text: # objects.py -- Access to base git objects
  # Copyright (C) 2007 James Westby <jw+debian@jameswestby.net>
  # Copyright (C) 2008-2013 Jelmer Vernooij <jelmer@samba.org>
  #
  # Dulwich is dual-licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 and the GNU
  # General Public License as public by the Free Software Foundation; version 2.0
  # or (at your option) any later version. You can redistribute it and/or
  # modify it under the terms of either of these two licenses.
  #
  # Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  # distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  # WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  # See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  # limitations under the License.
  #
  # You should have received a copy of the licenses; if not, see
  # <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/> for a copy of the GNU General Public License
  # and <http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> for a copy of the Apache
  # License, Version 2.0.
  #
  
  """Access to base git objects."""
  
  import binascii
  from io import BytesIO
  from collections import namedtuple
  import os
  import posixpath
  import stat
  import warnings
  import zlib
  from hashlib import sha1
  
  from dulwich.errors import (
      ChecksumMismatch,
      NotBlobError,
      NotCommitError,
      NotTagError,
      NotTreeError,
      ObjectFormatException,
      )
  from dulwich.file import GitFile
  
  
  ZERO_SHA = b'0' * 40
  
  # Header fields for commits
  _TREE_HEADER = b'tree'
  _PARENT_HEADER = b'parent'
  _AUTHOR_HEADER = b'author'
  _COMMITTER_HEADER = b'committer'
  _ENCODING_HEADER = b'encoding'
  _MERGETAG_HEADER = b'mergetag'
  _GPGSIG_HEADER = b'gpgsig'
  
  # Header fields for objects
  _OBJECT_HEADER = b'object'
  _TYPE_HEADER = b'type'
  _TAG_HEADER = b'tag'
  _TAGGER_HEADER = b'tagger'
  
  
  S_IFGITLINK = 0o160000
  
  
  MAX_TIME = 9223372036854775807  # (2**63) - 1 - signed long int max
  
  
  def S_ISGITLINK(m):
      """Check if a mode indicates a submodule.
  
      :param m: Mode to check
      :return: a ``boolean``
      """
      return (stat.S_IFMT(m) == S_IFGITLINK)
  
  
  def _decompress(string):
      dcomp = zlib.decompressobj()
      dcomped = dcomp.decompress(string)
      dcomped += dcomp.flush()
      return dcomped
  
  
  def sha_to_hex(sha):
      """Takes a string and returns the hex of the sha within"""
      hexsha = binascii.hexlify(sha)
      assert len(hexsha) == 40, "Incorrect length of sha1 string: %d" % hexsha
      return hexsha
  
  
  def hex_to_sha(hex):
      """Takes a hex sha and returns a binary sha"""
      assert len(hex) == 40, "Incorrect length of hexsha: %s" % hex
      try:
          return binascii.unhexlify(hex)
      except TypeError as exc:
          if not isinstance(hex, bytes):
              raise
          raise ValueError(exc.args[0])
  
  
  def valid_hexsha(hex):
      if len(hex) != 40:
          return False
      try:
          binascii.unhexlify(hex)
      except (TypeError, binascii.Error):
          return False
      else:
          return True
  
  
  def hex_to_filename(path, hex):
      """Takes a hex sha and returns its filename relative to the given path."""
      # os.path.join accepts bytes or unicode, but all args must be of the same
      # type. Make sure that hex which is expected to be bytes, is the same type
      # as path.
      if getattr(path, 'encode', None) is not None:
          hex = hex.decode('ascii')
      dir = hex[:2]
      file = hex[2:]
      # Check from object dir
      return os.path.join(path, dir, file)
  
  
  def filename_to_hex(filename):
      """Takes an object filename and returns its corresponding hex sha."""
      # grab the last (up to) two path components
      names = filename.rsplit(os.path.sep, 2)[-2:]
      errmsg = "Invalid object filename: %s" % filename
      assert len(names) == 2, errmsg
      base, rest = names
      assert len(base) == 2 and len(rest) == 38, errmsg
      hex = (base + rest).encode('ascii')
      hex_to_sha(hex)
      return hex
  
  
  def object_header(num_type, length):
      """Return an object header for the given numeric type and text length."""
      return (object_class(num_type).type_name +
              b' ' + str(length).encode('ascii') + b'\0')
  
  
  def serializable_property(name, docstring=None):
      """A property that helps tracking whether serialization is necessary.
      """
      def set(obj, value):
          setattr(obj, "_"+name, value)
          obj._needs_serialization = True
  
      def get(obj):
          return getattr(obj, "_"+name)
      return property(get, set, doc=docstring)
  
  
  def object_class(type):
      """Get the object class corresponding to the given type.
  
      :param type: Either a type name string or a numeric type.
      :return: The ShaFile subclass corresponding to the given type, or None if
          type is not a valid type name/number.
      """
      return _TYPE_MAP.get(type, None)
  
  
  def check_hexsha(hex, error_msg):
      """Check if a string is a valid hex sha string.
  
      :param hex: Hex string to check
      :param error_msg: Error message to use in exception
      :raise ObjectFormatException: Raised when the string is not valid
      """
      if not valid_hexsha(hex):
          raise ObjectFormatException("%s %s" % (error_msg, hex))
  
  
  def check_identity(identity, error_msg):
      """Check if the specified identity is valid.
  
