text: import unicodedata
  
  import sqlalchemy as sa
  from sqlalchemy import Computed
  from sqlalchemy import DefaultClause
  from sqlalchemy import event
  from sqlalchemy import FetchedValue
  from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
  from sqlalchemy import Identity
  from sqlalchemy import Index
  from sqlalchemy import inspect
  from sqlalchemy import Integer
  from sqlalchemy import MetaData
  from sqlalchemy import schema
  from sqlalchemy import sql
  from sqlalchemy import String
  from sqlalchemy import testing
  from sqlalchemy import UniqueConstraint
  from sqlalchemy.testing import assert_raises
  from sqlalchemy.testing import assert_raises_message
  from sqlalchemy.testing import AssertsCompiledSQL
  from sqlalchemy.testing import ComparesTables
  from sqlalchemy.testing import config
  from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_
  from sqlalchemy.testing import eq_regex
  from sqlalchemy.testing import expect_warnings
  from sqlalchemy.testing import fixtures
  from sqlalchemy.testing import in_
  from sqlalchemy.testing import is_
  from sqlalchemy.testing import is_false
  from sqlalchemy.testing import is_instance_of
  from sqlalchemy.testing import is_not
  from sqlalchemy.testing import is_true
  from sqlalchemy.testing import mock
  from sqlalchemy.testing import not_in
  from sqlalchemy.testing import skip
  from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Column
  from sqlalchemy.testing.schema import Table
  
  
  class ReflectionTest(fixtures.TestBase, ComparesTables):
      __backend__ = True
  
      def test_basic_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
  
          users = Table(
              "engine_users",
              meta,
              Column("user_id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
              Column("user_name", sa.VARCHAR(20), nullable=False),
              Column("test1", sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
              Column("test2", sa.Float(), nullable=False),
              Column("test3", sa.Text),
              Column("test4", sa.Numeric(10, 2), nullable=False),
              Column("test5", sa.Date),
              Column(
                  "parent_user_id",
                  sa.Integer,
                  sa.ForeignKey("engine_users.user_id"),
              ),
              Column("test6", sa.Date, nullable=False),
              Column("test7", sa.Text),
              Column("test8", sa.LargeBinary),
              Column("test_passivedefault2", sa.Integer, server_default="5"),
              Column("test9", sa.LargeBinary(100)),
              Column("test10", sa.Numeric(10, 2)),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
  
          addresses = Table(
              "engine_email_addresses",
              meta,
              Column("address_id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column(
                  "remote_user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey(users.c.user_id)
              ),
              Column("email_address", sa.String(20)),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          reflected_users = Table(
              "engine_users", meta2, autoload_with=connection
          )
          reflected_addresses = Table(
              "engine_email_addresses",
              meta2,
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          self.assert_tables_equal(users, reflected_users)
          self.assert_tables_equal(addresses, reflected_addresses)
  
      def test_autoload_with_imply_autoload(self, metadata, connection):
          meta = metadata
          t = Table(
              "t",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("x", sa.String(20)),
              Column("y", sa.Integer),
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          reflected_t = Table("t", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          self.assert_tables_equal(t, reflected_t)
  
      def test_two_foreign_keys(self, metadata, connection):
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "t1",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("t2id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("t2.id")),
              Column("t3id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("t3.id")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "t2",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "t3",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          t1r, t2r, t3r = [
              Table(x, meta2, autoload_with=connection)
              for x in ("t1", "t2", "t3")
          ]
          assert t1r.c.t2id.references(t2r.c.id)
          assert t1r.c.t3id.references(t3r.c.id)
  
      def test_resolve_fks_false_table(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "t1",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("t2id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("t2.id")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "t2",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          t1 = Table("t1", meta2, resolve_fks=False, autoload_with=connection)
          in_("t1", meta2.tables)
          not_in("t2", meta2.tables)
  
          assert_raises(
              sa.exc.NoReferencedTableError,
              lambda: list(t1.c.t2id.foreign_keys)[0].column,
          )
  
          t2 = Table("t2", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          # now it resolves
          is_true(t1.c.t2id.references(t2.c.id))
  
      def test_resolve_fks_false_extend_existing(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "t1",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("t2id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("t2.id")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "t2",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          Table("t1", meta2)
          in_("t1", meta2.tables)
  
          t1 = Table(
              "t1",
              meta2,
              resolve_fks=False,
              autoload_with=connection,
              extend_existing=True,
          )
          not_in("t2", meta2.tables)
  
          assert_raises(
              sa.exc.NoReferencedTableError,
              lambda: list(t1.c.t2id.foreign_keys)[0].column,
          )
  
          t2 = Table("t2", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          # now it resolves
          is_true(t1.c.t2id.references(t2.c.id))
  
      def test_resolve_fks_false_metadata(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "t1",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("t2id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("t2.id")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "t2",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          meta2.reflect(connection, resolve_fks=False, only=["t1"])
          in_("t1", meta2.tables)
          not_in("t2", meta2.tables)
  
          t1 = meta2.tables["t1"]
  
          assert_raises(
              sa.exc.NoReferencedTableError,
              lambda: list(t1.c.t2id.foreign_keys)[0].column,
          )
  
          meta2.reflect(connection, resolve_fks=False)
  
          t2 = meta2.tables["t2"]
          is_true(t1.c.t2id.references(t2.c.id))
  
      def test_nonexistent(self, connection):
          meta = MetaData()
          assert_raises(
              sa.exc.NoSuchTableError,
              Table,
              "nonexistent",
              meta,
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          assert "nonexistent" not in meta.tables
  
      def test_include_columns(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
          foo = Table(
              "foo",
              meta,
              *[
                  Column(n, sa.String(30))
                  for n in ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e", "f"]
              ],
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          foo = Table(
              "foo",
              meta2,
              autoload_with=connection,
              include_columns=["b", "f", "e"],
          )
          # test that cols come back in original order
          eq_([c.name for c in foo.c], ["b", "e", "f"])
          for c in ("b", "f", "e"):
              assert c in foo.c
          for c in ("a", "c", "d"):
              assert c not in foo.c
  
