text: /*
   * Copyright (c) 1983, 1995, 1996 Eric P. Allman
   * Copyright (c) 1988, 1993
   *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
   * Portions Copyright (c) 1996-2018, PostgreSQL Global Development Group
   *
   * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
   * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
   * are met:
   * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
   *	  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
   * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
   *	  notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
   *	  documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
   * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
   *	  may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
   *	  without specific prior written permission.
   *
   * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
   * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
   * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
   * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
   * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
   * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
   * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
   * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
   * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
   * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
   * SUCH DAMAGE.
   *
   * src/port/snprintf.c
   */
  
  #include "c.h"
  
  #include <math.h>
  
  /*
   * We used to use the platform's NL_ARGMAX here, but that's a bad idea,
   * first because the point of this module is to remove platform dependencies
   * not perpetuate them, and second because some platforms use ridiculously
   * large values, leading to excessive stack consumption in dopr().
   */
  #define PG_NL_ARGMAX 31
  
  
  /*
   *	SNPRINTF, VSNPRINTF and friends
   *
   * These versions have been grabbed off the net.  They have been
   * cleaned up to compile properly and support for most of the C99
   * specification has been added.  Remaining unimplemented features are:
   *
   * 1. No locale support: the radix character is always '.' and the '
   * (single quote) format flag is ignored.
   *
   * 2. No support for the "%n" format specification.
   *
   * 3. No support for wide characters ("lc" and "ls" formats).
   *
   * 4. No support for "long double" ("Lf" and related formats).
   *
   * 5. Space and '#' flags are not implemented.
   *
   * In addition, we support some extensions over C99:
   *
   * 1. Argument order control through "%n$" and "*n$", as required by POSIX.
   *
   * 2. "%m" expands to the value of strerror(errno), where errno is the
   * value that variable had at the start of the call.  This is a glibc
   * extension, but a very useful one.
   *
   *
   * Historically the result values of sprintf/snprintf varied across platforms.
   * This implementation now follows the C99 standard:
   *
   * 1. -1 is returned if an error is detected in the format string, or if
   * a write to the target stream fails (as reported by fwrite).  Note that
   * overrunning snprintf's target buffer is *not* an error.
   *
   * 2. For successful writes to streams, the actual number of bytes written
   * to the stream is returned.
   *
   * 3. For successful sprintf/snprintf, the number of bytes that would have
   * been written to an infinite-size buffer (excluding the trailing '\0')
   * is returned.  snprintf will truncate its output to fit in the buffer
   * (ensuring a trailing '\0' unless count == 0), but this is not reflected
   * in the function result.
   *
   * snprintf buffer overrun can be detected by checking for function result
   * greater than or equal to the supplied count.
   */
  
  /**************************************************************
   * Original:
   * Patrick Powell Tue Apr 11 09:48:21 PDT 1995
   * A bombproof version of doprnt (dopr) included.
   * Sigh.  This sort of thing is always nasty do deal with.  Note that
   * the version here does not include floating point. (now it does ... tgl)
   **************************************************************/
  
  /* Prevent recursion */
  #undef	vsnprintf
  #undef	snprintf
  #undef	vsprintf
  #undef	sprintf
  #undef	vfprintf
  #undef	fprintf
  #undef	vprintf
  #undef	printf
  
  /*
   * Info about where the formatted output is going.
   *
   * dopr and subroutines will not write at/past bufend, but snprintf
   * reserves one byte, ensuring it may place the trailing '\0' there.
   *
   * In snprintf, we use nchars to count the number of bytes dropped on the
   * floor due to buffer overrun.  The correct result of snprintf is thus
   * (bufptr - bufstart) + nchars.  (This isn't as inconsistent as it might
   * seem: nchars is the number of emitted bytes that are not in the buffer now,
   * either because we sent them to the stream or because we couldn't fit them
   * into the buffer to begin with.)
   */
  typedef struct
  {
  	char	   *bufptr;			/* next buffer output position */
  	char	   *bufstart;		/* first buffer element */
  	char	   *bufend;			/* last+1 buffer element, or NULL */
  	/* bufend == NULL is for sprintf, where we assume buf is big enough */
  	FILE	   *stream;			/* eventual output destination, or NULL */
  	int			nchars;			/* # chars sent to stream, or dropped */
  	bool		failed;			/* call is a failure; errno is set */
  } PrintfTarget;
  
  /*
   * Info about the type and value of a formatting parameter.  Note that we
   * don't currently support "long double", "wint_t", or "wchar_t *" data,
   * nor the '%n' formatting code; else we'd need more types.  Also, at this
   * level we need not worry about signed vs unsigned values.
   */
  typedef enum
  {
  	ATYPE_NONE = 0,
  	ATYPE_INT,
  	ATYPE_LONG,
  	ATYPE_LONGLONG,
  	ATYPE_DOUBLE,
  	ATYPE_CHARPTR
  } PrintfArgType;
  
  typedef union
  {
  	int			i;
  	long		l;
  	long long	ll;
  	double		d;
  	char	   *cptr;
  } PrintfArgValue;
  
  
  static void flushbuffer(PrintfTarget *target);
  static void dopr(PrintfTarget *target, const char *format, va_list args);
  
