text: --
  -- TRIGGERS
  --
  
  create table pkeys (pkey1 int4 not null, pkey2 text not null);
  create table fkeys (fkey1 int4, fkey2 text, fkey3 int);
  create table fkeys2 (fkey21 int4, fkey22 text, pkey23 int not null);
  
  create index fkeys_i on fkeys (fkey1, fkey2);
  create index fkeys2_i on fkeys2 (fkey21, fkey22);
  create index fkeys2p_i on fkeys2 (pkey23);
  
  insert into pkeys values (10, '1');
  insert into pkeys values (20, '2');
  insert into pkeys values (30, '3');
  insert into pkeys values (40, '4');
  insert into pkeys values (50, '5');
  insert into pkeys values (60, '6');
  create unique index pkeys_i on pkeys (pkey1, pkey2);
  
  --
  -- For fkeys:
  -- 	(fkey1, fkey2)	--> pkeys (pkey1, pkey2)
  -- 	(fkey3)		--> fkeys2 (pkey23)
  --
  create trigger check_fkeys_pkey_exist
  	before insert or update on fkeys
  	for each row
  	execute function
  	check_primary_key ('fkey1', 'fkey2', 'pkeys', 'pkey1', 'pkey2');
  
  create trigger check_fkeys_pkey2_exist
  	before insert or update on fkeys
  	for each row
  	execute function check_primary_key ('fkey3', 'fkeys2', 'pkey23');
  
  --
  -- For fkeys2:
  -- 	(fkey21, fkey22)	--> pkeys (pkey1, pkey2)
  --
  create trigger check_fkeys2_pkey_exist
  	before insert or update on fkeys2
  	for each row
  	execute procedure
  	check_primary_key ('fkey21', 'fkey22', 'pkeys', 'pkey1', 'pkey2');
  
  -- Test comments
  COMMENT ON TRIGGER check_fkeys2_pkey_bad ON fkeys2 IS 'wrong';
  COMMENT ON TRIGGER check_fkeys2_pkey_exist ON fkeys2 IS 'right';
  COMMENT ON TRIGGER check_fkeys2_pkey_exist ON fkeys2 IS NULL;
  
  --
  -- For pkeys:
  -- 	ON DELETE/UPDATE (pkey1, pkey2) CASCADE:
  -- 		fkeys (fkey1, fkey2) and fkeys2 (fkey21, fkey22)
  --
  create trigger check_pkeys_fkey_cascade
  	before delete or update on pkeys
  	for each row
  	execute procedure
  	check_foreign_key (2, 'cascade', 'pkey1', 'pkey2',
  	'fkeys', 'fkey1', 'fkey2', 'fkeys2', 'fkey21', 'fkey22');
  
  --
  -- For fkeys2:
  -- 	ON DELETE/UPDATE (pkey23) RESTRICT:
  -- 		fkeys (fkey3)
  --
  create trigger check_fkeys2_fkey_restrict
  	before delete or update on fkeys2
  	for each row
  	execute procedure check_foreign_key (1, 'restrict', 'pkey23', 'fkeys', 'fkey3');
  
  insert into fkeys2 values (10, '1', 1);
  insert into fkeys2 values (30, '3', 2);
  insert into fkeys2 values (40, '4', 5);
  insert into fkeys2 values (50, '5', 3);
  -- no key in pkeys
  insert into fkeys2 values (70, '5', 3);
  
  insert into fkeys values (10, '1', 2);
  insert into fkeys values (30, '3', 3);
  insert into fkeys values (40, '4', 2);
  insert into fkeys values (50, '5', 2);
  -- no key in pkeys
  insert into fkeys values (70, '5', 1);
  -- no key in fkeys2
  insert into fkeys values (60, '6', 4);
  
  delete from pkeys where pkey1 = 30 and pkey2 = '3';
  delete from pkeys where pkey1 = 40 and pkey2 = '4';
  update pkeys set pkey1 = 7, pkey2 = '70' where pkey1 = 50 and pkey2 = '5';
  update pkeys set pkey1 = 7, pkey2 = '70' where pkey1 = 10 and pkey2 = '1';
  
  SELECT trigger_name, event_manipulation, event_object_schema, event_object_table,
         action_order, action_condition, action_orientation, action_timing,
         action_reference_old_table, action_reference_new_table
    FROM information_schema.triggers
    WHERE event_object_table in ('pkeys', 'fkeys', 'fkeys2')
    ORDER BY trigger_name COLLATE "C", 2;
  
  DROP TABLE pkeys;
  DROP TABLE fkeys;
  DROP TABLE fkeys2;
  
  -- Check behavior when trigger returns unmodified trigtuple
  create table trigtest (f1 int, f2 text);
  
  create trigger trigger_return_old
  	before insert or delete or update on trigtest
  	for each row execute procedure trigger_return_old();
  
  insert into trigtest values(1, 'foo');
  select * from trigtest;
  update trigtest set f2 = f2 || 'bar';
  select * from trigtest;
  delete from trigtest;
  select * from trigtest;
  
  -- Also check what happens when such a trigger runs before or after others
  create function f1_times_10() returns trigger as
  $$ begin new.f1 := new.f1 * 10; return new; end $$ language plpgsql;
  
  create trigger trigger_alpha
  	before insert or update on trigtest
  	for each row execute procedure f1_times_10();
  
  insert into trigtest values(1, 'foo');
  select * from trigtest;
  update trigtest set f2 = f2 || 'bar';
  select * from trigtest;
  delete from trigtest;
  select * from trigtest;
  
  create trigger trigger_zed
  	before insert or update on trigtest
  	for each row execute procedure f1_times_10();
  
  insert into trigtest values(1, 'foo');
  select * from trigtest;
  update trigtest set f2 = f2 || 'bar';
  select * from trigtest;
  delete from trigtest;
  select * from trigtest;
  
  drop trigger trigger_alpha on trigtest;
  
  insert into trigtest values(1, 'foo');
  select * from trigtest;
  update trigtest set f2 = f2 || 'bar';
  select * from trigtest;
  delete from trigtest;
  select * from trigtest;
  
  drop table trigtest;
  
  -- Check behavior with an implicit column default, too (bug #16644)
  create table trigtest (
    a integer,
    b bool default true not null,
    c text default 'xyzzy' not null);
  
  create trigger trigger_return_old
  	before insert or delete or update on trigtest
  	for each row execute procedure trigger_return_old();
  
  insert into trigtest values(1);
  select * from trigtest;
  
  alter table trigtest add column d integer default 42 not null;
  
  select * from trigtest;
  update trigtest set a = 2 where a = 1 returning *;
  select * from trigtest;
  
  alter table trigtest drop column b;
  
  select * from trigtest;
  update trigtest set a = 2 where a = 1 returning *;
  select * from trigtest;
  
  drop table trigtest;
  
  create sequence ttdummy_seq increment 10 start 0 minvalue 0;
  
  create table tttest (
  	price_id	int4,
  	price_val	int4,
  	price_on	int4,
  	price_off	int4 default 999999
  );
  
  create trigger ttdummy
  	before delete or update on tttest
  	for each row
  	execute procedure
  	ttdummy (price_on, price_off);
  
  create trigger ttserial
  	before insert or update on tttest
  	for each row
  	execute procedure
  	autoinc (price_on, ttdummy_seq);
  
  insert into tttest values (1, 1, null);
  insert into tttest values (2, 2, null);
  insert into tttest values (3, 3, 0);
  
  select * from tttest;
  delete from tttest where price_id = 2;
  select * from tttest;
  -- what do we see ?
  
  -- get current prices
  select * from tttest where price_off = 999999;
  
  -- change price for price_id == 3
  update tttest set price_val = 30 where price_id = 3;
  select * from tttest;
  
  -- now we want to change pric_id in ALL tuples
  -- this gets us not what we need
  update tttest set price_id = 5 where price_id = 3;
  select * from tttest;
  
  -- restore data as before last update:
  select set_ttdummy(0);
  delete from tttest where price_id = 5;
  update tttest set price_off = 999999 where price_val = 30;
  select * from tttest;
  
  -- and try change price_id now!
  update tttest set price_id = 5 where price_id = 3;
  select * from tttest;
  -- isn't it what we need ?
  
  select set_ttdummy(1);
  
  -- we want to correct some "date"
  update tttest set price_on = -1 where price_id = 1;
  -- but this doesn't work
  
  -- try in this way
  select set_ttdummy(0);
  update tttest set price_on = -1 where price_id = 1;
  select * from tttest;
  -- isn't it what we need ?
  
  -- get price for price_id == 5 as it was @ "date" 35
  select * from tttest where price_on <= 35 and price_off > 35 and price_id = 5;
  
  drop table tttest;
  drop sequence ttdummy_seq;
  
  --
  -- tests for per-statement triggers
  --
  
  CREATE TABLE log_table (tstamp timestamp default timeofday()::timestamp);
  
  CREATE TABLE main_table (a int unique, b int);
  
  COPY main_table (a,b) FROM stdin;
  5	10
  20	20
  30	10
  50	35
  80	15
  \.
  
