text: """
  The MIT License (MIT)
  
  Copyright (c) 2015-present Rapptz
  
  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a
  copy of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"),
  to deal in the Software without restriction, including without limitation
  the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense,
  and/or sell copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the
  Software is furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
  
  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
  all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
  
  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS
  OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING
  FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
  DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
  """
  from __future__ import annotations
  
  import array
  import asyncio
  import collections.abc
  from typing import (
      Any,
      AsyncIterator,
      Callable,
      Dict,
      ForwardRef,
      Generic,
      Iterable,
      Iterator,
      List,
      Literal,
      Mapping,
      Optional,
      Protocol,
      Sequence,
      Tuple,
      Type,
      TypeVar,
      Union,
      overload,
      TYPE_CHECKING,
  )
  import unicodedata
  from base64 import b64encode
  from bisect import bisect_left
  import datetime
  import functools
  from inspect import isawaitable as _isawaitable, signature as _signature
  from operator import attrgetter
  import json
  import re
  import sys
  import types
  import warnings
  
  from .errors import InvalidArgument
  
  try:
      import orjson
  except ModuleNotFoundError:
      HAS_ORJSON = False
  else:
      HAS_ORJSON = True
  
  
  __all__ = (
      "oauth_url",
      "snowflake_time",
      "time_snowflake",
      "find",
      "get",
      "sleep_until",
      "utcnow",
      "remove_markdown",
      "escape_markdown",
      "escape_mentions",
      "as_chunks",
      "format_dt",
  )
  
  DISCORD_EPOCH = 1420070400000
  
  
  class _MissingSentinel:
      def __eq__(self, other):
          return False
  
      def __bool__(self):
          return False
  
      def __repr__(self):
          return "..."
  
  
  MISSING: Any = _MissingSentinel()
  
  
  class _cached_property:
      def __init__(self, function):
          self.function = function
          self.__doc__ = getattr(function, "__doc__")
  
      def __get__(self, instance, owner):
          if instance is None:
              return self
  
          value = self.function(instance)
          setattr(instance, self.function.__name__, value)
  
          return value
  
  
  if TYPE_CHECKING:
      from functools import cached_property as cached_property
  
      from typing_extensions import ParamSpec
  
      from .permissions import Permissions
      from .abc import Snowflake
      from .invite import Invite
      from .template import Template
  
      class _RequestLike(Protocol):
          headers: Mapping[str, Any]
  
      P = ParamSpec("P")
  
  else:
      cached_property = _cached_property
  
  
  T = TypeVar("T")
  T_co = TypeVar("T_co", covariant=True)
  _Iter = Union[Iterator[T], AsyncIterator[T]]
  
  
  class CachedSlotProperty(Generic[T, T_co]):
      def __init__(self, name: str, function: Callable[[T], T_co]) -> None:
          self.name = name
          self.function = function
          self.__doc__ = getattr(function, "__doc__")
  
      @overload
      def __get__(self, instance: None, owner: Type[T]) -> CachedSlotProperty[T, T_co]:
          ...
  
      @overload
      def __get__(self, instance: T, owner: Type[T]) -> T_co:
          ...
  
      def __get__(self, instance: Optional[T], owner: Type[T]) -> Any:
          if instance is None:
              return self
  
          try:
              return getattr(instance, self.name)
          except AttributeError:
              value = self.function(instance)
              setattr(instance, self.name, value)
              return value
  
  
  class classproperty(Generic[T_co]):
      def __init__(self, fget: Callable[[Any], T_co]) -> None:
          self.fget = fget
  
      def __get__(self, instance: Optional[Any], owner: Type[Any]) -> T_co:
          return self.fget(owner)
  
      def __set__(self, instance, value) -> None:
          raise AttributeError("cannot set attribute")
  
  
  def cached_slot_property(
      name: str,
  ) -> Callable[[Callable[[T], T_co]], CachedSlotProperty[T, T_co]]:
      def decorator(func: Callable[[T], T_co]) -> CachedSlotProperty[T, T_co]:
          return CachedSlotProperty(name, func)
  
      return decorator
  
  
  class SequenceProxy(Generic[T_co], collections.abc.Sequence):
      """Read-only proxy of a Sequence."""
  
