text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 Nicira, Inc.
   *
   * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   * You may obtain a copy of the License at:
   *
   *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   *
   * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
   * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
   * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
   * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
   * limitations under the License.
   */
  
  #include <config.h>
  #include "ofp-print.h"
  
  #include <errno.h>
  #include <inttypes.h>
  #include <sys/types.h>
  #include <netinet/in.h>
  #include <sys/wait.h>
  #include <stdarg.h>
  #include <stdlib.h>
  #include <ctype.h>
  
  #include "bundle.h"
  #include "byte-order.h"
  #include "compiler.h"
  #include "dynamic-string.h"
  #include "flow.h"
  #include "learn.h"
  #include "multipath.h"
  #include "meta-flow.h"
  #include "netdev.h"
  #include "nx-match.h"
  #include "ofp-actions.h"
  #include "ofp-errors.h"
  #include "ofp-msgs.h"
  #include "ofp-util.h"
  #include "ofpbuf.h"
  #include "openflow/openflow.h"
  #include "openflow/nicira-ext.h"
  #include "packets.h"
  #include "pcap.h"
  #include "type-props.h"
  #include "unaligned.h"
  #include "util.h"
  
  static void ofp_print_queue_name(struct ds *string, uint32_t port);
  static void ofp_print_error(struct ds *, enum ofperr);
  
  
  /* Returns a string that represents the contents of the Ethernet frame in the
   * 'len' bytes starting at 'data'.  The caller must free the returned string.*/
  char *
  ofp_packet_to_string(const void *data, size_t len)
  {
      struct ds ds = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      struct ofpbuf buf;
      struct flow flow;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&buf, data, len);
      flow_extract(&buf, 0, 0, NULL, 0, &flow);
      flow_format(&ds, &flow);
  
      if (buf.l7) {
          if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
              struct tcp_header *th = buf.l4;
              ds_put_format(&ds, " tcp_csum:%"PRIx16,
                            ntohs(th->tcp_csum));
          } else if (flow.nw_proto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
              struct udp_header *uh = buf.l4;
              ds_put_format(&ds, " udp_csum:%"PRIx16,
                            ntohs(uh->udp_csum));
          }
      }
  
      ds_put_char(&ds, '\n');
  
      return ds_cstr(&ds);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_packet_in(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                      int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofputil_packet_in pin;
      int error;
      int i;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_packet_in(&pin, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (pin.table_id) {
          ds_put_format(string, " table_id=%"PRIu8, pin.table_id);
      }
  
      if (pin.cookie) {
          ds_put_format(string, " cookie=0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(pin.cookie));
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " total_len=%"PRIu16" in_port=", pin.total_len);
      ofputil_format_port(pin.fmd.in_port, string);
  
      if (pin.fmd.tun_id != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(string, " tun_id=0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(pin.fmd.tun_id));
      }
  
      if (pin.fmd.metadata != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(string, " metadata=0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(pin.fmd.metadata));
      }
  
      for (i = 0; i < FLOW_N_REGS; i++) {
          if (pin.fmd.regs[i]) {
              ds_put_format(string, " reg%d=0x%"PRIx32, i, pin.fmd.regs[i]);
          }
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " (via %s)",
                    ofputil_packet_in_reason_to_string(pin.reason));
  
      ds_put_format(string, " data_len=%zu", pin.packet_len);
      if (pin.buffer_id == UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " (unbuffered)");
          if (pin.total_len != pin.packet_len) {
              ds_put_format(string, " (***total_len != data_len***)");
          }
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, " buffer=0x%08"PRIx32, pin.buffer_id);
          if (pin.total_len < pin.packet_len) {
              ds_put_format(string, " (***total_len < data_len***)");
          }
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      if (verbosity > 0) {
          char *packet = ofp_packet_to_string(pin.packet, pin.packet_len);
          ds_put_cstr(string, packet);
          free(packet);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_packet_out(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                       int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofputil_packet_out po;
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
      error = ofputil_decode_packet_out(&po, oh, &ofpacts);
      if (error) {
          ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " in_port=");
      ofputil_format_port(po.in_port, string);
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      ofpacts_format(po.ofpacts, po.ofpacts_len, string);
  
      if (po.buffer_id == UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, " data_len=%zu", po.packet_len);
          if (verbosity > 0 && po.packet_len > 0) {
              char *packet = ofp_packet_to_string(po.packet, po.packet_len);
              ds_put_char(string, '\n');
              ds_put_cstr(string, packet);
              free(packet);
          }
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, " buffer=0x%08"PRIx32, po.buffer_id);
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
  }
  
  /* qsort comparison function. */
  static int
  compare_ports(const void *a_, const void *b_)
  {
      const struct ofputil_phy_port *a = a_;
      const struct ofputil_phy_port *b = b_;
      uint16_t ap = a->port_no;
      uint16_t bp = b->port_no;
  
      return ap < bp ? -1 : ap > bp;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_bit_names(struct ds *string, uint32_t bits,
                      const char *(*bit_to_name)(uint32_t bit),
                      char separator)
  {
      int n = 0;
      int i;
  
      if (!bits) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "0");
          return;
      }
  
      for (i = 0; i < 32; i++) {
          uint32_t bit = UINT32_C(1) << i;
  
          if (bits & bit) {
              const char *name = bit_to_name(bit);
              if (name) {
                  if (n++) {
                      ds_put_char(string, separator);
                  }
                  ds_put_cstr(string, name);
                  bits &= ~bit;
              }
          }
      }
  
      if (bits) {
          if (n) {
              ds_put_char(string, separator);
          }
          ds_put_format(string, "0x%"PRIx32, bits);
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  netdev_feature_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum netdev_features f = bit;
  
      switch (f) {
      case NETDEV_F_10MB_HD:    return "10MB-HD";
      case NETDEV_F_10MB_FD:    return "10MB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_100MB_HD:   return "100MB-HD";
      case NETDEV_F_100MB_FD:   return "100MB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_1GB_HD:     return "1GB-HD";
      case NETDEV_F_1GB_FD:     return "1GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_10GB_FD:    return "10GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_40GB_FD:    return "40GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_100GB_FD:   return "100GB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_1TB_FD:     return "1TB-FD";
      case NETDEV_F_OTHER:      return "OTHER";
      case NETDEV_F_COPPER:     return "COPPER";
      case NETDEV_F_FIBER:      return "FIBER";
      case NETDEV_F_AUTONEG:    return "AUTO_NEG";
      case NETDEV_F_PAUSE:      return "AUTO_PAUSE";
      case NETDEV_F_PAUSE_ASYM: return "AUTO_PAUSE_ASYM";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_features(struct ds *string, enum netdev_features features)
  {
      ofp_print_bit_names(string, features, netdev_feature_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_port_config_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_port_config pc = bit;
  
      switch (pc) {
      case OFPUTIL_PC_PORT_DOWN:    return "PORT_DOWN";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_STP:       return "NO_STP";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV:      return "NO_RECV";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_RECV_STP:  return "NO_RECV_STP";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FLOOD:     return "NO_FLOOD";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_FWD:       return "NO_FWD";
      case OFPUTIL_PC_NO_PACKET_IN: return "NO_PACKET_IN";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_config(struct ds *string, enum ofputil_port_config config)
  {
      ofp_print_bit_names(string, config, ofputil_port_config_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_port_state_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_port_state ps = bit;
  
      switch (ps) {
      case OFPUTIL_PS_LINK_DOWN: return "LINK_DOWN";
      case OFPUTIL_PS_BLOCKED:   return "BLOCKED";
      case OFPUTIL_PS_LIVE:      return "LIVE";
  
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LISTEN:
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LEARN:
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_FORWARD:
      case OFPUTIL_PS_STP_BLOCK:
          /* Handled elsewhere. */
          return NULL;
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_state(struct ds *string, enum ofputil_port_state state)
  {
      enum ofputil_port_state stp_state;
  
