {};
    class ManyDerivedInHierarchy : public DerivedSub1, public DerivedSub2 {};
  };
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, AmbiguousCast) {
    AmbiguousCastTypes::DerivedSub1 sub1;
    AmbiguousCastTypes::ManyDerivedInHierarchy many_derived;
    // Multiply derived from Base. dynamic_cast<> returns NULL.
    Base* as_base_ptr =
        static_cast<AmbiguousCastTypes::DerivedSub1*>(&many_derived);
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ptr,
                WhenDynamicCastTo<AmbiguousCastTypes::VirtualDerived*>(IsNull()));
    as_base_ptr = &sub1;
    EXPECT_THAT(
        as_base_ptr,
        WhenDynamicCastTo<AmbiguousCastTypes::VirtualDerived*>(Not(IsNull())));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, Describe) {
    Matcher<Base*> matcher = WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Pointee(_));
  #if GTEST_HAS_RTTI
    const string prefix =
        "when dynamic_cast to " + internal::GetTypeName<Derived*>() + ", ";
  #else  // GTEST_HAS_RTTI
    const string prefix = "when dynamic_cast, ";
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_RTTI
    EXPECT_EQ(prefix + "points to a value that is anything", Describe(matcher));
    EXPECT_EQ(prefix + "does not point to a value that is anything",
              DescribeNegation(matcher));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, Explain) {
    Matcher<Base*> matcher = WhenDynamicCastTo<Derived*>(Pointee(_));
    Base* null = NULL;
    EXPECT_THAT(Explain(matcher, null), HasSubstr("NULL"));
    Derived derived;
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(&derived));
    EXPECT_THAT(Explain(matcher, &derived), HasSubstr("which points to "));
  
    // With references, the matcher itself can fail. Test for that one.
    Matcher<const Base&> ref_matcher = WhenDynamicCastTo<const OtherDerived&>(_);
    EXPECT_THAT(Explain(ref_matcher, derived),
                HasSubstr("which cannot be dynamic_cast"));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, GoodReference) {
    Derived derived;
    derived.i = 4;
    Base& as_base_ref = derived;
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ref, WhenDynamicCastTo<const Derived&>(FieldIIs(4)));
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ref, WhenDynamicCastTo<const Derived&>(Not(FieldIIs(5))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenDynamicCastToTest, BadReference) {
    Derived derived;
    Base& as_base_ref = derived;
    EXPECT_THAT(as_base_ref, Not(WhenDynamicCastTo<const OtherDerived&>(_)));
  }
  
  // Minimal const-propagating pointer.
  template <typename T>
  class ConstPropagatingPtr {
   public:
    typedef T element_type;
  
    ConstPropagatingPtr() : val_() {}
    explicit ConstPropagatingPtr(T* t) : val_(t) {}
    ConstPropagatingPtr(const ConstPropagatingPtr& other) : val_(other.val_) {}
  
    T* get() { return val_; }
    T& operator*() { return *val_; }
    // Most smart pointers return non-const T* and T& from the next methods.
    const T* get() const { return val_; }
    const T& operator*() const { return *val_; }
  
   private:
    T* val_;
  };
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, WorksWithConstPropagatingPointers) {
    const Matcher< ConstPropagatingPtr<int> > m = Pointee(Lt(5));
    int three = 3;
    const ConstPropagatingPtr<int> co(&three);
    ConstPropagatingPtr<int> o(&three);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(o));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(co));
    *o = 6;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(o));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(ConstPropagatingPtr<int>()));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, NeverMatchesNull) {
    const Matcher<const char*> m = Pointee(_);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  // Tests that we can write Pointee(value) instead of Pointee(Eq(value)).
  TEST(PointeeTest, MatchesAgainstAValue) {
    const Matcher<int*> m = Pointee(5);
  
    int n = 5;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&n));
    n = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    const Matcher<int*> m = Pointee(Gt(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("points to a value that is > 3", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("does not point to a value that is > 3",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, CanExplainMatchResult) {
    const Matcher<const string*> m = Pointee(StartsWith("Hi"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, static_cast<const string*>(NULL)));
  
    const Matcher<long*> m2 = Pointee(GreaterThan(1));  // NOLINT
    long n = 3;  // NOLINT
    EXPECT_EQ("which points to 3" + OfType("long") + ", which is 2 more than 1",
              Explain(m2, &n));
  }
  
  TEST(PointeeTest, AlwaysExplainsPointee) {
    const Matcher<int*> m = Pointee(0);
    int n = 42;
    EXPECT_EQ("which points to 42" + OfType("int"), Explain(m, &n));
  }
  
  // An uncopyable class.
  class Uncopyable {
   public:
    Uncopyable() : value_(-1) {}
    explicit Uncopyable(int a_value) : value_(a_value) {}
  
    int value() const { return value_; }
    void set_value(int i) { value_ = i; }
  
   private:
    int value_;
    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(Uncopyable);
  };
  
  // Returns true iff x.value() is positive.
  bool ValueIsPositive(const Uncopyable& x) { return x.value() > 0; }
  
  MATCHER_P(UncopyableIs, inner_matcher, "") {
    return ExplainMatchResult(inner_matcher, arg.value(), result_listener);
  }
  
  // A user-defined struct for testing Field().
  struct AStruct {
    AStruct() : x(0), y(1.0), z(5), p(NULL) {}
    AStruct(const AStruct& rhs)
        : x(rhs.x), y(rhs.y), z(rhs.z.value()), p(rhs.p) {}
  
    int x;           // A non-const field.
    const double y;  // A const field.
    Uncopyable z;    // An uncopyable field.
    const char* p;   // A pointer field.
  
   private:
    GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(AStruct);
  };
  
  // A derived struct for testing Field().
  struct DerivedStruct : public AStruct {
    char ch;
  
   private:
    GTEST_DISALLOW_ASSIGN_(DerivedStruct);
  };
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, ...) works when field is non-const.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForNonConstField) {
    Matcher<AStruct> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    a.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, ...) works when field is const.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForConstField) {
    AStruct a;
  
    Matcher<AStruct> m = Field(&AStruct::y, Ge(0.0));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    m = Field(&AStruct::y, Le(0.0));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, ...) works when field is not copyable.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForUncopyableField) {
    AStruct a;
  
    Matcher<AStruct> m = Field(&AStruct::z, Truly(ValueIsPositive));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    m = Field(&AStruct::z, Not(Truly(ValueIsPositive)));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, ...) works when field is a pointer.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForPointerField) {
    // Matching against NULL.
    Matcher<AStruct> m = Field(&AStruct::p, static_cast<const char*>(NULL));
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    a.p = "hi";
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  
    // Matching a pointer that is not NULL.
    m = Field(&AStruct::p, StartsWith("hi"));
    a.p = "hill";
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    a.p = "hole";
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() works when the object is passed by reference.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForByRefArgument) {
    Matcher<const AStruct&> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    a.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, ...) works when the argument's type
  // is a sub-type of Foo.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForArgumentOfSubType) {
    // Note that the matcher expects DerivedStruct but we say AStruct
    // inside Field().
    Matcher<const DerivedStruct&> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    DerivedStruct d;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(d));
    d.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(d));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, m) works when field's type and m's
  // argument type are compatible but not the same.
  TEST(FieldTest, WorksForCompatibleMatcherType) {
    // The field is an int, but the inner matcher expects a signed char.
    Matcher<const AStruct&> m = Field(&AStruct::x,
                                      Matcher<signed char>(Ge(0)));
  
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    a.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() can describe itself.
  TEST(FieldTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const AStruct&> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given field is >= 0", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given field isn't >= 0", DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() can explain the match result.
  TEST(FieldTest, CanExplainMatchResult) {
    Matcher<const AStruct&> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    a.x = 1;
    EXPECT_EQ("whose given field is 1" + OfType("int"), Explain(m, a));
  
    m = Field(&AStruct::x, GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "whose given field is 1" + OfType("int") + ", which is 1 more than 0",
        Explain(m, a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() works when the argument is a pointer to const.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, WorksForPointerToConst) {
    Matcher<const AStruct*> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&a));
    a.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() works when the argument is a pointer to non-const.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, WorksForPointerToNonConst) {
    Matcher<AStruct*> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&a));
    a.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() works when the argument is a reference to a const pointer.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, WorksForReferenceToConstPointer) {
    Matcher<AStruct* const&> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&a));
    a.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() does not match the NULL pointer.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, DoesNotMatchNull) {
    Matcher<const AStruct*> m = Field(&AStruct::x, _);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field(&Foo::field, ...) works when the argument's type
  // is a sub-type of const Foo*.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, WorksForArgumentOfSubType) {
    // Note that the matcher expects DerivedStruct but we say AStruct
    // inside Field().
    Matcher<DerivedStruct*> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    DerivedStruct d;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&d));
    d.x = -1;
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&d));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() can describe itself when used to match a pointer.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const AStruct*> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given field is >= 0", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given field isn't >= 0", DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Field() can explain the result of matching a pointer.
  TEST(FieldForPointerTest, CanExplainMatchResult) {
    Matcher<const AStruct*> m = Field(&AStruct::x, Ge(0));
  
    AStruct a;
    a.x = 1;
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, static_cast<const AStruct*>(NULL)));
    EXPECT_EQ("which points to an object whose given field is 1" + OfType("int"),
              Explain(m, &a));
  
    m = Field(&AStruct::x, GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ("which points to an object whose given field is 1" + OfType("int") +
              ", which is 1 more than 0", Explain(m, &a));
  }
  
