text: """
  A module for finding, managing, and using fonts across platforms.
  
  This module provides a single :class:`FontManager` instance that can
  be shared across backends and platforms.  The :func:`findfont`
  function returns the best TrueType (TTF) font file in the local or
  system font path that matches the specified :class:`FontProperties`
  instance.  The :class:`FontManager` also handles Adobe Font Metrics
  (AFM) font files for use by the PostScript backend.
  
  The design is based on the `W3C Cascading Style Sheet, Level 1 (CSS1)
  font specification <http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/>`_.
  Future versions may implement the Level 2 or 2.1 specifications.
  
  Experimental support is included for using `fontconfig` on Unix
  variant platforms (Linux, OS X, Solaris).  To enable it, set the
  constant ``USE_FONTCONFIG`` in this file to ``True``.  Fontconfig has
  the advantage that it is the standard way to look up fonts on X11
  platforms, so if a font is installed, it is much more likely to be
  found.
  """
  from __future__ import (absolute_import, division, print_function,
                          unicode_literals)
  
  import six
  from six.moves import cPickle as pickle
  
  """
  KNOWN ISSUES
  
    - documentation
    - font variant is untested
    - font stretch is incomplete
    - font size is incomplete
    - font size_adjust is incomplete
    - default font algorithm needs improvement and testing
    - setWeights function needs improvement
    - 'light' is an invalid weight value, remove it.
    - update_fonts not implemented
  
  Authors   : John Hunter <jdhunter@ace.bsd.uchicago.edu>
              Paul Barrett <Barrett@STScI.Edu>
              Michael Droettboom <mdroe@STScI.edu>
  Copyright : John Hunter (2004,2005), Paul Barrett (2004,2005)
  License   : matplotlib license (PSF compatible)
              The font directory code is from ttfquery,
              see license/LICENSE_TTFQUERY.
  """
  
  from collections import Iterable
  import json
  import os
  import sys
  from threading import Timer
  import warnings
  
  import matplotlib
  from matplotlib import afm, cbook, ft2font, rcParams, get_cachedir
  from matplotlib.compat import subprocess
  from matplotlib.fontconfig_pattern import (
      parse_fontconfig_pattern, generate_fontconfig_pattern)
  
  try:
      from functools import lru_cache
  except ImportError:
      from backports.functools_lru_cache import lru_cache
  
  
  USE_FONTCONFIG = False
  verbose = matplotlib.verbose
  
  font_scalings = {
      'xx-small' : 0.579,
      'x-small'  : 0.694,
      'small'    : 0.833,
      'medium'   : 1.0,
      'large'    : 1.200,
      'x-large'  : 1.440,
      'xx-large' : 1.728,
      'larger'   : 1.2,
      'smaller'  : 0.833,
      None       : 1.0}
  
  stretch_dict = {
      'ultra-condensed' : 100,
      'extra-condensed' : 200,
      'condensed'       : 300,
      'semi-condensed'  : 400,
      'normal'          : 500,
      'semi-expanded'   : 600,
      'expanded'        : 700,
      'extra-expanded'  : 800,
      'ultra-expanded'  : 900}
  
  weight_dict = {
      'ultralight' : 100,
      'light'      : 200,
      'normal'     : 400,
      'regular'    : 400,
      'book'       : 400,
      'medium'     : 500,
      'roman'      : 500,
      'semibold'   : 600,
      'demibold'   : 600,
      'demi'       : 600,
      'bold'       : 700,
      'heavy'      : 800,
      'extra bold' : 800,
      'black'      : 900}
  
  font_family_aliases = {
      'serif',
      'sans-serif',
      'sans serif',
      'cursive',
      'fantasy',
      'monospace',
      'sans'}
  
  #  OS Font paths
  MSFolders = \
      r'Software\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Explorer\Shell Folders'
  
  
  MSFontDirectories = [
      r'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows NT\CurrentVersion\Fonts',
      r'SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Fonts']
  
  
  X11FontDirectories = [
      # an old standard installation point
      "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF/",
      "/usr/X11/lib/X11/fonts",
      # here is the new standard location for fonts
      "/usr/share/fonts/",
      # documented as a good place to install new fonts
      "/usr/local/share/fonts/",
      # common application, not really useful
      "/usr/lib/openoffice/share/fonts/truetype/",
      ]
  
  OSXFontDirectories = [
      "/Library/Fonts/",
      "/Network/Library/Fonts/",
      "/System/Library/Fonts/",
      # fonts installed via MacPorts
      "/opt/local/share/fonts"
      ""
  ]
  
  if not USE_FONTCONFIG and sys.platform != 'win32':
      home = os.environ.get('HOME')
      if home is not None:
          # user fonts on OSX
          path = os.path.join(home, 'Library', 'Fonts')
          OSXFontDirectories.append(path)
          path = os.path.join(home, '.fonts')
          X11FontDirectories.append(path)
  
  
  def get_fontext_synonyms(fontext):
      """
      Return a list of file extensions extensions that are synonyms for
      the given file extension *fileext*.
      """
      return {'ttf': ('ttf', 'otf'),
              'otf': ('ttf', 'otf'),
              'afm': ('afm',)}[fontext]
  
  
  def list_fonts(directory, extensions):
      """
      Return a list of all fonts matching any of the extensions,
      possibly upper-cased, found recursively under the directory.
      """
      pattern = ';'.join(['*.%s;*.%s' % (ext, ext.upper())
                          for ext in extensions])
      return cbook.listFiles(directory, pattern)
  
  
  def win32FontDirectory():
      """
      Return the user-specified font directory for Win32.  This is
      looked up from the registry key::
  