      /* The STP state is a 2-bit field so it doesn't fit in with the bitmask
       * pattern.  We have to special case it.
       *
       * OVS doesn't support STP, so this field will always be 0 if we are
       * talking to OVS, so we'd always print STP_LISTEN in that case.
       * Therefore, we don't print anything at all if the value is STP_LISTEN, to
       * avoid confusing users. */
      stp_state = state & OFPUTIL_PS_STP_MASK;
      if (stp_state) {
          ds_put_cstr(string,
                      (stp_state == OFPUTIL_PS_STP_LEARN ? "STP_LEARN"
                       : stp_state == OFPUTIL_PS_STP_FORWARD ? "STP_FORWARD"
                       : "STP_BLOCK"));
          state &= ~OFPUTIL_PS_STP_MASK;
          if (state) {
              ofp_print_bit_names(string, state, ofputil_port_state_to_name,
                                  ' ');
          }
      } else {
          ofp_print_bit_names(string, state, ofputil_port_state_to_name, ' ');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_phy_port(struct ds *string, const struct ofputil_phy_port *port)
  {
      char name[sizeof port->name];
      int j;
  
      memcpy(name, port->name, sizeof name);
      for (j = 0; j < sizeof name - 1; j++) {
          if (!isprint((unsigned char) name[j])) {
              break;
          }
      }
      name[j] = '\0';
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      ofputil_format_port(port->port_no, string);
      ds_put_format(string, "(%s): addr:"ETH_ADDR_FMT"\n",
                    name, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(port->hw_addr));
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     config:     ");
      ofp_print_port_config(string, port->config);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     state:      ");
      ofp_print_port_state(string, port->state);
  
      if (port->curr) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     current:    ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->curr);
      }
      if (port->advertised) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     advertised: ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->advertised);
      }
      if (port->supported) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     supported:  ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->supported);
      }
      if (port->peer) {
          ds_put_format(string, "     peer:       ");
          ofp_print_port_features(string, port->peer);
      }
      ds_put_format(string, "     speed: %"PRIu32" Mbps now, "
                    "%"PRIu32" Mbps max\n",
                    port->curr_speed / UINT32_C(1000),
                    port->max_speed / UINT32_C(1000));
  }
  
  /* Given a buffer 'b' that contains an array of OpenFlow ports of type
   * 'ofp_version', writes a detailed description of each port into
   * 'string'. */
  static void
  ofp_print_phy_ports(struct ds *string, uint8_t ofp_version,
                      struct ofpbuf *b)
  {
      size_t n_ports;
      struct ofputil_phy_port *ports;
      enum ofperr error;
      size_t i;
  
      n_ports = ofputil_count_phy_ports(ofp_version, b);
  
      ports = xmalloc(n_ports * sizeof *ports);
      for (i = 0; i < n_ports; i++) {
          error = ofputil_pull_phy_port(ofp_version, b, &ports[i]);
          if (error) {
              ofp_print_error(string, error);
              goto exit;
          }
      }
      qsort(ports, n_ports, sizeof *ports, compare_ports);
      for (i = 0; i < n_ports; i++) {
          ofp_print_phy_port(string, &ports[i]);
      }
  
  exit:
      free(ports);
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_capabilities_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_capabilities capabilities = bit;
  
      switch (capabilities) {
      case OFPUTIL_C_FLOW_STATS:   return "FLOW_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_TABLE_STATS:  return "TABLE_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_PORT_STATS:   return "PORT_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_IP_REASM:     return "IP_REASM";
      case OFPUTIL_C_QUEUE_STATS:  return "QUEUE_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_ARP_MATCH_IP: return "ARP_MATCH_IP";
      case OFPUTIL_C_STP:          return "STP";
      case OFPUTIL_C_GROUP_STATS:  return "GROUP_STATS";
      case OFPUTIL_C_PORT_BLOCKED: return "PORT_BLOCKED";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofputil_action_bitmap_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum ofputil_action_bitmap action = bit;
  
      switch (action) {
      case OFPUTIL_A_OUTPUT:         return "OUTPUT";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_VLAN_VID:   return "SET_VLAN_VID";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_VLAN_PCP:   return "SET_VLAN_PCP";
      case OFPUTIL_A_STRIP_VLAN:     return "STRIP_VLAN";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_DL_SRC:     return "SET_DL_SRC";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_DL_DST:     return "SET_DL_DST";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_SRC:     return "SET_NW_SRC";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_DST:     return "SET_NW_DST";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_ECN:     return "SET_NW_ECN";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_TOS:     return "SET_NW_TOS";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_TP_SRC:     return "SET_TP_SRC";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_TP_DST:     return "SET_TP_DST";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_FIELD:      return "SET_FIELD";
      case OFPUTIL_A_ENQUEUE:        return "ENQUEUE";
      case OFPUTIL_A_COPY_TTL_OUT:   return "COPY_TTL_OUT";
      case OFPUTIL_A_COPY_TTL_IN:    return "COPY_TTL_IN";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_MPLS_LABEL: return "SET_MPLS_LABEL";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_MPLS_TC:    return "SET_MPLS_TC";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_MPLS_TTL:   return "SET_MPLS_TTL";
      case OFPUTIL_A_DEC_MPLS_TTL:   return "DEC_MPLS_TTL";
      case OFPUTIL_A_PUSH_VLAN:      return "PUSH_VLAN";
      case OFPUTIL_A_POP_VLAN:       return "POP_VLAN";
      case OFPUTIL_A_PUSH_MPLS:      return "PUSH_MPLS";
      case OFPUTIL_A_POP_MPLS:       return "POP_MPLS";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_QUEUE:      return "SET_QUEUE";
      case OFPUTIL_A_GROUP:          return "GROUP";
      case OFPUTIL_A_SET_NW_TTL:     return "SET_NW_TTL";
      case OFPUTIL_A_DEC_NW_TTL:     return "DEC_NW_TTL";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_switch_features(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_switch_features features;
      enum ofperr error;
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_switch_features(oh, &features, &b);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " dpid:%016"PRIx64"\n", features.datapath_id);
  
      ds_put_format(string, "n_tables:%"PRIu8", n_buffers:%"PRIu32,
                    features.n_tables, features.n_buffers);
      if (features.auxiliary_id) {
          ds_put_format(string, ", auxiliary_id:%"PRIu8, features.auxiliary_id);
      }
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "capabilities: ");
      ofp_print_bit_names(string, features.capabilities,
                          ofputil_capabilities_to_name, ' ');
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
      switch ((enum ofp_version)oh->version) {
      case OFP10_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "actions: ");
          ofp_print_bit_names(string, features.actions,
                              ofputil_action_bitmap_to_name, ' ');
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          break;
      case OFP11_VERSION:
      case OFP12_VERSION:
          break;
      case OFP13_VERSION:
          return; /* no ports in ofp13_switch_features */
      default:
          NOT_REACHED();
      }
  
      ofp_print_phy_ports(string, oh->version, &b);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_switch_config(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_switch_config *osc)
  {
      enum ofp_config_flags flags;
  
      flags = ntohs(osc->flags);
  
      ds_put_format(string, " frags=%s", ofputil_frag_handling_to_string(flags));
      flags &= ~OFPC_FRAG_MASK;
  
      if (flags & OFPC_INVALID_TTL_TO_CONTROLLER) {
          ds_put_format(string, " invalid_ttl_to_controller");
          flags &= ~OFPC_INVALID_TTL_TO_CONTROLLER;
      }
  
      if (flags) {
          ds_put_format(string, " ***unknown flags 0x%04"PRIx16"***", flags);
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " miss_send_len=%"PRIu16"\n", ntohs(osc->miss_send_len));
  }
  
  static void print_wild(struct ds *string, const char *leader, int is_wild,
              int verbosity, const char *format, ...)
              __attribute__((format(printf, 5, 6)));
  
  static void print_wild(struct ds *string, const char *leader, int is_wild,
                         int verbosity, const char *format, ...)
  {
      if (is_wild && verbosity < 2) {
          return;
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (!is_wild) {
          va_list args;
  
          va_start(args, format);
          ds_put_format_valist(string, format, args);
          va_end(args);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '*');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, ',');
  }
  
  static void
  print_wild_port(struct ds *string, const char *leader, int is_wild,
                  int verbosity, uint16_t port)
  {
      if (is_wild && verbosity < 2) {
          return;
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (!is_wild) {
          ofputil_format_port(port, string);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '*');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, ',');
  }
  
  static void
  print_ip_netmask(struct ds *string, const char *leader, ovs_be32 ip,
                   uint32_t wild_bits, int verbosity)
  {
      if (wild_bits >= 32 && verbosity < 2) {
          return;
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (wild_bits < 32) {
          ds_put_format(string, IP_FMT, IP_ARGS(ip));
          if (wild_bits) {
              ds_put_format(string, "/%d", 32 - wild_bits);
          }
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '*');
      }
      ds_put_char(string, ',');
  }
  