  CREATE FUNCTION trigger_func() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS '
  BEGIN
  	RAISE NOTICE ''trigger_func(%) called: action = %, when = %, level = %'', TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
  	RETURN NULL;
  END;';
  
  CREATE TRIGGER before_ins_stmt_trig BEFORE INSERT ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_ins_stmt');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER after_ins_stmt_trig AFTER INSERT ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_ins_stmt');
  
  --
  -- if neither 'FOR EACH ROW' nor 'FOR EACH STATEMENT' was specified,
  -- CREATE TRIGGER should default to 'FOR EACH STATEMENT'
  --
  CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_stmt_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_table
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_stmt');
  
  -- Both insert and update statement level triggers (before and after) should
  -- fire.  Doesn't fire UPDATE before trigger, but only because one isn't
  -- defined.
  INSERT INTO main_table (a, b) VALUES (5, 10) ON CONFLICT (a)
    DO UPDATE SET b = EXCLUDED.b;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_row_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_row');
  
  INSERT INTO main_table DEFAULT VALUES;
  
  UPDATE main_table SET a = a + 1 WHERE b < 30;
  -- UPDATE that effects zero rows should still call per-statement trigger
  UPDATE main_table SET a = a + 2 WHERE b > 100;
  
  -- constraint now unneeded
  ALTER TABLE main_table DROP CONSTRAINT main_table_a_key;
  
  -- COPY should fire per-row and per-statement INSERT triggers
  COPY main_table (a, b) FROM stdin;
  30	40
  50	60
  \.
  
  SELECT * FROM main_table ORDER BY a, b;
  
  --
  -- test triggers with WHEN clause
  --
  
  CREATE TRIGGER modified_a BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('modified_a');
  CREATE TRIGGER modified_any BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.* IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.*) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('modified_any');
  CREATE TRIGGER insert_a AFTER INSERT ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.a = 123) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('insert_a');
  CREATE TRIGGER delete_a AFTER DELETE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a = 123) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('delete_a');
  CREATE TRIGGER insert_when BEFORE INSERT ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (true) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('insert_when');
  CREATE TRIGGER delete_when AFTER DELETE ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (true) EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('delete_when');
  SELECT trigger_name, event_manipulation, event_object_schema, event_object_table,
         action_order, action_condition, action_orientation, action_timing,
         action_reference_old_table, action_reference_new_table
    FROM information_schema.triggers
    WHERE event_object_table IN ('main_table')
    ORDER BY trigger_name COLLATE "C", 2;
  INSERT INTO main_table (a) VALUES (123), (456);
  COPY main_table FROM stdin;
  123	999
  456	999
  \.
  DELETE FROM main_table WHERE a IN (123, 456);
  UPDATE main_table SET a = 50, b = 60;
  SELECT * FROM main_table ORDER BY a, b;
  SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid, true) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_a';
  SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid, false) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_a';
  SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid, true) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_any';
  
  -- Test RENAME TRIGGER
  ALTER TRIGGER modified_a ON main_table RENAME TO modified_modified_a;
  SELECT count(*) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_a';
  SELECT count(*) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'modified_modified_a';
  
  DROP TRIGGER modified_modified_a ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER modified_any ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER insert_a ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER delete_a ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER insert_when ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER delete_when ON main_table;
  
  -- Test WHEN condition accessing system columns.
  create table table_with_oids(a int);
  insert into table_with_oids values (1);
  create trigger oid_unchanged_trig after update on table_with_oids
  	for each row
  	when (new.tableoid = old.tableoid AND new.tableoid <> 0)
  	execute procedure trigger_func('after_upd_oid_unchanged');
  update table_with_oids set a = a + 1;
  drop table table_with_oids;
  
  -- Test column-level triggers
  DROP TRIGGER after_upd_row_trig ON main_table;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER before_upd_a_row_trig BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_a_row');
  CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_b_row_trig AFTER UPDATE OF b ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_b_row');
  CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_a_b_row_trig AFTER UPDATE OF a, b ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_a_b_row');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER before_upd_a_stmt_trig BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_a_stmt');
  CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_b_stmt_trig AFTER UPDATE OF b ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('after_upd_b_stmt');
  
  SELECT pg_get_triggerdef(oid) FROM pg_trigger WHERE tgrelid = 'main_table'::regclass AND tgname = 'after_upd_a_b_row_trig';
  
  UPDATE main_table SET a = 50;
  UPDATE main_table SET b = 10;
  
  --
  -- Test case for bug with BEFORE trigger followed by AFTER trigger with WHEN
  --
  
  CREATE TABLE some_t (some_col boolean NOT NULL);
  CREATE FUNCTION dummy_update_func() RETURNS trigger AS $$
  BEGIN
    RAISE NOTICE 'dummy_update_func(%) called: action = %, old = %, new = %',
      TG_ARGV[0], TG_OP, OLD, NEW;
    RETURN NEW;
  END;
  $$ LANGUAGE plpgsql;
  CREATE TRIGGER some_trig_before BEFORE UPDATE ON some_t FOR EACH ROW
    EXECUTE PROCEDURE dummy_update_func('before');
  CREATE TRIGGER some_trig_aftera AFTER UPDATE ON some_t FOR EACH ROW
    WHEN (NOT OLD.some_col AND NEW.some_col)
    EXECUTE PROCEDURE dummy_update_func('aftera');
  CREATE TRIGGER some_trig_afterb AFTER UPDATE ON some_t FOR EACH ROW
    WHEN (NOT NEW.some_col)
    EXECUTE PROCEDURE dummy_update_func('afterb');
  INSERT INTO some_t VALUES (TRUE);
  UPDATE some_t SET some_col = TRUE;
  UPDATE some_t SET some_col = FALSE;
  UPDATE some_t SET some_col = TRUE;
  DROP TABLE some_t;
  
  -- bogus cases
  CREATE TRIGGER error_upd_and_col BEFORE UPDATE OR UPDATE OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_upd_and_col');
  CREATE TRIGGER error_upd_a_a BEFORE UPDATE OF a, a ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_upd_a_a');
  CREATE TRIGGER error_ins_a BEFORE INSERT OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_ins_a');
  CREATE TRIGGER error_ins_when BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a)
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_ins_old');
  CREATE TRIGGER error_del_when BEFORE DELETE OR UPDATE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a)
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_del_new');
  CREATE TRIGGER error_del_when BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.tableoid <> 0)
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_when_sys_column');
  CREATE TRIGGER error_stmt_when BEFORE UPDATE OF a ON main_table
  FOR EACH STATEMENT WHEN (OLD.* IS DISTINCT FROM NEW.*)
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('error_stmt_when');
  
  -- check dependency restrictions
  ALTER TABLE main_table DROP COLUMN b;
  -- this should succeed, but we'll roll it back to keep the triggers around
  begin;
  DROP TRIGGER after_upd_a_b_row_trig ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER after_upd_b_row_trig ON main_table;
  DROP TRIGGER after_upd_b_stmt_trig ON main_table;
  ALTER TABLE main_table DROP COLUMN b;
  rollback;
  
  -- Test enable/disable triggers
  
  create table trigtest (i serial primary key);
  -- test that disabling RI triggers works
  create table trigtest2 (i int references trigtest(i) on delete cascade);
  
  create function trigtest() returns trigger as $$
  begin
  	raise notice '% % % %', TG_TABLE_NAME, TG_OP, TG_WHEN, TG_LEVEL;
  	return new;
  end;$$ language plpgsql;
  
  create trigger trigtest_b_row_tg before insert or update or delete on trigtest
  for each row execute procedure trigtest();
  create trigger trigtest_a_row_tg after insert or update or delete on trigtest
  for each row execute procedure trigtest();
  create trigger trigtest_b_stmt_tg before insert or update or delete on trigtest
  for each statement execute procedure trigtest();
  create trigger trigtest_a_stmt_tg after insert or update or delete on trigtest
  for each statement execute procedure trigtest();
  
  insert into trigtest default values;
  alter table trigtest disable trigger trigtest_b_row_tg;
  insert into trigtest default values;
  alter table trigtest disable trigger user;
  insert into trigtest default values;
  alter table trigtest enable trigger trigtest_a_stmt_tg;
  insert into trigtest default values;
  set session_replication_role = replica;
  insert into trigtest default values;  -- does not trigger
  alter table trigtest enable always trigger trigtest_a_stmt_tg;
  insert into trigtest default values;  -- now it does
  reset session_replication_role;
  insert into trigtest2 values(1);
  insert into trigtest2 values(2);
  delete from trigtest where i=2;
  select * from trigtest2;
  alter table trigtest disable trigger all;
  delete from trigtest where i=1;
  select * from trigtest2;
  -- ensure we still insert, even when all triggers are disabled
  insert into trigtest default values;
  select *  from trigtest;
  drop table trigtest2;
  drop table trigtest;
  
  
  -- dump trigger data
  CREATE TABLE trigger_test (
          i int,
          v varchar
  );
  
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION trigger_data()  RETURNS trigger
  LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  
  declare
  
  	argstr text;
  	relid text;
  
  begin
  
  	relid := TG_relid::regclass;
  
  	-- plpgsql can't discover its trigger data in a hash like perl and python
  	-- can, or by a sort of reflection like tcl can,
  	-- so we have to hard code the names.
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_NAME: %', TG_name;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_WHEN: %', TG_when;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_LEVEL: %', TG_level;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_OP: %', TG_op;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_RELID::regclass: %', relid;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_RELNAME: %', TG_relname;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_TABLE_NAME: %', TG_table_name;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_TABLE_SCHEMA: %', TG_table_schema;
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_NARGS: %', TG_nargs;
  
  	argstr := '[';
  	for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
  		if i > 0 then
  			argstr := argstr || ', ';
  		end if;
  		argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
  	end loop;
  	argstr := argstr || ']';
  	raise NOTICE 'TG_ARGV: %', argstr;
  
  	if TG_OP != 'INSERT' then
  		raise NOTICE 'OLD: %', OLD;
  	end if;
  
  	if TG_OP != 'DELETE' then
  		raise NOTICE 'NEW: %', NEW;
  	end if;
  
  	if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
  		return OLD;
  	else
  		return NEW;
  	end if;
  
  end;
  $$;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER show_trigger_data_trig
  BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON trigger_test
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_data(23,'skidoo');
  
  insert into trigger_test values(1,'insert');
  update trigger_test set v = 'update' where i = 1;
  delete from trigger_test;
  