      def __init__(self, proxied: Sequence[T_co]):
          self.__proxied = proxied
  
      def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> T_co:
          return self.__proxied[idx]
  
      def __len__(self) -> int:
          return len(self.__proxied)
  
      def __contains__(self, item: Any) -> bool:
          return item in self.__proxied
  
      def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T_co]:
          return iter(self.__proxied)
  
      def __reversed__(self) -> Iterator[T_co]:
          return reversed(self.__proxied)
  
      def index(self, value: Any, *args, **kwargs) -> int:
          return self.__proxied.index(value, *args, **kwargs)
  
      def count(self, value: Any) -> int:
          return self.__proxied.count(value)
  
  
  @overload
  def parse_time(timestamp: None) -> None:
      ...
  
  
  @overload
  def parse_time(timestamp: str) -> datetime.datetime:
      ...
  
  
  @overload
  def parse_time(timestamp: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
      ...
  
  
  def parse_time(timestamp: Optional[str]) -> Optional[datetime.datetime]:
      if timestamp:
          return datetime.datetime.fromisoformat(timestamp)
      return None
  
  
  def copy_doc(original: Callable) -> Callable[[T], T]:
      def decorator(overriden: T) -> T:
          overriden.__doc__ = original.__doc__
          overriden.__signature__ = _signature(original)  # type: ignore
          return overriden
  
      return decorator
  
  
  def deprecated(
      instead: Optional[str] = None,
  ) -> Callable[[Callable[[P], T]], Callable[[P], T]]:
      def actual_decorator(func: Callable[[P], T]) -> Callable[[P], T]:
          @functools.wraps(func)
          def decorated(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> T:
              warnings.simplefilter("always", DeprecationWarning)  # turn off filter
              if instead:
                  fmt = "{0.__name__} is deprecated, use {1} instead."
              else:
                  fmt = "{0.__name__} is deprecated."
  
              warnings.warn(
                  fmt.format(func, instead), stacklevel=3, category=DeprecationWarning
              )
              warnings.simplefilter("default", DeprecationWarning)  # reset filter
              return func(*args, **kwargs)
  
          return decorated
  
      return actual_decorator
  
  
  def oauth_url(
      client_id: Union[int, str],
      *,
      permissions: Permissions = MISSING,
      guild: Snowflake = MISSING,
      redirect_uri: str = MISSING,
      scopes: Iterable[str] = MISSING,
      disable_guild_select: bool = False,
  ) -> str:
      """A helper function that returns the OAuth2 URL for inviting the bot
      into guilds.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      client_id: Union[:class:`int`, :class:`str`]
          The client ID for your bot.
      permissions: :class:`~nextcord.Permissions`
          The permissions you're requesting. If not given then you won't be requesting any
          permissions.
      guild: :class:`~nextcord.abc.Snowflake`
          The guild to pre-select in the authorization screen, if available.
      redirect_uri: :class:`str`
          An optional valid redirect URI.
      scopes: Iterable[:class:`str`]
          An optional valid list of scopes. Defaults to ``('bot',)``.
  
          .. versionadded:: 1.7
      disable_guild_select: :class:`bool`
          Whether to disallow the user from changing the guild dropdown.
  
          .. versionadded:: 2.0
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The OAuth2 URL for inviting the bot into guilds.
      """
      url = f"https://discord.com/oauth2/authorize?client_id={client_id}"
      url += "&scope=" + "+".join(scopes or ("bot",))
      if permissions is not MISSING:
          url += f"&permissions={permissions.value}"
      if guild is not MISSING:
          url += f"&guild_id={guild.id}"
      if redirect_uri is not MISSING:
          from urllib.parse import urlencode
  
          url += "&response_type=code&" + urlencode({"redirect_uri": redirect_uri})
      if disable_guild_select:
          url += "&disable_guild_select=true"
      return url
  
  
  def snowflake_time(id: int) -> datetime.datetime:
      """
      Parameters
      -----------
      id: :class:`int`
          The snowflake ID.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`datetime.datetime`
          An aware datetime in UTC representing the creation time of the snowflake.
      """
      timestamp = ((id >> 22) + DISCORD_EPOCH) / 1000
      return datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(timestamp, tz=datetime.timezone.utc)
  
  
  def time_snowflake(dt: datetime.datetime, high: bool = False) -> int:
      """Returns a numeric snowflake pretending to be created at the given date.
  
