text: """
  Common tests shared by test_unicode, test_userstring and test_bytes.
  """
  
  import unittest, string, sys, struct
  from test import support
  from collections import UserList
  
  class Sequence:
      def __init__(self, seq='wxyz'): self.seq = seq
      def __len__(self): return len(self.seq)
      def __getitem__(self, i): return self.seq[i]
  
  class BadSeq1(Sequence):
      def __init__(self): self.seq = [7, 'hello', 123]
      def __str__(self): return '{0} {1} {2}'.format(*self.seq)
  
  class BadSeq2(Sequence):
      def __init__(self): self.seq = ['a', 'b', 'c']
      def __len__(self): return 8
  
  class BaseTest:
      # These tests are for buffers of values (bytes) and not
      # specific to character interpretation, used for bytes objects
      # and various string implementations
  
      # The type to be tested
      # Change in subclasses to change the behaviour of fixtesttype()
      type2test = None
  
      # Whether the "contained items" of the container are integers in
      # range(0, 256) (i.e. bytes, bytearray) or strings of length 1
      # (str)
      contains_bytes = False
  
      # All tests pass their arguments to the testing methods
      # as str objects. fixtesttype() can be used to propagate
      # these arguments to the appropriate type
      def fixtype(self, obj):
          if isinstance(obj, str):
              return self.__class__.type2test(obj)
          elif isinstance(obj, list):
              return [self.fixtype(x) for x in obj]
          elif isinstance(obj, tuple):
              return tuple([self.fixtype(x) for x in obj])
          elif isinstance(obj, dict):
              return dict([
                 (self.fixtype(key), self.fixtype(value))
                 for (key, value) in obj.items()
              ])
          else:
              return obj
  
      def test_fixtype(self):
          self.assertIs(type(self.fixtype("123")), self.type2test)
  
      # check that obj.method(*args) returns result
      def checkequal(self, result, obj, methodname, *args, **kwargs):
          result = self.fixtype(result)
          obj = self.fixtype(obj)
          args = self.fixtype(args)
          kwargs = {k: self.fixtype(v) for k,v in kwargs.items()}
          realresult = getattr(obj, methodname)(*args, **kwargs)
          self.assertEqual(
              result,
              realresult
          )
          # if the original is returned make sure that
          # this doesn't happen with subclasses
          if obj is realresult:
              try:
                  class subtype(self.__class__.type2test):
                      pass
              except TypeError:
                  pass  # Skip this if we can't subclass
              else:
                  obj = subtype(obj)
                  realresult = getattr(obj, methodname)(*args)
                  self.assertIsNot(obj, realresult)
  
      # check that obj.method(*args) raises exc
      def checkraises(self, exc, obj, methodname, *args):
          obj = self.fixtype(obj)
          args = self.fixtype(args)
          with self.assertRaises(exc) as cm:
              getattr(obj, methodname)(*args)
          self.assertNotEqual(str(cm.exception), '')
  
      # call obj.method(*args) without any checks
      def checkcall(self, obj, methodname, *args):
          obj = self.fixtype(obj)
          args = self.fixtype(args)
          getattr(obj, methodname)(*args)
  
      def test_count(self):
          self.checkequal(3, 'aaa', 'count', 'a')
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', 'b')
          self.checkequal(3, 'aaa', 'count', 'a')
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', 'b')
          self.checkequal(3, 'aaa', 'count', 'a')
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', 'b')
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', 'b')
          self.checkequal(2, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', 1)
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', 10)
          self.checkequal(1, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', -1)
          self.checkequal(3, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', -10)
          self.checkequal(1, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', 0, 1)
          self.checkequal(3, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', 0, 10)
          self.checkequal(2, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', 0, -1)
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', 'a', 0, -10)
          self.checkequal(3, 'aaa', 'count', '', 1)
          self.checkequal(1, 'aaa', 'count', '', 3)
          self.checkequal(0, 'aaa', 'count', '', 10)
          self.checkequal(2, 'aaa', 'count', '', -1)
          self.checkequal(4, 'aaa', 'count', '', -10)
  
          self.checkequal(1, '', 'count', '')
          self.checkequal(0, '', 'count', '', 1, 1)
          self.checkequal(0, '', 'count', '', sys.maxsize, 0)
  
          self.checkequal(0, '', 'count', 'xx')
          self.checkequal(0, '', 'count', 'xx', 1, 1)
          self.checkequal(0, '', 'count', 'xx', sys.maxsize, 0)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'count')
  
          if self.contains_bytes:
              self.checkequal(0, 'hello', 'count', 42)
          else:
              self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'count', 42)
  
          # For a variety of combinations,
          #    verify that str.count() matches an equivalent function
          #    replacing all occurrences and then differencing the string lengths
          charset = ['', 'a', 'b']
          digits = 7
          base = len(charset)
          teststrings = set()
          for i in range(base ** digits):
              entry = []
              for j in range(digits):
                  i, m = divmod(i, base)
                  entry.append(charset[m])
              teststrings.add(''.join(entry))
          teststrings = [self.fixtype(ts) for ts in teststrings]
          for i in teststrings:
              n = len(i)
              for j in teststrings:
                  r1 = i.count(j)
                  if j:
                      r2, rem = divmod(n - len(i.replace(j, self.fixtype(''))),
                                       len(j))
                  else:
                      r2, rem = len(i)+1, 0
                  if rem or r1 != r2:
                      self.assertEqual(rem, 0, '%s != 0 for %s' % (rem, i))
                      self.assertEqual(r1, r2, '%s != %s for %s' % (r1, r2, i))
  
      def test_find(self):
          self.checkequal(0, 'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'abc')
          self.checkequal(9, 'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'abc', 1)
          self.checkequal(-1, 'abcdefghiabc', 'find', 'def', 4)
  
          self.checkequal(0, 'abc', 'find', '', 0)
          self.checkequal(3, 'abc', 'find', '', 3)
          self.checkequal(-1, 'abc', 'find', '', 4)
  
          # to check the ability to pass None as defaults
          self.checkequal( 2, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'find', 'a')
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'find', 'a', 4)
          self.checkequal(-1, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'find', 'a', 4, 6)
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'find', 'a', 4, None)
          self.checkequal( 2, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'find', 'a', None, 6)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'find')
  
          if self.contains_bytes:
              self.checkequal(-1, 'hello', 'find', 42)
          else:
              self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'find', 42)
  
          self.checkequal(0, '', 'find', '')
          self.checkequal(-1, '', 'find', '', 1, 1)
          self.checkequal(-1, '', 'find', '', sys.maxsize, 0)
  
          self.checkequal(-1, '', 'find', 'xx')
          self.checkequal(-1, '', 'find', 'xx', 1, 1)
          self.checkequal(-1, '', 'find', 'xx', sys.maxsize, 0)
  
