text: /*!
   * Module dependencies.
   */
  
  var Decimal = require('./types/decimal128');
  var ObjectId = require('./types/objectid');
  var cloneRegExp = require('regexp-clone');
  var sliced = require('sliced');
  var mpath = require('mpath');
  var ms = require('ms');
  var MongooseBuffer;
  var MongooseArray;
  var Document;
  
  /*!
   * Produces a collection name from model `name`.
   *
   * @param {String} name a model name
   * @return {String} a collection name
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.toCollectionName = function(name, options) {
    options = options || {};
    if (name === 'system.profile') {
      return name;
    }
    if (name === 'system.indexes') {
      return name;
    }
    if (options.pluralization === false) {
      return name;
    }
    return pluralize(name.toLowerCase());
  };
  
  /**
   * Pluralization rules.
   *
   * These rules are applied while processing the argument to `toCollectionName`.
   *
   * @deprecated remove in 4.x gh-1350
   */
  
  exports.pluralization = [
    [/(m)an$/gi, '$1en'],
    [/(pe)rson$/gi, '$1ople'],
    [/(child)$/gi, '$1ren'],
    [/^(ox)$/gi, '$1en'],
    [/(ax|test)is$/gi, '$1es'],
    [/(octop|vir)us$/gi, '$1i'],
    [/(alias|status)$/gi, '$1es'],
    [/(bu)s$/gi, '$1ses'],
    [/(buffal|tomat|potat)o$/gi, '$1oes'],
    [/([ti])um$/gi, '$1a'],
    [/sis$/gi, 'ses'],
    [/(?:([^f])fe|([lr])f)$/gi, '$1$2ves'],
    [/(hive)$/gi, '$1s'],
    [/([^aeiouy]|qu)y$/gi, '$1ies'],
    [/(x|ch|ss|sh)$/gi, '$1es'],
    [/(matr|vert|ind)ix|ex$/gi, '$1ices'],
    [/([m|l])ouse$/gi, '$1ice'],
    [/(kn|w|l)ife$/gi, '$1ives'],
    [/(quiz)$/gi, '$1zes'],
    [/s$/gi, 's'],
    [/([^a-z])$/, '$1'],
    [/$/gi, 's']
  ];
  var rules = exports.pluralization;
  
  /**
   * Uncountable words.
   *
   * These words are applied while processing the argument to `toCollectionName`.
   * @api public
   */
  
  exports.uncountables = [
    'advice',
    'energy',
    'excretion',
    'digestion',
    'cooperation',
    'health',
    'justice',
    'labour',
    'machinery',
    'equipment',
    'information',
    'pollution',
    'sewage',
    'paper',
    'money',
    'species',
    'series',
    'rain',
    'rice',
    'fish',
    'sheep',
    'moose',
    'deer',
    'news',
    'expertise',
    'status',
    'media'
  ];
  var uncountables = exports.uncountables;
  
  /*!
   * Pluralize function.
   *
   * @author TJ Holowaychuk (extracted from _ext.js_)
   * @param {String} string to pluralize
   * @api private
   */
  
  function pluralize(str) {
    var found;
    if (!~uncountables.indexOf(str.toLowerCase())) {
      found = rules.filter(function(rule) {
        return str.match(rule[0]);
      });
      if (found[0]) {
        return str.replace(found[0][0], found[0][1]);
      }
    }
    return str;
  }
  
  /*!
   * Determines if `a` and `b` are deep equal.
   *
   * Modified from node/lib/assert.js
   *
   * @param {any} a a value to compare to `b`
   * @param {any} b a value to compare to `a`
   * @return {Boolean}
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.deepEqual = function deepEqual(a, b) {
    if (a === b) {
      return true;
    }
  
    if (a instanceof Date && b instanceof Date) {
      return a.getTime() === b.getTime();
    }
  
    if ((a instanceof ObjectId && b instanceof ObjectId) ||
        (a instanceof Decimal && b instanceof Decimal)) {
      return a.toString() === b.toString();
    }
  
    if (a instanceof RegExp && b instanceof RegExp) {
      return a.source === b.source &&
          a.ignoreCase === b.ignoreCase &&
          a.multiline === b.multiline &&
          a.global === b.global;
    }
  