  // A user-defined class for testing Property().
  class AClass {
   public:
    AClass() : n_(0) {}
  
    // A getter that returns a non-reference.
    int n() const { return n_; }
  
    void set_n(int new_n) { n_ = new_n; }
  
    // A getter that returns a reference to const.
    const string& s() const { return s_; }
  
    void set_s(const string& new_s) { s_ = new_s; }
  
    // A getter that returns a reference to non-const.
    double& x() const { return x_; }
   private:
    int n_;
    string s_;
  
    static double x_;
  };
  
  double AClass::x_ = 0.0;
  
  // A derived class for testing Property().
  class DerivedClass : public AClass {
   public:
    int k() const { return k_; }
   private:
    int k_;
  };
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, ...) works when property()
  // returns a non-reference.
  TEST(PropertyTest, WorksForNonReferenceProperty) {
    Matcher<const AClass&> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_n(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
  
    a.set_n(-1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, ...) works when property()
  // returns a reference to const.
  TEST(PropertyTest, WorksForReferenceToConstProperty) {
    Matcher<const AClass&> m = Property(&AClass::s, StartsWith("hi"));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_s("hill");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
  
    a.set_s("hole");
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, ...) works when property()
  // returns a reference to non-const.
  TEST(PropertyTest, WorksForReferenceToNonConstProperty) {
    double x = 0.0;
    AClass a;
  
    Matcher<const AClass&> m = Property(&AClass::x, Ref(x));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  
    m = Property(&AClass::x, Not(Ref(x)));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, ...) works when the argument is
  // passed by value.
  TEST(PropertyTest, WorksForByValueArgument) {
    Matcher<AClass> m = Property(&AClass::s, StartsWith("hi"));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_s("hill");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
  
    a.set_s("hole");
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, ...) works when the argument's
  // type is a sub-type of Foo.
  TEST(PropertyTest, WorksForArgumentOfSubType) {
    // The matcher expects a DerivedClass, but inside the Property() we
    // say AClass.
    Matcher<const DerivedClass&> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    DerivedClass d;
    d.set_n(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(d));
  
    d.set_n(-1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(d));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, m) works when property()'s type
  // and m's argument type are compatible but different.
  TEST(PropertyTest, WorksForCompatibleMatcherType) {
    // n() returns an int but the inner matcher expects a signed char.
    Matcher<const AClass&> m = Property(&AClass::n,
                                        Matcher<signed char>(Ge(0)));
  
    AClass a;
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(a));
    a.set_n(-1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() can describe itself.
  TEST(PropertyTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const AClass&> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given property is >= 0", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given property isn't >= 0",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() can explain the match result.
  TEST(PropertyTest, CanExplainMatchResult) {
    Matcher<const AClass&> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_n(1);
    EXPECT_EQ("whose given property is 1" + OfType("int"), Explain(m, a));
  
    m = Property(&AClass::n, GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "whose given property is 1" + OfType("int") + ", which is 1 more than 0",
        Explain(m, a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() works when the argument is a pointer to const.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, WorksForPointerToConst) {
    Matcher<const AClass*> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_n(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&a));
  
    a.set_n(-1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() works when the argument is a pointer to non-const.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, WorksForPointerToNonConst) {
    Matcher<AClass*> m = Property(&AClass::s, StartsWith("hi"));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_s("hill");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&a));
  
    a.set_s("hole");
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() works when the argument is a reference to a
  // const pointer.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, WorksForReferenceToConstPointer) {
    Matcher<AClass* const&> m = Property(&AClass::s, StartsWith("hi"));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_s("hill");
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&a));
  
    a.set_s("hole");
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&a));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() does not match the NULL pointer.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, WorksForReferenceToNonConstProperty) {
    Matcher<const AClass*> m = Property(&AClass::x, _);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(NULL));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property(&Foo::property, ...) works when the argument's
  // type is a sub-type of const Foo*.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, WorksForArgumentOfSubType) {
    // The matcher expects a DerivedClass, but inside the Property() we
    // say AClass.
    Matcher<const DerivedClass*> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    DerivedClass d;
    d.set_n(1);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(&d));
  
    d.set_n(-1);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(&d));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() can describe itself when used to match a pointer.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<const AClass*> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given property is >= 0", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("is an object whose given property isn't >= 0",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  // Tests that Property() can explain the result of matching a pointer.
  TEST(PropertyForPointerTest, CanExplainMatchResult) {
    Matcher<const AClass*> m = Property(&AClass::n, Ge(0));
  
    AClass a;
    a.set_n(1);
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, static_cast<const AClass*>(NULL)));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "which points to an object whose given property is 1" + OfType("int"),
        Explain(m, &a));
  
    m = Property(&AClass::n, GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ("which points to an object whose given property is 1" +
              OfType("int") + ", which is 1 more than 0",
              Explain(m, &a));
  }
  
  // Tests ResultOf.
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f is a
  // function pointer.
  string IntToStringFunction(int input) { return input == 1 ? "foo" : "bar"; }
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForFunctionPointers) {
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(&IntToStringFunction, Eq(string("foo")));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(2));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf() can describe itself.
  TEST(ResultOfTest, CanDescribeItself) {
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(&IntToStringFunction, StrEq("foo"));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("is mapped by the given callable to a value that "
              "is equal to \"foo\"", Describe(matcher));
    EXPECT_EQ("is mapped by the given callable to a value that "
              "isn't equal to \"foo\"", DescribeNegation(matcher));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf() can explain the match result.
  int IntFunction(int input) { return input == 42 ? 80 : 90; }
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, CanExplainMatchResult) {
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(&IntFunction, Ge(85));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is mapped by the given callable to 90" + OfType("int"),
              Explain(matcher, 36));
  
    matcher = ResultOf(&IntFunction, GreaterThan(85));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is mapped by the given callable to 90" + OfType("int") +
              ", which is 5 more than 85", Explain(matcher, 36));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f(x)
  // returns a non-reference.
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForNonReferenceResults) {
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(&IntFunction, Eq(80));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(42));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(36));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f(x)
  // returns a reference to non-const.
  double& DoubleFunction(double& input) { return input; }  // NOLINT
  
  Uncopyable& RefUncopyableFunction(Uncopyable& obj) {  // NOLINT
    return obj;
  }
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForReferenceToNonConstResults) {
    double x = 3.14;
    double x2 = x;
    Matcher<double&> matcher = ResultOf(&DoubleFunction, Ref(x));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(x));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(x2));
  
    // Test that ResultOf works with uncopyable objects
    Uncopyable obj(0);
    Uncopyable obj2(0);
    Matcher<Uncopyable&> matcher2 =
        ResultOf(&RefUncopyableFunction, Ref(obj));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher2.Matches(obj));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher2.Matches(obj2));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f(x)
  // returns a reference to const.
  const string& StringFunction(const string& input) { return input; }
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForReferenceToConstResults) {
    string s = "foo";
    string s2 = s;
    Matcher<const string&> matcher = ResultOf(&StringFunction, Ref(s));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(s));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(s2));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, m) works when f(x) and m's
  // argument types are compatible but different.
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForCompatibleMatcherTypes) {
    // IntFunction() returns int but the inner matcher expects a signed char.
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(IntFunction, Matcher<signed char>(Ge(85)));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(36));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(42));
  }
  
  // Tests that the program aborts when ResultOf is passed
  // a NULL function pointer.
  TEST(ResultOfDeathTest, DiesOnNullFunctionPointers) {
    EXPECT_DEATH_IF_SUPPORTED(
        ResultOf(static_cast<string(*)(int dummy)>(NULL), Eq(string("foo"))),
                 "NULL function pointer is passed into ResultOf\\(\\)\\.");
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f is a
  // function reference.
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForFunctionReferences) {
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(IntToStringFunction, StrEq("foo"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(2));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f is a
  // function object.
  struct Functor : public ::std::unary_function<int, string> {
    result_type operator()(argument_type input) const {
      return IntToStringFunction(input);
    }
  };
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForFunctors) {
    Matcher<int> matcher = ResultOf(Functor(), Eq(string("foo")));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher.Matches(1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher.Matches(2));
  }
  
  // Tests that ResultOf(f, ...) compiles and works as expected when f is a
  // functor with more then one operator() defined. ResultOf() must work
  // for each defined operator().
  struct PolymorphicFunctor {
    typedef int result_type;
    int operator()(int n) { return n; }
    int operator()(const char* s) { return static_cast<int>(strlen(s)); }
  };
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForPolymorphicFunctors) {
    Matcher<int> matcher_int = ResultOf(PolymorphicFunctor(), Ge(5));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher_int.Matches(10));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher_int.Matches(2));
  
    Matcher<const char*> matcher_string = ResultOf(PolymorphicFunctor(), Ge(5));
  
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher_string.Matches("long string"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher_string.Matches("shrt"));
  }
  
  const int* ReferencingFunction(const int& n) { return &n; }
  
  struct ReferencingFunctor {
    typedef const int* result_type;
    result_type operator()(const int& n) { return &n; }
  };
  
  TEST(ResultOfTest, WorksForReferencingCallables) {
    const int n = 1;
    const int n2 = 1;
    Matcher<const int&> matcher2 = ResultOf(ReferencingFunction, Eq(&n));
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher2.Matches(n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher2.Matches(n2));
  
