text: """
  
  Gateway between app-level and interpreter-level:
  * BuiltinCode (call interp-level code from app-level)
  * app2interp  (embed an app-level function into an interp-level callable)
  * interp2app  (publish an interp-level object to be visible from app-level)
  * interpindirect2app (publish an interp-level object to be visible from
                        app-level as an indirect call to implementation)
  
  """
  
  import sys
  import os
  import types
  import inspect
  
  import py
  
  from pypy.interpreter.eval import Code
  from pypy.interpreter.argument import Arguments
  from pypy.interpreter.signature import Signature
  from pypy.interpreter.baseobjspace import (W_Root, ObjSpace, SpaceCache,
      DescrMismatch)
  from pypy.interpreter.error import OperationError, oefmt
  from pypy.interpreter.function import ClassMethod, FunctionWithFixedCode
  from rpython.rlib import rstackovf
  from rpython.rlib.objectmodel import we_are_translated
  from rpython.rlib.rarithmetic import r_longlong, r_int, r_ulonglong, r_uint
  from rpython.tool.sourcetools import func_with_new_name, compile2
  
  
  # internal non-translatable parts:
  class SignatureBuilder(object):
      "NOT_RPYTHON"
      def __init__(self, func=None, argnames=None, varargname=None,
                   kwargname=None, name=None):
          self.func = func
          if func is not None:
              self.name = func.__name__
          else:
              self.name = name
          if argnames is None:
              argnames = []
          self.argnames = argnames
          self.varargname = varargname
          self.kwargname = kwargname
  
      def append(self, argname):
          self.argnames.append(argname)
  
      def signature(self):
          return Signature(self.argnames, self.varargname, self.kwargname)
  
  #________________________________________________________________
  
  
  class Unwrapper(object):
      """A base class for custom unwrap_spec items.
  
      Subclasses must override unwrap().
      """
      def _freeze_(self):
          return True
  
      def unwrap(self, space, w_value):
          """NOT_RPYTHON"""
          raise NotImplementedError
  
  
  class UnwrapSpecRecipe(object):
      "NOT_RPYTHON"
  
      bases_order = [W_Root, ObjSpace, Arguments, Unwrapper, object]
  
      def dispatch(self, el, *args):
          if isinstance(el, str):
              getattr(self, "visit_%s" % (el,))(el, *args)
          elif isinstance(el, tuple):
              if el[0] == 'INTERNAL:self':
                  self.visit_self(el[1], *args)
              else:
                  assert False, "not supported any more, use WrappedDefault"
          elif isinstance(el, WrappedDefault):
              self.visit__W_Root(W_Root, *args)
          elif isinstance(el, type):
              for typ in self.bases_order:
                  if issubclass(el, typ):
                      visit = getattr(self, "visit__%s" % (typ.__name__,))
                      visit(el, *args)
                      break
              else:
                  raise Exception("%s: no match for unwrap_spec element %s" % (
                      self.__class__.__name__, el))
          else:
              raise Exception("unable to dispatch, %s, perhaps your parameter should have started with w_?" % el)
  
      def apply_over(self, unwrap_spec, *extra):
          dispatch = self.dispatch
          for el in unwrap_spec:
              dispatch(el, *extra)
  
  
  class UnwrapSpecEmit(UnwrapSpecRecipe):
      def __init__(self):
          self.n = 0
          self.miniglobals = {}
  
      def succ(self):
          n = self.n
          self.n += 1
          return n
  
      def use(self, obj):
          name = obj.__name__
          self.miniglobals[name] = obj
          return name
  
  
  #________________________________________________________________
  
  
  class UnwrapSpec_Check(UnwrapSpecRecipe):
      # checks for checking interp2app func argument names wrt unwrap_spec
      # and synthetizing an app-level signature
  
      def __init__(self, original_sig):
          self.func = original_sig.func
          self.orig_arg = iter(original_sig.argnames).next
  
      def visit_self(self, cls, app_sig):
          self.visit__W_Root(cls, app_sig)
  
      def checked_space_method(self, typname, app_sig):
          argname = self.orig_arg()
          assert not argname.startswith('w_'), (
              "unwrapped %s argument %s of built-in function %r in %r should "
              "not start with 'w_'" % (typname, argname, self.func.func_name, self.func.func_globals['__name__']))
          app_sig.append(argname)
  
      def visit_index(self, index, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(index, app_sig)
  
      def visit_bufferstr(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_str_or_None(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_str0(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_nonnegint(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_c_int(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_c_uint(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_c_nonnegint(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_c_short(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_c_ushort(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit_truncatedint_w(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit__Unwrapper(self, el, app_sig):
          self.checked_space_method(el, app_sig)
  
