text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 Nicira, Inc.
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
   *
   *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  #include <config.h>
  
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <inttypes.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #include <netinet/in.h>
  #include <sys/wait.h>
  #include <stdarg.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <ctype.h>
  
  #include "bundle.h"
  #include "byte-order.h"
  #include "colors.h"
  #include "compiler.h"
  #include "dp-packet.h"
  #include "flow.h"
  #include "learn.h"
  #include "multipath.h"
  #include "netdev.h"
  #include "nx-match.h"
  #include "odp-util.h"
  #include "openflow/nicira-ext.h"
  #include "openflow/openflow.h"
  #include "openvswitch/dynamic-string.h"
  #include "openvswitch/meta-flow.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-actions.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-errors.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-msgs.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-print.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofp-util.h"
  #include "openvswitch/ofpbuf.h"
  #include "openvswitch/type-props.h"
  #include "packets.h"
  #include "unaligned.h"
  #include "util.h"
  #include "uuid.h"
  
  static void ofp_print_queue_name(struct ds *string, uint32_t port);
  static void ofp_print_error(struct ds *, enum ofperr);
  
  /* Returns a string that represents the contents of the Ethernet frame in the
   * 'len' bytes starting at 'data'.  The caller must free the returned string.*/
  char *
  ofp_packet_to_string(const void *data, size_t len)
  {
      struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      struct dp_packet buf;
      struct flow flow;
      size_t l4_size;
  
      dp_packet_use_const(&buf, data, len);
      flow_extract(&buf, &flow);
      flow_format(&ds, &flow);
  
      l4_size = dp_packet_l4_size(&buf);
  
      if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP && l4_size >= TCP_HEADER_LEN) {
          struct tcp_header *th = dp_packet_l4(&buf);
          ds_put_format(&ds, " tcp_csum:%"PRIx16, ntohs(th->tcp_csum));
      } else if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_UDP && l4_size >= UDP_HEADER_LEN) {
          struct udp_header *uh = dp_packet_l4(&buf);
          ds_put_format(&ds, " udp_csum:%"PRIx16, ntohs(uh->udp_csum));
      } else if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_SCTP && l4_size >= SCTP_HEADER_LEN) {
          struct sctp_header *sh = dp_packet_l4(&buf);
          ds_put_format(&ds, " sctp_csum:%"PRIx32,
                        ntohl(get_16aligned_be32(&sh->sctp_csum)));
      } else if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP && l4_size >= ICMP_HEADER_LEN) {
          struct icmp_header *icmph = dp_packet_l4(&buf);
          ds_put_format(&ds, " icmp_csum:%"PRIx16,
                        ntohs(icmph->icmp_csum));
      } else if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMPV6 && l4_size >= ICMP6_HEADER_LEN) {
          struct icmp6_header *icmp6h = dp_packet_l4(&buf);
          ds_put_format(&ds, " icmp6_csum:%"PRIx16,
                        ntohs(icmp6h->icmp6_cksum));
      }
  
      ds_put_char(&ds, '\n');
  
      return ds_cstr(&ds);
  }
  
  static void
  format_hex_arg(struct ds *s, const uint8_t *data, size_t len)
  {
      for (size_t i = 0; i < len; i++) {
          if (i) {
              ds_put_char(s, '.');
          }
          ds_put_format(s, "%02"PRIx8, data[i]);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_packet_in(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                      int verbosity)
  {
      char reasonbuf[OFPUTIL_PACKET_IN_REASON_BUFSIZE];
      struct ofputil_packet_in_private pin;
      const struct ofputil_packet_in *public = &pin.public;
      uint32_t buffer_id;
      size_t total_len;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_packet_in_private(oh, true, NULL,
                                               &pin, &total_len, &buffer_id);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (public->table_id) {
          ds_put_format(string, " table_id=%"PRIu8, public->table_id);
      }
  
      if (public->cookie != OVS_BE64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " cookie=0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(public->cookie));
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " total_len=%"PRIuSIZE" ", total_len);
  
      match_format(&public->flow_metadata, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
  
      ds_put_format(string, " (via %s)",
                    ofputil_packet_in_reason_to_string(public->reason,
                                                       reasonbuf,
                                                       sizeof reasonbuf));
  
      ds_put_format(string, " data_len=%"PRIuSIZE, public->packet_len);
      if (buffer_id == UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " (unbuffered)");
          if (total_len != public->packet_len) {
              ds_put_format(string, " (***total_len != data_len***)");
          }
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, " buffer=0x%08"PRIx32, buffer_id);
          if (total_len < public->packet_len) {
              ds_put_format(string, " (***total_len < data_len***)");
          }
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      if (public->userdata_len) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " userdata=");
          format_hex_arg(string, pin.public.userdata, pin.public.userdata_len);
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      }
  
      if (!uuid_is_zero(&pin.bridge)) {
          ds_put_format(string, " continuation.bridge="UUID_FMT"\n",
                        UUID_ARGS(&pin.bridge));
      }
  
      if (pin.n_stack) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " continuation.stack=");
          for (size_t i = 0; i < pin.n_stack; i++) {
              if (i) {
                  ds_put_char(string, ' ');
              }
              mf_subvalue_format(&pin.stack[i], string);
          }
      }
  
      if (pin.mirrors) {
          ds_put_format(string, " continuation.mirrors=0x%"PRIx32"\n",
                        pin.mirrors);
      }
  
      if (pin.conntracked) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " continuation.conntracked=true\n");
      }
  
      if (pin.actions_len) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " continuation.actions=");
          ofpacts_format(pin.actions, pin.actions_len, string);
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      }
  
      if (pin.action_set_len) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " continuation.action_set=");
          ofpacts_format(pin.action_set, pin.action_set_len, string);
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      }
  
      if (verbosity > 0) {
          char *packet = ofp_packet_to_string(public->packet,
                                              public->packet_len);
          ds_put_cstr(string, packet);
          free(packet);
      }
      if (verbosity > 2) {
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, public->packet, public->packet_len, 0, false);
      }
  
      ofputil_packet_in_private_destroy(&pin);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_packet_out(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                       int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofputil_packet_out po;
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
      error = ofputil_decode_packet_out(&po, oh, &ofpacts);
      if (error) {
          ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " in_port=");
      ofputil_format_port(po.in_port, string);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " actions=");
      ofpacts_format(po.ofpacts, po.ofpacts_len, string);
  
      if (po.buffer_id == UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " data_len=%"PRIuSIZE, po.packet_len);
          if (verbosity > 0 && po.packet_len > 0) {
              char *packet = ofp_packet_to_string(po.packet, po.packet_len);
              ds_put_char(string, '\n');
              ds_put_cstr(string, packet);
              free(packet);
          }
          if (verbosity > 2) {
              ds_put_hex_dump(string, po.packet, po.packet_len, 0, false);
          }
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, " buffer=0x%08"PRIx32, po.buffer_id);
      }
  
      ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
  }
  
  /* qsort comparison function. */
  static int
  compare_ports(const void *a_, const void *b_)
  {
      const struct ofputil_phy_port *a = a_;
      const struct ofputil_phy_port *b = b_;
      uint16_t ap = ofp_to_u16(a->port_no);
      uint16_t bp = ofp_to_u16(b->port_no);
  
      return ap < bp ? -1 : ap > bp;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_bit_names(struct ds *string, uint32_t bits,
                      const char *(*bit_to_name)(uint32_t bit),
                      char separator)
  {
      int n = 0;
      int i;
  
      if (!bits) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "0");
          return;
      }
  
      for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
          uint32_t bit = UINT32_C(1) << i;
  
          if (bits & bit) {
              const char *name = bit_to_name(bit);
              if (name) {
                  if (n++) {
                      ds_put_char(string, separator);
                  }
                  ds_put_cstr(string, name);
                  bits &= ~bit;
              }
          }
      }
  
      if (bits) {
          if (n) {
              ds_put_char(string, separator);
          }
          ds_put_format(string, "0x%"PRIx32, bits);
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  netdev_feature_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum netdev_features f = bit;
  
      switch (f) {
      case NETDEV_F_10MB_HD:    return "10MB-HD";
      case NETDEV_F_10MB_FD:    return "10MB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_100MB_HD:   return "100MB-HD";
      case NETDEV_F_100MB_FD:   return "100MB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_1GB_HD:     return "1GB-HD";
      case NETDEV_F_1GB_FD:     return "1GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_10GB_FD:    return "10GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_40GB_FD:    return "40GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_100GB_FD:   return "100GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_1TB_FD:     return "1TB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_OTHER:      return "OTHER";
      case NETDEV_F_COPPER:     return "COPPER";
      case NETDEV_F_FIBER:      return "FIBER";
      case NETDEV_F_AUTONEG:    return "AUTO_NEG";
      case NETDEV_F_PAUSE:      return "AUTO_PAUSE";
      case NETDEV_F_PAUSE_ASYM: return "AUTO_PAUSE_ASYM";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_features(struct ds *string, enum netdev_features features)
  {
      ofp_print_bit_names(string, features, netdev_feature_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_port_config_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_port_config pc = bit;
  
      switch (pc) {
      case OFPUTIL_PC_PORT_DOWN:    return "PORT_DOWN";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_STP:       return "NO_STP";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV:      return "NO_RECV";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV_STP:  return "NO_RECV_STP";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD:     return "NO_FLOOD";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FWD:       return "NO_FWD";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_PACKET_IN: return "NO_PACKET_IN";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_config(struct ds *string, enum ofputil_port_config config)
  {
      ofp_print_bit_names(string, config, ofputil_port_config_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_port_state_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_port_state ps = bit;
  
      switch (ps) {
      case OFPUTIL_PS_LINK_DOWN: return "LINK_DOWN";
      case OFPUTIL_PS_BLOCKED:   return "BLOCKED";
      case OFPUTIL_PS_LIVE:      return "LIVE";
  
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LISTEN:
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LEARN:
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_FORWARD:
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_BLOCK:
          /* Handled elsewhere. */
          return NULL;
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_state(struct ds *string, enum ofputil_port_state state)
  {
      enum ofputil_port_state stp_state;
  
      /* The STP state is a 2-bit field so it doesn't fit in with the bitmask
       * pattern.  We have to special case it.
       *
       * OVS doesn't support STP, so this field will always be 0 if we are
       * talking to OVS, so we'd always print STP_LISTEN in that case.
       * Therefore, we don't print anything at all if the value is STP_LISTEN, to
       * avoid confusing users. */
      stp_state = state & OFPUTIL_PS_STP_MASK;
      if (stp_state) {
          ds_put_cstr(string,
                      (stp_state == OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LEARN ? "STP_LEARN"
                       : stp_state == OFPUTIL_PS_STP_FORWARD ? "STP_FORWARD"
                       : "STP_BLOCK"));
          state &= ~OFPUTIL_PS_STP_MASK;
          if (state) {
              ofp_print_bit_names(string, state, ofputil_port_state_to_name,
                                  ' ');
          }
      } else {
          ofp_print_bit_names(string, state, ofputil_port_state_to_name, ' ');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_phy_port(struct ds *string, const struct ofputil_phy_port *port)
  {
      char name[sizeof port->name];
      int j;
  
      memcpy(name, port->name, sizeof name);
      for (j = 0; j < sizeof name - 1; j++) {
          if (!isprint((unsigned char) name[j])) {
              break;
          }
      }
      name[j] = '\0';
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      ofputil_format_port(port->port_no, string);
      ds_put_format(string, "(%s): addr:"ETH_ADDR_FMT"\n",
                    name, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(port->hw_addr));
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     config:     ");
      ofp_print_port_config(string, port->config);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     state:      ");
      ofp_print_port_state(string, port->state);
  
      if (port->curr) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     current:    ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->curr);
      }
      if (port->advertised) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     advertised: ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->advertised);
      }
      if (port->supported) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     supported:  ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->supported);
      }
      if (port->peer) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     peer:       ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->peer);
      }
      ds_put_format(string, "     speed: %"PRIu32" Mbps now, "
                    "%"PRIu32" Mbps max\n",
                    port->curr_speed / UINT32_C(1000),
                    port->max_speed / UINT32_C(1000));
  }
  