          # issue 7458
          self.checkequal(-1, 'ab', 'find', 'xxx', sys.maxsize + 1, 0)
  
          # For a variety of combinations,
          #    verify that str.find() matches __contains__
          #    and that the found substring is really at that location
          charset = ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
          digits = 5
          base = len(charset)
          teststrings = set()
          for i in range(base ** digits):
              entry = []
              for j in range(digits):
                  i, m = divmod(i, base)
                  entry.append(charset[m])
              teststrings.add(''.join(entry))
          teststrings = [self.fixtype(ts) for ts in teststrings]
          for i in teststrings:
              for j in teststrings:
                  loc = i.find(j)
                  r1 = (loc != -1)
                  r2 = j in i
                  self.assertEqual(r1, r2)
                  if loc != -1:
                      self.assertEqual(i[loc:loc+len(j)], j)
  
      def test_rfind(self):
          self.checkequal(9,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', 'abc')
          self.checkequal(12, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', '')
          self.checkequal(0, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', 'abcd')
          self.checkequal(-1, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rfind', 'abcz')
  
          self.checkequal(3, 'abc', 'rfind', '', 0)
          self.checkequal(3, 'abc', 'rfind', '', 3)
          self.checkequal(-1, 'abc', 'rfind', '', 4)
  
          # to check the ability to pass None as defaults
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rfind', 'a')
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rfind', 'a', 4)
          self.checkequal(-1, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rfind', 'a', 4, 6)
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rfind', 'a', 4, None)
          self.checkequal( 2, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rfind', 'a', None, 6)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'rfind')
  
          if self.contains_bytes:
              self.checkequal(-1, 'hello', 'rfind', 42)
          else:
              self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'rfind', 42)
  
          # For a variety of combinations,
          #    verify that str.rfind() matches __contains__
          #    and that the found substring is really at that location
          charset = ['', 'a', 'b', 'c']
          digits = 5
          base = len(charset)
          teststrings = set()
          for i in range(base ** digits):
              entry = []
              for j in range(digits):
                  i, m = divmod(i, base)
                  entry.append(charset[m])
              teststrings.add(''.join(entry))
          teststrings = [self.fixtype(ts) for ts in teststrings]
          for i in teststrings:
              for j in teststrings:
                  loc = i.rfind(j)
                  r1 = (loc != -1)
                  r2 = j in i
                  self.assertEqual(r1, r2)
                  if loc != -1:
                      self.assertEqual(i[loc:loc+len(j)], j)
  
          # issue 7458
          self.checkequal(-1, 'ab', 'rfind', 'xxx', sys.maxsize + 1, 0)
  
          # issue #15534
          self.checkequal(0, '<......\u043c...', "rfind", "<")
  
      def test_index(self):
          self.checkequal(0, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index', '')
          self.checkequal(3, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index', 'def')
          self.checkequal(0, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index', 'abc')
          self.checkequal(9, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index', 'abc', 1)
  
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghiabc', 'index', 'hib')
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghiab', 'index', 'abc', 1)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi', 'index', 'ghi', 8)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi', 'index', 'ghi', -1)
  
          # to check the ability to pass None as defaults
          self.checkequal( 2, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'index', 'a')
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'index', 'a', 4)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'index', 'a', 4, 6)
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'index', 'a', 4, None)
          self.checkequal( 2, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'index', 'a', None, 6)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'index')
  
          if self.contains_bytes:
              self.checkraises(ValueError, 'hello', 'index', 42)
          else:
              self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'index', 42)
  
      def test_rindex(self):
          self.checkequal(12, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex', '')
          self.checkequal(3,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex', 'def')
          self.checkequal(9,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex', 'abc')
          self.checkequal(0,  'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex', 'abc', 0, -1)
  
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghiabc', 'rindex', 'hib')
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'defghiabc', 'rindex', 'def', 1)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'defghiabc', 'rindex', 'abc', 0, -1)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi', 'rindex', 'ghi', 0, 8)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'abcdefghi', 'rindex', 'ghi', 0, -1)
  
          # to check the ability to pass None as defaults
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rindex', 'a')
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rindex', 'a', 4)
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rindex', 'a', 4, 6)
          self.checkequal(12, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rindex', 'a', 4, None)
          self.checkequal( 2, 'rrarrrrrrrrra', 'rindex', 'a', None, 6)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'rindex')
  
          if self.contains_bytes:
              self.checkraises(ValueError, 'hello', 'rindex', 42)
          else:
              self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'rindex', 42)
  
      def test_lower(self):
          self.checkequal('hello', 'HeLLo', 'lower')
          self.checkequal('hello', 'hello', 'lower')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'lower', 42)
  
      def test_upper(self):
          self.checkequal('HELLO', 'HeLLo', 'upper')
          self.checkequal('HELLO', 'HELLO', 'upper')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'upper', 42)
  
      def test_expandtabs(self):
          self.checkequal('abc\rab      def\ng       hi', 'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs')
          self.checkequal('abc\rab      def\ng       hi', 'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs', 8)
          self.checkequal('abc\rab  def\ng   hi', 'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs', 4)
          self.checkequal('abc\r\nab      def\ng       hi', 'abc\r\nab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs')
          self.checkequal('abc\r\nab      def\ng       hi', 'abc\r\nab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs', 8)
          self.checkequal('abc\r\nab  def\ng   hi', 'abc\r\nab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs', 4)
          self.checkequal('abc\r\nab\r\ndef\ng\r\nhi', 'abc\r\nab\r\ndef\ng\r\nhi',
                          'expandtabs', 4)
          # check keyword args
          self.checkequal('abc\rab      def\ng       hi', 'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs', tabsize=8)
          self.checkequal('abc\rab  def\ng   hi', 'abc\rab\tdef\ng\thi',
                          'expandtabs', tabsize=4)
  
          self.checkequal('  a\n b', ' \ta\n\tb', 'expandtabs', 1)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'expandtabs', 42, 42)
          # This test is only valid when sizeof(int) == sizeof(void*) == 4.
          if sys.maxsize < (1 << 32) and struct.calcsize('P') == 4:
              self.checkraises(OverflowError,
                               '\ta\n\tb', 'expandtabs', sys.maxsize)
  
      def test_split(self):
          # by a char
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c|d'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', 0)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b|c|d'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', 1)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c|d'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', 4)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|',
                          sys.maxsize-2)
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c|d'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', 0)
          self.checkequal(['a', '', 'b||c||d'], 'a||b||c||d', 'split', '|', 2)
          self.checkequal(['abcd'], 'abcd', 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal([''], '', 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal(['endcase ', ''], 'endcase |', 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal(['', ' startcase'], '| startcase', 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal(['', 'bothcase', ''], '|bothcase|', 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal(['a', '', 'b\x00c\x00d'], 'a\x00\x00b\x00c\x00d', 'split', '\x00', 2)
  
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, ('a|'*20)[:-1], 'split', '|')
          self.checkequal(['a']*15 +['a|a|a|a|a'],
                                     ('a|'*20)[:-1], 'split', '|', 15)
  