      def visit__ObjSpace(self, el, app_sig):
          self.orig_arg()
  
      def visit__W_Root(self, el, app_sig):
          argname = self.orig_arg()
          if argname == 'self':
              assert el is not W_Root
              app_sig.append(argname)
              return
          assert argname.startswith('w_'), (
              "argument %s of built-in function %r in %r should "
              "start with 'w_'" % (argname, self.func.func_name, self.func.func_globals['__name__']))
          app_sig.append(argname[2:])
  
      def visit__Arguments(self, el, app_sig):
          self.orig_arg()
          assert app_sig.varargname is None, (
              "built-in function %r has conflicting rest args specs" % self.func)
          app_sig.varargname = 'args'
          app_sig.kwargname = 'keywords'
  
      def visit_args_w(self, el, app_sig):
          argname = self.orig_arg()
          assert argname.endswith('_w'), (
              "rest arguments arg %s of built-in function %r should end in '_w'" %
              (argname, self.func))
          assert app_sig.varargname is None, (
              "built-in function %r has conflicting rest args specs" % self.func)
          app_sig.varargname = argname[:-2]
  
      def visit_w_args(self, el, app_sig):
          argname = self.orig_arg()
          assert argname.startswith('w_'), (
              "rest arguments arg %s of built-in function %r should start 'w_'" %
              (argname, self.func))
          assert app_sig.varargname is None, (
              "built-in function %r has conflicting rest args specs" % self.func)
          app_sig.varargname = argname[2:]
  
      def visit__object(self, typ, app_sig):
          name = int_unwrapping_space_method(typ)
          self.checked_space_method(name, app_sig)
  
  
  class UnwrapSpec_EmitRun(UnwrapSpecEmit):
  
      # collect code to emit for interp2app builtin frames based on unwrap_spec
  
      def __init__(self):
          UnwrapSpecEmit.__init__(self)
          self.run_args = []
  
      def scopenext(self):
          return "scope_w[%d]" % self.succ()
  
      def visit_self(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.descr_self_interp_w(%s, %s)" %
                               (self.use(typ), self.scopenext()))
  
      def visit__Unwrapper(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("%s().unwrap(space, %s)" %
                               (self.use(typ), self.scopenext()))
  
      def visit__ObjSpace(self, el):
          self.run_args.append('space')
  
      def visit__W_Root(self, el):
          if el is not W_Root:
              self.run_args.append("space.interp_w(%s, %s)" % (self.use(el),
                                                           self.scopenext()))
          else:
              self.run_args.append(self.scopenext())
  
      def visit__Arguments(self, el):
          self.miniglobals['Arguments'] = Arguments
          self.run_args.append("Arguments.frompacked(space, %s, %s)"
                               % (self.scopenext(), self.scopenext()))
  
      def visit_args_w(self, el):
          self.run_args.append("space.fixedview(%s)" % self.scopenext())
  
      def visit_w_args(self, el):
          self.run_args.append(self.scopenext())
  
      def visit__object(self, typ):
          name = int_unwrapping_space_method(typ)
          self.run_args.append("space.%s(%s)" %
                               (name, self.scopenext()))
  
      def visit_index(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.getindex_w(%s, space.w_OverflowError)"
                               % (self.scopenext(), ))
  
      def visit_bufferstr(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.bufferstr_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_str_or_None(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.str_or_None_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_str0(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.str0_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_nonnegint(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.gateway_nonnegint_w(%s)" % (
              self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_c_int(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.c_int_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_c_uint(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.c_uint_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_c_nonnegint(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.c_nonnegint_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_c_short(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.c_short_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_c_ushort(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.c_ushort_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def visit_truncatedint_w(self, typ):
          self.run_args.append("space.truncatedint_w(%s)" % (self.scopenext(),))
  
      def _make_unwrap_activation_class(self, unwrap_spec, cache={}):
          try:
              key = tuple(unwrap_spec)
              activation_factory_cls, run_args = cache[key]
              assert run_args == self.run_args, (
                  "unexpected: same spec, different run_args")
              return activation_factory_cls
          except KeyError:
              parts = []
              for el in unwrap_spec:
                  if isinstance(el, tuple):
                      parts.append(''.join([getattr(subel, '__name__', subel)
                                            for subel in el]))
                  elif isinstance(el, WrappedDefault):
                      parts.append('W_Root')
                  else:
                      parts.append(getattr(el, '__name__', el))
              label = '_'.join(parts)
              #print label
  
