text: import os, sys, io
  from . import ffiplatform, model
  from .error import VerificationError
  from .cffi_opcode import *
  
  VERSION_BASE = 0x2601
  VERSION_EMBEDDED = 0x2701
  VERSION_CHAR16CHAR32 = 0x2801
  
  
  class GlobalExpr:
      def __init__(self, name, address, type_op, size=0, check_value=0):
          self.name = name
          self.address = address
          self.type_op = type_op
          self.size = size
          self.check_value = check_value
  
      def as_c_expr(self):
          return '  { "%s", (void *)%s, %s, (void *)%s },' % (
              self.name, self.address, self.type_op.as_c_expr(), self.size)
  
      def as_python_expr(self):
          return "b'%s%s',%d" % (self.type_op.as_python_bytes(), self.name,
                                 self.check_value)
  
  class FieldExpr:
      def __init__(self, name, field_offset, field_size, fbitsize, field_type_op):
          self.name = name
          self.field_offset = field_offset
          self.field_size = field_size
          self.fbitsize = fbitsize
          self.field_type_op = field_type_op
  
      def as_c_expr(self):
          spaces = " " * len(self.name)
          return ('  { "%s", %s,\n' % (self.name, self.field_offset) +
                  '     %s   %s,\n' % (spaces, self.field_size) +
                  '     %s   %s },' % (spaces, self.field_type_op.as_c_expr()))
  
      def as_python_expr(self):
          raise NotImplementedError
  
      def as_field_python_expr(self):
          if self.field_type_op.op == OP_NOOP:
              size_expr = ''
          elif self.field_type_op.op == OP_BITFIELD:
              size_expr = format_four_bytes(self.fbitsize)
          else:
              raise NotImplementedError
          return "b'%s%s%s'" % (self.field_type_op.as_python_bytes(),
                                size_expr,
                                self.name)
  
  class StructUnionExpr:
      def __init__(self, name, type_index, flags, size, alignment, comment,
                   first_field_index, c_fields):
          self.name = name
          self.type_index = type_index
          self.flags = flags
          self.size = size
          self.alignment = alignment
          self.comment = comment
          self.first_field_index = first_field_index
          self.c_fields = c_fields
  
      def as_c_expr(self):
          return ('  { "%s", %d, %s,' % (self.name, self.type_index, self.flags)
                  + '\n    %s, %s, ' % (self.size, self.alignment)
                  + '%d, %d ' % (self.first_field_index, len(self.c_fields))
                  + ('/* %s */ ' % self.comment if self.comment else '')
                  + '},')
  
      def as_python_expr(self):
          flags = eval(self.flags, G_FLAGS)
          fields_expr = [c_field.as_field_python_expr()
                         for c_field in self.c_fields]
          return "(b'%s%s%s',%s)" % (
              format_four_bytes(self.type_index),
              format_four_bytes(flags),
              self.name,
              ','.join(fields_expr))
  
  class EnumExpr:
      def __init__(self, name, type_index, size, signed, allenums):
          self.name = name
          self.type_index = type_index
          self.size = size
          self.signed = signed
          self.allenums = allenums
  
      def as_c_expr(self):
          return ('  { "%s", %d, _cffi_prim_int(%s, %s),\n'
                  '    "%s" },' % (self.name, self.type_index,
                                   self.size, self.signed, self.allenums))
  
      def as_python_expr(self):
          prim_index = {
              (1, 0): PRIM_UINT8,  (1, 1):  PRIM_INT8,
              (2, 0): PRIM_UINT16, (2, 1):  PRIM_INT16,
              (4, 0): PRIM_UINT32, (4, 1):  PRIM_INT32,
              (8, 0): PRIM_UINT64, (8, 1):  PRIM_INT64,
              }[self.size, self.signed]
          return "b'%s%s%s\\x00%s'" % (format_four_bytes(self.type_index),
                                       format_four_bytes(prim_index),
                                       self.name, self.allenums)
  
  class TypenameExpr:
      def __init__(self, name, type_index):
          self.name = name
          self.type_index = type_index
  
      def as_c_expr(self):
          return '  { "%s", %d },' % (self.name, self.type_index)
  
      def as_python_expr(self):
          return "b'%s%s'" % (format_four_bytes(self.type_index), self.name)
  
  
  # ____________________________________________________________
  
  
  class Recompiler:
      _num_externpy = 0
  
      def __init__(self, ffi, module_name, target_is_python=False):
          self.ffi = ffi
          self.module_name = module_name
          self.target_is_python = target_is_python
          self._version = VERSION_BASE
  
      def needs_version(self, ver):
          self._version = max(self._version, ver)
  
      def collect_type_table(self):
          self._typesdict = {}
          self._generate("collecttype")
          #
          all_decls = sorted(self._typesdict, key=str)
          #
          # prepare all FUNCTION bytecode sequences first
          self.cffi_types = []
          for tp in all_decls:
              if tp.is_raw_function:
                  assert self._typesdict[tp] is None
                  self._typesdict[tp] = len(self.cffi_types)
                  self.cffi_types.append(tp)     # placeholder
                  for tp1 in tp.args:
                      assert isinstance(tp1, (model.VoidType,
                                              model.BasePrimitiveType,
                                              model.PointerType,
                                              model.StructOrUnionOrEnum,
                                              model.FunctionPtrType))
                      if self._typesdict[tp1] is None:
                          self._typesdict[tp1] = len(self.cffi_types)
                      self.cffi_types.append(tp1)   # placeholder
                  self.cffi_types.append('END')     # placeholder
          #
          # prepare all OTHER bytecode sequences
          for tp in all_decls:
              if not tp.is_raw_function and self._typesdict[tp] is None:
                  self._typesdict[tp] = len(self.cffi_types)
                  self.cffi_types.append(tp)        # placeholder
                  if tp.is_array_type and tp.length is not None:
                      self.cffi_types.append('LEN') # placeholder
          assert None not in self._typesdict.values()
          #
          # collect all structs and unions and enums
          self._struct_unions = {}
          self._enums = {}
          for tp in all_decls:
              if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
                  self._struct_unions[tp] = None
              elif isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
                  self._enums[tp] = None
          for i, tp in enumerate(sorted(self._struct_unions,
                                        key=lambda tp: tp.name)):
              self._struct_unions[tp] = i
          for i, tp in enumerate(sorted(self._enums,
                                        key=lambda tp: tp.name)):
              self._enums[tp] = i
          #
          # emit all bytecode sequences now
          for tp in all_decls:
              method = getattr(self, '_emit_bytecode_' + tp.__class__.__name__)
              method(tp, self._typesdict[tp])
          #
          # consistency check
          for op in self.cffi_types:
              assert isinstance(op, CffiOp)
          self.cffi_types = tuple(self.cffi_types)    # don't change any more
  
      def _do_collect_type(self, tp):
          if not isinstance(tp, model.BaseTypeByIdentity):
              if isinstance(tp, tuple):
                  for x in tp:
                      self._do_collect_type(x)
              return
          if tp not in self._typesdict:
              self._typesdict[tp] = None
              if isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType):
                  self._do_collect_type(tp.as_raw_function())
              elif isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
                  if tp.fldtypes is not None and (
                          tp not in self.ffi._parser._included_declarations):
                      for name1, tp1, _, _ in tp.enumfields():
                          self._do_collect_type(self._field_type(tp, name1, tp1))
              else:
                  for _, x in tp._get_items():
                      self._do_collect_type(x)
  
      def _generate(self, step_name):
          lst = self.ffi._parser._declarations.items()
          for name, (tp, quals) in sorted(lst):
              kind, realname = name.split(' ', 1)
              try:
                  method = getattr(self, '_generate_cpy_%s_%s' % (kind,
                                                                  step_name))
              except AttributeError:
                  raise VerificationError(
                      "not implemented in recompile(): %r" % name)
              try:
                  self._current_quals = quals
                  method(tp, realname)
              except Exception as e:
                  model.attach_exception_info(e, name)
                  raise
  
