text: from test.support import verbose, TestFailed
  import locale
  import sys
  import test.support as support
  import unittest
  
  maxsize = support.MAX_Py_ssize_t
  
  # test string formatting operator (I am not sure if this is being tested
  # elsewhere but, surely, some of the given cases are *not* tested because
  # they crash python)
  # test on bytes object as well
  
  def testformat(formatstr, args, output=None, limit=None, overflowok=False):
      if verbose:
          if output:
              print("{!a} % {!a} =? {!a} ...".format(formatstr, args, output),
                    end=' ')
          else:
              print("{!a} % {!a} works? ...".format(formatstr, args), end=' ')
      try:
          result = formatstr % args
      except OverflowError:
          if not overflowok:
              raise
          if verbose:
              print('overflow (this is fine)')
      else:
          if output and limit is None and result != output:
              if verbose:
                  print('no')
              raise AssertionError("%r %% %r == %r != %r" %
                                  (formatstr, args, result, output))
          # when 'limit' is specified, it determines how many characters
          # must match exactly; lengths must always match.
          # ex: limit=5, '12345678' matches '12345___'
          # (mainly for floating point format tests for which an exact match
          # can't be guaranteed due to rounding and representation errors)
          elif output and limit is not None and (
                  len(result)!=len(output) or result[:limit]!=output[:limit]):
              if verbose:
                  print('no')
              print("%s %% %s == %s != %s" % \
                    (repr(formatstr), repr(args), repr(result), repr(output)))
          else:
              if verbose:
                  print('yes')
  
  def testcommon(formatstr, args, output=None, limit=None, overflowok=False):
      # if formatstr is a str, test str, bytes, and bytearray;
      # otherwise, test bytes and bytearry
      if isinstance(formatstr, str):
          testformat(formatstr, args, output, limit, overflowok)
          b_format = formatstr.encode('ascii')
      else:
          b_format = formatstr
      ba_format = bytearray(b_format)
      b_args = []
      if not isinstance(args, tuple):
          args = (args, )
      b_args = tuple(args)
      if output is None:
          b_output = ba_output = None
      else:
          if isinstance(output, str):
              b_output = output.encode('ascii')
          else:
              b_output = output
          ba_output = bytearray(b_output)
      testformat(b_format, b_args, b_output, limit, overflowok)
      testformat(ba_format, b_args, ba_output, limit, overflowok)
  
  
  class FormatTest(unittest.TestCase):
  
      def test_common_format(self):
          # test the format identifiers that work the same across
          # str, bytes, and bytearrays (integer, float, oct, hex)
          testcommon("%.1d", (1,), "1")
          testcommon("%.*d", (sys.maxsize,1), overflowok=True)  # expect overflow
          testcommon("%.100d", (1,), '00000000000000000000000000000000000000'
                   '000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
                   '00000001', overflowok=True)
          testcommon("%#.117x", (1,), '0x00000000000000000000000000000000000'
                   '000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
                   '0000000000000000000000000001',
                   overflowok=True)
          testcommon("%#.118x", (1,), '0x00000000000000000000000000000000000'
                   '000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000'
                   '00000000000000000000000000001',
                   overflowok=True)
  
          testcommon("%f", (1.0,), "1.000000")
          # these are trying to test the limits of the internal magic-number-length
          # formatting buffer, if that number changes then these tests are less
          # effective
          testcommon("%#.*g", (109, -1.e+49/3.))
          testcommon("%#.*g", (110, -1.e+49/3.))
          testcommon("%#.*g", (110, -1.e+100/3.))
          # test some ridiculously large precision, expect overflow
          testcommon('%12.*f', (123456, 1.0))
  
