text: import functools
  import sys
  import threading
  import warnings
  from collections import Counter, OrderedDict, defaultdict
  from functools import partial
  
  from django.core.exceptions import AppRegistryNotReady, ImproperlyConfigured
  
  from .config import AppConfig
  
  
  class Apps:
      """
      A registry that stores the configuration of installed applications.
  
      It also keeps track of models eg. to provide reverse-relations.
      """
  
      def __init__(self, installed_apps=()):
          # installed_apps is set to None when creating the master registry
          # because it cannot be populated at that point. Other registries must
          # provide a list of installed apps and are populated immediately.
          if installed_apps is None and hasattr(sys.modules[__name__], 'apps'):
              raise RuntimeError("You must supply an installed_apps argument.")
  
          # Mapping of app labels => model names => model classes. Every time a
          # model is imported, ModelBase.__new__ calls apps.register_model which
          # creates an entry in all_models. All imported models are registered,
          # regardless of whether they're defined in an installed application
          # and whether the registry has been populated. Since it isn't possible
          # to reimport a module safely (it could reexecute initialization code)
          # all_models is never overridden or reset.
          self.all_models = defaultdict(OrderedDict)
  
          # Mapping of labels to AppConfig instances for installed apps.
          self.app_configs = OrderedDict()
  
          # Stack of app_configs. Used to store the current state in
          # set_available_apps and set_installed_apps.
          self.stored_app_configs = []
  
          # Whether the registry is populated.
          self.apps_ready = self.models_ready = self.ready = False
  
          # Lock for thread-safe population.
          self._lock = threading.RLock()
          self.loading = False
  
          # Maps ("app_label", "modelname") tuples to lists of functions to be
          # called when the corresponding model is ready. Used by this class's
          # `lazy_model_operation()` and `do_pending_operations()` methods.
          self._pending_operations = defaultdict(list)
  
          # Populate apps and models, unless it's the master registry.
          if installed_apps is not None:
              self.populate(installed_apps)
  
      def populate(self, installed_apps=None):
          """
          Loads application configurations and models.
  
          This method imports each application module and then each model module.
  
          It is thread safe and idempotent, but not reentrant.
          """
          if self.ready:
              return
  
          # populate() might be called by two threads in parallel on servers
          # that create threads before initializing the WSGI callable.
          with self._lock:
              if self.ready:
                  return
  
              # An RLock prevents other threads from entering this section. The
              # compare and set operation below is atomic.
              if self.loading:
                  # Prevent reentrant calls to avoid running AppConfig.ready()
                  # methods twice.
                  raise RuntimeError("populate() isn't reentrant")
              self.loading = True
  
              # Phase 1: initialize app configs and import app modules.
              for entry in installed_apps:
                  if isinstance(entry, AppConfig):
                      app_config = entry
                  else:
                      app_config = AppConfig.create(entry)
                  if app_config.label in self.app_configs:
                      raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                          "Application labels aren't unique, "
                          "duplicates: %s" % app_config.label)
  
                  self.app_configs[app_config.label] = app_config
                  app_config.apps = self
  
              # Check for duplicate app names.
              counts = Counter(
                  app_config.name for app_config in self.app_configs.values())
              duplicates = [
                  name for name, count in counts.most_common() if count > 1]
              if duplicates:
                  raise ImproperlyConfigured(
                      "Application names aren't unique, "
                      "duplicates: %s" % ", ".join(duplicates))
  
              self.apps_ready = True
  
              # Phase 2: import models modules.
              for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
                  app_config.import_models()
  
              self.clear_cache()
  
              self.models_ready = True
  
              # Phase 3: run ready() methods of app configs.
              for app_config in self.get_app_configs():
                  app_config.ready()
  
              self.ready = True
  
      def check_apps_ready(self):
          """
          Raises an exception if all apps haven't been imported yet.
          """
          if not self.apps_ready:
              raise AppRegistryNotReady("Apps aren't loaded yet.")
  
      def check_models_ready(self):
          """
          Raises an exception if all models haven't been imported yet.
          """
          if not self.models_ready:
              raise AppRegistryNotReady("Models aren't loaded yet.")
  
      def get_app_configs(self):
          """
          Imports applications and returns an iterable of app configs.
          """
          self.check_apps_ready()
          return self.app_configs.values()
  
      def get_app_config(self, app_label):
          """
          Imports applications and returns an app config for the given label.
  