        \\\\HKEY_CURRENT_USER\\Software\\Microsoft\\Windows\\CurrentVersion\\Explorer\\Shell Folders\\Fonts
  
      If the key is not found, $WINDIR/Fonts will be returned.
      """
      try:
          from six.moves import winreg
      except ImportError:
          pass  # Fall through to default
      else:
          try:
              user = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_CURRENT_USER, MSFolders)
              try:
                  try:
                      return winreg.QueryValueEx(user, 'Fonts')[0]
                  except OSError:
                      pass  # Fall through to default
              finally:
                  winreg.CloseKey(user)
          except OSError:
              pass  # Fall through to default
      return os.path.join(os.environ['WINDIR'], 'Fonts')
  
  
  def win32InstalledFonts(directory=None, fontext='ttf'):
      """
      Search for fonts in the specified font directory, or use the
      system directories if none given.  A list of TrueType font
      filenames are returned by default, or AFM fonts if *fontext* ==
      'afm'.
      """
  
      from six.moves import winreg
      if directory is None:
          directory = win32FontDirectory()
  
      fontext = get_fontext_synonyms(fontext)
  
      key, items = None, {}
      for fontdir in MSFontDirectories:
          try:
              local = winreg.OpenKey(winreg.HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE, fontdir)
          except OSError:
              continue
  
          if not local:
              return list_fonts(directory, fontext)
          try:
              for j in range(winreg.QueryInfoKey(local)[1]):
                  try:
                      key, direc, any = winreg.EnumValue( local, j)
                      if not isinstance(direc, six.string_types):
                          continue
                      if not os.path.dirname(direc):
                          direc = os.path.join(directory, direc)
                      direc = os.path.abspath(direc).lower()
                      if os.path.splitext(direc)[1][1:] in fontext:
                          items[direc] = 1
                  except EnvironmentError:
                      continue
                  except WindowsError:
                      continue
                  except MemoryError:
                      continue
              return list(items)
          finally:
              winreg.CloseKey(local)
      return None
  
  
  def OSXInstalledFonts(directories=None, fontext='ttf'):
      """
      Get list of font files on OS X - ignores font suffix by default.
      """
      if directories is None:
          directories = OSXFontDirectories
  
      fontext = get_fontext_synonyms(fontext)
  
      files = []
      for path in directories:
          if fontext is None:
              files.extend(cbook.listFiles(path, '*'))
          else:
              files.extend(list_fonts(path, fontext))
      return files
  
  
  @lru_cache()
  def _call_fc_list():
      """Cache and list the font filenames known to `fc-list`.
      """
      # Delay the warning by 5s.
      timer = Timer(5, lambda: warnings.warn(
          'Matplotlib is building the font cache using fc-list. '
          'This may take a moment.'))
      timer.start()
      try:
          out = subprocess.check_output([str('fc-list'), '--format=%{file}\\n'])
      except (OSError, subprocess.CalledProcessError):
          return []
      finally:
          timer.cancel()
      fnames = []
      for fname in out.split(b'\n'):
          try:
              fname = six.text_type(fname, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
          except UnicodeDecodeError:
              continue
          fnames.append(fname)
      return fnames
  
  
  def get_fontconfig_fonts(fontext='ttf'):
      """List the font filenames known to `fc-list` having the given extension.
      """
      fontext = get_fontext_synonyms(fontext)
      return [fname for fname in _call_fc_list()
              if os.path.splitext(fname)[1][1:] in fontext]
  
  
  def findSystemFonts(fontpaths=None, fontext='ttf'):
      """
      Search for fonts in the specified font paths.  If no paths are
      given, will use a standard set of system paths, as well as the
      list of fonts tracked by fontconfig if fontconfig is installed and
      available.  A list of TrueType fonts are returned by default with
      AFM fonts as an option.
      """
      fontfiles = set()
      fontexts = get_fontext_synonyms(fontext)
  
      if fontpaths is None:
          if sys.platform == 'win32':
              fontdir = win32FontDirectory()
  
              fontpaths = [fontdir]
              # now get all installed fonts directly...
              for f in win32InstalledFonts(fontdir):
                  base, ext = os.path.splitext(f)
                  if len(ext)>1 and ext[1:].lower() in fontexts:
                      fontfiles.add(f)
          else:
              fontpaths = X11FontDirectories
              # check for OS X & load its fonts if present
              if sys.platform == 'darwin':
                  for f in OSXInstalledFonts(fontext=fontext):
                      fontfiles.add(f)
  
              for f in get_fontconfig_fonts(fontext):
                  fontfiles.add(f)
  
      elif isinstance(fontpaths, six.string_types):
          fontpaths = [fontpaths]
  
      for path in fontpaths:
          files = list_fonts(path, fontexts)
          for fname in files:
              fontfiles.add(os.path.abspath(fname))
  
      return [fname for fname in fontfiles if os.path.exists(fname)]
  
  
  @cbook.deprecated("2.1")
  def weight_as_number(weight):
      """
      Return the weight property as a numeric value.  String values
      are converted to their corresponding numeric value.
      """
      if isinstance(weight, six.string_types):
          try:
              weight = weight_dict[weight.lower()]
          except KeyError:
              weight = 400
      elif weight in range(100, 1000, 100):
          pass
      else:
          raise ValueError('weight not a valid integer')
      return weight
  
  
  class FontEntry(object):
      """
      A class for storing Font properties.  It is used when populating
      the font lookup dictionary.
      """
      def __init__(self,
                   fname  ='',
                   name   ='',
                   style  ='normal',
                   variant='normal',
                   weight ='normal',
                   stretch='normal',
                   size   ='medium',
                   ):
          self.fname   = fname
          self.name    = name
          self.style   = style
          self.variant = variant
          self.weight  = weight
          self.stretch = stretch
          try:
              self.size = str(float(size))
          except ValueError:
              self.size = size
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<Font '%s' (%s) %s %s %s %s>" % (
              self.name, os.path.basename(self.fname), self.style, self.variant,
              self.weight, self.stretch)
  
  
  def ttfFontProperty(font):
      """
      A function for populating the :class:`FontKey` by extracting
      information from the TrueType font file.
  