  /* Given a buffer 'b' that contains an array of OpenFlow ports of type
   * 'ofp_version', writes a detailed description of each port into
   * 'string'. */
  static void
  ofp_print_phy_ports(struct ds *string, uint8_t ofp_version,
                      struct ofpbuf *b)
  {
      struct ofputil_phy_port *ports;
      size_t allocated_ports, n_ports;
      int retval;
      size_t i;
  
      ports = NULL;
      allocated_ports = 0;
      for (n_ports = 0; ; n_ports++) {
          if (n_ports >= allocated_ports) {
              ports = x2nrealloc(ports, &allocated_ports, sizeof *ports);
          }
  
          retval = ofputil_pull_phy_port(ofp_version, b, &ports[n_ports]);
          if (retval) {
              break;
          }
      }
  
      qsort(ports, n_ports, sizeof *ports, compare_ports);
      for (i = 0; i < n_ports; i++) {
          ofp_print_phy_port(string, &ports[i]);
      }
      free(ports);
  
      if (retval != EOF) {
          ofp_print_error(string, retval);
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_capabilities_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_capabilities capabilities = bit;
  
      switch (capabilities) {
      case OFPUTIL_C_FLOW_STATS:   return "FLOW_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_TABLE_STATS:  return "TABLE_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_PORT_STATS:   return "PORT_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_IP_REASM:     return "IP_REASM";
      case OFPUTIL_C_QUEUE_STATS:  return "QUEUE_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_ARP_MATCH_IP: return "ARP_MATCH_IP";
      case OFPUTIL_C_STP:          return "STP";
      case OFPUTIL_C_GROUP_STATS:  return "GROUP_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_PORT_BLOCKED: return "PORT_BLOCKED";
      case OFPUTIL_C_BUNDLES:      return "BUNDLES";
      case OFPUTIL_C_FLOW_MONITORING: return "FLOW_MONITORING";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_switch_features(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_features features;
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      enum ofperr error = ofputil_pull_switch_features(&b, &features);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " dpid:%016"PRIx64"\n", features.datapath_id);
  
      ds_put_format(string, "n_tables:%"PRIu8", n_buffers:%"PRIu32,
                    features.n_tables, features.n_buffers);
      if (features.auxiliary_id) {
          ds_put_format(string, ", auxiliary_id:%"PRIu8, features.auxiliary_id);
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "capabilities: ");
      ofp_print_bit_names(string, features.capabilities,
                          ofputil_capabilities_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      switch ((enum ofp_version)oh->version) {
      case OFP10_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "actions: ");
          ofpact_bitmap_format(features.ofpacts, string);
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          break;
      case OFP11_VERSION:
      case OFP12_VERSION:
          break;
      case OFP13_VERSION:
      case OFP14_VERSION:
      case OFP15_VERSION:
      case OFP16_VERSION:
          return; /* no ports in ofp13_switch_features */
      default:
          OVS_NOT_REACHED();
      }
  
      ofp_print_phy_ports(string, oh->version, &b);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_switch_config(struct ds *string,
                          const struct ofputil_switch_config *config)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " frags=%s",
                    ofputil_frag_handling_to_string(config->frag));
  
      if (config->invalid_ttl_to_controller > 0) {
          ds_put_format(string, " invalid_ttl_to_controller");
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " miss_send_len=%"PRIu16"\n", config->miss_send_len);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_set_config(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_config config;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_set_config(oh, &config);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
      ofp_print_switch_config(string, &config);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_get_config_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_config config;
      ofputil_decode_get_config_reply(oh, &config);
      ofp_print_switch_config(string, &config);
  }
  
  static void print_wild(struct ds *string, const char *leader, int is_wild,
              int verbosity, const char *format, ...)
              OVS_PRINTF_FORMAT(5, 6);
  
  static void print_wild(struct ds *string, const char *leader, int is_wild,
                         int verbosity, const char *format, ...)
  {
      if (is_wild && verbosity < 2) {
          return;
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (!is_wild) {
          va_list args;
  
          va_start(args, format);
          ds_put_format_valist(string, format, args);
          va_end(args);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '*');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, ',');
  }
  
  static void
  print_wild_port(struct ds *string, const char *leader, int is_wild,
                  int verbosity, ofp_port_t port)
  {
      if (is_wild && verbosity < 2) {
          return;
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (!is_wild) {
          ofputil_format_port(port, string);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '*');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, ',');
  }
  
  static void
  print_ip_netmask(struct ds *string, const char *leader, ovs_be32 ip,
                   uint32_t wild_bits, int verbosity)
  {
      if (wild_bits >= 32 && verbosity < 2) {
          return;
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (wild_bits < 32) {
          ds_put_format(string, IP_FMT, IP_ARGS(ip));
          if (wild_bits) {
              ds_put_format(string, "/%d", 32 - wild_bits);
          }
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '*');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, ',');
  }
  
  void
  ofp10_match_print(struct ds *f, const struct ofp10_match *om, int verbosity)
  {
      char *s = ofp10_match_to_string(om, verbosity);
      ds_put_cstr(f, s);
      free(s);
  }
  
  char *
  ofp10_match_to_string(const struct ofp10_match *om, int verbosity)
  {
      struct ds f = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      uint32_t w = ntohl(om->wildcards);
      bool skip_type = false;
      bool skip_proto = false;
  
      if (!(w & OFPFW10_DL_TYPE)) {
          skip_type = true;
          if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)) {
              if (!(w & OFPFW10_NW_PROTO)) {
                  skip_proto = true;
                  if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "icmp,");
                  } else if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "tcp,");
                  } else if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "udp,");
                  } else if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_SCTP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "sctp,");
                  } else {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "ip,");
                      skip_proto = false;
                  }
              } else {
                  ds_put_cstr(&f, "ip,");
              }
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_ARP)) {
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "arp,");
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_RARP)){
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "rarp,");
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_MPLS)) {
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "mpls,");
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_MPLS_MCAST)) {
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "mplsm,");
          } else {
              skip_type = false;
          }
      }
      print_wild_port(&f, "in_port=", w & OFPFW10_IN_PORT, verbosity,
                      u16_to_ofp(ntohs(om->in_port)));
      print_wild(&f, "dl_vlan=", w & OFPFW10_DL_VLAN, verbosity,
                 "%d", ntohs(om->dl_vlan));
      print_wild(&f, "dl_vlan_pcp=", w & OFPFW10_DL_VLAN_PCP, verbosity,
                 "%d", om->dl_vlan_pcp);
      print_wild(&f, "dl_src=", w & OFPFW10_DL_SRC, verbosity,
                 ETH_ADDR_FMT, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(om->dl_src));
      print_wild(&f, "dl_dst=", w & OFPFW10_DL_DST, verbosity,
                 ETH_ADDR_FMT, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(om->dl_dst));
      if (!skip_type) {
          print_wild(&f, "dl_type=", w & OFPFW10_DL_TYPE, verbosity,
                     "0x%04x", ntohs(om->dl_type));
      }
      print_ip_netmask(&f, "nw_src=", om->nw_src,
                       (w & OFPFW10_NW_SRC_MASK) >> OFPFW10_NW_SRC_SHIFT,
                       verbosity);
      print_ip_netmask(&f, "nw_dst=", om->nw_dst,
                       (w & OFPFW10_NW_DST_MASK) >> OFPFW10_NW_DST_SHIFT,
                       verbosity);
      if (!skip_proto) {
          if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_ARP) ||
              om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_RARP)) {
              print_wild(&f, "arp_op=", w & OFPFW10_NW_PROTO, verbosity,
                         "%u", om->nw_proto);
          } else {
              print_wild(&f, "nw_proto=", w & OFPFW10_NW_PROTO, verbosity,
                         "%u", om->nw_proto);
          }
      }
      print_wild(&f, "nw_tos=", w & OFPFW10_NW_TOS, verbosity,
                 "%u", om->nw_tos);
      if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
          print_wild(&f, "icmp_type=", w & OFPFW10_ICMP_TYPE, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_src));
          print_wild(&f, "icmp_code=", w & OFPFW10_ICMP_CODE, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_dst));
      } else {
          print_wild(&f, "tp_src=", w & OFPFW10_TP_SRC, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_src));
          print_wild(&f, "tp_dst=", w & OFPFW10_TP_DST, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_dst));
      }
      ds_chomp(&f, ',');
      return ds_cstr(&f);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_flags(struct ds *s, enum ofputil_flow_mod_flags flags)
  {
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_SEND_FLOW_REM) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "send_flow_rem ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_CHECK_OVERLAP) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "check_overlap ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_RESET_COUNTS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "reset_counts ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_NO_PKT_COUNTS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "no_packet_counts ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_NO_BYT_COUNTS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "no_byte_counts ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_HIDDEN_FIELDS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "allow_hidden_fields ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPUTIL_FF_NO_READONLY) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "no_readonly_table ");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh, int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
      bool need_priority;
      enum ofperr error;
      enum ofpraw raw;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
  
      protocol = ofputil_protocol_from_ofp_version(oh->version);
      protocol = ofputil_protocol_set_tid(protocol, true);
  
      ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
      error = ofputil_decode_flow_mod(&fm, oh, protocol, NULL, &ofpacts,
                                      OFPP_MAX, 255);
      if (error) {
          ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      switch (fm.command) {
      case OFPFC_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD");
          break;
      case OFPFC_MODIFY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD");
          break;
      case OFPFC_MODIFY_STRICT:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD_STRICT");
          break;
      case OFPFC_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL");
          break;
      case OFPFC_DELETE_STRICT:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL_STRICT");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "cmd:%d", fm.command);
      }
      if (fm.table_id != 0) {
          ds_put_format(s, " table:%d", fm.table_id);
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      ofpraw_decode(&raw, oh);
      if (verbosity >= 3 && raw == OFPRAW_OFPT10_FLOW_MOD) {
          const struct ofp10_flow_mod *ofm = ofpmsg_body(oh);
          ofp10_match_print(s, &ofm->match, verbosity);
  
          /* ofp_print_match() doesn't print priority. */
          need_priority = true;
      } else if (verbosity >= 3 && raw == OFPRAW_NXT_FLOW_MOD) {
          const struct nx_flow_mod *nfm = ofpmsg_body(oh);
          const void *nxm = nfm + 1;
          char *nxm_s;
  
          nxm_s = nx_match_to_string(nxm, ntohs(nfm->match_len));
          ds_put_cstr(s, nxm_s);
          free(nxm_s);
  