    if (typeof a !== 'object' && typeof b !== 'object') {
      return a == b;
    }
  
    if (a === null || b === null || a === undefined || b === undefined) {
      return false;
    }
  
    if (a.prototype !== b.prototype) {
      return false;
    }
  
    // Handle MongooseNumbers
    if (a instanceof Number && b instanceof Number) {
      return a.valueOf() === b.valueOf();
    }
  
    if (Buffer.isBuffer(a)) {
      return exports.buffer.areEqual(a, b);
    }
  
    if (isMongooseObject(a)) {
      a = a.toObject();
    }
    if (isMongooseObject(b)) {
      b = b.toObject();
    }
  
    try {
      var ka = Object.keys(a),
          kb = Object.keys(b),
          key, i;
    } catch (e) {
      // happens when one is a string literal and the other isn't
      return false;
    }
  
    // having the same number of owned properties (keys incorporates
    // hasOwnProperty)
    if (ka.length !== kb.length) {
      return false;
    }
  
    // the same set of keys (although not necessarily the same order),
    ka.sort();
    kb.sort();
  
    // ~~~cheap key test
    for (i = ka.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      if (ka[i] !== kb[i]) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  
    // equivalent values for every corresponding key, and
    // ~~~possibly expensive deep test
    for (i = ka.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      key = ka[i];
      if (!deepEqual(a[key], b[key])) {
        return false;
      }
    }
  
    return true;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Object clone with Mongoose natives support.
   *
   * If options.minimize is true, creates a minimal data object. Empty objects and undefined values will not be cloned. This makes the data payload sent to MongoDB as small as possible.
   *
   * Functions are never cloned.
   *
   * @param {Object} obj the object to clone
   * @param {Object} options
   * @return {Object} the cloned object
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.clone = function clone(obj, options) {
    if (obj === undefined || obj === null) {
      return obj;
    }
  
    if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
      return cloneArray(obj, options);
    }
  
    if (isMongooseObject(obj)) {
      if (options && options.json && typeof obj.toJSON === 'function') {
        return obj.toJSON(options);
      }
      return obj.toObject(options);
    }
  
    if (obj.constructor) {
      switch (exports.getFunctionName(obj.constructor)) {
        case 'Object':
          return cloneObject(obj, options);
        case 'Date':
          return new obj.constructor(+obj);
        case 'RegExp':
          return cloneRegExp(obj);
        default:
          // ignore
          break;
      }
    }
  
    if (obj instanceof ObjectId) {
      return new ObjectId(obj.id);
    }
    if (obj instanceof Decimal) {
      if (options && options.flattenDecimals) {
        return obj.toJSON();
      }
      return Decimal.fromString(obj.toString());
    }
  
    if (!obj.constructor && exports.isObject(obj)) {
      // object created with Object.create(null)
      return cloneObject(obj, options);
    }
  
    if (obj.valueOf) {
      return obj.valueOf();
    }
  };
  var clone = exports.clone;
  
  /*!
   * TODO: replace with Object.assign() in 5.0
   */
  
  exports.assign = function(target) {
    for (var i = 1; i < arguments.length; ++i) {
      var nextSource = arguments[i];
  
      if (nextSource != null) {
        for (var nextKey in nextSource) {
          if (nextSource.hasOwnProperty(nextKey)) {
            target[nextKey] = nextSource[nextKey];
          }
        }
      }
    }
  
    return target;
  };
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  function cloneObject(obj, options) {
    var retainKeyOrder = options && options.retainKeyOrder,
        minimize = options && options.minimize,
        ret = {},
        hasKeys,
        keys,
        val,
        k,
        i;
  
    if (retainKeyOrder) {
      for (k in obj) {
        val = clone(obj[k], options);
  
        if (!minimize || (typeof val !== 'undefined')) {
          hasKeys || (hasKeys = true);
          ret[k] = val;
        }
      }
    } else {
      // faster
  
      keys = Object.keys(obj);
      i = keys.length;
  
      while (i--) {
        k = keys[i];
        val = clone(obj[k], options);
  
        if (!minimize || (typeof val !== 'undefined')) {
          if (!hasKeys) {
            hasKeys = true;
          }
          ret[k] = val;
        }
      }
    }
  
    return minimize
        ? hasKeys && ret
        : ret;
  }
  
  function cloneArray(arr, options) {
    var ret = [];
    for (var i = 0, l = arr.length; i < l; i++) {
      ret.push(clone(arr[i], options));
    }
    return ret;
  }
  