      When using as the lower end of a range, use ``time_snowflake(high=False) - 1``
      to be inclusive, ``high=True`` to be exclusive.
  
      When using as the higher end of a range, use ``time_snowflake(high=True) + 1``
      to be inclusive, ``high=False`` to be exclusive
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      dt: :class:`datetime.datetime`
          A datetime object to convert to a snowflake.
          If naive, the timezone is assumed to be local time.
      high: :class:`bool`
          Whether or not to set the lower 22 bit to high or low.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`int`
          The snowflake representing the time given.
      """
      discord_millis = int(dt.timestamp() * 1000 - DISCORD_EPOCH)
      return (discord_millis << 22) + (2 ** 22 - 1 if high else 0)
  
  
  def find(predicate: Callable[[T], Any], seq: Iterable[T]) -> Optional[T]:
      """A helper to return the first element found in the sequence
      that meets the predicate. For example: ::
  
          member = nextcord.utils.find(lambda m: m.name == 'Mighty', channel.guild.members)
  
      would find the first :class:`~nextcord.Member` whose name is 'Mighty' and return it.
      If an entry is not found, then ``None`` is returned.
  
      This is different from :func:`py:filter` due to the fact it stops the moment it finds
      a valid entry.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      predicate
          A function that returns a boolean-like result.
      seq: :class:`collections.abc.Iterable`
          The iterable to search through.
      """
  
      for element in seq:
          if predicate(element):
              return element
      return None
  
  
  def get(iterable: Iterable[T], **attrs: Any) -> Optional[T]:
      r"""A helper that returns the first element in the iterable that meets
      all the traits passed in ``attrs``. This is an alternative for
      :func:`~nextcord.utils.find`.
  
      When multiple attributes are specified, they are checked using
      logical AND, not logical OR. Meaning they have to meet every
      attribute passed in and not one of them.
  
      To have a nested attribute search (i.e. search by ``x.y``) then
      pass in ``x__y`` as the keyword argument.
  
      If nothing is found that matches the attributes passed, then
      ``None`` is returned.
  
      Examples
      ---------
  
      Basic usage:
  
      .. code-block:: python3
  
          member = nextcord.utils.get(message.guild.members, name='Foo')
  
      Multiple attribute matching:
  
      .. code-block:: python3
  
          channel = nextcord.utils.get(guild.voice_channels, name='Foo', bitrate=64000)
  
      Nested attribute matching:
  
      .. code-block:: python3
  
          channel = nextcord.utils.get(client.get_all_channels(), guild__name='Cool', name='general')
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      iterable
          An iterable to search through.
      \*\*attrs
          Keyword arguments that denote attributes to search with.
      """
  
      # global -> local
      _all = all
      attrget = attrgetter
  
      # Special case the single element call
      if len(attrs) == 1:
          k, v = attrs.popitem()
          pred = attrget(k.replace("__", "."))
          for elem in iterable:
              if pred(elem) == v:
                  return elem
          return None
  
      converted = [
          (attrget(attr.replace("__", ".")), value) for attr, value in attrs.items()
      ]
  
      for elem in iterable:
          if _all(pred(elem) == value for pred, value in converted):
              return elem
      return None
  
  
  def _unique(iterable: Iterable[T]) -> List[T]:
      return [x for x in dict.fromkeys(iterable)]
  
  
  def _get_as_snowflake(data: Any, key: str) -> Optional[int]:
      try:
          value = data[key]
      except KeyError:
          return None
      else:
          return value and int(value)
  