          # test against a table which is already reflected
          meta3 = MetaData()
          foo = Table("foo", meta3, autoload_with=connection)
  
          foo = Table(
              "foo", meta3, include_columns=["b", "f", "e"], extend_existing=True
          )
          eq_([c.name for c in foo.c], ["b", "e", "f"])
          for c in ("b", "f", "e"):
              assert c in foo.c
          for c in ("a", "c", "d"):
              assert c not in foo.c
  
      def test_extend_existing(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
  
          Table(
              "t",
              meta,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("x", Integer),
              Column("y", Integer),
              Column("z", Integer, server_default="5"),
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          old_z = Column("z", String, primary_key=True)
          old_y = Column("y", String)
          old_q = Column("q", Integer)
          t2 = Table("t", m2, old_z, old_q)
          eq_(list(t2.primary_key.columns), [t2.c.z])
          t2 = Table(
              "t",
              m2,
              old_y,
              extend_existing=True,
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          eq_(set(t2.columns.keys()), set(["x", "y", "z", "q", "id"]))
  
          # this has been the actual behavior, the cols are added together,
          # however the test wasn't checking this correctly
          eq_(list(t2.primary_key.columns), [t2.c.z, t2.c.id])
  
          assert t2.c.z is not old_z
          assert t2.c.y is old_y
          assert t2.c.z.type._type_affinity is Integer
          assert t2.c.q is old_q
  
          m3 = MetaData()
          t3 = Table("t", m3, Column("z", Integer))
          t3 = Table(
              "t",
              m3,
              extend_existing=False,
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          eq_(set(t3.columns.keys()), set(["z"]))
  
          m4 = MetaData()
          old_z = Column("z", String, primary_key=True)
          old_y = Column("y", String)
          old_q = Column("q", Integer)
          t4 = Table("t", m4, old_z, old_q)
          eq_(list(t4.primary_key.columns), [t4.c.z])
          t4 = Table(
              "t",
              m4,
              old_y,
              extend_existing=True,
              autoload_replace=False,
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          eq_(set(t4.columns.keys()), set(["x", "y", "z", "q", "id"]))
          eq_(list(t4.primary_key.columns), [t4.c.z, t4.c.id])
          assert t4.c.z is old_z
          assert t4.c.y is old_y
          assert t4.c.z.type._type_affinity is String
          assert t4.c.q is old_q
  
      def test_extend_existing_reflect_all_dont_dupe_index(
          self, connection, metadata
      ):
          m = metadata
          d = Table(
              "d",
              m,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("foo", String(50)),
              Column("bar", String(50)),
              UniqueConstraint("bar"),
          )
          Index("foo_idx", d.c.foo)
          Table(
              "b",
              m,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("aid", ForeignKey("d.id")),
          )
          m.create_all(connection)
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          m2.reflect(connection, extend_existing=True)
  
          eq_(
              len(
                  [
                      idx
                      for idx in m2.tables["d"].indexes
                      if idx.name == "foo_idx"
                  ]
              ),
              1,
          )
          if (
              # fmt: off
              testing.requires.
              unique_constraint_reflection_no_index_overlap.enabled
              # fmt: on
          ):
              eq_(
                  len(
                      [
                          const
                          for const in m2.tables["d"].constraints
                          if isinstance(const, UniqueConstraint)
                      ]
                  ),
                  1,
              )
  
      @testing.emits_warning(r".*omitted columns")
      def test_include_columns_indexes(self, connection, metadata):
          m = metadata
  
          t1 = Table("t1", m, Column("a", sa.Integer), Column("b", sa.Integer))
          sa.Index("foobar", t1.c.a, t1.c.b)
          sa.Index("bat", t1.c.a)
          m.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("t1", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          assert len(t2.indexes) == 2
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("t1", m2, autoload_with=connection, include_columns=["a"])
          assert len(t2.indexes) == 1
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          t2 = Table(
              "t1", m2, autoload_with=connection, include_columns=["a", "b"]
          )
          assert len(t2.indexes) == 2
  
      def test_autoload_replace_foreign_key_nonpresent(
          self, connection, metadata
      ):
          """test autoload_replace=False with col plus FK
          establishes the FK not present in the DB.
  
          """
          Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
          Table(
              "b",
              metadata,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("a_id", Integer),
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          b2 = Table("b", m2, Column("a_id", Integer, sa.ForeignKey("a.id")))
          a2 = Table("a", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          b2 = Table(
              "b",
              m2,
              extend_existing=True,
              autoload_with=connection,
              autoload_replace=False,
          )
  
          assert b2.c.id is not None
          assert b2.c.a_id.references(a2.c.id)
          eq_(len(b2.constraints), 2)
  
      def test_autoload_replace_foreign_key_ispresent(
          self, connection, metadata
      ):
          """test autoload_replace=False with col plus FK mirroring
          DB-reflected FK skips the reflected FK and installs
          the in-python one only.
  
          """
          Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
          Table(
              "b",
              metadata,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("a_id", Integer, sa.ForeignKey("a.id")),
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          b2 = Table("b", m2, Column("a_id", Integer, sa.ForeignKey("a.id")))
          a2 = Table("a", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          b2 = Table(
              "b",
              m2,
              extend_existing=True,
              autoload_with=connection,
              autoload_replace=False,
          )
  
          assert b2.c.id is not None
          assert b2.c.a_id.references(a2.c.id)
          eq_(len(b2.constraints), 2)
  
      def test_autoload_replace_foreign_key_removed(self, connection, metadata):
          """test autoload_replace=False with col minus FK that's in the
          DB means the FK is skipped and doesn't get installed at all.
  