          /* nx_match_to_string() doesn't print priority. */
          need_priority = true;
      } else {
          match_format(&fm.match, s, fm.priority);
  
          /* match_format() does print priority. */
          need_priority = false;
      }
  
      if (ds_last(s) != ' ') {
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      }
      if (fm.new_cookie != htonll(0) && fm.new_cookie != OVS_BE64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(s, "cookie:0x%"PRIx64" ", ntohll(fm.new_cookie));
      }
      if (fm.cookie_mask != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(s, "cookie:0x%"PRIx64"/0x%"PRIx64" ",
                  ntohll(fm.cookie), ntohll(fm.cookie_mask));
      }
      if (fm.idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(s, "idle:%"PRIu16" ", fm.idle_timeout);
      }
      if (fm.hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(s, "hard:%"PRIu16" ", fm.hard_timeout);
      }
      if (fm.importance != 0) {
          ds_put_format(s, "importance:%"PRIu16" ", fm.importance);
      }
      if (fm.priority != OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY && need_priority) {
          ds_put_format(s, "pri:%"PRIu16" ", fm.priority);
      }
      if (fm.buffer_id != UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(s, "buf:0x%"PRIx32" ", fm.buffer_id);
      }
      if (fm.out_port != OFPP_ANY) {
          ds_put_format(s, "out_port:");
          ofputil_format_port(fm.out_port, s);
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      }
  
      if (oh->version == OFP10_VERSION || oh->version == OFP11_VERSION) {
          /* Don't print the reset_counts flag for OF1.0 and OF1.1 because those
           * versions don't really have such a flag and printing one is likely to
           * confuse people. */
          fm.flags &= ~OFPUTIL_FF_RESET_COUNTS;
      }
      ofp_print_flow_flags(s, fm.flags);
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, "actions=");
      ofpacts_format(fm.ofpacts, fm.ofpacts_len, s);
      ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_duration(struct ds *string, unsigned int sec, unsigned int nsec)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, "%u", sec);
  
      /* If there are no fractional seconds, don't print any decimals.
       *
       * If the fractional seconds can be expressed exactly as milliseconds,
       * print 3 decimals.  Open vSwitch provides millisecond precision for most
       * time measurements, so printing 3 decimals every time makes it easier to
       * spot real changes in flow dumps that refresh themselves quickly.
       *
       * If the fractional seconds are more precise than milliseconds, print the
       * number of decimals needed to express them exactly.
       */
      if (nsec > 0) {
          unsigned int msec = nsec / 1000000;
          if (msec * 1000000 == nsec) {
              ds_put_format(string, ".%03u", msec);
          } else {
              ds_put_format(string, ".%09u", nsec);
              while (string->string[string->length - 1] == '0') {
                  string->length--;
              }
          }
      }
      ds_put_char(string, 's');
  }
  
  /* Returns a string form of 'reason'.  The return value is either a statically
   * allocated constant string or the 'bufsize'-byte buffer 'reasonbuf'.
   * 'bufsize' should be at least OFP_FLOW_REMOVED_REASON_BUFSIZE. */
  #define OFP_FLOW_REMOVED_REASON_BUFSIZE (INT_STRLEN(int) + 1)
  static const char *
  ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(enum ofp_flow_removed_reason reason,
                                    char *reasonbuf, size_t bufsize)
  {
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPRR_IDLE_TIMEOUT:
          return "idle";
      case OFPRR_HARD_TIMEOUT:
          return "hard";
      case OFPRR_DELETE:
          return "delete";
      case OFPRR_GROUP_DELETE:
          return "group_delete";
      case OFPRR_EVICTION:
          return "eviction";
      case OFPRR_METER_DELETE:
          return "meter_delete";
      case OVS_OFPRR_NONE:
      default:
          snprintf(reasonbuf, bufsize, "%d", (int) reason);
          return reasonbuf;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_removed(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      char reasonbuf[OFP_FLOW_REMOVED_REASON_BUFSIZE];
      struct ofputil_flow_removed fr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_flow_removed(&fr, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      match_format(&fr.match, string, fr.priority);
  
      ds_put_format(string, " reason=%s",
                    ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(fr.reason, reasonbuf,
                                                      sizeof reasonbuf));
  
      if (fr.table_id != 255) {
          ds_put_format(string, " table_id=%"PRIu8, fr.table_id);
      }
  
      if (fr.cookie != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(string, " cookie:0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(fr.cookie));
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, " duration");
      ofp_print_duration(string, fr.duration_sec, fr.duration_nsec);
      ds_put_format(string, " idle%"PRIu16, fr.idle_timeout);
      if (fr.hard_timeout) {
          /* The hard timeout was only added in OF1.2, so only print it if it is
           * actually in use to avoid gratuitous change to the formatting. */
          ds_put_format(string, " hard%"PRIu16, fr.hard_timeout);
      }
      ds_put_format(string, " pkts%"PRIu64" bytes%"PRIu64"\n",
                    fr.packet_count, fr.byte_count);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_mod(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_port_mod pm;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_mod(oh, &pm, true);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " port: ");
      ofputil_format_port(pm.port_no, string);
      ds_put_format(string, ": addr:"ETH_ADDR_FMT"\n",
                    ETH_ADDR_ARGS(pm.hw_addr));
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     config: ");
      ofp_print_port_config(string, pm.config);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     mask:   ");
      ofp_print_port_config(string, pm.mask);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     advertise: ");
      if (pm.advertise) {
          ofp_print_port_features(string, pm.advertise);
      } else {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "UNCHANGED\n");
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_table_miss_to_string(enum ofputil_table_miss miss)
  {
      switch (miss) {
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_DEFAULT: return "default";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_CONTROLLER: return "controller";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_CONTINUE: return "continue";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_DROP: return "drop";
      default: return "***error***";
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_table_eviction_to_string(enum ofputil_table_eviction eviction)
  {
      switch (eviction) {
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_EVICTION_DEFAULT: return "default";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_EVICTION_ON: return "on";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_EVICTION_OFF: return "off";
      default: return "***error***";
      }
  
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_eviction_flag_to_string(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofp14_table_mod_prop_eviction_flag eviction_flag = bit;
  
      switch (eviction_flag) {
      case OFPTMPEF14_OTHER:      return "OTHER";
      case OFPTMPEF14_IMPORTANCE: return "IMPORTANCE";
      case OFPTMPEF14_LIFETIME:   return "LIFETIME";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  /* Appends to 'string' a description of the bitmap of OFPTMPEF14_* values in
   * 'eviction_flags'. */
  static void
  ofputil_put_eviction_flags(struct ds *string, uint32_t eviction_flags)
  {
      if (eviction_flags != UINT32_MAX) {
          ofp_print_bit_names(string, eviction_flags,
                              ofputil_eviction_flag_to_string, '|');
      } else {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "(default)");
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_table_vacancy_to_string(enum ofputil_table_vacancy vacancy)
  {
      switch (vacancy) {
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_DEFAULT: return "default";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_ON: return "on";
      case OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_OFF: return "off";
      default: return "***error***";
      }
  
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_table_mod(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_table_mod pm;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_table_mod(oh, &pm);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (pm.table_id == 0xff) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " table_id: ALL_TABLES");
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, " table_id=%"PRIu8, pm.table_id);
      }
  
      if (pm.miss != OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_DEFAULT) {
          ds_put_format(string, ", flow_miss_config=%s",
                        ofputil_table_miss_to_string(pm.miss));
      }
      if (pm.eviction != OFPUTIL_TABLE_EVICTION_DEFAULT) {
          ds_put_format(string, ", eviction=%s",
                        ofputil_table_eviction_to_string(pm.eviction));
      }
      if (pm.eviction_flags != UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "eviction_flags=");
          ofputil_put_eviction_flags(string, pm.eviction_flags);
      }
      if (pm.vacancy != OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_DEFAULT) {
          ds_put_format(string, ", vacancy=%s",
                        ofputil_table_vacancy_to_string(pm.vacancy));
          if (pm.vacancy == OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_ON) {
              ds_put_format(string, " vacancy:%"PRIu8""
                            ",%"PRIu8"", pm.table_vacancy.vacancy_down,
                            pm.table_vacancy.vacancy_up);
          }
      }
  }
  
  /* This function will print the Table description properties. */
  static void
  ofp_print_table_desc(struct ds *string, const struct ofputil_table_desc *td)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, "\n  table %"PRIu8, td->table_id);
      ds_put_cstr(string, ":\n");
      ds_put_format(string, "   eviction=%s eviction_flags=",
                    ofputil_table_eviction_to_string(td->eviction));
      ofputil_put_eviction_flags(string, td->eviction_flags);
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      ds_put_format(string, "   vacancy=%s",
                    ofputil_table_vacancy_to_string(td->vacancy));
      if (td->vacancy == OFPUTIL_TABLE_VACANCY_ON) {
          ds_put_format(string, " vacancy_down=%"PRIu8"%%",
                        td->table_vacancy.vacancy_down);
          ds_put_format(string, " vacancy_up=%"PRIu8"%%",
                        td->table_vacancy.vacancy_up);
          ds_put_format(string, " vacancy=%"PRIu8"%%",
                        td->table_vacancy.vacancy);
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_table_status_message(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_table_status ts;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_table_status(oh, &ts);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (ts.reason == OFPTR_VACANCY_DOWN) {
          ds_put_format(string, " reason=VACANCY_DOWN");
      } else if (ts.reason == OFPTR_VACANCY_UP) {
          ds_put_format(string, " reason=VACANCY_UP");
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, "\ntable_desc:-");
      ofp_print_table_desc(string, &ts.desc);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_queue_get_config_request(struct ds *string,
                                     const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      enum ofperr error;
      ofp_port_t port;
      uint32_t queue;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_queue_get_config_request(oh, &port, &queue);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " port=");
      ofputil_format_port(port, string);
  
      if (queue != OFPQ_ALL) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " queue=");
          ofp_print_queue_name(string, queue);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  print_queue_rate(struct ds *string, const char *name, unsigned int rate)
  {
      if (rate <= 1000) {
          ds_put_format(string, " %s:%u.%u%%", name, rate / 10, rate % 10);
      } else if (rate < UINT16_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " %s:(disabled)", name);
      }
  }
  