      This will raise an exception if the identity is not valid.
  
      :param identity: Identity string
      :param error_msg: Error message to use in exception
      """
      email_start = identity.find(b'<')
      email_end = identity.find(b'>')
      if (email_start < 0 or email_end < 0 or email_end <= email_start
              or identity.find(b'<', email_start + 1) >= 0
              or identity.find(b'>', email_end + 1) >= 0
              or not identity.endswith(b'>')):
          raise ObjectFormatException(error_msg)
  
  
  def check_time(time_seconds):
      """Check if the specified time is not prone to overflow error.
  
      This will raise an exception if the time is not valid.
  
      :param time_info: author/committer/tagger info
  
      """
      # Prevent overflow error
      if time_seconds > MAX_TIME:
          raise ObjectFormatException(
              'Date field should not exceed %s' % MAX_TIME)
  
  
  def git_line(*items):
      """Formats items into a space sepreated line."""
      return b' '.join(items) + b'\n'
  
  
  class FixedSha(object):
      """SHA object that behaves like hashlib's but is given a fixed value."""
  
      __slots__ = ('_hexsha', '_sha')
  
      def __init__(self, hexsha):
          if getattr(hexsha, 'encode', None) is not None:
              hexsha = hexsha.encode('ascii')
          if not isinstance(hexsha, bytes):
              raise TypeError('Expected bytes for hexsha, got %r' % hexsha)
          self._hexsha = hexsha
          self._sha = hex_to_sha(hexsha)
  
      def digest(self):
          """Return the raw SHA digest."""
          return self._sha
  
      def hexdigest(self):
          """Return the hex SHA digest."""
          return self._hexsha.decode('ascii')
  
  
  class ShaFile(object):
      """A git SHA file."""
  
      __slots__ = ('_chunked_text', '_sha', '_needs_serialization')
  
      @staticmethod
      def _parse_legacy_object_header(magic, f):
          """Parse a legacy object, creating it but not reading the file."""
          bufsize = 1024
          decomp = zlib.decompressobj()
          header = decomp.decompress(magic)
          start = 0
          end = -1
          while end < 0:
              extra = f.read(bufsize)
              header += decomp.decompress(extra)
              magic += extra
              end = header.find(b'\0', start)
              start = len(header)
          header = header[:end]
          type_name, size = header.split(b' ', 1)
          size = int(size)  # sanity check
          obj_class = object_class(type_name)
          if not obj_class:
              raise ObjectFormatException("Not a known type: %s" % type_name)
          return obj_class()
  
      def _parse_legacy_object(self, map):
          """Parse a legacy object, setting the raw string."""
          text = _decompress(map)
          header_end = text.find(b'\0')
          if header_end < 0:
              raise ObjectFormatException("Invalid object header, no \\0")
          self.set_raw_string(text[header_end+1:])
  
      def as_legacy_object_chunks(self):
          """Return chunks representing the object in the experimental format.
  
          :return: List of strings
          """
          compobj = zlib.compressobj()
          yield compobj.compress(self._header())
          for chunk in self.as_raw_chunks():
              yield compobj.compress(chunk)
          yield compobj.flush()
  
      def as_legacy_object(self):
          """Return string representing the object in the experimental format.
          """
          return b''.join(self.as_legacy_object_chunks())
  
      def as_raw_chunks(self):
          """Return chunks with serialization of the object.
  
          :return: List of strings, not necessarily one per line
          """
          if self._needs_serialization:
              self._sha = None
              self._chunked_text = self._serialize()
              self._needs_serialization = False
          return self._chunked_text
  
      def as_raw_string(self):
          """Return raw string with serialization of the object.
  
          :return: String object
          """
          return b''.join(self.as_raw_chunks())
  
      def __str__(self):
          """Return raw string serialization of this object."""
          return self.as_raw_string()
  
      def __hash__(self):
          """Return unique hash for this object."""
          return hash(self.id)
  
      def as_pretty_string(self):
          """Return a string representing this object, fit for display."""
          return self.as_raw_string()
  
      def set_raw_string(self, text, sha=None):
          """Set the contents of this object from a serialized string."""
          if not isinstance(text, bytes):
              raise TypeError('Expected bytes for text, got %r' % text)
          self.set_raw_chunks([text], sha)
  
      def set_raw_chunks(self, chunks, sha=None):
          """Set the contents of this object from a list of chunks."""
          self._chunked_text = chunks
          self._deserialize(chunks)
          if sha is None:
              self._sha = None
          else:
              self._sha = FixedSha(sha)
          self._needs_serialization = False
  
      @staticmethod
      def _parse_object_header(magic, f):
          """Parse a new style object, creating it but not reading the file."""
          num_type = (ord(magic[0:1]) >> 4) & 7
          obj_class = object_class(num_type)
          if not obj_class:
              raise ObjectFormatException("Not a known type %d" % num_type)
          return obj_class()
  
      def _parse_object(self, map):
          """Parse a new style object, setting self._text."""
          # skip type and size; type must have already been determined, and
          # we trust zlib to fail if it's otherwise corrupted
          byte = ord(map[0:1])
          used = 1
          while (byte & 0x80) != 0:
              byte = ord(map[used:used+1])
              used += 1
          raw = map[used:]
          self.set_raw_string(_decompress(raw))
  