      # ----------
  
      ALL_STEPS = ["global", "field", "struct_union", "enum", "typename"]
  
      def collect_step_tables(self):
          # collect the declarations for '_cffi_globals', '_cffi_typenames', etc.
          self._lsts = {}
          for step_name in self.ALL_STEPS:
              self._lsts[step_name] = []
          self._seen_struct_unions = set()
          self._generate("ctx")
          self._add_missing_struct_unions()
          #
          for step_name in self.ALL_STEPS:
              lst = self._lsts[step_name]
              if step_name != "field":
                  lst.sort(key=lambda entry: entry.name)
              self._lsts[step_name] = tuple(lst)    # don't change any more
          #
          # check for a possible internal inconsistency: _cffi_struct_unions
          # should have been generated with exactly self._struct_unions
          lst = self._lsts["struct_union"]
          for tp, i in self._struct_unions.items():
              assert i < len(lst)
              assert lst[i].name == tp.name
          assert len(lst) == len(self._struct_unions)
          # same with enums
          lst = self._lsts["enum"]
          for tp, i in self._enums.items():
              assert i < len(lst)
              assert lst[i].name == tp.name
          assert len(lst) == len(self._enums)
  
      # ----------
  
      def _prnt(self, what=''):
          self._f.write(what + '\n')
  
      def write_source_to_f(self, f, preamble):
          if self.target_is_python:
              assert preamble is None
              self.write_py_source_to_f(f)
          else:
              assert preamble is not None
              self.write_c_source_to_f(f, preamble)
  
      def _rel_readlines(self, filename):
          g = open(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), filename), 'r')
          lines = g.readlines()
          g.close()
          return lines
  
      def write_c_source_to_f(self, f, preamble):
          self._f = f
          prnt = self._prnt
          if self.ffi._embedding is not None:
              prnt('#define _CFFI_USE_EMBEDDING')
          #
          # first the '#include' (actually done by inlining the file's content)
          lines = self._rel_readlines('_cffi_include.h')
          i = lines.index('#include "parse_c_type.h"\n')
          lines[i:i+1] = self._rel_readlines('parse_c_type.h')
          prnt(''.join(lines))
          #
          # if we have ffi._embedding != None, we give it here as a macro
          # and include an extra file
          base_module_name = self.module_name.split('.')[-1]
          if self.ffi._embedding is not None:
              prnt('#define _CFFI_MODULE_NAME  "%s"' % (self.module_name,))
              prnt('static const char _CFFI_PYTHON_STARTUP_CODE[] = {')
              self._print_string_literal_in_array(self.ffi._embedding)
              prnt('0 };')
              prnt('#ifdef PYPY_VERSION')
              prnt('# define _CFFI_PYTHON_STARTUP_FUNC  _cffi_pypyinit_%s' % (
                  base_module_name,))
              prnt('#elif PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3')
              prnt('# define _CFFI_PYTHON_STARTUP_FUNC  PyInit_%s' % (
                  base_module_name,))
              prnt('#else')
              prnt('# define _CFFI_PYTHON_STARTUP_FUNC  init%s' % (
                  base_module_name,))
              prnt('#endif')
              lines = self._rel_readlines('_embedding.h')
              i = lines.index('#include "_cffi_errors.h"\n')
              lines[i:i+1] = self._rel_readlines('_cffi_errors.h')
              prnt(''.join(lines))
              self.needs_version(VERSION_EMBEDDED)
          #
          # then paste the C source given by the user, verbatim.
          prnt('/************************************************************/')
          prnt()
          prnt(preamble)
          prnt()
          prnt('/************************************************************/')
          prnt()
          #
          # the declaration of '_cffi_types'
          prnt('static void *_cffi_types[] = {')
          typeindex2type = dict([(i, tp) for (tp, i) in self._typesdict.items()])
          for i, op in enumerate(self.cffi_types):
              comment = ''
              if i in typeindex2type:
                  comment = ' // ' + typeindex2type[i]._get_c_name()
              prnt('/* %2d */ %s,%s' % (i, op.as_c_expr(), comment))
          if not self.cffi_types:
              prnt('  0')
          prnt('};')
          prnt()
          #
          # call generate_cpy_xxx_decl(), for every xxx found from
          # ffi._parser._declarations.  This generates all the functions.
          self._seen_constants = set()
          self._generate("decl")
          #
          # the declaration of '_cffi_globals' and '_cffi_typenames'
          nums = {}
          for step_name in self.ALL_STEPS:
              lst = self._lsts[step_name]
              nums[step_name] = len(lst)
              if nums[step_name] > 0:
                  prnt('static const struct _cffi_%s_s _cffi_%ss[] = {' % (
                      step_name, step_name))
                  for entry in lst:
                      prnt(entry.as_c_expr())
                  prnt('};')
                  prnt()
          #
          # the declaration of '_cffi_includes'
          if self.ffi._included_ffis:
              prnt('static const char * const _cffi_includes[] = {')
              for ffi_to_include in self.ffi._included_ffis:
                  try:
                      included_module_name, included_source = (
                          ffi_to_include._assigned_source[:2])
                  except AttributeError:
                      raise VerificationError(
                          "ffi object %r includes %r, but the latter has not "
                          "been prepared with set_source()" % (
                              self.ffi, ffi_to_include,))
                  if included_source is None:
                      raise VerificationError(
                          "not implemented yet: ffi.include() of a Python-based "
                          "ffi inside a C-based ffi")
                  prnt('  "%s",' % (included_module_name,))
              prnt('  NULL')
              prnt('};')
              prnt()
          #
          # the declaration of '_cffi_type_context'
          prnt('static const struct _cffi_type_context_s _cffi_type_context = {')
          prnt('  _cffi_types,')
          for step_name in self.ALL_STEPS:
              if nums[step_name] > 0:
                  prnt('  _cffi_%ss,' % step_name)
              else:
                  prnt('  NULL,  /* no %ss */' % step_name)
          for step_name in self.ALL_STEPS:
              if step_name != "field":
                  prnt('  %d,  /* num_%ss */' % (nums[step_name], step_name))
          if self.ffi._included_ffis:
              prnt('  _cffi_includes,')
          else:
              prnt('  NULL,  /* no includes */')
          prnt('  %d,  /* num_types */' % (len(self.cffi_types),))
          flags = 0
          if self._num_externpy:
              flags |= 1     # set to mean that we use extern "Python"
          prnt('  %d,  /* flags */' % flags)
          prnt('};')
          prnt()
          #
          # the init function
          prnt('#ifdef __GNUC__')
          prnt('#  pragma GCC visibility push(default)  /* for -fvisibility= */')
          prnt('#endif')
          prnt()
          prnt('#ifdef PYPY_VERSION')
          prnt('PyMODINIT_FUNC')
          prnt('_cffi_pypyinit_%s(const void *p[])' % (base_module_name,))
          prnt('{')
          if self._num_externpy:
              prnt('    if (((intptr_t)p[0]) >= 0x0A03) {')
              prnt('        _cffi_call_python_org = '
                   '(void(*)(struct _cffi_externpy_s *, char *))p[1];')
              prnt('    }')
          prnt('    p[0] = (const void *)0x%x;' % self._version)
          prnt('    p[1] = &_cffi_type_context;')
          prnt('#if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3')
          prnt('    return NULL;')
          prnt('#endif')
          prnt('}')
          # on Windows, distutils insists on putting init_cffi_xyz in
          # 'export_symbols', so instead of fighting it, just give up and
          # give it one
          prnt('#  ifdef _MSC_VER')
          prnt('     PyMODINIT_FUNC')
          prnt('#  if PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3')
          prnt('     PyInit_%s(void) { return NULL; }' % (base_module_name,))
          prnt('#  else')
          prnt('     init%s(void) { }' % (base_module_name,))
          prnt('#  endif')
          prnt('#  endif')
          prnt('#elif PY_MAJOR_VERSION >= 3')
          prnt('PyMODINIT_FUNC')
          prnt('PyInit_%s(void)' % (base_module_name,))
          prnt('{')
          prnt('  return _cffi_init("%s", 0x%x, &_cffi_type_context);' % (
              self.module_name, self._version))
          prnt('}')
          prnt('#else')
          prnt('PyMODINIT_FUNC')
          prnt('init%s(void)' % (base_module_name,))
          prnt('{')
          prnt('  _cffi_init("%s", 0x%x, &_cffi_type_context);' % (
              self.module_name, self._version))
          prnt('}')
          prnt('#endif')
          prnt()
          prnt('#ifdef __GNUC__')
          prnt('#  pragma GCC visibility pop')
          prnt('#endif')
          self._version = None
  