  /* qsort comparison function. */
  static int
  compare_queues(const void *a_, const void *b_)
  {
      const struct ofputil_queue_config *a = a_;
      const struct ofputil_queue_config *b = b_;
  
      uint16_t ap = ofp_to_u16(a->port);
      uint16_t bp = ofp_to_u16(b->port);
      if (ap != bp) {
          return ap < bp ? -1 : 1;
      }
  
      uint32_t aq = a->queue;
      uint32_t bq = b->queue;
      return aq < bq ? -1 : aq > bq;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_queue_get_config_reply(struct ds *string,
                                   const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
  
      struct ofputil_queue_config *queues = NULL;
      size_t allocated_queues = 0;
      size_t n = 0;
  
      int retval = 0;
      for (;;) {
          if (n >= allocated_queues) {
              queues = x2nrealloc(queues, &allocated_queues, sizeof *queues);
          }
          retval = ofputil_pull_queue_get_config_reply(&b, &queues[n]);
          if (retval) {
              break;
          }
          n++;
      }
  
      qsort(queues, n, sizeof *queues, compare_queues);
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
  
      ofp_port_t port = 0;
      for (const struct ofputil_queue_config *q = queues; q < &queues[n]; q++) {
          if (q->port != port) {
              port = q->port;
  
              ds_put_cstr(string, "port=");
              ofputil_format_port(port, string);
              ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          }
  
          ds_put_format(string, "queue %"PRIu32":", q->queue);
          print_queue_rate(string, "min_rate", q->min_rate);
          print_queue_rate(string, "max_rate", q->max_rate);
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      }
  
      if (retval != EOF) {
          ofp_print_error(string, retval);
      }
      ds_chomp(string, ' ');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_flags(struct ds *s, uint16_t flags)
  {
      if (flags & OFPMF13_KBPS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "kbps ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPMF13_PKTPS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "pktps ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPMF13_BURST) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "burst ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPMF13_STATS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "stats ");
      }
  
      flags &= ~(OFPMF13_KBPS | OFPMF13_PKTPS | OFPMF13_BURST | OFPMF13_STATS);
      if (flags) {
          ds_put_format(s, "flags:0x%"PRIx16" ", flags);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_band(struct ds *s, uint16_t flags,
                       const struct ofputil_meter_band *mb)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(s, "\ntype=");
      switch (mb->type) {
      case OFPMBT13_DROP:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "drop");
          break;
      case OFPMBT13_DSCP_REMARK:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "dscp_remark");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "%u", mb->type);
      }
  
      ds_put_format(s, " rate=%"PRIu32, mb->rate);
  
      if (flags & OFPMF13_BURST) {
          ds_put_format(s, " burst_size=%"PRIu32, mb->burst_size);
      }
      if (mb->type == OFPMBT13_DSCP_REMARK) {
          ds_put_format(s, " prec_level=%"PRIu8, mb->prec_level);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_stats(struct ds *s, const struct ofputil_meter_stats *ms)
  {
      uint16_t i;
  
      ds_put_format(s, "meter:%"PRIu32" ", ms->meter_id);
      ds_put_format(s, "flow_count:%"PRIu32" ", ms->flow_count);
      ds_put_format(s, "packet_in_count:%"PRIu64" ", ms->packet_in_count);
      ds_put_format(s, "byte_in_count:%"PRIu64" ", ms->byte_in_count);
      ds_put_cstr(s, "duration:");
      ofp_print_duration(s, ms->duration_sec, ms->duration_nsec);
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, "bands:\n");
      for (i = 0; i < ms->n_bands; ++i) {
          ds_put_format(s, "%d: ", i);
          ds_put_format(s, "packet_count:%"PRIu64" ", ms->bands[i].packet_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "byte_count:%"PRIu64"\n", ms->bands[i].byte_count);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_config(struct ds *s, const struct ofputil_meter_config *mc)
  {
      uint16_t i;
  
      ds_put_format(s, "meter=%"PRIu32" ", mc->meter_id);
  
      ofp_print_meter_flags(s, mc->flags);
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, "bands=");
      for (i = 0; i < mc->n_bands; ++i) {
          ofp_print_meter_band(s, mc->flags, &mc->bands[i]);
      }
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_mod__(struct ds *s, const struct ofputil_meter_mod *mm)
  {
      switch (mm->command) {
      case OFPMC13_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, " ADD ");
          break;
      case OFPMC13_MODIFY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, " MOD ");
          break;
      case OFPMC13_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, " DEL ");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, " cmd:%d ", mm->command);
      }
  
      ofp_print_meter_config(s, &mm->meter);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_meter_mod mm;
      struct ofpbuf bands;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      ofpbuf_init(&bands, 64);
      error = ofputil_decode_meter_mod(oh, &mm, &bands);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
      } else {
          ofp_print_meter_mod__(s, &mm);
      }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&bands);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_stats_request(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint32_t meter_id;
  
      ofputil_decode_meter_request(oh, &meter_id);
  
      ds_put_format(s, " meter=%"PRIu32, meter_id);
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_meter_capabilities_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofp13_meter_flags flag = bit;
  
      switch (flag) {
      case OFPMF13_KBPS:    return "kbps";
      case OFPMF13_PKTPS:   return "pktps";
      case OFPMF13_BURST:   return "burst";
      case OFPMF13_STATS:   return "stats";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_meter_band_types_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      switch (bit) {
      case 1 << OFPMBT13_DROP:          return "drop";
      case 1 << OFPMBT13_DSCP_REMARK:   return "dscp_remark";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_features_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_meter_features mf;
  
      ofputil_decode_meter_features(oh, &mf);
  
      ds_put_format(s, "\nmax_meter:%"PRIu32, mf.max_meters);
      ds_put_format(s, " max_bands:%"PRIu8, mf.max_bands);
      ds_put_format(s, " max_color:%"PRIu8"\n", mf.max_color);
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, "band_types: ");
      ofp_print_bit_names(s, mf.band_types,
                          ofputil_meter_band_types_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, "capabilities: ");
      ofp_print_bit_names(s, mf.capabilities,
                          ofputil_meter_capabilities_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_config_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      struct ofpbuf bands;
  
      ofpbuf_init(&bands, 64);
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_meter_config mc;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_meter_config(&b, &mc, &bands);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(s, retval);
              }
              break;
          }
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ofp_print_meter_config(s, &mc);
      }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&bands);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_stats_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      struct ofpbuf bands;
  
      ofpbuf_init(&bands, 64);
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_meter_stats ms;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_meter_stats(&b, &ms, &bands);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(s, retval);
              }
              break;
          }
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ofp_print_meter_stats(s, &ms);
      }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&bands);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_error(struct ds *string, enum ofperr error)
  {
      if (string->length) {
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      }
      ds_put_format(string, "***decode error: %s***\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_hello(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint32_t allowed_versions;
      bool ok;
  
      ok = ofputil_decode_hello(oh, &allowed_versions);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "\n version bitmap: ");
      ofputil_format_version_bitmap(string, allowed_versions);
  
      if (!ok) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n unknown data in hello:\n");
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, oh, ntohs(oh->length), 0, true);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_error_msg(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      size_t len = ntohs(oh->length);
      struct ofpbuf payload;
      enum ofperr error;
      char *s;
  
      error = ofperr_decode_msg(oh, &payload);
      if (!error) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "***decode error***");
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, oh + 1, len - sizeof *oh, 0, true);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " %s\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
  
      if (error == OFPERR_OFPHFC_INCOMPATIBLE || error == OFPERR_OFPHFC_EPERM) {
          ds_put_printable(string, payload.data, payload.size);
      } else {
          s = ofp_to_string(payload.data, payload.size, 1);
          ds_put_cstr(string, s);
          free(s);
      }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&payload);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_status(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_port_status ps;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_status(oh, &ps);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (ps.reason == OFPPR_ADD) {
          ds_put_format(string, " ADD:");
      } else if (ps.reason == OFPPR_DELETE) {
          ds_put_format(string, " DEL:");
      } else if (ps.reason == OFPPR_MODIFY) {
          ds_put_format(string, " MOD:");
      }
  
      ofp_print_phy_port(string, &ps.desc);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_desc_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      const struct ofp_desc_stats *ods = ofpmsg_body(oh);
  
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      ds_put_format(string, "Manufacturer: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->mfr_desc, ods->mfr_desc);
      ds_put_format(string, "Hardware: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->hw_desc, ods->hw_desc);
      ds_put_format(string, "Software: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->sw_desc, ods->sw_desc);
      ds_put_format(string, "Serial Num: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->serial_num, ods->serial_num);
      ds_put_format(string, "DP Description: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->dp_desc, ods->dp_desc);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_stats_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_stats_request fsr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_flow_stats_request(&fsr, oh, NULL);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (fsr.table_id != 0xff) {
          ds_put_format(string, " table=%"PRIu8, fsr.table_id);
      }
  
      if (fsr.out_port != OFPP_ANY) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " out_port=");
          ofputil_format_port(fsr.out_port, string);
      }
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      match_format(&fsr.match, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
  }
  
  void
  ofp_print_flow_stats(struct ds *string, struct ofputil_flow_stats *fs)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " %scookie=%s0x%"PRIx64", %sduration=%s",
                    colors.param, colors.end, ntohll(fs->cookie),
                    colors.param, colors.end);
  
      ofp_print_duration(string, fs->duration_sec, fs->duration_nsec);
      ds_put_format(string, ", %stable=%s%"PRIu8", ",
                    colors.special, colors.end, fs->table_id);
      ds_put_format(string, "%sn_packets=%s%"PRIu64", ",
                    colors.param, colors.end, fs->packet_count);
      ds_put_format(string, "%sn_bytes=%s%"PRIu64", ",
                    colors.param, colors.end, fs->byte_count);
      if (fs->idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%sidle_timeout=%s%"PRIu16", ",
                        colors.param, colors.end, fs->idle_timeout);
      }
      if (fs->hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%shard_timeout=%s%"PRIu16", ",
                        colors.param, colors.end, fs->hard_timeout);
      }
      if (fs->flags) {
          ofp_print_flow_flags(string, fs->flags);
      }
      if (fs->importance != 0) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%simportance=%s%"PRIu16", ",
                        colors.param, colors.end, fs->importance);
      }
      if (fs->idle_age >= 0) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%sidle_age=%s%d, ",
                        colors.param, colors.end, fs->idle_age);
      }
      if (fs->hard_age >= 0 && fs->hard_age != fs->duration_sec) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%shard_age=%s%d, ",
                        colors.param, colors.end, fs->hard_age);
      }
  
      match_format(&fs->match, string, fs->priority);
      if (string->string[string->length - 1] != ' ') {
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, "%sactions=%s", colors.actions, colors.end);
      ofpacts_format(fs->ofpacts, fs->ofpacts_len, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_stats_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
  
      ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_flow_stats fs;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_flow_stats_reply(&fs, &b, true, &ofpacts);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              break;
          }
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          ofp_print_flow_stats(string, &fs);
       }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_aggregate_stats_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_aggregate_stats as;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_aggregate_stats_reply(&as, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " packet_count=%"PRIu64, as.packet_count);
      ds_put_format(string, " byte_count=%"PRIu64, as.byte_count);
      ds_put_format(string, " flow_count=%"PRIu32, as.flow_count);
  }
  
  static void
  print_port_stat(struct ds *string, const char *leader, uint64_t stat, int more)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (stat != UINT64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu64, stat);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '?');
      }
      if (more) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ", ");
      } else {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  print_port_stat_cond(struct ds *string, const char *leader, uint64_t stat)
  {
      if (stat != UINT64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%s%"PRIu64", ", leader, stat);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      ofp_port_t ofp10_port;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_stats_request(oh, &ofp10_port);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " port_no=");
      ofputil_format_port(ofp10_port, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                             int verbosity)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " %"PRIuSIZE" ports\n", ofputil_count_port_stats(oh));
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_port_stats ps;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_port_stats(&ps, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "  port ");
          if (ofp_to_u16(ps.port_no) < 10) {
              ds_put_char(string, ' ');
          }
          ofputil_format_port(ps.port_no, string);
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, ": rx ");
          print_port_stat(string, "pkts=", ps.stats.rx_packets, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "bytes=", ps.stats.rx_bytes, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "drop=", ps.stats.rx_dropped, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "errs=", ps.stats.rx_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "frame=", ps.stats.rx_frame_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "over=", ps.stats.rx_over_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "crc=", ps.stats.rx_crc_errors, 0);
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "           tx ");
          print_port_stat(string, "pkts=", ps.stats.tx_packets, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "bytes=", ps.stats.tx_bytes, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "drop=", ps.stats.tx_dropped, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "errs=", ps.stats.tx_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "coll=", ps.stats.collisions, 0);
  
          if (ps.duration_sec != UINT32_MAX) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, "           duration=");
              ofp_print_duration(string, ps.duration_sec, ps.duration_nsec);
              ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          }
          struct ds string_ext_stats = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
  
          ds_init(&string_ext_stats);
  
