text: # Copyright 2016 The TensorFlow Authors. All Rights Reserved.
  #
  # Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
  # you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
  # You may obtain a copy of the License at
  #
  #     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  # ==============================================================================
  """Provides utilities to preprocess images.
  
  Training images are sampled using the provided bounding boxes, and subsequently
  cropped to the sampled bounding box. Images are additionally flipped randomly,
  then resized to the target output size (without aspect-ratio preservation).
  
  Images used during evaluation are resized (with aspect-ratio preservation) and
  centrally cropped.
  
  All images undergo mean color subtraction.
  
  Note that these steps are colloquially referred to as "ResNet preprocessing,"
  and they differ from "VGG preprocessing," which does not use bounding boxes
  and instead does an aspect-preserving resize followed by random crop during
  training. (These both differ from "Inception preprocessing," which introduces
  color distortion steps.)
  
  """
  
  from __future__ import absolute_import
  from __future__ import division
  from __future__ import print_function
  
  import os
  from absl import logging
  import tensorflow as tf
  
  from official.vision.image_classification import shuffle_filenames
  
  DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE = 224
  NUM_CHANNELS = 3
  NUM_CLASSES = 1001
  
  NUM_IMAGES = {
      'train': 1281167,
      'validation': 50000,
  }
  
  _NUM_TRAIN_FILES = 1024
  _NUM_VAL_FILES = 128
  _SHUFFLE_BUFFER = 10000
  
  _R_MEAN = 123.68
  _G_MEAN = 116.78
  _B_MEAN = 103.94
  CHANNEL_MEANS = [_R_MEAN, _G_MEAN, _B_MEAN]
  
  # The lower bound for the smallest side of the image for aspect-preserving
  # resizing. For example, if an image is 500 x 1000, it will be resized to
  # _RESIZE_MIN x (_RESIZE_MIN * 2).
  _RESIZE_MIN = 256
  
  def process_record_dataset(dataset,
                             is_training,
                             batch_size,
                             shuffle_buffer,
                             parse_record_fn,
                             num_epochs=1,
                             dtype=tf.float32,
                             datasets_num_private_threads=None,
                             drop_remainder=False,
                             tf_data_experimental_slack=False):
    """Given a Dataset with raw records, return an iterator over the records.
  
    Args:
      dataset: A Dataset representing raw records
      is_training: A boolean denoting whether the input is for training.
      batch_size: The number of samples per batch.
      shuffle_buffer: The buffer size to use when shuffling records. A larger
        value results in better randomness, but smaller values reduce startup
        time and use less memory.
      parse_record_fn: A function that takes a raw record and returns the
        corresponding (image, label) pair.
      num_epochs: The number of epochs to repeat the dataset.
      dtype: Data type to use for images/features.
      datasets_num_private_threads: Number of threads for a private
        threadpool created for all datasets computation.
      drop_remainder: A boolean indicates whether to drop the remainder of the
        batches. If True, the batch dimension will be static.
      tf_data_experimental_slack: Whether to enable tf.data's
        `experimental_slack` option.
  
    Returns:
      Dataset of (image, label) pairs ready for iteration.
    """
    # Defines a specific size thread pool for tf.data operations.
    if datasets_num_private_threads:
      options = tf.data.Options()
      options.experimental_threading.private_threadpool_size = (
          datasets_num_private_threads)
      dataset = dataset.with_options(options)
      logging.info(
          'datasets_num_private_threads: %s', datasets_num_private_threads)
  
    if is_training:
      # Shuffles records before repeating to respect epoch boundaries.
      dataset = dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=shuffle_buffer)
      # Repeats the dataset for the number of epochs to train.
      dataset = dataset.repeat()
  
    # Parses the raw records into images and labels.
    dataset = dataset.map(
        lambda value: parse_record_fn(value, is_training, dtype),
        num_parallel_calls=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)
    dataset = dataset.batch(batch_size, drop_remainder=drop_remainder)
  
    # Operations between the final prefetch and the get_next call to the iterator
    # will happen synchronously during run time. We prefetch here again to
    # background all of the above processing work and keep it out of the
    # critical training path. Setting buffer_size to tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE
    # allows DistributionStrategies to adjust how many batches to fetch based
    # on how many devices are present.
    #dataset = dataset.prefetch(buffer_size=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)
  
    options = tf.data.Options()
    options.experimental_slack = tf_data_experimental_slack
    dataset = dataset.with_options(options)
  
    return dataset
  
  def get_filenames(is_training, data_dir):
    """Return filenames for dataset."""
    if is_training:
      return [
          os.path.join(data_dir, 'train-%05d-of-01024' % i)
          for i in range(_NUM_TRAIN_FILES)]
    else:
      return [
          os.path.join(data_dir, 'validation-%05d-of-00128' % i)
          for i in range(_NUM_VAL_FILES)]
  
  def _parse_example_proto(example_serialized):
    """Parses an Example proto containing a training example of an image.
  