  void
  ofp10_match_print(struct ds *f, const struct ofp10_match *om, int verbosity)
  {
      char *s = ofp10_match_to_string(om, verbosity);
      ds_put_cstr(f, s);
      free(s);
  }
  
  char *
  ofp10_match_to_string(const struct ofp10_match *om, int verbosity)
  {
      struct ds f = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      uint32_t w = ntohl(om->wildcards);
      bool skip_type = false;
      bool skip_proto = false;
  
      if (!(w & OFPFW10_DL_TYPE)) {
          skip_type = true;
          if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_IP)) {
              if (!(w & OFPFW10_NW_PROTO)) {
                  skip_proto = true;
                  if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "icmp,");
                  } else if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_TCP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "tcp,");
                  } else if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_UDP) {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "udp,");
                  } else {
                      ds_put_cstr(&f, "ip,");
                      skip_proto = false;
                  }
              } else {
                  ds_put_cstr(&f, "ip,");
              }
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_ARP)) {
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "arp,");
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_RARP)){
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "rarp,");
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_MPLS)) {
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "mpls,");
          } else if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_MPLS_MCAST)) {
              ds_put_cstr(&f, "mplsm,");
          } else {
              skip_type = false;
          }
      }
      print_wild_port(&f, "in_port=", w & OFPFW10_IN_PORT, verbosity,
                      ntohs(om->in_port));
      print_wild(&f, "dl_vlan=", w & OFPFW10_DL_VLAN, verbosity,
                 "%d", ntohs(om->dl_vlan));
      print_wild(&f, "dl_vlan_pcp=", w & OFPFW10_DL_VLAN_PCP, verbosity,
                 "%d", om->dl_vlan_pcp);
      print_wild(&f, "dl_src=", w & OFPFW10_DL_SRC, verbosity,
                 ETH_ADDR_FMT, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(om->dl_src));
      print_wild(&f, "dl_dst=", w & OFPFW10_DL_DST, verbosity,
                 ETH_ADDR_FMT, ETH_ADDR_ARGS(om->dl_dst));
      if (!skip_type) {
          print_wild(&f, "dl_type=", w & OFPFW10_DL_TYPE, verbosity,
                     "0x%04x", ntohs(om->dl_type));
      }
      print_ip_netmask(&f, "nw_src=", om->nw_src,
                       (w & OFPFW10_NW_SRC_MASK) >> OFPFW10_NW_SRC_SHIFT,
                       verbosity);
      print_ip_netmask(&f, "nw_dst=", om->nw_dst,
                       (w & OFPFW10_NW_DST_MASK) >> OFPFW10_NW_DST_SHIFT,
                       verbosity);
      if (!skip_proto) {
          if (om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_ARP) ||
              om->dl_type == htons(ETH_TYPE_RARP)) {
              print_wild(&f, "arp_op=", w & OFPFW10_NW_PROTO, verbosity,
                         "%u", om->nw_proto);
          } else {
              print_wild(&f, "nw_proto=", w & OFPFW10_NW_PROTO, verbosity,
                         "%u", om->nw_proto);
          }
      }
      print_wild(&f, "nw_tos=", w & OFPFW10_NW_TOS, verbosity,
                 "%u", om->nw_tos);
      if (om->nw_proto == IPPROTO_ICMP) {
          print_wild(&f, "icmp_type=", w & OFPFW10_ICMP_TYPE, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_src));
          print_wild(&f, "icmp_code=", w & OFPFW10_ICMP_CODE, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_dst));
      } else {
          print_wild(&f, "tp_src=", w & OFPFW10_TP_SRC, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_src));
          print_wild(&f, "tp_dst=", w & OFPFW10_TP_DST, verbosity,
                     "%d", ntohs(om->tp_dst));
      }
      if (ds_last(&f) == ',') {
          f.length--;
      }
      return ds_cstr(&f);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_flags(struct ds *s, uint16_t flags)
  {
      if (flags & OFPFF_SEND_FLOW_REM) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "send_flow_rem ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPFF_CHECK_OVERLAP) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "check_overlap ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPFF12_RESET_COUNTS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "reset_counts ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPFF13_NO_PKT_COUNTS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "no_packet_counts ");
      }
      if (flags & OFPFF13_NO_BYT_COUNTS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "no_byte_counts ");
      }
  
      flags &= ~(OFPFF_SEND_FLOW_REM | OFPFF_CHECK_OVERLAP
                 | OFPFF12_RESET_COUNTS
                 | OFPFF13_NO_PKT_COUNTS | OFPFF13_NO_BYT_COUNTS);
      if (flags) {
          ds_put_format(s, "flags:0x%"PRIx16" ", flags);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh, int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_mod fm;
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
      bool need_priority;
      enum ofperr error;
      enum ofpraw raw;
      enum ofputil_protocol protocol;
  
      protocol = ofputil_protocol_from_ofp_version(oh->version);
      protocol = ofputil_protocol_set_tid(protocol, true);
  
      ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
      error = ofputil_decode_flow_mod(&fm, oh, protocol, &ofpacts);
      if (error) {
          ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      switch (fm.command) {
      case OFPFC_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD");
          break;
      case OFPFC_MODIFY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD");
          break;
      case OFPFC_MODIFY_STRICT:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD_STRICT");
          break;
      case OFPFC_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL");
          break;
      case OFPFC_DELETE_STRICT:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL_STRICT");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "cmd:%d", fm.command);
      }
      if (fm.table_id != 0) {
          ds_put_format(s, " table:%d", fm.table_id);
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      ofpraw_decode(&raw, oh);
      if (verbosity >= 3 && raw == OFPRAW_OFPT10_FLOW_MOD) {
          const struct ofp10_flow_mod *ofm = ofpmsg_body(oh);
          ofp10_match_print(s, &ofm->match, verbosity);
  
          /* ofp_print_match() doesn't print priority. */
          need_priority = true;
      } else if (verbosity >= 3 && raw == OFPRAW_NXT_FLOW_MOD) {
          const struct nx_flow_mod *nfm = ofpmsg_body(oh);
          const void *nxm = nfm + 1;
          char *nxm_s;
  
          nxm_s = nx_match_to_string(nxm, ntohs(nfm->match_len));
          ds_put_cstr(s, nxm_s);
          free(nxm_s);
  
          /* nx_match_to_string() doesn't print priority. */
          need_priority = true;
      } else {
          match_format(&fm.match, s, fm.priority);
  
          /* match_format() does print priority. */
          need_priority = false;
      }
  
      if (ds_last(s) != ' ') {
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      }
      if (fm.new_cookie != htonll(0) && fm.new_cookie != htonll(UINT64_MAX)) {
          ds_put_format(s, "cookie:0x%"PRIx64" ", ntohll(fm.new_cookie));
      }
      if (fm.cookie_mask != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(s, "cookie:0x%"PRIx64"/0x%"PRIx64" ",
                  ntohll(fm.cookie), ntohll(fm.cookie_mask));
      }
      if (fm.idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(s, "idle:%"PRIu16" ", fm.idle_timeout);
      }
      if (fm.hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(s, "hard:%"PRIu16" ", fm.hard_timeout);
      }
      if (fm.priority != OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY && need_priority) {
          ds_put_format(s, "pri:%"PRIu16" ", fm.priority);
      }
      if (fm.buffer_id != UINT32_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(s, "buf:0x%"PRIx32" ", fm.buffer_id);
      }
      if (fm.out_port != OFPP_ANY) {
          ds_put_format(s, "out_port:");
          ofputil_format_port(fm.out_port, s);
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      }
      if (fm.flags != 0) {
          ofp_print_flow_flags(s, fm.flags);
      }
  
      ofpacts_format(fm.ofpacts, fm.ofpacts_len, s);
      ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_duration(struct ds *string, unsigned int sec, unsigned int nsec)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, "%u", sec);
      if (nsec > 0) {
          ds_put_format(string, ".%09u", nsec);
          while (string->string[string->length - 1] == '0') {
              string->length--;
          }
      }
      ds_put_char(string, 's');
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(enum ofp_flow_removed_reason reason)
  {
      static char s[32];
  