              d = {}
              source = """if 1:
                  def _run(self, space, scope_w):
                      return self.behavior(%s)
                  \n""" % (', '.join(self.run_args),)
              exec compile2(source) in self.miniglobals, d
  
              activation_cls = type("BuiltinActivation_UwS_%s" % label,
                               (BuiltinActivation,), d)
              activation_cls._immutable_ = True
  
              cache[key] = activation_cls, self.run_args
              return activation_cls
  
      def make_activation(unwrap_spec, func):
          emit = UnwrapSpec_EmitRun()
          emit.apply_over(unwrap_spec)
          activation_uw_cls = emit._make_unwrap_activation_class(unwrap_spec)
          return activation_uw_cls(func)
      make_activation = staticmethod(make_activation)
  
  
  class BuiltinActivation(object):
      _immutable_ = True
  
      def __init__(self, behavior):
          """NOT_RPYTHON"""
          self.behavior = behavior
  
      def _run(self, space, scope_w):
          """Subclasses with behavior specific for an unwrap spec are generated"""
          raise TypeError("abstract")
  
  #________________________________________________________________
  
  
  class FastFuncNotSupported(Exception):
      pass
  
  
  class UnwrapSpec_FastFunc_Unwrap(UnwrapSpecEmit):
      def __init__(self):
          UnwrapSpecEmit.__init__(self)
          self.args = []
          self.unwrap = []
          self.finger = 0
  
      def dispatch(self, el, *args):
          UnwrapSpecEmit.dispatch(self, el, *args)
          self.finger += 1
          if self.n > 4:
              raise FastFuncNotSupported
  
      def nextarg(self):
          arg = "w%d" % self.succ()
          self.args.append(arg)
          return arg
  
      def visit_self(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.descr_self_interp_w(%s, %s)" %
                             (self.use(typ), self.nextarg()))
  
      def visit__Unwrapper(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("%s().unwrap(space, %s)" %
                             (self.use(typ), self.nextarg()))
  
      def visit__ObjSpace(self, el):
          if self.finger > 1:
              raise FastFuncNotSupported
          self.unwrap.append("space")
  
      def visit__W_Root(self, el):
          if el is not W_Root:
              self.unwrap.append("space.interp_w(%s, %s)" % (self.use(el),
                                                             self.nextarg()))
          else:
              self.unwrap.append(self.nextarg())
  
      def visit__Arguments(self, el):
          raise FastFuncNotSupported
  
      def visit_args_w(self, el):
          raise FastFuncNotSupported
  
      def visit_w_args(self, el):
          raise FastFuncNotSupported
  
      def visit__object(self, typ):
          name = int_unwrapping_space_method(typ)
          self.unwrap.append("space.%s(%s)" % (name,
                                                 self.nextarg()))
  
      def visit_index(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.getindex_w(%s, space.w_OverflowError)"
                             % (self.nextarg()), )
  
      def visit_bufferstr(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.bufferstr_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_str_or_None(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.str_or_None_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_str0(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.str0_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_nonnegint(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.gateway_nonnegint_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_c_int(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.c_int_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_c_uint(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.c_uint_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_c_nonnegint(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.c_nonnegint_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_c_short(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.c_short_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_c_ushort(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.c_ushort_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def visit_truncatedint_w(self, typ):
          self.unwrap.append("space.truncatedint_w(%s)" % (self.nextarg(),))
  
      def make_fastfunc(unwrap_spec, func):
          unwrap_info = UnwrapSpec_FastFunc_Unwrap()
          unwrap_info.apply_over(unwrap_spec)
          narg = unwrap_info.n
          args = ['space'] + unwrap_info.args
          if args == unwrap_info.unwrap:
              fastfunc = func
          else:
              # try to avoid excessive bloat
              mod = func.__module__
              if mod is None:
                  mod = ""
              if mod == 'pypy.interpreter.astcompiler.ast':
                  raise FastFuncNotSupported
              #if (not mod.startswith('pypy.module.__builtin__') and
              #    not mod.startswith('pypy.module.sys') and
              #    not mod.startswith('pypy.module.math')):
              #    if not func.__name__.startswith('descr'):
              #        raise FastFuncNotSupported
              d = {}
              unwrap_info.miniglobals['func'] = func
              source = """if 1:
                  def fastfunc_%s_%d(%s):
                      return func(%s)
                  \n""" % (func.__name__.replace('-', '_'), narg,
                           ', '.join(args),
                           ', '.join(unwrap_info.unwrap))
              exec compile2(source) in unwrap_info.miniglobals, d
              fastfunc = d['fastfunc_%s_%d' % (func.__name__.replace('-', '_'), narg)]
          return narg, fastfunc
      make_fastfunc = staticmethod(make_fastfunc)
  