    The output of the build_image_data.py image preprocessing script is a dataset
    containing serialized Example protocol buffers. Each Example proto contains
    the following fields (values are included as examples):
  
      image/height: 462
      image/width: 581
      image/colorspace: 'RGB'
      image/channels: 3
      image/class/label: 615
      image/class/synset: 'n03623198'
      image/class/text: 'knee pad'
      image/object/bbox/xmin: 0.1
      image/object/bbox/xmax: 0.9
      image/object/bbox/ymin: 0.2
      image/object/bbox/ymax: 0.6
      image/object/bbox/label: 615
      image/format: 'JPEG'
      image/filename: 'ILSVRC2012_val_00041207.JPEG'
      image/encoded: <JPEG encoded string>
  
    Args:
      example_serialized: scalar Tensor tf.string containing a serialized
        Example protocol buffer.
  
    Returns:
      image_buffer: Tensor tf.string containing the contents of a JPEG file.
      label: Tensor tf.int32 containing the label.
      bbox: 3-D float Tensor of bounding boxes arranged [1, num_boxes, coords]
        where each coordinate is [0, 1) and the coordinates are arranged as
        [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax].
    """
    # Dense features in Example proto.
    feature_map = {
        'image/encoded': tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], dtype=tf.string,
                                               default_value=''),
        'image/class/label': tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], dtype=tf.int64,
                                                   default_value=-1),
        'image/class/text': tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], dtype=tf.string,
                                                  default_value=''),
    }
    sparse_float32 = tf.io.VarLenFeature(dtype=tf.float32)
    # Sparse features in Example proto.
    feature_map.update(
        {k: sparse_float32 for k in [
            'image/object/bbox/xmin', 'image/object/bbox/ymin',
            'image/object/bbox/xmax', 'image/object/bbox/ymax']})
  
    features = tf.io.parse_single_example(serialized=example_serialized,
                                          features=feature_map)
    label = tf.cast(features['image/class/label'], dtype=tf.int32)
  
    xmin = tf.expand_dims(features['image/object/bbox/xmin'].values, 0)
    ymin = tf.expand_dims(features['image/object/bbox/ymin'].values, 0)
    xmax = tf.expand_dims(features['image/object/bbox/xmax'].values, 0)
    ymax = tf.expand_dims(features['image/object/bbox/ymax'].values, 0)
  
    # Note that we impose an ordering of (y, x) just to make life difficult.
    bbox = tf.concat([ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax], 0)
  
    # Force the variable number of bounding boxes into the shape
    # [1, num_boxes, coords].
    bbox = tf.expand_dims(bbox, 0)
    bbox = tf.transpose(a=bbox, perm=[0, 2, 1])
  
    return features['image/encoded'], label, bbox
  
  
  def parse_record(raw_record, is_training, dtype):
    """Parses a record containing a training example of an image.
  
    The input record is parsed into a label and image, and the image is passed
    through preprocessing steps (cropping, flipping, and so on).
  
    Args:
      raw_record: scalar Tensor tf.string containing a serialized
        Example protocol buffer.
      is_training: A boolean denoting whether the input is for training.
      dtype: data type to use for images/features.
  
    Returns:
      Tuple with processed image tensor and one-hot-encoded label tensor.
    """
    image_buffer, label, bbox = _parse_example_proto(raw_record)
  
    image = preprocess_image(
        image_buffer=image_buffer,
        bbox=bbox,
        output_height=DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE,
        output_width=DEFAULT_IMAGE_SIZE,
        num_channels=NUM_CHANNELS,
        is_training=is_training)
    image = tf.cast(image, dtype)
  
    # Subtract one so that labels are in [0, 1000), and cast to float32 for
    # Keras model.
    label = tf.cast(tf.cast(tf.reshape(label, shape=[1]), dtype=tf.int32) - 1,
                    dtype=tf.float32)
    return image, label
  
  
  def input_fn(is_training,
               data_dir,
               batch_size,
               num_epochs=1,
               dtype=tf.float32,
               datasets_num_private_threads=None,
               parse_record_fn=parse_record,
               input_context=None,
               drop_remainder=False,
               tf_data_experimental_slack=False,
               training_dataset_cache=False):
    """Input function which provides batches for train or eval.
  
    Args:
      is_training: A boolean denoting whether the input is for training.
      data_dir: The directory containing the input data.
      batch_size: The number of samples per batch.
      num_epochs: The number of epochs to repeat the dataset.
      dtype: Data type to use for images/features
      datasets_num_private_threads: Number of private threads for tf.data.
      parse_record_fn: Function to use for parsing the records.
      input_context: A `tf.distribute.InputContext` object passed in by
        `tf.distribute.Strategy`.
      drop_remainder: A boolean indicates whether to drop the remainder of the
        batches. If True, the batch dimension will be static.
      tf_data_experimental_slack: Whether to enable tf.data's
        `experimental_slack` option.
      training_dataset_cache: Whether to cache the training dataset on workers.
         Typically used to improve training performance when training data is in
         remote storage and can fit into worker memory.
  