      *font* is a :class:`FT2Font` instance.
      """
      name = font.family_name
  
      #  Styles are: italic, oblique, and normal (default)
  
      sfnt = font.get_sfnt()
      sfnt2 = sfnt.get((1,0,0,2))
      sfnt4 = sfnt.get((1,0,0,4))
      if sfnt2:
          sfnt2 = sfnt2.decode('macroman').lower()
      else:
          sfnt2 = ''
      if sfnt4:
          sfnt4 = sfnt4.decode('macroman').lower()
      else:
          sfnt4 = ''
      if sfnt4.find('oblique') >= 0:
          style = 'oblique'
      elif sfnt4.find('italic') >= 0:
          style = 'italic'
      elif sfnt2.find('regular') >= 0:
          style = 'normal'
      elif font.style_flags & ft2font.ITALIC:
          style = 'italic'
      else:
          style = 'normal'
  
      #  Variants are: small-caps and normal (default)
  
      #  !!!!  Untested
      if name.lower() in ['capitals', 'small-caps']:
          variant = 'small-caps'
      else:
          variant = 'normal'
  
      weight = next((w for w in weight_dict if sfnt4.find(w) >= 0), None)
      if not weight:
          if font.style_flags & ft2font.BOLD:
              weight = 700
          else:
              weight = 400
  
      #  Stretch can be absolute and relative
      #  Absolute stretches are: ultra-condensed, extra-condensed, condensed,
      #    semi-condensed, normal, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-expanded,
      #    and ultra-expanded.
      #  Relative stretches are: wider, narrower
      #  Child value is: inherit
  
      if (sfnt4.find('narrow') >= 0 or sfnt4.find('condensed') >= 0 or
              sfnt4.find('cond') >= 0):
          stretch = 'condensed'
      elif sfnt4.find('demi cond') >= 0:
          stretch = 'semi-condensed'
      elif sfnt4.find('wide') >= 0 or sfnt4.find('expanded') >= 0:
          stretch = 'expanded'
      else:
          stretch = 'normal'
  
      #  Sizes can be absolute and relative.
      #  Absolute sizes are: xx-small, x-small, small, medium, large, x-large,
      #    and xx-large.
      #  Relative sizes are: larger, smaller
      #  Length value is an absolute font size, e.g., 12pt
      #  Percentage values are in 'em's.  Most robust specification.
  
      #  !!!!  Incomplete
      if font.scalable:
          size = 'scalable'
      else:
          size = str(float(font.get_fontsize()))
  
      #  !!!!  Incomplete
      size_adjust = None
  
      return FontEntry(font.fname, name, style, variant, weight, stretch, size)
  
  
  def afmFontProperty(fontpath, font):
      """
      A function for populating a :class:`FontKey` instance by
      extracting information from the AFM font file.
  
      *font* is a class:`AFM` instance.
      """
  
      name = font.get_familyname()
      fontname = font.get_fontname().lower()
  
      #  Styles are: italic, oblique, and normal (default)
  
      if font.get_angle() != 0 or name.lower().find('italic') >= 0:
          style = 'italic'
      elif name.lower().find('oblique') >= 0:
          style = 'oblique'
      else:
          style = 'normal'
  
      #  Variants are: small-caps and normal (default)
  
      # !!!!  Untested
      if name.lower() in ['capitals', 'small-caps']:
          variant = 'small-caps'
      else:
          variant = 'normal'
  
      weight = font.get_weight().lower()
  
      #  Stretch can be absolute and relative
      #  Absolute stretches are: ultra-condensed, extra-condensed, condensed,
      #    semi-condensed, normal, semi-expanded, expanded, extra-expanded,
      #    and ultra-expanded.
      #  Relative stretches are: wider, narrower
      #  Child value is: inherit
      if fontname.find('narrow') >= 0 or fontname.find('condensed') >= 0 or \
             fontname.find('cond') >= 0:
          stretch = 'condensed'
      elif fontname.find('demi cond') >= 0:
          stretch = 'semi-condensed'
      elif fontname.find('wide') >= 0 or fontname.find('expanded') >= 0:
          stretch = 'expanded'
      else:
          stretch = 'normal'
  
      #  Sizes can be absolute and relative.
      #  Absolute sizes are: xx-small, x-small, small, medium, large, x-large,
      #    and xx-large.
      #  Relative sizes are: larger, smaller
      #  Length value is an absolute font size, e.g., 12pt
      #  Percentage values are in 'em's.  Most robust specification.
  