  
  def int_unwrapping_space_method(typ):
      assert typ in (int, str, float, unicode, r_longlong, r_uint, r_ulonglong, bool)
      if typ is r_int is r_longlong:
          return 'gateway_r_longlong_w'
      elif typ in (str, unicode, bool):
          return typ.__name__ + '_w'
      else:
          return 'gateway_' + typ.__name__ + '_w'
  
  
  def unwrap_spec(*spec, **kwargs):
      """A decorator which attaches the unwrap_spec attribute.
      Use either positional or keyword arguments.
      - positional arguments must be as many as the function parameters
      - keywords arguments allow to change only some parameter specs
      """
      assert spec or kwargs
      def decorator(func):
          if kwargs:
              if spec:
                  raise ValueError("Please specify either positional or "
                                   "keywords arguments")
              func.unwrap_spec = kwargs
          else:
              func.unwrap_spec = spec
          return func
      return decorator
  
  class WrappedDefault(object):
      """ Can be used inside unwrap_spec as WrappedDefault(3) which means
      it'll be treated as W_Root, but fed with default which will be a wrapped
      argument to constructor.
      """
      def __init__(self, default_value):
          self.default_value = default_value
  
  
  def build_unwrap_spec(func, argnames, self_type=None):
      """build the list of parameter unwrap spec for the function.
      """
      unwrap_spec = getattr(func, 'unwrap_spec', None)
  
      if isinstance(unwrap_spec, dict):
          kw_spec = unwrap_spec
          unwrap_spec = None
      else:
          kw_spec = {}
  
      if unwrap_spec is None:
          # build unwrap_spec after the name of arguments
          unwrap_spec = []
          for argname in argnames:
              if argname == 'self':
                  unwrap_spec.append('self')
              elif argname == 'space':
                  unwrap_spec.append(ObjSpace)
              elif argname == '__args__':
                  unwrap_spec.append(Arguments)
              elif argname == 'args_w':
                  unwrap_spec.append('args_w')
              elif argname.startswith('w_'):
                  unwrap_spec.append(W_Root)
              else:
                  unwrap_spec.append(None)
  
      # apply kw_spec
      for name, spec in kw_spec.items():
          try:
              unwrap_spec[argnames.index(name)] = spec
          except ValueError:
              raise ValueError("unwrap_spec() got a keyword %r but it is not "
                               "the name of an argument of the following "
                               "function" % (name,))
  
      return unwrap_spec
  
  
  class BuiltinCode(Code):
      "The code object implementing a built-in (interpreter-level) hook."
      _immutable_ = True
      hidden_applevel = True
      descrmismatch_op = None
      descr_reqcls = None
  
      # When a BuiltinCode is stored in a Function object,
      # you get the functionality of CPython's built-in function type.
  
      def __init__(self, func, unwrap_spec=None, self_type=None,
                   descrmismatch=None, doc=None):
          "NOT_RPYTHON"
          # 'implfunc' is the interpreter-level function.
          # Note that this uses a lot of (construction-time) introspection.
          Code.__init__(self, func.__name__)
          self.docstring = doc or func.__doc__
  
          self.identifier = "%s-%s-%s" % (func.__module__, func.__name__,
                                          getattr(self_type, '__name__', '*'))
  
          # unwrap_spec can be passed to interp2app or
          # attached as an attribute to the function.
          # It is a list of types or singleton objects:
          #  baseobjspace.ObjSpace is used to specify the space argument
          #  baseobjspace.W_Root is for wrapped arguments to keep wrapped
          #  argument.Arguments is for a final rest arguments Arguments object
          # 'args_w' for fixedview applied to rest arguments
          # 'w_args' for rest arguments passed as wrapped tuple
          # str,int,float: unwrap argument as such type
          # (function, cls) use function to check/unwrap argument of type cls
  
          # First extract the signature from the (CPython-level) code object
          from pypy.interpreter import pycode
          argnames, varargname, kwargname = pycode.cpython_code_signature(func.func_code)
          self._argnames = argnames
  
          if unwrap_spec is None:
              unwrap_spec = build_unwrap_spec(func, argnames, self_type)
  
          if self_type:
              assert unwrap_spec[0] == 'self', "self_type without 'self' spec element"
              unwrap_spec = list(unwrap_spec)
              if descrmismatch is not None:
                  assert issubclass(self_type, W_Root)
                  unwrap_spec[0] = ('INTERNAL:self', self_type)
                  self.descrmismatch_op = descrmismatch
                  self.descr_reqcls = self_type
              else:
                  unwrap_spec[0] = self_type
          else:
              assert descrmismatch is None, (
                  "descrmismatch without a self-type specified")
  
          orig_sig = SignatureBuilder(func, argnames, varargname, kwargname)
          app_sig = SignatureBuilder(func)
  