          Raises LookupError if no application exists with this label.
          """
          self.check_apps_ready()
          try:
              return self.app_configs[app_label]
          except KeyError:
              message = "No installed app with label '%s'." % app_label
              for app_config in self.get_app_configs():
                  if app_config.name == app_label:
                      message += " Did you mean '%s'?" % app_config.label
                      break
              raise LookupError(message)
  
      # This method is performance-critical at least for Django's test suite.
      @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
      def get_models(self, include_auto_created=False, include_swapped=False):
          """
          Returns a list of all installed models.
  
          By default, the following models aren't included:
  
          - auto-created models for many-to-many relations without
            an explicit intermediate table,
          - models that have been swapped out.
  
          Set the corresponding keyword argument to True to include such models.
          """
          self.check_models_ready()
  
          result = []
          for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
              result.extend(list(app_config.get_models(include_auto_created, include_swapped)))
          return result
  
      def get_model(self, app_label, model_name=None, require_ready=True):
          """
          Returns the model matching the given app_label and model_name.
  
          As a shortcut, this function also accepts a single argument in the
          form <app_label>.<model_name>.
  
          model_name is case-insensitive.
  
          Raises LookupError if no application exists with this label, or no
          model exists with this name in the application. Raises ValueError if
          called with a single argument that doesn't contain exactly one dot.
          """
          if require_ready:
              self.check_models_ready()
          else:
              self.check_apps_ready()
  
          if model_name is None:
              app_label, model_name = app_label.split('.')
  
          app_config = self.get_app_config(app_label)
  
          if not require_ready and app_config.models is None:
              app_config.import_models()
  
          return app_config.get_model(model_name, require_ready=require_ready)
  
      def register_model(self, app_label, model):
          # Since this method is called when models are imported, it cannot
          # perform imports because of the risk of import loops. It mustn't
          # call get_app_config().
          model_name = model._meta.model_name
          app_models = self.all_models[app_label]
          if model_name in app_models:
              if (model.__name__ == app_models[model_name].__name__ and
                      model.__module__ == app_models[model_name].__module__):
                  warnings.warn(
                      "Model '%s.%s' was already registered. "
                      "Reloading models is not advised as it can lead to inconsistencies, "
                      "most notably with related models." % (app_label, model_name),
                      RuntimeWarning, stacklevel=2)
              else:
                  raise RuntimeError(
                      "Conflicting '%s' models in application '%s': %s and %s." %
                      (model_name, app_label, app_models[model_name], model))
          app_models[model_name] = model
          self.do_pending_operations(model)
          self.clear_cache()
  
      def is_installed(self, app_name):
          """
          Checks whether an application with this name exists in the registry.
  
          app_name is the full name of the app eg. 'django.contrib.admin'.
          """
          self.check_apps_ready()
          return any(ac.name == app_name for ac in self.app_configs.values())
  
      def get_containing_app_config(self, object_name):
          """
          Look for an app config containing a given object.
  
          object_name is the dotted Python path to the object.
  
          Returns the app config for the inner application in case of nesting.
          Returns None if the object isn't in any registered app config.
          """
          self.check_apps_ready()
          candidates = []
          for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
              if object_name.startswith(app_config.name):
                  subpath = object_name[len(app_config.name):]
                  if subpath == '' or subpath[0] == '.':
                      candidates.append(app_config)
          if candidates:
              return sorted(candidates, key=lambda ac: -len(ac.name))[0]
  
      def get_registered_model(self, app_label, model_name):
          """
          Similar to get_model(), but doesn't require that an app exists with
          the given app_label.
  
          It's safe to call this method at import time, even while the registry
          is being populated.
          """
          model = self.all_models[app_label].get(model_name.lower())
          if model is None:
              raise LookupError(
                  "Model '%s.%s' not registered." % (app_label, model_name))
          return model
  
      @functools.lru_cache(maxsize=None)
      def get_swappable_settings_name(self, to_string):
          """
          For a given model string (e.g. "auth.User"), return the name of the
          corresponding settings name if it refers to a swappable model. If the
          referred model is not swappable, return None.
  
          This method is decorated with lru_cache because it's performance
          critical when it comes to migrations. Since the swappable settings don't
          change after Django has loaded the settings, there is no reason to get
          the respective settings attribute over and over again.
          """
          for model in self.get_models(include_swapped=True):
              swapped = model._meta.swapped
              # Is this model swapped out for the model given by to_string?
              if swapped and swapped == to_string:
                  return model._meta.swappable
              # Is this model swappable and the one given by to_string?
              if model._meta.swappable and model._meta.label == to_string:
                  return model._meta.swappable
          return None
  
      def set_available_apps(self, available):
          """
          Restricts the set of installed apps used by get_app_config[s].
  
          available must be an iterable of application names.
  
          set_available_apps() must be balanced with unset_available_apps().
  