  
  /*
   * Externally visible entry points.
   *
   * All of these are just wrappers around dopr().  Note it's essential that
   * they not change the value of "errno" before reaching dopr().
   */
  
  int
  pg_vsnprintf(char *str, size_t count, const char *fmt, va_list args)
  {
  	PrintfTarget target;
  	char		onebyte[1];
  
  	/*
  	 * C99 allows the case str == NULL when count == 0.  Rather than
  	 * special-casing this situation further down, we substitute a one-byte
  	 * local buffer.  Callers cannot tell, since the function result doesn't
  	 * depend on count.
  	 */
  	if (count == 0)
  	{
  		str = onebyte;
  		count = 1;
  	}
  	target.bufstart = target.bufptr = str;
  	target.bufend = str + count - 1;
  	target.stream = NULL;
  	target.nchars = 0;
  	target.failed = false;
  	dopr(&target, fmt, args);
  	*(target.bufptr) = '\0';
  	return target.failed ? -1 : (target.bufptr - target.bufstart
  								 + target.nchars);
  }
  
  int
  pg_snprintf(char *str, size_t count, const char *fmt,...)
  {
  	int			len;
  	va_list		args;
  
  	va_start(args, fmt);
  	len = pg_vsnprintf(str, count, fmt, args);
  	va_end(args);
  	return len;
  }
  
  int
  pg_vsprintf(char *str, const char *fmt, va_list args)
  {
  	PrintfTarget target;
  
  	target.bufstart = target.bufptr = str;
  	target.bufend = NULL;
  	target.stream = NULL;
  	target.nchars = 0;			/* not really used in this case */
  	target.failed = false;
  	dopr(&target, fmt, args);
  	*(target.bufptr) = '\0';
  	return target.failed ? -1 : (target.bufptr - target.bufstart
  								 + target.nchars);
  }
  
  int
  pg_sprintf(char *str, const char *fmt,...)
  {
  	int			len;
  	va_list		args;
  
  	va_start(args, fmt);
  	len = pg_vsprintf(str, fmt, args);
  	va_end(args);
  	return len;
  }
  
  int
  pg_vfprintf(FILE *stream, const char *fmt, va_list args)
  {
  	PrintfTarget target;
  	char		buffer[1024];	/* size is arbitrary */
  
  	if (stream == NULL)
  	{
  		errno = EINVAL;
  		return -1;
  	}
  	target.bufstart = target.bufptr = buffer;
  	target.bufend = buffer + sizeof(buffer);	/* use the whole buffer */
  	target.stream = stream;
  	target.nchars = 0;
  	target.failed = false;
  	dopr(&target, fmt, args);
  	/* dump any remaining buffer contents */
  	flushbuffer(&target);
  	return target.failed ? -1 : target.nchars;
  }
  
  int
  pg_fprintf(FILE *stream, const char *fmt,...)
  {
  	int			len;
  	va_list		args;
  
  	va_start(args, fmt);
  	len = pg_vfprintf(stream, fmt, args);
  	va_end(args);
  	return len;
  }
  
  int
  pg_vprintf(const char *fmt, va_list args)
  {
  	return pg_vfprintf(stdout, fmt, args);
  }
  
  int
  pg_printf(const char *fmt,...)
  {
  	int			len;
  	va_list		args;
  
  	va_start(args, fmt);
  	len = pg_vfprintf(stdout, fmt, args);
  	va_end(args);
  	return len;
  }
  
  /*
   * Attempt to write the entire buffer to target->stream; discard the entire
   * buffer in any case.  Call this only when target->stream is defined.
   */
  static void
  flushbuffer(PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	size_t		nc = target->bufptr - target->bufstart;
  
  	/*
  	 * Don't write anything if we already failed; this is to ensure we
  	 * preserve the original failure's errno.
  	 */
  	if (!target->failed && nc > 0)
  	{
  		size_t		written;
  
  		written = fwrite(target->bufstart, 1, nc, target->stream);
  		target->nchars += written;
  		if (written != nc)
  			target->failed = true;
  	}
  	target->bufptr = target->bufstart;
  }
  
  
  static bool find_arguments(const char *format, va_list args,
  			   PrintfArgValue *argvalues);
  static void fmtstr(const char *value, int leftjust, int minlen, int maxwidth,
  	   int pointflag, PrintfTarget *target);
  static void fmtptr(void *value, PrintfTarget *target);
  static void fmtint(long long value, char type, int forcesign,
  	   int leftjust, int minlen, int zpad, int precision, int pointflag,
  	   PrintfTarget *target);
  static void fmtchar(int value, int leftjust, int minlen, PrintfTarget *target);
  static void fmtfloat(double value, char type, int forcesign,
  		 int leftjust, int minlen, int zpad, int precision, int pointflag,
  		 PrintfTarget *target);
  static void dostr(const char *str, int slen, PrintfTarget *target);
  static void dopr_outch(int c, PrintfTarget *target);
  static void dopr_outchmulti(int c, int slen, PrintfTarget *target);
  static int	adjust_sign(int is_negative, int forcesign, int *signvalue);
  static int	compute_padlen(int minlen, int vallen, int leftjust);
  static void leading_pad(int zpad, int signvalue, int *padlen,
  			PrintfTarget *target);
  static void trailing_pad(int padlen, PrintfTarget *target);
  