  /*!
   * Shallow copies defaults into options.
   *
   * @param {Object} defaults
   * @param {Object} options
   * @return {Object} the merged object
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.options = function(defaults, options) {
    var keys = Object.keys(defaults),
        i = keys.length,
        k;
  
    options = options || {};
  
    while (i--) {
      k = keys[i];
      if (!(k in options)) {
        options[k] = defaults[k];
      }
    }
  
    return options;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Generates a random string
   *
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.random = function() {
    return Math.random().toString().substr(3);
  };
  
  /*!
   * Merges `from` into `to` without overwriting existing properties.
   *
   * @param {Object} to
   * @param {Object} from
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.merge = function merge(to, from, options) {
    options = options || {};
    var keys = Object.keys(from);
    var i = 0;
    var len = keys.length;
    var key;
  
    if (options.retainKeyOrder) {
      while (i < len) {
        key = keys[i++];
        if (to[key] == null) {
          to[key] = from[key];
        } else if (exports.isObject(from[key])) {
          merge(to[key], from[key], options);
        } else if (options.overwrite) {
          to[key] = from[key];
        }
      }
    } else {
      while (len--) {
        key = keys[len];
        if (to[key] == null) {
          to[key] = from[key];
        } else if (exports.isObject(from[key])) {
          merge(to[key], from[key], options);
        } else if (options.overwrite) {
          to[key] = from[key];
        }
      }
    }
  };
  
  /*!
   * Applies toObject recursively.
   *
   * @param {Document|Array|Object} obj
   * @return {Object}
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.toObject = function toObject(obj) {
    Document || (Document = require('./document'));
    var ret;
  
    if (exports.isNullOrUndefined(obj)) {
      return obj;
    }
  
    if (obj instanceof Document) {
      return obj.toObject();
    }
  
    if (Array.isArray(obj)) {
      ret = [];
  
      for (var i = 0, len = obj.length; i < len; ++i) {
        ret.push(toObject(obj[i]));
      }
  
      return ret;
    }
  
    if ((obj.constructor && exports.getFunctionName(obj.constructor) === 'Object') ||
        (!obj.constructor && exports.isObject(obj))) {
      ret = {};
  
      for (var k in obj) {
        ret[k] = toObject(obj[k]);
      }
  
      return ret;
    }
  
    return obj;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Determines if `arg` is an object.
   *
   * @param {Object|Array|String|Function|RegExp|any} arg
   * @api private
   * @return {Boolean}
   */
  
  exports.isObject = function(arg) {
    if (Buffer.isBuffer(arg)) {
      return true;
    }
    return Object.prototype.toString.call(arg) === '[object Object]';
  };
  
  /*!
   * A faster Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments) alternative
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.args = sliced;
  
  /*!
   * process.nextTick helper.
   *
   * Wraps `callback` in a try/catch + nextTick.
   *
   * node-mongodb-native has a habit of state corruption when an error is immediately thrown from within a collection callback.
   *
   * @param {Function} callback
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.tick = function tick(callback) {
    if (typeof callback !== 'function') {
      return;
    }
    return function() {
      try {
        callback.apply(this, arguments);
      } catch (err) {
        // only nextTick on err to get out of
        // the event loop and avoid state corruption.
        process.nextTick(function() {
          throw err;
        });
      }
    };
  };
  
  /*!
   * Returns if `v` is a mongoose object that has a `toObject()` method we can use.
   *
   * This is for compatibility with libs like Date.js which do foolish things to Natives.
   *
   * @param {any} v
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.isMongooseObject = function(v) {
    Document || (Document = require('./document'));
    MongooseArray || (MongooseArray = require('./types').Array);
    MongooseBuffer || (MongooseBuffer = require('./types').Buffer);
  
    return v instanceof Document ||
        (v && v.isMongooseArray) ||
        (v && v.isMongooseBuffer);
  };
  var isMongooseObject = exports.isMongooseObject;
  