    Returns:
      A dataset that can be used for iteration.
    """
    filenames = get_filenames(is_training, data_dir)
    dataset = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(filenames)
  
    if input_context:
      logging.info(
          'Sharding the dataset: input_pipeline_id=%d num_input_pipelines=%d',
          input_context.input_pipeline_id, input_context.num_input_pipelines)
      dataset = dataset.shard(input_context.num_input_pipelines,
                              input_context.input_pipeline_id)
  
    if is_training:
       # Shuffle the input files
       dataset = dataset.shuffle(buffer_size=_NUM_TRAIN_FILES)
  
    # Convert to individual records.
    # cycle_length = 10 means that up to 10 files will be read and deserialized in
    # parallel. You may want to increase this number if you have a large number of
    # CPU cores.
    dataset = dataset.interleave(tf.data.TFRecordDataset, cycle_length=1)
  
    if is_training and training_dataset_cache:
      # Improve training performance when training data is in remote storage and
      # can fit into worker memory.
      dataset = dataset.cache()
  
    return process_record_dataset(
        dataset=dataset,
        is_training=is_training,
        batch_size=batch_size,
        shuffle_buffer=_SHUFFLE_BUFFER,
        parse_record_fn=parse_record_fn,
        num_epochs=num_epochs,
        dtype=dtype,
        datasets_num_private_threads=datasets_num_private_threads,
        drop_remainder=drop_remainder,
        tf_data_experimental_slack=tf_data_experimental_slack,
    )
  
  
  def _decode_crop_and_flip(image_buffer, bbox, num_channels):
    """Crops the given image to a random part of the image, and randomly flips.
  
    We use the fused decode_and_crop op, which performs better than the two ops
    used separately in series, but note that this requires that the image be
    passed in as an un-decoded string Tensor.
  
    Args:
      image_buffer: scalar string Tensor representing the raw JPEG image buffer.
      bbox: 3-D float Tensor of bounding boxes arranged [1, num_boxes, coords]
        where each coordinate is [0, 1) and the coordinates are arranged as
        [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax].
      num_channels: Integer depth of the image buffer for decoding.
  
    Returns:
      3-D tensor with cropped image.
  
    """
    # A large fraction of image datasets contain a human-annotated bounding box
    # delineating the region of the image containing the object of interest.  We
    # choose to create a new bounding box for the object which is a randomly
    # distorted version of the human-annotated bounding box that obeys an
    # allowed range of aspect ratios, sizes and overlap with the human-annotated
    # bounding box. If no box is supplied, then we assume the bounding box is
    # the entire image.
    sample_distorted_bounding_box = tf.image.sample_distorted_bounding_box(
        tf.image.extract_jpeg_shape(image_buffer),
        bounding_boxes=bbox,
        min_object_covered=0.1,
        aspect_ratio_range=[0.75, 1.33],
        area_range=[0.05, 1.0],
        max_attempts=100,
        use_image_if_no_bounding_boxes=True)
    bbox_begin, bbox_size, _ = sample_distorted_bounding_box
  
    # Reassemble the bounding box in the format the crop op requires.
    offset_y, offset_x, _ = tf.unstack(bbox_begin)
    target_height, target_width, _ = tf.unstack(bbox_size)
    crop_window = tf.stack([offset_y, offset_x, target_height, target_width])
  
    # Use the fused decode and crop op here, which is faster than each in series.
    cropped = tf.image.decode_and_crop_jpeg(
        image_buffer, crop_window, channels=num_channels)
  
    # Flip to add a little more random distortion in.
    cropped = tf.image.random_flip_left_right(cropped)
    return cropped
  
  
  def _central_crop(image, crop_height, crop_width):
    """Performs central crops of the given image list.
  
    Args:
      image: a 3-D image tensor
      crop_height: the height of the image following the crop.
      crop_width: the width of the image following the crop.
  
    Returns:
      3-D tensor with cropped image.
    """
    shape = tf.shape(input=image)
    height, width = shape[0], shape[1]
  
    amount_to_be_cropped_h = (height - crop_height)
    crop_top = amount_to_be_cropped_h // 2
    amount_to_be_cropped_w = (width - crop_width)
    crop_left = amount_to_be_cropped_w // 2
    return tf.slice(
        image, [crop_top, crop_left, 0], [crop_height, crop_width, -1])
  
  
  def _mean_image_subtraction(image, means, num_channels):
    """Subtracts the given means from each image channel.
  