    Matcher<const int&> matcher3 = ResultOf(ReferencingFunctor(), Eq(&n));
    EXPECT_TRUE(matcher3.Matches(n));
    EXPECT_FALSE(matcher3.Matches(n2));
  }
  
  class DivisibleByImpl {
   public:
    explicit DivisibleByImpl(int a_divider) : divider_(a_divider) {}
  
    // For testing using ExplainMatchResultTo() with polymorphic matchers.
    template <typename T>
    bool MatchAndExplain(const T& n, MatchResultListener* listener) const {
      *listener << "which is " << (n % divider_) << " modulo "
                << divider_;
      return (n % divider_) == 0;
    }
  
    void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "is divisible by " << divider_;
    }
  
    void DescribeNegationTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "is not divisible by " << divider_;
    }
  
    void set_divider(int a_divider) { divider_ = a_divider; }
    int divider() const { return divider_; }
  
   private:
    int divider_;
  };
  
  PolymorphicMatcher<DivisibleByImpl> DivisibleBy(int n) {
    return MakePolymorphicMatcher(DivisibleByImpl(n));
  }
  
  // Tests that when AllOf() fails, only the first failing matcher is
  // asked to explain why.
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, AllOf_False_False) {
    const Matcher<int> m = AllOf(DivisibleBy(4), DivisibleBy(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 1 modulo 4", Explain(m, 5));
  }
  
  // Tests that when AllOf() fails, only the first failing matcher is
  // asked to explain why.
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, AllOf_False_True) {
    const Matcher<int> m = AllOf(DivisibleBy(4), DivisibleBy(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 2 modulo 4", Explain(m, 6));
  }
  
  // Tests that when AllOf() fails, only the first failing matcher is
  // asked to explain why.
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, AllOf_True_False) {
    const Matcher<int> m = AllOf(Ge(1), DivisibleBy(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 2 modulo 3", Explain(m, 5));
  }
  
  // Tests that when AllOf() succeeds, all matchers are asked to explain
  // why.
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, AllOf_True_True) {
    const Matcher<int> m = AllOf(DivisibleBy(2), DivisibleBy(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 0 modulo 2, and which is 0 modulo 3", Explain(m, 6));
  }
  
  TEST(ExplainMatchResultTest, AllOf_True_True_2) {
    const Matcher<int> m = AllOf(Ge(2), Le(3));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, 2));
  }
  
  TEST(ExplainmatcherResultTest, MonomorphicMatcher) {
    const Matcher<int> m = GreaterThan(5);
    EXPECT_EQ("which is 1 more than 5", Explain(m, 6));
  }
  
  // The following two tests verify that values without a public copy
  // ctor can be used as arguments to matchers like Eq(), Ge(), and etc
  // with the help of ByRef().
  
  class NotCopyable {
   public:
    explicit NotCopyable(int a_value) : value_(a_value) {}
  
    int value() const { return value_; }
  
    bool operator==(const NotCopyable& rhs) const {
      return value() == rhs.value();
    }
  
    bool operator>=(const NotCopyable& rhs) const {
      return value() >= rhs.value();
    }
   private:
    int value_;
  
    GTEST_DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN_(NotCopyable);
  };
  
  TEST(ByRefTest, AllowsNotCopyableConstValueInMatchers) {
    const NotCopyable const_value1(1);
    const Matcher<const NotCopyable&> m = Eq(ByRef(const_value1));
  
    const NotCopyable n1(1), n2(2);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(n1));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(n2));
  }
  
  TEST(ByRefTest, AllowsNotCopyableValueInMatchers) {
    NotCopyable value2(2);
    const Matcher<NotCopyable&> m = Ge(ByRef(value2));
  
    NotCopyable n1(1), n2(2);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(n1));
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(n2));
  }
  
  TEST(IsEmptyTest, ImplementsIsEmpty) {
    vector<int> container;
    EXPECT_THAT(container, IsEmpty());
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(IsEmpty()));
    container.push_back(1);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(IsEmpty()));
  }
  
  TEST(IsEmptyTest, WorksWithString) {
    string text;
    EXPECT_THAT(text, IsEmpty());
    text = "foo";
    EXPECT_THAT(text, Not(IsEmpty()));
    text = string("\0", 1);
    EXPECT_THAT(text, Not(IsEmpty()));
  }
  
  TEST(IsEmptyTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m = IsEmpty();
    EXPECT_EQ("is empty", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("isn't empty", DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(IsEmptyTest, ExplainsResult) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m = IsEmpty();
    vector<int> container;
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, container));
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size is 1", Explain(m, container));
  }
  
  TEST(SizeIsTest, ImplementsSizeIs) {
    vector<int> container;
    EXPECT_THAT(container, SizeIs(0));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(SizeIs(1)));
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(SizeIs(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, SizeIs(1));
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(SizeIs(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, SizeIs(2));
  }
  
  TEST(SizeIsTest, WorksWithMap) {
    map<string, int> container;
    EXPECT_THAT(container, SizeIs(0));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(SizeIs(1)));
    container.insert(make_pair("foo", 1));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(SizeIs(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, SizeIs(1));
    container.insert(make_pair("bar", 2));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(SizeIs(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, SizeIs(2));
  }
  
  TEST(SizeIsTest, WorksWithReferences) {
    vector<int> container;
    Matcher<const vector<int>&> m = SizeIs(1);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(m));
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, m);
  }
  
  TEST(SizeIsTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m = SizeIs(2);
    EXPECT_EQ("size is equal to 2", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("size isn't equal to 2", DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(SizeIsTest, ExplainsResult) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m1 = SizeIs(2);
    Matcher<vector<int> > m2 = SizeIs(Lt(2u));
    Matcher<vector<int> > m3 = SizeIs(AnyOf(0, 3));
    Matcher<vector<int> > m4 = SizeIs(GreaterThan(1));
    vector<int> container;
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 0 doesn't match", Explain(m1, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 0 matches", Explain(m2, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 0 matches", Explain(m3, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 0 doesn't match, which is 1 less than 1",
              Explain(m4, container));
    container.push_back(0);
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 2 matches", Explain(m1, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 2 doesn't match", Explain(m2, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 2 doesn't match", Explain(m3, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose size 2 matches, which is 1 more than 1",
              Explain(m4, container));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_TYPED_TEST
  // Tests ContainerEq with different container types, and
  // different element types.
  
  template <typename T>
  class ContainerEqTest : public testing::Test {};
  
  typedef testing::Types<
      set<int>,
      vector<size_t>,
      multiset<size_t>,
      list<int> >
      ContainerEqTestTypes;
  
  TYPED_TEST_CASE(ContainerEqTest, ContainerEqTestTypes);
  
  // Tests that the filled container is equal to itself.
  TYPED_TEST(ContainerEqTest, EqualsSelf) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    TypeParam my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    const Matcher<TypeParam> m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(my_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, my_set));
  }
  
  // Tests that missing values are reported.
  TYPED_TEST(ContainerEqTest, ValueMissing) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {2, 1, 8, 5};
    TypeParam my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    TypeParam test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 4);
    const Matcher<TypeParam> m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("which doesn't have these expected elements: 3",
              Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests that added values are reported.
  TYPED_TEST(ContainerEqTest, ValueAdded) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 46};
    TypeParam my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    TypeParam test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 6);
    const Matcher<const TypeParam&> m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("which has these unexpected elements: 46", Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests that added and missing values are reported together.
  TYPED_TEST(ContainerEqTest, ValueAddedAndRemoved) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {1, 2, 3, 8, 46};
    TypeParam my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    TypeParam test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 5);
    const Matcher<TypeParam> m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("which has these unexpected elements: 46,\n"
              "and doesn't have these expected elements: 5",
              Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests duplicated value -- expect no explanation.
  TYPED_TEST(ContainerEqTest, DuplicateDifference) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    TypeParam my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    TypeParam test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 5);
    const Matcher<const TypeParam&> m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    // Depending on the container, match may be true or false
    // But in any case there should be no explanation.
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_TYPED_TEST
  
  // Tests that mutliple missing values are reported.
  // Using just vector here, so order is predicatble.
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, MultipleValuesMissing) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {2, 1, 5};
    vector<int> my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    vector<int> test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 3);
    const Matcher<vector<int> > m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("which doesn't have these expected elements: 3, 8",
              Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests that added values are reported.
  // Using just vector here, so order is predicatble.
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, MultipleValuesAdded) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {1, 2, 92, 3, 5, 8, 46};
    list<size_t> my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    list<size_t> test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 7);
    const Matcher<const list<size_t>&> m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("which has these unexpected elements: 92, 46",
              Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests that added and missing values are reported together.
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, MultipleValuesAddedAndRemoved) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {1, 2, 3, 92, 46};
    list<size_t> my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    list<size_t> test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 5);
    const Matcher<const list<size_t> > m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    EXPECT_EQ("which has these unexpected elements: 92, 46,\n"
              "and doesn't have these expected elements: 5, 8",
              Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests to see that duplicate elements are detected,
  // but (as above) not reported in the explanation.
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, MultiSetOfIntDuplicateDifference) {
    static const int vals[] = {1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    static const int test_vals[] = {1, 2, 3, 5, 8};
    vector<int> my_set(vals, vals + 6);
    vector<int> test_set(test_vals, test_vals + 5);
    const Matcher<vector<int> > m = ContainerEq(my_set);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(my_set));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_set));
    // There is nothing to report when both sets contain all the same values.
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, test_set));
  }
  