  
  def _get_mime_type_for_image(data: bytes):
      if data.startswith(b"\x89\x50\x4E\x47\x0D\x0A\x1A\x0A"):
          return "image/png"
      elif data[0:3] == b"\xff\xd8\xff" or data[6:10] in (b"JFIF", b"Exif"):
          return "image/jpeg"
      elif data.startswith((b"\x47\x49\x46\x38\x37\x61", b"\x47\x49\x46\x38\x39\x61")):
          return "image/gif"
      elif data.startswith(b"RIFF") and data[8:12] == b"WEBP":
          return "image/webp"
      else:
          raise InvalidArgument("Unsupported image type given")
  
  
  def _bytes_to_base64_data(data: bytes) -> str:
      fmt = "data:{mime};base64,{data}"
      mime = _get_mime_type_for_image(data)
      b64 = b64encode(data).decode("ascii")
      return fmt.format(mime=mime, data=b64)
  
  
  if HAS_ORJSON:
  
      def _to_json(obj: Any) -> str:  # type: ignore
          return orjson.dumps(obj).decode("utf-8")
  
      _from_json = orjson.loads  # type: ignore
  
  else:
  
      def _to_json(obj: Any) -> str:
          return json.dumps(obj, separators=(",", ":"), ensure_ascii=True)
  
      _from_json = json.loads
  
  
  def _parse_ratelimit_header(request: Any, *, use_clock: bool = False) -> float:
      reset_after: Optional[str] = request.headers.get("X-Ratelimit-Reset-After")
      if use_clock or not reset_after:
          utc = datetime.timezone.utc
          now = datetime.datetime.now(utc)
          reset = datetime.datetime.fromtimestamp(
              float(request.headers["X-Ratelimit-Reset"]), utc
          )
          return (reset - now).total_seconds()
      else:
          return float(reset_after)
  
  
  async def maybe_coroutine(f, *args, **kwargs):
      value = f(*args, **kwargs)
      if _isawaitable(value):
          return await value
      else:
          return value
  
  
  async def async_all(gen, *, check=_isawaitable):
      for elem in gen:
          if check(elem):
              elem = await elem
          if not elem:
              return False
      return True
  
  
  async def sane_wait_for(futures, *, timeout):
      ensured = [asyncio.ensure_future(fut) for fut in futures]
      done, pending = await asyncio.wait(
          ensured, timeout=timeout, return_when=asyncio.ALL_COMPLETED
      )
  
      if len(pending) != 0:
          raise asyncio.TimeoutError()
  
      return done
  
  
  def get_slots(cls: Type[Any]) -> Iterator[str]:
      for mro in reversed(cls.__mro__):
          try:
              yield from mro.__slots__
          except AttributeError:
              continue
  
  
  def compute_timedelta(dt: datetime.datetime):
      if dt.tzinfo is None:
          dt = dt.astimezone()
      now = datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
      return max((dt - now).total_seconds(), 0)
  
  
  async def sleep_until(
      when: datetime.datetime, result: Optional[T] = None
  ) -> Optional[T]:
      """|coro|
  
      Sleep until a specified time.
  
      If the time supplied is in the past this function will yield instantly.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.3
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      when: :class:`datetime.datetime`
          The timestamp in which to sleep until. If the datetime is naive then
          it is assumed to be local time.
      result: Any
          If provided is returned to the caller when the coroutine completes.
      """
      delta = compute_timedelta(when)
      return await asyncio.sleep(delta, result)
  
  
  def utcnow() -> datetime.datetime:
      """A helper function to return an aware UTC datetime representing the current time.
  
      This should be preferred to :meth:`datetime.datetime.utcnow` since it is an aware
      datetime, compared to the naive datetime in the standard library.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.0
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`datetime.datetime`
          The current aware datetime in UTC.
      """
      return datetime.datetime.now(datetime.timezone.utc)
  
  
  def valid_icon_size(size: int) -> bool:
      """Icons must be power of 2 within [16, 4096]."""
      return not size & (size - 1) and 4096 >= size >= 16
  
  
  class SnowflakeList(array.array):
      """Internal data storage class to efficiently store a list of snowflakes.
  
