text: r"""
  This file defines a codec called "utf-8-variants" (or "utf-8-var"), which can
  decode text that's been encoded with a popular non-standard version of UTF-8.
  This includes CESU-8, the accidental encoding made by layering UTF-8 on top of
  UTF-16, as well as Java's twist on CESU-8 that contains a two-byte encoding for
  codepoint 0.
  
  This is particularly relevant in Python 3, which provides no other way of
  decoding CESU-8 [1]_.
  
  The easiest way to use the codec is to simply import `ftfy.bad_codecs`:
  
      >>> import ftfy.bad_codecs
      >>> result = b'here comes a null! \xc0\x80'.decode('utf-8-var')
      >>> print(repr(result).lstrip('u'))
      'here comes a null! \x00'
  
  The codec does not at all enforce "correct" CESU-8. For example, the Unicode
  Consortium's not-quite-standard describing CESU-8 requires that there is only
  one possible encoding of any character, so it does not allow mixing of valid
  UTF-8 and CESU-8. This codec *does* allow that, just like Python 2's UTF-8
  decoder does.
  
  Characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane still have only one encoding. This
  codec still enforces the rule, within the BMP, that characters must appear in
  their shortest form. There is one exception: the sequence of bytes `0xc0 0x80`,
  instead of just `0x00`, may be used to encode the null character `U+0000`, like
  in Java.
  
  If you encode with this codec, you get legitimate UTF-8. Decoding with this
  codec and then re-encoding is not idempotent, although encoding and then
  decoding is. So this module won't produce CESU-8 for you. Look for that
  functionality in the sister module, "Breaks Text For You", coming approximately
  never.
  
  .. [1] In a pinch, you can decode CESU-8 in Python 2 using the UTF-8 codec:
     first decode the bytes (incorrectly), then encode them, then decode them
     again, using UTF-8 as the codec every time. But Python 2 is dead, so use
     ftfy instead.
  """
  
  import re
  import codecs
  from typing import Tuple
  from encodings.utf_8 import (IncrementalDecoder as UTF8IncrementalDecoder,
                               IncrementalEncoder as UTF8IncrementalEncoder)
  
  NAME = 'utf-8-variants'
  
  # This regular expression matches all possible six-byte CESU-8 sequences,
  # plus truncations of them at the end of the string. (If any of the
  # subgroups matches $, then all the subgroups after it also have to match $,
  # as there are no more characters to match.)
  CESU8_EXPR = (
      b'('
      b'\xed'
      b'([\xa0-\xaf]|$)'
      b'([\x80-\xbf]|$)'
      b'(\xed|$)'
      b'([\xb0-\xbf]|$)'
      b'([\x80-\xbf]|$)'
      b')'
  )
  
  CESU8_RE = re.compile(CESU8_EXPR)
  
  # This expression matches isolated surrogate characters that aren't
  # CESU-8, which have to be handled carefully on Python 2.
  SURROGATE_EXPR = (b'(\xed([\xa0-\xbf]|$)([\x80-\xbf]|$))')
  
  # This expression matches the Java encoding of U+0, including if it's
  # truncated and we need more bytes.
  NULL_EXPR = b'(\xc0(\x80|$))'
  
  # This regex matches cases that we need to decode differently from
  # standard UTF-8.
  SPECIAL_BYTES_RE = re.compile(b'|'.join([NULL_EXPR, CESU8_EXPR, SURROGATE_EXPR]))
  
  
  class IncrementalDecoder(UTF8IncrementalDecoder):
      """
      An incremental decoder that extends Python's built-in UTF-8 decoder.
  
      This encoder needs to take in bytes, possibly arriving in a stream, and
      output the correctly decoded text. The general strategy for doing this
      is to fall back on the real UTF-8 decoder whenever possible, because
      the real UTF-8 decoder is way optimized, but to call specialized methods
      we define here for the cases the real encoder isn't expecting.
      """
      def _buffer_decode(self, input, errors, final):
          """
          Decode bytes that may be arriving in a stream, following the Codecs
          API.
  
          `input` is the incoming sequence of bytes. `errors` tells us how to
          handle errors, though we delegate all error-handling cases to the real
          UTF-8 decoder to ensure correct behavior. `final` indicates whether
          this is the end of the sequence, in which case we should raise an
          error given incomplete input.
  