          # by string
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b//c//d'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//', 1)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c//d'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//', 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//', 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//', 4)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//',
                          sys.maxsize-10)
          self.checkequal(['a//b//c//d'], 'a//b//c//d', 'split', '//', 0)
          self.checkequal(['a', '', 'b////c////d'], 'a////b////c////d', 'split', '//', 2)
          self.checkequal(['endcase ', ''], 'endcase test', 'split', 'test')
          self.checkequal(['', ' begincase'], 'test begincase', 'split', 'test')
          self.checkequal(['', ' bothcase ', ''], 'test bothcase test',
                          'split', 'test')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'bc'], 'abbbc', 'split', 'bb')
          self.checkequal(['', ''], 'aaa', 'split', 'aaa')
          self.checkequal(['aaa'], 'aaa', 'split', 'aaa', 0)
          self.checkequal(['ab', 'ab'], 'abbaab', 'split', 'ba')
          self.checkequal(['aaaa'], 'aaaa', 'split', 'aab')
          self.checkequal([''], '', 'split', 'aaa')
          self.checkequal(['aa'], 'aa', 'split', 'aaa')
          self.checkequal(['A', 'bobb'], 'Abbobbbobb', 'split', 'bbobb')
          self.checkequal(['A', 'B', ''], 'AbbobbBbbobb', 'split', 'bbobb')
  
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, ('aBLAH'*20)[:-4], 'split', 'BLAH')
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, ('aBLAH'*20)[:-4], 'split', 'BLAH', 19)
          self.checkequal(['a']*18 + ['aBLAHa'], ('aBLAH'*20)[:-4],
                          'split', 'BLAH', 18)
  
          # with keyword args
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'split', sep='|')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b|c|d'],
                          'a|b|c|d', 'split', '|', maxsplit=1)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b|c|d'],
                          'a|b|c|d', 'split', sep='|', maxsplit=1)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b|c|d'],
                          'a|b|c|d', 'split', maxsplit=1, sep='|')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b c d'],
                          'a b c d', 'split', maxsplit=1)
  
          # argument type
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'split', 42, 42, 42)
  
          # null case
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'hello', 'split', '')
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'hello', 'split', '', 0)
  
      def test_rsplit(self):
          # by a char
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|')
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|', 1)
          self.checkequal(['a|b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|', 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|', 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|', 4)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|',
                          sys.maxsize-100)
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c|d'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|', 0)
          self.checkequal(['a||b||c', '', 'd'], 'a||b||c||d', 'rsplit', '|', 2)
          self.checkequal(['abcd'], 'abcd', 'rsplit', '|')
          self.checkequal([''], '', 'rsplit', '|')
          self.checkequal(['', ' begincase'], '| begincase', 'rsplit', '|')
          self.checkequal(['endcase ', ''], 'endcase |', 'rsplit', '|')
          self.checkequal(['', 'bothcase', ''], '|bothcase|', 'rsplit', '|')
  
          self.checkequal(['a\x00\x00b', 'c', 'd'], 'a\x00\x00b\x00c\x00d', 'rsplit', '\x00', 2)
  
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, ('a|'*20)[:-1], 'rsplit', '|')
          self.checkequal(['a|a|a|a|a']+['a']*15,
                          ('a|'*20)[:-1], 'rsplit', '|', 15)
  
          # by string
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//')
          self.checkequal(['a//b//c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//', 1)
          self.checkequal(['a//b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//', 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//', 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//', 4)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//',
                          sys.maxsize-5)
          self.checkequal(['a//b//c//d'], 'a//b//c//d', 'rsplit', '//', 0)
          self.checkequal(['a////b////c', '', 'd'], 'a////b////c////d', 'rsplit', '//', 2)
          self.checkequal(['', ' begincase'], 'test begincase', 'rsplit', 'test')
          self.checkequal(['endcase ', ''], 'endcase test', 'rsplit', 'test')
          self.checkequal(['', ' bothcase ', ''], 'test bothcase test',
                          'rsplit', 'test')
          self.checkequal(['ab', 'c'], 'abbbc', 'rsplit', 'bb')
          self.checkequal(['', ''], 'aaa', 'rsplit', 'aaa')
          self.checkequal(['aaa'], 'aaa', 'rsplit', 'aaa', 0)
          self.checkequal(['ab', 'ab'], 'abbaab', 'rsplit', 'ba')
          self.checkequal(['aaaa'], 'aaaa', 'rsplit', 'aab')
          self.checkequal([''], '', 'rsplit', 'aaa')
          self.checkequal(['aa'], 'aa', 'rsplit', 'aaa')
          self.checkequal(['bbob', 'A'], 'bbobbbobbA', 'rsplit', 'bbobb')
          self.checkequal(['', 'B', 'A'], 'bbobbBbbobbA', 'rsplit', 'bbobb')
  
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, ('aBLAH'*20)[:-4], 'rsplit', 'BLAH')
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, ('aBLAH'*20)[:-4], 'rsplit', 'BLAH', 19)
          self.checkequal(['aBLAHa'] + ['a']*18, ('aBLAH'*20)[:-4],
                          'rsplit', 'BLAH', 18)
  
          # with keyword args
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', sep='|')
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c', 'd'],
                          'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', '|', maxsplit=1)
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c', 'd'],
                          'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', sep='|', maxsplit=1)
          self.checkequal(['a|b|c', 'd'],
                          'a|b|c|d', 'rsplit', maxsplit=1, sep='|')
          self.checkequal(['a b c', 'd'],
                          'a b c d', 'rsplit', maxsplit=1)
  
          # argument type
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'rsplit', 42, 42, 42)
  
          # null case
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'hello', 'rsplit', '')
          self.checkraises(ValueError, 'hello', 'rsplit', '', 0)
  
      def test_replace(self):
          EQ = self.checkequal
  
          # Operations on the empty string
          EQ("", "", "replace", "", "")
          EQ("A", "", "replace", "", "A")
          EQ("", "", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("", "", "replace", "A", "A")
          EQ("", "", "replace", "", "", 100)
          EQ("", "", "replace", "", "", sys.maxsize)
  
          # interleave (from=="", 'to' gets inserted everywhere)
          EQ("A", "A", "replace", "", "")
          EQ("*A*", "A", "replace", "", "*")
          EQ("*1A*1", "A", "replace", "", "*1")
          EQ("*-#A*-#", "A", "replace", "", "*-#")
          EQ("*-A*-A*-", "AA", "replace", "", "*-")
          EQ("*-A*-A*-", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", -1)
          EQ("*-A*-A*-", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("*-A*-A*-", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", 4)
          EQ("*-A*-A*-", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", 3)
          EQ("*-A*-A", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", 2)
          EQ("*-AA", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", 1)
          EQ("AA", "AA", "replace", "", "*-", 0)
  
          # single character deletion (from=="A", to=="")
          EQ("", "A", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("", "AAA", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", -1)
          EQ("", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", 4)
          EQ("", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", 3)
          EQ("A", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", 2)
          EQ("AA", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", 1)
          EQ("AAA", "AAA", "replace", "A", "", 0)
          EQ("", "AAAAAAAAAA", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("BCD", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("BCD", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", -1)
          EQ("BCD", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("BCD", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", 5)
          EQ("BCD", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", 4)
          EQ("BCDA", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", 3)
          EQ("BCADA", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", 2)
          EQ("BACADA", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", 1)
          EQ("ABACADA", "ABACADA", "replace", "A", "", 0)
          EQ("BCD", "ABCAD", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("BCD", "ABCADAA", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("BCD", "BCD", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("*************", "*************", "replace", "A", "")
          EQ("^A^", "^"+"A"*1000+"^", "replace", "A", "", 999)
  