          """
          Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
          Table(
              "b",
              metadata,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("a_id", Integer, sa.ForeignKey("a.id")),
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          b2 = Table("b", m2, Column("a_id", Integer))
          a2 = Table("a", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          b2 = Table(
              "b",
              m2,
              extend_existing=True,
              autoload_with=connection,
              autoload_replace=False,
          )
  
          assert b2.c.id is not None
          assert not b2.c.a_id.references(a2.c.id)
          eq_(len(b2.constraints), 1)
  
      def test_autoload_replace_primary_key(self, connection, metadata):
          Table("a", metadata, Column("id", Integer))
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          a2 = Table("a", m2, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
  
          Table(
              "a",
              m2,
              autoload_with=connection,
              autoload_replace=False,
              extend_existing=True,
          )
          eq_(list(a2.primary_key), [a2.c.id])
  
      def test_autoload_replace_arg(self):
          Table("t", MetaData(), autoload_replace=False)
  
      def test_autoincrement_col(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that 'autoincrement' is reflected according to sqla's policy.
  
          Don't mark this test as unsupported for any backend !
  
          """
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "test",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("data", sa.String(50)),
              mysql_engine="InnoDB",
          )
          Table(
              "test2",
              meta,
              Column(
                  "id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("test.id"), primary_key=True
              ),
              Column("id2", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("data", sa.String(50)),
              mysql_engine="InnoDB",
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          t1a = Table("test", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          assert t1a._autoincrement_column is t1a.c.id
  
          t2a = Table("test2", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          assert t2a._autoincrement_column is None
  
      @skip("sqlite")
      def test_unknown_types(self, connection, metadata):
          """Test the handling of unknown types for the given dialect.
  
          sqlite is skipped because it has special rules for unknown types using
          'affinity types' - this feature is tested in that dialect's test spec.
          """
          meta = metadata
          t = Table("test", meta, Column("foo", sa.DateTime))
  
          t.create(connection)
  
          with mock.patch.object(connection.dialect, "ischema_names", {}):
              m2 = MetaData()
  
              with testing.expect_warnings("Did not recognize type"):
                  t3 = Table("test", m2, autoload_with=connection)
                  is_(t3.c.foo.type.__class__, sa.types.NullType)
  
      def test_basic_override(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
          table = Table(
              "override_test",
              meta,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("col2", sa.String(20)),
              Column("col3", sa.Numeric),
          )
          table.create(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          table = Table(
              "override_test",
              meta2,
              Column("col2", sa.Unicode()),
              Column("col4", sa.String(30)),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
  
          self.assert_(isinstance(table.c.col1.type, sa.Integer))
          self.assert_(isinstance(table.c.col2.type, sa.Unicode))
          self.assert_(isinstance(table.c.col4.type, sa.String))
  
      def test_override_upgrade_pk_flag(self, connection, metadata):
          meta = metadata
          table = Table(
              "override_test",
              meta,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer),
              Column("col2", sa.String(20)),
              Column("col3", sa.Numeric),
          )
          table.create(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          table = Table(
              "override_test",
              meta2,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
  
          eq_(list(table.primary_key), [table.c.col1])
          eq_(table.c.col1.primary_key, True)
  
      def test_override_pkfk(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that you can override columns which contain foreign keys
          to other reflected tables, where the foreign key column is also
          a primary key column"""
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "users",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("name", sa.String(30)),
          )
          Table(
              "addresses",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("street", sa.String(30)),
          )
  
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          a2 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta2,
              Column(
                  "id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id"), primary_key=True
              ),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          u2 = Table("users", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          assert list(a2.primary_key) == [a2.c.id]
          assert list(u2.primary_key) == [u2.c.id]
          assert u2.join(a2).onclause.compare(u2.c.id == a2.c.id)
  
          meta3 = MetaData()
          u3 = Table("users", meta3, autoload_with=connection)
          a3 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta3,
              Column(
                  "id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id"), primary_key=True
              ),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
  
          assert list(a3.primary_key) == [a3.c.id]
          assert list(u3.primary_key) == [u3.c.id]
          assert u3.join(a3).onclause.compare(u3.c.id == a3.c.id)
  
      def test_override_nonexistent_fk(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that you can override columns and create new foreign
          keys to other reflected tables which have no foreign keys.  this
          is common with MySQL MyISAM tables."""
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "users",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("name", sa.String(30)),
          )
          Table(
              "addresses",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("street", sa.String(30)),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer),
          )
  
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          a2 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta2,
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id")),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          u2 = Table("users", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          assert len(a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert len(a2.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert [c.parent for c in a2.foreign_keys] == [a2.c.user_id]
          assert [c.parent for c in a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys] == [a2.c.user_id]
          assert list(a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys)[0].parent is a2.c.user_id
          assert u2.join(a2).onclause.compare(u2.c.id == a2.c.user_id)
          meta3 = MetaData()
  
          u3 = Table("users", meta3, autoload_with=connection)
  
          a3 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta3,
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id")),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          assert u3.join(a3).onclause.compare(u3.c.id == a3.c.user_id)
  
          meta4 = MetaData()
  
          u4 = Table(
              "users",
              meta4,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, key="u_id", primary_key=True),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
  
          a4 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta4,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, key="street", primary_key=True),
              Column("street", sa.String(30), key="user_id"),
              Column(
                  "user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.u_id"), key="id"
              ),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
  
          # for the thing happening here with the column collection,
          # see test/base/test_utils.py-> test_replace_switch_key_name.
          assert u4.join(a4).onclause.compare(u4.c.u_id == a4.c.id)
          assert list(u4.primary_key) == [u4.c.u_id]
          assert len(u4.columns) == 2
          assert len(u4.constraints) == 1
          assert len(a4.columns) == 3
          assert len(a4.constraints) == 2
  
      def test_override_composite_fk(self, connection, metadata):
          """Test double-remove of composite foreign key, when replaced."""
  