      def _to_py(self, x):
          if isinstance(x, str):
              return "b'%s'" % (x,)
          if isinstance(x, (list, tuple)):
              rep = [self._to_py(item) for item in x]
              if len(rep) == 1:
                  rep.append('')
              return "(%s)" % (','.join(rep),)
          return x.as_python_expr()  # Py2: unicode unexpected; Py3: bytes unexp.
  
      def write_py_source_to_f(self, f):
          self._f = f
          prnt = self._prnt
          #
          # header
          prnt("# auto-generated file")
          prnt("import _cffi_backend")
          #
          # the 'import' of the included ffis
          num_includes = len(self.ffi._included_ffis or ())
          for i in range(num_includes):
              ffi_to_include = self.ffi._included_ffis[i]
              try:
                  included_module_name, included_source = (
                      ffi_to_include._assigned_source[:2])
              except AttributeError:
                  raise VerificationError(
                      "ffi object %r includes %r, but the latter has not "
                      "been prepared with set_source()" % (
                          self.ffi, ffi_to_include,))
              if included_source is not None:
                  raise VerificationError(
                      "not implemented yet: ffi.include() of a C-based "
                      "ffi inside a Python-based ffi")
              prnt('from %s import ffi as _ffi%d' % (included_module_name, i))
          prnt()
          prnt("ffi = _cffi_backend.FFI('%s'," % (self.module_name,))
          prnt("    _version = 0x%x," % (self._version,))
          self._version = None
          #
          # the '_types' keyword argument
          self.cffi_types = tuple(self.cffi_types)    # don't change any more
          types_lst = [op.as_python_bytes() for op in self.cffi_types]
          prnt('    _types = %s,' % (self._to_py(''.join(types_lst)),))
          typeindex2type = dict([(i, tp) for (tp, i) in self._typesdict.items()])
          #
          # the keyword arguments from ALL_STEPS
          for step_name in self.ALL_STEPS:
              lst = self._lsts[step_name]
              if len(lst) > 0 and step_name != "field":
                  prnt('    _%ss = %s,' % (step_name, self._to_py(lst)))
          #
          # the '_includes' keyword argument
          if num_includes > 0:
              prnt('    _includes = (%s,),' % (
                  ', '.join(['_ffi%d' % i for i in range(num_includes)]),))
          #
          # the footer
          prnt(')')
  
      # ----------
  
      def _gettypenum(self, type):
          # a KeyError here is a bug.  please report it! :-)
          return self._typesdict[type]
  
      def _convert_funcarg_to_c(self, tp, fromvar, tovar, errcode):
          extraarg = ''
          if isinstance(tp, model.BasePrimitiveType) and not tp.is_complex_type():
              if tp.is_integer_type() and tp.name != '_Bool':
                  converter = '_cffi_to_c_int'
                  extraarg = ', %s' % tp.name
              elif isinstance(tp, model.UnknownFloatType):
                  # don't check with is_float_type(): it may be a 'long
                  # double' here, and _cffi_to_c_double would loose precision
                  converter = '(%s)_cffi_to_c_double' % (tp.get_c_name(''),)
              else:
                  cname = tp.get_c_name('')
                  converter = '(%s)_cffi_to_c_%s' % (cname,
                                                     tp.name.replace(' ', '_'))
                  if cname in ('char16_t', 'char32_t'):
                      self.needs_version(VERSION_CHAR16CHAR32)
              errvalue = '-1'
          #
          elif isinstance(tp, model.PointerType):
              self._convert_funcarg_to_c_ptr_or_array(tp, fromvar,
                                                      tovar, errcode)
              return
          #
          elif (isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnionOrEnum) or
                isinstance(tp, model.BasePrimitiveType)):
              # a struct (not a struct pointer) as a function argument;
              # or, a complex (the same code works)
              self._prnt('  if (_cffi_to_c((char *)&%s, _cffi_type(%d), %s) < 0)'
                        % (tovar, self._gettypenum(tp), fromvar))
              self._prnt('    %s;' % errcode)
              return
          #
          elif isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType):
              converter = '(%s)_cffi_to_c_pointer' % tp.get_c_name('')
              extraarg = ', _cffi_type(%d)' % self._gettypenum(tp)
              errvalue = 'NULL'
          #
          else:
              raise NotImplementedError(tp)
          #
          self._prnt('  %s = %s(%s%s);' % (tovar, converter, fromvar, extraarg))
          self._prnt('  if (%s == (%s)%s && PyErr_Occurred())' % (
              tovar, tp.get_c_name(''), errvalue))
          self._prnt('    %s;' % errcode)
  
      def _extra_local_variables(self, tp, localvars):
          if isinstance(tp, model.PointerType):
              localvars.add('Py_ssize_t datasize')
  
      def _convert_funcarg_to_c_ptr_or_array(self, tp, fromvar, tovar, errcode):
          self._prnt('  datasize = _cffi_prepare_pointer_call_argument(')
          self._prnt('      _cffi_type(%d), %s, (char **)&%s);' % (
              self._gettypenum(tp), fromvar, tovar))
          self._prnt('  if (datasize != 0) {')
          self._prnt('    if (datasize < 0)')
          self._prnt('      %s;' % errcode)
          self._prnt('    %s = (%s)alloca((size_t)datasize);' % (
              tovar, tp.get_c_name('')))
          self._prnt('    memset((void *)%s, 0, (size_t)datasize);' % (tovar,))
          self._prnt('    if (_cffi_convert_array_from_object('
                     '(char *)%s, _cffi_type(%d), %s) < 0)' % (
              tovar, self._gettypenum(tp), fromvar))
          self._prnt('      %s;' % errcode)
          self._prnt('  }')
  