          UnwrapSpec_Check(orig_sig).apply_over(unwrap_spec, app_sig)
          self.sig = argnames, varargname, kwargname = app_sig.signature()
  
          self.minargs = len(argnames)
          if varargname:
              self.maxargs = sys.maxint
          else:
              self.maxargs = self.minargs
  
          self.activation = UnwrapSpec_EmitRun.make_activation(unwrap_spec, func)
          self._bltin = func
          self._unwrap_spec = unwrap_spec
  
          # speed hack
          if 0 <= len(unwrap_spec) <= 5:
              try:
                  arity, fastfunc = UnwrapSpec_FastFunc_Unwrap.make_fastfunc(
                                                   unwrap_spec, func)
              except FastFuncNotSupported:
                  if unwrap_spec == [ObjSpace, Arguments]:
                      self.__class__ = BuiltinCodePassThroughArguments0
                      self.func__args__ = func
                  elif unwrap_spec == [ObjSpace, W_Root, Arguments]:
                      self.__class__ = BuiltinCodePassThroughArguments1
                      self.func__args__ = func
                  elif unwrap_spec == [self_type, ObjSpace, Arguments]:
                      self.__class__ = BuiltinCodePassThroughArguments1
                      miniglobals = {'func': func, 'self_type': self_type}
                      d = {}
                      source = """if 1:
                          def _call(space, w_obj, args):
                              self = space.descr_self_interp_w(self_type, w_obj)
                              return func(self, space, args)
                          \n"""
                      exec compile2(source) in miniglobals, d
                      self.func__args__ = d['_call']
              else:
                  self.__class__ = globals()['BuiltinCode%d' % arity]
                  setattr(self, 'fastfunc_%d' % arity, fastfunc)
  
      def descr__reduce__(self, space):
          from pypy.interpreter.mixedmodule import MixedModule
          w_mod = space.getbuiltinmodule('_pickle_support')
          mod = space.interp_w(MixedModule, w_mod)
          builtin_code = mod.get('builtin_code')
          return space.newtuple([builtin_code,
                                 space.newtuple([space.wrap(self.identifier)])])
  
      def find(indentifier):
          from pypy.interpreter.function import Function
          return Function._all[indentifier].code
      find = staticmethod(find)
  
      def signature(self):
          return self.sig
  
      def getdocstring(self, space):
          return space.wrap(self.docstring)
  
      def funcrun(self, func, args):
          return BuiltinCode.funcrun_obj(self, func, None, args)
  
      def funcrun_obj(self, func, w_obj, args):
          space = func.space
          activation = self.activation
          scope_w = args.parse_obj(w_obj, func.name, self.sig,
                                   func.defs_w, self.minargs)
          try:
              w_result = activation._run(space, scope_w)
          except DescrMismatch:
              if w_obj is not None:
                  args = args.prepend(w_obj)
              return scope_w[0].descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                                    self.descrmismatch_op,
                                                    self.descr_reqcls,
                                                    args)
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
      def handle_exception(self, space, e):
          try:
              if not we_are_translated():
                  raise
              raise e
          except KeyboardInterrupt:
              raise OperationError(space.w_KeyboardInterrupt, space.w_None)
          except MemoryError:
              raise OperationError(space.w_MemoryError, space.w_None)
          except rstackovf.StackOverflow as e:
              rstackovf.check_stack_overflow()
              raise oefmt(space.w_RuntimeError,
                          "maximum recursion depth exceeded")
          except RuntimeError:   # not on top of py.py
              raise OperationError(space.w_RuntimeError, space.w_None)
  