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPRR_IDLE_TIMEOUT:
          return "idle";
      case OFPRR_HARD_TIMEOUT:
          return "hard";
      case OFPRR_DELETE:
          return "delete";
      case OFPRR_GROUP_DELETE:
          return "group_delete";
      case OFPRR_EVICTION:
          return "eviction";
      default:
          sprintf(s, "%d", (int) reason);
          return s;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_removed(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_removed fr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_flow_removed(&fr, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      match_format(&fr.match, string, fr.priority);
  
      ds_put_format(string, " reason=%s",
                    ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(fr.reason));
  
      if (fr.table_id != 255) {
          ds_put_format(string, " table_id=%"PRIu8, fr.table_id);
      }
  
      if (fr.cookie != htonll(0)) {
          ds_put_format(string, " cookie:0x%"PRIx64, ntohll(fr.cookie));
      }
      ds_put_cstr(string, " duration");
      ofp_print_duration(string, fr.duration_sec, fr.duration_nsec);
      ds_put_format(string, " idle%"PRIu16, fr.idle_timeout);
      if (fr.hard_timeout) {
          /* The hard timeout was only added in OF1.2, so only print it if it is
           * actually in use to avoid gratuitous change to the formatting. */
          ds_put_format(string, " hard%"PRIu16, fr.hard_timeout);
      }
      ds_put_format(string, " pkts%"PRIu64" bytes%"PRIu64"\n",
                    fr.packet_count, fr.byte_count);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_mod(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_port_mod pm;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_mod(oh, &pm);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "port: ");
      ofputil_format_port(pm.port_no, string);
      ds_put_format(string, ": addr:"ETH_ADDR_FMT"\n",
                    ETH_ADDR_ARGS(pm.hw_addr));
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     config: ");
      ofp_print_port_config(string, pm.config);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     mask:   ");
      ofp_print_port_config(string, pm.mask);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "     advertise: ");
      if (pm.advertise) {
          ofp_print_port_features(string, pm.advertise);
      } else {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "UNCHANGED\n");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_error(struct ds *string, enum ofperr error)
  {
      if (string->length) {
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      }
      ds_put_format(string, "***decode error: %s***\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_hello(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint32_t allowed_versions;
      bool ok;
  
      ok = ofputil_decode_hello(oh, &allowed_versions);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "\n version bitmap: ");
      ofputil_format_version_bitmap(string, allowed_versions);
  
      if (!ok) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n unknown data in hello:\n");
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, oh, ntohs(oh->length), 0, true);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_error_msg(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      size_t len = ntohs(oh->length);
      struct ofpbuf payload;
      enum ofperr error;
      char *s;
  
      error = ofperr_decode_msg(oh, &payload);
      if (!error) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "***decode error***");
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, oh + 1, len - sizeof *oh, 0, true);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " %s\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
  
      if (error == OFPERR_OFPHFC_INCOMPATIBLE || error == OFPERR_OFPHFC_EPERM) {
          ds_put_printable(string, payload.data, payload.size);
      } else {
          s = ofp_to_string(payload.data, payload.size, 1);
          ds_put_cstr(string, s);
          free(s);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_port_status(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_port_status ps;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_status(oh, &ps);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (ps.reason == OFPPR_ADD) {
          ds_put_format(string, " ADD:");
      } else if (ps.reason == OFPPR_DELETE) {
          ds_put_format(string, " DEL:");
      } else if (ps.reason == OFPPR_MODIFY) {
          ds_put_format(string, " MOD:");
      }
  
      ofp_print_phy_port(string, &ps.desc);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_desc_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      const struct ofp_desc_stats *ods = ofpmsg_body(oh);
  
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      ds_put_format(string, "Manufacturer: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->mfr_desc, ods->mfr_desc);
      ds_put_format(string, "Hardware: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->hw_desc, ods->hw_desc);
      ds_put_format(string, "Software: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->sw_desc, ods->sw_desc);
      ds_put_format(string, "Serial Num: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->serial_num, ods->serial_num);
      ds_put_format(string, "DP Description: %.*s\n",
              (int) sizeof ods->dp_desc, ods->dp_desc);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_stats_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_flow_stats_request fsr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_flow_stats_request(&fsr, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      if (fsr.table_id != 0xff) {
          ds_put_format(string, " table=%"PRIu8, fsr.table_id);
      }
  
      if (fsr.out_port != OFPP_ANY) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " out_port=");
          ofputil_format_port(fsr.out_port, string);
      }
  
      ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      match_format(&fsr.match, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
  }
  
  void
  ofp_print_flow_stats(struct ds *string, struct ofputil_flow_stats *fs)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " cookie=0x%"PRIx64", duration=",
                    ntohll(fs->cookie));
  
      ofp_print_duration(string, fs->duration_sec, fs->duration_nsec);
      ds_put_format(string, ", table=%"PRIu8", ", fs->table_id);
      ds_put_format(string, "n_packets=%"PRIu64", ", fs->packet_count);
      ds_put_format(string, "n_bytes=%"PRIu64", ", fs->byte_count);
      if (fs->idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(string, "idle_timeout=%"PRIu16", ", fs->idle_timeout);
      }
      if (fs->hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
          ds_put_format(string, "hard_timeout=%"PRIu16", ", fs->hard_timeout);
      }
      if (fs->flags) {
          ofp_print_flow_flags(string, fs->flags);
      }
  #ifndef _OFP_CENTEC_
      /* idle_age is not defined in spec, we don't support it since it will result poor performance if there are many flows */
      if (fs->idle_age >= 0) {
          ds_put_format(string, "idle_age=%d, ", fs->idle_age);
      }
  #endif
      if (fs->hard_age >= 0 && fs->hard_age != fs->duration_sec) {
          ds_put_format(string, "hard_age=%d, ", fs->hard_age);
      }
  
      match_format(&fs->match, string, fs->priority);
      if (string->string[string->length - 1] != ' ') {
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
      }
  
      ofpacts_format(fs->ofpacts, fs->ofpacts_len, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_flow_stats_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpbuf_init(&ofpacts, 64);
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_flow_stats fs;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_flow_stats_reply(&fs, &b, true, &ofpacts);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              break;
          }
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
          ofp_print_flow_stats(string, &fs);
       }
      ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_aggregate_stats_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_aggregate_stats as;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_aggregate_stats_reply(&as, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, " packet_count=%"PRIu64, as.packet_count);
      ds_put_format(string, " byte_count=%"PRIu64, as.byte_count);
      ds_put_format(string, " flow_count=%"PRIu32, as.flow_count);
  }
  
  static void
  print_port_stat(struct ds *string, const char *leader, uint64_t stat, int more)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, leader);
      if (stat != UINT64_MAX) {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu64, stat);
      } else {
          ds_put_char(string, '?');
      }
      if (more) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ", ");
      } else {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint16_t ofp10_port;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_port_stats_request(oh, &ofp10_port);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " port_no=");
      ofputil_format_port(ofp10_port, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                             int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu ports\n", ofputil_count_port_stats(oh));
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_port_stats ps;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_port_stats(&ps, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "  port ");
          if (ps.port_no < 10) {
              ds_put_char(string, ' ');
          }
          ofputil_format_port(ps.port_no, string);
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, ": rx ");
          print_port_stat(string, "pkts=", ps.stats.rx_packets, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "bytes=", ps.stats.rx_bytes, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "drop=", ps.stats.rx_dropped, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "errs=", ps.stats.rx_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "frame=", ps.stats.rx_frame_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "over=", ps.stats.rx_over_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "crc=", ps.stats.rx_crc_errors, 0);
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "           tx ");
          print_port_stat(string, "pkts=", ps.stats.tx_packets, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "bytes=", ps.stats.tx_bytes, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "drop=", ps.stats.tx_dropped, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "errs=", ps.stats.tx_errors, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "coll=", ps.stats.collisions, 0);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_one_ofpst_table_reply(struct ds *string, enum ofp_version ofp_version,
                                  const char *name, struct ofp12_table_stats *ts)
  {
      char name_[OFP_MAX_TABLE_NAME_LEN + 1];
  