          # check for internal overflow validation on length of precision
          # these tests should no longer cause overflow in Python
          # 2.7/3.1 and later.
          testcommon("%#.*g", (110, -1.e+100/3.))
          testcommon("%#.*G", (110, -1.e+100/3.))
          testcommon("%#.*f", (110, -1.e+100/3.))
          testcommon("%#.*F", (110, -1.e+100/3.))
          # Formatting of integers. Overflow is not ok
          testcommon("%x", 10, "a")
          testcommon("%x", 100000000000, "174876e800")
          testcommon("%o", 10, "12")
          testcommon("%o", 100000000000, "1351035564000")
          testcommon("%d", 10, "10")
          testcommon("%d", 100000000000, "100000000000")
          big = 123456789012345678901234567890
          testcommon("%d", big, "123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%d", -big, "-123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%5d", -big, "-123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%31d", -big, "-123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%32d", -big, " -123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%-32d", -big, "-123456789012345678901234567890 ")
          testcommon("%032d", -big, "-0123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%-032d", -big, "-123456789012345678901234567890 ")
          testcommon("%034d", -big, "-000123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%034d", big, "0000123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%0+34d", big, "+000123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%+34d", big, "   +123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%34d", big, "    123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%.2d", big, "123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%.30d", big, "123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%.31d", big, "0123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%32.31d", big, " 0123456789012345678901234567890")
          testcommon("%d", float(big), "123456________________________", 6)
          big = 0x1234567890abcdef12345  # 21 hex digits
          testcommon("%x", big, "1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%x", -big, "-1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%5x", -big, "-1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%22x", -big, "-1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%23x", -big, " -1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%-23x", -big, "-1234567890abcdef12345 ")
          testcommon("%023x", -big, "-01234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%-023x", -big, "-1234567890abcdef12345 ")
          testcommon("%025x", -big, "-0001234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%025x", big, "00001234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%0+25x", big, "+0001234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%+25x", big, "   +1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%25x", big, "    1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%.2x", big, "1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%.21x", big, "1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%.22x", big, "01234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%23.22x", big, " 01234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%-23.22x", big, "01234567890abcdef12345 ")
          testcommon("%X", big, "1234567890ABCDEF12345")
          testcommon("%#X", big, "0X1234567890ABCDEF12345")
          testcommon("%#x", big, "0x1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%#x", -big, "-0x1234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%#.23x", -big, "-0x001234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%#+.23x", big, "+0x001234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%# .23x", big, " 0x001234567890abcdef12345")
          testcommon("%#+.23X", big, "+0X001234567890ABCDEF12345")
          testcommon("%#-+.23X", big, "+0X001234567890ABCDEF12345")
          testcommon("%#-+26.23X", big, "+0X001234567890ABCDEF12345")
          testcommon("%#-+27.23X", big, "+0X001234567890ABCDEF12345 ")
          testcommon("%#+27.23X", big, " +0X001234567890ABCDEF12345")
          # next one gets two leading zeroes from precision, and another from the
          # 0 flag and the width
          testcommon("%#+027.23X", big, "+0X0001234567890ABCDEF12345")
          # same, except no 0 flag
          testcommon("%#+27.23X", big, " +0X001234567890ABCDEF12345")
          big = 0o12345670123456701234567012345670  # 32 octal digits
          testcommon("%o", big, "12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%o", -big, "-12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%5o", -big, "-12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%33o", -big, "-12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%34o", -big, " -12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%-34o", -big, "-12345670123456701234567012345670 ")
          testcommon("%034o", -big, "-012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%-034o", -big, "-12345670123456701234567012345670 ")
          testcommon("%036o", -big, "-00012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%036o", big, "000012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%0+36o", big, "+00012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%+36o", big, "   +12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%36o", big, "    12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%.2o", big, "12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%.32o", big, "12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%.33o", big, "012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%34.33o", big, " 012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%-34.33o", big, "012345670123456701234567012345670 ")
          testcommon("%o", big, "12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#o", big, "0o12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#o", -big, "-0o12345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#.34o", -big, "-0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#+.34o", big, "+0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%# .34o", big, " 0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#+.34o", big, "+0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#-+.34o", big, "+0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#-+37.34o", big, "+0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          testcommon("%#+37.34o", big, "+0o0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          # next one gets one leading zero from precision
          testcommon("%.33o", big, "012345670123456701234567012345670")
          # base marker shouldn't change that, since "0" is redundant
          testcommon("%#.33o", big, "0o012345670123456701234567012345670")
          # but reduce precision, and base marker should add a zero
          testcommon("%#.32o", big, "0o12345670123456701234567012345670")
          # one leading zero from precision, and another from "0" flag & width
          testcommon("%034.33o", big, "0012345670123456701234567012345670")
          # base marker shouldn't change that
          testcommon("%0#34.33o", big, "0o012345670123456701234567012345670")
          # Some small ints, in both Python int and flavors).
          testcommon("%d", 42, "42")
          testcommon("%d", -42, "-42")
          testcommon("%d", 42, "42")
          testcommon("%d", -42, "-42")
          testcommon("%d", 42.0, "42")
          testcommon("%#x", 1, "0x1")
          testcommon("%#x", 1, "0x1")
          testcommon("%#X", 1, "0X1")
          testcommon("%#X", 1, "0X1")
          testcommon("%#o", 1, "0o1")
          testcommon("%#o", 1, "0o1")
          testcommon("%#o", 0, "0o0")
          testcommon("%#o", 0, "0o0")
          testcommon("%o", 0, "0")
          testcommon("%o", 0, "0")
          testcommon("%d", 0, "0")
          testcommon("%d", 0, "0")
          testcommon("%#x", 0, "0x0")
          testcommon("%#x", 0, "0x0")
          testcommon("%#X", 0, "0X0")
          testcommon("%#X", 0, "0X0")
          testcommon("%x", 0x42, "42")
          testcommon("%x", -0x42, "-42")
          testcommon("%x", 0x42, "42")
          testcommon("%x", -0x42, "-42")
          testcommon("%o", 0o42, "42")
          testcommon("%o", -0o42, "-42")
          testcommon("%o", 0o42, "42")
          testcommon("%o", -0o42, "-42")
          # alternate float formatting
          testcommon('%g', 1.1, '1.1')
          testcommon('%#g', 1.1, '1.10000')
  