  DROP TRIGGER show_trigger_data_trig on trigger_test;
  
  DROP FUNCTION trigger_data();
  
  DROP TABLE trigger_test;
  
  --
  -- Test use of row comparisons on OLD/NEW
  --
  
  CREATE TABLE trigger_test (f1 int, f2 text, f3 text);
  
  -- this is the obvious (and wrong...) way to compare rows
  CREATE FUNCTION mytrigger() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql as $$
  begin
  	if row(old.*) = row(new.*) then
  		raise notice 'row % not changed', new.f1;
  	else
  		raise notice 'row % changed', new.f1;
  	end if;
  	return new;
  end$$;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER t
  BEFORE UPDATE ON trigger_test
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE mytrigger();
  
  INSERT INTO trigger_test VALUES(1, 'foo', 'bar');
  INSERT INTO trigger_test VALUES(2, 'baz', 'quux');
  
  UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = 'bar';
  UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL;
  -- this demonstrates that the above isn't really working as desired:
  UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL;
  
  -- the right way when considering nulls is
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION mytrigger() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql as $$
  begin
  	if row(old.*) is distinct from row(new.*) then
  		raise notice 'row % changed', new.f1;
  	else
  		raise notice 'row % not changed', new.f1;
  	end if;
  	return new;
  end$$;
  
  UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = 'bar';
  UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL;
  UPDATE trigger_test SET f3 = NULL;
  
  DROP TABLE trigger_test;
  
  DROP FUNCTION mytrigger();
  
  -- Test snapshot management in serializable transactions involving triggers
  -- per bug report in 6bc73d4c0910042358k3d1adff3qa36f8df75198ecea@mail.gmail.com
  CREATE FUNCTION serializable_update_trig() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS
  $$
  declare
  	rec record;
  begin
  	new.description = 'updated in trigger';
  	return new;
  end;
  $$;
  
  CREATE TABLE serializable_update_tab (
  	id int,
  	filler  text,
  	description text
  );
  
  CREATE TRIGGER serializable_update_trig BEFORE UPDATE ON serializable_update_tab
  	FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE serializable_update_trig();
  
  INSERT INTO serializable_update_tab SELECT a, repeat('xyzxz', 100), 'new'
  	FROM generate_series(1, 50) a;
  
  BEGIN;
  SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL SERIALIZABLE;
  UPDATE serializable_update_tab SET description = 'no no', id = 1 WHERE id = 1;
  COMMIT;
  SELECT description FROM serializable_update_tab WHERE id = 1;
  DROP TABLE serializable_update_tab;
  
  -- minimal update trigger
  
  CREATE TABLE min_updates_test (
  	f1	text,
  	f2 int,
  	f3 int);
  
  INSERT INTO min_updates_test VALUES ('a',1,2),('b','2',null);
  
  CREATE TRIGGER z_min_update
  BEFORE UPDATE ON min_updates_test
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE suppress_redundant_updates_trigger();
  
  \set QUIET false
  
  UPDATE min_updates_test SET f1 = f1;
  
  UPDATE min_updates_test SET f2 = f2 + 1;
  
  UPDATE min_updates_test SET f3 = 2 WHERE f3 is null;
  
  \set QUIET true
  
  SELECT * FROM min_updates_test;
  
  DROP TABLE min_updates_test;
  
  --
  -- Test triggers on views
  --
  
  CREATE VIEW main_view AS SELECT a, b FROM main_table;
  
  -- VIEW trigger function
  CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION view_trigger() RETURNS trigger
  LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  declare
      argstr text := '';
  begin
      for i in 0 .. TG_nargs - 1 loop
          if i > 0 then
              argstr := argstr || ', ';
          end if;
          argstr := argstr || TG_argv[i];
      end loop;
  
      raise notice '% % % % (%)', TG_TABLE_NAME, TG_WHEN, TG_OP, TG_LEVEL, argstr;
  
      if TG_LEVEL = 'ROW' then
          if TG_OP = 'INSERT' then
              raise NOTICE 'NEW: %', NEW;
              INSERT INTO main_table VALUES (NEW.a, NEW.b);
              RETURN NEW;
          end if;
  
          if TG_OP = 'UPDATE' then
              raise NOTICE 'OLD: %, NEW: %', OLD, NEW;
              UPDATE main_table SET a = NEW.a, b = NEW.b WHERE a = OLD.a AND b = OLD.b;
              if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if;
              RETURN NEW;
          end if;
  
          if TG_OP = 'DELETE' then
              raise NOTICE 'OLD: %', OLD;
              DELETE FROM main_table WHERE a = OLD.a AND b = OLD.b;
              if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if;
              RETURN OLD;
          end if;
      end if;
  
      RETURN NULL;
  end;
  $$;
  
  -- Before row triggers aren't allowed on views
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE INSERT ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_ins_row');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE UPDATE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_row');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE DELETE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_del_row');
  
  -- After row triggers aren't allowed on views
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER INSERT ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_ins_row');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_upd_row');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER DELETE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_del_row');
  
  -- Truncate triggers aren't allowed on views
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig BEFORE TRUNCATE ON main_view
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_tru_row');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig AFTER TRUNCATE ON main_view
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE trigger_func('before_tru_row');
  
  -- INSTEAD OF triggers aren't allowed on tables
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_ins');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON main_table
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_del');
  
  -- Don't support WHEN clauses with INSTEAD OF triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW WHEN (OLD.a <> NEW.a) EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd');
  
  -- Don't support column-level INSTEAD OF triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE OF a ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd');
  
  -- Don't support statement-level INSTEAD OF triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER invalid_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_view
  EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd');
  
  -- Valid INSTEAD OF triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER instead_of_insert_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_ins');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER instead_of_update_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_upd');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER instead_of_delete_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON main_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('instead_of_del');
  
  -- Valid BEFORE statement VIEW triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER before_ins_stmt_trig BEFORE INSERT ON main_view
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('before_view_ins_stmt');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER before_upd_stmt_trig BEFORE UPDATE ON main_view
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('before_view_upd_stmt');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER before_del_stmt_trig BEFORE DELETE ON main_view
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('before_view_del_stmt');
  
  -- Valid AFTER statement VIEW triggers
  CREATE TRIGGER after_ins_stmt_trig AFTER INSERT ON main_view
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('after_view_ins_stmt');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER after_upd_stmt_trig AFTER UPDATE ON main_view
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('after_view_upd_stmt');
  
  CREATE TRIGGER after_del_stmt_trig AFTER DELETE ON main_view
  FOR EACH STATEMENT EXECUTE PROCEDURE view_trigger('after_view_del_stmt');
  
  \set QUIET false
  
  -- Insert into view using trigger
  INSERT INTO main_view VALUES (20, 30);
  INSERT INTO main_view VALUES (21, 31) RETURNING a, b;
  
  -- Table trigger will prevent updates
  UPDATE main_view SET b = 31 WHERE a = 20;
  UPDATE main_view SET b = 32 WHERE a = 21 AND b = 31 RETURNING a, b;
  
  -- Remove table trigger to allow updates
  DROP TRIGGER before_upd_a_row_trig ON main_table;
  UPDATE main_view SET b = 31 WHERE a = 20;
  UPDATE main_view SET b = 32 WHERE a = 21 AND b = 31 RETURNING a, b;
  
  -- Before and after stmt triggers should fire even when no rows are affected
  UPDATE main_view SET b = 0 WHERE false;
  
  -- Delete from view using trigger
  DELETE FROM main_view WHERE a IN (20,21);
  DELETE FROM main_view WHERE a = 31 RETURNING a, b;
  
  \set QUIET true
  
  -- Describe view should list triggers
  \d main_view
  
  -- Test dropping view triggers
  DROP TRIGGER instead_of_insert_trig ON main_view;
  DROP TRIGGER instead_of_delete_trig ON main_view;
  \d+ main_view
  DROP VIEW main_view;
  
  --
  -- Test triggers on a join view
  --
  CREATE TABLE country_table (
      country_id        serial primary key,
      country_name    text unique not null,
      continent        text not null
  );
  
  INSERT INTO country_table (country_name, continent)
      VALUES ('Japan', 'Asia'),
             ('UK', 'Europe'),
             ('USA', 'North America')
      RETURNING *;
  
  CREATE TABLE city_table (
      city_id        serial primary key,
      city_name    text not null,
      population    bigint,
      country_id    int references country_table
  );
  
  CREATE VIEW city_view AS
      SELECT city_id, city_name, population, country_name, continent
      FROM city_table ci
      LEFT JOIN country_table co ON co.country_id = ci.country_id;
  
  CREATE FUNCTION city_insert() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  declare
      ctry_id int;
  begin
      if NEW.country_name IS NOT NULL then
          SELECT country_id, continent INTO ctry_id, NEW.continent
              FROM country_table WHERE country_name = NEW.country_name;
          if NOT FOUND then
              raise exception 'No such country: "%"', NEW.country_name;
          end if;
      else
          NEW.continent := NULL;
      end if;
  
      if NEW.city_id IS NOT NULL then
          INSERT INTO city_table
              VALUES(NEW.city_id, NEW.city_name, NEW.population, ctry_id);
      else
          INSERT INTO city_table(city_name, population, country_id)
              VALUES(NEW.city_name, NEW.population, ctry_id)
              RETURNING city_id INTO NEW.city_id;
      end if;
  