          Returns as much decoded text as possible, and the number of bytes
          consumed.
          """
          # decoded_segments are the pieces of text we have decoded so far,
          # and position is our current position in the byte string. (Bytes
          # before this position have been consumed, and bytes after it have
          # yet to be decoded.)
          decoded_segments = []
          position = 0
          while True:
              # Use _buffer_decode_step to decode a segment of text.
              decoded, consumed = self._buffer_decode_step(
                  input[position:],
                  errors,
                  final
              )
              if consumed == 0:
                  # Either there's nothing left to decode, or we need to wait
                  # for more input. Either way, we're done for now.
                  break
  
              # Append the decoded text to the list, and update our position.
              decoded_segments.append(decoded)
              position += consumed
  
          if final:
              # _buffer_decode_step must consume all the bytes when `final` is
              # true.
              assert position == len(input)
  
          return ''.join(decoded_segments), position
  
      def _buffer_decode_step(self, input, errors, final):
          """
          There are three possibilities for each decoding step:
  
          - Decode as much real UTF-8 as possible.
          - Decode a six-byte CESU-8 sequence at the current position.
          - Decode a Java-style null at the current position.
  
          This method figures out which step is appropriate, and does it.
          """
          # Get a reference to the superclass method that we'll be using for
          # most of the real work.
          sup = UTF8IncrementalDecoder._buffer_decode
  
          # Find the next byte position that indicates a variant of UTF-8.
          match = SPECIAL_BYTES_RE.search(input)
          if match is None:
              return sup(input, errors, final)
  
          cutoff = match.start()
          if cutoff > 0:
              return sup(input[:cutoff], errors, True)
  
          # Some byte sequence that we intend to handle specially matches
          # at the beginning of the input.
          if input.startswith(b'\xc0'):
              if len(input) > 1:
                  # Decode the two-byte sequence 0xc0 0x80.
                  return '\u0000', 2
              else:
                  if final:
                      # We hit the end of the stream. Let the superclass method
                      # handle it.
                      return sup(input, errors, True)
                  else:
                      # Wait to see another byte.
                      return '', 0
          else:
              # Decode a possible six-byte sequence starting with 0xed.
              return self._buffer_decode_surrogates(sup, input, errors, final)
  
      @staticmethod
      def _buffer_decode_surrogates(sup, input, errors, final):
          """
          When we have improperly encoded surrogates, we can still see the
          bits that they were meant to represent.
  
          The surrogates were meant to encode a 20-bit number, to which we
          add 0x10000 to get a codepoint. That 20-bit number now appears in
          this form:
  
            11101101 1010abcd 10efghij 11101101 1011klmn 10opqrst
  
          The CESU8_RE above matches byte sequences of this form. Then we need
          to extract the bits and assemble a codepoint number from them.
          """
          if len(input) < 6:
              if final:
                  # We found 0xed near the end of the stream, and there aren't
                  # six bytes to decode. Delegate to the superclass method to
                  # handle it as normal UTF-8. It might be a Hangul character
                  # or an error.
                  return sup(input, errors, final)
              else:
                  # We found a surrogate, the stream isn't over yet, and we don't
                  # know enough of the following bytes to decode anything, so
                  # consume zero bytes and wait.
                  return '', 0
          else:
              if CESU8_RE.match(input):
                  # Given this is a CESU-8 sequence, do some math to pull out
                  # the intended 20-bit value, and consume six bytes.
                  codepoint = (
                      ((input[1] & 0x0f) << 16) +
                      ((input[2] & 0x3f) << 10) +
                      ((input[4] & 0x0f) << 6) +
                      (input[5] & 0x3f) +
                      0x10000
                  )
                  return chr(codepoint), 6
              else:
                  # This looked like a CESU-8 sequence, but it wasn't one.
                  # 0xed indicates the start of a three-byte sequence, so give
                  # three bytes to the superclass to decode as usual.
                  return sup(input[:3], errors, False)
  
  
  # The encoder is identical to UTF-8.
  IncrementalEncoder = UTF8IncrementalEncoder
  
  
  # Everything below here is boilerplate that matches the modules in the
  # built-in `encodings` package.
  def encode(input, errors='strict'):
      return IncrementalEncoder(errors).encode(input, final=True), len(input)
  
  
  def decode(input, errors='strict'):
      return IncrementalDecoder(errors).decode(input, final=True), len(input)
  
  
  class StreamWriter(codecs.StreamWriter):
      encode = encode
  
  
  class StreamReader(codecs.StreamReader):
      decode = decode
  
  
  CODEC_INFO = codecs.CodecInfo(
      name=NAME,
      encode=encode,
      decode=decode,
      incrementalencoder=IncrementalEncoder,
      incrementaldecoder=IncrementalDecoder,
      streamreader=StreamReader,
      streamwriter=StreamWriter,
  )
  