      #  All AFM fonts are apparently scalable.
  
      size = 'scalable'
  
      # !!!!  Incomplete
      size_adjust = None
  
      return FontEntry(fontpath, name, style, variant, weight, stretch, size)
  
  
  def createFontList(fontfiles, fontext='ttf'):
      """
      A function to create a font lookup list.  The default is to create
      a list of TrueType fonts.  An AFM font list can optionally be
      created.
      """
  
      fontlist = []
      #  Add fonts from list of known font files.
      seen = {}
      for fpath in fontfiles:
          verbose.report('createFontDict: %s' % (fpath), 'debug')
          fname = os.path.split(fpath)[1]
          if fname in seen:
              continue
          else:
              seen[fname] = 1
          if fontext == 'afm':
              try:
                  fh = open(fpath, 'rb')
              except EnvironmentError:
                  verbose.report("Could not open font file %s" % fpath)
                  continue
              try:
                  font = afm.AFM(fh)
              except RuntimeError:
                  verbose.report("Could not parse font file %s" % fpath)
                  continue
              finally:
                  fh.close()
              try:
                  prop = afmFontProperty(fpath, font)
              except KeyError:
                  continue
          else:
              try:
                  font = ft2font.FT2Font(fpath)
              except RuntimeError:
                  verbose.report("Could not open font file %s" % fpath)
                  continue
              except UnicodeError:
                  verbose.report("Cannot handle unicode filenames")
                  # print >> sys.stderr, 'Bad file is', fpath
                  continue
              except IOError:
                  verbose.report("IO error - cannot open font file %s" % fpath)
                  continue
              try:
                  prop = ttfFontProperty(font)
              except (KeyError, RuntimeError, ValueError):
                  continue
  
          fontlist.append(prop)
      return fontlist
  
  
  class FontProperties(object):
      """
      A class for storing and manipulating font properties.
  
      The font properties are those described in the `W3C Cascading
      Style Sheet, Level 1
      <http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/>`_ font
      specification.  The six properties are:
  
        - family: A list of font names in decreasing order of priority.
          The items may include a generic font family name, either
          'serif', 'sans-serif', 'cursive', 'fantasy', or 'monospace'.
          In that case, the actual font to be used will be looked up
          from the associated rcParam in :file:`matplotlibrc`.
  
        - style: Either 'normal', 'italic' or 'oblique'.
  
        - variant: Either 'normal' or 'small-caps'.
  
        - stretch: A numeric value in the range 0-1000 or one of
          'ultra-condensed', 'extra-condensed', 'condensed',
          'semi-condensed', 'normal', 'semi-expanded', 'expanded',
          'extra-expanded' or 'ultra-expanded'
  
        - weight: A numeric value in the range 0-1000 or one of
          'ultralight', 'light', 'normal', 'regular', 'book', 'medium',
          'roman', 'semibold', 'demibold', 'demi', 'bold', 'heavy',
          'extra bold', 'black'
  
        - size: Either an relative value of 'xx-small', 'x-small',
          'small', 'medium', 'large', 'x-large', 'xx-large' or an
          absolute font size, e.g., 12
  
      The default font property for TrueType fonts (as specified in the
      default :file:`matplotlibrc` file) is::
  
        sans-serif, normal, normal, normal, normal, scalable.
  
      Alternatively, a font may be specified using an absolute path to a
      .ttf file, by using the *fname* kwarg.
  
      The preferred usage of font sizes is to use the relative values,
      e.g.,  'large', instead of absolute font sizes, e.g., 12.  This
      approach allows all text sizes to be made larger or smaller based
      on the font manager's default font size.
  
      This class will also accept a `fontconfig
      <https://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/fontconfig/>`_ pattern, if it is
      the only argument provided.  See the documentation on `fontconfig patterns
      <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html>`_.
      This support does not require fontconfig to be installed.  We are merely
      borrowing its pattern syntax for use here.
  
      Note that matplotlib's internal font manager and fontconfig use a
      different algorithm to lookup fonts, so the results of the same pattern
      may be different in matplotlib than in other applications that use
      fontconfig.
      """
  
      def __init__(self,
                   family = None,
                   style  = None,
                   variant= None,
                   weight = None,
                   stretch= None,
                   size   = None,
                   fname  = None, # if this is set, it's a hardcoded filename to use
                   _init   = None  # used only by copy()
                   ):
          self._family = _normalize_font_family(rcParams['font.family'])
          self._slant = rcParams['font.style']
          self._variant = rcParams['font.variant']
          self._weight = rcParams['font.weight']
          self._stretch = rcParams['font.stretch']
          self._size = rcParams['font.size']
          self._file = None
  
          # This is used only by copy()
          if _init is not None:
              self.__dict__.update(_init.__dict__)
              return
  
          if isinstance(family, six.string_types):
              # Treat family as a fontconfig pattern if it is the only
              # parameter provided.
              if (style is None and
                  variant is None and
                  weight is None and
                  stretch is None and
                  size is None and
                  fname is None):
                  self.set_fontconfig_pattern(family)
                  return
  
          self.set_family(family)
          self.set_style(style)
          self.set_variant(variant)
          self.set_weight(weight)
          self.set_stretch(stretch)
          self.set_file(fname)
          self.set_size(size)
  
      def _parse_fontconfig_pattern(self, pattern):
          return parse_fontconfig_pattern(pattern)
  
      def __hash__(self):
          l = (tuple(self.get_family()),
               self.get_slant(),
               self.get_variant(),
               self.get_weight(),
               self.get_stretch(),
               self.get_size_in_points(),
               self.get_file())
          return hash(l)
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          return hash(self) == hash(other)
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          return hash(self) != hash(other)
  
      def __str__(self):
          return self.get_fontconfig_pattern()
  
      def get_family(self):
          """
          Return a list of font names that comprise the font family.
          """
          return self._family
  
      def get_name(self):
          """
          Return the name of the font that best matches the font
          properties.
          """
          return get_font(findfont(self)).family_name
  