  // Tests that ContainerEq works for non-trivial associative containers,
  // like maps.
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, WorksForMaps) {
    map<int, std::string> my_map;
    my_map[0] = "a";
    my_map[1] = "b";
  
    map<int, std::string> test_map;
    test_map[0] = "aa";
    test_map[1] = "b";
  
    const Matcher<const map<int, std::string>&> m = ContainerEq(my_map);
    EXPECT_TRUE(m.Matches(my_map));
    EXPECT_FALSE(m.Matches(test_map));
  
    EXPECT_EQ("which has these unexpected elements: (0, \"aa\"),\n"
              "and doesn't have these expected elements: (0, \"a\")",
              Explain(m, test_map));
  }
  
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, WorksForNativeArray) {
    int a1[] = {1, 2, 3};
    int a2[] = {1, 2, 3};
    int b[] = {1, 2, 4};
  
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, ContainerEq(a2));
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, Not(ContainerEq(b)));
  }
  
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, WorksForTwoDimensionalNativeArray) {
    const char a1[][3] = {"hi", "lo"};
    const char a2[][3] = {"hi", "lo"};
    const char b[][3] = {"lo", "hi"};
  
    // Tests using ContainerEq() in the first dimension.
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, ContainerEq(a2));
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, Not(ContainerEq(b)));
  
    // Tests using ContainerEq() in the second dimension.
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, ElementsAre(ContainerEq(a2[0]), ContainerEq(a2[1])));
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, ElementsAre(Not(ContainerEq(b[0])), ContainerEq(a2[1])));
  }
  
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, WorksForNativeArrayAsTuple) {
    const int a1[] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int a2[] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int b[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
  
    const int* const p1 = a1;
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(p1, 3), ContainerEq(a2));
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(p1, 3), Not(ContainerEq(b)));
  
    const int c[] = {1, 3, 2};
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(p1, 3), Not(ContainerEq(c)));
  }
  
  TEST(ContainerEqExtraTest, CopiesNativeArrayParameter) {
    std::string a1[][3] = {
      {"hi", "hello", "ciao"},
      {"bye", "see you", "ciao"}
    };
  
    std::string a2[][3] = {
      {"hi", "hello", "ciao"},
      {"bye", "see you", "ciao"}
    };
  
    const Matcher<const std::string(&)[2][3]> m = ContainerEq(a2);
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, m);
  
    a2[0][0] = "ha";
    EXPECT_THAT(a1, m);
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedByTest, WorksForEmptyContainer) {
    const vector<int> numbers;
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre()));
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, Not(WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre(1))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedByTest, WorksForNonEmptyContainer) {
    vector<unsigned> numbers;
    numbers.push_back(3);
    numbers.push_back(1);
    numbers.push_back(2);
    numbers.push_back(2);
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, WhenSortedBy(greater<unsigned>(),
                                      ElementsAre(3, 2, 2, 1)));
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, Not(WhenSortedBy(greater<unsigned>(),
                                          ElementsAre(1, 2, 2, 3))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedByTest, WorksForNonVectorContainer) {
    list<string> words;
    words.push_back("say");
    words.push_back("hello");
    words.push_back("world");
    EXPECT_THAT(words, WhenSortedBy(less<string>(),
                                    ElementsAre("hello", "say", "world")));
    EXPECT_THAT(words, Not(WhenSortedBy(less<string>(),
                                        ElementsAre("say", "hello", "world"))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedByTest, WorksForNativeArray) {
    const int numbers[] = {1, 3, 2, 4};
    const int sorted_numbers[] = {1, 2, 3, 4};
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4)));
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, WhenSortedBy(less<int>(),
                                      ElementsAreArray(sorted_numbers)));
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, Not(WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre(1, 3, 2, 4))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedByTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    const Matcher<vector<int> > m = WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre(1, 2));
    EXPECT_EQ("(when sorted) has 2 elements where\n"
              "element #0 is equal to 1,\n"
              "element #1 is equal to 2",
              Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("(when sorted) doesn't have 2 elements, or\n"
              "element #0 isn't equal to 1, or\n"
              "element #1 isn't equal to 2",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedByTest, ExplainsMatchResult) {
    const int a[] = {2, 1};
    EXPECT_EQ("which is { 1, 2 } when sorted, whose element #0 doesn't match",
              Explain(WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre(2, 3)), a));
    EXPECT_EQ("which is { 1, 2 } when sorted",
              Explain(WhenSortedBy(less<int>(), ElementsAre(1, 2)), a));
  }
  
  // WhenSorted() is a simple wrapper on WhenSortedBy().  Hence we don't
  // need to test it as exhaustively as we test the latter.
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForEmptyContainer) {
    const vector<int> numbers;
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, WhenSorted(ElementsAre()));
    EXPECT_THAT(numbers, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre(1))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForNonEmptyContainer) {
    list<string> words;
    words.push_back("3");
    words.push_back("1");
    words.push_back("2");
    words.push_back("2");
    EXPECT_THAT(words, WhenSorted(ElementsAre("1", "2", "2", "3")));
    EXPECT_THAT(words, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre("3", "1", "2", "2"))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForMapTypes) {
      map<string, int> word_counts;
      word_counts["and"] = 1;
      word_counts["the"] = 1;
      word_counts["buffalo"] = 2;
      EXPECT_THAT(word_counts, WhenSorted(ElementsAre(
              Pair("and", 1), Pair("buffalo", 2), Pair("the", 1))));
      EXPECT_THAT(word_counts, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre(
              Pair("and", 1), Pair("the", 1), Pair("buffalo", 2)))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForMultiMapTypes) {
      multimap<int, int> ifib;
      ifib.insert(make_pair(8, 6));
      ifib.insert(make_pair(2, 3));
      ifib.insert(make_pair(1, 1));
      ifib.insert(make_pair(3, 4));
      ifib.insert(make_pair(1, 2));
      ifib.insert(make_pair(5, 5));
      EXPECT_THAT(ifib, WhenSorted(ElementsAre(Pair(1, 1),
                                               Pair(1, 2),
                                               Pair(2, 3),
                                               Pair(3, 4),
                                               Pair(5, 5),
                                               Pair(8, 6))));
      EXPECT_THAT(ifib, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre(Pair(8, 6),
                                                   Pair(2, 3),
                                                   Pair(1, 1),
                                                   Pair(3, 4),
                                                   Pair(1, 2),
                                                   Pair(5, 5)))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForPolymorphicMatcher) {
      std::deque<int> d;
      d.push_back(2);
      d.push_back(1);
      EXPECT_THAT(d, WhenSorted(ElementsAre(1, 2)));
      EXPECT_THAT(d, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre(2, 1))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForVectorConstRefMatcher) {
      std::deque<int> d;
      d.push_back(2);
      d.push_back(1);
      Matcher<const std::vector<int>&> vector_match = ElementsAre(1, 2);
      EXPECT_THAT(d, WhenSorted(vector_match));
      Matcher<const std::vector<int>&> not_vector_match = ElementsAre(2, 1);
      EXPECT_THAT(d, Not(WhenSorted(not_vector_match)));
  }
  
  // Deliberately bare pseudo-container.
  // Offers only begin() and end() accessors, yielding InputIterator.
  template <typename T>
  class Streamlike {
   private:
    class ConstIter;
   public:
    typedef ConstIter const_iterator;
    typedef T value_type;
  
    template <typename InIter>
    Streamlike(InIter first, InIter last) : remainder_(first, last) {}
  
    const_iterator begin() const {
      return const_iterator(this, remainder_.begin());
    }
    const_iterator end() const {
      return const_iterator(this, remainder_.end());
    }
  
   private:
    class ConstIter : public std::iterator<std::input_iterator_tag,
                                           value_type,
                                           ptrdiff_t,
                                           const value_type*,
                                           const value_type&> {
     public:
      ConstIter(const Streamlike* s,
                typename std::list<value_type>::iterator pos)
          : s_(s), pos_(pos) {}
  
      const value_type& operator*() const { return *pos_; }
      const value_type* operator->() const { return &*pos_; }
      ConstIter& operator++() {
        s_->remainder_.erase(pos_++);
        return *this;
      }
  
      // *iter++ is required to work (see std::istreambuf_iterator).
      // (void)iter++ is also required to work.
      class PostIncrProxy {
       public:
        explicit PostIncrProxy(const value_type& value) : value_(value) {}
        value_type operator*() const { return value_; }
       private:
        value_type value_;
      };
      PostIncrProxy operator++(int) {
        PostIncrProxy proxy(**this);
        ++(*this);
        return proxy;
      }
  
      friend bool operator==(const ConstIter& a, const ConstIter& b) {
        return a.s_ == b.s_ && a.pos_ == b.pos_;
      }
      friend bool operator!=(const ConstIter& a, const ConstIter& b) {
        return !(a == b);
      }
  
     private:
      const Streamlike* s_;
      typename std::list<value_type>::iterator pos_;
    };
  
    friend std::ostream& operator<<(std::ostream& os, const Streamlike& s) {
      os << "[";
      typedef typename std::list<value_type>::const_iterator Iter;
      const char* sep = "";
      for (Iter it = s.remainder_.begin(); it != s.remainder_.end(); ++it) {
        os << sep << *it;
        sep = ",";
      }
      os << "]";
      return os;
    }
  
    mutable std::list<value_type> remainder_;  // modified by iteration
  };
  