      @classmethod
      def _is_legacy_object(cls, magic):
          b0 = ord(magic[0:1])
          b1 = ord(magic[1:2])
          word = (b0 << 8) + b1
          return (b0 & 0x8F) == 0x08 and (word % 31) == 0
  
      @classmethod
      def _parse_file(cls, f):
          map = f.read()
          if cls._is_legacy_object(map):
              obj = cls._parse_legacy_object_header(map, f)
              obj._parse_legacy_object(map)
          else:
              obj = cls._parse_object_header(map, f)
              obj._parse_object(map)
          return obj
  
      def __init__(self):
          """Don't call this directly"""
          self._sha = None
          self._chunked_text = []
          self._needs_serialization = True
  
      def _deserialize(self, chunks):
          raise NotImplementedError(self._deserialize)
  
      def _serialize(self):
          raise NotImplementedError(self._serialize)
  
      @classmethod
      def from_path(cls, path):
          """Open a SHA file from disk."""
          with GitFile(path, 'rb') as f:
              return cls.from_file(f)
  
      @classmethod
      def from_file(cls, f):
          """Get the contents of a SHA file on disk."""
          try:
              obj = cls._parse_file(f)
              obj._sha = None
              return obj
          except (IndexError, ValueError):
              raise ObjectFormatException("invalid object header")
  
      @staticmethod
      def from_raw_string(type_num, string, sha=None):
          """Creates an object of the indicated type from the raw string given.
  
          :param type_num: The numeric type of the object.
          :param string: The raw uncompressed contents.
          :param sha: Optional known sha for the object
          """
          obj = object_class(type_num)()
          obj.set_raw_string(string, sha)
          return obj
  
      @staticmethod
      def from_raw_chunks(type_num, chunks, sha=None):
          """Creates an object of the indicated type from the raw chunks given.
  
          :param type_num: The numeric type of the object.
          :param chunks: An iterable of the raw uncompressed contents.
          :param sha: Optional known sha for the object
          """
          obj = object_class(type_num)()
          obj.set_raw_chunks(chunks, sha)
          return obj
  
      @classmethod
      def from_string(cls, string):
          """Create a ShaFile from a string."""
          obj = cls()
          obj.set_raw_string(string)
          return obj
  
      def _check_has_member(self, member, error_msg):
          """Check that the object has a given member variable.
  
          :param member: the member variable to check for
          :param error_msg: the message for an error if the member is missing
          :raise ObjectFormatException: with the given error_msg if member is
              missing or is None
          """
          if getattr(self, member, None) is None:
              raise ObjectFormatException(error_msg)
  
      def check(self):
          """Check this object for internal consistency.
  
          :raise ObjectFormatException: if the object is malformed in some way
          :raise ChecksumMismatch: if the object was created with a SHA that does
              not match its contents
          """
          # TODO: if we find that error-checking during object parsing is a
          # performance bottleneck, those checks should be moved to the class's
          # check() method during optimization so we can still check the object
          # when necessary.
          old_sha = self.id
          try:
              self._deserialize(self.as_raw_chunks())
              self._sha = None
              new_sha = self.id
          except Exception as e:
              raise ObjectFormatException(e)
          if old_sha != new_sha:
              raise ChecksumMismatch(new_sha, old_sha)
  
      def _header(self):
          return object_header(self.type, self.raw_length())
  
      def raw_length(self):
          """Returns the length of the raw string of this object."""
          ret = 0
          for chunk in self.as_raw_chunks():
              ret += len(chunk)
          return ret
  
      def sha(self):
          """The SHA1 object that is the name of this object."""
          if self._sha is None or self._needs_serialization:
              # this is a local because as_raw_chunks() overwrites self._sha
              new_sha = sha1()
              new_sha.update(self._header())
              for chunk in self.as_raw_chunks():
                  new_sha.update(chunk)
              self._sha = new_sha
          return self._sha
  
      def copy(self):
          """Create a new copy of this SHA1 object from its raw string"""
          obj_class = object_class(self.get_type())
          return obj_class.from_raw_string(
              self.get_type(),
              self.as_raw_string(),
              self.id)
  
      @property
      def id(self):
          """The hex SHA of this object."""
          return self.sha().hexdigest().encode('ascii')
  
      def get_type(self):
          """Return the type number for this object class."""
          return self.type_num
  
      def set_type(self, type):
          """Set the type number for this object class."""
          self.type_num = type
  
      # DEPRECATED: use type_num or type_name as needed.
      type = property(get_type, set_type)
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<%s %s>" % (self.__class__.__name__, self.id)
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          return not isinstance(other, ShaFile) or self.id != other.id
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          """Return True if the SHAs of the two objects match.
  
          It doesn't make sense to talk about an order on ShaFiles, so we don't
          override the rich comparison methods (__le__, etc.).
          """
          return isinstance(other, ShaFile) and self.id == other.id
  
      def __lt__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, ShaFile):
              raise TypeError
          return self.id < other.id
  
      def __le__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, ShaFile):
              raise TypeError
          return self.id <= other.id
  
      def __cmp__(self, other):
          if not isinstance(other, ShaFile):
              raise TypeError
          return cmp(self.id, other.id)  # noqa: F821
  
  
  class Blob(ShaFile):
      """A Git Blob object."""
  