      def _convert_expr_from_c(self, tp, var, context):
          if isinstance(tp, model.BasePrimitiveType):
              if tp.is_integer_type() and tp.name != '_Bool':
                  return '_cffi_from_c_int(%s, %s)' % (var, tp.name)
              elif isinstance(tp, model.UnknownFloatType):
                  return '_cffi_from_c_double(%s)' % (var,)
              elif tp.name != 'long double' and not tp.is_complex_type():
                  cname = tp.name.replace(' ', '_')
                  if cname in ('char16_t', 'char32_t'):
                      self.needs_version(VERSION_CHAR16CHAR32)
                  return '_cffi_from_c_%s(%s)' % (cname, var)
              else:
                  return '_cffi_from_c_deref((char *)&%s, _cffi_type(%d))' % (
                      var, self._gettypenum(tp))
          elif isinstance(tp, (model.PointerType, model.FunctionPtrType)):
              return '_cffi_from_c_pointer((char *)%s, _cffi_type(%d))' % (
                  var, self._gettypenum(tp))
          elif isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType):
              return '_cffi_from_c_pointer((char *)%s, _cffi_type(%d))' % (
                  var, self._gettypenum(model.PointerType(tp.item)))
          elif isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion):
              if tp.fldnames is None:
                  raise TypeError("'%s' is used as %s, but is opaque" % (
                      tp._get_c_name(), context))
              return '_cffi_from_c_struct((char *)&%s, _cffi_type(%d))' % (
                  var, self._gettypenum(tp))
          elif isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
              return '_cffi_from_c_deref((char *)&%s, _cffi_type(%d))' % (
                  var, self._gettypenum(tp))
          else:
              raise NotImplementedError(tp)
  
      # ----------
      # typedefs
  
      def _typedef_type(self, tp, name):
          return self._global_type(tp, "(*(%s *)0)" % (name,))
  
      def _generate_cpy_typedef_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          self._do_collect_type(self._typedef_type(tp, name))
  
      def _generate_cpy_typedef_decl(self, tp, name):
          pass
  
      def _typedef_ctx(self, tp, name):
          type_index = self._typesdict[tp]
          self._lsts["typename"].append(TypenameExpr(name, type_index))
  
      def _generate_cpy_typedef_ctx(self, tp, name):
          tp = self._typedef_type(tp, name)
          self._typedef_ctx(tp, name)
          if getattr(tp, "origin", None) == "unknown_type":
              self._struct_ctx(tp, tp.name, approxname=None)
          elif isinstance(tp, model.NamedPointerType):
              self._struct_ctx(tp.totype, tp.totype.name, approxname=tp.name,
                               named_ptr=tp)
  
      # ----------
      # function declarations
  
      def _generate_cpy_function_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          self._do_collect_type(tp.as_raw_function())
          if tp.ellipsis and not self.target_is_python:
              self._do_collect_type(tp)
  
      def _generate_cpy_function_decl(self, tp, name):
          assert not self.target_is_python
          assert isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType)
          if tp.ellipsis:
              # cannot support vararg functions better than this: check for its
              # exact type (including the fixed arguments), and build it as a
              # constant function pointer (no CPython wrapper)
              self._generate_cpy_constant_decl(tp, name)
              return
          prnt = self._prnt
          numargs = len(tp.args)
          if numargs == 0:
              argname = 'noarg'
          elif numargs == 1:
              argname = 'arg0'
          else:
              argname = 'args'
          #
          # ------------------------------
          # the 'd' version of the function, only for addressof(lib, 'func')
          arguments = []
          call_arguments = []
          context = 'argument of %s' % name
          for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
              arguments.append(type.get_c_name(' x%d' % i, context))
              call_arguments.append('x%d' % i)
          repr_arguments = ', '.join(arguments)
          repr_arguments = repr_arguments or 'void'
          if tp.abi:
              abi = tp.abi + ' '
          else:
              abi = ''
          name_and_arguments = '%s_cffi_d_%s(%s)' % (abi, name, repr_arguments)
          prnt('static %s' % (tp.result.get_c_name(name_and_arguments),))
          prnt('{')
          call_arguments = ', '.join(call_arguments)
          result_code = 'return '
          if isinstance(tp.result, model.VoidType):
              result_code = ''
          prnt('  %s%s(%s);' % (result_code, name, call_arguments))
          prnt('}')
          #
          prnt('#ifndef PYPY_VERSION')        # ------------------------------
          #
          prnt('static PyObject *')
          prnt('_cffi_f_%s(PyObject *self, PyObject *%s)' % (name, argname))
          prnt('{')
          #
          context = 'argument of %s' % name
          for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
              arg = type.get_c_name(' x%d' % i, context)
              prnt('  %s;' % arg)
          #
          localvars = set()
          for type in tp.args:
              self._extra_local_variables(type, localvars)
          for decl in localvars:
              prnt('  %s;' % (decl,))
          #
          if not isinstance(tp.result, model.VoidType):
              result_code = 'result = '
              context = 'result of %s' % name
              result_decl = '  %s;' % tp.result.get_c_name(' result', context)
              prnt(result_decl)
          else:
              result_decl = None
              result_code = ''
          #
          if len(tp.args) > 1:
              rng = range(len(tp.args))
              for i in rng:
                  prnt('  PyObject *arg%d;' % i)
              prnt()
              prnt('  if (!PyArg_UnpackTuple(args, "%s", %d, %d, %s))' % (
                  name, len(rng), len(rng),
                  ', '.join(['&arg%d' % i for i in rng])))
              prnt('    return NULL;')
          prnt()
          #
          for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
              self._convert_funcarg_to_c(type, 'arg%d' % i, 'x%d' % i,
                                         'return NULL')
              prnt()
          #
          prnt('  Py_BEGIN_ALLOW_THREADS')
          prnt('  _cffi_restore_errno();')
          call_arguments = ['x%d' % i for i in range(len(tp.args))]
          call_arguments = ', '.join(call_arguments)
          prnt('  { %s%s(%s); }' % (result_code, name, call_arguments))
          prnt('  _cffi_save_errno();')
          prnt('  Py_END_ALLOW_THREADS')
          prnt()
          #
          prnt('  (void)self; /* unused */')
          if numargs == 0:
              prnt('  (void)noarg; /* unused */')
          if result_code:
              prnt('  return %s;' %
                   self._convert_expr_from_c(tp.result, 'result', 'result type'))
          else:
              prnt('  Py_INCREF(Py_None);')
              prnt('  return Py_None;')
          prnt('}')
          #
          prnt('#else')        # ------------------------------
          #
          # the PyPy version: need to replace struct/union arguments with
          # pointers, and if the result is a struct/union, insert a first
          # arg that is a pointer to the result.  We also do that for
          # complex args and return type.
          def need_indirection(type):
              return (isinstance(type, model.StructOrUnion) or
                      (isinstance(type, model.PrimitiveType) and
                       type.is_complex_type()))
          difference = False
          arguments = []
          call_arguments = []
          context = 'argument of %s' % name
          for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
              indirection = ''
              if need_indirection(type):
                  indirection = '*'
                  difference = True
              arg = type.get_c_name(' %sx%d' % (indirection, i), context)
              arguments.append(arg)
              call_arguments.append('%sx%d' % (indirection, i))
          tp_result = tp.result
          if need_indirection(tp_result):
              context = 'result of %s' % name
              arg = tp_result.get_c_name(' *result', context)
              arguments.insert(0, arg)
              tp_result = model.void_type
              result_decl = None
              result_code = '*result = '
              difference = True
          if difference:
              repr_arguments = ', '.join(arguments)
              repr_arguments = repr_arguments or 'void'
              name_and_arguments = '%s_cffi_f_%s(%s)' % (abi, name,
                                                         repr_arguments)
              prnt('static %s' % (tp_result.get_c_name(name_and_arguments),))
              prnt('{')
              if result_decl:
                  prnt(result_decl)
              call_arguments = ', '.join(call_arguments)
              prnt('  { %s%s(%s); }' % (result_code, name, call_arguments))
              if result_decl:
                  prnt('  return result;')
              prnt('}')
          else:
              prnt('#  define _cffi_f_%s _cffi_d_%s' % (name, name))
          #
          prnt('#endif')        # ------------------------------
          prnt()
  