      This should have the following characteristics:
  
      - Low memory usage
      - O(n) iteration (obviously)
      - O(n log n) initial creation if data is unsorted
      - O(log n) search and indexing
      - O(n) insertion
      """
  
      __slots__ = ()
  
      if TYPE_CHECKING:
  
          def __init__(self, data: Iterable[int], *, is_sorted: bool = False):
              ...
  
      def __new__(cls, data: Iterable[int], *, is_sorted: bool = False):
          return array.array.__new__(cls, "Q", data if is_sorted else sorted(data))  # type: ignore
  
      def add(self, element: int) -> None:
          i = bisect_left(self, element)
          self.insert(i, element)
  
      def get(self, element: int) -> Optional[int]:
          i = bisect_left(self, element)
          return self[i] if i != len(self) and self[i] == element else None
  
      def has(self, element: int) -> bool:
          i = bisect_left(self, element)
          return i != len(self) and self[i] == element
  
  
  _IS_ASCII = re.compile(r"^[\x00-\x7f]+$")
  
  
  def _string_width(string: str, *, _IS_ASCII=_IS_ASCII) -> int:
      """Returns string's width."""
      match = _IS_ASCII.match(string)
      if match:
          return match.endpos
  
      UNICODE_WIDE_CHAR_TYPE = "WFA"
      func = unicodedata.east_asian_width
      return sum(2 if func(char) in UNICODE_WIDE_CHAR_TYPE else 1 for char in string)
  
  
  def resolve_invite(invite: Union[Invite, str]) -> str:
      """
      Resolves an invite from a :class:`~nextcord.Invite`, URL or code.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      invite: Union[:class:`~nextcord.Invite`, :class:`str`]
          The invite.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The invite code.
      """
      from .invite import Invite  # circular import
  
      if isinstance(invite, Invite):
          return invite.code
      else:
          rx = r"(?:https?\:\/\/)?discord(?:\.gg|(?:app)?\.com\/invite)\/(.+)"
          m = re.match(rx, invite)
          if m:
              return m.group(1)
      return invite
  
  
  def resolve_template(code: Union[Template, str]) -> str:
      """
      Resolves a template code from a :class:`~nextcord.Template`, URL or code.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.4
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      code: Union[:class:`~nextcord.Template`, :class:`str`]
          The code.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The template code.
      """
      from .template import Template  # circular import
  
      if isinstance(code, Template):
          return code.code
      else:
          rx = r"(?:https?\:\/\/)?discord(?:\.new|(?:app)?\.com\/template)\/(.+)"
          m = re.match(rx, code)
          if m:
              return m.group(1)
      return code
  
  
  _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_SUBREGEX = "|".join(
      r"\{0}(?=([\s\S]*((?<!\{0})\{0})))".format(c) for c in ("*", "`", "_", "~", "|")
  )
  
  _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_COMMON = r"^>(?:>>)?\s|\[.+\]\(.+\)"
  
  _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_REGEX = re.compile(
      fr"(?P<markdown>{_MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_SUBREGEX}|{_MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_COMMON})",
      re.MULTILINE,
  )
  
  _URL_REGEX = r"(?P<url><[^: >]+:\/[^ >]+>|(?:https?|steam):\/\/[^\s<]+[^<.,:;\"\'\]\s])"
  
  _MARKDOWN_STOCK_REGEX = fr"(?P<markdown>[_\\~|\*`]|{_MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_COMMON})"
  
  
  def remove_markdown(text: str, *, ignore_links: bool = True) -> str:
      """A helper function that removes markdown characters.
  
      .. versionadded:: 1.7
  
      .. note::
              This function is not markdown aware and may remove meaning from the original text. For example,
              if the input contains ``10 * 5`` then it will be converted into ``10  5``.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      text: :class:`str`
          The text to remove markdown from.
      ignore_links: :class:`bool`
          Whether to leave links alone when removing markdown. For example,
          if a URL in the text contains characters such as ``_`` then it will
          be left alone. Defaults to ``True``.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The text with the markdown special characters removed.
      """
  
      def replacement(match):
          groupdict = match.groupdict()
          return groupdict.get("url", "")
  
      regex = _MARKDOWN_STOCK_REGEX
      if ignore_links:
          regex = f"(?:{_URL_REGEX}|{regex})"
      return re.sub(regex, replacement, text, 0, re.MULTILINE)
  