      __slots__ = ()
  
      type_name = b'blob'
      type_num = 3
  
      def __init__(self):
          super(Blob, self).__init__()
          self._chunked_text = []
          self._needs_serialization = False
  
      def _get_data(self):
          return self.as_raw_string()
  
      def _set_data(self, data):
          self.set_raw_string(data)
  
      data = property(_get_data, _set_data,
                      "The text contained within the blob object.")
  
      def _get_chunked(self):
          return self._chunked_text
  
      def _set_chunked(self, chunks):
          self._chunked_text = chunks
  
      def _serialize(self):
          return self._chunked_text
  
      def _deserialize(self, chunks):
          self._chunked_text = chunks
  
      chunked = property(
          _get_chunked, _set_chunked,
          "The text within the blob object, as chunks (not necessarily lines).")
  
      @classmethod
      def from_path(cls, path):
          blob = ShaFile.from_path(path)
          if not isinstance(blob, cls):
              raise NotBlobError(path)
          return blob
  
      def check(self):
          """Check this object for internal consistency.
  
          :raise ObjectFormatException: if the object is malformed in some way
          """
          super(Blob, self).check()
  
      def splitlines(self):
          """Return list of lines in this blob.
  
          This preserves the original line endings.
          """
          chunks = self.chunked
          if not chunks:
              return []
          if len(chunks) == 1:
              return chunks[0].splitlines(True)
          remaining = None
          ret = []
          for chunk in chunks:
              lines = chunk.splitlines(True)
              if len(lines) > 1:
                  ret.append((remaining or b"") + lines[0])
                  ret.extend(lines[1:-1])
                  remaining = lines[-1]
              elif len(lines) == 1:
                  if remaining is None:
                      remaining = lines.pop()
                  else:
                      remaining += lines.pop()
          if remaining is not None:
              ret.append(remaining)
          return ret
  
  
  def _parse_message(chunks):
      """Parse a message with a list of fields and a body.
  
      :param chunks: the raw chunks of the tag or commit object.
      :return: iterator of tuples of (field, value), one per header line, in the
          order read from the text, possibly including duplicates. Includes a
          field named None for the freeform tag/commit text.
      """
      f = BytesIO(b''.join(chunks))
      k = None
      v = ""
      eof = False
  
      def _strip_last_newline(value):
          """Strip the last newline from value"""
          if value and value.endswith(b'\n'):
              return value[:-1]
          return value
  
      # Parse the headers
      #
      # Headers can contain newlines. The next line is indented with a space.
      # We store the latest key as 'k', and the accumulated value as 'v'.
      for line in f:
          if line.startswith(b' '):
              # Indented continuation of the previous line
              v += line[1:]
          else:
              if k is not None:
                  # We parsed a new header, return its value
                  yield (k, _strip_last_newline(v))
              if line == b'\n':
                  # Empty line indicates end of headers
                  break
              (k, v) = line.split(b' ', 1)
  
      else:
          # We reached end of file before the headers ended. We still need to
          # return the previous header, then we need to return a None field for
          # the text.
          eof = True
          if k is not None:
              yield (k, _strip_last_newline(v))
          yield (None, None)
  
      if not eof:
          # We didn't reach the end of file while parsing headers. We can return
          # the rest of the file as a message.
          yield (None, f.read())
  
      f.close()
  
  
  class Tag(ShaFile):
      """A Git Tag object."""
  
      type_name = b'tag'
      type_num = 4
  
      __slots__ = ('_tag_timezone_neg_utc', '_name', '_object_sha',
                   '_object_class', '_tag_time', '_tag_timezone',
                   '_tagger', '_message')
  
      def __init__(self):
          super(Tag, self).__init__()
          self._tagger = None
          self._tag_time = None
          self._tag_timezone = None
          self._tag_timezone_neg_utc = False
  
      @classmethod
      def from_path(cls, filename):
          tag = ShaFile.from_path(filename)
          if not isinstance(tag, cls):
              raise NotTagError(filename)
          return tag
  
      def check(self):
          """Check this object for internal consistency.
  
          :raise ObjectFormatException: if the object is malformed in some way
          """
          super(Tag, self).check()
          self._check_has_member("_object_sha", "missing object sha")
          self._check_has_member("_object_class", "missing object type")
          self._check_has_member("_name", "missing tag name")
  
          if not self._name:
              raise ObjectFormatException("empty tag name")
  
          check_hexsha(self._object_sha, "invalid object sha")
  
          if getattr(self, "_tagger", None):
              check_identity(self._tagger, "invalid tagger")
  
          self._check_has_member("_tag_time", "missing tag time")
          check_time(self._tag_time)
  
          last = None
          for field, _ in _parse_message(self._chunked_text):
              if field == _OBJECT_HEADER and last is not None:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected object")
              elif field == _TYPE_HEADER and last != _OBJECT_HEADER:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected type")
              elif field == _TAG_HEADER and last != _TYPE_HEADER:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected tag name")
              elif field == _TAGGER_HEADER and last != _TAG_HEADER:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected tagger")
              last = field
  