          # substring deletion (from=="the", to=="")
          EQ("", "the", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("ater", "theater", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("", "thethe", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("", "thethethethe", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("aaaa", "theatheatheathea", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("that", "that", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("thaet", "thaet", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("here and re", "here and there", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("here and re and re", "here and there and there",
             "replace", "the", "", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("here and re and re", "here and there and there",
             "replace", "the", "", -1)
          EQ("here and re and re", "here and there and there",
             "replace", "the", "", 3)
          EQ("here and re and re", "here and there and there",
             "replace", "the", "", 2)
          EQ("here and re and there", "here and there and there",
             "replace", "the", "", 1)
          EQ("here and there and there", "here and there and there",
             "replace", "the", "", 0)
          EQ("here and re and re", "here and there and there", "replace", "the", "")
  
          EQ("abc", "abc", "replace", "the", "")
          EQ("abcdefg", "abcdefg", "replace", "the", "")
  
          # substring deletion (from=="bob", to=="")
          EQ("bob", "bbobob", "replace", "bob", "")
          EQ("bobXbob", "bbobobXbbobob", "replace", "bob", "")
          EQ("aaaaaaa", "aaaaaaabob", "replace", "bob", "")
          EQ("aaaaaaa", "aaaaaaa", "replace", "bob", "")
  
          # single character replace in place (len(from)==len(to)==1)
          EQ("Who goes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "o")
          EQ("WhO gOes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O")
          EQ("WhO gOes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("WhO gOes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O", -1)
          EQ("WhO gOes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O", 3)
          EQ("WhO gOes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O", 2)
          EQ("WhO goes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O", 1)
          EQ("Who goes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "o", "O", 0)
  
          EQ("Who goes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "a", "q")
          EQ("who goes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", "W", "w")
          EQ("wwho goes there?ww", "WWho goes there?WW", "replace", "W", "w")
          EQ("Who goes there!", "Who goes there?", "replace", "?", "!")
          EQ("Who goes there!!", "Who goes there??", "replace", "?", "!")
  
          EQ("Who goes there?", "Who goes there?", "replace", ".", "!")
  
          # substring replace in place (len(from)==len(to) > 1)
          EQ("Th** ** a t**sue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**")
          EQ("Th** ** a t**sue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("Th** ** a t**sue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", -1)
          EQ("Th** ** a t**sue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", 4)
          EQ("Th** ** a t**sue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", 3)
          EQ("Th** ** a tissue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", 2)
          EQ("Th** is a tissue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", 1)
          EQ("This is a tissue", "This is a tissue", "replace", "is", "**", 0)
          EQ("cobob", "bobob", "replace", "bob", "cob")
          EQ("cobobXcobocob", "bobobXbobobob", "replace", "bob", "cob")
          EQ("bobob", "bobob", "replace", "bot", "bot")
  
          # replace single character (len(from)==1, len(to)>1)
          EQ("ReyKKjaviKK", "Reykjavik", "replace", "k", "KK")
          EQ("ReyKKjaviKK", "Reykjavik", "replace", "k", "KK", -1)
          EQ("ReyKKjaviKK", "Reykjavik", "replace", "k", "KK", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("ReyKKjaviKK", "Reykjavik", "replace", "k", "KK", 2)
          EQ("ReyKKjavik", "Reykjavik", "replace", "k", "KK", 1)
          EQ("Reykjavik", "Reykjavik", "replace", "k", "KK", 0)
          EQ("A----B----C----", "A.B.C.", "replace", ".", "----")
          # issue #15534
          EQ('...\u043c......&lt;', '...\u043c......<', "replace", "<", "&lt;")
  
          EQ("Reykjavik", "Reykjavik", "replace", "q", "KK")
  
          # replace substring (len(from)>1, len(to)!=len(from))
          EQ("ham, ham, eggs and ham", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham")
          EQ("ham, ham, eggs and ham", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", sys.maxsize)
          EQ("ham, ham, eggs and ham", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", -1)
          EQ("ham, ham, eggs and ham", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", 4)
          EQ("ham, ham, eggs and ham", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", 3)
          EQ("ham, ham, eggs and spam", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", 2)
          EQ("ham, spam, eggs and spam", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", 1)
          EQ("spam, spam, eggs and spam", "spam, spam, eggs and spam",
             "replace", "spam", "ham", 0)
  
          EQ("bobob", "bobobob", "replace", "bobob", "bob")
          EQ("bobobXbobob", "bobobobXbobobob", "replace", "bobob", "bob")
          EQ("BOBOBOB", "BOBOBOB", "replace", "bob", "bobby")
  
          self.checkequal('one@two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 1)
          self.checkequal('onetwothree', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '')
          self.checkequal('one@two@three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 2)
          self.checkequal('one@two@three@', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 3)
          self.checkequal('one@two@three@', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 4)
          self.checkequal('one!two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@', 0)
          self.checkequal('one@two@three@', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', '!', '@')
          self.checkequal('one!two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', 'x', '@')
          self.checkequal('one!two!three!', 'one!two!three!', 'replace', 'x', '@', 2)
          self.checkequal('-a-b-c-', 'abc', 'replace', '', '-')
          self.checkequal('-a-b-c', 'abc', 'replace', '', '-', 3)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'replace', '', '-', 0)
          self.checkequal('', '', 'replace', '', '')
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'replace', 'ab', '--', 0)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'replace', 'xy', '--')
          # Next three for SF bug 422088: [OSF1 alpha] string.replace(); died with
          # MemoryError due to empty result (platform malloc issue when requesting
          # 0 bytes).
          self.checkequal('', '123', 'replace', '123', '')
          self.checkequal('', '123123', 'replace', '123', '')
          self.checkequal('x', '123x123', 'replace', '123', '')
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'replace')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'replace', 42)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'replace', 42, 'h')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'replace', 'h', 42)
  
      @unittest.skipIf(sys.maxsize > (1 << 32) or struct.calcsize('P') != 4,
                       'only applies to 32-bit platforms')
      def test_replace_overflow(self):
          # Check for overflow checking on 32 bit machines
          A2_16 = "A" * (2**16)
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, A2_16, "replace", "", A2_16)
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, A2_16, "replace", "A", A2_16)
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, A2_16, "replace", "AA", A2_16+A2_16)
  
      def test_capitalize(self):
          self.checkequal(' hello ', ' hello ', 'capitalize')
          self.checkequal('Hello ', 'Hello ','capitalize')
          self.checkequal('Hello ', 'hello ','capitalize')
          self.checkequal('Aaaa', 'aaaa', 'capitalize')
          self.checkequal('Aaaa', 'AaAa', 'capitalize')
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'capitalize', 42)
  
      def test_additional_split(self):
          self.checkequal(['this', 'is', 'the', 'split', 'function'],
              'this is the split function', 'split')
  