  
  def escape_markdown(
      text: str, *, as_needed: bool = False, ignore_links: bool = True
  ) -> str:
      r"""A helper function that escapes Discord's markdown.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      text: :class:`str`
          The text to escape markdown from.
      as_needed: :class:`bool`
          Whether to escape the markdown characters as needed. This
          means that it does not escape extraneous characters if it's
          not necessary, e.g. ``**hello**`` is escaped into ``\*\*hello**``
          instead of ``\*\*hello\*\*``. Note however that this can open
          you up to some clever syntax abuse. Defaults to ``False``.
      ignore_links: :class:`bool`
          Whether to leave links alone when escaping markdown. For example,
          if a URL in the text contains characters such as ``_`` then it will
          be left alone. This option is not supported with ``as_needed``.
          Defaults to ``True``.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The text with the markdown special characters escaped with a slash.
      """
  
      if not as_needed:
  
          def replacement(match):
              groupdict = match.groupdict()
              is_url = groupdict.get("url")
              if is_url:
                  return is_url
              return "\\" + groupdict["markdown"]
  
          regex = _MARKDOWN_STOCK_REGEX
          if ignore_links:
              regex = f"(?:{_URL_REGEX}|{regex})"
          return re.sub(regex, replacement, text, 0, re.MULTILINE)
      else:
          text = re.sub(r"\\", r"\\\\", text)
          return _MARKDOWN_ESCAPE_REGEX.sub(r"\\\1", text)
  
  
  def escape_mentions(text: str) -> str:
      """A helper function that escapes everyone, here, role, and user mentions.
  
      .. note::
  
          This does not include channel mentions.
  
      .. note::
  
          For more granular control over what mentions should be escaped
          within messages, refer to the :class:`~nextcord.AllowedMentions`
          class.
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      text: :class:`str`
          The text to escape mentions from.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The text with the mentions removed.
      """
      return re.sub(r"@(everyone|here|[!&]?[0-9]{17,20})", "@\u200b\\1", text)
  
  
  def _chunk(iterator: Iterator[T], max_size: int) -> Iterator[List[T]]:
      ret = []
      n = 0
      for item in iterator:
          ret.append(item)
          n += 1
          if n == max_size:
              yield ret
              ret = []
              n = 0
      if ret:
          yield ret
  
  
  async def _achunk(iterator: AsyncIterator[T], max_size: int) -> AsyncIterator[List[T]]:
      ret = []
      n = 0
      async for item in iterator:
          ret.append(item)
          n += 1
          if n == max_size:
              yield ret
              ret = []
              n = 0
      if ret:
          yield ret
  
  
  @overload
  def as_chunks(iterator: Iterator[T], max_size: int) -> Iterator[List[T]]:
      ...
  
  
  @overload
  def as_chunks(iterator: AsyncIterator[T], max_size: int) -> AsyncIterator[List[T]]:
      ...
  
  
  def as_chunks(iterator: _Iter[T], max_size: int) -> _Iter[List[T]]:
      """A helper function that collects an iterator into chunks of a given size.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.0
  
      Parameters
      ----------
      iterator: Union[:class:`collections.abc.Iterator`, :class:`collections.abc.AsyncIterator`]
          The iterator to chunk, can be sync or async.
      max_size: :class:`int`
          The maximum chunk size.
  
  
      .. warning::
  
          The last chunk collected may not be as large as ``max_size``.
  