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "1_to_64_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_1_to_64_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "65_to_127_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_65_to_127_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "128_to_255_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_128_to_255_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "256_to_511_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_256_to_511_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "512_to_1023_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_512_to_1023_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "1024_to_1522_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_1024_to_1522_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "1523_to_max_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_1523_to_max_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "broadcast_packets=",
                               ps.stats.rx_broadcast_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "undersized_errors=",
                               ps.stats.rx_undersized_errors);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "oversize_errors=",
                               ps.stats.rx_oversize_errors);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "rx_fragmented_errors=",
                               ps.stats.rx_fragmented_errors);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "rx_jabber_errors=",
                               ps.stats.rx_jabber_errors);
  
          if (string_ext_stats.length != 0) {
              /* If at least one statistics counter is reported: */
              ds_put_cstr(string, "           rx rfc2819 ");
              ds_put_buffer(string, string_ext_stats.string,
                            string_ext_stats.length);
              ds_put_cstr(string, "\n");
              ds_destroy(&string_ext_stats);
          }
  
          ds_init(&string_ext_stats);
  
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "1_to_64_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_1_to_64_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "65_to_127_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_65_to_127_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "128_to_255_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_128_to_255_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "256_to_511_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_256_to_511_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "512_to_1023_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_512_to_1023_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "1024_to_1522_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_1024_to_1522_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "1523_to_max_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_1523_to_max_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "multicast_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_multicast_packets);
          print_port_stat_cond(&string_ext_stats, "broadcast_packets=",
                               ps.stats.tx_broadcast_packets);
  
          if (string_ext_stats.length != 0) {
              /* If at least one statistics counter is reported: */
              ds_put_cstr(string, "           tx rfc2819 ");
              ds_put_buffer(string, string_ext_stats.string,
                            string_ext_stats.length);
              ds_put_cstr(string, "\n");
              ds_destroy(&string_ext_stats);
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_table_stats_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
  
      struct ofputil_table_features prev_features;
      struct ofputil_table_stats prev_stats;
      for (int i = 0;; i++) {
          struct ofputil_table_features features;
          struct ofputil_table_stats stats;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_table_stats_reply(&b, &stats, &features);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(string, retval);
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          ofp_print_table_features(string,
                                   &features, i ? &prev_features : NULL,
                                   &stats, i ? &prev_stats : NULL);
          prev_features = features;
          prev_stats = stats;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_queue_name(struct ds *string, uint32_t queue_id)
  {
      if (queue_id == OFPQ_ALL) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "ALL");
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu32, queue_id);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_queue_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_queue_stats_request oqsr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_queue_stats_request(oh, &oqsr);
      if (error) {
          ds_put_format(string, "***decode error: %s***\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " port=");
      ofputil_format_port(oqsr.port_no, string);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " queue=");
      ofp_print_queue_name(string, oqsr.queue_id);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_queue_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                              int verbosity)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " %"PRIuSIZE" queues\n", ofputil_count_queue_stats(oh));
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_queue_stats qs;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_queue_stats(&qs, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "  port ");
          ofputil_format_port(qs.port_no, string);
          ds_put_cstr(string, " queue ");
          ofp_print_queue_name(string, qs.queue_id);
          ds_put_cstr(string, ": ");
  
          print_port_stat(string, "bytes=", qs.tx_bytes, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "pkts=", qs.tx_packets, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "errors=", qs.tx_errors, 1);
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "duration=");
          if (qs.duration_sec != UINT32_MAX) {
              ofp_print_duration(string, qs.duration_sec, qs.duration_nsec);
          } else {
              ds_put_char(string, '?');
          }
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_desc_request(struct ds *string,
                                    const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      enum ofperr error;
      ofp_port_t port;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_desc_stats_request(oh, &port);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " port=");
      ofputil_format_port(port, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_desc_reply(struct ds *string,
                                  const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      ofp_print_phy_ports(string, oh->version, &b);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_stats(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint16_t flags = ofpmp_flags(oh);
  
      if (flags) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " flags=");
          if ((!ofpmsg_is_stat_request(oh) || oh->version >= OFP13_VERSION)
              && (flags & OFPSF_REPLY_MORE)) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, "[more]");
              flags &= ~OFPSF_REPLY_MORE;
          }
          if (flags) {
              ds_put_format(string, "[***unknown flags 0x%04"PRIx16"***]",
                            flags);
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_echo(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh, int verbosity)
  {
      size_t len = ntohs(oh->length);
  
      ds_put_format(string, " %"PRIuSIZE" bytes of payload\n", len - sizeof *oh);
      if (verbosity > 1) {
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, oh + 1, len - sizeof *oh, 0, true);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_role_generic(struct ds *string, enum ofp12_controller_role role,
                         uint64_t generation_id)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, " role=");
  
      switch (role) {
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_NOCHANGE:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "nochange");
          break;
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_EQUAL:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "equal"); /* OF 1.2 wording */
          break;
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_MASTER:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "master");
          break;
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_SLAVE:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "slave");
          break;
      default:
          OVS_NOT_REACHED();
      }
  
      if (generation_id != UINT64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " generation_id=%"PRIu64, generation_id);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_role_message(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_role_request rr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_role_message(oh, &rr);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ofp_print_role_generic(string, rr.role, rr.have_generation_id ? rr.generation_id : UINT64_MAX);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_role_status_message(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_role_status rs;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_role_status(oh, &rs);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ofp_print_role_generic(string, rs.role, rs.generation_id);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " reason=");
  
      switch (rs.reason) {
      case OFPCRR_MASTER_REQUEST:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "master_request");
          break;
      case OFPCRR_CONFIG:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "configuration_changed");
          break;
      case OFPCRR_EXPERIMENTER:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "experimenter_data_changed");
          break;
      case OFPCRR_N_REASONS:
      default:
          OVS_NOT_REACHED();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_flow_mod_table_id(struct ds *string,
                                  const struct nx_flow_mod_table_id *nfmti)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " %s", nfmti->set ? "enable" : "disable");
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_flow_format(struct ds *string,
                                const struct nx_set_flow_format *nsff)
  {
      uint32_t format = ntohl(nsff->format);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " format=");
      if (ofputil_nx_flow_format_is_valid(format)) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ofputil_nx_flow_format_to_string(format));
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu32, format);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_packet_in_format(struct ds *string,
                                     const struct nx_set_packet_in_format *nspf)
  {
      uint32_t format = ntohl(nspf->format);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " format=");
      if (ofputil_packet_in_format_is_valid(format)) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ofputil_packet_in_format_to_string(format));
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu32, format);
      }
  }
  
  /* Returns a string form of 'reason'.  The return value is either a statically
   * allocated constant string or the 'bufsize'-byte buffer 'reasonbuf'.
   * 'bufsize' should be at least OFP_PORT_REASON_BUFSIZE. */
  #define OFP_PORT_REASON_BUFSIZE (INT_STRLEN(int) + 1)
  static const char *
  ofp_port_reason_to_string(enum ofp_port_reason reason,
                            char *reasonbuf, size_t bufsize)
  {
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPPR_ADD:
          return "add";
  
      case OFPPR_DELETE:
          return "delete";
  
      case OFPPR_MODIFY:
          return "modify";
  
      case OFPPR_N_REASONS:
      default:
          snprintf(reasonbuf, bufsize, "%d", (int) reason);
          return reasonbuf;
      }
  }
  
  /* Returns a string form of 'reason'.  The return value is either a statically
   * allocated constant string or the 'bufsize'-byte buffer 'reasonbuf'.
   * 'bufsize' should be at least OFP_ASYNC_CONFIG_REASON_BUFSIZE. */
  static const char*
  ofp_role_reason_to_string(enum ofp14_controller_role_reason reason,
                            char *reasonbuf, size_t bufsize)
  {
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPCRR_MASTER_REQUEST:
          return "master_request";
  
      case OFPCRR_CONFIG:
          return "configuration_changed";
  
      case OFPCRR_EXPERIMENTER:
          return "experimenter_data_changed";
  
      case OFPCRR_N_REASONS:
      default:
          snprintf(reasonbuf, bufsize, "%d", (int) reason);
          return reasonbuf;
      }
  }
  
  /* Returns a string form of 'reason'.  The return value is either a statically
   * allocated constant string or the 'bufsize'-byte buffer 'reasonbuf'.
   * 'bufsize' should be at least OFP_ASYNC_CONFIG_REASON_BUFSIZE. */
  static const char*
  ofp_table_reason_to_string(enum ofp14_table_reason reason,
                             char *reasonbuf, size_t bufsize)
  {
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPTR_VACANCY_DOWN:
          return "vacancy_down";
  
      case OFPTR_VACANCY_UP:
          return "vacancy_up";
  
      default:
          snprintf(reasonbuf, bufsize, "%d", (int) reason);
          return reasonbuf;
      }
  }
  
  /* Returns a string form of 'reason'.  The return value is either a statically
   * allocated constant string or the 'bufsize'-byte buffer 'reasonbuf'.
   * 'bufsize' should be at least OFP_ASYNC_CONFIG_REASON_BUFSIZE. */
  static const char*
  ofp_requestforward_reason_to_string(enum ofp14_requestforward_reason reason,
                                      char *reasonbuf, size_t bufsize)
  {
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPRFR_GROUP_MOD:
          return "group_mod_request";
  
      case OFPRFR_METER_MOD:
          return "meter_mod_request";
  
      case OFPRFR_N_REASONS:
      default:
          snprintf(reasonbuf, bufsize, "%d", (int) reason);
          return reasonbuf;
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofp_async_config_reason_to_string(uint32_t reason,
                                    enum ofputil_async_msg_type type,
                                    char *reasonbuf, size_t bufsize)
  {
      switch (type) {
      case OAM_PACKET_IN:
          return ofputil_packet_in_reason_to_string(reason, reasonbuf, bufsize);
  
      case OAM_PORT_STATUS:
          return ofp_port_reason_to_string(reason, reasonbuf, bufsize);
  
      case OAM_FLOW_REMOVED:
          return ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(reason, reasonbuf, bufsize);
  
      case OAM_ROLE_STATUS:
          return ofp_role_reason_to_string(reason, reasonbuf, bufsize);
  
      case OAM_TABLE_STATUS:
          return ofp_table_reason_to_string(reason, reasonbuf, bufsize);
  
      case OAM_REQUESTFORWARD:
          return ofp_requestforward_reason_to_string(reason, reasonbuf, bufsize);
  
      case OAM_N_TYPES:
      default:
          return "Unknown asynchronous configuration message type";
      }
  }
  