      RETURN NEW;
  end;
  $$;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER city_insert_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT ON city_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE city_insert();
  
  CREATE FUNCTION city_delete() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  begin
      DELETE FROM city_table WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id;
      if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if;
      RETURN OLD;
  end;
  $$;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER city_delete_trig INSTEAD OF DELETE ON city_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE city_delete();
  
  CREATE FUNCTION city_update() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql AS $$
  declare
      ctry_id int;
  begin
      if NEW.country_name IS DISTINCT FROM OLD.country_name then
          SELECT country_id, continent INTO ctry_id, NEW.continent
              FROM country_table WHERE country_name = NEW.country_name;
          if NOT FOUND then
              raise exception 'No such country: "%"', NEW.country_name;
          end if;
  
          UPDATE city_table SET city_name = NEW.city_name,
                                population = NEW.population,
                                country_id = ctry_id
              WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id;
      else
          UPDATE city_table SET city_name = NEW.city_name,
                                population = NEW.population
              WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id;
          NEW.continent := OLD.continent;
      end if;
  
      if NOT FOUND then RETURN NULL; end if;
      RETURN NEW;
  end;
  $$;
  
  CREATE TRIGGER city_update_trig INSTEAD OF UPDATE ON city_view
  FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE city_update();
  
  \set QUIET false
  
  -- INSERT .. RETURNING
  INSERT INTO city_view(city_name) VALUES('Tokyo') RETURNING *;
  INSERT INTO city_view(city_name, population) VALUES('London', 7556900) RETURNING *;
  INSERT INTO city_view(city_name, country_name) VALUES('Washington DC', 'USA') RETURNING *;
  INSERT INTO city_view(city_id, city_name) VALUES(123456, 'New York') RETURNING *;
  INSERT INTO city_view VALUES(234567, 'Birmingham', 1016800, 'UK', 'EU') RETURNING *;
  
  -- UPDATE .. RETURNING
  UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'Japon' WHERE city_name = 'Tokyo'; -- error
  UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'Japan' WHERE city_name = 'Takyo'; -- no match
  UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'Japan' WHERE city_name = 'Tokyo' RETURNING *; -- OK
  
  UPDATE city_view SET population = 13010279 WHERE city_name = 'Tokyo' RETURNING *;
  UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'UK' WHERE city_name = 'New York' RETURNING *;
  UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'USA', population = 8391881 WHERE city_name = 'New York' RETURNING *;
  UPDATE city_view SET continent = 'EU' WHERE continent = 'Europe' RETURNING *;
  UPDATE city_view v1 SET country_name = v2.country_name FROM city_view v2
      WHERE v2.city_name = 'Birmingham' AND v1.city_name = 'London' RETURNING *;
  
  -- DELETE .. RETURNING
  DELETE FROM city_view WHERE city_name = 'Birmingham' RETURNING *;
  
  \set QUIET true
  
  -- read-only view with WHERE clause
  CREATE VIEW european_city_view AS
      SELECT * FROM city_view WHERE continent = 'Europe';
  SELECT count(*) FROM european_city_view;
  
  CREATE FUNCTION no_op_trig_fn() RETURNS trigger LANGUAGE plpgsql
  AS 'begin RETURN NULL; end';
  
  CREATE TRIGGER no_op_trig INSTEAD OF INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE
  ON european_city_view FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE no_op_trig_fn();
  
  \set QUIET false
  
  INSERT INTO european_city_view VALUES (0, 'x', 10000, 'y', 'z');
  UPDATE european_city_view SET population = 10000;
  DELETE FROM european_city_view;
  
  \set QUIET true
  
  -- rules bypassing no-op triggers
  CREATE RULE european_city_insert_rule AS ON INSERT TO european_city_view
  DO INSTEAD INSERT INTO city_view
  VALUES (NEW.city_id, NEW.city_name, NEW.population, NEW.country_name, NEW.continent)
  RETURNING *;
  
  CREATE RULE european_city_update_rule AS ON UPDATE TO european_city_view
  DO INSTEAD UPDATE city_view SET
      city_name = NEW.city_name,
      population = NEW.population,
      country_name = NEW.country_name
  WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id
  RETURNING NEW.*;
  
  CREATE RULE european_city_delete_rule AS ON DELETE TO european_city_view
  DO INSTEAD DELETE FROM city_view WHERE city_id = OLD.city_id RETURNING *;
  
  \set QUIET false
  
  -- INSERT not limited by view's WHERE clause, but UPDATE AND DELETE are
  INSERT INTO european_city_view(city_name, country_name)
      VALUES ('Cambridge', 'USA') RETURNING *;
  UPDATE european_city_view SET country_name = 'UK'
      WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge';
  DELETE FROM european_city_view WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge';
  
  -- UPDATE and DELETE via rule and trigger
  UPDATE city_view SET country_name = 'UK'
      WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge' RETURNING *;
  UPDATE european_city_view SET population = 122800
      WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge' RETURNING *;
  DELETE FROM european_city_view WHERE city_name = 'Cambridge' RETURNING *;
  
  -- join UPDATE test
  UPDATE city_view v SET population = 599657
      FROM city_table ci, country_table co
      WHERE ci.city_name = 'Washington DC' and co.country_name = 'USA'
      AND v.city_id = ci.city_id AND v.country_name = co.country_name
      RETURNING co.country_id, v.country_name,
                v.city_id, v.city_name, v.population;
  
  \set QUIET true
  
  SELECT * FROM city_view;
  
  DROP TABLE city_table CASCADE;
  DROP TABLE country_table;
  
  
  -- Test pg_trigger_depth()
  
  create table depth_a (id int not null primary key);
  create table depth_b (id int not null primary key);
  create table depth_c (id int not null primary key);
  
  create function depth_a_tf() returns trigger
    language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth();
    insert into depth_b values (new.id);
    raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth();
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger depth_a_tr before insert on depth_a
    for each row execute procedure depth_a_tf();
  
  create function depth_b_tf() returns trigger
    language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth();
    begin
      execute 'insert into depth_c values (' || new.id::text || ')';
    exception
      when sqlstate 'U9999' then
        raise notice 'SQLSTATE = U9999: depth = %', pg_trigger_depth();
    end;
    raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth();
    if new.id = 1 then
      execute 'insert into depth_c values (' || new.id::text || ')';
    end if;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger depth_b_tr before insert on depth_b
    for each row execute procedure depth_b_tf();
  
  create function depth_c_tf() returns trigger
    language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth();
    if new.id = 1 then
      raise exception sqlstate 'U9999';
    end if;
    raise notice '%: depth = %', tg_name, pg_trigger_depth();
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger depth_c_tr before insert on depth_c
    for each row execute procedure depth_c_tf();
  
  select pg_trigger_depth();
  insert into depth_a values (1);
  select pg_trigger_depth();
  insert into depth_a values (2);
  select pg_trigger_depth();
  
  drop table depth_a, depth_b, depth_c;
  drop function depth_a_tf();
  drop function depth_b_tf();
  drop function depth_c_tf();
  
  --
  -- Test updates to rows during firing of BEFORE ROW triggers.
  -- As of 9.2, such cases should be rejected (see bug #6123).
  --
  
  create temp table parent (
      aid int not null primary key,
      val1 text,
      val2 text,
      val3 text,
      val4 text,
      bcnt int not null default 0);
  create temp table child (
      bid int not null primary key,
      aid int not null,
      val1 text);
  
  create function parent_upd_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    if old.val1 <> new.val1 then
      new.val2 = new.val1;
      delete from child where child.aid = new.aid and child.val1 = new.val1;
    end if;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger parent_upd_trig before update on parent
    for each row execute procedure parent_upd_func();
  
  create function parent_del_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    delete from child where aid = old.aid;
    return old;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger parent_del_trig before delete on parent
    for each row execute procedure parent_del_func();
  
  create function child_ins_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    update parent set bcnt = bcnt + 1 where aid = new.aid;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger child_ins_trig after insert on child
    for each row execute procedure child_ins_func();
  
  create function child_del_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    update parent set bcnt = bcnt - 1 where aid = old.aid;
    return old;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger child_del_trig after delete on child
    for each row execute procedure child_del_func();
  
  insert into parent values (1, 'a', 'a', 'a', 'a', 0);
  insert into child values (10, 1, 'b');
  select * from parent; select * from child;
  
  update parent set val1 = 'b' where aid = 1; -- should fail
  select * from parent; select * from child;
  
  delete from parent where aid = 1; -- should fail
  select * from parent; select * from child;
  
  -- replace the trigger function with one that restarts the deletion after
  -- having modified a child
  create or replace function parent_del_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    delete from child where aid = old.aid;
    if found then
      delete from parent where aid = old.aid;
      return null; -- cancel outer deletion
    end if;
    return old;
  end;
  $$;
  
  delete from parent where aid = 1;
  select * from parent; select * from child;
  
  drop table parent, child;
  
  drop function parent_upd_func();
  drop function parent_del_func();
  drop function child_ins_func();
  drop function child_del_func();
  