      Returns
      --------
      Union[:class:`Iterator`, :class:`AsyncIterator`]
          A new iterator which yields chunks of a given size.
      """
      if max_size <= 0:
          raise ValueError("Chunk sizes must be greater than 0.")
  
      if isinstance(iterator, AsyncIterator):
          return _achunk(iterator, max_size)
      return _chunk(iterator, max_size)
  
  
  PY_310 = sys.version_info >= (3, 10)
  
  
  def flatten_literal_params(parameters: Iterable[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
      params = []
      literal_cls = type(Literal[0])
      for p in parameters:
          if isinstance(p, literal_cls):
              params.extend(p.__args__)
          else:
              params.append(p)
      return tuple(params)
  
  
  def normalise_optional_params(parameters: Iterable[Any]) -> Tuple[Any, ...]:
      none_cls = type(None)
      return tuple(p for p in parameters if p is not none_cls) + (none_cls,)
  
  
  def evaluate_annotation(
      tp: Any,
      globals: Dict[str, Any],
      locals: Dict[str, Any],
      cache: Dict[str, Any],
      *,
      implicit_str: bool = True,
  ):
      if isinstance(tp, ForwardRef):
          tp = tp.__forward_arg__
          # ForwardRefs always evaluate their internals
          implicit_str = True
  
      if implicit_str and isinstance(tp, str):
          if tp in cache:
              return cache[tp]
          evaluated = eval(tp, globals, locals)
          cache[tp] = evaluated
          return evaluate_annotation(evaluated, globals, locals, cache)
  
      if hasattr(tp, "__args__"):
          implicit_str = True
          is_literal = False
          args = tp.__args__
          if not hasattr(tp, "__origin__"):
              if PY_310 and tp.__class__ is types.UnionType:  # type: ignore
                  converted = Union[args]  # type: ignore
                  return evaluate_annotation(converted, globals, locals, cache)
  
              return tp
          if tp.__origin__ is Union:
              try:
                  if args.index(type(None)) != len(args) - 1:
                      args = normalise_optional_params(tp.__args__)
              except ValueError:
                  pass
          if tp.__origin__ is Literal:
              if not PY_310:
                  args = flatten_literal_params(tp.__args__)
              implicit_str = False
              is_literal = True
  
          evaluated_args = tuple(
              evaluate_annotation(arg, globals, locals, cache, implicit_str=implicit_str)
              for arg in args
          )
  
          if is_literal and not all(
              isinstance(x, (str, int, bool, type(None))) for x in evaluated_args
          ):
              raise TypeError(
                  "Literal arguments must be of type str, int, bool, or NoneType."
              )
  
          if evaluated_args == args:
              return tp
  
          try:
              return tp.copy_with(evaluated_args)
          except AttributeError:
              return tp.__origin__[evaluated_args]
  
      return tp
  
  
  def resolve_annotation(
      annotation: Any,
      globalns: Dict[str, Any],
      localns: Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
      cache: Optional[Dict[str, Any]],
  ) -> Any:
      if annotation is None:
          return type(None)
      if isinstance(annotation, str):
          annotation = ForwardRef(annotation)
  
      locals = globalns if localns is None else localns
      if cache is None:
          cache = {}
      return evaluate_annotation(annotation, globalns, locals, cache)
  
  
  TimestampStyle = Literal["f", "F", "d", "D", "t", "T", "R"]
  
  
  def format_dt(dt: datetime.datetime, /, style: Optional[TimestampStyle] = None) -> str:
      """A helper function to format a :class:`datetime.datetime` for presentation within Discord.
  
      This allows for a locale-independent way of presenting data using Discord specific Markdown.
  
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      |    Style    |       Example Output       |   Description   |
      +=============+============================+=================+
      | t           | 22:57                      | Short Time      |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      | T           | 22:57:58                   | Long Time       |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      | d           | 17/05/2016                 | Short Date      |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      | D           | 17 May 2016                | Long Date       |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      | f (default) | 17 May 2016 22:57          | Short Date Time |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      | F           | Tuesday, 17 May 2016 22:57 | Long Date Time  |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
      | R           | 5 years ago                | Relative Time   |
      +-------------+----------------------------+-----------------+
  
      Note that the exact output depends on the user's locale setting in the client. The example output
      presented is using the ``en-GB`` locale.
  
      .. versionadded:: 2.0
  
      Parameters
      -----------
      dt: :class:`datetime.datetime`
          The datetime to format.
      style: :class:`str`
          The style to format the datetime with.
  
      Returns
      --------
      :class:`str`
          The formatted string.
      """
      if style is None:
          return f"<t:{int(dt.timestamp())}>"
      return f"<t:{int(dt.timestamp())}:{style}>"
  