  # (verbose) performance hack below
  
  
  class BuiltinCodePassThroughArguments0(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
  
      def funcrun(self, func, args):
          space = func.space
          try:
              w_result = self.func__args__(space, args)
          except DescrMismatch:
              return args.firstarg().descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                                    self.descrmismatch_op,
                                                    self.descr_reqcls,
                                                    args)
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  
  class BuiltinCodePassThroughArguments1(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
      fast_natural_arity = Code.PASSTHROUGHARGS1
  
      def funcrun_obj(self, func, w_obj, args):
          space = func.space
          try:
              w_result = self.func__args__(space, w_obj, args)
          except DescrMismatch:
              return args.firstarg().descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                                    self.descrmismatch_op,
                                                    self.descr_reqcls,
                                                    args.prepend(w_obj))
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  
  class BuiltinCode0(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
      fast_natural_arity = 0
  
      def fastcall_0(self, space, w_func):
          try:
              w_result = self.fastfunc_0(space)
          except DescrMismatch:
              raise oefmt(space.w_SystemError, "unexpected DescrMismatch error")
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  
  class BuiltinCode1(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
      fast_natural_arity = 1
  
      def fastcall_1(self, space, w_func, w1):
          try:
              w_result = self.fastfunc_1(space, w1)
          except DescrMismatch:
              return w1.descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                            self.descrmismatch_op,
                                            self.descr_reqcls,
                                            Arguments(space, [w1]))
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  
  class BuiltinCode2(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
      fast_natural_arity = 2
  
      def fastcall_2(self, space, w_func, w1, w2):
          try:
              w_result = self.fastfunc_2(space, w1, w2)
          except DescrMismatch:
              return w1.descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                            self.descrmismatch_op,
                                            self.descr_reqcls,
                                            Arguments(space, [w1, w2]))
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  
  class BuiltinCode3(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
      fast_natural_arity = 3
  
      def fastcall_3(self, space, func, w1, w2, w3):
          try:
              w_result = self.fastfunc_3(space, w1, w2, w3)
          except DescrMismatch:
              return w1.descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                            self.descrmismatch_op,
                                            self.descr_reqcls,
                                            Arguments(space, [w1, w2, w3]))
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  
  class BuiltinCode4(BuiltinCode):
      _immutable_ = True
      fast_natural_arity = 4
  
      def fastcall_4(self, space, func, w1, w2, w3, w4):
          try:
              w_result = self.fastfunc_4(space, w1, w2, w3, w4)
          except DescrMismatch:
              return w1.descr_call_mismatch(space,
                                            self.descrmismatch_op,
                                            self.descr_reqcls,
                                            Arguments(space,
                                                      [w1, w2, w3, w4]))
          except Exception as e:
              self.handle_exception(space, e)
              w_result = None
          if w_result is None:
              w_result = space.w_None
          return w_result
  
  def interpindirect2app(unbound_meth, unwrap_spec=None):
      base_cls = unbound_meth.im_class
      func = unbound_meth.im_func
      args = inspect.getargs(func.func_code)
      if args.varargs or args.keywords:
          raise TypeError("Varargs and keywords not supported in unwrap_spec")
      argspec = ', '.join([arg for arg in args.args[1:]])
      func_code = py.code.Source("""
      def f(self, %(args)s):
          return self.%(func_name)s(%(args)s)
      """ % {'args': argspec, 'func_name': func.func_name})
      d = {}
      exec func_code.compile() in d
      f = d['f']
      f.func_defaults = unbound_meth.func_defaults
      f.func_doc = unbound_meth.func_doc
      f.__module__ = func.__module__
      # necessary for unique identifiers for pickling
      f.func_name = func.func_name
      if unwrap_spec is None:
          unwrap_spec = getattr(unbound_meth, 'unwrap_spec', {})
      else:
          assert isinstance(unwrap_spec, dict)
          unwrap_spec = unwrap_spec.copy()
      unwrap_spec['self'] = base_cls
      return interp2app(globals()['unwrap_spec'](**unwrap_spec)(f))
  
  class interp2app(W_Root):
      """Build a gateway that calls 'f' at interp-level."""
  
      # Takes optionally an unwrap_spec, see BuiltinCode
  
      instancecache = {}
  
      def __new__(cls, f, app_name=None, unwrap_spec=None, descrmismatch=None,
                  as_classmethod=False, doc=None):
  
          "NOT_RPYTHON"
          # f must be a function whose name does NOT start with 'app_'
          self_type = None
          if hasattr(f, 'im_func'):
              self_type = f.im_class
              f = f.im_func
          if not isinstance(f, types.FunctionType):
              raise TypeError("function expected, got %r instead" % f)
          if app_name is None:
              if f.func_name.startswith('app_'):
                  raise ValueError("function name %r suspiciously starts "
                                     "with 'app_'" % f.func_name)
              app_name = f.func_name
  