          Table(
              "a",
              metadata,
              Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("y", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
          )
  
          Table(
              "b",
              metadata,
              Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("y", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["x", "y"], ["a.x", "a.y"]),
          )
  
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
  
          c1 = Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True)
          c2 = Column("y", sa.Integer, primary_key=True)
          f1 = sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["x", "y"], ["a.x", "a.y"])
          b1 = Table("b", meta2, c1, c2, f1, autoload_with=connection)
  
          assert b1.c.x is c1
          assert b1.c.y is c2
          assert f1 in b1.constraints
          assert len(b1.constraints) == 2
  
      def test_override_keys(self, metadata, connection):
          """test that columns can be overridden with a 'key',
          and that ForeignKey targeting during reflection still works."""
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "a",
              meta,
              Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("z", sa.Integer),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "b",
              meta,
              Column("y", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("a.x")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          a2 = Table(
              "a",
              m2,
              Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True, key="x1"),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          b2 = Table("b", m2, autoload_with=connection)
          assert a2.join(b2).onclause.compare(a2.c.x1 == b2.c.y)
          assert b2.c.y.references(a2.c.x1)
  
      def test_nonreflected_fk_raises(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that a NoReferencedColumnError is raised when reflecting
          a table with an FK to another table which has not included the target
          column in its reflection.
  
          """
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "a",
              meta,
              Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("z", sa.Integer),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "b",
              meta,
              Column("y", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("a.x")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          a2 = Table("a", m2, include_columns=["z"], autoload_with=connection)
          b2 = Table("b", m2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          assert_raises(sa.exc.NoReferencedColumnError, a2.join, b2)
  
      def test_override_existing_fk(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that you can override columns and specify new foreign
          keys to other reflected tables, on columns which *do* already
          have that foreign key, and that the FK is not duped."""
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "users",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("name", sa.String(30)),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "addresses",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
  
          meta.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          a2 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta2,
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id")),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          u2 = Table("users", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          s = sa.select(a2).subquery()
  
          assert s.c.user_id is not None
          assert len(a2.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert len(a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert len(a2.constraints) == 2
          assert [c.parent for c in a2.foreign_keys] == [a2.c.user_id]
          assert [c.parent for c in a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys] == [a2.c.user_id]
          assert list(a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys)[0].parent is a2.c.user_id
          assert u2.join(a2).onclause.compare(u2.c.id == a2.c.user_id)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          u2 = Table(
              "users",
              meta2,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          a2 = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta2,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.id")),
              autoload_with=connection,
          )
          s = sa.select(a2).subquery()
  
          assert s.c.user_id is not None
          assert len(a2.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert len(a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert len(a2.constraints) == 2
          assert [c.parent for c in a2.foreign_keys] == [a2.c.user_id]
          assert [c.parent for c in a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys] == [a2.c.user_id]
          assert list(a2.c.user_id.foreign_keys)[0].parent is a2.c.user_id
          assert u2.join(a2).onclause.compare(u2.c.id == a2.c.user_id)
  
      @testing.only_on(["postgresql", "mysql"])
      def test_fk_options(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that foreign key reflection includes options (on
          backends with {dialect}.get_foreign_keys() support)"""
  
          if testing.against("postgresql"):
              test_attrs = (
                  "match",
                  "onupdate",
                  "ondelete",
                  "deferrable",
                  "initially",
              )
              addresses_user_id_fkey = sa.ForeignKey(
                  # Each option is specifically not a Postgres default, or
                  # it won't be returned by PG's inspection
                  "users.id",
                  name="addresses_user_id_fkey",
                  match="FULL",
                  onupdate="RESTRICT",
                  ondelete="RESTRICT",
                  deferrable=True,
                  initially="DEFERRED",
              )
          elif testing.against("mysql"):
              # MATCH, DEFERRABLE, and INITIALLY cannot be defined for MySQL
              # ON UPDATE and ON DELETE have defaults of RESTRICT, which are
              # elided by MySQL's inspection
              addresses_user_id_fkey = sa.ForeignKey(
                  "users.id",
                  name="addresses_user_id_fkey",
                  onupdate="CASCADE",
                  ondelete="CASCADE",
              )
              test_attrs = ("onupdate", "ondelete")
  
          meta = metadata
          Table(
              "users",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("name", sa.String(30)),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "addresses",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, addresses_user_id_fkey),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          meta2.reflect(connection)
          for fk in meta2.tables["addresses"].foreign_keys:
              ref = addresses_user_id_fkey
              for attr in test_attrs:
                  eq_(getattr(fk, attr), getattr(ref, attr))
  
      def test_pks_not_uniques(self, connection, metadata):
          """test that primary key reflection not tripped up by unique
          indexes"""
  
          conn = connection
          conn.exec_driver_sql(
              """
              CREATE TABLE book (
                  id INTEGER NOT NULL,
                  title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
                  series INTEGER,
                  series_id INTEGER,
                  UNIQUE(series, series_id),
                  PRIMARY KEY(id)
              )"""
          )
  
          book = Table("book", metadata, autoload_with=connection)
          assert book.primary_key.contains_column(book.c.id)
          assert not book.primary_key.contains_column(book.c.series)
          eq_(len(book.primary_key), 1)
  
      def test_fk_error(self, connection, metadata):
          Table(
              "slots",
              metadata,
              Column("slot_id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("pkg_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("pkgs.pkg_id")),
              Column("slot", sa.String(128)),
          )
  
          assert_raises_message(
              sa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
              "Foreign key associated with column 'slots.pkg_id' "
              "could not find table 'pkgs' with which to generate "
              "a foreign key to target column 'pkg_id'",
              metadata.create_all,
              connection,
          )
  