  -- similar case, but with a self-referencing FK so that parent and child
  -- rows can be affected by a single operation
  
  create temp table self_ref_trigger (
      id int primary key,
      parent int references self_ref_trigger,
      data text,
      nchildren int not null default 0
  );
  
  create function self_ref_trigger_ins_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    if new.parent is not null then
      update self_ref_trigger set nchildren = nchildren + 1
        where id = new.parent;
    end if;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger self_ref_trigger_ins_trig before insert on self_ref_trigger
    for each row execute procedure self_ref_trigger_ins_func();
  
  create function self_ref_trigger_del_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    if old.parent is not null then
      update self_ref_trigger set nchildren = nchildren - 1
        where id = old.parent;
    end if;
    return old;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger self_ref_trigger_del_trig before delete on self_ref_trigger
    for each row execute procedure self_ref_trigger_del_func();
  
  insert into self_ref_trigger values (1, null, 'root');
  insert into self_ref_trigger values (2, 1, 'root child A');
  insert into self_ref_trigger values (3, 1, 'root child B');
  insert into self_ref_trigger values (4, 2, 'grandchild 1');
  insert into self_ref_trigger values (5, 3, 'grandchild 2');
  
  update self_ref_trigger set data = 'root!' where id = 1;
  
  select * from self_ref_trigger;
  
  delete from self_ref_trigger;
  
  select * from self_ref_trigger;
  
  drop table self_ref_trigger;
  drop function self_ref_trigger_ins_func();
  drop function self_ref_trigger_del_func();
  
  --
  -- Check that statement triggers work correctly even with all children excluded
  --
  
  create table stmt_trig_on_empty_upd (a int);
  create table stmt_trig_on_empty_upd1 () inherits (stmt_trig_on_empty_upd);
  create function update_stmt_notice() returns trigger as $$
  begin
  	raise notice 'updating %', TG_TABLE_NAME;
  	return null;
  end;
  $$ language plpgsql;
  create trigger before_stmt_trigger
  	before update on stmt_trig_on_empty_upd
  	execute procedure update_stmt_notice();
  create trigger before_stmt_trigger
  	before update on stmt_trig_on_empty_upd1
  	execute procedure update_stmt_notice();
  
  -- inherited no-op update
  update stmt_trig_on_empty_upd set a = a where false returning a+1 as aa;
  -- simple no-op update
  update stmt_trig_on_empty_upd1 set a = a where false returning a+1 as aa;
  
  drop table stmt_trig_on_empty_upd cascade;
  drop function update_stmt_notice();
  
  --
  -- Check that index creation (or DDL in general) is prohibited in a trigger
  --
  
  create table trigger_ddl_table (
     col1 integer,
     col2 integer
  );
  
  create function trigger_ddl_func() returns trigger as $$
  begin
    alter table trigger_ddl_table add primary key (col1);
    return new;
  end$$ language plpgsql;
  
  create trigger trigger_ddl_func before insert on trigger_ddl_table for each row
    execute procedure trigger_ddl_func();
  
  insert into trigger_ddl_table values (1, 42);  -- fail
  
  create or replace function trigger_ddl_func() returns trigger as $$
  begin
    create index on trigger_ddl_table (col2);
    return new;
  end$$ language plpgsql;
  
  insert into trigger_ddl_table values (1, 42);  -- fail
  
  drop table trigger_ddl_table;
  drop function trigger_ddl_func();
  
  --
  -- Verify behavior of before and after triggers with INSERT...ON CONFLICT
  -- DO UPDATE
  --
  create table upsert (key int4 primary key, color text);
  
  create function upsert_before_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    if (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') then
      raise warning 'before update (old): %', old.*::text;
      raise warning 'before update (new): %', new.*::text;
    elsif (TG_OP = 'INSERT') then
      raise warning 'before insert (new): %', new.*::text;
      if new.key % 2 = 0 then
        new.key := new.key + 1;
        new.color := new.color || ' trig modified';
        raise warning 'before insert (new, modified): %', new.*::text;
      end if;
    end if;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger upsert_before_trig before insert or update on upsert
    for each row execute procedure upsert_before_func();
  
  create function upsert_after_func()
    returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
  begin
    if (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') then
      raise warning 'after update (old): %', old.*::text;
      raise warning 'after update (new): %', new.*::text;
    elsif (TG_OP = 'INSERT') then
      raise warning 'after insert (new): %', new.*::text;
    end if;
    return null;
  end;
  $$;
  create trigger upsert_after_trig after insert or update on upsert
    for each row execute procedure upsert_after_func();
  
  insert into upsert values(1, 'black') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(2, 'red') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(3, 'orange') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(4, 'green') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(5, 'purple') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(6, 'white') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(7, 'pink') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  insert into upsert values(8, 'yellow') on conflict (key) do update set color = 'updated ' || upsert.color;
  
  select * from upsert;
  
  drop table upsert;
  drop function upsert_before_func();
  drop function upsert_after_func();
  
  --
  -- Verify that triggers with transition tables are not allowed on
  -- views
  --
  
  create table my_table (i int);
  create view my_view as select * from my_table;
  create function my_trigger_function() returns trigger as $$ begin end; $$ language plpgsql;
  create trigger my_trigger after update on my_view referencing old table as old_table
     for each statement execute procedure my_trigger_function();
  drop function my_trigger_function();
  drop view my_view;
  drop table my_table;
  
  --
  -- Verify cases that are unsupported with partitioned tables
  --
  create table parted_trig (a int) partition by list (a);
  create function trigger_nothing() returns trigger
    language plpgsql as $$ begin end; $$;
  create trigger failed instead of update on parted_trig
    for each row execute procedure trigger_nothing();
  create trigger failed after update on parted_trig
    referencing old table as old_table
    for each row execute procedure trigger_nothing();
  drop table parted_trig;
  
  --
  -- Verify trigger creation for partitioned tables, and drop behavior
  --
  create table trigpart (a int, b int) partition by range (a);
  create table trigpart1 partition of trigpart for values from (0) to (1000);
  create trigger trg1 after insert on trigpart for each row execute procedure trigger_nothing();
  create table trigpart2 partition of trigpart for values from (1000) to (2000);
  create table trigpart3 (like trigpart);
  alter table trigpart attach partition trigpart3 for values from (2000) to (3000);
  create table trigpart4 partition of trigpart for values from (3000) to (4000) partition by range (a);
  create table trigpart41 partition of trigpart4 for values from (3000) to (3500);
  create table trigpart42 (like trigpart);
  alter table trigpart4 attach partition trigpart42 for values from (3500) to (4000);
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgfoid::regproc from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid::regclass::text like 'trigpart%' order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  drop trigger trg1 on trigpart1;	-- fail
  drop trigger trg1 on trigpart2;	-- fail
  drop trigger trg1 on trigpart3;	-- fail
  drop table trigpart2;			-- ok, trigger should be gone in that partition
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgfoid::regproc from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid::regclass::text like 'trigpart%' order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  drop trigger trg1 on trigpart;		-- ok, all gone
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgfoid::regproc from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid::regclass::text like 'trigpart%' order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  
  -- check detach behavior
  create trigger trg1 after insert on trigpart for each row execute procedure trigger_nothing();
  \d trigpart3
  alter table trigpart detach partition trigpart3;
  drop trigger trg1 on trigpart3; -- fail due to "does not exist"
  alter table trigpart detach partition trigpart4;
  drop trigger trg1 on trigpart41; -- fail due to "does not exist"
  drop table trigpart4;
  alter table trigpart attach partition trigpart3 for values from (2000) to (3000);
  alter table trigpart detach partition trigpart3;
  alter table trigpart attach partition trigpart3 for values from (2000) to (3000);
  drop table trigpart3;
  
  select tgrelid::regclass::text, tgname, tgfoid::regproc, tgenabled, tgisinternal from pg_trigger
    where tgname ~ '^trg1' order by 1;
  create table trigpart3 (like trigpart);
  create trigger trg1 after insert on trigpart3 for each row execute procedure trigger_nothing();
  \d trigpart3
  alter table trigpart attach partition trigpart3 FOR VALUES FROM (2000) to (3000); -- fail
  drop table trigpart3;
  
  drop table trigpart;
  drop function trigger_nothing();
  
  --
  -- Verify that triggers are fired for partitioned tables
  --
  create table parted_stmt_trig (a int) partition by list (a);
  create table parted_stmt_trig1 partition of parted_stmt_trig for values in (1);
  create table parted_stmt_trig2 partition of parted_stmt_trig for values in (2);
  
  create table parted2_stmt_trig (a int) partition by list (a);
  create table parted2_stmt_trig1 partition of parted2_stmt_trig for values in (1);
  create table parted2_stmt_trig2 partition of parted2_stmt_trig for values in (2);
  
  create or replace function trigger_notice() returns trigger as $$
    begin
      raise notice 'trigger % on % % % for %', TG_NAME, TG_TABLE_NAME, TG_WHEN, TG_OP, TG_LEVEL;
      if TG_LEVEL = 'ROW' then
         return NEW;
      end if;
      return null;
    end;
    $$ language plpgsql;
  
  -- insert/update/delete statement-level triggers on the parent
  create trigger trig_ins_before before insert on parted_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_ins_after after insert on parted_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_before before update on parted_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_after after update on parted_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_before before delete on parted_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_after after delete on parted_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  
  -- insert/update/delete row-level triggers on the parent
  create trigger trig_ins_after_parent after insert on parted_stmt_trig
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_after_parent after update on parted_stmt_trig
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_after_parent after delete on parted_stmt_trig
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  
  -- insert/update/delete row-level triggers on the first partition
  create trigger trig_ins_before_child before insert on parted_stmt_trig1
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_ins_after_child after insert on parted_stmt_trig1
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_before_child before update on parted_stmt_trig1
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_after_child after update on parted_stmt_trig1
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_before_child before delete on parted_stmt_trig1
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_after_child after delete on parted_stmt_trig1
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  
  -- insert/update/delete statement-level triggers on the parent
  create trigger trig_ins_before_3 before insert on parted2_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_ins_after_3 after insert on parted2_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_before_3 before update on parted2_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_upd_after_3 after update on parted2_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_before_3 before delete on parted2_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger trig_del_after_3 after delete on parted2_stmt_trig
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_notice();
  
  with ins (a) as (
    insert into parted2_stmt_trig values (1), (2) returning a
  ) insert into parted_stmt_trig select a from ins returning tableoid::regclass, a;
  
  with upd as (
    update parted2_stmt_trig set a = a
  ) update parted_stmt_trig  set a = a;
  
  delete from parted_stmt_trig;
  
  -- insert via copy on the parent
  copy parted_stmt_trig(a) from stdin;
  1
  2
  \.
  