          if unwrap_spec is not None:
              unwrap_spec_key = tuple(unwrap_spec)
          else:
              unwrap_spec_key = None
          key = (f, self_type, unwrap_spec_key, descrmismatch, as_classmethod)
          if key in cls.instancecache:
              result = cls.instancecache[key]
              assert result.__class__ is cls
              return result
          self = W_Root.__new__(cls)
          cls.instancecache[key] = self
          self._code = BuiltinCode(f, unwrap_spec=unwrap_spec,
                                   self_type=self_type,
                                   descrmismatch=descrmismatch,
                                   doc=doc)
          self.__name__ = f.func_name
          self.name = app_name
          self.as_classmethod = as_classmethod
  
          if not f.func_defaults:
              self._staticdefs = []
          else:
              argnames = self._code._argnames
              defaults = f.func_defaults
              self._staticdefs = zip(argnames[-len(defaults):], defaults)
          return self
  
      def _getdefaults(self, space):
          "NOT_RPYTHON"
          defs_w = []
          for name, defaultval in self._staticdefs:
              if name.startswith('w_'):
                  assert defaultval is None, (
                      "%s: default value for '%s' can only be None, got %r; "
                      "use unwrap_spec(...=WrappedDefault(default))" % (
                      self._code.identifier, name, defaultval))
                  defs_w.append(None)
              elif name != '__args__' and name != 'args_w':
                  defs_w.append(space.wrap(defaultval))
          if self._code._unwrap_spec:
              UNDEFINED = object()
              alldefs_w = [UNDEFINED] * len(self._code.sig[0])
              if defs_w:
                  alldefs_w[-len(defs_w):] = defs_w
              code = self._code
              assert isinstance(code._unwrap_spec, (list, tuple))
              assert isinstance(code._argnames, list)
              assert len(code._unwrap_spec) == len(code._argnames)
              for i in range(len(code._unwrap_spec)-1, -1, -1):
                  spec = code._unwrap_spec[i]
                  argname = code._argnames[i]
                  if isinstance(spec, tuple) and spec[0] is W_Root:
                      assert False, "use WrappedDefault"
                  if isinstance(spec, WrappedDefault):
                      w_default = space.wrap(spec.default_value)
                      assert isinstance(w_default, W_Root)
                      assert argname.startswith('w_')
                      argname = argname[2:]
                      j = self._code.sig[0].index(argname)
                      assert alldefs_w[j] in (UNDEFINED, None)
                      alldefs_w[j] = w_default
              first_defined = 0
              while (first_defined < len(alldefs_w) and
                     alldefs_w[first_defined] is UNDEFINED):
                  first_defined += 1
              defs_w = alldefs_w[first_defined:]
              assert UNDEFINED not in defs_w
          return defs_w
  
      # lazy binding to space
  
      def __spacebind__(self, space):
          # we first make a real Function object out of it
          # and the result is a wrapped version of this Function.
          return self.get_function(space)
  
      def get_function(self, space):
          return self.getcache(space).getorbuild(self)
  
      def getcache(self, space):
          return space.fromcache(GatewayCache)
  
  
  class GatewayCache(SpaceCache):
      def build(cache, gateway):
          "NOT_RPYTHON"
          space = cache.space
          defs = gateway._getdefaults(space) # needs to be implemented by subclass
          code = gateway._code
          fn = FunctionWithFixedCode(space, code, None, defs, forcename=gateway.name)
          if not space.config.translating:
              fn.add_to_table()
          if gateway.as_classmethod:
              fn = ClassMethod(space.wrap(fn))
          #
          from pypy.module.sys.vm import exc_info
          if code._bltin is exc_info:
              assert space._code_of_sys_exc_info is None
              space._code_of_sys_exc_info = code
          #
          return fn
  
  
  #
  # the next gateways are to be used only for
  # temporary/initialization purposes
  
  class interp2app_temp(interp2app):
      "NOT_RPYTHON"
      def getcache(self, space):
          return self.__dict__.setdefault(space, GatewayCache(space))
  
  
  # and now for something completely different ...
  #
  
  class ApplevelClass:
      """NOT_RPYTHON
      A container for app-level source code that should be executed
      as a module in the object space;  interphook() builds a static
      interp-level function that invokes the callable with the given
      name at app-level."""
  