      def get_style(self):
          """
          Return the font style.  Values are: 'normal', 'italic' or
          'oblique'.
          """
          return self._slant
      get_slant = get_style
  
      def get_variant(self):
          """
          Return the font variant.  Values are: 'normal' or
          'small-caps'.
          """
          return self._variant
  
      def get_weight(self):
          """
          Set the font weight.  Options are: A numeric value in the
          range 0-1000 or one of 'light', 'normal', 'regular', 'book',
          'medium', 'roman', 'semibold', 'demibold', 'demi', 'bold',
          'heavy', 'extra bold', 'black'
          """
          return self._weight
  
      def get_stretch(self):
          """
          Return the font stretch or width.  Options are: 'ultra-condensed',
          'extra-condensed', 'condensed', 'semi-condensed', 'normal',
          'semi-expanded', 'expanded', 'extra-expanded', 'ultra-expanded'.
          """
          return self._stretch
  
      def get_size(self):
          """
          Return the font size.
          """
          return self._size
  
      def get_size_in_points(self):
          return self._size
  
      def get_file(self):
          """
          Return the filename of the associated font.
          """
          return self._file
  
      def get_fontconfig_pattern(self):
          """
          Get a fontconfig pattern suitable for looking up the font as
          specified with fontconfig's ``fc-match`` utility.
  
          See the documentation on `fontconfig patterns
          <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html>`_.
  
          This support does not require fontconfig to be installed or
          support for it to be enabled.  We are merely borrowing its
          pattern syntax for use here.
          """
          return generate_fontconfig_pattern(self)
  
      def set_family(self, family):
          """
          Change the font family.  May be either an alias (generic name
          is CSS parlance), such as: 'serif', 'sans-serif', 'cursive',
          'fantasy', or 'monospace', a real font name or a list of real
          font names.  Real font names are not supported when
          `text.usetex` is `True`.
          """
          if family is None:
              family = rcParams['font.family']
          self._family = _normalize_font_family(family)
      set_name = set_family
  
      def set_style(self, style):
          """
          Set the font style.  Values are: 'normal', 'italic' or
          'oblique'.
          """
          if style is None:
              style = rcParams['font.style']
          if style not in ('normal', 'italic', 'oblique'):
              raise ValueError("style must be normal, italic or oblique")
          self._slant = style
      set_slant = set_style
  
      def set_variant(self, variant):
          """
          Set the font variant.  Values are: 'normal' or 'small-caps'.
          """
          if variant is None:
              variant = rcParams['font.variant']
          if variant not in ('normal', 'small-caps'):
              raise ValueError("variant must be normal or small-caps")
          self._variant = variant
  
      def set_weight(self, weight):
          """
          Set the font weight.  May be either a numeric value in the
          range 0-1000 or one of 'ultralight', 'light', 'normal',
          'regular', 'book', 'medium', 'roman', 'semibold', 'demibold',
          'demi', 'bold', 'heavy', 'extra bold', 'black'
          """
          if weight is None:
              weight = rcParams['font.weight']
          try:
              weight = int(weight)
              if weight < 0 or weight > 1000:
                  raise ValueError()
          except ValueError:
              if weight not in weight_dict:
                  raise ValueError("weight is invalid")
          self._weight = weight
  
      def set_stretch(self, stretch):
          """
          Set the font stretch or width.  Options are: 'ultra-condensed',
          'extra-condensed', 'condensed', 'semi-condensed', 'normal',
          'semi-expanded', 'expanded', 'extra-expanded' or
          'ultra-expanded', or a numeric value in the range 0-1000.
          """
          if stretch is None:
              stretch = rcParams['font.stretch']
          try:
              stretch = int(stretch)
              if stretch < 0 or stretch > 1000:
                  raise ValueError()
          except ValueError:
              if stretch not in stretch_dict:
                  raise ValueError("stretch is invalid")
          self._stretch = stretch
  
      def set_size(self, size):
          """
          Set the font size.  Either an relative value of 'xx-small',
          'x-small', 'small', 'medium', 'large', 'x-large', 'xx-large'
          or an absolute font size, e.g., 12.
          """
          if size is None:
              size = rcParams['font.size']
          try:
              size = float(size)
          except ValueError:
              try:
                  scale = font_scalings[size]
              except KeyError:
                  raise ValueError(
                      "Size is invalid. Valid font size are "
                      + ", ".join(map(str, font_scalings)))
              else:
                  size = scale * FontManager.get_default_size()
          self._size = size
  
      def set_file(self, file):
          """
          Set the filename of the fontfile to use.  In this case, all
          other properties will be ignored.
          """
          self._file = file
  
      def set_fontconfig_pattern(self, pattern):
          """
          Set the properties by parsing a fontconfig *pattern*.
  
          See the documentation on `fontconfig patterns
          <https://www.freedesktop.org/software/fontconfig/fontconfig-user.html>`_.
  