  
  #define OFP_ASYNC_CONFIG_REASON_BUFSIZE (INT_STRLEN(int) + 1)
  static void
  ofp_print_set_async_config(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                             enum ofptype type)
  {
      struct ofputil_async_cfg basis = OFPUTIL_ASYNC_CFG_INIT;
      struct ofputil_async_cfg ac;
  
      bool is_reply = type == OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REPLY;
      enum ofperr error = ofputil_decode_set_async_config(oh, is_reply,
                                                          &basis, &ac);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
          ds_put_format(string, "\n %s:\n", i == 0 ? "master" : "slave");
          for (uint32_t type = 0; type < OAM_N_TYPES; type++) {
              ds_put_format(string, "%16s:",
                            ofputil_async_msg_type_to_string(type));
  
              uint32_t role = i == 0 ? ac.master[type] : ac.slave[type];
              for (int j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
                  if (role & (1u << j)) {
                      char reasonbuf[OFP_ASYNC_CONFIG_REASON_BUFSIZE];
                      const char *reason;
  
                      reason = ofp_async_config_reason_to_string(
                          j, type, reasonbuf, sizeof reasonbuf);
                      if (reason[0]) {
                          ds_put_format(string, " %s", reason);
                      }
                  }
              }
              if (!role) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " (off)");
              }
              ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_controller_id(struct ds *string,
                                  const struct nx_controller_id *nci)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " id=%"PRIu16, ntohs(nci->controller_id));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_flow_monitor_cancel(struct ds *string,
                                    const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " id=%"PRIu32,
                    ofputil_decode_flow_monitor_cancel(oh));
  }
  
  static const char *
  nx_flow_monitor_flags_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum nx_flow_monitor_flags fmf = bit;
  
      switch (fmf) {
      case NXFMF_INITIAL: return "initial";
      case NXFMF_ADD: return "add";
      case NXFMF_DELETE: return "delete";
      case NXFMF_MODIFY: return "modify";
      case NXFMF_ACTIONS: return "actions";
      case NXFMF_OWN: return "own";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_request(struct ds *string,
                                      const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_flow_monitor_request request;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_flow_monitor_request(&request, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(string, retval);
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_format(string, "\n id=%"PRIu32" flags=", request.id);
          ofp_print_bit_names(string, request.flags,
                              nx_flow_monitor_flags_to_name, ',');
  
          if (request.out_port != OFPP_NONE) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, " out_port=");
              ofputil_format_port(request.out_port, string);
          }
  
          if (request.table_id != 0xff) {
              ds_put_format(string, " table=%"PRIu8, request.table_id);
          }
  
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
          match_format(&request.match, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
          ds_chomp(string, ' ');
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_reply(struct ds *string,
                                    const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint64_t ofpacts_stub[1024 / 8];
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts = OFPBUF_STUB_INITIALIZER(ofpacts_stub);
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
  
      for (;;) {
          char reasonbuf[OFP_FLOW_REMOVED_REASON_BUFSIZE];
          struct ofputil_flow_update update;
          struct match match;
          int retval;
  
          update.match = &match;
          retval = ofputil_decode_flow_update(&update, &b, &ofpacts);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(string, retval);
              }
              ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n event=");
          switch (update.event) {
          case NXFME_ADDED:
              ds_put_cstr(string, "ADDED");
              break;
  
          case NXFME_DELETED:
              ds_put_format(string, "DELETED reason=%s",
                            ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(update.reason,
                                                              reasonbuf,
                                                              sizeof reasonbuf));
              break;
  
          case NXFME_MODIFIED:
              ds_put_cstr(string, "MODIFIED");
              break;
  
          case NXFME_ABBREV:
              ds_put_format(string, "ABBREV xid=0x%"PRIx32, ntohl(update.xid));
              continue;
          }
  
          ds_put_format(string, " table=%"PRIu8, update.table_id);
          if (update.idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
              ds_put_format(string, " idle_timeout=%"PRIu16,
                            update.idle_timeout);
          }
          if (update.hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
              ds_put_format(string, " hard_timeout=%"PRIu16,
                            update.hard_timeout);
          }
          ds_put_format(string, " cookie=%#"PRIx64, ntohll(update.cookie));
  
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
          match_format(update.match, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
  
          if (update.ofpacts_len) {
              if (string->string[string->length - 1] != ' ') {
                  ds_put_char(string, ' ');
              }
              ds_put_cstr(string, "actions=");
              ofpacts_format(update.ofpacts, update.ofpacts_len, string);
          }
      }
  }
  
  void
  ofp_print_version(const struct ofp_header *oh,
                    struct ds *string)
  {
      switch (oh->version) {
      case OFP10_VERSION:
          break;
      case OFP11_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.1)");
          break;
      case OFP12_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.2)");
          break;
      case OFP13_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.3)");
          break;
      case OFP14_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.4)");
          break;
      case OFP15_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.5)");
          break;
      case OFP16_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.6)");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(string, " (OF 0x%02"PRIx8")", oh->version);
          break;
      }
      ds_put_format(string, " (xid=0x%"PRIx32"):", ntohl(oh->xid));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_header_to_string__(const struct ofp_header *oh, enum ofpraw raw,
                         struct ds *string)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, ofpraw_get_name(raw));
      ofp_print_version(oh, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_bucket_id(struct ds *s, const char *label, uint32_t bucket_id,
                      enum ofp_version ofp_version)
  {
      if (ofp_version < OFP15_VERSION) {
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, label);
  
      switch (bucket_id) {
      case OFPG15_BUCKET_FIRST:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "first");
          break;
      case OFPG15_BUCKET_LAST:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "last");
          break;
      case OFPG15_BUCKET_ALL:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "all");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "%"PRIu32, bucket_id);
          break;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ',');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group(struct ds *s, uint32_t group_id, uint8_t type,
                  const struct ovs_list *p_buckets,
                  const struct ofputil_group_props *props,
                  enum ofp_version ofp_version, bool suppress_type)
  {
      struct ofputil_bucket *bucket;
  
      ds_put_format(s, "group_id=%"PRIu32, group_id);
  
      if (!suppress_type) {
          static const char *type_str[] = { "all", "select", "indirect",
                                            "ff", "unknown" };
          ds_put_format(s, ",type=%s", type_str[type > 4 ? 4 : type]);
      }
  
      if (props->selection_method[0]) {
          ds_put_format(s, ",selection_method=%s", props->selection_method);
          if (props->selection_method_param) {
              ds_put_format(s, ",selection_method_param=%"PRIu64,
                            props->selection_method_param);
          }
  
          size_t n = bitmap_count1(props->fields.used.bm, MFF_N_IDS);
          if (n == 1) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, ",fields=");
              oxm_format_field_array(s, &props->fields);
          } else if (n > 1) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, ",fields(");
              oxm_format_field_array(s, &props->fields);
              ds_put_char(s, ')');
          }
      }
  
      if (!p_buckets) {
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ',');
  
      LIST_FOR_EACH (bucket, list_node, p_buckets) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "bucket=");
  
          ofp_print_bucket_id(s, "bucket_id:", bucket->bucket_id, ofp_version);
          if (bucket->weight != (type == OFPGT11_SELECT ? 1 : 0)) {
              ds_put_format(s, "weight:%"PRIu16",", bucket->weight);
          }
          if (bucket->watch_port != OFPP_NONE) {
              ds_put_format(s, "watch_port:%"PRIu32",", bucket->watch_port);
          }
          if (bucket->watch_group != OFPG_ANY) {
              ds_put_format(s, "watch_group:%"PRIu32",", bucket->watch_group);
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(s, "actions=");
          ofpacts_format(bucket->ofpacts, bucket->ofpacts_len, s);
          ds_put_char(s, ',');
      }
  
      ds_chomp(s, ',');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_group_desc_request(struct ds *string,
                                     const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint32_t group_id = ofputil_decode_group_desc_request(oh);
      ds_put_cstr(string, " group_id=");
      ofputil_format_group(group_id, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_desc(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_group_desc gd;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_group_desc_reply(&gd, &b, oh->version);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(s, " ***parse error***");
              }
              break;
          }
  
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
          ofp_print_group(s, gd.group_id, gd.type, &gd.buckets, &gd.props,
                          oh->version, false);
          ofputil_uninit_group_desc(&gd);
       }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_group_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      enum ofperr error;
      uint32_t group_id;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_group_stats_request(oh, &group_id);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " group_id=");
      ofputil_format_group(group_id, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_stats(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_group_stats gs;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_group_stats_reply(&b, &gs);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(s, " ***parse error***");
              }
              break;
          }
  
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
          ds_put_format(s, "group_id=%"PRIu32",", gs.group_id);
  
          if (gs.duration_sec != UINT32_MAX) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "duration=");
              ofp_print_duration(s, gs.duration_sec, gs.duration_nsec);
              ds_put_char(s, ',');
          }
          ds_put_format(s, "ref_count=%"PRIu32",", gs.ref_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "packet_count=%"PRIu64",", gs.packet_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "byte_count=%"PRIu64"", gs.byte_count);
  
          for (uint32_t bucket_i = 0; bucket_i < gs.n_buckets; bucket_i++) {
              if (gs.bucket_stats[bucket_i].packet_count != UINT64_MAX) {
                  ds_put_format(s, ",bucket%"PRIu32":", bucket_i);
                  ds_put_format(s, "packet_count=%"PRIu64",", gs.bucket_stats[bucket_i].packet_count);
                  ds_put_format(s, "byte_count=%"PRIu64"", gs.bucket_stats[bucket_i].byte_count);
              }
          }
  
          free(gs.bucket_stats);
       }
  }
  
  static const char *
  group_type_to_string(enum ofp11_group_type type)
  {
      switch (type) {
      case OFPGT11_ALL: return "all";
      case OFPGT11_SELECT: return "select";
      case OFPGT11_INDIRECT: return "indirect";
      case OFPGT11_FF: return "fast failover";
      default: OVS_NOT_REACHED();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_features(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_group_features features;
      int i;
  
      ofputil_decode_group_features_reply(oh, &features);
  
      ds_put_format(string, "\n Group table:\n");
      ds_put_format(string, "    Types:  0x%"PRIx32"\n", features.types);
      ds_put_format(string, "    Capabilities:  0x%"PRIx32"\n",
                    features.capabilities);
  
      for (i = 0; i < OFPGT12_N_TYPES; i++) {
          if (features.types & (1u << i)) {
              ds_put_format(string, "    %s group:\n", group_type_to_string(i));
              ds_put_format(string, "       max_groups=%#"PRIx32"\n",
                            features.max_groups[i]);
              ds_put_format(string, "       actions: ");
              ofpact_bitmap_format(features.ofpacts[i], string);
              ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_mod__(struct ds *s, enum ofp_version ofp_version,
                        const struct ofputil_group_mod *gm)
  {
      bool bucket_command = false;
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      switch (gm->command) {
      case OFPGC11_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD");
          break;
  
      case OFPGC11_MODIFY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD");
          break;
  
      case OFPGC11_ADD_OR_MOD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD_OR_MOD");
          break;
  
      case OFPGC11_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL");
          break;
  
      case OFPGC15_INSERT_BUCKET:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "INSERT_BUCKET");
          bucket_command = true;
          break;
  
      case OFPGC15_REMOVE_BUCKET:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "REMOVE_BUCKET");
          bucket_command = true;
          break;
  