      def test_str_format(self):
          testformat("%r", "\u0378", "'\\u0378'")  # non printable
          testformat("%a", "\u0378", "'\\u0378'")  # non printable
          testformat("%r", "\u0374", "'\u0374'")   # printable
          testformat("%a", "\u0374", "'\\u0374'")  # printable
  
          # Test exception for unknown format characters, etc.
          if verbose:
              print('Testing exceptions')
          def test_exc(formatstr, args, exception, excmsg):
              try:
                  testformat(formatstr, args)
              except exception as exc:
                  if str(exc) == excmsg:
                      if verbose:
                          print("yes")
                  else:
                      if verbose: print('no')
                      print('Unexpected ', exception, ':', repr(str(exc)))
              except:
                  if verbose: print('no')
                  print('Unexpected exception')
                  raise
              else:
                  raise TestFailed('did not get expected exception: %s' % excmsg)
          test_exc('abc %b', 1, ValueError,
                   "unsupported format character 'b' (0x62) at index 5")
          #test_exc(unicode('abc %\u3000','raw-unicode-escape'), 1, ValueError,
          #         "unsupported format character '?' (0x3000) at index 5")
          test_exc('%d', '1', TypeError, "%d format: a number is required, not str")
          test_exc('%x', '1', TypeError, "%x format: an integer is required, not str")
          test_exc('%x', 3.14, TypeError, "%x format: an integer is required, not float")
          test_exc('%g', '1', TypeError, "a float is required")
          test_exc('no format', '1', TypeError,
                   "not all arguments converted during string formatting")
          test_exc('%c', -1, OverflowError, "%c arg not in range(0x110000)")
          test_exc('%c', sys.maxunicode+1, OverflowError,
                   "%c arg not in range(0x110000)")
          #test_exc('%c', 2**128, OverflowError, "%c arg not in range(0x110000)")
          test_exc('%c', 3.14, TypeError, "%c requires int or char")
          test_exc('%c', 'ab', TypeError, "%c requires int or char")
          test_exc('%c', b'x', TypeError, "%c requires int or char")
  