    For example:
      means = [123.68, 116.779, 103.939]
      image = _mean_image_subtraction(image, means)
  
    Note that the rank of `image` must be known.
  
    Args:
      image: a tensor of size [height, width, C].
      means: a C-vector of values to subtract from each channel.
      num_channels: number of color channels in the image that will be distorted.
  
    Returns:
      the centered image.
  
    Raises:
      ValueError: If the rank of `image` is unknown, if `image` has a rank other
        than three or if the number of channels in `image` doesn't match the
        number of values in `means`.
    """
    if image.get_shape().ndims != 3:
      raise ValueError('Input must be of size [height, width, C>0]')
  
    if len(means) != num_channels:
      raise ValueError('len(means) must match the number of channels')
  
    # We have a 1-D tensor of means; convert to 3-D.
    # Note(b/130245863): we explicitly call `broadcast` instead of simply
    # expanding dimensions for better performance.
    means = tf.broadcast_to(means, tf.shape(image))
  
    return image - means
  
  
  def _smallest_size_at_least(height, width, resize_min):
    """Computes new shape with the smallest side equal to `smallest_side`.
  
    Computes new shape with the smallest side equal to `smallest_side` while
    preserving the original aspect ratio.
  
    Args:
      height: an int32 scalar tensor indicating the current height.
      width: an int32 scalar tensor indicating the current width.
      resize_min: A python integer or scalar `Tensor` indicating the size of
        the smallest side after resize.
  
    Returns:
      new_height: an int32 scalar tensor indicating the new height.
      new_width: an int32 scalar tensor indicating the new width.
    """
    resize_min = tf.cast(resize_min, tf.float32)
  
    # Convert to floats to make subsequent calculations go smoothly.
    height, width = tf.cast(height, tf.float32), tf.cast(width, tf.float32)
  
    smaller_dim = tf.minimum(height, width)
    scale_ratio = resize_min / smaller_dim
  
    # Convert back to ints to make heights and widths that TF ops will accept.
    new_height = tf.cast(height * scale_ratio, tf.int32)
    new_width = tf.cast(width * scale_ratio, tf.int32)
  
    return new_height, new_width
  
  
  def _aspect_preserving_resize(image, resize_min):
    """Resize images preserving the original aspect ratio.
  
    Args:
      image: A 3-D image `Tensor`.
      resize_min: A python integer or scalar `Tensor` indicating the size of
        the smallest side after resize.
  
    Returns:
      resized_image: A 3-D tensor containing the resized image.
    """
    shape = tf.shape(input=image)
    height, width = shape[0], shape[1]
  
    new_height, new_width = _smallest_size_at_least(height, width, resize_min)
  
    return _resize_image(image, new_height, new_width)
  
  
  def _resize_image(image, height, width):
    """Simple wrapper around tf.resize_images.
  
    This is primarily to make sure we use the same `ResizeMethod` and other
    details each time.
  
    Args:
      image: A 3-D image `Tensor`.
      height: The target height for the resized image.
      width: The target width for the resized image.
  
    Returns:
      resized_image: A 3-D tensor containing the resized image. The first two
        dimensions have the shape [height, width].
    """
    return tf.compat.v1.image.resize(
        image, [height, width], method=tf.image.ResizeMethod.BILINEAR,
        align_corners=False)
  
  
  def preprocess_image(image_buffer, bbox, output_height, output_width,
                       num_channels, is_training=False):
    """Preprocesses the given image.
  
    Preprocessing includes decoding, cropping, and resizing for both training
    and eval images. Training preprocessing, however, introduces some random
    distortion of the image to improve accuracy.
  
    Args:
      image_buffer: scalar string Tensor representing the raw JPEG image buffer.
      bbox: 3-D float Tensor of bounding boxes arranged [1, num_boxes, coords]
        where each coordinate is [0, 1) and the coordinates are arranged as
        [ymin, xmin, ymax, xmax].
      output_height: The height of the image after preprocessing.
      output_width: The width of the image after preprocessing.
      num_channels: Integer depth of the image buffer for decoding.
      is_training: `True` if we're preprocessing the image for training and
        `False` otherwise.
  
    Returns:
      A preprocessed image.
    """
    if is_training:
      # For training, we want to randomize some of the distortions.
      image = _decode_crop_and_flip(image_buffer, bbox, num_channels)
      image = _resize_image(image, output_height, output_width)
    else:
      # For validation, we want to decode, resize, then just crop the middle.
      image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(image_buffer, channels=num_channels)
      image = _aspect_preserving_resize(image, _RESIZE_MIN)
      image = _central_crop(image, output_height, output_width)
  
    image.set_shape([output_height, output_width, num_channels])
  
    return _mean_image_subtraction(image, CHANNEL_MEANS, num_channels)
  