          Primarily used for performance optimization in TransactionTestCase.
  
          This method is safe is the sense that it doesn't trigger any imports.
          """
          available = set(available)
          installed = set(app_config.name for app_config in self.get_app_configs())
          if not available.issubset(installed):
              raise ValueError(
                  "Available apps isn't a subset of installed apps, extra apps: %s"
                  % ", ".join(available - installed)
              )
  
          self.stored_app_configs.append(self.app_configs)
          self.app_configs = OrderedDict(
              (label, app_config)
              for label, app_config in self.app_configs.items()
              if app_config.name in available)
          self.clear_cache()
  
      def unset_available_apps(self):
          """
          Cancels a previous call to set_available_apps().
          """
          self.app_configs = self.stored_app_configs.pop()
          self.clear_cache()
  
      def set_installed_apps(self, installed):
          """
          Enables a different set of installed apps for get_app_config[s].
  
          installed must be an iterable in the same format as INSTALLED_APPS.
  
          set_installed_apps() must be balanced with unset_installed_apps(),
          even if it exits with an exception.
  
          Primarily used as a receiver of the setting_changed signal in tests.
  
          This method may trigger new imports, which may add new models to the
          registry of all imported models. They will stay in the registry even
          after unset_installed_apps(). Since it isn't possible to replay
          imports safely (eg. that could lead to registering listeners twice),
          models are registered when they're imported and never removed.
          """
          if not self.ready:
              raise AppRegistryNotReady("App registry isn't ready yet.")
          self.stored_app_configs.append(self.app_configs)
          self.app_configs = OrderedDict()
          self.apps_ready = self.models_ready = self.loading = self.ready = False
          self.clear_cache()
          self.populate(installed)
  
      def unset_installed_apps(self):
          """
          Cancels a previous call to set_installed_apps().
          """
          self.app_configs = self.stored_app_configs.pop()
          self.apps_ready = self.models_ready = self.ready = True
          self.clear_cache()
  
      def clear_cache(self):
          """
          Clears all internal caches, for methods that alter the app registry.
  
          This is mostly used in tests.
          """
          # Call expire cache on each model. This will purge
          # the relation tree and the fields cache.
          self.get_models.cache_clear()
          if self.ready:
              # Circumvent self.get_models() to prevent that the cache is refilled.
              # This particularly prevents that an empty value is cached while cloning.
              for app_config in self.app_configs.values():
                  for model in app_config.get_models(include_auto_created=True):
                      model._meta._expire_cache()
  
      def lazy_model_operation(self, function, *model_keys):
          """
          Take a function and a number of ("app_label", "modelname") tuples, and
          when all the corresponding models have been imported and registered,
          call the function with the model classes as its arguments.
  
          The function passed to this method must accept exactly n models as
          arguments, where n=len(model_keys).
          """
          # Base case: no arguments, just execute the function.
          if not model_keys:
              function()
          # Recursive case: take the head of model_keys, wait for the
          # corresponding model class to be imported and registered, then apply
          # that argument to the supplied function. Pass the resulting partial
          # to lazy_model_operation() along with the remaining model args and
          # repeat until all models are loaded and all arguments are applied.
          else:
              next_model, more_models = model_keys[0], model_keys[1:]
  
              # This will be executed after the class corresponding to next_model
              # has been imported and registered. The `func` attribute provides
              # duck-type compatibility with partials.
              def apply_next_model(model):
                  next_function = partial(apply_next_model.func, model)
                  self.lazy_model_operation(next_function, *more_models)
              apply_next_model.func = function
  
              # If the model has already been imported and registered, partially
              # apply it to the function now. If not, add it to the list of
              # pending operations for the model, where it will be executed with
              # the model class as its sole argument once the model is ready.
              try:
                  model_class = self.get_registered_model(*next_model)
              except LookupError:
                  self._pending_operations[next_model].append(apply_next_model)
              else:
                  apply_next_model(model_class)
  
      def do_pending_operations(self, model):
          """
          Take a newly-prepared model and pass it to each function waiting for
          it. This is called at the very end of `Apps.register_model()`.
          """
          key = model._meta.app_label, model._meta.model_name
          for function in self._pending_operations.pop(key, []):
              function(model)
  
  
  apps = Apps(installed_apps=None)
  