      def test_composite_pks(self, connection, metadata):
          """test reflection of a composite primary key"""
  
          conn = connection
          conn.exec_driver_sql(
              """
              CREATE TABLE book (
                  id INTEGER NOT NULL,
                  isbn VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL,
                  title VARCHAR(100) NOT NULL,
                  series INTEGER NOT NULL,
                  series_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
                  UNIQUE(series, series_id),
                  PRIMARY KEY(id, isbn)
              )"""
          )
          book = Table("book", metadata, autoload_with=connection)
          assert book.primary_key.contains_column(book.c.id)
          assert book.primary_key.contains_column(book.c.isbn)
          assert not book.primary_key.contains_column(book.c.series)
          eq_(len(book.primary_key), 2)
  
      def test_composite_fk(self, connection, metadata):
          """test reflection of composite foreign keys"""
  
          meta = metadata
          multi = Table(
              "multi",
              meta,
              Column("multi_id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("multi_rev", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("multi_hoho", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("name", sa.String(50), nullable=False),
              Column("val", sa.String(100)),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          multi2 = Table(
              "multi2",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("foo", sa.Integer),
              Column("bar", sa.Integer),
              Column("lala", sa.Integer),
              Column("data", sa.String(50)),
              sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(
                  ["foo", "bar", "lala"],
                  ["multi.multi_id", "multi.multi_rev", "multi.multi_hoho"],
              ),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          meta.create_all(connection)
  
          meta2 = MetaData()
          table = Table("multi", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          table2 = Table("multi2", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          self.assert_tables_equal(multi, table)
          self.assert_tables_equal(multi2, table2)
          j = sa.join(table, table2)
  
          self.assert_(
              sa.and_(
                  table.c.multi_id == table2.c.foo,
                  table.c.multi_rev == table2.c.bar,
                  table.c.multi_hoho == table2.c.lala,
              ).compare(j.onclause)
          )
  
      @testing.crashes("oracle", "FIXME: unknown, confirm not fails_on")
      @testing.requires.check_constraints
      def test_reserved(self, connection, metadata):
  
          # check a table that uses a SQL reserved name doesn't cause an
          # error
  
          meta = metadata
          table_a = Table(
              "select",
              meta,
              Column("not", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("from", sa.String(12), nullable=False),
              sa.UniqueConstraint("from", name="when"),
          )
          sa.Index("where", table_a.c["from"])
  
          if connection.dialect.requires_name_normalize:
              check_col = "TRUE"
          else:
              check_col = "true"
          quoter = connection.dialect.identifier_preparer.quote_identifier
  
          Table(
              "false",
              meta,
              Column("create", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("true", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("select.not")),
              sa.CheckConstraint("%s <> 1" % quoter(check_col), name="limit"),
          )
  
          table_c = Table(
              "is",
              meta,
              Column("or", sa.Integer, nullable=False, primary_key=True),
              Column("join", sa.Integer, nullable=False, primary_key=True),
              sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("or", "join", name="to"),
          )
          index_c = sa.Index("else", table_c.c.join)
          meta.create_all(connection)
          index_c.drop(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData()
          Table("select", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          Table("false", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
          Table("is", meta2, autoload_with=connection)
  
      def test_reflect_all(self, connection, metadata):
          names = ["rt_%s" % name for name in ("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")]
          nameset = set(names)
  
          baseline = metadata
          for name in names:
              Table(name, baseline, Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True))
          baseline.create_all(connection)
  
          m1 = MetaData()
          is_false(m1.tables)
          m1.reflect(connection)
          is_true(nameset.issubset(set(m1.tables.keys())))
  
          m2 = MetaData()
          m2.reflect(connection, only=["rt_a", "rt_b"])
          eq_(set(m2.tables.keys()), set(["rt_a", "rt_b"]))
  
          m3 = MetaData()
          m3.reflect(connection, only=lambda name, meta: name == "rt_c")
          eq_(set(m3.tables.keys()), set(["rt_c"]))
  
          m4 = MetaData()
  
          assert_raises_message(
              sa.exc.InvalidRequestError,
              r"Could not reflect: requested table\(s\) not available in "
              r"Engine\(.*?\): \(rt_f\)",
              m4.reflect,
              connection,
              only=["rt_a", "rt_f"],
          )
  
          m5 = MetaData()
          m5.reflect(connection, only=[])
          is_false(m5.tables)
  
          m6 = MetaData()
          m6.reflect(connection, only=lambda n, m: False)
          is_false(m6.tables)
  
          m7 = MetaData()
          m7.reflect(connection)
          is_true(nameset.issubset(set(m7.tables.keys())))
  
          m8_e1 = MetaData()
          rt_c = Table("rt_c", m8_e1)
          m8_e1.reflect(connection, extend_existing=True)
          eq_(set(m8_e1.tables.keys()), set(names))
          eq_(rt_c.c.keys(), ["id"])
  
          m8_e2 = MetaData()
          rt_c = Table("rt_c", m8_e2)
          m8_e2.reflect(connection, extend_existing=True, only=["rt_a", "rt_c"])
          eq_(set(m8_e2.tables.keys()), set(["rt_a", "rt_c"]))
          eq_(rt_c.c.keys(), ["id"])
  
          baseline.drop_all(connection)
          m9 = MetaData()
          m9.reflect(connection)
          is_false(m9.tables)
  
      def test_reflect_all_unreflectable_table(self, connection, metadata):
          names = ["rt_%s" % name for name in ("a", "b", "c", "d", "e")]
  
          for name in names:
              Table(name, metadata, Column("id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True))
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          m = MetaData()
  
          inspector = sa.engine.reflection.Inspector
          reflect_table = inspector.reflect_table
  
          def patched(self, table, *arg, **kw):
              if table.name == "rt_c":
                  raise sa.exc.UnreflectableTableError("Can't reflect rt_c")
              else:
                  return reflect_table(self, table, *arg, **kw)
  