      def _serialize(self):
          chunks = []
          chunks.append(git_line(_OBJECT_HEADER, self._object_sha))
          chunks.append(git_line(_TYPE_HEADER, self._object_class.type_name))
          chunks.append(git_line(_TAG_HEADER, self._name))
          if self._tagger:
              if self._tag_time is None:
                  chunks.append(git_line(_TAGGER_HEADER, self._tagger))
              else:
                  chunks.append(git_line(
                      _TAGGER_HEADER, self._tagger,
                      str(self._tag_time).encode('ascii'),
                      format_timezone(
                          self._tag_timezone, self._tag_timezone_neg_utc)))
          if self._message is not None:
              chunks.append(b'\n')  # To close headers
              chunks.append(self._message)
          return chunks
  
      def _deserialize(self, chunks):
          """Grab the metadata attached to the tag"""
          self._tagger = None
          self._tag_time = None
          self._tag_timezone = None
          self._tag_timezone_neg_utc = False
          for field, value in _parse_message(chunks):
              if field == _OBJECT_HEADER:
                  self._object_sha = value
              elif field == _TYPE_HEADER:
                  obj_class = object_class(value)
                  if not obj_class:
                      raise ObjectFormatException("Not a known type: %s" % value)
                  self._object_class = obj_class
              elif field == _TAG_HEADER:
                  self._name = value
              elif field == _TAGGER_HEADER:
                  (self._tagger,
                   self._tag_time,
                   (self._tag_timezone,
                    self._tag_timezone_neg_utc)) = parse_time_entry(value)
              elif field is None:
                  self._message = value
              else:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("Unknown field %s" % field)
  
      def _get_object(self):
          """Get the object pointed to by this tag.
  
          :return: tuple of (object class, sha).
          """
          return (self._object_class, self._object_sha)
  
      def _set_object(self, value):
          (self._object_class, self._object_sha) = value
          self._needs_serialization = True
  
      object = property(_get_object, _set_object)
  
      name = serializable_property("name", "The name of this tag")
      tagger = serializable_property(
              "tagger",
              "Returns the name of the person who created this tag")
      tag_time = serializable_property(
              "tag_time",
              "The creation timestamp of the tag.  As the number of seconds "
              "since the epoch")
      tag_timezone = serializable_property(
              "tag_timezone",
              "The timezone that tag_time is in.")
      message = serializable_property(
              "message", "The message attached to this tag")
  
  
  class TreeEntry(namedtuple('TreeEntry', ['path', 'mode', 'sha'])):
      """Named tuple encapsulating a single tree entry."""
  
      def in_path(self, path):
          """Return a copy of this entry with the given path prepended."""
          if not isinstance(self.path, bytes):
              raise TypeError('Expected bytes for path, got %r' % path)
          return TreeEntry(posixpath.join(path, self.path), self.mode, self.sha)
  
  
  def parse_tree(text, strict=False):
      """Parse a tree text.
  
      :param text: Serialized text to parse
      :return: iterator of tuples of (name, mode, sha)
      :raise ObjectFormatException: if the object was malformed in some way
      """
      count = 0
      length = len(text)
      while count < length:
          mode_end = text.index(b' ', count)
          mode_text = text[count:mode_end]
          if strict and mode_text.startswith(b'0'):
              raise ObjectFormatException("Invalid mode '%s'" % mode_text)
          try:
              mode = int(mode_text, 8)
          except ValueError:
              raise ObjectFormatException("Invalid mode '%s'" % mode_text)
          name_end = text.index(b'\0', mode_end)
          name = text[mode_end+1:name_end]
          count = name_end+21
          sha = text[name_end+1:count]
          if len(sha) != 20:
              raise ObjectFormatException("Sha has invalid length")
          hexsha = sha_to_hex(sha)
          yield (name, mode, hexsha)
  
  
  def serialize_tree(items):
      """Serialize the items in a tree to a text.
  
      :param items: Sorted iterable over (name, mode, sha) tuples
      :return: Serialized tree text as chunks
      """
      for name, mode, hexsha in items:
          yield (("%04o" % mode).encode('ascii') + b' ' + name +
                 b'\0' + hex_to_sha(hexsha))
  
  
  def sorted_tree_items(entries, name_order):
      """Iterate over a tree entries dictionary.
  
      :param name_order: If True, iterate entries in order of their name. If
          False, iterate entries in tree order, that is, treat subtree entries as
          having '/' appended.
      :param entries: Dictionary mapping names to (mode, sha) tuples
      :return: Iterator over (name, mode, hexsha)
      """
      key_func = name_order and key_entry_name_order or key_entry
      for name, entry in sorted(entries.items(), key=key_func):
          mode, hexsha = entry
          # Stricter type checks than normal to mirror checks in the C version.
          mode = int(mode)
          if not isinstance(hexsha, bytes):
              raise TypeError('Expected bytes for SHA, got %r' % hexsha)
          yield TreeEntry(name, mode, hexsha)
  
  
  def key_entry(entry):
      """Sort key for tree entry.
  
      :param entry: (name, value) tuplee
      """
      (name, value) = entry
      if stat.S_ISDIR(value[0]):
          name += b'/'
      return name
  
  
  def key_entry_name_order(entry):
      """Sort key for tree entry in name order."""
      return entry[0]
  
  
  def pretty_format_tree_entry(name, mode, hexsha, encoding="utf-8"):
      """Pretty format tree entry.
  