      /* ofp13_table_stats is different */
      if (ofp_version > OFP12_VERSION) {
          return;
      }
  
      ovs_strlcpy(name_, name, sizeof name_);
  
      ds_put_format(string, "  %d: %-8s: ", ts->table_id, name_);
      ds_put_format(string, "wild=0x%05"PRIx64", ", ntohll(ts->wildcards));
      ds_put_format(string, "max=%6"PRIu32", ", ntohl(ts->max_entries));
      ds_put_format(string, "active=%"PRIu32"\n", ntohl(ts->active_count));
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "lookup=%"PRIu64", ", ntohll(ts->lookup_count));
      ds_put_format(string, "matched=%"PRIu64"\n", ntohll(ts->matched_count));
  
      if (ofp_version < OFP11_VERSION) {
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "match=0x%08"PRIx64", ", ntohll(ts->match));
      ds_put_format(string, "instructions=0x%08"PRIx32", ",
                    ntohl(ts->instructions));
      ds_put_format(string, "config=0x%08"PRIx32"\n", ntohl(ts->config));
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "write_actions=0x%08"PRIx32", ",
                    ntohl(ts->write_actions));
      ds_put_format(string, "apply_actions=0x%08"PRIx32"\n",
                    ntohl(ts->apply_actions));
  
      if (ofp_version < OFP12_VERSION) {
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "write_setfields=0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                    ntohll(ts->write_setfields));
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "apply_setfields=0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                    ntohll(ts->apply_setfields));
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "metadata_match=0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                    ntohll(ts->metadata_match));
      ds_put_cstr(string, "               ");
      ds_put_format(string, "metadata_write=0x%016"PRIx64"\n",
                    ntohll(ts->metadata_write));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply13(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                                int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofp13_table_stats *ts;
      struct ofpbuf b;
      size_t n;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
  
      n = b.size / sizeof *ts;
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu tables\n", n);
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      for (;;) {
          ts = ofpbuf_try_pull(&b, sizeof *ts);
          if (!ts) {
              return;
          }
          ds_put_format(string,
                        "  %d: active=%"PRIu32", lookup=%"PRIu64  \
                        ", matched=%"PRIu64"\n",
                        ts->table_id, ntohl(ts->active_count),
                        ntohll(ts->lookup_count), ntohll(ts->matched_count));
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply12(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                                int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofp12_table_stats *ts;
      struct ofpbuf b;
      size_t n;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
  
      n = b.size / sizeof *ts;
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu tables\n", n);
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      for (;;) {
          ts = ofpbuf_try_pull(&b, sizeof *ts);
          if (!ts) {
              return;
          }
  
          ofp_print_one_ofpst_table_reply(string, OFP12_VERSION, ts->name, ts);
       }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply11(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                                int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofp11_table_stats *ts;
      struct ofpbuf b;
      size_t n;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
  
      n = b.size / sizeof *ts;
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu tables\n", n);
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      for (;;) {
          struct ofp12_table_stats ts12;
  
          ts = ofpbuf_try_pull(&b, sizeof *ts);
          if (!ts) {
              return;
          }
  
          ts12.table_id = ts->table_id;
          ts12.wildcards = htonll(ntohl(ts->wildcards));
          ts12.max_entries = ts->max_entries;
          ts12.active_count = ts->active_count;
          ts12.lookup_count = ts->lookup_count;
          ts12.matched_count = ts->matched_count;
          ts12.match = htonll(ntohl(ts->match));
          ts12.instructions = ts->instructions;
          ts12.config = ts->config;
          ts12.write_actions = ts->write_actions;
          ts12.apply_actions = ts->apply_actions;
          ofp_print_one_ofpst_table_reply(string, OFP11_VERSION, ts->name, &ts12);
       }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply10(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                                int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofp10_table_stats *ts;
      struct ofpbuf b;
      size_t n;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
  
      n = b.size / sizeof *ts;
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu tables\n", n);
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      for (;;) {
          struct ofp12_table_stats ts12;
  
          ts = ofpbuf_try_pull(&b, sizeof *ts);
          if (!ts) {
              return;
          }
  
          ts12.table_id = ts->table_id;
          ts12.wildcards = htonll(ntohl(ts->wildcards));
          ts12.max_entries = ts->max_entries;
          ts12.active_count = ts->active_count;
          ts12.lookup_count = get_32aligned_be64(&ts->lookup_count);
          ts12.matched_count = get_32aligned_be64(&ts->matched_count);
          ofp_print_one_ofpst_table_reply(string, OFP10_VERSION, ts->name, &ts12);
       }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                              int verbosity)
  {
      switch ((enum ofp_version)oh->version) {
      case OFP13_VERSION:
          ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply13(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFP12_VERSION:
          ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply12(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFP11_VERSION:
          ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply11(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFP10_VERSION:
          ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply10(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      default:
          NOT_REACHED();
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_queue_name(struct ds *string, uint32_t queue_id)
  {
      if (queue_id == OFPQ_ALL) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, "ALL");
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu32, queue_id);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_queue_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_queue_stats_request oqsr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_queue_stats_request(oh, &oqsr);
      if (error) {
          ds_put_format(string, "***decode error: %s***\n", ofperr_get_name(error));
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, "port=");
      ofputil_format_port(oqsr.port_no, string);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " queue=");
      ofp_print_queue_name(string, oqsr.queue_id);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_queue_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                              int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu queues\n", ofputil_count_queue_stats(oh));
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_queue_stats qs;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_queue_stats(&qs, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "  port ");
          ofputil_format_port(qs.port_no, string);
          ds_put_cstr(string, " queue ");
          ofp_print_queue_name(string, qs.queue_id);
          ds_put_cstr(string, ": ");
  
  #ifdef _OFP_CENTEC_
          if (OFP13_VERSION == (enum ofp_version)oh->version) {
              ds_put_format(string, "duration=");
              ofp_print_duration(string, qs.stats.duration_sec,qs.stats.duration_nsec);
          }
  #endif /* _OFP_CENTEC_ */    
  
          print_port_stat(string, ", bytes=", qs.stats.tx_bytes, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "pkts=", qs.stats.tx_packets, 1);
          print_port_stat(string, "errors=", qs.stats.tx_errors, 0);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_ofpst_port_desc_reply(struct ds *string,
                                  const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
      ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      ofp_print_phy_ports(string, oh->version, &b);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_stats_request(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint16_t flags = ofpmp_flags(oh);
  
      if (flags) {
          ds_put_format(string, " ***unknown flags 0x%04"PRIx16"***", flags);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_stats_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint16_t flags = ofpmp_flags(oh);
  
      if (flags) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, " flags=");
          if (flags & OFPSF_REPLY_MORE) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, "[more]");
              flags &= ~OFPSF_REPLY_MORE;
          }
          if (flags) {
              ds_put_format(string, "[***unknown flags 0x%04"PRIx16"***]",
                            flags);
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_echo(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh, int verbosity)
  {
      size_t len = ntohs(oh->length);
  
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu bytes of payload\n", len - sizeof *oh);
      if (verbosity > 1) {
          ds_put_hex_dump(string, oh + 1, len - sizeof *oh, 0, true);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_role_message(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_role_request rr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_role_message(oh, &rr);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " role=");
  
      switch (rr.role) {
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_NOCHANGE:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "nochange");
          break;
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_EQUAL:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "equal"); /* OF 1.2 wording */
          break;
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_MASTER:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "master");
          break;
      case OFPCR12_ROLE_SLAVE:
          ds_put_cstr(string, "slave");
          break;
      default:
          NOT_REACHED();
      }
  
      if (rr.have_generation_id) {
          ds_put_format(string, " generation_id=%"PRIu64, rr.generation_id);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_flow_mod_table_id(struct ds *string,
                                  const struct nx_flow_mod_table_id *nfmti)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " %s", nfmti->set ? "enable" : "disable");
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_flow_format(struct ds *string,
                                const struct nx_set_flow_format *nsff)
  {
      uint32_t format = ntohl(nsff->format);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " format=");
      if (ofputil_nx_flow_format_is_valid(format)) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ofputil_nx_flow_format_to_string(format));
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu32, format);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_packet_in_format(struct ds *string,
                                     const struct nx_set_packet_in_format *nspf)
  {
      uint32_t format = ntohl(nspf->format);
  
      ds_put_cstr(string, " format=");
      if (ofputil_packet_in_format_is_valid(format)) {
          ds_put_cstr(string, ofputil_packet_in_format_to_string(format));
      } else {
          ds_put_format(string, "%"PRIu32, format);
      }
  }
  
  static const char *
  ofp_port_reason_to_string(enum ofp_port_reason reason)
  {
      static char s[32];
  
      switch (reason) {
      case OFPPR_ADD:
          return "add";
  
      case OFPPR_DELETE:
          return "delete";
  
      case OFPPR_MODIFY:
          return "modify";
  