          with mock.patch.object(inspector, "reflect_table", patched):
              with expect_warnings("Skipping table rt_c: Can't reflect rt_c"):
                  m.reflect(connection)
  
              assert_raises_message(
                  sa.exc.UnreflectableTableError,
                  "Can't reflect rt_c",
                  Table,
                  "rt_c",
                  m,
                  autoload_with=connection,
              )
  
      def test_index_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
          m1 = metadata
          t1 = Table(
              "party",
              m1,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, nullable=False),
              Column("name", sa.String(20), index=True),
          )
          sa.Index("idx1", t1.c.id, unique=True)
          sa.Index("idx2", t1.c.name, t1.c.id, unique=False)
          m1.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("party", m2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          assert len(t2.indexes) == 3
          # Make sure indexes are in the order we expect them in
          tmp = [(idx.name, idx) for idx in t2.indexes]
          tmp.sort()
          r1, r2, r3 = [idx[1] for idx in tmp]
  
          assert r1.name == "idx1"
          assert r2.name == "idx2"
          assert r1.unique == True  # noqa
          assert r2.unique == False  # noqa
          assert r3.unique == False  # noqa
          assert set([t2.c.id]) == set(r1.columns)
          assert set([t2.c.name, t2.c.id]) == set(r2.columns)
          assert set([t2.c.name]) == set(r3.columns)
  
      @testing.requires.comment_reflection
      def test_comment_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
          m1 = metadata
          Table(
              "sometable",
              m1,
              Column("id", sa.Integer, comment="c1 comment"),
              comment="t1 comment",
          )
          m1.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("sometable", m2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          eq_(t2.comment, "t1 comment")
          eq_(t2.c.id.comment, "c1 comment")
  
          t3 = Table("sometable", m2, extend_existing=True)
          eq_(t3.comment, "t1 comment")
          eq_(t3.c.id.comment, "c1 comment")
  
      @testing.requires.check_constraint_reflection
      def test_check_constraint_reflection(self, connection, metadata):
          m1 = metadata
          Table(
              "x",
              m1,
              Column("q", Integer),
              sa.CheckConstraint("q > 10", name="ck1"),
          )
          m1.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("x", m2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          ck = [
              const
              for const in t2.constraints
              if isinstance(const, sa.CheckConstraint)
          ][0]
  
          eq_regex(ck.sqltext.text, r"[\(`]*q[\)`]* > 10")
          eq_(ck.name, "ck1")
  
      def test_index_reflection_cols_busted(self, connection, metadata):
          t = Table("x", metadata, Column("a", Integer), Column("b", Integer))
          sa.Index("x_ix", t.c.a, t.c.b)
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          def mock_get_columns(self, connection, table_name, **kw):
              return [{"name": "b", "type": Integer, "primary_key": False}]
  
          with testing.mock.patch.object(
              connection.dialect, "get_columns", mock_get_columns
          ):
              m = MetaData()
              with testing.expect_warnings(
                  "index key 'a' was not located in columns"
              ):
                  t = Table("x", m, autoload_with=connection)
  
          eq_(list(t.indexes)[0].columns, [t.c.b])
  
      @testing.requires.views
      def test_views(self, connection, metadata):
          users, addresses, dingalings = createTables(metadata)
          try:
              metadata.create_all(connection)
              _create_views(connection, None)
              m2 = MetaData()
              users_v = Table("users_v", m2, autoload_with=connection)
              addresses_v = Table(
                  "email_addresses_v", m2, autoload_with=connection
              )
  
              for c1, c2 in zip(users_v.c, users.c):
                  eq_(c1.name, c2.name)
                  self.assert_types_base(c1, c2)
  
              for c1, c2 in zip(addresses_v.c, addresses.c):
                  eq_(c1.name, c2.name)
                  self.assert_types_base(c1, c2)
          finally:
              _drop_views(connection)
  
      @testing.requires.views
      def test_reflect_all_with_views(self, connection, metadata):
          users, addresses, dingalings = createTables(metadata, None)
          try:
              metadata.create_all(connection)
              _create_views(connection, None)
              m2 = MetaData()
  
              m2.reflect(connection, views=False)
              eq_(
                  set(m2.tables), set(["users", "email_addresses", "dingalings"])
              )
  
              m2 = MetaData()
              m2.reflect(connection, views=True)
              eq_(
                  set(m2.tables),
                  set(
                      [
                          "email_addresses_v",
                          "users_v",
                          "users",
                          "dingalings",
                          "email_addresses",
                      ]
                  ),
              )
          finally:
              _drop_views(connection)
  
  
  class CreateDropTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
      __backend__ = True
  
      run_create_tables = None
  
      @classmethod
      def teardown_test_class(cls):
          # TablesTest is used here without
          # run_create_tables, so add an explicit drop of whatever is in
          # metadata
          cls._tables_metadata.drop_all(testing.db)
  
      @classmethod
      def define_tables(cls, metadata):
          Table(
              "users",
              metadata,
              Column(
                  "user_id",
                  sa.Integer,
                  sa.Sequence("user_id_seq", optional=True),
                  primary_key=True,
              ),
              Column("user_name", sa.String(40)),
          )
  
          Table(
              "email_addresses",
              metadata,
              Column(
                  "address_id",
                  sa.Integer,
                  sa.Sequence("address_id_seq", optional=True),
                  primary_key=True,
              ),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.user_id")),
              Column("email_address", sa.String(40)),
          )
  