          # by whitespace
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d ', 'split')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b c d'], 'a b c d', 'split', None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c d'], 'a b c d', 'split', None, 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'split', None, 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'split', None, 4)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'split', None,
                          sys.maxsize-1)
          self.checkequal(['a b c d'], 'a b c d', 'split', None, 0)
          self.checkequal(['a b c d'], '  a b c d', 'split', None, 0)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c  d'], 'a  b  c  d', 'split', None, 2)
  
          self.checkequal([], '         ', 'split')
          self.checkequal(['a'], '  a    ', 'split')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b'], '  a    b   ', 'split')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b   '], '  a    b   ', 'split', None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['a    b   c   '], '  a    b   c   ', 'split', None, 0)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b   c   '], '  a    b   c   ', 'split', None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c   '], '  a    b   c   ', 'split', None, 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c'], '  a    b   c   ', 'split', None, 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b'], '\n\ta \t\r b \v ', 'split')
          aaa = ' a '*20
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, aaa, 'split')
          self.checkequal(['a'] + [aaa[4:]], aaa, 'split', None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['a']*19 + ['a '], aaa, 'split', None, 19)
  
          for b in ('arf\tbarf', 'arf\nbarf', 'arf\rbarf',
                    'arf\fbarf', 'arf\vbarf'):
              self.checkequal(['arf', 'barf'], b, 'split')
              self.checkequal(['arf', 'barf'], b, 'split', None)
              self.checkequal(['arf', 'barf'], b, 'split', None, 2)
  
      def test_additional_rsplit(self):
          self.checkequal(['this', 'is', 'the', 'rsplit', 'function'],
                           'this is the rsplit function', 'rsplit')
  
          # by whitespace
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d ', 'rsplit')
          self.checkequal(['a b c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'rsplit', None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['a b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'rsplit', None, 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'rsplit', None, 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'rsplit', None, 4)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'], 'a b c d', 'rsplit', None,
                          sys.maxsize-20)
          self.checkequal(['a b c d'], 'a b c d', 'rsplit', None, 0)
          self.checkequal(['a b c d'], 'a b c d  ', 'rsplit', None, 0)
          self.checkequal(['a  b', 'c', 'd'], 'a  b  c  d', 'rsplit', None, 2)
  
          self.checkequal([], '         ', 'rsplit')
          self.checkequal(['a'], '  a    ', 'rsplit')
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b'], '  a    b   ', 'rsplit')
          self.checkequal(['  a', 'b'], '  a    b   ', 'rsplit', None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['  a    b   c'], '  a    b   c   ', 'rsplit',
                          None, 0)
          self.checkequal(['  a    b','c'], '  a    b   c   ', 'rsplit',
                          None, 1)
          self.checkequal(['  a', 'b', 'c'], '  a    b   c   ', 'rsplit',
                          None, 2)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b', 'c'], '  a    b   c   ', 'rsplit',
                          None, 3)
          self.checkequal(['a', 'b'], '\n\ta \t\r b \v ', 'rsplit', None, 88)
          aaa = ' a '*20
          self.checkequal(['a']*20, aaa, 'rsplit')
          self.checkequal([aaa[:-4]] + ['a'], aaa, 'rsplit', None, 1)
          self.checkequal([' a  a'] + ['a']*18, aaa, 'rsplit', None, 18)
  
          for b in ('arf\tbarf', 'arf\nbarf', 'arf\rbarf',
                    'arf\fbarf', 'arf\vbarf'):
              self.checkequal(['arf', 'barf'], b, 'rsplit')
              self.checkequal(['arf', 'barf'], b, 'rsplit', None)
              self.checkequal(['arf', 'barf'], b, 'rsplit', None, 2)
  
      def test_strip_whitespace(self):
          self.checkequal('hello', '   hello   ', 'strip')
          self.checkequal('hello   ', '   hello   ', 'lstrip')
          self.checkequal('   hello', '   hello   ', 'rstrip')
          self.checkequal('hello', 'hello', 'strip')
  
          b = ' \t\n\r\f\vabc \t\n\r\f\v'
          self.checkequal('abc', b, 'strip')
          self.checkequal('abc \t\n\r\f\v', b, 'lstrip')
          self.checkequal(' \t\n\r\f\vabc', b, 'rstrip')
  
          # strip/lstrip/rstrip with None arg
          self.checkequal('hello', '   hello   ', 'strip', None)
          self.checkequal('hello   ', '   hello   ', 'lstrip', None)
          self.checkequal('   hello', '   hello   ', 'rstrip', None)
          self.checkequal('hello', 'hello', 'strip', None)
  
      def test_strip(self):
          # strip/lstrip/rstrip with str arg
          self.checkequal('hello', 'xyzzyhelloxyzzy', 'strip', 'xyz')
          self.checkequal('helloxyzzy', 'xyzzyhelloxyzzy', 'lstrip', 'xyz')
          self.checkequal('xyzzyhello', 'xyzzyhelloxyzzy', 'rstrip', 'xyz')
          self.checkequal('hello', 'hello', 'strip', 'xyz')
          self.checkequal('', 'mississippi', 'strip', 'mississippi')
  
          # only trim the start and end; does not strip internal characters
          self.checkequal('mississipp', 'mississippi', 'strip', 'i')
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'strip', 42, 42)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'lstrip', 42, 42)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'rstrip', 42, 42)
  
      def test_ljust(self):
          self.checkequal('abc       ', 'abc', 'ljust', 10)
          self.checkequal('abc   ', 'abc', 'ljust', 6)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'ljust', 3)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'ljust', 2)
          self.checkequal('abc*******', 'abc', 'ljust', 10, '*')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'ljust')
  
      def test_rjust(self):
          self.checkequal('       abc', 'abc', 'rjust', 10)
          self.checkequal('   abc', 'abc', 'rjust', 6)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'rjust', 3)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'rjust', 2)
          self.checkequal('*******abc', 'abc', 'rjust', 10, '*')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'rjust')
  
      def test_center(self):
          self.checkequal('   abc    ', 'abc', 'center', 10)
          self.checkequal(' abc  ', 'abc', 'center', 6)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'center', 3)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', 'center', 2)
          self.checkequal('***abc****', 'abc', 'center', 10, '*')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'center')
  
      def test_swapcase(self):
          self.checkequal('hEllO CoMPuTErS', 'HeLLo cOmpUteRs', 'swapcase')
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'swapcase', 42)
  
      def test_zfill(self):
          self.checkequal('123', '123', 'zfill', 2)
          self.checkequal('123', '123', 'zfill', 3)
          self.checkequal('0123', '123', 'zfill', 4)
          self.checkequal('+123', '+123', 'zfill', 3)
          self.checkequal('+123', '+123', 'zfill', 4)
          self.checkequal('+0123', '+123', 'zfill', 5)
          self.checkequal('-123', '-123', 'zfill', 3)
          self.checkequal('-123', '-123', 'zfill', 4)
          self.checkequal('-0123', '-123', 'zfill', 5)
          self.checkequal('000', '', 'zfill', 3)
          self.checkequal('34', '34', 'zfill', 1)
          self.checkequal('0034', '34', 'zfill', 4)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '123', 'zfill')
  
      def test_islower(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'islower')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'islower')
          self.checkequal(False, 'A', 'islower')
          self.checkequal(False, '\n', 'islower')
          self.checkequal(True, 'abc', 'islower')
          self.checkequal(False, 'aBc', 'islower')
          self.checkequal(True, 'abc\n', 'islower')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'islower', 42)
  