  /*
   * If strchrnul exists (it's a glibc-ism), it's a good bit faster than the
   * equivalent manual loop.  If it doesn't exist, provide a replacement.
   *
   * Note: glibc declares this as returning "char *", but that would require
   * casting away const internally, so we don't follow that detail.
   */
  #ifndef HAVE_STRCHRNUL
  
  static inline const char *
  strchrnul(const char *s, int c)
  {
  	while (*s != '\0' && *s != c)
  		s++;
  	return s;
  }
  
  #else
  
  /*
   * glibc's <string.h> declares strchrnul only if _GNU_SOURCE is defined.
   * While we typically use that on glibc platforms, configure will set
   * HAVE_STRCHRNUL whether it's used or not.  Fill in the missing declaration
   * so that this file will compile cleanly with or without _GNU_SOURCE.
   */
  #ifndef _GNU_SOURCE
  extern char *strchrnul(const char *s, int c);
  #endif
  
  #endif							/* HAVE_STRCHRNUL */
  
  
  /*
   * dopr(): the guts of *printf for all cases.
   */
  static void
  dopr(PrintfTarget *target, const char *format, va_list args)
  {
  	int			save_errno = errno;
  	const char *first_pct = NULL;
  	int			ch;
  	bool		have_dollar;
  	bool		have_star;
  	bool		afterstar;
  	int			accum;
  	int			longlongflag;
  	int			longflag;
  	int			pointflag;
  	int			leftjust;
  	int			fieldwidth;
  	int			precision;
  	int			zpad;
  	int			forcesign;
  	int			fmtpos;
  	int			cvalue;
  	long long	numvalue;
  	double		fvalue;
  	char	   *strvalue;
  	PrintfArgValue argvalues[PG_NL_ARGMAX + 1];
  
  	/*
  	 * Initially, we suppose the format string does not use %n$.  The first
  	 * time we come to a conversion spec that has that, we'll call
  	 * find_arguments() to check for consistent use of %n$ and fill the
  	 * argvalues array with the argument values in the correct order.
  	 */
  	have_dollar = false;
  
  	while (*format != '\0')
  	{
  		/* Locate next conversion specifier */
  		if (*format != '%')
  		{
  			/* Scan to next '%' or end of string */
  			const char *next_pct = strchrnul(format + 1, '%');
  
  			/* Dump literal data we just scanned over */
  			dostr(format, next_pct - format, target);
  			if (target->failed)
  				break;
  
  			if (*next_pct == '\0')
  				break;
  			format = next_pct;
  		}
  
  		/*
  		 * Remember start of first conversion spec; if we find %n$, then it's
  		 * sufficient for find_arguments() to start here, without rescanning
  		 * earlier literal text.
  		 */
  		if (first_pct == NULL)
  			first_pct = format;
  
  		/* Process conversion spec starting at *format */
  		format++;
  
  		/* Fast path for conversion spec that is exactly %s */
  		if (*format == 's')
  		{
  			format++;
  			strvalue = va_arg(args, char *);
  			Assert(strvalue != NULL);
  			dostr(strvalue, strlen(strvalue), target);
  			if (target->failed)
  				break;
  			continue;
  		}
  
  		fieldwidth = precision = zpad = leftjust = forcesign = 0;
  		longflag = longlongflag = pointflag = 0;
  		fmtpos = accum = 0;
  		have_star = afterstar = false;
  nextch2:
  		ch = *format++;
  		if (ch == '\0')
  			break;				/* illegal, but we don't complain */
  		switch (ch)
  		{
  			case '-':
  				leftjust = 1;
  				goto nextch2;
  			case '+':
  				forcesign = 1;
  				goto nextch2;
  			case '0':
  				/* set zero padding if no nonzero digits yet */
  				if (accum == 0 && !pointflag)
  					zpad = '0';
  				/* FALL THRU */
  			case '1':
  			case '2':
  			case '3':
  			case '4':
  			case '5':
  			case '6':
  			case '7':
  			case '8':
  			case '9':
  				accum = accum * 10 + (ch - '0');
  				goto nextch2;
  			case '.':
  				if (have_star)
  					have_star = false;
  				else
  					fieldwidth = accum;
  				pointflag = 1;
  				accum = 0;
  				goto nextch2;
  			case '*':
  				if (have_dollar)
  				{
  					/*
  					 * We'll process value after reading n$.  Note it's OK to
  					 * assume have_dollar is set correctly, because in a valid
  					 * format string the initial % must have had n$ if * does.
  					 */
  					afterstar = true;
  				}
  				else
  				{
  					/* fetch and process value now */
  					int			starval = va_arg(args, int);
  
  					if (pointflag)
  					{
  						precision = starval;
  						if (precision < 0)
  						{
  							precision = 0;
  							pointflag = 0;
  						}
  					}
  					else
  					{
  						fieldwidth = starval;
  						if (fieldwidth < 0)
  						{
  							leftjust = 1;
  							fieldwidth = -fieldwidth;
  						}
  					}
  				}
  				have_star = true;
  				accum = 0;
  				goto nextch2;
  			case '$':
  				/* First dollar sign? */
  				if (!have_dollar)
  				{
  					/* Yup, so examine all conversion specs in format */
  					if (!find_arguments(first_pct, args, argvalues))
  						goto bad_format;
  					have_dollar = true;
  				}
  				if (afterstar)
  				{
  					/* fetch and process star value */
  					int			starval = argvalues[accum].i;
  
