text: """ Util Functions """
  import math
  import numpy as np
  import random
  
  def addition(first: int, second: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns sum of two integers.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return first + second
  
  
  def subtraction(first: int, second: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns subtraction of two integers.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return first - second
  
  
  def multiplication(first: int, second: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns multiplication of two integers.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return first * second
  
  
  def division(first: int, second: int) -> float:
      """
      Returns float division of two integers.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return first / second
  
  
  def integer_division(first: int, second: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns integer division of two integers.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return first // second
  
  
  def power(base_int: int, power_int: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns base raised to the power.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return base_int ** power_int
  
  
  def modulo(dividend: int, divisor: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns remainder of dividend // divisor.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : First Integer
          second (int) : Second Integer
      """
      return dividend % divisor
  
  
  def log(first: int, base: int) -> float:
      """
      Returns sum of two integers.
  
      Parameters:
          first (int) : Value to calculate base for. Should be > 0.
          second (int) : Logarithmic base to use.
      """
      return math.log(first, base)
  
  def sigmoid(z):
      """
      Compute the sigmoid of z
  
      Arguments:
      x -- A scalar or numpy array of any size.
  
      Return:
      s -- sigmoid(z)
      """
  
      ### START CODE HERE ### (≈ 1 line of code)
      s = 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))
      ### END CODE HERE ###
      
      return s
  
  def rand_between(start: int, stop: int) -> int:
      """
      Returns a random number between two integers.
      Parameters:
          start (int) : Lower limit of Random Number
          stop (int) : Upper Limit of Random Number
      """
      return random.randint(start, stop)