      def test_isupper(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal(False, 'a', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal(False, '\n', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal(True, 'ABC', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal(False, 'AbC', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal(True, 'ABC\n', 'isupper')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isupper', 42)
  
      def test_istitle(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(False, 'a', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(False, '\n', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A Titlecased Line', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A\nTitlecased Line', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A Titlecased, Line', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(False, 'Not a capitalized String', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(False, 'Not\ta Titlecase String', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(False, 'Not--a Titlecase String', 'istitle')
          self.checkequal(False, 'NOT', 'istitle')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'istitle', 42)
  
      def test_isspace(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(False, 'a', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(True, ' ', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(True, '\t', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(True, '\r', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(True, '\n', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(True, ' \t\r\n', 'isspace')
          self.checkequal(False, ' \t\r\na', 'isspace')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isspace', 42)
  
      def test_isalpha(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'isalpha')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'isalpha')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A', 'isalpha')
          self.checkequal(False, '\n', 'isalpha')
          self.checkequal(True, 'abc', 'isalpha')
          self.checkequal(False, 'aBc123', 'isalpha')
          self.checkequal(False, 'abc\n', 'isalpha')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isalpha', 42)
  
      def test_isalnum(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(False, '\n', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(True, '123abc456', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a1b3c', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(False, 'aBc000 ', 'isalnum')
          self.checkequal(False, 'abc\n', 'isalnum')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isalnum', 42)
  
      def test_isascii(self):
          self.checkequal(True, '', 'isascii')
          self.checkequal(True, '\x00', 'isascii')
          self.checkequal(True, '\x7f', 'isascii')
          self.checkequal(True, '\x00\x7f', 'isascii')
          self.checkequal(False, '\x80', 'isascii')
          self.checkequal(False, '\xe9', 'isascii')
          # bytes.isascii() and bytearray.isascii() has optimization which
          # check 4 or 8 bytes at once.  So check some alignments.
          for p in range(8):
              self.checkequal(True, ' '*p + '\x7f', 'isascii')
              self.checkequal(False, ' '*p + '\x80', 'isascii')
              self.checkequal(True, ' '*p + '\x7f' + ' '*8, 'isascii')
              self.checkequal(False, ' '*p + '\x80' + ' '*8, 'isascii')
  
      def test_isdigit(self):
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'isdigit')
          self.checkequal(False, 'a', 'isdigit')
          self.checkequal(True, '0', 'isdigit')
          self.checkequal(True, '0123456789', 'isdigit')
          self.checkequal(False, '0123456789a', 'isdigit')
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'isdigit', 42)
  
      def test_title(self):
          self.checkequal(' Hello ', ' hello ', 'title')
          self.checkequal('Hello ', 'hello ', 'title')
          self.checkequal('Hello ', 'Hello ', 'title')
          self.checkequal('Format This As Title String', "fOrMaT thIs aS titLe String", 'title')
          self.checkequal('Format,This-As*Title;String', "fOrMaT,thIs-aS*titLe;String", 'title', )
          self.checkequal('Getint', "getInt", 'title')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'title', 42)
  
      def test_splitlines(self):
          self.checkequal(['abc', 'def', '', 'ghi'], "abc\ndef\n\rghi", 'splitlines')
          self.checkequal(['abc', 'def', '', 'ghi'], "abc\ndef\n\r\nghi", 'splitlines')
          self.checkequal(['abc', 'def', 'ghi'], "abc\ndef\r\nghi", 'splitlines')
          self.checkequal(['abc', 'def', 'ghi'], "abc\ndef\r\nghi\n", 'splitlines')
          self.checkequal(['abc', 'def', 'ghi', ''], "abc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", 'splitlines')
          self.checkequal(['', 'abc', 'def', 'ghi', ''], "\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", 'splitlines')
          self.checkequal(['', 'abc', 'def', 'ghi', ''],
                          "\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", 'splitlines', False)
          self.checkequal(['\n', 'abc\n', 'def\r\n', 'ghi\n', '\r'],
                          "\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", 'splitlines', True)
          self.checkequal(['', 'abc', 'def', 'ghi', ''], "\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r",
                          'splitlines', keepends=False)
          self.checkequal(['\n', 'abc\n', 'def\r\n', 'ghi\n', '\r'],
                          "\nabc\ndef\r\nghi\n\r", 'splitlines', keepends=True)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', 'splitlines', 42, 42)
  
  
  class CommonTest(BaseTest):
      # This testcase contains tests that can be used in all
      # stringlike classes. Currently this is str and UserString.
  
      def test_hash(self):
          # SF bug 1054139:  += optimization was not invalidating cached hash value
          a = self.type2test('DNSSEC')
          b = self.type2test('')
          for c in a:
              b += c
              hash(b)
          self.assertEqual(hash(a), hash(b))
  
      def test_capitalize_nonascii(self):
          # check that titlecased chars are lowered correctly
          # \u1ffc is the titlecased char
          self.checkequal('\u03a9\u0399\u1ff3\u1ff3\u1ff3',
                          '\u1ff3\u1ff3\u1ffc\u1ffc', 'capitalize')
          # check with cased non-letter chars
          self.checkequal('\u24c5\u24e8\u24e3\u24d7\u24de\u24dd',
                          '\u24c5\u24ce\u24c9\u24bd\u24c4\u24c3', 'capitalize')
          self.checkequal('\u24c5\u24e8\u24e3\u24d7\u24de\u24dd',
                          '\u24df\u24e8\u24e3\u24d7\u24de\u24dd', 'capitalize')
          self.checkequal('\u2160\u2171\u2172',
                          '\u2160\u2161\u2162', 'capitalize')
          self.checkequal('\u2160\u2171\u2172',
                          '\u2170\u2171\u2172', 'capitalize')
          # check with Ll chars with no upper - nothing changes here
          self.checkequal('\u019b\u1d00\u1d86\u0221\u1fb7',
                          '\u019b\u1d00\u1d86\u0221\u1fb7', 'capitalize')
  
  
  class MixinStrUnicodeUserStringTest:
      # additional tests that only work for
      # stringlike objects, i.e. str, UserString
  
      def test_startswith(self):
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'he')
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'hello')
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'hello world')
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', '')
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'ello')
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'ello', 1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'o', 4)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'o', 5)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', '', 5)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'lo', 6)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'startswith', 'lowo', 3)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'startswith', 'lowo', 3, 7)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'startswith', 'lowo', 3, 6)
          self.checkequal(True, '', 'startswith', '', 0, 1)
          self.checkequal(True, '', 'startswith', '', 0, 0)
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'startswith', '', 1, 0)
  
          # test negative indices
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'he', 0, -1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'he', -53, -1)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'hello', 0, -1)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'hello world', -1, -10)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'ello', -5)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'ello', -4)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'o', -2)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', 'o', -1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', '', -3, -3)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', 'lo', -9)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'startswith')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'startswith', 42)
  