  					if (pointflag)
  					{
  						precision = starval;
  						if (precision < 0)
  						{
  							precision = 0;
  							pointflag = 0;
  						}
  					}
  					else
  					{
  						fieldwidth = starval;
  						if (fieldwidth < 0)
  						{
  							leftjust = 1;
  							fieldwidth = -fieldwidth;
  						}
  					}
  					afterstar = false;
  				}
  				else
  					fmtpos = accum;
  				accum = 0;
  				goto nextch2;
  			case 'l':
  				if (longflag)
  					longlongflag = 1;
  				else
  					longflag = 1;
  				goto nextch2;
  			case 'z':
  #if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == 8
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_INT_64
  				longflag = 1;
  #elif defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT_64)
  				longlongflag = 1;
  #else
  #error "Don't know how to print 64bit integers"
  #endif
  #else
  				/* assume size_t is same size as int */
  #endif
  				goto nextch2;
  			case 'h':
  			case '\'':
  				/* ignore these */
  				goto nextch2;
  			case 'd':
  			case 'i':
  				if (!have_star)
  				{
  					if (pointflag)
  						precision = accum;
  					else
  						fieldwidth = accum;
  				}
  				if (have_dollar)
  				{
  					if (longlongflag)
  						numvalue = argvalues[fmtpos].ll;
  					else if (longflag)
  						numvalue = argvalues[fmtpos].l;
  					else
  						numvalue = argvalues[fmtpos].i;
  				}
  				else
  				{
  					if (longlongflag)
  						numvalue = va_arg(args, long long);
  					else if (longflag)
  						numvalue = va_arg(args, long);
  					else
  						numvalue = va_arg(args, int);
  				}
  				fmtint(numvalue, ch, forcesign, leftjust, fieldwidth, zpad,
  					   precision, pointflag, target);
  				break;
  			case 'o':
  			case 'u':
  			case 'x':
  			case 'X':
  				if (!have_star)
  				{
  					if (pointflag)
  						precision = accum;
  					else
  						fieldwidth = accum;
  				}
  				if (have_dollar)
  				{
  					if (longlongflag)
  						numvalue = (unsigned long long) argvalues[fmtpos].ll;
  					else if (longflag)
  						numvalue = (unsigned long) argvalues[fmtpos].l;
  					else
  						numvalue = (unsigned int) argvalues[fmtpos].i;
  				}
  				else
  				{
  					if (longlongflag)
  						numvalue = (unsigned long long) va_arg(args, long long);
  					else if (longflag)
  						numvalue = (unsigned long) va_arg(args, long);
  					else
  						numvalue = (unsigned int) va_arg(args, int);
  				}
  				fmtint(numvalue, ch, forcesign, leftjust, fieldwidth, zpad,
  					   precision, pointflag, target);
  				break;
  			case 'c':
  				if (!have_star)
  				{
  					if (pointflag)
  						precision = accum;
  					else
  						fieldwidth = accum;
  				}
  				if (have_dollar)
  					cvalue = (unsigned char) argvalues[fmtpos].i;
  				else
  					cvalue = (unsigned char) va_arg(args, int);
  				fmtchar(cvalue, leftjust, fieldwidth, target);
  				break;
  			case 's':
  				if (!have_star)
  				{
  					if (pointflag)
  						precision = accum;
  					else
  						fieldwidth = accum;
  				}
  				if (have_dollar)
  					strvalue = argvalues[fmtpos].cptr;
  				else
  					strvalue = va_arg(args, char *);
  				/* Whine if someone tries to print a NULL string */
  				Assert(strvalue != NULL);
  				fmtstr(strvalue, leftjust, fieldwidth, precision, pointflag,
  					   target);
  				break;
  			case 'p':
  				/* fieldwidth/leftjust are ignored ... */
  				if (have_dollar)
  					strvalue = argvalues[fmtpos].cptr;
  				else
  					strvalue = va_arg(args, char *);
  				fmtptr((void *) strvalue, target);
  				break;
  			case 'e':
  			case 'E':
  			case 'f':
  			case 'g':
  			case 'G':
  				if (!have_star)
  				{
  					if (pointflag)
  						precision = accum;
  					else
  						fieldwidth = accum;
  				}
  				if (have_dollar)
  					fvalue = argvalues[fmtpos].d;
  				else
  					fvalue = va_arg(args, double);
  				fmtfloat(fvalue, ch, forcesign, leftjust,
  						 fieldwidth, zpad,
  						 precision, pointflag,
  						 target);
  				break;
  			case 'm':
  				{
  					char		errbuf[PG_STRERROR_R_BUFLEN];
  					const char *errm = strerror_r(save_errno,
  												  errbuf, sizeof(errbuf));
  
  					dostr(errm, strlen(errm), target);
  				}
  				break;
  			case '%':
  				dopr_outch('%', target);
  				break;
  		}
  