  TEST(StreamlikeTest, Iteration) {
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + 5);
    Streamlike<int>::const_iterator it = s.begin();
    const int* ip = a;
    while (it != s.end()) {
      SCOPED_TRACE(ip - a);
      EXPECT_EQ(*ip++, *it++);
    }
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_FORWARD_LIST_
  TEST(BeginEndDistanceIsTest, WorksWithForwardList) {
    std::forward_list<int> container;
    EXPECT_THAT(container, BeginEndDistanceIs(0));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(BeginEndDistanceIs(1)));
    container.push_front(0);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(BeginEndDistanceIs(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, BeginEndDistanceIs(1));
    container.push_front(0);
    EXPECT_THAT(container, Not(BeginEndDistanceIs(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(container, BeginEndDistanceIs(2));
  }
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_FORWARD_LIST_
  
  TEST(BeginEndDistanceIsTest, WorksWithNonStdList) {
    const int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + 5);
    EXPECT_THAT(s, BeginEndDistanceIs(5));
  }
  
  TEST(BeginEndDistanceIsTest, CanDescribeSelf) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m = BeginEndDistanceIs(2);
    EXPECT_EQ("distance between begin() and end() is equal to 2", Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("distance between begin() and end() isn't equal to 2",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(BeginEndDistanceIsTest, ExplainsResult) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m1 = BeginEndDistanceIs(2);
    Matcher<vector<int> > m2 = BeginEndDistanceIs(Lt(2));
    Matcher<vector<int> > m3 = BeginEndDistanceIs(AnyOf(0, 3));
    Matcher<vector<int> > m4 = BeginEndDistanceIs(GreaterThan(1));
    vector<int> container;
    EXPECT_EQ("whose distance between begin() and end() 0 doesn't match",
              Explain(m1, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose distance between begin() and end() 0 matches",
              Explain(m2, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose distance between begin() and end() 0 matches",
              Explain(m3, container));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "whose distance between begin() and end() 0 doesn't match, which is 1 "
        "less than 1",
        Explain(m4, container));
    container.push_back(0);
    container.push_back(0);
    EXPECT_EQ("whose distance between begin() and end() 2 matches",
              Explain(m1, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose distance between begin() and end() 2 doesn't match",
              Explain(m2, container));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose distance between begin() and end() 2 doesn't match",
              Explain(m3, container));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "whose distance between begin() and end() 2 matches, which is 1 more "
        "than 1",
        Explain(m4, container));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForStreamlike) {
    // Streamlike 'container' provides only minimal iterator support.
    // Its iterators are tagged with input_iterator_tag.
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    EXPECT_THAT(s, WhenSorted(ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)));
    EXPECT_THAT(s, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre(2, 1, 4, 5, 3))));
  }
  
  TEST(WhenSortedTest, WorksForVectorConstRefMatcherOnStreamlike) {
    const int a[] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    Matcher<const std::vector<int>&> vector_match = ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4, 5);
    EXPECT_THAT(s, WhenSorted(vector_match));
    EXPECT_THAT(s, Not(WhenSorted(ElementsAre(2, 1, 4, 5, 3))));
  }
  
  // Tests using ElementsAre() and ElementsAreArray() with stream-like
  // "containers".
  
  TEST(ElemensAreStreamTest, WorksForStreamlike) {
    const int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    EXPECT_THAT(s, ElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
    EXPECT_THAT(s, Not(ElementsAre(2, 1, 4, 5, 3)));
  }
  
  TEST(ElemensAreArrayStreamTest, WorksForStreamlike) {
    const int a[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
  
    vector<int> expected;
    expected.push_back(1);
    expected.push_back(2);
    expected.push_back(3);
    expected.push_back(4);
    expected.push_back(5);
    EXPECT_THAT(s, ElementsAreArray(expected));
  
    expected[3] = 0;
    EXPECT_THAT(s, Not(ElementsAreArray(expected)));
  }
  
  TEST(ElementsAreTest, WorksWithUncopyable) {
    Uncopyable objs[2];
    objs[0].set_value(-3);
    objs[1].set_value(1);
    EXPECT_THAT(objs, ElementsAre(UncopyableIs(-3), Truly(ValueIsPositive)));
  }
  
  TEST(ElementsAreTest, TakesStlContainer) {
    const int actual[] = {3, 1, 2};
  
    ::std::list<int> expected;
    expected.push_back(3);
    expected.push_back(1);
    expected.push_back(2);
    EXPECT_THAT(actual, ElementsAreArray(expected));
  
    expected.push_back(4);
    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Not(ElementsAreArray(expected)));
  }
  
  // Tests for UnorderedElementsAreArray()
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, SucceedsWhenExpected) {
    const int a[] = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4};
    std::vector<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    do {
      StringMatchResultListener listener;
      EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAreArray(a),
                                     s, &listener)) << listener.str();
    } while (std::next_permutation(s.begin(), s.end()));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, VectorBool) {
    const bool a[] = {0, 1, 0, 1, 1};
    const bool b[] = {1, 0, 1, 1, 0};
    std::vector<bool> expected(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    std::vector<bool> actual(b, b + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(b));
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected),
                                   actual, &listener)) << listener.str();
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, WorksForStreamlike) {
    // Streamlike 'container' provides only minimal iterator support.
    // Its iterators are tagged with input_iterator_tag, and it has no
    // size() or empty() methods.
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
  
    ::std::vector<int> expected;
    expected.push_back(1);
    expected.push_back(2);
    expected.push_back(3);
    expected.push_back(4);
    expected.push_back(5);
    EXPECT_THAT(s, UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected));
  
    expected.push_back(6);
    EXPECT_THAT(s, Not(UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected)));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, TakesStlContainer) {
    const int actual[] = {3, 1, 2};
  
    ::std::list<int> expected;
    expected.push_back(1);
    expected.push_back(2);
    expected.push_back(3);
    EXPECT_THAT(actual, UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected));
  
    expected.push_back(4);
    EXPECT_THAT(actual, Not(UnorderedElementsAreArray(expected)));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_INITIALIZER_LIST_
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, TakesInitializerList) {
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    EXPECT_THAT(a, UnorderedElementsAreArray({1, 2, 3, 4, 5}));
    EXPECT_THAT(a, Not(UnorderedElementsAreArray({1, 2, 3, 4, 6})));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, TakesInitializerListOfCStrings) {
    const string a[5] = {"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"};
    EXPECT_THAT(a, UnorderedElementsAreArray({"a", "b", "c", "d", "e"}));
    EXPECT_THAT(a, Not(UnorderedElementsAreArray({"a", "b", "c", "d", "ef"})));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest, TakesInitializerListOfSameTypedMatchers) {
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    EXPECT_THAT(a, UnorderedElementsAreArray(
        {Eq(1), Eq(2), Eq(3), Eq(4), Eq(5)}));
    EXPECT_THAT(a, Not(UnorderedElementsAreArray(
        {Eq(1), Eq(2), Eq(3), Eq(4), Eq(6)})));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedElementsAreArrayTest,
       TakesInitializerListOfDifferentTypedMatchers) {
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    // The compiler cannot infer the type of the initializer list if its
    // elements have different types.  We must explicitly specify the
    // unified element type in this case.
    EXPECT_THAT(a, UnorderedElementsAreArray<Matcher<int> >(
        {Eq(1), Ne(-2), Ge(3), Le(4), Eq(5)}));
    EXPECT_THAT(a, Not(UnorderedElementsAreArray<Matcher<int> >(
        {Eq(1), Ne(-2), Ge(3), Le(4), Eq(6)})));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_INITIALIZER_LIST_
  
  class UnorderedElementsAreTest : public testing::Test {
   protected:
    typedef std::vector<int> IntVec;
  };
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, WorksWithUncopyable) {
    Uncopyable objs[2];
    objs[0].set_value(-3);
    objs[1].set_value(1);
    EXPECT_THAT(objs,
                UnorderedElementsAre(Truly(ValueIsPositive), UncopyableIs(-3)));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, SucceedsWhenExpected) {
    const int a[] = {1, 2, 3};
    std::vector<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    do {
      StringMatchResultListener listener;
      EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3),
                                     s, &listener)) << listener.str();
    } while (std::next_permutation(s.begin(), s.end()));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailsWhenAnElementMatchesNoMatcher) {
    const int a[] = {1, 2, 3};
    std::vector<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
    std::vector<Matcher<int> > mv;
    mv.push_back(1);
    mv.push_back(2);
    mv.push_back(2);
    // The element with value '3' matches nothing: fail fast.
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAreArray(mv),
                                    s, &listener)) << listener.str();
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, WorksForStreamlike) {
    // Streamlike 'container' provides only minimal iterator support.
    // Its iterators are tagged with input_iterator_tag, and it has no
    // size() or empty() methods.
    const int a[5] = {2, 1, 4, 5, 3};
    Streamlike<int> s(a, a + GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(a));
  
    EXPECT_THAT(s, UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3, 4, 5));
    EXPECT_THAT(s, Not(UnorderedElementsAre(2, 2, 3, 4, 5)));
  }
  
  // One naive implementation of the matcher runs in O(N!) time, which is too
  // slow for many real-world inputs. This test shows that our matcher can match
  // 100 inputs very quickly (a few milliseconds).  An O(100!) is 10^158
  // iterations and obviously effectively incomputable.
  // [ RUN      ] UnorderedElementsAreTest.Performance
  // [       OK ] UnorderedElementsAreTest.Performance (4 ms)
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, Performance) {
    std::vector<int> s;
    std::vector<Matcher<int> > mv;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
      s.push_back(i);
      mv.push_back(_);
    }
    mv[50] = Eq(0);
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAreArray(mv),
                                   s, &listener)) << listener.str();
  }
  