      hidden_applevel = True
  
      def __init__(self, source, filename=None, modname='__builtin__'):
          # HAAACK (but a good one)
          self.filename = filename
          self.source = str(py.code.Source(source).deindent())
          self.modname = modname
          if filename is None:
              f = sys._getframe(1)
              filename = '<%s:%d>' % (f.f_code.co_filename, f.f_lineno)
          if not os.path.exists(filename):
              # make source code available for tracebacks
              lines = [x + "\n" for x in source.split("\n")]
              py.std.linecache.cache[filename] = (1, None, lines, filename)
          self.filename = filename
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "<ApplevelClass filename=%r>" % (self.filename,)
  
      def getwdict(self, space):
          return space.fromcache(ApplevelCache).getorbuild(self)
  
      def buildmodule(self, space, name='applevel'):
          from pypy.interpreter.module import Module
          return Module(space, space.wrap(name), self.getwdict(space))
  
      def wget(self, space, name):
          w_globals = self.getwdict(space)
          return space.getitem(w_globals, space.wrap(name))
  
      def interphook(self, name):
          "NOT_RPYTHON"
          def appcaller(space, *args_w):
              if not isinstance(space, ObjSpace):
                  raise TypeError("first argument must be a space instance.")
              # the last argument can be an Arguments
              w_func = self.wget(space, name)
              if not args_w:
                  return space.call_function(w_func)
              else:
                  args = args_w[-1]
                  assert args is not None
                  if not isinstance(args, Arguments):
                      return space.call_function(w_func, *args_w)
                  else:
                      if len(args_w) == 2:
                          return space.call_obj_args(w_func, args_w[0], args)
                      elif len(args_w) > 2:
                          # xxx is this used at all?
                          # ...which is merged with the previous arguments, if any
                          args = args.replace_arguments(list(args_w[:-1]) +
                                                        args.arguments_w)
              return space.call_args(w_func, args)
          def get_function(space):
              w_func = self.wget(space, name)
              return space.unwrap(w_func)
          appcaller = func_with_new_name(appcaller, name)
          appcaller.get_function = get_function
          return appcaller
  
      def _freeze_(self):
          return True  # hint for the annotator: applevel instances are constants
  
  
  class ApplevelCache(SpaceCache):
      """NOT_RPYTHON
      The cache mapping each applevel instance to its lazily built w_dict"""
  
      def build(self, app):
          "NOT_RPYTHON.  Called indirectly by Applevel.getwdict()."
          return build_applevel_dict(app, self.space)
  
  
  # __________ pure applevel version __________
  
  def build_applevel_dict(self, space):
      "NOT_RPYTHON"
      w_glob = space.newdict(module=True)
      space.setitem(w_glob, space.wrap('__name__'), space.wrap(self.modname))
      space.exec_(self.source, w_glob, w_glob,
                  hidden_applevel=self.hidden_applevel,
                  filename=self.filename)
      return w_glob
  
  # ____________________________________________________________
  
  
  def appdef(source, applevel=ApplevelClass, filename=None):
      """ NOT_RPYTHON: build an app-level helper function, like for example:
      myfunc = appdef('''myfunc(x, y):
                             return x+y
                      ''')
      """
      prefix = ""
      if not isinstance(source, str):
          flags = source.__code__.co_flags
          source = py.std.inspect.getsource(source).lstrip()
          while source.startswith(('@py.test.mark.', '@pytest.mark.')):
              # these decorators are known to return the same function
              # object, we may ignore them
              assert '\n' in source
              source = source[source.find('\n') + 1:].lstrip()
          assert source.startswith("def "), "can only transform functions"
          source = source[4:]
          import __future__
          if flags & __future__.CO_FUTURE_DIVISION:
              prefix += "from __future__ import division\n"
          if flags & __future__.CO_FUTURE_ABSOLUTE_IMPORT:
              prefix += "from __future__ import absolute_import\n"
          if flags & __future__.CO_FUTURE_PRINT_FUNCTION:
              prefix += "from __future__ import print_function\n"
          if flags & __future__.CO_FUTURE_UNICODE_LITERALS:
              prefix += "from __future__ import unicode_literals\n"
      p = source.find('(')
      assert p >= 0
      funcname = source[:p].strip()
      source = source[p:]
      assert source.strip()
      funcsource = prefix + "def %s%s\n" % (funcname, source)
      #for debugging of wrong source code: py.std.parser.suite(funcsource)
      a = applevel(funcsource, filename=filename)
      return a.interphook(funcname)
  
  applevel = ApplevelClass   # backward compatibility
  app2interp = appdef   # backward compatibility
  
  
  class applevel_temp(ApplevelClass):
      hidden_applevel = False
      def getwdict(self, space):    # no cache
          return build_applevel_dict(self, space)
  
  
  # app2interp_temp is used for testing mainly
  def app2interp_temp(func, applevel_temp=applevel_temp, filename=None):
      """ NOT_RPYTHON """
      return appdef(func, applevel_temp, filename=filename)
  