  		/* Check for failure after each conversion spec */
  		if (target->failed)
  			break;
  	}
  
  	return;
  
  bad_format:
  	errno = EINVAL;
  	target->failed = true;
  }
  
  /*
   * find_arguments(): sort out the arguments for a format spec with %n$
   *
   * If format is valid, return true and fill argvalues[i] with the value
   * for the conversion spec that has %i$ or *i$.  Else return false.
   */
  static bool
  find_arguments(const char *format, va_list args,
  			   PrintfArgValue *argvalues)
  {
  	int			ch;
  	bool		afterstar;
  	int			accum;
  	int			longlongflag;
  	int			longflag;
  	int			fmtpos;
  	int			i;
  	int			last_dollar;
  	PrintfArgType argtypes[PG_NL_ARGMAX + 1];
  
  	/* Initialize to "no dollar arguments known" */
  	last_dollar = 0;
  	MemSet(argtypes, 0, sizeof(argtypes));
  
  	/*
  	 * This loop must accept the same format strings as the one in dopr().
  	 * However, we don't need to analyze them to the same level of detail.
  	 *
  	 * Since we're only called if there's a dollar-type spec somewhere, we can
  	 * fail immediately if we find a non-dollar spec.  Per the C99 standard,
  	 * all argument references in the format string must be one or the other.
  	 */
  	while (*format != '\0')
  	{
  		/* Locate next conversion specifier */
  		if (*format != '%')
  		{
  			/* Unlike dopr, we can just quit if there's no more specifiers */
  			format = strchr(format + 1, '%');
  			if (format == NULL)
  				break;
  		}
  
  		/* Process conversion spec starting at *format */
  		format++;
  		longflag = longlongflag = 0;
  		fmtpos = accum = 0;
  		afterstar = false;
  nextch1:
  		ch = *format++;
  		if (ch == '\0')
  			break;				/* illegal, but we don't complain */
  		switch (ch)
  		{
  			case '-':
  			case '+':
  				goto nextch1;
  			case '0':
  			case '1':
  			case '2':
  			case '3':
  			case '4':
  			case '5':
  			case '6':
  			case '7':
  			case '8':
  			case '9':
  				accum = accum * 10 + (ch - '0');
  				goto nextch1;
  			case '.':
  				accum = 0;
  				goto nextch1;
  			case '*':
  				if (afterstar)
  					return false;	/* previous star missing dollar */
  				afterstar = true;
  				accum = 0;
  				goto nextch1;
  			case '$':
  				if (accum <= 0 || accum > PG_NL_ARGMAX)
  					return false;
  				if (afterstar)
  				{
  					if (argtypes[accum] &&
  						argtypes[accum] != ATYPE_INT)
  						return false;
  					argtypes[accum] = ATYPE_INT;
  					last_dollar = Max(last_dollar, accum);
  					afterstar = false;
  				}
  				else
  					fmtpos = accum;
  				accum = 0;
  				goto nextch1;
  			case 'l':
  				if (longflag)
  					longlongflag = 1;
  				else
  					longflag = 1;
  				goto nextch1;
  			case 'z':
  #if SIZEOF_SIZE_T == 8
  #ifdef HAVE_LONG_INT_64
  				longflag = 1;
  #elif defined(HAVE_LONG_LONG_INT_64)
  				longlongflag = 1;
  #else
  #error "Don't know how to print 64bit integers"
  #endif
  #else
  				/* assume size_t is same size as int */
  #endif
  				goto nextch1;
  			case 'h':
  			case '\'':
  				/* ignore these */
  				goto nextch1;
  			case 'd':
  			case 'i':
  			case 'o':
  			case 'u':
  			case 'x':
  			case 'X':
  				if (fmtpos)
  				{
  					PrintfArgType atype;
  
  					if (longlongflag)
  						atype = ATYPE_LONGLONG;
  					else if (longflag)
  						atype = ATYPE_LONG;
  					else
  						atype = ATYPE_INT;
  					if (argtypes[fmtpos] &&
  						argtypes[fmtpos] != atype)
  						return false;
  					argtypes[fmtpos] = atype;
  					last_dollar = Max(last_dollar, fmtpos);
  				}
  				else
  					return false;	/* non-dollar conversion spec */
  				break;
  			case 'c':
  				if (fmtpos)
  				{
  					if (argtypes[fmtpos] &&
  						argtypes[fmtpos] != ATYPE_INT)
  						return false;
  					argtypes[fmtpos] = ATYPE_INT;
  					last_dollar = Max(last_dollar, fmtpos);
  				}
  				else
  					return false;	/* non-dollar conversion spec */
  				break;
  			case 's':
  			case 'p':
  				if (fmtpos)
  				{
  					if (argtypes[fmtpos] &&
  						argtypes[fmtpos] != ATYPE_CHARPTR)
  						return false;
  					argtypes[fmtpos] = ATYPE_CHARPTR;
  					last_dollar = Max(last_dollar, fmtpos);
  				}
  				else
  					return false;	/* non-dollar conversion spec */
  				break;
  			case 'e':
  			case 'E':
  			case 'f':
  			case 'g':
  			case 'G':
  				if (fmtpos)
  				{
  					if (argtypes[fmtpos] &&
  						argtypes[fmtpos] != ATYPE_DOUBLE)
  						return false;
  					argtypes[fmtpos] = ATYPE_DOUBLE;
  					last_dollar = Max(last_dollar, fmtpos);
  				}
  				else
  					return false;	/* non-dollar conversion spec */
  				break;
  			case 'm':
  			case '%':
  				break;
  		}
  