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "cmd:%"PRIu16"", gm->command);
      }
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
  
      if (bucket_command) {
          ofp_print_bucket_id(s, "command_bucket_id:",
                              gm->command_bucket_id, ofp_version);
      }
  
      ofp_print_group(s, gm->group_id, gm->type, &gm->buckets, &gm->props,
                      ofp_version, bucket_command);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_group_mod gm;
      int error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_group_mod(oh, &gm);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
      ofp_print_group_mod__(s, oh->version, &gm);
      ofputil_uninit_group_mod(&gm);
  }
  
  static void
  print_table_action_features(struct ds *s,
                              const struct ofputil_table_action_features *taf)
  {
      if (taf->ofpacts) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "        actions: ");
          ofpact_bitmap_format(taf->ofpacts, s);
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      }
  
      if (!bitmap_is_all_zeros(taf->set_fields.bm, MFF_N_IDS)) {
          int i;
  
          ds_put_cstr(s, "        supported on Set-Field:");
          BITMAP_FOR_EACH_1 (i, MFF_N_IDS, taf->set_fields.bm) {
              ds_put_format(s, " %s", mf_from_id(i)->name);
          }
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      }
  }
  
  static bool
  table_action_features_equal(const struct ofputil_table_action_features *a,
                              const struct ofputil_table_action_features *b)
  {
      return (a->ofpacts == b->ofpacts
              && bitmap_equal(a->set_fields.bm, b->set_fields.bm, MFF_N_IDS));
  }
  
  static bool
  table_action_features_empty(const struct ofputil_table_action_features *taf)
  {
      return !taf->ofpacts && bitmap_is_all_zeros(taf->set_fields.bm, MFF_N_IDS);
  }
  
  static void
  print_table_instruction_features(
      struct ds *s,
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *tif,
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *prev_tif)
  {
      int start, end;
  
      if (!bitmap_is_all_zeros(tif->next, 255)) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "      next tables: ");
          for (start = bitmap_scan(tif->next, 1, 0, 255); start < 255;
               start = bitmap_scan(tif->next, 1, end, 255)) {
              end = bitmap_scan(tif->next, 0, start + 1, 255);
              if (end == start + 1) {
                  ds_put_format(s, "%d,", start);
              } else {
                  ds_put_format(s, "%d-%d,", start, end - 1);
              }
          }
          ds_chomp(s, ',');
          if (ds_last(s) == ' ') {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "none");
          }
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      }
  
      if (tif->instructions) {
          if (prev_tif && tif->instructions == prev_tif->instructions) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "      (same instructions)\n");
          } else {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "      instructions: ");
              int i;
  
              for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
                  if (tif->instructions & (1u << i)) {
                      ds_put_format(s, "%s,", ovs_instruction_name_from_type(i));
                  }
              }
              ds_chomp(s, ',');
              ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          }
      }
  
      if (prev_tif
          && table_action_features_equal(&tif->write, &prev_tif->write)
          && table_action_features_equal(&tif->apply, &prev_tif->apply)
          && !bitmap_is_all_zeros(tif->write.set_fields.bm, MFF_N_IDS)) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "      (same actions)\n");
      } else if (!table_action_features_equal(&tif->write, &tif->apply)) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "      Write-Actions features:\n");
          print_table_action_features(s, &tif->write);
          ds_put_cstr(s, "      Apply-Actions features:\n");
          print_table_action_features(s, &tif->apply);
      } else if (tif->write.ofpacts
                 || !bitmap_is_all_zeros(tif->write.set_fields.bm, MFF_N_IDS)) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "      Write-Actions and Apply-Actions features:\n");
          print_table_action_features(s, &tif->write);
      }
  }
  
  static bool
  table_instruction_features_equal(
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *a,
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *b)
  {
      return (bitmap_equal(a->next, b->next, 255)
              && a->instructions == b->instructions
              && table_action_features_equal(&a->write, &b->write)
              && table_action_features_equal(&a->apply, &b->apply));
  }
  
  static bool
  table_instruction_features_empty(
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *tif)
  {
      return (bitmap_is_all_zeros(tif->next, 255)
              && !tif->instructions
              && table_action_features_empty(&tif->write)
              && table_action_features_empty(&tif->apply));
  }
  
  static bool
  table_features_equal(const struct ofputil_table_features *a,
                       const struct ofputil_table_features *b)
  {
      return (a->metadata_match == b->metadata_match
              && a->metadata_write == b->metadata_write
              && a->miss_config == b->miss_config
              && a->supports_eviction == b->supports_eviction
              && a->supports_vacancy_events == b->supports_vacancy_events
              && a->max_entries == b->max_entries
              && table_instruction_features_equal(&a->nonmiss, &b->nonmiss)
              && table_instruction_features_equal(&a->miss, &b->miss)
              && bitmap_equal(a->match.bm, b->match.bm, MFF_N_IDS));
  }
  
  static bool
  table_features_empty(const struct ofputil_table_features *tf)
  {
      return (!tf->metadata_match
              && !tf->metadata_write
              && tf->miss_config == OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_DEFAULT
              && tf->supports_eviction < 0
              && tf->supports_vacancy_events < 0
              && !tf->max_entries
              && table_instruction_features_empty(&tf->nonmiss)
              && table_instruction_features_empty(&tf->miss)
              && bitmap_is_all_zeros(tf->match.bm, MFF_N_IDS));
  }
  
  static bool
  table_stats_equal(const struct ofputil_table_stats *a,
                    const struct ofputil_table_stats *b)
  {
      return (a->active_count == b->active_count
              && a->lookup_count == b->lookup_count
              && a->matched_count == b->matched_count);
  }
  
  void
  ofp_print_table_features(struct ds *s,
                           const struct ofputil_table_features *features,
                           const struct ofputil_table_features *prev_features,
                           const struct ofputil_table_stats *stats,
                           const struct ofputil_table_stats *prev_stats)
  {
      int i;
  
      ds_put_format(s, "  table %"PRIu8, features->table_id);
      if (features->name[0]) {
          ds_put_format(s, " (\"%s\")", features->name);
      }
      ds_put_char(s, ':');
  
      bool same_stats = prev_stats && table_stats_equal(stats, prev_stats);
      bool same_features = prev_features && table_features_equal(features,
                                                                 prev_features);
      if ((!stats || same_stats) && same_features) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, " ditto");
          return;
      }
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      if (stats) {
          ds_put_format(s, "    active=%"PRIu32", ", stats->active_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "lookup=%"PRIu64", ", stats->lookup_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "matched=%"PRIu64"\n", stats->matched_count);
      }
      if (same_features) {
          if (!table_features_empty(features)) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "    (same features)\n");
          }
          return;
      }
      if (features->metadata_match || features->metadata_write) {
          ds_put_format(s, "    metadata: match=%#"PRIx64" write=%#"PRIx64"\n",
                        ntohll(features->metadata_match),
                        ntohll(features->metadata_write));
      }
  
      if (features->miss_config != OFPUTIL_TABLE_MISS_DEFAULT) {
          ds_put_format(s, "    config=%s\n",
                        ofputil_table_miss_to_string(features->miss_config));
      }
  
      if (features->supports_eviction >= 0) {
          ds_put_format(s, "    eviction: %ssupported\n",
                        features->supports_eviction ? "" : "not ");
  
      }
      if (features->supports_vacancy_events >= 0) {
          ds_put_format(s, "    vacancy events: %ssupported\n",
                        features->supports_vacancy_events ? "" : "not ");
  
      }
  
      if (features->max_entries) {
          ds_put_format(s, "    max_entries=%"PRIu32"\n", features->max_entries);
      }
  
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *prev_nonmiss
          = prev_features ? &prev_features->nonmiss : NULL;
      const struct ofputil_table_instruction_features *prev_miss
          = prev_features ? &prev_features->miss : NULL;
      if (prev_features
          && table_instruction_features_equal(&features->nonmiss, prev_nonmiss)
          && table_instruction_features_equal(&features->miss, prev_miss)) {
          if (!table_instruction_features_empty(&features->nonmiss)) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "    (same instructions)\n");
          }
      } else if (!table_instruction_features_equal(&features->nonmiss,
                                                   &features->miss)) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "    instructions (other than table miss):\n");
          print_table_instruction_features(s, &features->nonmiss, prev_nonmiss);
          ds_put_cstr(s, "    instructions (table miss):\n");
          print_table_instruction_features(s, &features->miss, prev_miss);
      } else if (!table_instruction_features_empty(&features->nonmiss)) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "    instructions (table miss and others):\n");
          print_table_instruction_features(s, &features->nonmiss, prev_nonmiss);
      }
  
      if (!bitmap_is_all_zeros(features->match.bm, MFF_N_IDS)) {
          if (prev_features
              && bitmap_equal(features->match.bm, prev_features->match.bm,
                              MFF_N_IDS)) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "    (same matching)\n");
          } else {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "    matching:\n");
              BITMAP_FOR_EACH_1 (i, MFF_N_IDS, features->match.bm) {
                  const struct mf_field *f = mf_from_id(i);
                  bool mask = bitmap_is_set(features->mask.bm, i);
                  bool wildcard = bitmap_is_set(features->wildcard.bm, i);
  
                  ds_put_format(s, "      %s: %s\n",
                                f->name,
                                (mask ? "arbitrary mask"
                                 : wildcard ? "exact match or wildcard"
                                 : "must exact match"));
              }
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_table_features_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
  
      struct ofputil_table_features prev;
      for (int i = 0; ; i++) {
          struct ofputil_table_features tf;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_table_features(&b, &tf, true);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(s, retval);
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ofp_print_table_features(s, &tf, i ? &prev : NULL, NULL, NULL);
          prev = tf;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_table_desc_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_table_desc td;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_table_desc(&b, &td, oh->version);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(s, retval);
              }
              return;
          }
          ofp_print_table_desc(s, &td);
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  bundle_flags_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      switch (bit) {
      case OFPBF_ATOMIC:
          return "atomic";
      case OFPBF_ORDERED:
          return "ordered";
      default:
          return NULL;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_bundle_ctrl(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      int error;
      struct ofputil_bundle_ctrl_msg bctrl;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_bundle_ctrl(oh, &bctrl);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      ds_put_format(s, " bundle_id=%#"PRIx32" type=",  bctrl.bundle_id);
      switch (bctrl.type) {
      case OFPBCT_OPEN_REQUEST:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "OPEN_REQUEST");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_OPEN_REPLY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "OPEN_REPLY");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_CLOSE_REQUEST:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "CLOSE_REQUEST");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_CLOSE_REPLY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "CLOSE_REPLY");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_COMMIT_REQUEST:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "COMMIT_REQUEST");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_COMMIT_REPLY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "COMMIT_REPLY");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_DISCARD_REQUEST:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DISCARD_REQUEST");
          break;
      case OFPBCT_DISCARD_REPLY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DISCARD_REPLY");
          break;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, " flags=");
      ofp_print_bit_names(s, bctrl.flags, bundle_flags_to_name, ' ');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_bundle_add(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh, int verbosity)
  {
      int error;
      struct ofputil_bundle_add_msg badd;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_bundle_add(oh, &badd, NULL);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      ds_put_format(s, " bundle_id=%#"PRIx32,  badd.bundle_id);
      ds_put_cstr(s, " flags=");
      ofp_print_bit_names(s, badd.flags, bundle_flags_to_name, ' ');
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      char *msg = ofp_to_string(badd.msg, ntohs(badd.msg->length), verbosity);
      ds_put_and_free_cstr(s, msg);
  }
  
  static void
  print_tlv_table(struct ds *s, struct ovs_list *mappings)
  {
      struct ofputil_tlv_map *map;
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, " mapping table:\n");
      ds_put_cstr(s, " class\ttype\tlength\tmatch field\n");
      ds_put_cstr(s, " -----\t----\t------\t-----------");
  