          Table(
              "orders",
              metadata,
              Column(
                  "order_id",
                  sa.Integer,
                  sa.Sequence("order_id_seq", optional=True),
                  primary_key=True,
              ),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("users.user_id")),
              Column("description", sa.String(50)),
              Column("isopen", sa.Integer),
          )
          Table(
              "items",
              metadata,
              Column(
                  "item_id",
                  sa.INT,
                  sa.Sequence("items_id_seq", optional=True),
                  primary_key=True,
              ),
              Column("order_id", sa.INT, sa.ForeignKey("orders")),
              Column("item_name", sa.VARCHAR(50)),
          )
  
      def test_sorter(self):
          tables = self.tables_test_metadata.sorted_tables
          table_names = [t.name for t in tables]
          ua = [n for n in table_names if n in ("users", "email_addresses")]
          oi = [n for n in table_names if n in ("orders", "items")]
  
          eq_(ua, ["users", "email_addresses"])
          eq_(oi, ["orders", "items"])
  
      def test_checkfirst(self, connection):
          insp = inspect(connection)
          users = self.tables.users
  
          is_false(insp.has_table("users"))
          users.create(connection)
          is_true(insp.has_table("users"))
          users.create(connection, checkfirst=True)
          users.drop(connection)
          users.drop(connection, checkfirst=True)
          is_false(insp.has_table("users"))
          users.create(connection, checkfirst=True)
          users.drop(connection)
  
      def test_createdrop(self, connection):
          insp = inspect(connection)
  
          metadata = self.tables_test_metadata
  
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          is_true(insp.has_table("items"))
          is_true(insp.has_table("email_addresses"))
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          is_true(insp.has_table("items"))
  
          metadata.drop_all(connection)
          is_false(insp.has_table("items"))
          is_false(insp.has_table("email_addresses"))
          metadata.drop_all(connection)
          is_false(insp.has_table("items"))
  
      def test_tablenames(self, connection):
          metadata = self.tables_test_metadata
          metadata.create_all(bind=connection)
          insp = inspect(connection)
  
          # ensure all tables we created are in the list.
          is_true(set(insp.get_table_names()).issuperset(metadata.tables))
  
  
  class SchemaManipulationTest(fixtures.TestBase):
      __backend__ = True
  
      def test_append_constraint_unique(self):
          meta = MetaData()
  
          users = Table("users", meta, Column("id", sa.Integer))
          addresses = Table(
              "addresses",
              meta,
              Column("id", sa.Integer),
              Column("user_id", sa.Integer),
          )
  
          fk = sa.ForeignKeyConstraint(["user_id"], [users.c.id])
  
          addresses.append_constraint(fk)
          addresses.append_constraint(fk)
          assert len(addresses.c.user_id.foreign_keys) == 1
          assert addresses.constraints == set([addresses.primary_key, fk])
  
  
  class UnicodeReflectionTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
      __backend__ = True
  
      @classmethod
      def define_tables(cls, metadata):
  
          no_multibyte_period = set([("plain", "col_plain", "ix_plain")])
          no_has_table = [
              (
                  "no_has_table_1",
                  "col_Unit\u00e9ble",
                  "ix_Unit\u00e9ble",
              ),
              ("no_has_table_2", "col_\u6e2c\u8a66", "ix_\u6e2c\u8a66"),
          ]
          no_case_sensitivity = [
              (
                  "\u6e2c\u8a66",
                  "col_\u6e2c\u8a66",
                  "ix_\u6e2c\u8a66",
              ),
              (
                  "unit\u00e9ble",
                  "col_unit\u00e9ble",
                  "ix_unit\u00e9ble",
              ),
          ]
          full = [
              (
                  "Unit\u00e9ble",
                  "col_Unit\u00e9ble",
                  "ix_Unit\u00e9ble",
              ),
              (
                  "\u6e2c\u8a66",
                  "col_\u6e2c\u8a66",
                  "ix_\u6e2c\u8a66",
              ),
          ]
  
          # as you can see, our options for this kind of thing
          # are really limited unless you're on PG or SQLite
  
          # forget about it on these backends
          if not testing.requires.unicode_ddl.enabled:
              names = no_multibyte_period
          # mysql can't handle casing usually
          elif (
              testing.against("mysql")
              and not testing.requires.mysql_fully_case_sensitive.enabled
          ):
              names = no_multibyte_period.union(no_case_sensitivity)
          # mssql + pyodbc + freetds can't compare multibyte names to
          # information_schema.tables.table_name
          elif testing.against("mssql"):
              names = no_multibyte_period.union(no_has_table)
          else:
              names = no_multibyte_period.union(full)
  
          for tname, cname, ixname in names:
              t = Table(
                  tname,
                  metadata,
                  Column(
                      "id",
                      sa.Integer,
                      sa.Sequence(cname + "_id_seq"),
                      primary_key=True,
                  ),
                  Column(cname, Integer),
              )
              schema.Index(ixname, t.c[cname])
  
          cls.names = names
  
      @testing.requires.unicode_connections
      def test_has_table(self, connection):
          insp = inspect(connection)
          for tname, cname, ixname in self.names:
              assert insp.has_table(tname), "Can't detect name %s" % tname
  
      @testing.requires.unicode_connections
      def test_basic(self, connection):
          # the 'convert_unicode' should not get in the way of the
          # reflection process.  reflect_table for oracle, postgresql
          # (others?) expect non-unicode strings in result sets/bind
          # params
  
          names = set([rec[0] for rec in self.names])
  
          reflected = set(inspect(connection).get_table_names())
  
          if not names.issubset(reflected) and hasattr(unicodedata, "normalize"):
  
              # Python source files in the utf-8 coding seem to
              # normalize literals as NFC (and the above are
              # explicitly NFC).  Maybe this database normalizes NFD
              # on reflection.
  
              nfc = set([unicodedata.normalize("NFC", n) for n in names])
              self.assert_(nfc == names)
  
              # Yep.  But still ensure that bulk reflection and
              # create/drop work with either normalization.
  
          r = MetaData()
          r.reflect(connection)
          r.drop_all(connection, checkfirst=False)
          r.create_all(connection, checkfirst=False)
  