          if maxsize == 2**31-1:
              # crashes 2.2.1 and earlier:
              try:
                  "%*d"%(maxsize, -127)
              except MemoryError:
                  pass
              else:
                  raise TestFailed('"%*d"%(maxsize, -127) should fail')
  
      def test_bytes_and_bytearray_format(self):
          # %c will insert a single byte, either from an int in range(256), or
          # from a bytes argument of length 1, not from a str.
          testcommon(b"%c", 7, b"\x07")
          testcommon(b"%c", b"Z", b"Z")
          testcommon(b"%c", bytearray(b"Z"), b"Z")
          testcommon(b"%5c", 65, b"    A")
          testcommon(b"%-5c", 65, b"A    ")
          # %b will insert a series of bytes, either from a type that supports
          # the Py_buffer protocol, or something that has a __bytes__ method
          class FakeBytes(object):
              def __bytes__(self):
                  return b'123'
          fb = FakeBytes()
          testcommon(b"%b", b"abc", b"abc")
          testcommon(b"%b", bytearray(b"def"), b"def")
          testcommon(b"%b", fb, b"123")
          # # %s is an alias for %b -- should only be used for Py2/3 code
          testcommon(b"%s", b"abc", b"abc")
          testcommon(b"%s", bytearray(b"def"), b"def")
          testcommon(b"%s", fb, b"123")
          # %a will give the equivalent of
          # repr(some_obj).encode('ascii', 'backslashreplace')
          testcommon(b"%a", 3.14, b"3.14")
          testcommon(b"%a", b"ghi", b"b'ghi'")
          testcommon(b"%a", "jkl", b"'jkl'")
          testcommon(b"%a", "\u0544", b"'\\u0544'")
          # %r is an alias for %a
          testcommon(b"%r", 3.14, b"3.14")
          testcommon(b"%r", b"ghi", b"b'ghi'")
          testcommon(b"%r", "jkl", b"'jkl'")
          testcommon(b"%r", "\u0544", b"'\\u0544'")
  
          # Test exception for unknown format characters, etc.
          if verbose:
              print('Testing exceptions')
          def test_exc(formatstr, args, exception, excmsg):
              try:
                  testformat(formatstr, args)
              except exception as exc:
                  if str(exc) == excmsg:
                      if verbose:
                          print("yes")
                  else:
                      if verbose: print('no')
                      print('Unexpected ', exception, ':', repr(str(exc)))
              except:
                  if verbose: print('no')
                  print('Unexpected exception')
                  raise
              else:
                  raise TestFailed('did not get expected exception: %s' % excmsg)
          test_exc(b'%d', '1', TypeError,
                  "%d format: a number is required, not str")
          test_exc(b'%d', b'1', TypeError,
                  "%d format: a number is required, not bytes")
          test_exc(b'%x', 3.14, TypeError,
                  "%x format: an integer is required, not float")
          test_exc(b'%g', '1', TypeError, "float argument required, not str")
          test_exc(b'%g', b'1', TypeError, "float argument required, not bytes")
          test_exc(b'no format', 7, TypeError,
                   "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting")
          test_exc(b'no format', b'1', TypeError,
                   "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting")
          test_exc(b'no format', bytearray(b'1'), TypeError,
                   "not all arguments converted during bytes formatting")
          test_exc(b"%c", -1, OverflowError,
                  "%c arg not in range(256)")
          test_exc(b"%c", 256, OverflowError,
                  "%c arg not in range(256)")
          test_exc(b"%c", 2**128, OverflowError,
                  "%c arg not in range(256)")
          test_exc(b"%c", b"Za", TypeError,
                  "%c requires an integer in range(256) or a single byte")
          test_exc(b"%c", "Y", TypeError,
                  "%c requires an integer in range(256) or a single byte")
          test_exc(b"%c", 3.14, TypeError,
                  "%c requires an integer in range(256) or a single byte")
          test_exc(b"%b", "Xc", TypeError,
                  "%b requires bytes, or an object that implements __bytes__, not 'str'")
          test_exc(b"%s", "Wd", TypeError,
                  "%b requires bytes, or an object that implements __bytes__, not 'str'")
  