      LIST_FOR_EACH (map, list_node, mappings) {
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ds_put_format(s, " 0x%"PRIx16"\t0x%"PRIx8"\t%"PRIu8"\ttun_metadata%"PRIu16,
                        map->option_class, map->option_type, map->option_len,
                        map->index);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_tlv_table_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      int error;
      struct ofputil_tlv_table_mod ttm;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_tlv_table_mod(oh, &ttm);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(s, "\n ");
  
      switch (ttm.command) {
      case NXTTMC_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD");
          break;
      case NXTTMC_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL");
          break;
      case NXTTMC_CLEAR:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "CLEAR");
          break;
      }
  
      if (ttm.command != NXTTMC_CLEAR) {
          print_tlv_table(s, &ttm.mappings);
      }
  
      ofputil_uninit_tlv_table(&ttm.mappings);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_tlv_table_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      int error;
      struct ofputil_tlv_table_reply ttr;
      struct ofputil_tlv_map *map;
      int allocated_space = 0;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_tlv_table_reply(oh, &ttr);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      LIST_FOR_EACH (map, list_node, &ttr.mappings) {
          allocated_space += map->option_len;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(s, " max option space=%"PRIu32" max fields=%"PRIu16"\n",
                    ttr.max_option_space, ttr.max_fields);
      ds_put_format(s, " allocated option space=%d\n", allocated_space);
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      print_tlv_table(s, &ttr.mappings);
  
      ofputil_uninit_tlv_table(&ttr.mappings);
  }
  
  /* This function will print the request forward message. The reason for
   * request forward is taken from rf.request.type */
  static void
  ofp_print_requestforward(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_requestforward rf;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_requestforward(oh, &rf);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " reason=");
  
      switch (rf.reason) {
      case OFPRFR_GROUP_MOD:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "group_mod");
          ofp_print_group_mod__(string, oh->version, rf.group_mod);
          break;
  
      case OFPRFR_METER_MOD:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "meter_mod");
          ofp_print_meter_mod__(string, rf.meter_mod);
          break;
  
      case OFPRFR_N_REASONS:
          OVS_NOT_REACHED();
      }
      ofputil_destroy_requestforward(&rf);
  }
  
  static void
  print_ipfix_stat(struct ds *string, const char *leader, uint64_t stat, int more)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (stat != UINT64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu64, stat);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '?');
      }
      if (more) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ", ");
      } else {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxst_ipfix_bridge_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_ipfix_stats is;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_pull_ipfix_stats(&is, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n  bridge ipfix: ");
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "flows=", is.total_flows, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "current flows=", is.current_flows, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "sampled pkts=", is.pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv4 ok=", is.ipv4_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv6 ok=", is.ipv6_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "tx pkts=", is.tx_pkts, 0);
          ds_put_cstr(string, "                ");
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "pkts errs=", is.error_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv4 errs=", is.ipv4_error_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv6 errs=", is.ipv6_error_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "tx errs=", is.tx_errors, 0);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxst_ipfix_flow_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " %"PRIuSIZE" ids\n", ofputil_count_ipfix_stats(oh));
  
      struct ofpbuf b = ofpbuf_const_initializer(oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_ipfix_stats is;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_pull_ipfix_stats(&is, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "  id");
          ds_put_format(string, " %3"PRIuSIZE": ", (size_t) is.collector_set_id);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "flows=", is.total_flows, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "current flows=", is.current_flows, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "sampled pkts=", is.pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv4 ok=", is.ipv4_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv6 ok=", is.ipv6_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "tx pkts=", is.tx_pkts, 0);
          ds_put_cstr(string, "          ");
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "pkts errs=", is.error_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv4 errs=", is.ipv4_error_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "ipv6 errs=", is.ipv6_error_pkts, 1);
          print_ipfix_stat(string, "tx errs=", is.tx_errors, 0);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_ct_flush_zone(struct ds *string, const struct nx_zone_id *nzi)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " zone_id=%"PRIu16, ntohs(nzi->zone_id));
  }
  
  
  static void
  ofp_to_string__(const struct ofp_header *oh, enum ofpraw raw,
                  struct ds *string, int verbosity)
  {
      const void *msg = oh;
  
      ofp_header_to_string__(oh, raw, string);
  
      enum ofptype type = ofptype_from_ofpraw(raw);
      switch (type) {
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_group_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_group_stats(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_DESC_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_group_desc_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_DESC_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_group_desc(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_FEATURES_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_FEATURES_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_group_features(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_MOD:
          ofp_print_group_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_STATS_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_table_features_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_DESC_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_DESC_REPLY:
          ofp_print_table_desc_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_HELLO:
          ofp_print_hello(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_ERROR:
          ofp_print_error_msg(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_ECHO_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_ECHO_REPLY:
          ofp_print_echo(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FEATURES_REQUEST:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FEATURES_REPLY:
          ofp_print_switch_features(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GET_CONFIG_REPLY:
          ofp_print_get_config_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_CONFIG:
          ofp_print_set_config(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PACKET_IN:
          ofp_print_packet_in(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_REMOVED:
          ofp_print_flow_removed(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_STATUS:
          ofp_print_port_status(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PACKET_OUT:
          ofp_print_packet_out(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MOD:
          ofp_print_flow_mod(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_MOD:
          ofp_print_port_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_MOD:
          ofp_print_table_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_MOD:
          ofp_print_meter_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_BARRIER_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_BARRIER_REPLY:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_queue_get_config_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_GET_CONFIG_REPLY:
          ofp_print_queue_get_config_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_ROLE_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_ROLE_REPLY:
          ofp_print_role_message(string, oh);
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_ROLE_STATUS:
          ofp_print_role_status_message(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_REQUESTFORWARD:
          ofp_print_requestforward(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_STATUS:
          ofp_print_table_status_message(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_STATS_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_CONFIG_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_meter_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_meter_stats_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_CONFIG_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_meter_config_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_FEATURES_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_meter_features_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_DESC_STATS_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_FEATURES_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_STATS_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_AGGREGATE_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_flow_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_queue_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_DESC_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_desc_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_flow_stats_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_queue_reply(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_reply(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_table_stats_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_AGGREGATE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_aggregate_stats_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_DESC_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_desc_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_DESC_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_desc_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID:
          ofp_print_nxt_flow_mod_table_id(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_FLOW_FORMAT:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_flow_format(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_PACKET_IN_FORMAT:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_packet_in_format(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_AGE:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_CONTROLLER_ID:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_controller_id(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_SET_ASYNC_CONFIG:
          ofp_print_set_async_config(string, oh, type);
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REQUEST:
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_CANCEL:
          ofp_print_nxt_flow_monitor_cancel(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_PAUSED:
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_RESUMED:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_request(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_reply(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_BUNDLE_CONTROL:
          ofp_print_bundle_ctrl(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_BUNDLE_ADD_MESSAGE:
          ofp_print_bundle_add(string, msg, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_NXT_TLV_TABLE_MOD:
          ofp_print_tlv_table_mod(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_NXT_TLV_TABLE_REQUEST:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_NXT_TLV_TABLE_REPLY:
          ofp_print_tlv_table_reply(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_NXT_RESUME:
          ofp_print_packet_in(string, msg, verbosity);
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_IPFIX_BRIDGE_STATS_REQUEST:
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_IPFIX_BRIDGE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_nxst_ipfix_bridge_reply(string, oh);
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_IPFIX_FLOW_STATS_REQUEST:
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_IPFIX_FLOW_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_nxst_ipfix_flow_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_CT_FLUSH_ZONE:
          ofp_print_nxt_ct_flush_zone(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
      }
  }
  
  /* Composes and returns a string representing the OpenFlow packet of 'len'
   * bytes at 'oh' at the given 'verbosity' level.  0 is a minimal amount of
   * verbosity and higher numbers increase verbosity.  The caller is responsible
   * for freeing the string. */
  char *
  ofp_to_string(const void *oh_, size_t len, int verbosity)
  {
      struct ds string = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      const struct ofp_header *oh = oh_;
  
      if (!len) {
          ds_put_cstr(&string, "OpenFlow message is empty\n");
      } else if (len < sizeof(struct ofp_header)) {
          ds_put_format(&string, "OpenFlow packet too short (only %"PRIuSIZE" bytes):\n",
                        len);
      } else if (ntohs(oh->length) > len) {
          enum ofperr error;
          enum ofpraw raw;
  
          error = ofpraw_decode_partial(&raw, oh, len);
          if (!error) {
              ofp_header_to_string__(oh, raw, &string);
              ds_put_char(&string, '\n');
          }
  
          ds_put_format(&string,
                        "(***truncated to %"PRIuSIZE" bytes from %"PRIu16"***)\n",
                        len, ntohs(oh->length));
      } else if (ntohs(oh->length) < len) {
          ds_put_format(&string,
                        "(***only uses %"PRIu16" bytes out of %"PRIuSIZE"***)\n",
                        ntohs(oh->length), len);
      } else {
          enum ofperr error;
          enum ofpraw raw;
  
          error = ofpraw_decode(&raw, oh);
          if (!error) {
              ofp_to_string__(oh, raw, &string, verbosity);
              if (verbosity >= 5) {
                  if (ds_last(&string) != '\n') {
                      ds_put_char(&string, '\n');
                  }
                  ds_put_hex_dump(&string, oh, len, 0, true);
              }
              if (ds_last(&string) != '\n') {
                  ds_put_char(&string, '\n');
              }
              return ds_steal_cstr(&string);
          }
  
          ofp_print_error(&string, error);
      }
      ds_put_hex_dump(&string, oh, len, 0, true);
      return ds_steal_cstr(&string);
  }
  
  static void
  print_and_free(FILE *stream, char *string)
  {
      fputs(string, stream);
      free(string);
  }
  
  /* Pretty-print the OpenFlow packet of 'len' bytes at 'oh' to 'stream' at the
   * given 'verbosity' level.  0 is a minimal amount of verbosity and higher
   * numbers increase verbosity. */
  void
  ofp_print(FILE *stream, const void *oh, size_t len, int verbosity)
  {
      print_and_free(stream, ofp_to_string(oh, len, verbosity));
  }
  
  /* Dumps the contents of the Ethernet frame in the 'len' bytes starting at
   * 'data' to 'stream'. */
  void
  ofp_print_packet(FILE *stream, const void *data, size_t len)
  {
      print_and_free(stream, ofp_packet_to_string(data, len));
  }
  