      def _generate_cpy_function_ctx(self, tp, name):
          if tp.ellipsis and not self.target_is_python:
              self._generate_cpy_constant_ctx(tp, name)
              return
          type_index = self._typesdict[tp.as_raw_function()]
          numargs = len(tp.args)
          if self.target_is_python:
              meth_kind = OP_DLOPEN_FUNC
          elif numargs == 0:
              meth_kind = OP_CPYTHON_BLTN_N   # 'METH_NOARGS'
          elif numargs == 1:
              meth_kind = OP_CPYTHON_BLTN_O   # 'METH_O'
          else:
              meth_kind = OP_CPYTHON_BLTN_V   # 'METH_VARARGS'
          self._lsts["global"].append(
              GlobalExpr(name, '_cffi_f_%s' % name,
                         CffiOp(meth_kind, type_index),
                         size='_cffi_d_%s' % name))
  
      # ----------
      # named structs or unions
  
      def _field_type(self, tp_struct, field_name, tp_field):
          if isinstance(tp_field, model.ArrayType):
              actual_length = tp_field.length
              if actual_length == '...':
                  ptr_struct_name = tp_struct.get_c_name('*')
                  actual_length = '_cffi_array_len(((%s)0)->%s)' % (
                      ptr_struct_name, field_name)
              tp_item = self._field_type(tp_struct, '%s[0]' % field_name,
                                         tp_field.item)
              tp_field = model.ArrayType(tp_item, actual_length)
          return tp_field
  
      def _struct_collecttype(self, tp):
          self._do_collect_type(tp)
          if self.target_is_python:
              # also requires nested anon struct/unions in ABI mode, recursively
              for fldtype in tp.anonymous_struct_fields():
                  self._struct_collecttype(fldtype)
  
      def _struct_decl(self, tp, cname, approxname):
          if tp.fldtypes is None:
              return
          prnt = self._prnt
          checkfuncname = '_cffi_checkfld_%s' % (approxname,)
          prnt('_CFFI_UNUSED_FN')
          prnt('static void %s(%s *p)' % (checkfuncname, cname))
          prnt('{')
          prnt('  /* only to generate compile-time warnings or errors */')
          prnt('  (void)p;')
          for fname, ftype, fbitsize, fqual in tp.enumfields():
              try:
                  if ftype.is_integer_type() or fbitsize >= 0:
                      # accept all integers, but complain on float or double
                      prnt("  (void)((p->%s) | 0);  /* check that '%s.%s' is "
                           "an integer */" % (fname, cname, fname))
                      continue
                  # only accept exactly the type declared, except that '[]'
                  # is interpreted as a '*' and so will match any array length.
                  # (It would also match '*', but that's harder to detect...)
                  while (isinstance(ftype, model.ArrayType)
                         and (ftype.length is None or ftype.length == '...')):
                      ftype = ftype.item
                      fname = fname + '[0]'
                  prnt('  { %s = &p->%s; (void)tmp; }' % (
                      ftype.get_c_name('*tmp', 'field %r'%fname, quals=fqual),
                      fname))
              except VerificationError as e:
                  prnt('  /* %s */' % str(e))   # cannot verify it, ignore
          prnt('}')
          prnt('struct _cffi_align_%s { char x; %s y; };' % (approxname, cname))
          prnt()
  
      def _struct_ctx(self, tp, cname, approxname, named_ptr=None):
          type_index = self._typesdict[tp]
          reason_for_not_expanding = None
          flags = []
          if isinstance(tp, model.UnionType):
              flags.append("_CFFI_F_UNION")
          if tp.fldtypes is None:
              flags.append("_CFFI_F_OPAQUE")
              reason_for_not_expanding = "opaque"
          if (tp not in self.ffi._parser._included_declarations and
                  (named_ptr is None or
                   named_ptr not in self.ffi._parser._included_declarations)):
              if tp.fldtypes is None:
                  pass    # opaque
              elif tp.partial or any(tp.anonymous_struct_fields()):
                  pass    # field layout obtained silently from the C compiler
              else:
                  flags.append("_CFFI_F_CHECK_FIELDS")
              if tp.packed:
                  if tp.packed > 1:
                      raise NotImplementedError(
                          "%r is declared with 'pack=%r'; only 0 or 1 are "
                          "supported in API mode (try to use \"...;\", which "
                          "does not require a 'pack' declaration)" %
                          (tp, tp.packed))
                  flags.append("_CFFI_F_PACKED")
          else:
              flags.append("_CFFI_F_EXTERNAL")
              reason_for_not_expanding = "external"
          flags = '|'.join(flags) or '0'
          c_fields = []
          if reason_for_not_expanding is None:
              expand_anonymous_struct_union = not self.target_is_python
              enumfields = list(tp.enumfields(expand_anonymous_struct_union))
              for fldname, fldtype, fbitsize, fqual in enumfields:
                  fldtype = self._field_type(tp, fldname, fldtype)
                  self._check_not_opaque(fldtype,
                                         "field '%s.%s'" % (tp.name, fldname))
                  # cname is None for _add_missing_struct_unions() only
                  op = OP_NOOP
                  if fbitsize >= 0:
                      op = OP_BITFIELD
                      size = '%d /* bits */' % fbitsize
                  elif cname is None or (
                          isinstance(fldtype, model.ArrayType) and
                          fldtype.length is None):
                      size = '(size_t)-1'
                  else:
                      size = 'sizeof(((%s)0)->%s)' % (
                          tp.get_c_name('*') if named_ptr is None
                                             else named_ptr.name,
                          fldname)
                  if cname is None or fbitsize >= 0:
                      offset = '(size_t)-1'
                  elif named_ptr is not None:
                      offset = '((char *)&((%s)0)->%s) - (char *)0' % (
                          named_ptr.name, fldname)
                  else:
                      offset = 'offsetof(%s, %s)' % (tp.get_c_name(''), fldname)
                  c_fields.append(
                      FieldExpr(fldname, offset, size, fbitsize,
                                CffiOp(op, self._typesdict[fldtype])))
              first_field_index = len(self._lsts["field"])
              self._lsts["field"].extend(c_fields)
              #
              if cname is None:  # unknown name, for _add_missing_struct_unions
                  size = '(size_t)-2'
                  align = -2
                  comment = "unnamed"
              else:
                  if named_ptr is not None:
                      size = 'sizeof(*(%s)0)' % (named_ptr.name,)
                      align = '-1 /* unknown alignment */'
                  else:
                      size = 'sizeof(%s)' % (cname,)
                      align = 'offsetof(struct _cffi_align_%s, y)' % (approxname,)
                  comment = None
          else:
              size = '(size_t)-1'
              align = -1
              first_field_index = -1
              comment = reason_for_not_expanding
          self._lsts["struct_union"].append(
              StructUnionExpr(tp.name, type_index, flags, size, align, comment,
                              first_field_index, c_fields))
          self._seen_struct_unions.add(tp)
  