  -- insert via copy on the first partition
  copy parted_stmt_trig1(a) from stdin;
  1
  \.
  
  -- Disabling a trigger in the parent table should disable children triggers too
  alter table parted_stmt_trig disable trigger trig_ins_after_parent;
  insert into parted_stmt_trig values (1);
  alter table parted_stmt_trig enable trigger trig_ins_after_parent;
  insert into parted_stmt_trig values (1);
  
  drop table parted_stmt_trig, parted2_stmt_trig;
  
  -- Verify that triggers fire in alphabetical order
  create table parted_trig (a int) partition by range (a);
  create table parted_trig_1 partition of parted_trig for values from (0) to (1000)
     partition by range (a);
  create table parted_trig_1_1 partition of parted_trig_1 for values from (0) to (100);
  create table parted_trig_2 partition of parted_trig for values from (1000) to (2000);
  create trigger zzz after insert on parted_trig for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger mmm after insert on parted_trig_1_1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger aaa after insert on parted_trig_1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger bbb after insert on parted_trig for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  create trigger qqq after insert on parted_trig_1_1 for each row execute procedure trigger_notice();
  insert into parted_trig values (50), (1500);
  drop table parted_trig;
  
  -- Verify propagation of trigger arguments to partitions
  create table parted_trig (a int) partition by list (a);
  create table parted_trig1 partition of parted_trig for values in (1);
  create or replace function trigger_notice() returns trigger as $$
    declare
      arg1 text = TG_ARGV[0];
      arg2 integer = TG_ARGV[1];
    begin
      raise notice 'trigger % on % % % for % args % %',
  		TG_NAME, TG_TABLE_NAME, TG_WHEN, TG_OP, TG_LEVEL, arg1, arg2;
      return null;
    end;
    $$ language plpgsql;
  create trigger aaa after insert on parted_trig
     for each row execute procedure trigger_notice('quirky', 1);
  
  -- Verify propagation of trigger arguments to partitions attached after creating trigger
  create table parted_trig2 partition of parted_trig for values in (2);
  create table parted_trig3 (like parted_trig);
  alter table parted_trig attach partition parted_trig3 for values in (3);
  insert into parted_trig values (1), (2), (3);
  drop table parted_trig;
  
  -- test irregular partitions (i.e., different column definitions),
  -- including that the WHEN clause works
  create function bark(text) returns bool language plpgsql immutable
    as $$ begin raise notice '% <- woof!', $1; return true; end; $$;
  create or replace function trigger_notice_ab() returns trigger as $$
    begin
      raise notice 'trigger % on % % % for %: (a,b)=(%,%)',
  		TG_NAME, TG_TABLE_NAME, TG_WHEN, TG_OP, TG_LEVEL,
  		NEW.a, NEW.b;
      if TG_LEVEL = 'ROW' then
         return NEW;
      end if;
      return null;
    end;
    $$ language plpgsql;
  create table parted_irreg_ancestor (fd text, b text, fd2 int, fd3 int, a int)
    partition by range (b);
  alter table parted_irreg_ancestor drop column fd,
    drop column fd2, drop column fd3;
  create table parted_irreg (fd int, a int, fd2 int, b text)
    partition by range (b);
  alter table parted_irreg drop column fd, drop column fd2;
  alter table parted_irreg_ancestor attach partition parted_irreg
    for values from ('aaaa') to ('zzzz');
  create table parted1_irreg (b text, fd int, a int);
  alter table parted1_irreg drop column fd;
  alter table parted_irreg attach partition parted1_irreg
    for values from ('aaaa') to ('bbbb');
  create trigger parted_trig after insert on parted_irreg
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  create trigger parted_trig_odd after insert on parted_irreg for each row
    when (bark(new.b) AND new.a % 2 = 1) execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  -- we should hear barking for every insert, but parted_trig_odd only emits
  -- noise for odd values of a. parted_trig does it for all inserts.
  insert into parted_irreg values (1, 'aardvark'), (2, 'aanimals');
  insert into parted1_irreg values ('aardwolf', 2);
  insert into parted_irreg_ancestor values ('aasvogel', 3);
  drop table parted_irreg_ancestor;
  
  -- Before triggers and partitions
  create table parted (a int, b int, c text) partition by list (a);
  create table parted_1 partition of parted for values in (1)
    partition by list (b);
  create table parted_1_1 partition of parted_1 for values in (1);
  create function parted_trigfunc() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    new.a = new.a + 1;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  insert into parted values (1, 1, 'uno uno v1');    -- works
  create trigger t before insert or update or delete on parted
    for each row execute function parted_trigfunc();
  insert into parted values (1, 1, 'uno uno v2');    -- fail
  update parted set c = c || 'v3';                   -- fail
  create or replace function parted_trigfunc() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    new.b = new.b + 1;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  insert into parted values (1, 1, 'uno uno v4');    -- fail
  update parted set c = c || 'v5';                   -- fail
  create or replace function parted_trigfunc() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    new.c = new.c || ' and so';
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  insert into parted values (1, 1, 'uno uno');       -- works
  update parted set c = c || ' v6';                   -- works
  select tableoid::regclass, * from parted;
  
  drop table parted;
  create table parted (a int, b int, c text) partition by list ((a + b));
  create or replace function parted_trigfunc() returns trigger language plpgsql as $$
  begin
    new.a = new.a + new.b;
    return new;
  end;
  $$;
  create table parted_1 partition of parted for values in (1, 2);
  create table parted_2 partition of parted for values in (3, 4);
  create trigger t before insert or update on parted
    for each row execute function parted_trigfunc();
  insert into parted values (0, 1, 'zero win');
  insert into parted values (1, 1, 'one fail');
  insert into parted values (1, 2, 'two fail');
  select * from parted;
  drop table parted;
  drop function parted_trigfunc();
  
  --
  -- Constraint triggers and partitioned tables
  create table parted_constr_ancestor (a int, b text)
    partition by range (b);
  create table parted_constr (a int, b text)
    partition by range (b);
  alter table parted_constr_ancestor attach partition parted_constr
    for values from ('aaaa') to ('zzzz');
  create table parted1_constr (a int, b text);
  alter table parted_constr attach partition parted1_constr
    for values from ('aaaa') to ('bbbb');
  create constraint trigger parted_trig after insert on parted_constr_ancestor
    deferrable
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  create constraint trigger parted_trig_two after insert on parted_constr
    deferrable initially deferred
    for each row when (bark(new.b) AND new.a % 2 = 1)
    execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  
  -- The immediate constraint is fired immediately; the WHEN clause of the
  -- deferred constraint is also called immediately.  The deferred constraint
  -- is fired at commit time.
  begin;
  insert into parted_constr values (1, 'aardvark');
  insert into parted1_constr values (2, 'aardwolf');
  insert into parted_constr_ancestor values (3, 'aasvogel');
  commit;
  
  -- The WHEN clause is immediate, and both constraint triggers are fired at
  -- commit time.
  begin;
  set constraints parted_trig deferred;
  insert into parted_constr values (1, 'aardvark');
  insert into parted1_constr values (2, 'aardwolf'), (3, 'aasvogel');
  commit;
  drop table parted_constr_ancestor;
  drop function bark(text);
  
  -- Test that the WHEN clause is set properly to partitions
  create table parted_trigger (a int, b text) partition by range (a);
  create table parted_trigger_1 partition of parted_trigger for values from (0) to (1000);
  create table parted_trigger_2 (drp int, a int, b text);
  alter table parted_trigger_2 drop column drp;
  alter table parted_trigger attach partition parted_trigger_2 for values from (1000) to (2000);
  create trigger parted_trigger after update on parted_trigger
    for each row when (new.a % 2 = 1 and length(old.b) >= 2) execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  create table parted_trigger_3 (b text, a int) partition by range (length(b));
  create table parted_trigger_3_1 partition of parted_trigger_3 for values from (1) to (3);
  create table parted_trigger_3_2 partition of parted_trigger_3 for values from (3) to (5);
  alter table parted_trigger attach partition parted_trigger_3 for values from (2000) to (3000);
  insert into parted_trigger values
      (0, 'a'), (1, 'bbb'), (2, 'bcd'), (3, 'c'),
  	(1000, 'c'), (1001, 'ddd'), (1002, 'efg'), (1003, 'f'),
  	(2000, 'e'), (2001, 'fff'), (2002, 'ghi'), (2003, 'h');
  update parted_trigger set a = a + 2; -- notice for odd 'a' values, long 'b' values
  drop table parted_trigger;
  
