text: """Common IO api utilities"""
  
  import bz2
  import codecs
  import csv
  import gzip
  from http.client import HTTPException  # noqa
  from io import BytesIO
  import mmap
  import os
  import pathlib
  from urllib.error import URLError  # noqa
  from urllib.parse import (  # noqa
      urlencode,
      urljoin,
      urlparse as parse_url,
      uses_netloc,
      uses_params,
      uses_relative,
  )
  from urllib.request import pathname2url, urlopen
  import zipfile
  
  from pandas.compat import _get_lzma_file, _import_lzma
  from pandas.errors import (  # noqa
      AbstractMethodError,
      DtypeWarning,
      EmptyDataError,
      ParserError,
      ParserWarning,
  )
  
  from pandas.core.dtypes.common import is_file_like
  
  lzma = _import_lzma()
  
  # gh-12665: Alias for now and remove later.
  CParserError = ParserError
  
  # common NA values
  # no longer excluding inf representations
  # '1.#INF','-1.#INF', '1.#INF000000',
  _NA_VALUES = {
      "-1.#IND",
      "1.#QNAN",
      "1.#IND",
      "-1.#QNAN",
      "#N/A N/A",
      "#N/A",
      "N/A",
      "n/a",
      "NA",
      "#NA",
      "NULL",
      "null",
      "NaN",
      "-NaN",
      "nan",
      "-nan",
      "",
  }
  
  
  _VALID_URLS = set(uses_relative + uses_netloc + uses_params)
  _VALID_URLS.discard("")
  
  
  class BaseIterator:
      """Subclass this and provide a "__next__()" method to obtain an iterator.
      Useful only when the object being iterated is non-reusable (e.g. OK for a
      parser, not for an in-memory table, yes for its iterator)."""
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return self
  
      def __next__(self):
          raise AbstractMethodError(self)
  
  
  def _is_url(url):
      """Check to see if a URL has a valid protocol.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      url : str or unicode
  
      Returns
      -------
      isurl : bool
          If `url` has a valid protocol return True otherwise False.
      """
      try:
          return parse_url(url).scheme in _VALID_URLS
      except Exception:
          return False
  
  
  def _expand_user(filepath_or_buffer):
      """Return the argument with an initial component of ~ or ~user
         replaced by that user's home directory.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filepath_or_buffer : object to be converted if possible
  
      Returns
      -------
      expanded_filepath_or_buffer : an expanded filepath or the
                                    input if not expandable
      """
      if isinstance(filepath_or_buffer, str):
          return os.path.expanduser(filepath_or_buffer)
      return filepath_or_buffer
  
  
  def _validate_header_arg(header):
      if isinstance(header, bool):
          raise TypeError(
              "Passing a bool to header is invalid. "
              "Use header=None for no header or "
              "header=int or list-like of ints to specify "
              "the row(s) making up the column names"
          )
  
  
  def _stringify_path(filepath_or_buffer):
      """Attempt to convert a path-like object to a string.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filepath_or_buffer : object to be converted
  
      Returns
      -------
      str_filepath_or_buffer : maybe a string version of the object
  
      Notes
      -----
      Objects supporting the fspath protocol (python 3.6+) are coerced
      according to its __fspath__ method.
  
      For backwards compatibility with older pythons, pathlib.Path and
      py.path objects are specially coerced.
  
      Any other object is passed through unchanged, which includes bytes,
      strings, buffers, or anything else that's not even path-like.
      """
      if hasattr(filepath_or_buffer, "__fspath__"):
          return filepath_or_buffer.__fspath__()
      elif isinstance(filepath_or_buffer, pathlib.Path):
          return str(filepath_or_buffer)
      return _expand_user(filepath_or_buffer)
  
  
  def is_s3_url(url):
      """Check for an s3, s3n, or s3a url"""
      try:
          return parse_url(url).scheme in ["s3", "s3n", "s3a"]
      except Exception:
          return False
  
  
  def is_gcs_url(url):
      """Check for a gcs url"""
      try:
          return parse_url(url).scheme in ["gcs", "gs"]
      except Exception:
          return False
  
  
  def get_filepath_or_buffer(
      filepath_or_buffer, encoding=None, compression=None, mode=None
  ):
      """
      If the filepath_or_buffer is a url, translate and return the buffer.
      Otherwise passthrough.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filepath_or_buffer : a url, filepath (str, py.path.local or pathlib.Path),
                           or buffer
      compression : {{'gzip', 'bz2', 'zip', 'xz', None}}, optional
      encoding : the encoding to use to decode bytes, default is 'utf-8'
      mode : str, optional
  