          This support does not require fontconfig to be installed or
          support for it to be enabled.  We are merely borrowing its
          pattern syntax for use here.
          """
          for key, val in six.iteritems(self._parse_fontconfig_pattern(pattern)):
              if type(val) == list:
                  getattr(self, "set_" + key)(val[0])
              else:
                  getattr(self, "set_" + key)(val)
  
      def copy(self):
          """Return a deep copy of self"""
          return FontProperties(_init=self)
  
  
  @cbook.deprecated("2.1")
  def ttfdict_to_fnames(d):
      """
      flatten a ttfdict to all the filenames it contains
      """
      fnames = []
      for named in six.itervalues(d):
          for styled in six.itervalues(named):
              for variantd in six.itervalues(styled):
                  for weightd in six.itervalues(variantd):
                      for stretchd in six.itervalues(weightd):
                          for fname in six.itervalues(stretchd):
                              fnames.append(fname)
      return fnames
  
  
  class JSONEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
      def default(self, o):
          if isinstance(o, FontManager):
              return dict(o.__dict__, _class='FontManager')
          elif isinstance(o, FontEntry):
              return dict(o.__dict__, _class='FontEntry')
          else:
              return super(JSONEncoder, self).default(o)
  
  
  def _json_decode(o):
      cls = o.pop('_class', None)
      if cls is None:
          return o
      elif cls == 'FontManager':
          r = FontManager.__new__(FontManager)
          r.__dict__.update(o)
          return r
      elif cls == 'FontEntry':
          r = FontEntry.__new__(FontEntry)
          r.__dict__.update(o)
          return r
      else:
          raise ValueError("don't know how to deserialize _class=%s" % cls)
  
  
  def json_dump(data, filename):
      """Dumps a data structure as JSON in the named file.
      Handles FontManager and its fields."""
  
      with open(filename, 'w') as fh:
          json.dump(data, fh, cls=JSONEncoder, indent=2)
  
  
  def json_load(filename):
      """Loads a data structure as JSON from the named file.
      Handles FontManager and its fields."""
  
      with open(filename, 'r') as fh:
          return json.load(fh, object_hook=_json_decode)
  
  
  def _normalize_font_family(family):
      if isinstance(family, six.string_types):
          family = [six.text_type(family)]
      elif isinstance(family, Iterable):
          family = [six.text_type(f) for f in family]
      return family
  
  
  class TempCache(object):
      """
      A class to store temporary caches that are (a) not saved to disk
      and (b) invalidated whenever certain font-related
      rcParams---namely the family lookup lists---are changed or the
      font cache is reloaded.  This avoids the expensive linear search
      through all fonts every time a font is looked up.
      """
      # A list of rcparam names that, when changed, invalidated this
      # cache.
      invalidating_rcparams = (
          'font.serif', 'font.sans-serif', 'font.cursive', 'font.fantasy',
          'font.monospace')
  
      def __init__(self):
          self._lookup_cache = {}
          self._last_rcParams = self.make_rcparams_key()
  
      def make_rcparams_key(self):
          return [id(fontManager)] + [
              rcParams[param] for param in self.invalidating_rcparams]
  
      def get(self, prop):
          key = self.make_rcparams_key()
          if key != self._last_rcParams:
              self._lookup_cache = {}
              self._last_rcParams = key
          return self._lookup_cache.get(prop)
  
      def set(self, prop, value):
          key = self.make_rcparams_key()
          if key != self._last_rcParams:
              self._lookup_cache = {}
              self._last_rcParams = key
          self._lookup_cache[prop] = value
  
  
  class FontManager(object):
      """
      On import, the :class:`FontManager` singleton instance creates a
      list of TrueType fonts based on the font properties: name, style,
      variant, weight, stretch, and size.  The :meth:`findfont` method
      does a nearest neighbor search to find the font that most closely
      matches the specification.  If no good enough match is found, a
      default font is returned.
      """
      # Increment this version number whenever the font cache data
      # format or behavior has changed and requires a existing font
      # cache files to be rebuilt.
      __version__ = 201
  
      def __init__(self, size=None, weight='normal'):
          self._version = self.__version__
  
          self.__default_weight = weight
          self.default_size = size
  
          paths = [os.path.join(rcParams['datapath'], 'fonts', 'ttf'),
                   os.path.join(rcParams['datapath'], 'fonts', 'afm'),
                   os.path.join(rcParams['datapath'], 'fonts', 'pdfcorefonts')]
  
          #  Create list of font paths
          for pathname in ['TTFPATH', 'AFMPATH']:
              if pathname in os.environ:
                  ttfpath = os.environ[pathname]
                  if ttfpath.find(';') >= 0: #win32 style
                      paths.extend(ttfpath.split(';'))
                  elif ttfpath.find(':') >= 0: # unix style
                      paths.extend(ttfpath.split(':'))
                  else:
                      paths.append(ttfpath)
  
          verbose.report('font search path %s'%(str(paths)))
          #  Load TrueType fonts and create font dictionary.
  
          self.ttffiles = findSystemFonts(paths) + findSystemFonts()
          self.defaultFamily = {
              'ttf': 'DejaVu Sans',
              'afm': 'Helvetica'}
          self.defaultFont = {}
  
          for fname in self.ttffiles:
              verbose.report('trying fontname %s' % fname, 'debug')
              if fname.lower().find('DejaVuSans.ttf')>=0:
                  self.defaultFont['ttf'] = fname
                  break
          else:
              # use anything
              self.defaultFont['ttf'] = self.ttffiles[0]
  
          self.ttflist = createFontList(self.ttffiles)
  
          self.afmfiles = findSystemFonts(paths, fontext='afm') + \
              findSystemFonts(fontext='afm')
          self.afmlist = createFontList(self.afmfiles, fontext='afm')
          if len(self.afmfiles):
              self.defaultFont['afm'] = self.afmfiles[0]
          else:
              self.defaultFont['afm'] = None
  
      def get_default_weight(self):
          """
          Return the default font weight.
          """
          return self.__default_weight
  
      @staticmethod
      def get_default_size():
          """
          Return the default font size.
          """
          return rcParams['font.size']
  
      def set_default_weight(self, weight):
          """
          Set the default font weight.  The initial value is 'normal'.
          """
          self.__default_weight = weight
  
      def update_fonts(self, filenames):
          """
          Update the font dictionary with new font files.
          Currently not implemented.
          """
          #  !!!!  Needs implementing
          raise NotImplementedError
  
      # Each of the scoring functions below should return a value between
      # 0.0 (perfect match) and 1.0 (terrible match)
      def score_family(self, families, family2):
          """
          Returns a match score between the list of font families in
          *families* and the font family name *family2*.
  