      def _check_not_opaque(self, tp, location):
          while isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType):
              tp = tp.item
          if isinstance(tp, model.StructOrUnion) and tp.fldtypes is None:
              raise TypeError(
                  "%s is of an opaque type (not declared in cdef())" % location)
  
      def _add_missing_struct_unions(self):
          # not very nice, but some struct declarations might be missing
          # because they don't have any known C name.  Check that they are
          # not partial (we can't complete or verify them!) and emit them
          # anonymously.
          lst = list(self._struct_unions.items())
          lst.sort(key=lambda tp_order: tp_order[1])
          for tp, order in lst:
              if tp not in self._seen_struct_unions:
                  if tp.partial:
                      raise NotImplementedError("internal inconsistency: %r is "
                                                "partial but was not seen at "
                                                "this point" % (tp,))
                  if tp.name.startswith('$') and tp.name[1:].isdigit():
                      approxname = tp.name[1:]
                  elif tp.name == '_IO_FILE' and tp.forcename == 'FILE':
                      approxname = 'FILE'
                      self._typedef_ctx(tp, 'FILE')
                  else:
                      raise NotImplementedError("internal inconsistency: %r" %
                                                (tp,))
                  self._struct_ctx(tp, None, approxname)
  
      def _generate_cpy_struct_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          self._struct_collecttype(tp)
      _generate_cpy_union_collecttype = _generate_cpy_struct_collecttype
  
      def _struct_names(self, tp):
          cname = tp.get_c_name('')
          if ' ' in cname:
              return cname, cname.replace(' ', '_')
          else:
              return cname, '_' + cname
  
      def _generate_cpy_struct_decl(self, tp, name):
          self._struct_decl(tp, *self._struct_names(tp))
      _generate_cpy_union_decl = _generate_cpy_struct_decl
  
      def _generate_cpy_struct_ctx(self, tp, name):
          self._struct_ctx(tp, *self._struct_names(tp))
      _generate_cpy_union_ctx = _generate_cpy_struct_ctx
  
      # ----------
      # 'anonymous' declarations.  These are produced for anonymous structs
      # or unions; the 'name' is obtained by a typedef.
  
      def _generate_cpy_anonymous_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
              self._generate_cpy_enum_collecttype(tp, name)
          else:
              self._struct_collecttype(tp)
  
      def _generate_cpy_anonymous_decl(self, tp, name):
          if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
              self._generate_cpy_enum_decl(tp)
          else:
              self._struct_decl(tp, name, 'typedef_' + name)
  
      def _generate_cpy_anonymous_ctx(self, tp, name):
          if isinstance(tp, model.EnumType):
              self._enum_ctx(tp, name)
          else:
              self._struct_ctx(tp, name, 'typedef_' + name)
  
      # ----------
      # constants, declared with "static const ..."
  
      def _generate_cpy_const(self, is_int, name, tp=None, category='const',
                              check_value=None):
          if (category, name) in self._seen_constants:
              raise VerificationError(
                  "duplicate declaration of %s '%s'" % (category, name))
          self._seen_constants.add((category, name))
          #
          prnt = self._prnt
          funcname = '_cffi_%s_%s' % (category, name)
          if is_int:
              prnt('static int %s(unsigned long long *o)' % funcname)
              prnt('{')
              prnt('  int n = (%s) <= 0;' % (name,))
              prnt('  *o = (unsigned long long)((%s) | 0);'
                   '  /* check that %s is an integer */' % (name, name))
              if check_value is not None:
                  if check_value > 0:
                      check_value = '%dU' % (check_value,)
                  prnt('  if (!_cffi_check_int(*o, n, %s))' % (check_value,))
                  prnt('    n |= 2;')
              prnt('  return n;')
              prnt('}')
          else:
              assert check_value is None
              prnt('static void %s(char *o)' % funcname)
              prnt('{')
              prnt('  *(%s)o = %s;' % (tp.get_c_name('*'), name))
              prnt('}')
          prnt()
  
      def _generate_cpy_constant_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          is_int = tp.is_integer_type()
          if not is_int or self.target_is_python:
              self._do_collect_type(tp)
  
      def _generate_cpy_constant_decl(self, tp, name):
          is_int = tp.is_integer_type()
          self._generate_cpy_const(is_int, name, tp)
  
      def _generate_cpy_constant_ctx(self, tp, name):
          if not self.target_is_python and tp.is_integer_type():
              type_op = CffiOp(OP_CONSTANT_INT, -1)
          else:
              if self.target_is_python:
                  const_kind = OP_DLOPEN_CONST
              else:
                  const_kind = OP_CONSTANT
              type_index = self._typesdict[tp]
              type_op = CffiOp(const_kind, type_index)
          self._lsts["global"].append(
              GlobalExpr(name, '_cffi_const_%s' % name, type_op))
  
      # ----------
      # enums
  
      def _generate_cpy_enum_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          self._do_collect_type(tp)
  
      def _generate_cpy_enum_decl(self, tp, name=None):
          for enumerator in tp.enumerators:
              self._generate_cpy_const(True, enumerator)
  
      def _enum_ctx(self, tp, cname):
          type_index = self._typesdict[tp]
          type_op = CffiOp(OP_ENUM, -1)
          if self.target_is_python:
              tp.check_not_partial()
          for enumerator, enumvalue in zip(tp.enumerators, tp.enumvalues):
              self._lsts["global"].append(
                  GlobalExpr(enumerator, '_cffi_const_%s' % enumerator, type_op,
                             check_value=enumvalue))
          #
          if cname is not None and '$' not in cname and not self.target_is_python:
              size = "sizeof(%s)" % cname
              signed = "((%s)-1) <= 0" % cname
          else:
              basetp = tp.build_baseinttype(self.ffi, [])
              size = self.ffi.sizeof(basetp)
              signed = int(int(self.ffi.cast(basetp, -1)) < 0)
          allenums = ",".join(tp.enumerators)
          self._lsts["enum"].append(
              EnumExpr(tp.name, type_index, size, signed, allenums))
  
      def _generate_cpy_enum_ctx(self, tp, name):
          self._enum_ctx(tp, tp._get_c_name())
  
      # ----------
      # macros: for now only for integers
  
      def _generate_cpy_macro_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          pass
  
      def _generate_cpy_macro_decl(self, tp, name):
          if tp == '...':
              check_value = None
          else:
              check_value = tp     # an integer
          self._generate_cpy_const(True, name, check_value=check_value)
  
      def _generate_cpy_macro_ctx(self, tp, name):
          if tp == '...':
              if self.target_is_python:
                  raise VerificationError(
                      "cannot use the syntax '...' in '#define %s ...' when "
                      "using the ABI mode" % (name,))
              check_value = None
          else:
              check_value = tp     # an integer
          type_op = CffiOp(OP_CONSTANT_INT, -1)
          self._lsts["global"].append(
              GlobalExpr(name, '_cffi_const_%s' % name, type_op,
                         check_value=check_value))
  