  /*!
   * Converts `expires` options of index objects to `expiresAfterSeconds` options for MongoDB.
   *
   * @param {Object} object
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.expires = function expires(object) {
    if (!(object && object.constructor.name === 'Object')) {
      return;
    }
    if (!('expires' in object)) {
      return;
    }
  
    var when;
    if (typeof object.expires !== 'string') {
      when = object.expires;
    } else {
      when = Math.round(ms(object.expires) / 1000);
    }
    object.expireAfterSeconds = when;
    delete object.expires;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Populate options constructor
   */
  
  function PopulateOptions(path, select, match, options, model, subPopulate) {
    this.path = path;
    this.match = match;
    this.select = select;
    this.options = options;
    this.model = model;
    if (typeof subPopulate === 'object') {
      this.populate = subPopulate;
    }
    this._docs = {};
  }
  
  // make it compatible with utils.clone
  PopulateOptions.prototype.constructor = Object;
  
  // expose
  exports.PopulateOptions = PopulateOptions;
  
  /*!
   * populate helper
   */
  
  exports.populate = function populate(path, select, model, match, options, subPopulate) {
    // The order of select/conditions args is opposite Model.find but
    // necessary to keep backward compatibility (select could be
    // an array, string, or object literal).
  
    // might have passed an object specifying all arguments
    if (arguments.length === 1) {
      if (path instanceof PopulateOptions) {
        return [path];
      }
  
      if (Array.isArray(path)) {
        return path.map(function(o) {
          return exports.populate(o)[0];
        });
      }
  
      if (exports.isObject(path)) {
        match = path.match;
        options = path.options;
        select = path.select;
        model = path.model;
        subPopulate = path.populate;
        path = path.path;
      }
    } else if (typeof model !== 'string' && typeof model !== 'function') {
      options = match;
      match = model;
      model = undefined;
    }
  
    if (typeof path !== 'string') {
      throw new TypeError('utils.populate: invalid path. Expected string. Got typeof `' + typeof path + '`');
    }
  
    if (typeof subPopulate === 'object') {
      subPopulate = exports.populate(subPopulate);
    }
  
    var ret = [];
    var paths = path.split(' ');
    options = exports.clone(options, { retainKeyOrder: true });
    for (var i = 0; i < paths.length; ++i) {
      ret.push(new PopulateOptions(paths[i], select, match, options, model, subPopulate));
    }
  
    return ret;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Return the value of `obj` at the given `path`.
   *
   * @param {String} path
   * @param {Object} obj
   */
  
  exports.getValue = function(path, obj, map) {
    return mpath.get(path, obj, '_doc', map);
  };
  
  /*!
   * Sets the value of `obj` at the given `path`.
   *
   * @param {String} path
   * @param {Anything} val
   * @param {Object} obj
   */
  
  exports.setValue = function(path, val, obj, map) {
    mpath.set(path, val, obj, '_doc', map);
  };
  
  /*!
   * Returns an array of values from object `o`.
   *
   * @param {Object} o
   * @return {Array}
   * @private
   */
  
  exports.object = {};
  exports.object.vals = function vals(o) {
    var keys = Object.keys(o),
        i = keys.length,
        ret = [];
  
    while (i--) {
      ret.push(o[keys[i]]);
    }
  
    return ret;
  };
  
  /*!
   * @see exports.options
   */
  
  exports.object.shallowCopy = exports.options;
  
  /*!
   * Safer helper for hasOwnProperty checks
   *
   * @param {Object} obj
   * @param {String} prop
   */
  
  var hop = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;
  exports.object.hasOwnProperty = function(obj, prop) {
    return hop.call(obj, prop);
  };
  
  /*!
   * Determine if `val` is null or undefined
   *
   * @return {Boolean}
   */
  
  exports.isNullOrUndefined = function(val) {
    return val === null || val === undefined;
  };
  
  /*!
   * ignore
   */
  
  exports.array = {};
  