  		/*
  		 * If we finish the spec with afterstar still set, there's a
  		 * non-dollar star in there.
  		 */
  		if (afterstar)
  			return false;		/* non-dollar conversion spec */
  	}
  
  	/*
  	 * Format appears valid so far, so collect the arguments in physical
  	 * order.  (Since we rejected any non-dollar specs that would have
  	 * collected arguments, we know that dopr() hasn't collected any yet.)
  	 */
  	for (i = 1; i <= last_dollar; i++)
  	{
  		switch (argtypes[i])
  		{
  			case ATYPE_NONE:
  				return false;
  			case ATYPE_INT:
  				argvalues[i].i = va_arg(args, int);
  				break;
  			case ATYPE_LONG:
  				argvalues[i].l = va_arg(args, long);
  				break;
  			case ATYPE_LONGLONG:
  				argvalues[i].ll = va_arg(args, long long);
  				break;
  			case ATYPE_DOUBLE:
  				argvalues[i].d = va_arg(args, double);
  				break;
  			case ATYPE_CHARPTR:
  				argvalues[i].cptr = va_arg(args, char *);
  				break;
  		}
  	}
  
  	return true;
  }
  
  static void
  fmtstr(const char *value, int leftjust, int minlen, int maxwidth,
  	   int pointflag, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	int			padlen,
  				vallen;			/* amount to pad */
  
  	/*
  	 * If a maxwidth (precision) is specified, we must not fetch more bytes
  	 * than that.
  	 */
  	if (pointflag)
  		vallen = strnlen(value, maxwidth);
  	else
  		vallen = strlen(value);
  
  	padlen = compute_padlen(minlen, vallen, leftjust);
  
  	if (padlen > 0)
  	{
  		dopr_outchmulti(' ', padlen, target);
  		padlen = 0;
  	}
  
  	dostr(value, vallen, target);
  
  	trailing_pad(padlen, target);
  }
  
  static void
  fmtptr(void *value, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	int			vallen;
  	char		convert[64];
  
  	/* we rely on regular C library's sprintf to do the basic conversion */
  	vallen = sprintf(convert, "%p", value);
  	if (vallen < 0)
  		target->failed = true;
  	else
  		dostr(convert, vallen, target);
  }
  
  static void
  fmtint(long long value, char type, int forcesign, int leftjust,
  	   int minlen, int zpad, int precision, int pointflag,
  	   PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	unsigned long long base;
  	unsigned long long uvalue;
  	int			dosign;
  	const char *cvt = "0123456789abcdef";
  	int			signvalue = 0;
  	char		convert[64];
  	int			vallen = 0;
  	int			padlen;			/* amount to pad */
  	int			zeropad;		/* extra leading zeroes */
  
  	switch (type)
  	{
  		case 'd':
  		case 'i':
  			base = 10;
  			dosign = 1;
  			break;
  		case 'o':
  			base = 8;
  			dosign = 0;
  			break;
  		case 'u':
  			base = 10;
  			dosign = 0;
  			break;
  		case 'x':
  			base = 16;
  			dosign = 0;
  			break;
  		case 'X':
  			cvt = "0123456789ABCDEF";
  			base = 16;
  			dosign = 0;
  			break;
  		default:
  			return;				/* keep compiler quiet */
  	}
  
  	/* Handle +/- */
  	if (dosign && adjust_sign((value < 0), forcesign, &signvalue))
  		uvalue = -(unsigned long long) value;
  	else
  		uvalue = (unsigned long long) value;
  
  	/*
  	 * SUS: the result of converting 0 with an explicit precision of 0 is no
  	 * characters
  	 */
  	if (value == 0 && pointflag && precision == 0)
  		vallen = 0;
  	else
  	{
  		/* make integer string */
  		do
  		{
  			convert[sizeof(convert) - (++vallen)] = cvt[uvalue % base];
  			uvalue = uvalue / base;
  		} while (uvalue);
  	}
  
  	zeropad = Max(0, precision - vallen);
  
  	padlen = compute_padlen(minlen, vallen + zeropad, leftjust);
  
  	leading_pad(zpad, signvalue, &padlen, target);
  
  	if (zeropad > 0)
  		dopr_outchmulti('0', zeropad, target);
  
  	dostr(convert + sizeof(convert) - vallen, vallen, target);
  
  	trailing_pad(padlen, target);
  }
  
  static void
  fmtchar(int value, int leftjust, int minlen, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	int			padlen;			/* amount to pad */
  
  	padlen = compute_padlen(minlen, 1, leftjust);
  
  	if (padlen > 0)
  	{
  		dopr_outchmulti(' ', padlen, target);
  		padlen = 0;
  	}
  
  	dopr_outch(value, target);
  
  	trailing_pad(padlen, target);
  }
  
  static void
  fmtfloat(double value, char type, int forcesign, int leftjust,
  		 int minlen, int zpad, int precision, int pointflag,
  		 PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	int			signvalue = 0;
  	int			prec;
  	int			vallen;
  	char		fmt[8];
  	char		convert[1024];
  	int			zeropadlen = 0; /* amount to pad with zeroes */
  	int			padlen;			/* amount to pad with spaces */
  