          if maxsize == 2**31-1:
              # crashes 2.2.1 and earlier:
              try:
                  "%*d"%(maxsize, -127)
              except MemoryError:
                  pass
              else:
                  raise TestFailed('"%*d"%(maxsize, -127) should fail')
  
      def test_non_ascii(self):
          testformat("\u20ac=%f", (1.0,), "\u20ac=1.000000")
  
          self.assertEqual(format("abc", "\u2007<5"), "abc\u2007\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(123, "\u2007<5"), "123\u2007\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(12.3, "\u2007<6"), "12.3\u2007\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(0j, "\u2007<4"), "0j\u2007\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(1+2j, "\u2007<8"), "(1+2j)\u2007\u2007")
  
          self.assertEqual(format("abc", "\u2007>5"), "\u2007\u2007abc")
          self.assertEqual(format(123, "\u2007>5"), "\u2007\u2007123")
          self.assertEqual(format(12.3, "\u2007>6"), "\u2007\u200712.3")
          self.assertEqual(format(1+2j, "\u2007>8"), "\u2007\u2007(1+2j)")
          self.assertEqual(format(0j, "\u2007>4"), "\u2007\u20070j")
  
          self.assertEqual(format("abc", "\u2007^5"), "\u2007abc\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(123, "\u2007^5"), "\u2007123\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(12.3, "\u2007^6"), "\u200712.3\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(1+2j, "\u2007^8"), "\u2007(1+2j)\u2007")
          self.assertEqual(format(0j, "\u2007^4"), "\u20070j\u2007")
  
      def test_locale(self):
          try:
              oldloc = locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL)
              locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, '')
          except locale.Error as err:
              self.skipTest("Cannot set locale: {}".format(err))
          try:
              localeconv = locale.localeconv()
              sep = localeconv['thousands_sep']
              point = localeconv['decimal_point']
  
              text = format(123456789, "n")
              self.assertIn(sep, text)
              self.assertEqual(text.replace(sep, ''), '123456789')
  
              text = format(1234.5, "n")
              self.assertIn(sep, text)
              self.assertIn(point, text)
              self.assertEqual(text.replace(sep, ''), '1234' + point + '5')
          finally:
              locale.setlocale(locale.LC_ALL, oldloc)
  
      @support.cpython_only
      def test_optimisations(self):
          text = "abcde" # 5 characters
  
          self.assertIs("%s" % text, text)
          self.assertIs("%.5s" % text, text)
          self.assertIs("%.10s" % text, text)
          self.assertIs("%1s" % text, text)
          self.assertIs("%5s" % text, text)
  
          self.assertIs("{0}".format(text), text)
          self.assertIs("{0:s}".format(text), text)
          self.assertIs("{0:.5s}".format(text), text)
          self.assertIs("{0:.10s}".format(text), text)
          self.assertIs("{0:1s}".format(text), text)
          self.assertIs("{0:5s}".format(text), text)
  
          self.assertIs(text % (), text)
          self.assertIs(text.format(), text)
  
      def test_precision(self):
          f = 1.2
          self.assertEqual(format(f, ".0f"), "1")
          self.assertEqual(format(f, ".3f"), "1.200")
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
              format(f, ".%sf" % (sys.maxsize + 1))
  
          c = complex(f)
          self.assertEqual(format(c, ".0f"), "1+0j")
          self.assertEqual(format(c, ".3f"), "1.200+0.000j")
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
              format(c, ".%sf" % (sys.maxsize + 1))
  
      @support.cpython_only
      def test_precision_c_limits(self):
          from _testcapi import INT_MAX
  
          f = 1.2
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
              format(f, ".%sf" % (INT_MAX + 1))
  
          c = complex(f)
          with self.assertRaises(ValueError) as cm:
              format(c, ".%sf" % (INT_MAX + 1))
  
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      unittest.main()
  