      default:
          sprintf(s, "%d", (int) reason);
          return s;
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_async_config(struct ds *string,
                                 const struct nx_async_config *nac)
  {
      int i;
  
      for (i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
          int j;
  
          ds_put_format(string, "\n %s:\n", i == 0 ? "master" : "slave");
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "       PACKET_IN:");
          for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
              if (nac->packet_in_mask[i] & htonl(1u << j)) {
                  ds_put_format(string, " %s",
                                ofputil_packet_in_reason_to_string(j));
              }
          }
          if (!nac->packet_in_mask[i]) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, " (off)");
          }
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "     PORT_STATUS:");
          for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
              if (nac->port_status_mask[i] & htonl(1u << j)) {
                  ds_put_format(string, " %s", ofp_port_reason_to_string(j));
              }
          }
          if (!nac->port_status_mask[i]) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, " (off)");
          }
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "    FLOW_REMOVED:");
          for (j = 0; j < 32; j++) {
              if (nac->flow_removed_mask[i] & htonl(1u << j)) {
                  ds_put_format(string, " %s",
                                ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(j));
              }
          }
          if (!nac->flow_removed_mask[i]) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, " (off)");
          }
          ds_put_char(string, '\n');
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_set_controller_id(struct ds *string,
                                  const struct nx_controller_id *nci)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " id=%"PRIu16, ntohs(nci->controller_id));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxt_flow_monitor_cancel(struct ds *string,
                                    const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      ds_put_format(string, " id=%"PRIu32,
                    ofputil_decode_flow_monitor_cancel(oh));
  }
  
  static const char *
  nx_flow_monitor_flags_to_name(uint32_t bit)
  {
      enum nx_flow_monitor_flags fmf = bit;
  
      switch (fmf) {
      case NXFMF_INITIAL: return "initial";
      case NXFMF_ADD: return "add";
      case NXFMF_DELETE: return "delete";
      case NXFMF_MODIFY: return "modify";
      case NXFMF_ACTIONS: return "actions";
      case NXFMF_OWN: return "own";
      }
  
      return NULL;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_request(struct ds *string,
                                      const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_flow_monitor_request request;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_flow_monitor_request(&request, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(string, retval);
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_format(string, "\n id=%"PRIu32" flags=", request.id);
          ofp_print_bit_names(string, request.flags,
                              nx_flow_monitor_flags_to_name, ',');
  
          if (request.out_port != OFPP_NONE) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, " out_port=");
              ofputil_format_port(request.out_port, string);
          }
  
          if (request.table_id != 0xff) {
              ds_put_format(string, " table=%"PRIu8, request.table_id);
          }
  
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
          match_format(&request.match, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
          ds_chomp(string, ' ');
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_reply(struct ds *string,
                                    const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      uint64_t ofpacts_stub[1024 / 8];
      struct ofpbuf ofpacts;
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpbuf_use_stub(&ofpacts, ofpacts_stub, sizeof ofpacts_stub);
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_flow_update update;
          struct match match;
          int retval;
  
          update.match = &match;
          retval = ofputil_decode_flow_update(&update, &b, &ofpacts);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(string, retval);
              }
              ofpbuf_uninit(&ofpacts);
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_cstr(string, "\n event=");
          switch (update.event) {
          case NXFME_ADDED:
              ds_put_cstr(string, "ADDED");
              break;
  
          case NXFME_DELETED:
              ds_put_format(string, "DELETED reason=%s",
                            ofp_flow_removed_reason_to_string(update.reason));
              break;
  
          case NXFME_MODIFIED:
              ds_put_cstr(string, "MODIFIED");
              break;
  
          case NXFME_ABBREV:
              ds_put_format(string, "ABBREV xid=0x%"PRIx32, ntohl(update.xid));
              continue;
          }
  
          ds_put_format(string, " table=%"PRIu8, update.table_id);
          if (update.idle_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
              ds_put_format(string, " idle_timeout=%"PRIu16,
                            update.idle_timeout);
          }
          if (update.hard_timeout != OFP_FLOW_PERMANENT) {
              ds_put_format(string, " hard_timeout=%"PRIu16,
                            update.hard_timeout);
          }
          ds_put_format(string, " cookie=%#"PRIx64, ntohll(update.cookie));
  
          ds_put_char(string, ' ');
          match_format(update.match, string, OFP_DEFAULT_PRIORITY);
  
          if (update.ofpacts_len) {
              if (string->string[string->length - 1] != ' ') {
                  ds_put_char(string, ' ');
              }
              ofpacts_format(update.ofpacts, update.ofpacts_len, string);
          }
      }
  }
  
  void
  ofp_print_version(const struct ofp_header *oh,
                    struct ds *string)
  {
      switch (oh->version) {
      case OFP10_VERSION:
          break;
      case OFP11_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.1)");
          break;
      case OFP12_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.2)");
          break;
      case OFP13_VERSION:
          ds_put_cstr(string, " (OF1.3)");
          break;
      default:
          ds_put_format(string, " (OF 0x%02"PRIx8")", oh->version);
          break;
      }
      ds_put_format(string, " (xid=0x%"PRIx32"):", ntohl(oh->xid));
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_header_to_string__(const struct ofp_header *oh, enum ofpraw raw,
                         struct ds *string)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, ofpraw_get_name(raw));
      ofp_print_version(oh, string);
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_not_implemented(struct ds *string)
  {
      ds_put_cstr(string, "NOT IMPLEMENTED YET!\n");
  }
  
  #ifdef _OFP_CENTEC_
  extern void ofpact_format(const struct ofpact *a, struct ds *s);
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group(struct ds *s, uint32_t group_id, uint8_t type, struct list* p_buckets)
  {
      struct ofputil_bucket *bucket;
      char* type_str[] ={"ALL", "SELECT", "INDIRECT", "FF", "UNKNOW"};
  
      ds_put_format(s, "group_id=%"PRIu32",type=%s", group_id, type_str[type>3?4:type]);
  
      if (!p_buckets) {
          return;
      }
  
      LIST_FOR_EACH (bucket, list_node, p_buckets) {
          const struct ofpact *a;
  
          ds_put_cstr(s, ",bucket=");
  
          if (bucket->weight != 1) {
              ds_put_format(s, "weight:%"PRIu16",", bucket->weight);
          }
          if (bucket->watch_port != OFPP_NONE) {
              ds_put_format(s, "watch_port:%"PRIu32",", bucket->watch_port);
          }
          if (bucket->watch_group != OFPG11_ANY) {
              ds_put_format(s, "watch_group:%"PRIu32",", bucket->watch_group);
          }
      
          OFPACT_FOR_EACH (a, bucket->ofpacts, bucket->ofpacts_len) {
              if (a != bucket->ofpacts) {
                  ds_put_cstr(s, ",");
              }
  
              /* XXX write-actions */
              ofpact_format(a, s);
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_desc(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
      enum ofpraw raw;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      raw = ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
      
      if (raw != OFPRAW_OFPST11_GROUP_DESC_REPLY) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, " ***error reply type***");
          return;
      }
  
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_group_desc gd;
          int retval;
  
          memset(&gd, 0, sizeof(gd));
          retval = ofputil_decode_group_desc_reply(&gd, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(s, " ***parse error***");
              }
              break;
          }
          
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
          ofp_print_group(s, gd.group_id, gd.type, &gd.buckets);
       }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_stats(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
      enum ofpraw raw;
      size_t bucket_i;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      raw = ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
      
      if (raw != OFPRAW_OFPST11_GROUP_REPLY && 
          raw != OFPRAW_OFPST13_GROUP_REPLY) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, " ***error group reply type***");
          return;
      }
  
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_group_stats gs;
          int retval;
  
          memset(&gs, 0, sizeof(gs));
          retval = ofputil_decode_group_stats_reply(raw, &gs, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(s, " ***parse error***");
              }
              break;
          }
          