      :param name: Name of the directory entry
      :param mode: Mode of entry
      :param hexsha: Hexsha of the referenced object
      :return: string describing the tree entry
      """
      if mode & stat.S_IFDIR:
          kind = "tree"
      else:
          kind = "blob"
      return "%04o %s %s\t%s\n" % (
              mode, kind, hexsha.decode('ascii'),
              name.decode(encoding, 'replace'))
  
  
  class Tree(ShaFile):
      """A Git tree object"""
  
      type_name = b'tree'
      type_num = 2
  
      __slots__ = ('_entries')
  
      def __init__(self):
          super(Tree, self).__init__()
          self._entries = {}
  
      @classmethod
      def from_path(cls, filename):
          tree = ShaFile.from_path(filename)
          if not isinstance(tree, cls):
              raise NotTreeError(filename)
          return tree
  
      def __contains__(self, name):
          return name in self._entries
  
      def __getitem__(self, name):
          return self._entries[name]
  
      def __setitem__(self, name, value):
          """Set a tree entry by name.
  
          :param name: The name of the entry, as a string.
          :param value: A tuple of (mode, hexsha), where mode is the mode of the
              entry as an integral type and hexsha is the hex SHA of the entry as
              a string.
          """
          mode, hexsha = value
          self._entries[name] = (mode, hexsha)
          self._needs_serialization = True
  
      def __delitem__(self, name):
          del self._entries[name]
          self._needs_serialization = True
  
      def __len__(self):
          return len(self._entries)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return iter(self._entries)
  
      def add(self, name, mode, hexsha):
          """Add an entry to the tree.
  
          :param mode: The mode of the entry as an integral type. Not all
              possible modes are supported by git; see check() for details.
          :param name: The name of the entry, as a string.
          :param hexsha: The hex SHA of the entry as a string.
          """
          if isinstance(name, int) and isinstance(mode, bytes):
              (name, mode) = (mode, name)
              warnings.warn(
                  "Please use Tree.add(name, mode, hexsha)",
                  category=DeprecationWarning, stacklevel=2)
          self._entries[name] = mode, hexsha
          self._needs_serialization = True
  
      def iteritems(self, name_order=False):
          """Iterate over entries.
  
          :param name_order: If True, iterate in name order instead of tree
              order.
          :return: Iterator over (name, mode, sha) tuples
          """
          return sorted_tree_items(self._entries, name_order)
  
      def items(self):
          """Return the sorted entries in this tree.
  
          :return: List with (name, mode, sha) tuples
          """
          return list(self.iteritems())
  
      def _deserialize(self, chunks):
          """Grab the entries in the tree"""
          try:
              parsed_entries = parse_tree(b''.join(chunks))
          except ValueError as e:
              raise ObjectFormatException(e)
          # TODO: list comprehension is for efficiency in the common (small)
          # case; if memory efficiency in the large case is a concern, use a
          # genexp.
          self._entries = dict([(n, (m, s)) for n, m, s in parsed_entries])
  
      def check(self):
          """Check this object for internal consistency.
  
          :raise ObjectFormatException: if the object is malformed in some way
          """
          super(Tree, self).check()
          last = None
          allowed_modes = (stat.S_IFREG | 0o755, stat.S_IFREG | 0o644,
                           stat.S_IFLNK, stat.S_IFDIR, S_IFGITLINK,
                           # TODO: optionally exclude as in git fsck --strict
                           stat.S_IFREG | 0o664)
          for name, mode, sha in parse_tree(b''.join(self._chunked_text),
                                            True):
              check_hexsha(sha, 'invalid sha %s' % sha)
              if b'/' in name or name in (b'', b'.', b'..'):
                  raise ObjectFormatException('invalid name %s' % name)
  
              if mode not in allowed_modes:
                  raise ObjectFormatException('invalid mode %06o' % mode)
  
              entry = (name, (mode, sha))
              if last:
                  if key_entry(last) > key_entry(entry):
                      raise ObjectFormatException('entries not sorted')
                  if name == last[0]:
                      raise ObjectFormatException('duplicate entry %s' % name)
              last = entry
  
      def _serialize(self):
          return list(serialize_tree(self.iteritems()))
  
      def as_pretty_string(self):
          text = []
          for name, mode, hexsha in self.iteritems():
              text.append(pretty_format_tree_entry(name, mode, hexsha))
          return "".join(text)
  
      def lookup_path(self, lookup_obj, path):
          """Look up an object in a Git tree.
  
          :param lookup_obj: Callback for retrieving object by SHA1
          :param path: Path to lookup
          :return: A tuple of (mode, SHA) of the resulting path.
          """
          parts = path.split(b'/')
          sha = self.id
          mode = None
          for p in parts:
              if not p:
                  continue
              obj = lookup_obj(sha)
              if not isinstance(obj, Tree):
                  raise NotTreeError(sha)
              mode, sha = obj[p]
          return mode, sha
  
  
  def parse_timezone(text):
      """Parse a timezone text fragment (e.g. '+0100').
  
