text: # --------------------------------------------------------
  # Fast R-CNN
  # Copyright (c) 2015 Microsoft
  # Licensed under The MIT License [see LICENSE for details]
  # Written by Ross Girshick
  # --------------------------------------------------------
  from __future__ import absolute_import
  from __future__ import division
  from __future__ import print_function
  
  import numpy as np
  
  
  def bbox_transform(ex_rois, gt_rois):
      ex_widths = ex_rois[:, 2] - ex_rois[:, 0] + 1.0
      ex_heights = ex_rois[:, 3] - ex_rois[:, 1] + 1.0
      ex_ctr_x = ex_rois[:, 0] + 0.5 * ex_widths
      ex_ctr_y = ex_rois[:, 1] + 0.5 * ex_heights
  
      gt_widths = gt_rois[:, 2] - gt_rois[:, 0] + 1.0
      gt_heights = gt_rois[:, 3] - gt_rois[:, 1] + 1.0
      gt_ctr_x = gt_rois[:, 0] + 0.5 * gt_widths
      gt_ctr_y = gt_rois[:, 1] + 0.5 * gt_heights
  
      targets_dx = (gt_ctr_x - ex_ctr_x) / ex_widths
      targets_dy = (gt_ctr_y - ex_ctr_y) / ex_heights
      targets_dw = np.log(gt_widths / ex_widths)
      targets_dh = np.log(gt_heights / ex_heights)
  
      targets = np.vstack((targets_dx, targets_dy, targets_dw, targets_dh)).transpose()
      return targets
  
  
  def bbox_transform_inv(boxes, deltas):
      if boxes.shape[0] == 0:
          return np.zeros((0, deltas.shape[1]), dtype=deltas.dtype)
  
      boxes = boxes.astype(deltas.dtype, copy=False)
      widths = boxes[:, 2] - boxes[:, 0] + 1.0
      heights = boxes[:, 3] - boxes[:, 1] + 1.0
      ctr_x = boxes[:, 0] + 0.5 * widths
      ctr_y = boxes[:, 1] + 0.5 * heights
  
      dx = deltas[:, 0::4]
      dy = deltas[:, 1::4]
      dw = deltas[:, 2::4]
      dh = deltas[:, 3::4]
  
      pred_ctr_x = dx * widths[:, np.newaxis] + ctr_x[:, np.newaxis]
      pred_ctr_y = dy * heights[:, np.newaxis] + ctr_y[:, np.newaxis]
      pred_w = np.exp(dw) * widths[:, np.newaxis]
      pred_h = np.exp(dh) * heights[:, np.newaxis]
  
      pred_boxes = np.zeros(deltas.shape, dtype=deltas.dtype)
      # x1
      pred_boxes[:, 0::4] = pred_ctr_x - 0.5 * pred_w
      # y1
      pred_boxes[:, 1::4] = pred_ctr_y - 0.5 * pred_h
      # x2
      pred_boxes[:, 2::4] = pred_ctr_x + 0.5 * pred_w
      # y2
      pred_boxes[:, 3::4] = pred_ctr_y + 0.5 * pred_h
  
      return pred_boxes
  
  
  def clip_boxes(boxes, im_shape):
      """
    Clip boxes to image boundaries.
    """
  
      # x1 >= 0
      boxes[:, 0::4] = np.maximum(np.minimum(boxes[:, 0::4], im_shape[1] - 1), 0)
      # y1 >= 0
      boxes[:, 1::4] = np.maximum(np.minimum(boxes[:, 1::4], im_shape[0] - 1), 0)
      # x2 < im_shape[1]
      boxes[:, 2::4] = np.maximum(np.minimum(boxes[:, 2::4], im_shape[1] - 1), 0)
      # y2 < im_shape[0]
      boxes[:, 3::4] = np.maximum(np.minimum(boxes[:, 3::4], im_shape[0] - 1), 0)
      return boxes
  