  // Another variant of 'Performance' with similar expectations.
  // [ RUN      ] UnorderedElementsAreTest.PerformanceHalfStrict
  // [       OK ] UnorderedElementsAreTest.PerformanceHalfStrict (4 ms)
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, PerformanceHalfStrict) {
    std::vector<int> s;
    std::vector<Matcher<int> > mv;
    for (int i = 0; i < 100; ++i) {
      s.push_back(i);
      if (i & 1) {
        mv.push_back(_);
      } else {
        mv.push_back(i);
      }
    }
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_TRUE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAreArray(mv),
                                   s, &listener)) << listener.str();
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailMessageCountWrong) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(4);
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3),
                                    v, &listener)) << listener.str();
    EXPECT_THAT(listener.str(), Eq("which has 1 element"));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailMessageCountWrongZero) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2, 3),
                                    v, &listener)) << listener.str();
    EXPECT_THAT(listener.str(), Eq(""));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailMessageUnmatchedMatchers) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(1);
    v.push_back(1);
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2),
                                    v, &listener)) << listener.str();
    EXPECT_THAT(
        listener.str(),
        Eq("where the following matchers don't match any elements:\n"
           "matcher #1: is equal to 2"));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailMessageUnmatchedElements) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(1);
    v.push_back(2);
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 1),
                                    v, &listener)) << listener.str();
    EXPECT_THAT(
        listener.str(),
        Eq("where the following elements don't match any matchers:\n"
           "element #1: 2"));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailMessageUnmatchedMatcherAndElement) {
    std::vector<int> v;
    v.push_back(2);
    v.push_back(3);
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(UnorderedElementsAre(1, 2),
                                    v, &listener)) << listener.str();
    EXPECT_THAT(
        listener.str(),
        Eq("where"
           " the following matchers don't match any elements:\n"
           "matcher #0: is equal to 1\n"
           "and"
           " where"
           " the following elements don't match any matchers:\n"
           "element #1: 3"));
  }
  
  // Test helper for formatting element, matcher index pairs in expectations.
  static string EMString(int element, int matcher) {
    stringstream ss;
    ss << "(element #" << element << ", matcher #" << matcher << ")";
    return ss.str();
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, FailMessageImperfectMatchOnly) {
    // A situation where all elements and matchers have a match
    // associated with them, but the max matching is not perfect.
    std::vector<string> v;
    v.push_back("a");
    v.push_back("b");
    v.push_back("c");
    StringMatchResultListener listener;
    EXPECT_FALSE(ExplainMatchResult(
        UnorderedElementsAre("a", "a", AnyOf("b", "c")), v, &listener))
        << listener.str();
  
    string prefix =
        "where no permutation of the elements can satisfy all matchers, "
        "and the closest match is 2 of 3 matchers with the "
        "pairings:\n";
  
    // We have to be a bit loose here, because there are 4 valid max matches.
    EXPECT_THAT(
        listener.str(),
        AnyOf(prefix + "{\n  " + EMString(0, 0) +
                       ",\n  " + EMString(1, 2) + "\n}",
              prefix + "{\n  " + EMString(0, 1) +
                       ",\n  " + EMString(1, 2) + "\n}",
              prefix + "{\n  " + EMString(0, 0) +
                       ",\n  " + EMString(2, 2) + "\n}",
              prefix + "{\n  " + EMString(0, 1) +
                       ",\n  " + EMString(2, 2) + "\n}"));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, Describe) {
    EXPECT_THAT(Describe<IntVec>(UnorderedElementsAre()),
                Eq("is empty"));
    EXPECT_THAT(
        Describe<IntVec>(UnorderedElementsAre(345)),
        Eq("has 1 element and that element is equal to 345"));
    EXPECT_THAT(
        Describe<IntVec>(UnorderedElementsAre(111, 222, 333)),
        Eq("has 3 elements and there exists some permutation "
           "of elements such that:\n"
           " - element #0 is equal to 111, and\n"
           " - element #1 is equal to 222, and\n"
           " - element #2 is equal to 333"));
  }
  
  TEST_F(UnorderedElementsAreTest, DescribeNegation) {
    EXPECT_THAT(DescribeNegation<IntVec>(UnorderedElementsAre()),
                Eq("isn't empty"));
    EXPECT_THAT(
        DescribeNegation<IntVec>(UnorderedElementsAre(345)),
        Eq("doesn't have 1 element, or has 1 element that isn't equal to 345"));
    EXPECT_THAT(
        DescribeNegation<IntVec>(UnorderedElementsAre(123, 234, 345)),
        Eq("doesn't have 3 elements, or there exists no permutation "
           "of elements such that:\n"
           " - element #0 is equal to 123, and\n"
           " - element #1 is equal to 234, and\n"
           " - element #2 is equal to 345"));
  }
  
  namespace {
  
  // Used as a check on the more complex max flow method used in the
  // real testing::internal::FindMaxBipartiteMatching. This method is
  // compatible but runs in worst-case factorial time, so we only
  // use it in testing for small problem sizes.
  template <typename Graph>
  class BacktrackingMaxBPMState {
   public:
    // Does not take ownership of 'g'.
    explicit BacktrackingMaxBPMState(const Graph* g) : graph_(g) { }
  
    ElementMatcherPairs Compute() {
      if (graph_->LhsSize() == 0 || graph_->RhsSize() == 0) {
        return best_so_far_;
      }
      lhs_used_.assign(graph_->LhsSize(), kUnused);
      rhs_used_.assign(graph_->RhsSize(), kUnused);
      for (size_t irhs = 0; irhs < graph_->RhsSize(); ++irhs) {
        matches_.clear();
        RecurseInto(irhs);
        if (best_so_far_.size() == graph_->RhsSize())
          break;
      }
      return best_so_far_;
    }
  
   private:
    static const size_t kUnused = static_cast<size_t>(-1);
  
    void PushMatch(size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
      matches_.push_back(ElementMatcherPair(lhs, rhs));
      lhs_used_[lhs] = rhs;
      rhs_used_[rhs] = lhs;
      if (matches_.size() > best_so_far_.size()) {
        best_so_far_ = matches_;
      }
    }
  
    void PopMatch() {
      const ElementMatcherPair& back = matches_.back();
      lhs_used_[back.first] = kUnused;
      rhs_used_[back.second] = kUnused;
      matches_.pop_back();
    }
  
    bool RecurseInto(size_t irhs) {
      if (rhs_used_[irhs] != kUnused) {
        return true;
      }
      for (size_t ilhs = 0; ilhs < graph_->LhsSize(); ++ilhs) {
        if (lhs_used_[ilhs] != kUnused) {
          continue;
        }
        if (!graph_->HasEdge(ilhs, irhs)) {
          continue;
        }
        PushMatch(ilhs, irhs);
        if (best_so_far_.size() == graph_->RhsSize()) {
          return false;
        }
        for (size_t mi = irhs + 1; mi < graph_->RhsSize(); ++mi) {
          if (!RecurseInto(mi)) return false;
        }
        PopMatch();
      }
      return true;
    }
  
    const Graph* graph_;  // not owned
    std::vector<size_t> lhs_used_;
    std::vector<size_t> rhs_used_;
    ElementMatcherPairs matches_;
    ElementMatcherPairs best_so_far_;
  };
  
  template <typename Graph>
  const size_t BacktrackingMaxBPMState<Graph>::kUnused;
  
  }  // namespace
  
  // Implement a simple backtracking algorithm to determine if it is possible
  // to find one element per matcher, without reusing elements.
  template <typename Graph>
  ElementMatcherPairs
  FindBacktrackingMaxBPM(const Graph& g) {
    return BacktrackingMaxBPMState<Graph>(&g).Compute();
  }
  
  class BacktrackingBPMTest : public ::testing::Test { };
  
  // Tests the MaxBipartiteMatching algorithm with square matrices.
  // The single int param is the # of nodes on each of the left and right sides.
  class BipartiteTest : public ::testing::TestWithParam<int> { };
  
  // Verify all match graphs up to some moderate number of edges.
  TEST_P(BipartiteTest, Exhaustive) {
    int nodes = GetParam();
    MatchMatrix graph(nodes, nodes);
    do {
      ElementMatcherPairs matches =
          internal::FindMaxBipartiteMatching(graph);
      EXPECT_EQ(FindBacktrackingMaxBPM(graph).size(), matches.size())
          << "graph: " << graph.DebugString();
      // Check that all elements of matches are in the graph.
      // Check that elements of first and second are unique.
      std::vector<bool> seen_element(graph.LhsSize());
      std::vector<bool> seen_matcher(graph.RhsSize());
      SCOPED_TRACE(PrintToString(matches));
      for (size_t i = 0; i < matches.size(); ++i) {
        size_t ilhs = matches[i].first;
        size_t irhs = matches[i].second;
        EXPECT_TRUE(graph.HasEdge(ilhs, irhs));
        EXPECT_FALSE(seen_element[ilhs]);
        EXPECT_FALSE(seen_matcher[irhs]);
        seen_element[ilhs] = true;
        seen_matcher[irhs] = true;
      }
    } while (graph.NextGraph());
  }
  
  INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(AllGraphs, BipartiteTest,
                          ::testing::Range(0, 5));
  