      Returns
      -------
      tuple of ({a filepath_ or buffer or S3File instance},
                encoding, str,
                compression, str,
                should_close, bool)
      """
      filepath_or_buffer = _stringify_path(filepath_or_buffer)
  
      if _is_url(filepath_or_buffer):
          req = urlopen(filepath_or_buffer)
          content_encoding = req.headers.get("Content-Encoding", None)
          if content_encoding == "gzip":
              # Override compression based on Content-Encoding header
              compression = "gzip"
          reader = BytesIO(req.read())
          req.close()
          return reader, encoding, compression, True
  
      if is_s3_url(filepath_or_buffer):
          from pandas.io import s3
  
          return s3.get_filepath_or_buffer(
              filepath_or_buffer, encoding=encoding, compression=compression, mode=mode
          )
  
      if is_gcs_url(filepath_or_buffer):
          from pandas.io import gcs
  
          return gcs.get_filepath_or_buffer(
              filepath_or_buffer, encoding=encoding, compression=compression, mode=mode
          )
  
      if isinstance(filepath_or_buffer, (str, bytes, mmap.mmap)):
          return _expand_user(filepath_or_buffer), None, compression, False
  
      if not is_file_like(filepath_or_buffer):
          msg = "Invalid file path or buffer object type: {_type}"
          raise ValueError(msg.format(_type=type(filepath_or_buffer)))
  
      return filepath_or_buffer, None, compression, False
  
  
  def file_path_to_url(path):
      """
      converts an absolute native path to a FILE URL.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      path : a path in native format
  
      Returns
      -------
      a valid FILE URL
      """
      return urljoin("file:", pathname2url(path))
  
  
  _compression_to_extension = {"gzip": ".gz", "bz2": ".bz2", "zip": ".zip", "xz": ".xz"}
  
  
  def _infer_compression(filepath_or_buffer, compression):
      """
      Get the compression method for filepath_or_buffer. If compression='infer',
      the inferred compression method is returned. Otherwise, the input
      compression method is returned unchanged, unless it's invalid, in which
      case an error is raised.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      filepath_or_buffer :
          a path (str) or buffer
      compression : {'infer', 'gzip', 'bz2', 'zip', 'xz', None}
          If 'infer' and `filepath_or_buffer` is path-like, then detect
          compression from the following extensions: '.gz', '.bz2', '.zip',
          or '.xz' (otherwise no compression).
  
      Returns
      -------
      string or None :
          compression method
  
      Raises
      ------
      ValueError on invalid compression specified
      """
  
      # No compression has been explicitly specified
      if compression is None:
          return None
  
      # Infer compression
      if compression == "infer":
          # Convert all path types (e.g. pathlib.Path) to strings
          filepath_or_buffer = _stringify_path(filepath_or_buffer)
          if not isinstance(filepath_or_buffer, str):
              # Cannot infer compression of a buffer, assume no compression
              return None
  
          # Infer compression from the filename/URL extension
          for compression, extension in _compression_to_extension.items():
              if filepath_or_buffer.endswith(extension):
                  return compression
          return None
  
      # Compression has been specified. Check that it's valid
      if compression in _compression_to_extension:
          return compression
  
      msg = "Unrecognized compression type: {}".format(compression)
      valid = ["infer", None] + sorted(_compression_to_extension)
      msg += "\nValid compression types are {}".format(valid)
      raise ValueError(msg)
  
  
  def _get_handle(
      path_or_buf, mode, encoding=None, compression=None, memory_map=False, is_text=True
  ):
      """
      Get file handle for given path/buffer and mode.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      path_or_buf :
          a path (str) or buffer
      mode : str
          mode to open path_or_buf with
      encoding : str or None
      compression : {'infer', 'gzip', 'bz2', 'zip', 'xz', None}, default None
          If 'infer' and `filepath_or_buffer` is path-like, then detect
          compression from the following extensions: '.gz', '.bz2', '.zip',
          or '.xz' (otherwise no compression).
      memory_map : boolean, default False
          See parsers._parser_params for more information.
      is_text : boolean, default True
          whether file/buffer is in text format (csv, json, etc.), or in binary
          mode (pickle, etc.)
  