  /*!
   * Flattens an array.
   *
   * [ 1, [ 2, 3, [4] ]] -> [1,2,3,4]
   *
   * @param {Array} arr
   * @param {Function} [filter] If passed, will be invoked with each item in the array. If `filter` returns a falsey value, the item will not be included in the results.
   * @return {Array}
   * @private
   */
  
  exports.array.flatten = function flatten(arr, filter, ret) {
    ret || (ret = []);
  
    arr.forEach(function(item) {
      if (Array.isArray(item)) {
        flatten(item, filter, ret);
      } else {
        if (!filter || filter(item)) {
          ret.push(item);
        }
      }
    });
  
    return ret;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Removes duplicate values from an array
   *
   * [1, 2, 3, 3, 5] => [1, 2, 3, 5]
   * [ ObjectId("550988ba0c19d57f697dc45e"), ObjectId("550988ba0c19d57f697dc45e") ]
   *    => [ObjectId("550988ba0c19d57f697dc45e")]
   *
   * @param {Array} arr
   * @return {Array}
   * @private
   */
  
  exports.array.unique = function(arr) {
    var primitives = {};
    var ids = {};
    var ret = [];
    var length = arr.length;
    for (var i = 0; i < length; ++i) {
      if (typeof arr[i] === 'number' || typeof arr[i] === 'string') {
        if (primitives[arr[i]]) {
          continue;
        }
        ret.push(arr[i]);
        primitives[arr[i]] = true;
      } else if (arr[i] instanceof ObjectId) {
        if (ids[arr[i].toString()]) {
          continue;
        }
        ret.push(arr[i]);
        ids[arr[i].toString()] = true;
      } else {
        ret.push(arr[i]);
      }
    }
  
    return ret;
  };
  
  /*!
   * Determines if two buffers are equal.
   *
   * @param {Buffer} a
   * @param {Object} b
   */
  
  exports.buffer = {};
  exports.buffer.areEqual = function(a, b) {
    if (!Buffer.isBuffer(a)) {
      return false;
    }
    if (!Buffer.isBuffer(b)) {
      return false;
    }
    if (a.length !== b.length) {
      return false;
    }
    for (var i = 0, len = a.length; i < len; ++i) {
      if (a[i] !== b[i]) {
        return false;
      }
    }
    return true;
  };
  
  exports.getFunctionName = function(fn) {
    if (fn.name) {
      return fn.name;
    }
    return (fn.toString().trim().match(/^function\s*([^\s(]+)/) || [])[1];
  };
  
  exports.decorate = function(destination, source) {
    for (var key in source) {
      destination[key] = source[key];
    }
  };
  
  /**
   * merges to with a copy of from
   *
   * @param {Object} to
   * @param {Object} fromObj
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.mergeClone = function(to, fromObj) {
    var keys = Object.keys(fromObj);
    var len = keys.length;
    var i = 0;
    var key;
  
    while (i < len) {
      key = keys[i++];
      if (typeof to[key] === 'undefined') {
        // make sure to retain key order here because of a bug handling the $each
        // operator in mongodb 2.4.4
        to[key] = exports.clone(fromObj[key], {
          retainKeyOrder: 1,
          flattenDecimals: false
        });
      } else {
        if (exports.isObject(fromObj[key])) {
          var obj = fromObj[key];
          if (isMongooseObject(fromObj[key]) && !fromObj[key].isMongooseBuffer) {
            obj = obj.toObject({ transform: false, virtuals: false });
          }
          if (fromObj[key].isMongooseBuffer) {
            obj = new Buffer(obj);
          }
          exports.mergeClone(to[key], obj);
        } else {
          // make sure to retain key order here because of a bug handling the
          // $each operator in mongodb 2.4.4
          to[key] = exports.clone(fromObj[key], {
            retainKeyOrder: 1,
            flattenDecimals: false
          });
        }
      }
    }
  };
  
  /**
   * Executes a function on each element of an array (like _.each)
   *
   * @param {Array} arr
   * @param {Function} fn
   * @api private
   */
  
  exports.each = function(arr, fn) {
    for (var i = 0; i < arr.length; ++i) {
      fn(arr[i]);
    }
  };
  