  // Parameterized by a pair interpreted as (LhsSize, RhsSize).
  class BipartiteNonSquareTest
      : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::pair<size_t, size_t> > {
  };
  
  TEST_F(BipartiteNonSquareTest, SimpleBacktracking) {
    //   .......
    // 0:-----\ :
    // 1:---\ | :
    // 2:---\ | :
    // 3:-\ | | :
    //  :.......:
    //    0 1 2
    MatchMatrix g(4, 3);
    static const int kEdges[][2] = {{0, 2}, {1, 1}, {2, 1}, {3, 0}};
    for (size_t i = 0; i < GTEST_ARRAY_SIZE_(kEdges); ++i) {
      g.SetEdge(kEdges[i][0], kEdges[i][1], true);
    }
    EXPECT_THAT(FindBacktrackingMaxBPM(g),
                ElementsAre(Pair(3, 0),
                            Pair(AnyOf(1, 2), 1),
                            Pair(0, 2))) << g.DebugString();
  }
  
  // Verify a few nonsquare matrices.
  TEST_P(BipartiteNonSquareTest, Exhaustive) {
    size_t nlhs = GetParam().first;
    size_t nrhs = GetParam().second;
    MatchMatrix graph(nlhs, nrhs);
    do {
      EXPECT_EQ(FindBacktrackingMaxBPM(graph).size(),
                internal::FindMaxBipartiteMatching(graph).size())
          << "graph: " << graph.DebugString()
          << "\nbacktracking: "
          << PrintToString(FindBacktrackingMaxBPM(graph))
          << "\nmax flow: "
          << PrintToString(internal::FindMaxBipartiteMatching(graph));
    } while (graph.NextGraph());
  }
  
  INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(AllGraphs, BipartiteNonSquareTest,
      testing::Values(
          std::make_pair(1, 2),
          std::make_pair(2, 1),
          std::make_pair(3, 2),
          std::make_pair(2, 3),
          std::make_pair(4, 1),
          std::make_pair(1, 4),
          std::make_pair(4, 3),
          std::make_pair(3, 4)));
  
  class BipartiteRandomTest
      : public ::testing::TestWithParam<std::pair<int, int> > {
  };
  
  // Verifies a large sample of larger graphs.
  TEST_P(BipartiteRandomTest, LargerNets) {
    int nodes = GetParam().first;
    int iters = GetParam().second;
    MatchMatrix graph(nodes, nodes);
  
    testing::internal::Int32 seed = GTEST_FLAG(random_seed);
    if (seed == 0) {
      seed = static_cast<testing::internal::Int32>(time(NULL));
    }
  
    for (; iters > 0; --iters, ++seed) {
      srand(static_cast<int>(seed));
      graph.Randomize();
      EXPECT_EQ(FindBacktrackingMaxBPM(graph).size(),
                internal::FindMaxBipartiteMatching(graph).size())
          << " graph: " << graph.DebugString()
          << "\nTo reproduce the failure, rerun the test with the flag"
             " --" << GTEST_FLAG_PREFIX_ << "random_seed=" << seed;
    }
  }
  
  // Test argument is a std::pair<int, int> representing (nodes, iters).
  INSTANTIATE_TEST_CASE_P(Samples, BipartiteRandomTest,
      testing::Values(
          std::make_pair(5, 10000),
          std::make_pair(6, 5000),
          std::make_pair(7, 2000),
          std::make_pair(8, 500),
          std::make_pair(9, 100)));
  
  // Tests IsReadableTypeName().
  
  TEST(IsReadableTypeNameTest, ReturnsTrueForShortNames) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("int"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("const unsigned char*"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("MyMap<int, void*>"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("void (*)(int, bool)"));
  }
  
  TEST(IsReadableTypeNameTest, ReturnsTrueForLongNonTemplateNonFunctionNames) {
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("my_long_namespace::MyClassName"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("int [5][6][7][8][9][10][11]"));
    EXPECT_TRUE(IsReadableTypeName("my_namespace::MyOuterClass::MyInnerClass"));
  }
  
  TEST(IsReadableTypeNameTest, ReturnsFalseForLongTemplateNames) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(
        IsReadableTypeName("basic_string<char, std::char_traits<char> >"));
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsReadableTypeName("std::vector<int, std::alloc_traits<int> >"));
  }
  
  TEST(IsReadableTypeNameTest, ReturnsFalseForLongFunctionTypeNames) {
    EXPECT_FALSE(IsReadableTypeName("void (&)(int, bool, char, float)"));
  }
  
  // Tests JoinAsTuple().
  
  TEST(JoinAsTupleTest, JoinsEmptyTuple) {
    EXPECT_EQ("", JoinAsTuple(Strings()));
  }
  
  TEST(JoinAsTupleTest, JoinsOneTuple) {
    const char* fields[] = {"1"};
    EXPECT_EQ("1", JoinAsTuple(Strings(fields, fields + 1)));
  }
  
  TEST(JoinAsTupleTest, JoinsTwoTuple) {
    const char* fields[] = {"1", "a"};
    EXPECT_EQ("(1, a)", JoinAsTuple(Strings(fields, fields + 2)));
  }
  
  TEST(JoinAsTupleTest, JoinsTenTuple) {
    const char* fields[] = {"1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9", "10"};
    EXPECT_EQ("(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10)",
              JoinAsTuple(Strings(fields, fields + 10)));
  }
  
  // Tests FormatMatcherDescription().
  
  TEST(FormatMatcherDescriptionTest, WorksForEmptyDescription) {
    EXPECT_EQ("is even",
              FormatMatcherDescription(false, "IsEven", Strings()));
    EXPECT_EQ("not (is even)",
              FormatMatcherDescription(true, "IsEven", Strings()));
  
    const char* params[] = {"5"};
    EXPECT_EQ("equals 5",
              FormatMatcherDescription(false, "Equals",
                                       Strings(params, params + 1)));
  
    const char* params2[] = {"5", "8"};
    EXPECT_EQ("is in range (5, 8)",
              FormatMatcherDescription(false, "IsInRange",
                                       Strings(params2, params2 + 2)));
  }
  
  // Tests PolymorphicMatcher::mutable_impl().
  TEST(PolymorphicMatcherTest, CanAccessMutableImpl) {
    PolymorphicMatcher<DivisibleByImpl> m(DivisibleByImpl(42));
    DivisibleByImpl& impl = m.mutable_impl();
    EXPECT_EQ(42, impl.divider());
  
    impl.set_divider(0);
    EXPECT_EQ(0, m.mutable_impl().divider());
  }
  
  // Tests PolymorphicMatcher::impl().
  TEST(PolymorphicMatcherTest, CanAccessImpl) {
    const PolymorphicMatcher<DivisibleByImpl> m(DivisibleByImpl(42));
    const DivisibleByImpl& impl = m.impl();
    EXPECT_EQ(42, impl.divider());
  }
  
  TEST(MatcherTupleTest, ExplainsMatchFailure) {
    stringstream ss1;
    ExplainMatchFailureTupleTo(make_tuple(Matcher<char>(Eq('a')), GreaterThan(5)),
                               make_tuple('a', 10), &ss1);
    EXPECT_EQ("", ss1.str());  // Successful match.
  
    stringstream ss2;
    ExplainMatchFailureTupleTo(make_tuple(GreaterThan(5), Matcher<char>(Eq('a'))),
                               make_tuple(2, 'b'), &ss2);
    EXPECT_EQ("  Expected arg #0: is > 5\n"
              "           Actual: 2, which is 3 less than 5\n"
              "  Expected arg #1: is equal to 'a' (97, 0x61)\n"
              "           Actual: 'b' (98, 0x62)\n",
              ss2.str());  // Failed match where both arguments need explanation.
  
    stringstream ss3;
    ExplainMatchFailureTupleTo(make_tuple(GreaterThan(5), Matcher<char>(Eq('a'))),
                               make_tuple(2, 'a'), &ss3);
    EXPECT_EQ("  Expected arg #0: is > 5\n"
              "           Actual: 2, which is 3 less than 5\n",
              ss3.str());  // Failed match where only one argument needs
                           // explanation.
  }
  
  // Tests Each().
  