      :param text: Text to parse.
      :return: Tuple with timezone as seconds difference to UTC
          and a boolean indicating whether this was a UTC timezone
          prefixed with a negative sign (-0000).
      """
      # cgit parses the first character as the sign, and the rest
      #  as an integer (using strtol), which could also be negative.
      #  We do the same for compatibility. See #697828.
      if not text[0] in b'+-':
          raise ValueError("Timezone must start with + or - (%(text)s)" % vars())
      sign = text[:1]
      offset = int(text[1:])
      if sign == b'-':
          offset = -offset
      unnecessary_negative_timezone = (offset >= 0 and sign == b'-')
      signum = (offset < 0) and -1 or 1
      offset = abs(offset)
      hours = int(offset / 100)
      minutes = (offset % 100)
      return (signum * (hours * 3600 + minutes * 60),
              unnecessary_negative_timezone)
  
  
  def format_timezone(offset, unnecessary_negative_timezone=False):
      """Format a timezone for Git serialization.
  
      :param offset: Timezone offset as seconds difference to UTC
      :param unnecessary_negative_timezone: Whether to use a minus sign for
          UTC or positive timezones (-0000 and --700 rather than +0000 / +0700).
      """
      if offset % 60 != 0:
          raise ValueError("Unable to handle non-minute offset.")
      if offset < 0 or unnecessary_negative_timezone:
          sign = '-'
          offset = -offset
      else:
          sign = '+'
      return ('%c%02d%02d' %
              (sign, offset / 3600, (offset / 60) % 60)).encode('ascii')
  
  
  def parse_time_entry(value):
      """Parse time entry behavior
  
      :param value: Bytes representing a git commit/tag line
      :raise: ObjectFormatException in case of parsing error (malformed
              field date)
      :return: Tuple of (author, time, (timezone, timezone_neg_utc))
      """
      try:
          sep = value.index(b'> ')
      except ValueError:
          return (value, None, (None, False))
      try:
          person = value[0:sep+1]
          rest = value[sep+2:]
          timetext, timezonetext = rest.rsplit(b' ', 1)
          time = int(timetext)
          timezone, timezone_neg_utc = parse_timezone(timezonetext)
      except ValueError as e:
          raise ObjectFormatException(e)
      return person, time, (timezone, timezone_neg_utc)
  
  
  def parse_commit(chunks):
      """Parse a commit object from chunks.
  
      :param chunks: Chunks to parse
      :return: Tuple of (tree, parents, author_info, commit_info,
          encoding, mergetag, gpgsig, message, extra)
      """
      parents = []
      extra = []
      tree = None
      author_info = (None, None, (None, None))
      commit_info = (None, None, (None, None))
      encoding = None
      mergetag = []
      message = None
      gpgsig = None
  
      for field, value in _parse_message(chunks):
          # TODO(jelmer): Enforce ordering
          if field == _TREE_HEADER:
              tree = value
          elif field == _PARENT_HEADER:
              parents.append(value)
          elif field == _AUTHOR_HEADER:
              author_info = parse_time_entry(value)
          elif field == _COMMITTER_HEADER:
              commit_info = parse_time_entry(value)
          elif field == _ENCODING_HEADER:
              encoding = value
          elif field == _MERGETAG_HEADER:
              mergetag.append(Tag.from_string(value + b'\n'))
          elif field == _GPGSIG_HEADER:
              gpgsig = value
          elif field is None:
              message = value
          else:
              extra.append((field, value))
      return (tree, parents, author_info, commit_info, encoding, mergetag,
              gpgsig, message, extra)
  
  
  class Commit(ShaFile):
      """A git commit object"""
  
      type_name = b'commit'
      type_num = 1
  
      __slots__ = ('_parents', '_encoding', '_extra', '_author_timezone_neg_utc',
                   '_commit_timezone_neg_utc', '_commit_time',
                   '_author_time', '_author_timezone', '_commit_timezone',
                   '_author', '_committer', '_tree', '_message',
                   '_mergetag', '_gpgsig')
  
      def __init__(self):
          super(Commit, self).__init__()
          self._parents = []
          self._encoding = None
          self._mergetag = []
          self._gpgsig = None
          self._extra = []
          self._author_timezone_neg_utc = False
          self._commit_timezone_neg_utc = False
  
      @classmethod
      def from_path(cls, path):
          commit = ShaFile.from_path(path)
          if not isinstance(commit, cls):
              raise NotCommitError(path)
          return commit
  
      def _deserialize(self, chunks):
          (self._tree, self._parents, author_info, commit_info, self._encoding,
           self._mergetag, self._gpgsig, self._message, self._extra) = (
                          parse_commit(chunks))
          (self._author, self._author_time,
           (self._author_timezone, self._author_timezone_neg_utc)) = author_info
          (self._committer, self._commit_time,
           (self._commit_timezone, self._commit_timezone_neg_utc)) = commit_info
  
      def check(self):
          """Check this object for internal consistency.
  
