text: // Copyright(c) 2018-2019, NVIDIA CORPORATION. All rights reserved.
  //
  // Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  // you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  // You may obtain a copy of the License at
  //
  //     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  //
  // Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  // distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  // WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  // See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  // limitations under the License.
  //
  // VulkanHpp Samples : 06_InitDepthBuffer
  //                     Initialize a depth buffer
  
  #include "../utils/utils.hpp"
  #include "vulkan/vulkan.hpp"
  
  #include <iostream>
  
  static char const * AppName    = "06_InitDepthBuffer";
  static char const * EngineName = "Vulkan.hpp";
  
  int main( int /*argc*/, char ** /*argv*/ )
  {
    try
    {
      vk::Instance instance = vk::su::createInstance( AppName, EngineName, {}, vk::su::getInstanceExtensions() );
  #if !defined( NDEBUG )
      vk::DebugUtilsMessengerEXT debugUtilsMessenger =
        instance.createDebugUtilsMessengerEXT( vk::su::makeDebugUtilsMessengerCreateInfoEXT() );
  #endif
  
      vk::PhysicalDevice physicalDevice = instance.enumeratePhysicalDevices().front();
  
      vk::su::SurfaceData surfaceData( instance, AppName, vk::Extent2D( 500, 500 ) );
  
      std::pair<uint32_t, uint32_t> graphicsAndPresentQueueFamilyIndex =
        vk::su::findGraphicsAndPresentQueueFamilyIndex( physicalDevice, surfaceData.surface );
      vk::Device device =
        vk::su::createDevice( physicalDevice, graphicsAndPresentQueueFamilyIndex.first, vk::su::getDeviceExtensions() );
  
      /* VULKAN_HPP_KEY_START */
  
      const vk::Format     depthFormat      = vk::Format::eD16Unorm;
      vk::FormatProperties formatProperties = physicalDevice.getFormatProperties( depthFormat );
  
      vk::ImageTiling tiling;
      if ( formatProperties.linearTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment )
      {
        tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eLinear;
      }
      else if ( formatProperties.optimalTilingFeatures & vk::FormatFeatureFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment )
      {
        tiling = vk::ImageTiling::eOptimal;
      }
      else
      {
        throw std::runtime_error( "DepthStencilAttachment is not supported for D16Unorm depth format." );
      }
      vk::ImageCreateInfo imageCreateInfo( vk::ImageCreateFlags(),
                                           vk::ImageType::e2D,
                                           depthFormat,
                                           vk::Extent3D( surfaceData.extent, 1 ),
                                           1,
                                           1,
                                           vk::SampleCountFlagBits::e1,
                                           tiling,
                                           vk::ImageUsageFlagBits::eDepthStencilAttachment );
      vk::Image           depthImage = device.createImage( imageCreateInfo );
  
      vk::PhysicalDeviceMemoryProperties memoryProperties   = physicalDevice.getMemoryProperties();
      vk::MemoryRequirements             memoryRequirements = device.getImageMemoryRequirements( depthImage );
      uint32_t                           typeBits           = memoryRequirements.memoryTypeBits;
      uint32_t                           typeIndex          = uint32_t( ~0 );
      for ( uint32_t i = 0; i < memoryProperties.memoryTypeCount; i++ )
      {
        if ( ( typeBits & 1 ) &&
             ( ( memoryProperties.memoryTypes[i].propertyFlags & vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal ) ==
               vk::MemoryPropertyFlagBits::eDeviceLocal ) )
        {
          typeIndex = i;
          break;
        }
        typeBits >>= 1;
      }
      assert( typeIndex != uint32_t( ~0 ) );
      vk::DeviceMemory depthMemory =
        device.allocateMemory( vk::MemoryAllocateInfo( memoryRequirements.size, typeIndex ) );
  
      device.bindImageMemory( depthImage, depthMemory, 0 );
  
      vk::ComponentMapping componentMapping(
        vk::ComponentSwizzle::eR, vk::ComponentSwizzle::eG, vk::ComponentSwizzle::eB, vk::ComponentSwizzle::eA );
      vk::ImageSubresourceRange subResourceRange( vk::ImageAspectFlagBits::eDepth, 0, 1, 0, 1 );
      vk::ImageView             depthView = device.createImageView( vk::ImageViewCreateInfo( vk::ImageViewCreateFlags(),
                                                                                 depthImage,
                                                                                 vk::ImageViewType::e2D,
                                                                                 depthFormat,
                                                                                 componentMapping,
                                                                                 subResourceRange ) );
  
      // destroy depthView, depthMemory, and depthImage
      device.destroyImageView( depthView );
      device.freeMemory( depthMemory );
      device.destroyImage( depthImage );
  
      /* VULKAN_HPP_KEY_END */
  
      device.destroy();
      instance.destroySurfaceKHR( surfaceData.surface );
      instance.destroyDebugUtilsMessengerEXT( debugUtilsMessenger );
      instance.destroy();
    }
    catch ( vk::SystemError & err )
    {
      std::cout << "vk::SystemError: " << err.what() << std::endl;
      exit( -1 );
    }
    catch ( std::exception & err )
    {
      std::cout << "std::exception: " << err.what() << std::endl;
      exit( -1 );
    }
    catch ( ... )
    {
      std::cout << "unknown error\n";
      exit( -1 );
    }
    return 0;
  }
  