  TEST(EachTest, ExplainsMatchResultCorrectly) {
    set<int> a;  // empty
  
    Matcher<set<int> > m = Each(2);
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, a));
  
    Matcher<const int(&)[1]> n = Each(1);  // NOLINT
  
    const int b[1] = {1};
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(n, b));
  
    n = Each(3);
    EXPECT_EQ("whose element #0 doesn't match", Explain(n, b));
  
    a.insert(1);
    a.insert(2);
    a.insert(3);
    m = Each(GreaterThan(0));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(m, a));
  
    m = Each(GreaterThan(10));
    EXPECT_EQ("whose element #0 doesn't match, which is 9 less than 10",
              Explain(m, a));
  }
  
  TEST(EachTest, DescribesItselfCorrectly) {
    Matcher<vector<int> > m = Each(1);
    EXPECT_EQ("only contains elements that is equal to 1", Describe(m));
  
    Matcher<vector<int> > m2 = Not(m);
    EXPECT_EQ("contains some element that isn't equal to 1", Describe(m2));
  }
  
  TEST(EachTest, MatchesVectorWhenAllElementsMatch) {
    vector<int> some_vector;
    EXPECT_THAT(some_vector, Each(1));
    some_vector.push_back(3);
    EXPECT_THAT(some_vector, Not(Each(1)));
    EXPECT_THAT(some_vector, Each(3));
    some_vector.push_back(1);
    some_vector.push_back(2);
    EXPECT_THAT(some_vector, Not(Each(3)));
    EXPECT_THAT(some_vector, Each(Lt(3.5)));
  
    vector<string> another_vector;
    another_vector.push_back("fee");
    EXPECT_THAT(another_vector, Each(string("fee")));
    another_vector.push_back("fie");
    another_vector.push_back("foe");
    another_vector.push_back("fum");
    EXPECT_THAT(another_vector, Not(Each(string("fee"))));
  }
  
  TEST(EachTest, MatchesMapWhenAllElementsMatch) {
    map<const char*, int> my_map;
    const char* bar = "a string";
    my_map[bar] = 2;
    EXPECT_THAT(my_map, Each(make_pair(bar, 2)));
  
    map<string, int> another_map;
    EXPECT_THAT(another_map, Each(make_pair(string("fee"), 1)));
    another_map["fee"] = 1;
    EXPECT_THAT(another_map, Each(make_pair(string("fee"), 1)));
    another_map["fie"] = 2;
    another_map["foe"] = 3;
    another_map["fum"] = 4;
    EXPECT_THAT(another_map, Not(Each(make_pair(string("fee"), 1))));
    EXPECT_THAT(another_map, Not(Each(make_pair(string("fum"), 1))));
    EXPECT_THAT(another_map, Each(Pair(_, Gt(0))));
  }
  
  TEST(EachTest, AcceptsMatcher) {
    const int a[] = {1, 2, 3};
    EXPECT_THAT(a, Each(Gt(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(a, Not(Each(Gt(1))));
  }
  
  TEST(EachTest, WorksForNativeArrayAsTuple) {
    const int a[] = {1, 2};
    const int* const pointer = a;
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(pointer, 2), Each(Gt(0)));
    EXPECT_THAT(make_tuple(pointer, 2), Not(Each(Gt(1))));
  }
  
  // For testing Pointwise().
  class IsHalfOfMatcher {
   public:
    template <typename T1, typename T2>
    bool MatchAndExplain(const tuple<T1, T2>& a_pair,
                         MatchResultListener* listener) const {
      if (get<0>(a_pair) == get<1>(a_pair)/2) {
        *listener << "where the second is " << get<1>(a_pair);
        return true;
      } else {
        *listener << "where the second/2 is " << get<1>(a_pair)/2;
        return false;
      }
    }
  
    void DescribeTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "are a pair where the first is half of the second";
    }
  
    void DescribeNegationTo(ostream* os) const {
      *os << "are a pair where the first isn't half of the second";
    }
  };
  
  PolymorphicMatcher<IsHalfOfMatcher> IsHalfOf() {
    return MakePolymorphicMatcher(IsHalfOfMatcher());
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, DescribesSelf) {
    vector<int> rhs;
    rhs.push_back(1);
    rhs.push_back(2);
    rhs.push_back(3);
    const Matcher<const vector<int>&> m = Pointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs);
    EXPECT_EQ("contains 3 values, where each value and its corresponding value "
              "in { 1, 2, 3 } are a pair where the first is half of the second",
              Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ("doesn't contain exactly 3 values, or contains a value x at some "
              "index i where x and the i-th value of { 1, 2, 3 } are a pair "
              "where the first isn't half of the second",
              DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, MakesCopyOfRhs) {
    list<signed char> rhs;
    rhs.push_back(2);
    rhs.push_back(4);
  
    int lhs[] = {1, 2};
    const Matcher<const int (&)[2]> m = Pointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, m);
  
    // Changing rhs now shouldn't affect m, which made a copy of rhs.
    rhs.push_back(6);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, m);
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, WorksForLhsNativeArray) {
    const int lhs[] = {1, 2, 3};
    vector<int> rhs;
    rhs.push_back(2);
    rhs.push_back(4);
    rhs.push_back(6);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Pointwise(Lt(), rhs));
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(Pointwise(Gt(), rhs)));
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, WorksForRhsNativeArray) {
    const int rhs[] = {1, 2, 3};
    vector<int> lhs;
    lhs.push_back(2);
    lhs.push_back(4);
    lhs.push_back(6);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Pointwise(Gt(), rhs));
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(Pointwise(Lt(), rhs)));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_INITIALIZER_LIST_
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, WorksForRhsInitializerList) {
    const vector<int> lhs{2, 4, 6};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Pointwise(Gt(), {1, 2, 3}));
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(Pointwise(Lt(), {3, 3, 7})));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_INITIALIZER_LIST_
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, RejectsWrongSize) {
    const double lhs[2] = {1, 2};
    const int rhs[1] = {0};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(Pointwise(Gt(), rhs)));
    EXPECT_EQ("which contains 2 values",
              Explain(Pointwise(Gt(), rhs), lhs));
  
    const int rhs2[3] = {0, 1, 2};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(Pointwise(Gt(), rhs2)));
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, RejectsWrongContent) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {2, 6, 4};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(Pointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs)));
    EXPECT_EQ("where the value pair (2, 6) at index #1 don't match, "
              "where the second/2 is 3",
              Explain(Pointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs), lhs));
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, AcceptsCorrectContent) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {2, 4, 6};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Pointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(Pointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs), lhs));
  }
  
  TEST(PointwiseTest, AllowsMonomorphicInnerMatcher) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {2, 4, 6};
    const Matcher<tuple<const double&, const int&> > m1 = IsHalfOf();
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Pointwise(m1, rhs));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(Pointwise(m1, rhs), lhs));
  
    // This type works as a tuple<const double&, const int&> can be
    // implicitly cast to tuple<double, int>.
    const Matcher<tuple<double, int> > m2 = IsHalfOf();
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Pointwise(m2, rhs));
    EXPECT_EQ("", Explain(Pointwise(m2, rhs), lhs));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, DescribesSelf) {
    vector<int> rhs;
    rhs.push_back(1);
    rhs.push_back(2);
    rhs.push_back(3);
    const Matcher<const vector<int>&> m = UnorderedPointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs);
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "has 3 elements and there exists some permutation of elements such "
        "that:\n"
        " - element #0 and 1 are a pair where the first is half of the second, "
        "and\n"
        " - element #1 and 2 are a pair where the first is half of the second, "
        "and\n"
        " - element #2 and 3 are a pair where the first is half of the second",
        Describe(m));
    EXPECT_EQ(
        "doesn't have 3 elements, or there exists no permutation of elements "
        "such that:\n"
        " - element #0 and 1 are a pair where the first is half of the second, "
        "and\n"
        " - element #1 and 2 are a pair where the first is half of the second, "
        "and\n"
        " - element #2 and 3 are a pair where the first is half of the second",
        DescribeNegation(m));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, MakesCopyOfRhs) {
    list<signed char> rhs;
    rhs.push_back(2);
    rhs.push_back(4);
  
    int lhs[] = {2, 1};
    const Matcher<const int (&)[2]> m = UnorderedPointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, m);
  
    // Changing rhs now shouldn't affect m, which made a copy of rhs.
    rhs.push_back(6);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, m);
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, WorksForLhsNativeArray) {
    const int lhs[] = {1, 2, 3};
    vector<int> rhs;
    rhs.push_back(4);
    rhs.push_back(6);
    rhs.push_back(2);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(Lt(), rhs));
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(UnorderedPointwise(Gt(), rhs)));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, WorksForRhsNativeArray) {
    const int rhs[] = {1, 2, 3};
    vector<int> lhs;
    lhs.push_back(4);
    lhs.push_back(2);
    lhs.push_back(6);
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(Gt(), rhs));
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(UnorderedPointwise(Lt(), rhs)));
  }
  
  #if GTEST_HAS_STD_INITIALIZER_LIST_
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, WorksForRhsInitializerList) {
    const vector<int> lhs{2, 4, 6};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(Gt(), {5, 1, 3}));
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(UnorderedPointwise(Lt(), {1, 1, 7})));
  }
  
  #endif  // GTEST_HAS_STD_INITIALIZER_LIST_
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, RejectsWrongSize) {
    const double lhs[2] = {1, 2};
    const int rhs[1] = {0};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(UnorderedPointwise(Gt(), rhs)));
    EXPECT_EQ("which has 2 elements",
              Explain(UnorderedPointwise(Gt(), rhs), lhs));
  
    const int rhs2[3] = {0, 1, 2};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(UnorderedPointwise(Gt(), rhs2)));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, RejectsWrongContent) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {2, 6, 6};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, Not(UnorderedPointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs)));
    EXPECT_EQ("where the following elements don't match any matchers:\n"
              "element #1: 2",
              Explain(UnorderedPointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs), lhs));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, AcceptsCorrectContentInSameOrder) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {2, 4, 6};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, AcceptsCorrectContentInDifferentOrder) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {6, 4, 2};
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(IsHalfOf(), rhs));
  }
  
  TEST(UnorderedPointwiseTest, AllowsMonomorphicInnerMatcher) {
    const double lhs[3] = {1, 2, 3};
    const int rhs[3] = {4, 6, 2};
    const Matcher<tuple<const double&, const int&> > m1 = IsHalfOf();
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(m1, rhs));
  
    // This type works as a tuple<const double&, const int&> can be
    // implicitly cast to tuple<double, int>.
    const Matcher<tuple<double, int> > m2 = IsHalfOf();
    EXPECT_THAT(lhs, UnorderedPointwise(m2, rhs));
  }
  
  }  // namespace gmock_matchers_test
  }  // namespace testing
  