          :raise ObjectFormatException: if the object is malformed in some way
          """
          super(Commit, self).check()
          self._check_has_member("_tree", "missing tree")
          self._check_has_member("_author", "missing author")
          self._check_has_member("_committer", "missing committer")
          self._check_has_member("_author_time", "missing author time")
          self._check_has_member("_commit_time", "missing commit time")
  
          for parent in self._parents:
              check_hexsha(parent, "invalid parent sha")
          check_hexsha(self._tree, "invalid tree sha")
  
          check_identity(self._author, "invalid author")
          check_identity(self._committer, "invalid committer")
  
          check_time(self._author_time)
          check_time(self._commit_time)
  
          last = None
          for field, _ in _parse_message(self._chunked_text):
              if field == _TREE_HEADER and last is not None:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected tree")
              elif field == _PARENT_HEADER and last not in (_PARENT_HEADER,
                                                            _TREE_HEADER):
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected parent")
              elif field == _AUTHOR_HEADER and last not in (_TREE_HEADER,
                                                            _PARENT_HEADER):
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected author")
              elif field == _COMMITTER_HEADER and last != _AUTHOR_HEADER:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected committer")
              elif field == _ENCODING_HEADER and last != _COMMITTER_HEADER:
                  raise ObjectFormatException("unexpected encoding")
              last = field
  
          # TODO: optionally check for duplicate parents
  
      def _serialize(self):
          chunks = []
          tree_bytes = (
                  self._tree.id if isinstance(self._tree, Tree) else self._tree)
          chunks.append(git_line(_TREE_HEADER, tree_bytes))
          for p in self._parents:
              chunks.append(git_line(_PARENT_HEADER, p))
          chunks.append(git_line(
              _AUTHOR_HEADER, self._author,
              str(self._author_time).encode('ascii'),
              format_timezone(
                      self._author_timezone, self._author_timezone_neg_utc)))
          chunks.append(git_line(
              _COMMITTER_HEADER, self._committer,
              str(self._commit_time).encode('ascii'),
              format_timezone(self._commit_timezone,
                              self._commit_timezone_neg_utc)))
          if self.encoding:
              chunks.append(git_line(_ENCODING_HEADER, self.encoding))
          for mergetag in self.mergetag:
              mergetag_chunks = mergetag.as_raw_string().split(b'\n')
  
              chunks.append(git_line(_MERGETAG_HEADER, mergetag_chunks[0]))
              # Embedded extra header needs leading space
              for chunk in mergetag_chunks[1:]:
                  chunks.append(b' ' + chunk + b'\n')
  
              # No trailing empty line
              if chunks[-1].endswith(b' \n'):
                  chunks[-1] = chunks[-1][:-2]
          for k, v in self.extra:
              if b'\n' in k or b'\n' in v:
                  raise AssertionError(
                      "newline in extra data: %r -> %r" % (k, v))
              chunks.append(git_line(k, v))
          if self.gpgsig:
              sig_chunks = self.gpgsig.split(b'\n')
              chunks.append(git_line(_GPGSIG_HEADER, sig_chunks[0]))
              for chunk in sig_chunks[1:]:
                  chunks.append(git_line(b'',  chunk))
          chunks.append(b'\n')  # There must be a new line after the headers
          chunks.append(self._message)
          return chunks
  
      tree = serializable_property(
          "tree", "Tree that is the state of this commit")
  
      def _get_parents(self):
          """Return a list of parents of this commit."""
          return self._parents
  
      def _set_parents(self, value):
          """Set a list of parents of this commit."""
          self._needs_serialization = True
          self._parents = value
  
      parents = property(_get_parents, _set_parents,
                         doc="Parents of this commit, by their SHA1.")
  
      def _get_extra(self):
          """Return extra settings of this commit."""
          return self._extra
  
      extra = property(
          _get_extra,
          doc="Extra header fields not understood (presumably added in a "
              "newer version of git). Kept verbatim so the object can "
              "be correctly reserialized. For private commit metadata, use "
              "pseudo-headers in Commit.message, rather than this field.")
  
      author = serializable_property(
          "author",
          "The name of the author of the commit")
  
      committer = serializable_property(
          "committer",
          "The name of the committer of the commit")
  
      message = serializable_property(
          "message", "The commit message")
  
      commit_time = serializable_property(
          "commit_time",
          "The timestamp of the commit. As the number of seconds since the "
          "epoch.")
  
      commit_timezone = serializable_property(
          "commit_timezone",
          "The zone the commit time is in")
  
      author_time = serializable_property(
          "author_time",
          "The timestamp the commit was written. As the number of "
          "seconds since the epoch.")
  
      author_timezone = serializable_property(
          "author_timezone", "Returns the zone the author time is in.")
  
      encoding = serializable_property(
          "encoding", "Encoding of the commit message.")
  
      mergetag = serializable_property(
          "mergetag", "Associated signed tag.")
  
      gpgsig = serializable_property(
          "gpgsig", "GPG Signature.")
  
  
  OBJECT_CLASSES = (
      Commit,
      Tree,
      Blob,
      Tag,
      )
  
  _TYPE_MAP = {}
  
  for cls in OBJECT_CLASSES:
      _TYPE_MAP[cls.type_name] = cls
      _TYPE_MAP[cls.type_num] = cls
  
  
  # Hold on to the pure-python implementations for testing
  _parse_tree_py = parse_tree
  _sorted_tree_items_py = sorted_tree_items
  try:
      # Try to import C versions
      from dulwich._objects import parse_tree, sorted_tree_items
  except ImportError:
      pass
  