  -- try a constraint trigger, also
  create table parted_referenced (a int);
  create table unparted_trigger (a int, b text);	-- for comparison purposes
  create table parted_trigger (a int, b text) partition by range (a);
  create table parted_trigger_1 partition of parted_trigger for values from (0) to (1000);
  create table parted_trigger_2 (drp int, a int, b text);
  alter table parted_trigger_2 drop column drp;
  alter table parted_trigger attach partition parted_trigger_2 for values from (1000) to (2000);
  create constraint trigger parted_trigger after update on parted_trigger
    from parted_referenced
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  create constraint trigger parted_trigger after update on unparted_trigger
    from parted_referenced
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  create table parted_trigger_3 (b text, a int) partition by range (length(b));
  create table parted_trigger_3_1 partition of parted_trigger_3 for values from (1) to (3);
  create table parted_trigger_3_2 partition of parted_trigger_3 for values from (3) to (5);
  alter table parted_trigger attach partition parted_trigger_3 for values from (2000) to (3000);
  select tgname, conname, t.tgrelid::regclass, t.tgconstrrelid::regclass,
    c.conrelid::regclass, c.confrelid::regclass
    from pg_trigger t join pg_constraint c on (t.tgconstraint = c.oid)
    where tgname = 'parted_trigger'
    order by t.tgrelid::regclass::text;
  drop table parted_referenced, parted_trigger, unparted_trigger;
  
  -- verify that the "AFTER UPDATE OF columns" event is propagated correctly
  create table parted_trigger (a int, b text) partition by range (a);
  create table parted_trigger_1 partition of parted_trigger for values from (0) to (1000);
  create table parted_trigger_2 (drp int, a int, b text);
  alter table parted_trigger_2 drop column drp;
  alter table parted_trigger attach partition parted_trigger_2 for values from (1000) to (2000);
  create trigger parted_trigger after update of b on parted_trigger
    for each row execute procedure trigger_notice_ab();
  create table parted_trigger_3 (b text, a int) partition by range (length(b));
  create table parted_trigger_3_1 partition of parted_trigger_3 for values from (1) to (4);
  create table parted_trigger_3_2 partition of parted_trigger_3 for values from (4) to (8);
  alter table parted_trigger attach partition parted_trigger_3 for values from (2000) to (3000);
  insert into parted_trigger values (0, 'a'), (1000, 'c'), (2000, 'e'), (2001, 'eeee');
  update parted_trigger set a = a + 2;	-- no notices here
  update parted_trigger set b = b || 'b';	-- all triggers should fire
  drop table parted_trigger;
  
  drop function trigger_notice_ab();
  
  -- Make sure we don't end up with unnecessary copies of triggers, when
  -- cloning them.
  create table trg_clone (a int) partition by range (a);
  create table trg_clone1 partition of trg_clone for values from (0) to (1000);
  alter table trg_clone add constraint uniq unique (a) deferrable;
  create table trg_clone2 partition of trg_clone for values from (1000) to (2000);
  create table trg_clone3 partition of trg_clone for values from (2000) to (3000)
    partition by range (a);
  create table trg_clone_3_3 partition of trg_clone3 for values from (2000) to (2100);
  select tgrelid::regclass, count(*) from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid::regclass in ('trg_clone', 'trg_clone1', 'trg_clone2',
  	'trg_clone3', 'trg_clone_3_3')
    group by tgrelid::regclass order by tgrelid::regclass;
  drop table trg_clone;
  
  -- Test the interaction between ALTER TABLE .. DISABLE TRIGGER and
  -- both kinds of inheritance.  Historically, legacy inheritance has
  -- not recursed to children, so that behavior is preserved.
  create table parent (a int);
  create table child1 () inherits (parent);
  create function trig_nothing() returns trigger language plpgsql
    as $$ begin return null; end $$;
  create trigger tg after insert on parent
    for each row execute function trig_nothing();
  create trigger tg after insert on child1
    for each row execute function trig_nothing();
  alter table parent disable trigger tg;
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgenabled from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid in ('parent'::regclass, 'child1'::regclass)
    order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  alter table only parent enable always trigger tg;
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgenabled from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid in ('parent'::regclass, 'child1'::regclass)
    order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  drop table parent, child1;
  
  create table parent (a int) partition by list (a);
  create table child1 partition of parent for values in (1);
  create trigger tg after insert on parent
    for each row execute procedure trig_nothing();
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgenabled from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid in ('parent'::regclass, 'child1'::regclass)
    order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  alter table only parent enable always trigger tg;
  select tgrelid::regclass, tgname, tgenabled from pg_trigger
    where tgrelid in ('parent'::regclass, 'child1'::regclass)
    order by tgrelid::regclass::text;
  drop table parent, child1;
  
  
  --
  -- Test the interaction between transition tables and both kinds of
  -- inheritance.  We'll dump the contents of the transition tables in a
  -- format that shows the attribute order, so that we can distinguish
  -- tuple formats (though not dropped attributes).
  --
  
  create or replace function dump_insert() returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
    begin
      raise notice 'trigger = %, new table = %',
                   TG_NAME,
                   (select string_agg(new_table::text, ', ' order by a) from new_table);
      return null;
    end;
  $$;
  
  create or replace function dump_update() returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
    begin
      raise notice 'trigger = %, old table = %, new table = %',
                   TG_NAME,
                   (select string_agg(old_table::text, ', ' order by a) from old_table),
                   (select string_agg(new_table::text, ', ' order by a) from new_table);
      return null;
    end;
  $$;
  
  create or replace function dump_delete() returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
    begin
      raise notice 'trigger = %, old table = %',
                   TG_NAME,
                   (select string_agg(old_table::text, ', ' order by a) from old_table);
      return null;
    end;
  $$;
  
  --
  -- Verify behavior of statement triggers on partition hierarchy with
  -- transition tables.  Tuples should appear to each trigger in the
  -- format of the relation the trigger is attached to.
  --
  
  -- set up a partition hierarchy with some different TupleDescriptors
  create table parent (a text, b int) partition by list (a);
  
  -- a child matching parent
  create table child1 partition of parent for values in ('AAA');
  
  -- a child with a dropped column
  create table child2 (x int, a text, b int);
  alter table child2 drop column x;
  alter table parent attach partition child2 for values in ('BBB');
  
  -- a child with a different column order
  create table child3 (b int, a text);
  alter table parent attach partition child3 for values in ('CCC');
  
  create trigger parent_insert_trig
    after insert on parent referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger parent_update_trig
    after update on parent referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger parent_delete_trig
    after delete on parent referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  create trigger child1_insert_trig
    after insert on child1 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger child1_update_trig
    after update on child1 referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger child1_delete_trig
    after delete on child1 referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  create trigger child2_insert_trig
    after insert on child2 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger child2_update_trig
    after update on child2 referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger child2_delete_trig
    after delete on child2 referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  create trigger child3_insert_trig
    after insert on child3 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger child3_update_trig
    after update on child3 referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger child3_delete_trig
    after delete on child3 referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  SELECT trigger_name, event_manipulation, event_object_schema, event_object_table,
         action_order, action_condition, action_orientation, action_timing,
         action_reference_old_table, action_reference_new_table
    FROM information_schema.triggers
    WHERE event_object_table IN ('parent', 'child1', 'child2', 'child3')
    ORDER BY trigger_name COLLATE "C", 2;
  
  -- insert directly into children sees respective child-format tuples
  insert into child1 values ('AAA', 42);
  insert into child2 values ('BBB', 42);
  insert into child3 values (42, 'CCC');
  
  -- update via parent sees parent-format tuples
  update parent set b = b + 1;
  
  -- delete via parent sees parent-format tuples
  delete from parent;
  
  -- insert into parent sees parent-format tuples
  insert into parent values ('AAA', 42);
  insert into parent values ('BBB', 42);
  insert into parent values ('CCC', 42);
  
  -- delete from children sees respective child-format tuples
  delete from child1;
  delete from child2;
  delete from child3;
  
  -- copy into parent sees parent-format tuples
  copy parent (a, b) from stdin;
  AAA	42
  BBB	42
  CCC	42
  \.
  
  -- DML affecting parent sees tuples collected from children even if
  -- there is no transition table trigger on the children
  drop trigger child1_insert_trig on child1;
  drop trigger child1_update_trig on child1;
  drop trigger child1_delete_trig on child1;
  drop trigger child2_insert_trig on child2;
  drop trigger child2_update_trig on child2;
  drop trigger child2_delete_trig on child2;
  drop trigger child3_insert_trig on child3;
  drop trigger child3_update_trig on child3;
  drop trigger child3_delete_trig on child3;
  delete from parent;
  
  -- copy into parent sees tuples collected from children even if there
  -- is no transition-table trigger on the children
  copy parent (a, b) from stdin;
  AAA	42
  BBB	42
  CCC	42
  \.
  