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
          ds_put_format(s, "group_id=%"PRIu32",", gs.group_id);
  
          if (oh->version >= OFP13_VERSION) {
              ds_put_cstr(s, "duration=");
              ofp_print_duration(s, gs.duration_sec, gs.duration_nsec);
          }
          ds_put_format(s, ",ref_count=%"PRIu32",", gs.ref_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "packet_count=%"PRIu64",", gs.packet_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "byte_count=%"PRIu64"", gs.byte_count);
          
          for (bucket_i = 0; bucket_i < gs.n_buckets; bucket_i++) {
              if (ntohll(gs.bucket_stats[bucket_i].packet_count) != UINT64_MAX) {
                  ds_put_format(s, ",bucket%"PRIu32":", bucket_i);
                  ds_put_format(s, "packet_count=%"PRIu64",", gs.bucket_stats[bucket_i].packet_count);
                  ds_put_format(s, "byte_count=%"PRIu64"", gs.bucket_stats[bucket_i].byte_count);
              }
          }
       }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_features(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_group_features features;
      enum ofperr error;
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_group_features_reply(oh, &features, &b);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(string, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_format(string, "\n Group table:\n");
      ds_put_format(string, "    Types:  0x%"PRIx32"\n", features.types);
      ds_put_format(string, "    Capabilities:  0x%"PRIx32"\n", features.capabilities);
  
      if (features.types & (1u << OFPGT11_ALL)) {
          ds_put_format(string, "    All group :\n");
          ds_put_format(string, "        max_groups = 0x%"PRIx32" actions=0x%08"PRIx32"\n",
              features.max_groups[0], features.actions[0]);
      }
  
      if (features.types & (1u << OFPGT11_SELECT)) {
          ds_put_format(string, "    Select group :\n");
          ds_put_format(string, "        max_groups = 0x%"PRIx32" actions=0x%08"PRIx32"\n", 
              features.max_groups[1], features.actions[1]);
      }
  
      if (features.types & (1u << OFPGT11_INDIRECT)) {
          ds_put_format(string, "    Indirect group :\n");
          ds_put_format(string, "        max_groups = 0x%"PRIx32" actions=0x%08"PRIx32"\n", 
              features.max_groups[2], features.actions[2]);
      }
  
      if (features.types & (1u << OFPGT11_FF)) {
          ds_put_format(string, "    Fast Failover group : \n");
          ds_put_format(string, "        max_groups = 0x%"PRIx32" actions=0x%08"PRIx32"\n", 
              features.max_groups[3], features.actions[3]);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_table_features(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_table_features otf;
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_table_feature_reply(&otf, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          ds_put_format(string, "\n Table ID = %"PRIu8"\n", otf.table_id);
          ds_put_format(string, " Table name = %s\n", otf.name);
          ds_put_format(string, " metadata_match = 0x%"PRIx64"  metadata_write = 0x%"PRIx64"\n",
              otf.metadata_match, otf.metadata_write);
          ds_put_format(string, " config = 0x%"PRIx32" max_entries = %"PRIu32"\n", 
              otf.config, otf.max_entries);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_group_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_group_mod gm;
      int error;
  
      memset(&gm, 0, sizeof(gm));
      gm.buckets = malloc(sizeof(struct list));
      list_init(gm.buckets);
      error = ofputil_decode_group_mod(oh, &gm);
      if (error) {
          free(gm.buckets);
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      switch (gm.command) {
      case OFPGC11_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD");
          break;
          
      case OFPGC11_MODIFY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD");
          break;
          
      case OFPGC11_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL");
          break;
          
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "cmd:%"PRIu16"", gm.command);
      }
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
  
      ofp_print_group(s, gm.group_id, gm.type, gm.buckets);
      free(gm.buckets);
  }
  
  /* Meter */
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_flags(struct ds *s, uint16_t flags)
  {
      if (flags & OFPMF13_KBPS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "KBPS");
      }
      if (flags & OFPMF13_PKTPS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "-PKTPS");
      }
      if (flags & OFPMF13_BURST) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "-BURST");
      }
      if (flags & OFPMF13_STATS) {
          ds_put_cstr(s, "-STATS");
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_mod(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      size_t band_i;
      struct ofputil_meter_mod mm;
      int error;
  
      memset(&mm, 0, sizeof(mm));
      error = ofputil_decode_meter_mod(&mm, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      switch (mm.command) {
      case OFPMC13_ADD:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "ADD");
          break;
  
      case OFPMC13_MODIFY:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "MOD");
          break;
  
      case OFPMC13_DELETE:
          ds_put_cstr(s, "DEL");
          break;
  
      default:
          ds_put_format(s, "cmd:%"PRIu16"", mm.command);
      }
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
  
      ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=%"PRIu32"", mm.meter_id);
      ds_put_format(s, ",flags=");
      ofp_print_meter_flags(s, mm.flags);
  
      for (band_i = 0; band_i < mm.n_bands; band_i++) {
          ds_put_format(s, ",band_type=%s,", ntohs(mm.bands[band_i].type) == OFPMBT13_DROP ? "DROP" : "KNOWN");
          ds_put_format(s, "rate=%"PRIu32"", ntohl(mm.bands[band_i].rate));
  
          if (mm.flags & OFPMF13_BURST) {
              ds_put_format(s, ",burst=%"PRIu32"", ntohl(mm.bands[band_i].burst_size));
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_request(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_meter_request omr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_meter_request(&omr, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      ds_put_cstr(s, "METER_STATS");
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      if (OFPM13_ALL == omr.meter_id) {
          ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=all");
      } else {
          ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=%"PRIu32"", omr.meter_id);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
      size_t band_i;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_meter_stats_reply omsr;
          enum ofperr error;
  
          error = ofputil_decode_meter_reply(&omsr, &b);
          if (error) {
              if (error != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(s, error);
              }
              break;
          }
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
          ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=%"PRIu32",", omsr.meter_id);
  
          ds_put_cstr(s, "duration=");
          ofp_print_duration(s, omsr.duration_sec, omsr.duration_nsec);
          ds_put_format(s, ",flow_count=%"PRIu32",", omsr.flow_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "packet_in_count=%"PRIu64",", omsr.packet_in_count);
          ds_put_format(s, "byte_in_count=%"PRIu64",", omsr.byte_in_count);
  
          for (band_i = 0; band_i < omsr.n_bands; band_i++) {
              ds_put_format(s, "packet_band_count=%"PRIu64",", ntohll(omsr.bands_stats[band_i].packet_band_count));
              ds_put_format(s, "byte_band_count=%"PRIu64"", ntohll(omsr.bands_stats[band_i].byte_band_count));
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_config_request(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofputil_meter_request omr;
      enum ofperr error;
  
      error = ofputil_decode_meter_request(&omr, oh);
      if (error) {
          ofp_print_error(s, error);
          return;
      }
  
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      ds_put_cstr(s, "METER_CONFIG");
      ds_put_char(s, ' ');
      if (OFPM13_ALL == omr.meter_id) {
          ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=all");
      } else {
          ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=%"PRIu32"", omr.meter_id);
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_config_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
      size_t band_i;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          struct ofputil_meter_config_reply omcr;
          enum ofperr error;
  
          error = ofputil_decode_meter_config_reply(&omcr, &b);
          if (error) {
              if (error != EOF) {
                  ofp_print_error(s, error);
              }
              break;
          }
  
          ds_put_char(s, '\n');
          ds_put_char(s, ' ');
          ds_put_format(s, "meter_id=%"PRIu32",flags=", omcr.meter_id);
          ofp_print_meter_flags(s, omcr.flags);
          ds_put_char(s, ',');
  
          for (band_i = 0; band_i < omcr.n_bands; band_i++) {
              ds_put_format(s, "band_type=%s,", ntohs(omcr.bands[band_i].type) == OFPMBT13_DROP ? "DROP" : "KNOWN");
              ds_put_format(s, "rate=%"PRIu32",", ntohl(omcr.bands[band_i].rate));
              ds_put_format(s, "burst=%"PRIu32"", ntohl(omcr.bands[band_i].burst_size));
          }
      }
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_meter_feature_reply(struct ds *s, const struct ofp13_meter_features *nmf)
  {
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
  
      ds_put_format(s, "max_meter=%"PRIu32",", ntohl(nmf->max_meter));
      ds_put_format(s, " band_types=%s\n", ntohl(nmf->band_types) == OFPMBT13_DROP ? "DROP" : "KNOWN");
      ds_put_cstr(s,   "capabilities=");
      ofp_print_meter_flags(s, ntohl(nmf->capabilities));
  
      ds_put_char(s, '\n');
      ds_put_format(s, "max_bands=%"PRIu8",", nmf->max_bands);
      ds_put_format(s, " max_color=%"PRIu32"\n", nmf->max_color);
  }
  
  static size_t
  ofputil_count_queue_config(const struct ofp_header *oh)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      ofpraw_pull_assert(&b);
  