          # test tuple arguments
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', ('he', 'ha'))
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', ('lo', 'llo'))
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', ('hellox', 'hello'))
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', ())
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'startswith', ('hellowo',
                                                             'rld', 'lowo'), 3)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'startswith', ('hellowo', 'ello',
                                                              'rld'), 3)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', ('lo', 'he'), 0, -1)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'startswith', ('he', 'hel'), 0, 1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'startswith', ('he', 'hel'), 0, 2)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'startswith', (42,))
  
      def test_endswith(self):
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', 'lo')
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', 'he')
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', '')
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', 'hello world')
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'worl')
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'worl', 3, 9)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'world', 3, 12)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', 1, 7)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', 2, 7)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', 3, 7)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', 4, 7)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', 3, 8)
          self.checkequal(False, 'ab', 'endswith', 'ab', 0, 1)
          self.checkequal(False, 'ab', 'endswith', 'ab', 0, 0)
          self.checkequal(True, '', 'endswith', '', 0, 1)
          self.checkequal(True, '', 'endswith', '', 0, 0)
          self.checkequal(False, '', 'endswith', '', 1, 0)
  
          # test negative indices
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', 'lo', -2)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', 'he', -2)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', '', -3, -3)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', 'hello world', -10, -2)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'worl', -6)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'worl', -5, -1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'worl', -5, 9)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'world', -7, 12)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', -99, -3)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', -8, -3)
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', -7, -3)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', 3, -4)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', 'lowo', -8, -2)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'endswith')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'endswith', 42)
  
          # test tuple arguments
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', ('he', 'ha'))
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', ('lo', 'llo'))
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', ('hellox', 'hello'))
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', ())
          self.checkequal(True, 'helloworld', 'endswith', ('hellowo',
                                                             'rld', 'lowo'), 3)
          self.checkequal(False, 'helloworld', 'endswith', ('hellowo', 'ello',
                                                              'rld'), 3, -1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', ('hell', 'ell'), 0, -1)
          self.checkequal(False, 'hello', 'endswith', ('he', 'hel'), 0, 1)
          self.checkequal(True, 'hello', 'endswith', ('he', 'hell'), 0, 4)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'hello', 'endswith', (42,))
  
      def test___contains__(self):
          self.checkequal(True, '', '__contains__', '')
          self.checkequal(True, 'abc', '__contains__', '')
          self.checkequal(False, 'abc', '__contains__', '\0')
          self.checkequal(True, '\0abc', '__contains__', '\0')
          self.checkequal(True, 'abc\0', '__contains__', '\0')
          self.checkequal(True, '\0abc', '__contains__', 'a')
          self.checkequal(True, 'asdf', '__contains__', 'asdf')
          self.checkequal(False, 'asd', '__contains__', 'asdf')
          self.checkequal(False, '', '__contains__', 'asdf')
  
      def test_subscript(self):
          self.checkequal('a', 'abc', '__getitem__', 0)
          self.checkequal('c', 'abc', '__getitem__', -1)
          self.checkequal('a', 'abc', '__getitem__', 0)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 3))
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 1000))
          self.checkequal('a', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 1))
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 0))
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', '__getitem__', 'def')
  
      def test_slice(self):
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 1000))
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 3))
          self.checkequal('ab', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(0, 2))
          self.checkequal('bc', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(1, 3))
          self.checkequal('b', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(1, 2))
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(2, 2))
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(1000, 1000))
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(2000, 1000))
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__getitem__', slice(2, 1))
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', '__getitem__', 'def')
  
      def test_extended_getslice(self):
          # Test extended slicing by comparing with list slicing.
          s = string.ascii_letters + string.digits
          indices = (0, None, 1, 3, 41, -1, -2, -37)
          for start in indices:
              for stop in indices:
                  # Skip step 0 (invalid)
                  for step in indices[1:]:
                      L = list(s)[start:stop:step]
                      self.checkequal("".join(L), s, '__getitem__',
                                      slice(start, stop, step))
  
      def test_mul(self):
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__mul__', -1)
          self.checkequal('', 'abc', '__mul__', 0)
          self.checkequal('abc', 'abc', '__mul__', 1)
          self.checkequal('abcabcabc', 'abc', '__mul__', 3)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', '__mul__')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', '__mul__', '')
          # XXX: on a 64-bit system, this doesn't raise an overflow error,
          # but either raises a MemoryError, or succeeds (if you have 54TiB)
          #self.checkraises(OverflowError, 10000*'abc', '__mul__', 2000000000)
  
      def test_join(self):
          # join now works with any sequence type
          # moved here, because the argument order is
          # different in string.join
          self.checkequal('a b c d', ' ', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c', 'd'])
          self.checkequal('abcd', '', 'join', ('a', 'b', 'c', 'd'))
          self.checkequal('bd', '', 'join', ('', 'b', '', 'd'))
          self.checkequal('ac', '', 'join', ('a', '', 'c', ''))
          self.checkequal('w x y z', ' ', 'join', Sequence())
          self.checkequal('abc', 'a', 'join', ('abc',))
          self.checkequal('z', 'a', 'join', UserList(['z']))
          self.checkequal('a.b.c', '.', 'join', ['a', 'b', 'c'])
          self.assertRaises(TypeError, '.'.join, ['a', 'b', 3])
          for i in [5, 25, 125]:
              self.checkequal(((('a' * i) + '-') * i)[:-1], '-', 'join',
                   ['a' * i] * i)
              self.checkequal(((('a' * i) + '-') * i)[:-1], '-', 'join',
                   ('a' * i,) * i)
  
          #self.checkequal(str(BadSeq1()), ' ', 'join', BadSeq1())
          self.checkequal('a b c', ' ', 'join', BadSeq2())
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', None)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', 7)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, ' ', 'join', [1, 2, bytes()])
          try:
              def f():
                  yield 4 + ""
              self.fixtype(' ').join(f())
          except TypeError as e:
              if '+' not in str(e):
                  self.fail('join() ate exception message')
          else:
              self.fail('exception not raised')
  
      def test_formatting(self):
          self.checkequal('+hello+', '+%s+', '__mod__', 'hello')
          self.checkequal('+10+', '+%d+', '__mod__', 10)
          self.checkequal('a', "%c", '__mod__', "a")
          self.checkequal('a', "%c", '__mod__', "a")
          self.checkequal('"', "%c", '__mod__', 34)
          self.checkequal('$', "%c", '__mod__', 36)
          self.checkequal('10', "%d", '__mod__', 10)
          self.checkequal('\x7f', "%c", '__mod__', 0x7f)
  
          for ordinal in (-100, 0x200000):
              # unicode raises ValueError, str raises OverflowError
              self.checkraises((ValueError, OverflowError), '%c', '__mod__', ordinal)
  
          longvalue = sys.maxsize + 10
          slongvalue = str(longvalue)
          self.checkequal(' 42', '%3ld', '__mod__', 42)
          self.checkequal('42', '%d', '__mod__', 42.0)
          self.checkequal(slongvalue, '%d', '__mod__', longvalue)
          self.checkcall('%d', '__mod__', float(longvalue))
          self.checkequal('0042.00', '%07.2f', '__mod__', 42)
          self.checkequal('0042.00', '%07.2F', '__mod__', 42)
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', '__mod__')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%(foo)s', '__mod__', 42)
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%s%s', '__mod__', (42,))
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%c', '__mod__', (None,))
          self.checkraises(ValueError, '%(foo', '__mod__', {})
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%(foo)s %(bar)s', '__mod__', ('foo', 42))
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%d', '__mod__', "42") # not numeric
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%d', '__mod__', (42+0j)) # no int conversion provided
  