          An exact match at the head of the list returns 0.0.
  
          A match further down the list will return between 0 and 1.
  
          No match will return 1.0.
          """
          if not isinstance(families, (list, tuple)):
              families = [families]
          elif len(families) == 0:
              return 1.0
          family2 = family2.lower()
          step = 1 / len(families)
          for i, family1 in enumerate(families):
              family1 = family1.lower()
              if family1 in font_family_aliases:
                  if family1 in ('sans', 'sans serif'):
                      family1 = 'sans-serif'
                  options = rcParams['font.' + family1]
                  options = [x.lower() for x in options]
                  if family2 in options:
                      idx = options.index(family2)
                      return (i + (idx / len(options))) * step
              elif family1 == family2:
                  # The score should be weighted by where in the
                  # list the font was found.
                  return i * step
          return 1.0
  
      def score_style(self, style1, style2):
          """
          Returns a match score between *style1* and *style2*.
  
          An exact match returns 0.0.
  
          A match between 'italic' and 'oblique' returns 0.1.
  
          No match returns 1.0.
          """
          if style1 == style2:
              return 0.0
          elif style1 in ('italic', 'oblique') and \
                  style2 in ('italic', 'oblique'):
              return 0.1
          return 1.0
  
      def score_variant(self, variant1, variant2):
          """
          Returns a match score between *variant1* and *variant2*.
  
          An exact match returns 0.0, otherwise 1.0.
          """
          if variant1 == variant2:
              return 0.0
          else:
              return 1.0
  
      def score_stretch(self, stretch1, stretch2):
          """
          Returns a match score between *stretch1* and *stretch2*.
  
          The result is the absolute value of the difference between the
          CSS numeric values of *stretch1* and *stretch2*, normalized
          between 0.0 and 1.0.
          """
          try:
              stretchval1 = int(stretch1)
          except ValueError:
              stretchval1 = stretch_dict.get(stretch1, 500)
          try:
              stretchval2 = int(stretch2)
          except ValueError:
              stretchval2 = stretch_dict.get(stretch2, 500)
          return abs(stretchval1 - stretchval2) / 1000.0
  
      def score_weight(self, weight1, weight2):
          """
          Returns a match score between *weight1* and *weight2*.
  
          The result is 0.0 if both weight1 and weight 2 are given as strings
          and have the same value.
  
          Otherwise, the result is the absolute value of the difference between the
          CSS numeric values of *weight1* and *weight2*, normalized
          between 0.05 and 1.0.
          """
  
          # exact match of the weight names (e.g. weight1 == weight2 == "regular")
          if (isinstance(weight1, six.string_types) and
                  isinstance(weight2, six.string_types) and
                  weight1 == weight2):
              return 0.0
          try:
              weightval1 = int(weight1)
          except ValueError:
              weightval1 = weight_dict.get(weight1, 500)
          try:
              weightval2 = int(weight2)
          except ValueError:
              weightval2 = weight_dict.get(weight2, 500)
          return 0.95*(abs(weightval1 - weightval2) / 1000.0) + 0.05
  
      def score_size(self, size1, size2):
          """
          Returns a match score between *size1* and *size2*.
  
          If *size2* (the size specified in the font file) is 'scalable', this
          function always returns 0.0, since any font size can be generated.
  
          Otherwise, the result is the absolute distance between *size1* and
          *size2*, normalized so that the usual range of font sizes (6pt -
          72pt) will lie between 0.0 and 1.0.
          """
          if size2 == 'scalable':
              return 0.0
          # Size value should have already been
          try:
              sizeval1 = float(size1)
          except ValueError:
              sizeval1 = self.default_size * font_scalings[size1]
          try:
              sizeval2 = float(size2)
          except ValueError:
              return 1.0
          return abs(sizeval1 - sizeval2) / 72.0
  
      def findfont(self, prop, fontext='ttf', directory=None,
                   fallback_to_default=True, rebuild_if_missing=True):
          """
          Search the font list for the font that most closely matches
          the :class:`FontProperties` *prop*.
  
          :meth:`findfont` performs a nearest neighbor search.  Each
          font is given a similarity score to the target font
          properties.  The first font with the highest score is
          returned.  If no matches below a certain threshold are found,
          the default font (usually DejaVu Sans) is returned.
  
          `directory`, is specified, will only return fonts from the
          given directory (or subdirectory of that directory).
  
          The result is cached, so subsequent lookups don't have to
          perform the O(n) nearest neighbor search.
  
          If `fallback_to_default` is True, will fallback to the default
          font family (usually "DejaVu Sans" or "Helvetica") if
          the first lookup hard-fails.
  