  -- insert into parent with a before trigger on a child tuple before
  -- insertion, and we capture the newly modified row in parent format
  create or replace function intercept_insert() returns trigger language plpgsql as
  $$
    begin
      new.b = new.b + 1000;
      return new;
    end;
  $$;
  
  create trigger intercept_insert_child3
    before insert on child3
    for each row execute procedure intercept_insert();
  
  
  -- insert, parent trigger sees post-modification parent-format tuple
  insert into parent values ('AAA', 42), ('BBB', 42), ('CCC', 66);
  
  -- copy, parent trigger sees post-modification parent-format tuple
  copy parent (a, b) from stdin;
  AAA	42
  BBB	42
  CCC	234
  \.
  
  drop table child1, child2, child3, parent;
  drop function intercept_insert();
  
  --
  -- Verify prohibition of row triggers with transition triggers on
  -- partitions
  --
  create table parent (a text, b int) partition by list (a);
  create table child partition of parent for values in ('AAA');
  
  -- adding row trigger with transition table fails
  create trigger child_row_trig
    after insert on child referencing new table as new_table
    for each row execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  -- detaching it first works
  alter table parent detach partition child;
  
  create trigger child_row_trig
    after insert on child referencing new table as new_table
    for each row execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  -- but now we're not allowed to reattach it
  alter table parent attach partition child for values in ('AAA');
  
  -- drop the trigger, and now we're allowed to attach it again
  drop trigger child_row_trig on child;
  alter table parent attach partition child for values in ('AAA');
  
  drop table child, parent;
  
  --
  -- Verify behavior of statement triggers on (non-partition)
  -- inheritance hierarchy with transition tables; similar to the
  -- partition case, except there is no rerouting on insertion and child
  -- tables can have extra columns
  --
  
  -- set up inheritance hierarchy with different TupleDescriptors
  create table parent (a text, b int);
  
  -- a child matching parent
  create table child1 () inherits (parent);
  
  -- a child with a different column order
  create table child2 (b int, a text);
  alter table child2 inherit parent;
  
  -- a child with an extra column
  create table child3 (c text) inherits (parent);
  
  create trigger parent_insert_trig
    after insert on parent referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger parent_update_trig
    after update on parent referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger parent_delete_trig
    after delete on parent referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  create trigger child1_insert_trig
    after insert on child1 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger child1_update_trig
    after update on child1 referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger child1_delete_trig
    after delete on child1 referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  create trigger child2_insert_trig
    after insert on child2 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger child2_update_trig
    after update on child2 referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger child2_delete_trig
    after delete on child2 referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  create trigger child3_insert_trig
    after insert on child3 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger child3_update_trig
    after update on child3 referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger child3_delete_trig
    after delete on child3 referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  -- insert directly into children sees respective child-format tuples
  insert into child1 values ('AAA', 42);
  insert into child2 values (42, 'BBB');
  insert into child3 values ('CCC', 42, 'foo');
  
  -- update via parent sees parent-format tuples
  update parent set b = b + 1;
  
  -- delete via parent sees parent-format tuples
  delete from parent;
  
  -- reinsert values into children for next test...
  insert into child1 values ('AAA', 42);
  insert into child2 values (42, 'BBB');
  insert into child3 values ('CCC', 42, 'foo');
  
  -- delete from children sees respective child-format tuples
  delete from child1;
  delete from child2;
  delete from child3;
  
  -- copy into parent sees parent-format tuples (no rerouting, so these
  -- are really inserted into the parent)
  copy parent (a, b) from stdin;
  AAA	42
  BBB	42
  CCC	42
  \.
  
  -- same behavior for copy if there is an index (interesting because rows are
  -- captured by a different code path in copy.c if there are indexes)
  create index on parent(b);
  copy parent (a, b) from stdin;
  DDD	42
  \.
  
  -- DML affecting parent sees tuples collected from children even if
  -- there is no transition table trigger on the children
  drop trigger child1_insert_trig on child1;
  drop trigger child1_update_trig on child1;
  drop trigger child1_delete_trig on child1;
  drop trigger child2_insert_trig on child2;
  drop trigger child2_update_trig on child2;
  drop trigger child2_delete_trig on child2;
  drop trigger child3_insert_trig on child3;
  drop trigger child3_update_trig on child3;
  drop trigger child3_delete_trig on child3;
  delete from parent;
  
  drop table child1, child2, child3, parent;
  
  --
  -- Verify prohibition of row triggers with transition triggers on
  -- inheritance children
  --
  create table parent (a text, b int);
  create table child () inherits (parent);
  
  -- adding row trigger with transition table fails
  create trigger child_row_trig
    after insert on child referencing new table as new_table
    for each row execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  -- disinheriting it first works
  alter table child no inherit parent;
  
  create trigger child_row_trig
    after insert on child referencing new table as new_table
    for each row execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  -- but now we're not allowed to make it inherit anymore
  alter table child inherit parent;
  
  -- drop the trigger, and now we're allowed to make it inherit again
  drop trigger child_row_trig on child;
  alter table child inherit parent;
  
  drop table child, parent;
  
  --
  -- Verify behavior of queries with wCTEs, where multiple transition
  -- tuplestores can be active at the same time because there are
  -- multiple DML statements that might fire triggers with transition
  -- tables
  --
  create table table1 (a int);
  create table table2 (a text);
  create trigger table1_trig
    after insert on table1 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger table2_trig
    after insert on table2 referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  with wcte as (insert into table1 values (42))
    insert into table2 values ('hello world');
  
  with wcte as (insert into table1 values (43))
    insert into table1 values (44);
  
  select * from table1;
  select * from table2;
  
  drop table table1;
  drop table table2;
  
  --
  -- Verify behavior of INSERT ... ON CONFLICT DO UPDATE ... with
  -- transition tables.
  --
  
  create table my_table (a int primary key, b text);
  create trigger my_table_insert_trig
    after insert on my_table referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger my_table_update_trig
    after update on my_table referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  
  -- inserts only
  insert into my_table values (1, 'AAA'), (2, 'BBB')
    on conflict (a) do
    update set b = my_table.b || ':' || excluded.b;
  
  -- mixture of inserts and updates
  insert into my_table values (1, 'AAA'), (2, 'BBB'), (3, 'CCC'), (4, 'DDD')
    on conflict (a) do
    update set b = my_table.b || ':' || excluded.b;
  
  -- updates only
  insert into my_table values (3, 'CCC'), (4, 'DDD')
    on conflict (a) do
    update set b = my_table.b || ':' || excluded.b;
  
  --
  -- now using a partitioned table
  --
  
  create table iocdu_tt_parted (a int primary key, b text) partition by list (a);
  create table iocdu_tt_parted1 partition of iocdu_tt_parted for values in (1);
  create table iocdu_tt_parted2 partition of iocdu_tt_parted for values in (2);
  create table iocdu_tt_parted3 partition of iocdu_tt_parted for values in (3);
  create table iocdu_tt_parted4 partition of iocdu_tt_parted for values in (4);
  create trigger iocdu_tt_parted_insert_trig
    after insert on iocdu_tt_parted referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger iocdu_tt_parted_update_trig
    after update on iocdu_tt_parted referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  
  -- inserts only
  insert into iocdu_tt_parted values (1, 'AAA'), (2, 'BBB')
    on conflict (a) do
    update set b = iocdu_tt_parted.b || ':' || excluded.b;
  
  -- mixture of inserts and updates
  insert into iocdu_tt_parted values (1, 'AAA'), (2, 'BBB'), (3, 'CCC'), (4, 'DDD')
    on conflict (a) do
    update set b = iocdu_tt_parted.b || ':' || excluded.b;
  
  -- updates only
  insert into iocdu_tt_parted values (3, 'CCC'), (4, 'DDD')
    on conflict (a) do
    update set b = iocdu_tt_parted.b || ':' || excluded.b;
  
  drop table iocdu_tt_parted;
  
  --
  -- Verify that you can't create a trigger with transition tables for
  -- more than one event.
  --
  
  create trigger my_table_multievent_trig
    after insert or update on my_table referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  --
  -- Verify that you can't create a trigger with transition tables with
  -- a column list.
  --
  
  create trigger my_table_col_update_trig
    after update of b on my_table referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  
  drop table my_table;
  
  --
  -- Test firing of triggers with transition tables by foreign key cascades
  --
  
  create table refd_table (a int primary key, b text);
  create table trig_table (a int, b text,
    foreign key (a) references refd_table on update cascade on delete cascade
  );
  
  create trigger trig_table_before_trig
    before insert or update or delete on trig_table
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_func('trig_table');
  create trigger trig_table_insert_trig
    after insert on trig_table referencing new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_insert();
  create trigger trig_table_update_trig
    after update on trig_table referencing old table as old_table new table as new_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_update();
  create trigger trig_table_delete_trig
    after delete on trig_table referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  insert into refd_table values
    (1, 'one'),
    (2, 'two'),
    (3, 'three');
  insert into trig_table values
    (1, 'one a'),
    (1, 'one b'),
    (2, 'two a'),
    (2, 'two b'),
    (3, 'three a'),
    (3, 'three b');
  
  update refd_table set a = 11 where b = 'one';
  
  select * from trig_table;
  
  delete from refd_table where length(b) = 3;
  
  select * from trig_table;
  
  drop table refd_table, trig_table;
  
  --
  -- self-referential FKs are even more fun
  --
  
  create table self_ref (a int primary key,
                         b int references self_ref(a) on delete cascade);
  
  create trigger self_ref_before_trig
    before delete on self_ref
    for each statement execute procedure trigger_func('self_ref');
  create trigger self_ref_r_trig
    after delete on self_ref referencing old table as old_table
    for each row execute procedure dump_delete();
  create trigger self_ref_s_trig
    after delete on self_ref referencing old table as old_table
    for each statement execute procedure dump_delete();
  
  insert into self_ref values (1, null), (2, 1), (3, 2);
  
  delete from self_ref where a = 1;
  
  -- without AR trigger, cascaded deletes all end up in one transition table
  drop trigger self_ref_r_trig on self_ref;
  
  insert into self_ref values (1, null), (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3);
  
  delete from self_ref where a = 1;
  
  drop table self_ref;
  
  -- cleanup
  drop function dump_insert();
  drop function dump_update();
  drop function dump_delete();
  
  -- Leave around some objects for other tests
  create table trigger_parted (a int primary key) partition by list (a);
  create function trigger_parted_trigfunc() returns trigger language plpgsql as
    $$ begin end; $$;
  create trigger aft_row after insert or update on trigger_parted
    for each row execute function trigger_parted_trigfunc();
  create table trigger_parted_p1 partition of trigger_parted for values in (1)
    partition by list (a);
  create table trigger_parted_p1_1 partition of trigger_parted_p1 for values in (1);
  