      return (b.size / (sizeof(struct ofputil_queue_get_config_reply) 
          + (sizeof (struct ofp_packet_queue)  + sizeof(struct ofp_queue_prop_header) * 2) 
          * OFUTIL_MAX_QUEUE_VALUE) )* OFUTIL_MAX_QUEUE_VALUE;
  }
  
  static void
  ofp_print_queue_config_reply(struct ds *string, const struct ofp_header *oh,
                              int verbosity)
  {
      struct ofpbuf b;
      struct ofputil_queue_config_s  ofp_queue_config;
      int qid = 0;
      
      ds_put_format(string, " %zu queues\n", ofputil_count_queue_config(oh));
      if (verbosity < 1) {
          return;
      }
  
      ofpbuf_use_const(&b, oh, ntohs(oh->length));
      for (;;) {
          int retval;
  
          retval = ofputil_decode_queue_config(&ofp_queue_config, &b);
          if (retval) {
              if (retval != EOF) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " ***parse error***");
              }
              return;
          }
  
          for (qid =0; qid < 8; qid++) {
              ds_put_cstr(string, "  port ");
              ofputil_format_port(ofp_queue_config.port_id, string);
              ds_put_cstr(string, " queue ");
              ofp_print_queue_name(string, qid);
              ds_put_cstr(string, ": ");
  
              if (ofp_queue_config.min_rate[qid] > 100) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " min=?%, ");
              } else {
                  ds_put_format(string, " min=%"PRIu16, ofp_queue_config.min_rate[qid]);
                  ds_put_cstr(string, "%, ");
              }
  
              if (ofp_queue_config.max_rate[qid] > 100) {
                  ds_put_cstr(string, " max=?%\n");
              } else {
                  ds_put_format(string, " max=%"PRIu16, ofp_queue_config.max_rate[qid]);
                  ds_put_cstr(string, "%\n");
              }
          }
      }
  }
  
  #endif
  
  static void
  ofp_to_string__(const struct ofp_header *oh, enum ofpraw raw,
                  struct ds *string, int verbosity)
  {
      const void *msg = oh;
  
      ofp_header_to_string__(oh, raw, string);
      switch (ofptype_from_ofpraw(raw)) {
  
          /* FIXME: Change the following once they are implemented: */
  #ifdef _OFP_CENTEC_
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST:
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_GET_CONFIG_REPLY:
          ofp_print_queue_config_reply(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
      case OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_MOD:
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_not_implemented(string);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_REPLY:
          ofp_print_group_stats(string, oh);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_DESC_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_DESC_REPLY:
          ofp_print_group_desc(string, oh);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_FEATURES_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_FEATURES_REPLY:
          ofp_print_group_features(string, oh);
          break;
          
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_MOD:
          ofp_print_group_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_REPLY:
          ofp_print_table_features(string, oh);
          break;
  
      /* Meter implementation */
      case OFPTYPE_METER_MOD:
          ofp_print_meter_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_CONFIG_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_meter_config_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_FEATURES_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_meter_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          ofp_print_meter_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_CONFIG_REPLY:
          ofp_print_meter_config_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_METER_FEATURES_REPLY:
          ofp_print_meter_feature_reply(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  #else
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_GET_CONFIG_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_GET_ASYNC_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_MOD:
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_DESC_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_DESC_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_FEATURES_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_GROUP_FEATURES_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_CONFIG_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_CONFIG_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_FEATURES_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_METER_FEATURES_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_FEATURES_REPLY:
          ofp_print_not_implemented(string);
          break;
  #endif
  
      case OFPTYPE_HELLO:
          ofp_print_hello(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_ERROR:
          ofp_print_error_msg(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_ECHO_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_ECHO_REPLY:
          ofp_print_echo(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FEATURES_REQUEST:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FEATURES_REPLY:
          ofp_print_switch_features(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GET_CONFIG_REQUEST:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_GET_CONFIG_REPLY:
      case OFPTYPE_SET_CONFIG:
          ofp_print_switch_config(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PACKET_IN:
          ofp_print_packet_in(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_REMOVED:
          ofp_print_flow_removed(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_STATUS:
          ofp_print_port_status(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PACKET_OUT:
          ofp_print_packet_out(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MOD:
          ofp_print_flow_mod(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_MOD:
          ofp_print_port_mod(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_BARRIER_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_BARRIER_REPLY:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_ROLE_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_ROLE_REPLY:
          ofp_print_role_message(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_DESC_STATS_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_DESC_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_STATS_REQUEST:
      case OFPTYPE_AGGREGATE_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          ofp_print_flow_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_stats_request(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_queue_request(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_DESC_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_desc_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_flow_stats_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_QUEUE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_queue_reply(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_reply(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_TABLE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_table_reply(string, oh, verbosity);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_AGGREGATE_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_aggregate_stats_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_PORT_DESC_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_stats_reply(string, oh);
          ofp_print_ofpst_port_desc_reply(string, oh);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MOD_TABLE_ID:
          ofp_print_nxt_flow_mod_table_id(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_FLOW_FORMAT:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_flow_format(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_PACKET_IN_FORMAT:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_packet_in_format(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_AGE:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_CONTROLLER_ID:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_controller_id(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_SET_ASYNC_CONFIG:
          ofp_print_nxt_set_async_config(string, ofpmsg_body(oh));
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_CANCEL:
          ofp_print_nxt_flow_monitor_cancel(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_PAUSED:
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_RESUMED:
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_STATS_REQUEST:
          ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_request(string, msg);
          break;
  
      case OFPTYPE_FLOW_MONITOR_STATS_REPLY:
          ofp_print_nxst_flow_monitor_reply(string, msg);
          break;
      }
  }
  
  /* Composes and returns a string representing the OpenFlow packet of 'len'
   * bytes at 'oh' at the given 'verbosity' level.  0 is a minimal amount of
   * verbosity and higher numbers increase verbosity.  The caller is responsible
   * for freeing the string. */
  char *
  ofp_to_string(const void *oh_, size_t len, int verbosity)
  {
      struct ds string = DS_EMPTY_INITIALIZER;
      const struct ofp_header *oh = oh_;
  
      if (!len) {
          ds_put_cstr(&string, "OpenFlow message is empty\n");
      } else if (len < sizeof(struct ofp_header)) {
          ds_put_format(&string, "OpenFlow packet too short (only %zu bytes):\n",
                        len);
      } else if (ntohs(oh->length) > len) {
          enum ofperr error;
          enum ofpraw raw;
  
          error = ofpraw_decode_partial(&raw, oh, len);
          if (!error) {
              ofp_header_to_string__(oh, raw, &string);
              ds_put_char(&string, '\n');
          }
  
          ds_put_format(&string,
                        "(***truncated to %zu bytes from %"PRIu16"***)\n",
                        len, ntohs(oh->length));
      } else if (ntohs(oh->length) < len) {
          ds_put_format(&string,
                        "(***only uses %"PRIu16" bytes out of %zu***)\n",
                        ntohs(oh->length), len);
      } else {
          enum ofperr error;
          enum ofpraw raw;
  
          error = ofpraw_decode(&raw, oh);
          if (!error) {
              ofp_to_string__(oh, raw, &string, verbosity);
              if (verbosity >= 5) {
                  if (ds_last(&string) != '\n') {
                      ds_put_char(&string, '\n');
                  }
                  ds_put_hex_dump(&string, oh, len, 0, true);
              }
              if (ds_last(&string) != '\n') {
                  ds_put_char(&string, '\n');
              }
              return ds_steal_cstr(&string);
          }
  
          ofp_print_error(&string, error);
      }
      ds_put_hex_dump(&string, oh, len, 0, true);
      return ds_steal_cstr(&string);
  }
  
  static void
  print_and_free(FILE *stream, char *string)
  {
      fputs(string, stream);
      free(string);
  }
  
  /* Pretty-print the OpenFlow packet of 'len' bytes at 'oh' to 'stream' at the
   * given 'verbosity' level.  0 is a minimal amount of verbosity and higher
   * numbers increase verbosity. */
  void
  ofp_print(FILE *stream, const void *oh, size_t len, int verbosity)
  {
      print_and_free(stream, ofp_to_string(oh, len, verbosity));
  }
  
  /* Dumps the contents of the Ethernet frame in the 'len' bytes starting at
   * 'data' to 'stream'. */
  void
  ofp_print_packet(FILE *stream, const void *data, size_t len)
  {
      print_and_free(stream, ofp_packet_to_string(data, len));
  }
  