          See the `W3C Cascading Style Sheet, Level 1
          <http://www.w3.org/TR/1998/REC-CSS2-19980512/>`_ documentation
          for a description of the font finding algorithm.
          """
          if not isinstance(prop, FontProperties):
              prop = FontProperties(prop)
          fname = prop.get_file()
          if fname is not None:
              verbose.report('findfont returning %s'%fname, 'debug')
              return fname
  
          if fontext == 'afm':
              fontlist = self.afmlist
          else:
              fontlist = self.ttflist
  
          if directory is None:
              cached = _lookup_cache[fontext].get(prop)
              if cached is not None:
                  return cached
          else:
              directory = os.path.normcase(directory)
  
          best_score = 1e64
          best_font = None
  
          for font in fontlist:
              if (directory is not None and
                      os.path.commonprefix([os.path.normcase(font.fname),
                                            directory]) != directory):
                  continue
              # Matching family should have highest priority, so it is multiplied
              # by 10.0
              score = \
                  self.score_family(prop.get_family(), font.name) * 10.0 + \
                  self.score_style(prop.get_style(), font.style) + \
                  self.score_variant(prop.get_variant(), font.variant) + \
                  self.score_weight(prop.get_weight(), font.weight) + \
                  self.score_stretch(prop.get_stretch(), font.stretch) + \
                  self.score_size(prop.get_size(), font.size)
              if score < best_score:
                  best_score = score
                  best_font = font
              if score == 0:
                  break
  
          if best_font is None or best_score >= 10.0:
              if fallback_to_default:
                  warnings.warn(
                      'findfont: Font family %s not found. Falling back to %s' %
                      (prop.get_family(), self.defaultFamily[fontext]))
                  default_prop = prop.copy()
                  default_prop.set_family(self.defaultFamily[fontext])
                  return self.findfont(default_prop, fontext, directory, False)
              else:
                  # This is a hard fail -- we can't find anything reasonable,
                  # so just return the DejuVuSans.ttf
                  warnings.warn(
                      'findfont: Could not match %s. Returning %s' %
                      (prop, self.defaultFont[fontext]),
                      UserWarning)
                  result = self.defaultFont[fontext]
          else:
              verbose.report(
                  'findfont: Matching %s to %s (%s) with score of %f' %
                  (prop, best_font.name, repr(best_font.fname), best_score))
              result = best_font.fname
  
          if not os.path.isfile(result):
              if rebuild_if_missing:
                  verbose.report(
                      'findfont: Found a missing font file.  Rebuilding cache.')
                  _rebuild()
                  return fontManager.findfont(
                      prop, fontext, directory, True, False)
              else:
                  raise ValueError("No valid font could be found")
  
          if directory is None:
              _lookup_cache[fontext].set(prop, result)
          return result
  
  _is_opentype_cff_font_cache = {}
  def is_opentype_cff_font(filename):
      """
      Returns True if the given font is a Postscript Compact Font Format
      Font embedded in an OpenType wrapper.  Used by the PostScript and
      PDF backends that can not subset these fonts.
      """
      if os.path.splitext(filename)[1].lower() == '.otf':
          result = _is_opentype_cff_font_cache.get(filename)
          if result is None:
              with open(filename, 'rb') as fd:
                  tag = fd.read(4)
              result = (tag == b'OTTO')
              _is_opentype_cff_font_cache[filename] = result
          return result
      return False
  
  fontManager = None
  _fmcache = None
  
  
  get_font = lru_cache(64)(ft2font.FT2Font)
  
  
  # The experimental fontconfig-based backend.
  if USE_FONTCONFIG and sys.platform != 'win32':
      import re
  
      def fc_match(pattern, fontext):
          fontexts = get_fontext_synonyms(fontext)
          ext = "." + fontext
          try:
              pipe = subprocess.Popen(
                  ['fc-match', '-s', '--format=%{file}\\n', pattern],
                  stdout=subprocess.PIPE,
                  stderr=subprocess.PIPE)
              output = pipe.communicate()[0]
          except (OSError, IOError):
              return None
  
          # The bulk of the output from fc-list is ascii, so we keep the
          # result in bytes and parse it as bytes, until we extract the
          # filename, which is in sys.filesystemencoding().
          if pipe.returncode == 0:
              for fname in output.split(b'\n'):
                  try:
                      fname = six.text_type(fname, sys.getfilesystemencoding())
                  except UnicodeDecodeError:
                      continue
                  if os.path.splitext(fname)[1][1:] in fontexts:
                      return fname
          return None
  
      _fc_match_cache = {}
  
      def findfont(prop, fontext='ttf'):
          if not isinstance(prop, six.string_types):
              prop = prop.get_fontconfig_pattern()
          cached = _fc_match_cache.get(prop)
          if cached is not None:
              return cached
  
          result = fc_match(prop, fontext)
          if result is None:
              result = fc_match(':', fontext)
  
          _fc_match_cache[prop] = result
          return result
  
  else:
      _fmcache = None
  
      cachedir = get_cachedir()
      if cachedir is not None:
          _fmcache = os.path.join(cachedir, 'fontList.json')
  
      fontManager = None
  
      _lookup_cache = {
          'ttf': TempCache(),
          'afm': TempCache()
      }
  
      def _rebuild():
          global fontManager
  
          fontManager = FontManager()
  
          if _fmcache:
              with cbook.Locked(cachedir):
                  json_dump(fontManager, _fmcache)
  
          verbose.report("generated new fontManager")
  
      if _fmcache:
          try:
              fontManager = json_load(_fmcache)
              if (not hasattr(fontManager, '_version') or
                  fontManager._version != FontManager.__version__):
                  _rebuild()
              else:
                  fontManager.default_size = None
                  verbose.report("Using fontManager instance from %s" % _fmcache)
          except cbook.Locked.TimeoutError:
              raise
          except:
              _rebuild()
      else:
          _rebuild()
  
      def findfont(prop, **kw):
          global fontManager
          font = fontManager.findfont(prop, **kw)
          return font
  