      # ----------
      # global variables
  
      def _global_type(self, tp, global_name):
          if isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType):
              actual_length = tp.length
              if actual_length == '...':
                  actual_length = '_cffi_array_len(%s)' % (global_name,)
              tp_item = self._global_type(tp.item, '%s[0]' % global_name)
              tp = model.ArrayType(tp_item, actual_length)
          return tp
  
      def _generate_cpy_variable_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          self._do_collect_type(self._global_type(tp, name))
  
      def _generate_cpy_variable_decl(self, tp, name):
          prnt = self._prnt
          tp = self._global_type(tp, name)
          if isinstance(tp, model.ArrayType) and tp.length is None:
              tp = tp.item
              ampersand = ''
          else:
              ampersand = '&'
          # This code assumes that casts from "tp *" to "void *" is a
          # no-op, i.e. a function that returns a "tp *" can be called
          # as if it returned a "void *".  This should be generally true
          # on any modern machine.  The only exception to that rule (on
          # uncommon architectures, and as far as I can tell) might be
          # if 'tp' were a function type, but that is not possible here.
          # (If 'tp' is a function _pointer_ type, then casts from "fn_t
          # **" to "void *" are again no-ops, as far as I can tell.)
          decl = '*_cffi_var_%s(void)' % (name,)
          prnt('static ' + tp.get_c_name(decl, quals=self._current_quals))
          prnt('{')
          prnt('  return %s(%s);' % (ampersand, name))
          prnt('}')
          prnt()
  
      def _generate_cpy_variable_ctx(self, tp, name):
          tp = self._global_type(tp, name)
          type_index = self._typesdict[tp]
          if self.target_is_python:
              op = OP_GLOBAL_VAR
          else:
              op = OP_GLOBAL_VAR_F
          self._lsts["global"].append(
              GlobalExpr(name, '_cffi_var_%s' % name, CffiOp(op, type_index)))
  
      # ----------
      # extern "Python"
  
      def _generate_cpy_extern_python_collecttype(self, tp, name):
          assert isinstance(tp, model.FunctionPtrType)
          self._do_collect_type(tp)
      _generate_cpy_dllexport_python_collecttype = \
        _generate_cpy_extern_python_plus_c_collecttype = \
        _generate_cpy_extern_python_collecttype
  
      def _extern_python_decl(self, tp, name, tag_and_space):
          prnt = self._prnt
          if isinstance(tp.result, model.VoidType):
              size_of_result = '0'
          else:
              context = 'result of %s' % name
              size_of_result = '(int)sizeof(%s)' % (
                  tp.result.get_c_name('', context),)
          prnt('static struct _cffi_externpy_s _cffi_externpy__%s =' % name)
          prnt('  { "%s.%s", %s };' % (self.module_name, name, size_of_result))
          prnt()
          #
          arguments = []
          context = 'argument of %s' % name
          for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
              arg = type.get_c_name(' a%d' % i, context)
              arguments.append(arg)
          #
          repr_arguments = ', '.join(arguments)
          repr_arguments = repr_arguments or 'void'
          name_and_arguments = '%s(%s)' % (name, repr_arguments)
          if tp.abi == "__stdcall":
              name_and_arguments = '_cffi_stdcall ' + name_and_arguments
          #
          def may_need_128_bits(tp):
              return (isinstance(tp, model.PrimitiveType) and
                      tp.name == 'long double')
          #
          size_of_a = max(len(tp.args)*8, 8)
          if may_need_128_bits(tp.result):
              size_of_a = max(size_of_a, 16)
          if isinstance(tp.result, model.StructOrUnion):
              size_of_a = 'sizeof(%s) > %d ? sizeof(%s) : %d' % (
                  tp.result.get_c_name(''), size_of_a,
                  tp.result.get_c_name(''), size_of_a)
          prnt('%s%s' % (tag_and_space, tp.result.get_c_name(name_and_arguments)))
          prnt('{')
          prnt('  char a[%s];' % size_of_a)
          prnt('  char *p = a;')
          for i, type in enumerate(tp.args):
              arg = 'a%d' % i
              if (isinstance(type, model.StructOrUnion) or
                      may_need_128_bits(type)):
                  arg = '&' + arg
                  type = model.PointerType(type)
              prnt('  *(%s)(p + %d) = %s;' % (type.get_c_name('*'), i*8, arg))
          prnt('  _cffi_call_python(&_cffi_externpy__%s, p);' % name)
          if not isinstance(tp.result, model.VoidType):
              prnt('  return *(%s)p;' % (tp.result.get_c_name('*'),))
          prnt('}')
          prnt()
          self._num_externpy += 1
  
      def _generate_cpy_extern_python_decl(self, tp, name):
          self._extern_python_decl(tp, name, 'static ')
  
      def _generate_cpy_dllexport_python_decl(self, tp, name):
          self._extern_python_decl(tp, name, 'CFFI_DLLEXPORT ')
  
      def _generate_cpy_extern_python_plus_c_decl(self, tp, name):
          self._extern_python_decl(tp, name, '')
  
      def _generate_cpy_extern_python_ctx(self, tp, name):
          if self.target_is_python:
              raise VerificationError(
                  "cannot use 'extern \"Python\"' in the ABI mode")
          if tp.ellipsis:
              raise NotImplementedError("a vararg function is extern \"Python\"")
          type_index = self._typesdict[tp]
          type_op = CffiOp(OP_EXTERN_PYTHON, type_index)
          self._lsts["global"].append(
              GlobalExpr(name, '&_cffi_externpy__%s' % name, type_op, name))
  
      _generate_cpy_dllexport_python_ctx = \
        _generate_cpy_extern_python_plus_c_ctx = \
        _generate_cpy_extern_python_ctx
  
      def _print_string_literal_in_array(self, s):
          prnt = self._prnt
          prnt('// # NB. this is not a string because of a size limit in MSVC')
          for line in s.splitlines(True):
              prnt(('// ' + line).rstrip())
              printed_line = ''
              for c in line:
                  if len(printed_line) >= 76:
                      prnt(printed_line)
                      printed_line = ''
                  printed_line += '%d,' % (ord(c),)
              prnt(printed_line)
  
      # ----------
      # emitting the opcodes for individual types
  
      def _emit_bytecode_VoidType(self, tp, index):
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_PRIMITIVE, PRIM_VOID)
  
      def _emit_bytecode_PrimitiveType(self, tp, index):
          prim_index = PRIMITIVE_TO_INDEX[tp.name]
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_PRIMITIVE, prim_index)
  
      def _emit_bytecode_UnknownIntegerType(self, tp, index):
          s = ('_cffi_prim_int(sizeof(%s), (\n'
               '           ((%s)-1) | 0 /* check that %s is an integer type */\n'
               '         ) <= 0)' % (tp.name, tp.name, tp.name))
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_PRIMITIVE, s)
  
      def _emit_bytecode_UnknownFloatType(self, tp, index):
          s = ('_cffi_prim_float(sizeof(%s) *\n'
               '           (((%s)1) / 2) * 2 /* integer => 0, float => 1 */\n'
               '         )' % (tp.name, tp.name))
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_PRIMITIVE, s)
  
      def _emit_bytecode_RawFunctionType(self, tp, index):
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_FUNCTION, self._typesdict[tp.result])
          index += 1
          for tp1 in tp.args:
              realindex = self._typesdict[tp1]
              if index != realindex:
                  if isinstance(tp1, model.PrimitiveType):
                      self._emit_bytecode_PrimitiveType(tp1, index)
                  else:
                      self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_NOOP, realindex)
              index += 1
          flags = int(tp.ellipsis)
          if tp.abi is not None:
              if tp.abi == '__stdcall':
                  flags |= 2
              else:
                  raise NotImplementedError("abi=%r" % (tp.abi,))
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_FUNCTION_END, flags)
  
      def _emit_bytecode_PointerType(self, tp, index):
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_POINTER, self._typesdict[tp.totype])
  