  	/*
  	 * We rely on the regular C library's sprintf to do the basic conversion,
  	 * then handle padding considerations here.
  	 *
  	 * The dynamic range of "double" is about 1E+-308 for IEEE math, and not
  	 * too wildly more than that with other hardware.  In "f" format, sprintf
  	 * could therefore generate at most 308 characters to the left of the
  	 * decimal point; while we need to allow the precision to get as high as
  	 * 308+17 to ensure that we don't truncate significant digits from very
  	 * small values.  To handle both these extremes, we use a buffer of 1024
  	 * bytes and limit requested precision to 350 digits; this should prevent
  	 * buffer overrun even with non-IEEE math.  If the original precision
  	 * request was more than 350, separately pad with zeroes.
  	 *
  	 * We handle infinities and NaNs specially to ensure platform-independent
  	 * output.
  	 */
  	if (precision < 0)			/* cover possible overflow of "accum" */
  		precision = 0;
  	prec = Min(precision, 350);
  
  	if (isnan(value))
  	{
  		strcpy(convert, "NaN");
  		vallen = 3;
  		/* no zero padding, regardless of precision spec */
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		/*
  		 * Handle sign (NaNs have no sign, so we don't do this in the case
  		 * above).  "value < 0.0" will not be true for IEEE minus zero, so we
  		 * detect that by looking for the case where value equals 0.0
  		 * according to == but not according to memcmp.
  		 */
  		static const double dzero = 0.0;
  
  		if (adjust_sign((value < 0.0 ||
  						 (value == 0.0 &&
  						  memcmp(&value, &dzero, sizeof(double)) != 0)),
  						forcesign, &signvalue))
  			value = -value;
  
  		if (isinf(value))
  		{
  			strcpy(convert, "Infinity");
  			vallen = 8;
  			/* no zero padding, regardless of precision spec */
  		}
  		else if (pointflag)
  		{
  			zeropadlen = precision - prec;
  			fmt[0] = '%';
  			fmt[1] = '.';
  			fmt[2] = '*';
  			fmt[3] = type;
  			fmt[4] = '\0';
  			vallen = sprintf(convert, fmt, prec, value);
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			fmt[0] = '%';
  			fmt[1] = type;
  			fmt[2] = '\0';
  			vallen = sprintf(convert, fmt, value);
  		}
  		if (vallen < 0)
  			goto fail;
  
  		/*
  		 * Windows, alone among our supported platforms, likes to emit
  		 * three-digit exponent fields even when two digits would do.  Hack
  		 * such results to look like the way everyone else does it.
  		 */
  #ifdef WIN32
  		if (vallen >= 6 &&
  			convert[vallen - 5] == 'e' &&
  			convert[vallen - 3] == '0')
  		{
  			convert[vallen - 3] = convert[vallen - 2];
  			convert[vallen - 2] = convert[vallen - 1];
  			vallen--;
  		}
  #endif
  	}
  
  	padlen = compute_padlen(minlen, vallen + zeropadlen, leftjust);
  
  	leading_pad(zpad, signvalue, &padlen, target);
  
  	if (zeropadlen > 0)
  	{
  		/* If 'e' or 'E' format, inject zeroes before the exponent */
  		char	   *epos = strrchr(convert, 'e');
  
  		if (!epos)
  			epos = strrchr(convert, 'E');
  		if (epos)
  		{
  			/* pad before exponent */
  			dostr(convert, epos - convert, target);
  			if (zeropadlen > 0)
  				dopr_outchmulti('0', zeropadlen, target);
  			dostr(epos, vallen - (epos - convert), target);
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			/* no exponent, pad after the digits */
  			dostr(convert, vallen, target);
  			if (zeropadlen > 0)
  				dopr_outchmulti('0', zeropadlen, target);
  		}
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		/* no zero padding, just emit the number as-is */
  		dostr(convert, vallen, target);
  	}
  
  	trailing_pad(padlen, target);
  	return;
  
  fail:
  	target->failed = true;
  }
  
  /*
   * Nonstandard entry point to print a double value efficiently.
   *
   * This is approximately equivalent to strfromd(), but has an API more
   * adapted to what float8out() wants.  The behavior is like snprintf()
   * with a format of "%.ng", where n is the specified precision.
   * However, the target buffer must be nonempty (i.e. count > 0), and
   * the precision is silently bounded to a sane range.
   */
  int
  pg_strfromd(char *str, size_t count, int precision, double value)
  {
  	PrintfTarget target;
  	int			signvalue = 0;
  	int			vallen;
  	char		fmt[8];
  	char		convert[64];
  
  	/* Set up the target like pg_snprintf, but require nonempty buffer */
  	Assert(count > 0);
  	target.bufstart = target.bufptr = str;
  	target.bufend = str + count - 1;
  	target.stream = NULL;
  	target.nchars = 0;
  	target.failed = false;
  
  	/*
  	 * We bound precision to a reasonable range; the combination of this and
  	 * the knowledge that we're using "g" format without padding allows the
  	 * convert[] buffer to be reasonably small.
  	 */
  	if (precision < 1)
  		precision = 1;
  	else if (precision > 32)
  		precision = 32;
  