          # argument names with properly nested brackets are supported
          self.checkequal('bar', '%((foo))s', '__mod__', {'(foo)': 'bar'})
  
          # 100 is a magic number in PyUnicode_Format, this forces a resize
          self.checkequal(103*'a'+'x', '%sx', '__mod__', 103*'a')
  
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%*s', '__mod__', ('foo', 'bar'))
          self.checkraises(TypeError, '%10.*f', '__mod__', ('foo', 42.))
          self.checkraises(ValueError, '%10', '__mod__', (42,))
  
          # Outrageously large width or precision should raise ValueError.
          self.checkraises(ValueError, '%%%df' % (2**64), '__mod__', (3.2))
          self.checkraises(ValueError, '%%.%df' % (2**64), '__mod__', (3.2))
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, '%*s', '__mod__',
                           (sys.maxsize + 1, ''))
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, '%.*f', '__mod__',
                           (sys.maxsize + 1, 1. / 7))
  
          class X(object): pass
          self.checkraises(TypeError, 'abc', '__mod__', X())
  
      @support.cpython_only
      def test_formatting_c_limits(self):
          from _testcapi import PY_SSIZE_T_MAX, INT_MAX, UINT_MAX
          SIZE_MAX = (1 << (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX.bit_length() + 1)) - 1
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, '%*s', '__mod__',
                           (PY_SSIZE_T_MAX + 1, ''))
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, '%.*f', '__mod__',
                           (INT_MAX + 1, 1. / 7))
          # Issue 15989
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, '%*s', '__mod__',
                           (SIZE_MAX + 1, ''))
          self.checkraises(OverflowError, '%.*f', '__mod__',
                           (UINT_MAX + 1, 1. / 7))
  
      def test_floatformatting(self):
          # float formatting
          for prec in range(100):
              format = '%%.%if' % prec
              value = 0.01
              for x in range(60):
                  value = value * 3.14159265359 / 3.0 * 10.0
                  self.checkcall(format, "__mod__", value)
  
      def test_inplace_rewrites(self):
          # Check that strings don't copy and modify cached single-character strings
          self.checkequal('a', 'A', 'lower')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A', 'isupper')
          self.checkequal('A', 'a', 'upper')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'islower')
  
          self.checkequal('a', 'A', 'replace', 'A', 'a')
          self.checkequal(True, 'A', 'isupper')
  
          self.checkequal('A', 'a', 'capitalize')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'islower')
  
          self.checkequal('A', 'a', 'swapcase')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'islower')
  
          self.checkequal('A', 'a', 'title')
          self.checkequal(True, 'a', 'islower')
  
      def test_partition(self):
  
          self.checkequal(('this is the par', 'ti', 'tion method'),
              'this is the partition method', 'partition', 'ti')
  
          # from raymond's original specification
          S = 'http://www.python.org'
          self.checkequal(('http', '://', 'www.python.org'), S, 'partition', '://')
          self.checkequal(('http://www.python.org', '', ''), S, 'partition', '?')
          self.checkequal(('', 'http://', 'www.python.org'), S, 'partition', 'http://')
          self.checkequal(('http://www.python.', 'org', ''), S, 'partition', 'org')
  
          self.checkraises(ValueError, S, 'partition', '')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, S, 'partition', None)
  
      def test_rpartition(self):
  
          self.checkequal(('this is the rparti', 'ti', 'on method'),
              'this is the rpartition method', 'rpartition', 'ti')
  
          # from raymond's original specification
          S = 'http://www.python.org'
          self.checkequal(('http', '://', 'www.python.org'), S, 'rpartition', '://')
          self.checkequal(('', '', 'http://www.python.org'), S, 'rpartition', '?')
          self.checkequal(('', 'http://', 'www.python.org'), S, 'rpartition', 'http://')
          self.checkequal(('http://www.python.', 'org', ''), S, 'rpartition', 'org')
  
          self.checkraises(ValueError, S, 'rpartition', '')
          self.checkraises(TypeError, S, 'rpartition', None)
  
      def test_none_arguments(self):
          # issue 11828
          s = 'hello'
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'find', 'l', None)
          self.checkequal(3, s, 'find', 'l', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'find', 'l', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(0, s, 'find', 'h', None, None)
  
          self.checkequal(3, s, 'rfind', 'l', None)
          self.checkequal(3, s, 'rfind', 'l', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'rfind', 'l', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(0, s, 'rfind', 'h', None, None)
  
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'index', 'l', None)
          self.checkequal(3, s, 'index', 'l', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'index', 'l', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(0, s, 'index', 'h', None, None)
  
          self.checkequal(3, s, 'rindex', 'l', None)
          self.checkequal(3, s, 'rindex', 'l', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'rindex', 'l', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(0, s, 'rindex', 'h', None, None)
  
          self.checkequal(2, s, 'count', 'l', None)
          self.checkequal(1, s, 'count', 'l', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(1, s, 'count', 'l', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(0, s, 'count', 'x', None, None)
  
          self.checkequal(True, s, 'endswith', 'o', None)
          self.checkequal(True, s, 'endswith', 'lo', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(True, s, 'endswith', 'l', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(False, s, 'endswith', 'x', None, None)
  
          self.checkequal(True, s, 'startswith', 'h', None)
          self.checkequal(True, s, 'startswith', 'l', -2, None)
          self.checkequal(True, s, 'startswith', 'h', None, -2)
          self.checkequal(False, s, 'startswith', 'x', None, None)
  
      def test_find_etc_raise_correct_error_messages(self):
          # issue 11828
          s = 'hello'
          x = 'x'
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^find\(', s.find,
                                  x, None, None, None)
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^rfind\(', s.rfind,
                                  x, None, None, None)
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^index\(', s.index,
                                  x, None, None, None)
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^rindex\(', s.rindex,
                                  x, None, None, None)
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^count\(', s.count,
                                  x, None, None, None)
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^startswith\(', s.startswith,
                                  x, None, None, None)
          self.assertRaisesRegex(TypeError, r'^endswith\(', s.endswith,
                                  x, None, None, None)
  
          # issue #15534
          self.checkequal(10, "...\u043c......<", "find", "<")
  
  
  class MixinStrUnicodeTest:
      # Additional tests that only work with str.
  
      def test_bug1001011(self):
          # Make sure join returns a NEW object for single item sequences
          # involving a subclass.
          # Make sure that it is of the appropriate type.
          # Check the optimisation still occurs for standard objects.
          t = self.type2test
          class subclass(t):
              pass
          s1 = subclass("abcd")
          s2 = t().join([s1])
          self.assertIsNot(s1, s2)
          self.assertIs(type(s2), t)
  
          s1 = t("abcd")
          s2 = t().join([s1])
          self.assertIs(s1, s2)
  