      Returns
      -------
      f : file-like
          A file-like object
      handles : list of file-like objects
          A list of file-like object that were opened in this function.
      """
      try:
          from s3fs import S3File
  
          need_text_wrapping = (BytesIO, S3File)
      except ImportError:
          need_text_wrapping = (BytesIO,)
  
      handles = list()
      f = path_or_buf
  
      # Convert pathlib.Path/py.path.local or string
      path_or_buf = _stringify_path(path_or_buf)
      is_path = isinstance(path_or_buf, str)
  
      if is_path:
          compression = _infer_compression(path_or_buf, compression)
  
      if compression:
  
          # GZ Compression
          if compression == "gzip":
              if is_path:
                  f = gzip.open(path_or_buf, mode)
              else:
                  f = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=path_or_buf)
  
          # BZ Compression
          elif compression == "bz2":
              if is_path:
                  f = bz2.BZ2File(path_or_buf, mode)
              else:
                  f = bz2.BZ2File(path_or_buf)
  
          # ZIP Compression
          elif compression == "zip":
              zf = BytesZipFile(path_or_buf, mode)
              # Ensure the container is closed as well.
              handles.append(zf)
              if zf.mode == "w":
                  f = zf
              elif zf.mode == "r":
                  zip_names = zf.namelist()
                  if len(zip_names) == 1:
                      f = zf.open(zip_names.pop())
                  elif len(zip_names) == 0:
                      raise ValueError(
                          "Zero files found in ZIP file {}".format(path_or_buf)
                      )
                  else:
                      raise ValueError(
                          "Multiple files found in ZIP file."
                          " Only one file per ZIP: {}".format(zip_names)
                      )
  
          # XZ Compression
          elif compression == "xz":
              f = _get_lzma_file(lzma)(path_or_buf, mode)
  
          # Unrecognized Compression
          else:
              msg = "Unrecognized compression type: {}".format(compression)
              raise ValueError(msg)
  
          handles.append(f)
  
      elif is_path:
          if encoding:
              # Encoding
              f = open(path_or_buf, mode, encoding=encoding, newline="")
          elif is_text:
              # No explicit encoding
              f = open(path_or_buf, mode, errors="replace", newline="")
          else:
              # Binary mode
              f = open(path_or_buf, mode)
          handles.append(f)
  
      # Convert BytesIO or file objects passed with an encoding
      if is_text and (compression or isinstance(f, need_text_wrapping)):
          from io import TextIOWrapper
  
          f = TextIOWrapper(f, encoding=encoding, newline="")
          handles.append(f)
  
      if memory_map and hasattr(f, "fileno"):
          try:
              g = MMapWrapper(f)
              f.close()
              f = g
          except Exception:
              # we catch any errors that may have occurred
              # because that is consistent with the lower-level
              # functionality of the C engine (pd.read_csv), so
              # leave the file handler as is then
              pass
  
      return f, handles
  
  
  class BytesZipFile(zipfile.ZipFile, BytesIO):  # type: ignore
      """
      Wrapper for standard library class ZipFile and allow the returned file-like
      handle to accept byte strings via `write` method.
  
      BytesIO provides attributes of file-like object and ZipFile.writestr writes
      bytes strings into a member of the archive.
      """
  
      # GH 17778
      def __init__(self, file, mode, compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED, **kwargs):
          if mode in ["wb", "rb"]:
              mode = mode.replace("b", "")
          super().__init__(file, mode, compression, **kwargs)
  
      def write(self, data):
          super().writestr(self.filename, data)
  
      @property
      def closed(self):
          return self.fp is None
  
  
  class MMapWrapper(BaseIterator):
      """
      Wrapper for the Python's mmap class so that it can be properly read in
      by Python's csv.reader class.
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      f : file object
          File object to be mapped onto memory. Must support the 'fileno'
          method or have an equivalent attribute
  
      """
  
      def __init__(self, f):
          self.mmap = mmap.mmap(f.fileno(), 0, access=mmap.ACCESS_READ)
  
      def __getattr__(self, name):
          return getattr(self.mmap, name)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          return self
  
      def __next__(self):
          newline = self.mmap.readline()
  
          # readline returns bytes, not str, but Python's CSV reader
          # expects str, so convert the output to str before continuing
          newline = newline.decode("utf-8")
  
          # mmap doesn't raise if reading past the allocated
          # data but instead returns an empty string, so raise
          # if that is returned
          if newline == "":
              raise StopIteration
          return newline
  
  
  class UTF8Recoder(BaseIterator):
  
      """
      Iterator that reads an encoded stream and re-encodes the input to UTF-8
      """
  
      def __init__(self, f, encoding):
          self.reader = codecs.getreader(encoding)(f)
  
      def read(self, bytes=-1):
          return self.reader.read(bytes).encode("utf-8")
  
      def readline(self):
          return self.reader.readline().encode("utf-8")
  
      def next(self):
          return next(self.reader).encode("utf-8")
  
  
  # Keeping these class for now because it provides a necessary convenience
  # for "dropping" the "encoding" argument from our I/O arguments when
  # creating a Unicode I/O object.
  def UnicodeReader(f, dialect=csv.excel, encoding="utf-8", **kwds):
      return csv.reader(f, dialect=dialect, **kwds)
  
  
  def UnicodeWriter(f, dialect=csv.excel, encoding="utf-8", **kwds):
      return csv.writer(f, dialect=dialect, **kwds)
  