  	/*
  	 * The rest is just an inlined version of the fmtfloat() logic above,
  	 * simplified using the knowledge that no padding is wanted.
  	 */
  	if (isnan(value))
  	{
  		strcpy(convert, "NaN");
  		vallen = 3;
  	}
  	else
  	{
  		static const double dzero = 0.0;
  
  		if (value < 0.0 ||
  			(value == 0.0 &&
  			 memcmp(&value, &dzero, sizeof(double)) != 0))
  		{
  			signvalue = '-';
  			value = -value;
  		}
  
  		if (isinf(value))
  		{
  			strcpy(convert, "Infinity");
  			vallen = 8;
  		}
  		else
  		{
  			fmt[0] = '%';
  			fmt[1] = '.';
  			fmt[2] = '*';
  			fmt[3] = 'g';
  			fmt[4] = '\0';
  			vallen = sprintf(convert, fmt, precision, value);
  			if (vallen < 0)
  			{
  				target.failed = true;
  				goto fail;
  			}
  
  #ifdef WIN32
  			if (vallen >= 6 &&
  				convert[vallen - 5] == 'e' &&
  				convert[vallen - 3] == '0')
  			{
  				convert[vallen - 3] = convert[vallen - 2];
  				convert[vallen - 2] = convert[vallen - 1];
  				vallen--;
  			}
  #endif
  		}
  	}
  
  	if (signvalue)
  		dopr_outch(signvalue, &target);
  
  	dostr(convert, vallen, &target);
  
  fail:
  	*(target.bufptr) = '\0';
  	return target.failed ? -1 : (target.bufptr - target.bufstart
  								 + target.nchars);
  }
  
  
  static void
  dostr(const char *str, int slen, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	/* fast path for common case of slen == 1 */
  	if (slen == 1)
  	{
  		dopr_outch(*str, target);
  		return;
  	}
  
  	while (slen > 0)
  	{
  		int			avail;
  
  		if (target->bufend != NULL)
  			avail = target->bufend - target->bufptr;
  		else
  			avail = slen;
  		if (avail <= 0)
  		{
  			/* buffer full, can we dump to stream? */
  			if (target->stream == NULL)
  			{
  				target->nchars += slen; /* no, lose the data */
  				return;
  			}
  			flushbuffer(target);
  			continue;
  		}
  		avail = Min(avail, slen);
  		memmove(target->bufptr, str, avail);
  		target->bufptr += avail;
  		str += avail;
  		slen -= avail;
  	}
  }
  
  static void
  dopr_outch(int c, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	if (target->bufend != NULL && target->bufptr >= target->bufend)
  	{
  		/* buffer full, can we dump to stream? */
  		if (target->stream == NULL)
  		{
  			target->nchars++;	/* no, lose the data */
  			return;
  		}
  		flushbuffer(target);
  	}
  	*(target->bufptr++) = c;
  }
  
  static void
  dopr_outchmulti(int c, int slen, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	/* fast path for common case of slen == 1 */
  	if (slen == 1)
  	{
  		dopr_outch(c, target);
  		return;
  	}
  
  	while (slen > 0)
  	{
  		int			avail;
  
  		if (target->bufend != NULL)
  			avail = target->bufend - target->bufptr;
  		else
  			avail = slen;
  		if (avail <= 0)
  		{
  			/* buffer full, can we dump to stream? */
  			if (target->stream == NULL)
  			{
  				target->nchars += slen; /* no, lose the data */
  				return;
  			}
  			flushbuffer(target);
  			continue;
  		}
  		avail = Min(avail, slen);
  		memset(target->bufptr, c, avail);
  		target->bufptr += avail;
  		slen -= avail;
  	}
  }
  
  
  static int
  adjust_sign(int is_negative, int forcesign, int *signvalue)
  {
  	if (is_negative)
  	{
  		*signvalue = '-';
  		return true;
  	}
  	else if (forcesign)
  		*signvalue = '+';
  	return false;
  }
  
  
  static int
  compute_padlen(int minlen, int vallen, int leftjust)
  {
  	int			padlen;
  
  	padlen = minlen - vallen;
  	if (padlen < 0)
  		padlen = 0;
  	if (leftjust)
  		padlen = -padlen;
  	return padlen;
  }
  
  
  static void
  leading_pad(int zpad, int signvalue, int *padlen, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	int			maxpad;
  
  	if (*padlen > 0 && zpad)
  	{
  		if (signvalue)
  		{
  			dopr_outch(signvalue, target);
  			--(*padlen);
  			signvalue = 0;
  		}
  		if (*padlen > 0)
  		{
  			dopr_outchmulti(zpad, *padlen, target);
  			*padlen = 0;
  		}
  	}
  	maxpad = (signvalue != 0);
  	if (*padlen > maxpad)
  	{
  		dopr_outchmulti(' ', *padlen - maxpad, target);
  		*padlen = maxpad;
  	}
  	if (signvalue)
  	{
  		dopr_outch(signvalue, target);
  		if (*padlen > 0)
  			--(*padlen);
  		else if (*padlen < 0)
  			++(*padlen);
  	}
  }
  
  
  static void
  trailing_pad(int padlen, PrintfTarget *target)
  {
  	if (padlen < 0)
  		dopr_outchmulti(' ', -padlen, target);
  }
  