      _emit_bytecode_ConstPointerType = _emit_bytecode_PointerType
      _emit_bytecode_NamedPointerType = _emit_bytecode_PointerType
  
      def _emit_bytecode_FunctionPtrType(self, tp, index):
          raw = tp.as_raw_function()
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_POINTER, self._typesdict[raw])
  
      def _emit_bytecode_ArrayType(self, tp, index):
          item_index = self._typesdict[tp.item]
          if tp.length is None:
              self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_OPEN_ARRAY, item_index)
          elif tp.length == '...':
              raise VerificationError(
                  "type %s badly placed: the '...' array length can only be "
                  "used on global arrays or on fields of structures" % (
                      str(tp).replace('/*...*/', '...'),))
          else:
              assert self.cffi_types[index + 1] == 'LEN'
              self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_ARRAY, item_index)
              self.cffi_types[index + 1] = CffiOp(None, str(tp.length))
  
      def _emit_bytecode_StructType(self, tp, index):
          struct_index = self._struct_unions[tp]
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_STRUCT_UNION, struct_index)
      _emit_bytecode_UnionType = _emit_bytecode_StructType
  
      def _emit_bytecode_EnumType(self, tp, index):
          enum_index = self._enums[tp]
          self.cffi_types[index] = CffiOp(OP_ENUM, enum_index)
  
  
  if sys.version_info >= (3,):
      NativeIO = io.StringIO
  else:
      class NativeIO(io.BytesIO):
          def write(self, s):
              if isinstance(s, unicode):
                  s = s.encode('ascii')
              super(NativeIO, self).write(s)
  
  def _make_c_or_py_source(ffi, module_name, preamble, target_file, verbose):
      if verbose:
          print("generating %s" % (target_file,))
      recompiler = Recompiler(ffi, module_name,
                              target_is_python=(preamble is None))
      recompiler.collect_type_table()
      recompiler.collect_step_tables()
      f = NativeIO()
      recompiler.write_source_to_f(f, preamble)
      output = f.getvalue()
      try:
          with open(target_file, 'r') as f1:
              if f1.read(len(output) + 1) != output:
                  raise IOError
          if verbose:
              print("(already up-to-date)")
          return False     # already up-to-date
      except IOError:
          tmp_file = '%s.~%d' % (target_file, os.getpid())
          with open(tmp_file, 'w') as f1:
              f1.write(output)
          try:
              os.rename(tmp_file, target_file)
          except OSError:
              os.unlink(target_file)
              os.rename(tmp_file, target_file)
          return True
  
  def make_c_source(ffi, module_name, preamble, target_c_file, verbose=False):
      assert preamble is not None
      return _make_c_or_py_source(ffi, module_name, preamble, target_c_file,
                                  verbose)
  
  def make_py_source(ffi, module_name, target_py_file, verbose=False):
      return _make_c_or_py_source(ffi, module_name, None, target_py_file,
                                  verbose)
  
  def _modname_to_file(outputdir, modname, extension):
      parts = modname.split('.')
      try:
          os.makedirs(os.path.join(outputdir, *parts[:-1]))
      except OSError:
          pass
      parts[-1] += extension
      return os.path.join(outputdir, *parts), parts
  
  
  # Aaargh.  Distutils is not tested at all for the purpose of compiling
  # DLLs that are not extension modules.  Here are some hacks to work
  # around that, in the _patch_for_*() functions...
  
  def _patch_meth(patchlist, cls, name, new_meth):
      old = getattr(cls, name)
      patchlist.append((cls, name, old))
      setattr(cls, name, new_meth)
      return old
  
  def _unpatch_meths(patchlist):
      for cls, name, old_meth in reversed(patchlist):
          setattr(cls, name, old_meth)
  
  def _patch_for_embedding(patchlist):
      if sys.platform == 'win32':
          # we must not remove the manifest when building for embedding!
          from distutils.msvc9compiler import MSVCCompiler
          _patch_meth(patchlist, MSVCCompiler, '_remove_visual_c_ref',
                      lambda self, manifest_file: manifest_file)
  
      if sys.platform == 'darwin':
          # we must not make a '-bundle', but a '-dynamiclib' instead
          from distutils.ccompiler import CCompiler
          def my_link_shared_object(self, *args, **kwds):
              if '-bundle' in self.linker_so:
                  self.linker_so = list(self.linker_so)
                  i = self.linker_so.index('-bundle')
                  self.linker_so[i] = '-dynamiclib'
              return old_link_shared_object(self, *args, **kwds)
          old_link_shared_object = _patch_meth(patchlist, CCompiler,
                                               'link_shared_object',
                                               my_link_shared_object)
  
  def _patch_for_target(patchlist, target):
      from distutils.command.build_ext import build_ext
      # if 'target' is different from '*', we need to patch some internal
      # method to just return this 'target' value, instead of having it
      # built from module_name
      if target.endswith('.*'):
          target = target[:-2]
          if sys.platform == 'win32':
              target += '.dll'
          elif sys.platform == 'darwin':
              target += '.dylib'
          else:
              target += '.so'
      _patch_meth(patchlist, build_ext, 'get_ext_filename',
                  lambda self, ext_name: target)
  
  
  def recompile(ffi, module_name, preamble, tmpdir='.', call_c_compiler=True,
                c_file=None, source_extension='.c', extradir=None,
                compiler_verbose=1, target=None, debug=None, **kwds):
      if not isinstance(module_name, str):
          module_name = module_name.encode('ascii')
      if ffi._windows_unicode:
          ffi._apply_windows_unicode(kwds)
      if preamble is not None:
          embedding = (ffi._embedding is not None)
          if embedding:
              ffi._apply_embedding_fix(kwds)
          if c_file is None:
              c_file, parts = _modname_to_file(tmpdir, module_name,
                                               source_extension)
              if extradir:
                  parts = [extradir] + parts
              ext_c_file = os.path.join(*parts)
          else:
              ext_c_file = c_file
          #
          if target is None:
              if embedding:
                  target = '%s.*' % module_name
              else:
                  target = '*'
          #
          ext = ffiplatform.get_extension(ext_c_file, module_name, **kwds)
          updated = make_c_source(ffi, module_name, preamble, c_file,
                                  verbose=compiler_verbose)
          if call_c_compiler:
              patchlist = []
              cwd = os.getcwd()
              try:
                  if embedding:
                      _patch_for_embedding(patchlist)
                  if target != '*':
                      _patch_for_target(patchlist, target)
                  if compiler_verbose:
                      if tmpdir == '.':
                          msg = 'the current directory is'
                      else:
                          msg = 'setting the current directory to'
                      print('%s %r' % (msg, os.path.abspath(tmpdir)))
                  os.chdir(tmpdir)
                  outputfilename = ffiplatform.compile('.', ext,
                                                       compiler_verbose, debug)
              finally:
                  os.chdir(cwd)
                  _unpatch_meths(patchlist)
              return outputfilename
          else:
              return ext, updated
      else:
          if c_file is None:
              c_file, _ = _modname_to_file(tmpdir, module_name, '.py')
          updated = make_py_source(ffi, module_name, c_file,
                                   verbose=compiler_verbose)
          if call_c_compiler:
              return c_file
          else:
              return None, updated
  
  