      @testing.requires.unicode_connections
      def test_get_names(self, connection):
          inspector = inspect(connection)
          names = dict(
              (tname, (cname, ixname)) for tname, cname, ixname in self.names
          )
          for tname in inspector.get_table_names():
              assert tname in names
              eq_(
                  [
                      (rec["name"], rec["column_names"][0])
                      for rec in inspector.get_indexes(tname)
                  ],
                  [(names[tname][1], names[tname][0])],
              )
  
  
  class SchemaTest(fixtures.TestBase):
      __backend__ = True
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      @testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection
      def test_has_schema(self):
          if not hasattr(testing.db.dialect, "has_schema"):
              testing.config.skip_test(
                  "dialect %s doesn't have a has_schema method"
                  % testing.db.dialect.name
              )
          with testing.db.connect() as conn:
              eq_(
                  testing.db.dialect.has_schema(
                      conn, testing.config.test_schema
                  ),
                  True,
              )
              eq_(
                  testing.db.dialect.has_schema(conn, "sa_fake_schema_123"),
                  False,
              )
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      @testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection
      @testing.requires.implicit_default_schema
      def test_blank_schema_arg(self, connection, metadata):
  
          Table(
              "some_table",
              metadata,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("sid", Integer, sa.ForeignKey("some_other_table.id")),
              schema=testing.config.test_schema,
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "some_other_table",
              metadata,
              Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
              schema=None,
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          meta2 = MetaData(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
          meta2.reflect(connection)
  
          eq_(
              set(meta2.tables),
              set(
                  [
                      "some_other_table",
                      "%s.some_table" % testing.config.test_schema,
                  ]
              ),
          )
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      def test_explicit_default_schema(self, connection, metadata):
  
          schema = connection.dialect.default_schema_name
  
          assert bool(schema)
  
          Table(
              "table1",
              metadata,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
              schema=schema,
          )
          Table(
              "table2",
              metadata,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column(
                  "col2", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("%s.table1.col1" % schema)
              ),
              test_needs_fk=True,
              schema=schema,
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          metadata.create_all(connection, checkfirst=True)
          eq_(len(metadata.tables), 2)
  
          m1 = MetaData()
          Table("table1", m1, autoload_with=connection, schema=schema)
          Table("table2", m1, autoload_with=connection, schema=schema)
          eq_(len(m1.tables), 2)
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      def test_schema_translation(self, connection, metadata):
          Table(
              "foob",
              metadata,
              Column("q", Integer),
              schema=config.test_schema,
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
  
          m = MetaData()
          map_ = {"foob": config.test_schema}
  
          c2 = connection.execution_options(schema_translate_map=map_)
          t = Table("foob", m, schema="foob", autoload_with=c2)
          eq_(t.schema, "foob")
          eq_(t.c.keys(), ["q"])
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      def test_explicit_default_schema_metadata(self, connection, metadata):
          schema = connection.dialect.default_schema_name
  
          is_true(schema)
  
          metadata.schema = schema
          Table(
              "table1",
              metadata,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "table2",
              metadata,
              Column("col1", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("col2", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("table1.col1")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          metadata.create_all(connection, checkfirst=True)
  
          m1 = MetaData(schema=schema)
  
          Table("table1", m1, autoload_with=connection)
          Table("table2", m1, autoload_with=connection)
          eq_(len(m1.tables), 2)
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      def test_metadata_reflect_schema(self, connection, metadata):
          createTables(metadata, testing.config.test_schema)
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData(schema=testing.config.test_schema)
          m2.reflect(connection)
          eq_(
              set(m2.tables),
              set(
                  [
                      "%s.dingalings" % testing.config.test_schema,
                      "%s.users" % testing.config.test_schema,
                      "%s.email_addresses" % testing.config.test_schema,
                  ]
              ),
          )
  
      @testing.requires.schemas
      @testing.requires.cross_schema_fk_reflection
      @testing.requires.implicit_default_schema
      def test_reflect_all_schemas_default_overlap(self, connection, metadata):
          Table("t", metadata, Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True))
  
          Table(
              "t",
              metadata,
              Column("id1", sa.ForeignKey("t.id")),
              schema=testing.config.test_schema,
          )
  
          metadata.create_all(connection)
          m2 = MetaData()
          m2.reflect(connection, schema=testing.config.test_schema)
  
          m3 = MetaData()
          m3.reflect(connection)
          m3.reflect(connection, schema=testing.config.test_schema)
  
          eq_(
              set((t.name, t.schema) for t in m2.tables.values()),
              set((t.name, t.schema) for t in m3.tables.values()),
          )
  
  
  # Tests related to engine.reflection
  
  
  def createTables(meta, schema=None):
      if schema:
          schema_prefix = schema + "."
      else:
          schema_prefix = ""
  
      users = Table(
          "users",
          meta,
          Column("user_id", sa.INT, primary_key=True),
          Column("user_name", sa.VARCHAR(20), nullable=False),
          Column("test1", sa.CHAR(5), nullable=False),
          Column("test2", sa.Float(), nullable=False),
          Column("test3", sa.Text),
          Column("test4", sa.Numeric(10, 2), nullable=False),
          Column("test5", sa.Date),
          Column(
              "parent_user_id",
              sa.Integer,
              sa.ForeignKey("%susers.user_id" % schema_prefix),
          ),
          Column("test6", sa.Date, nullable=False),
          Column("test7", sa.Text),
          Column("test8", sa.LargeBinary),
          Column("test_passivedefault2", sa.Integer, server_default="5"),
          Column("test9", sa.LargeBinary(100)),
          Column("test10", sa.Numeric(10, 2)),
          schema=schema,
          test_needs_fk=True,
      )
      dingalings = Table(
          "dingalings",
          meta,
          Column("dingaling_id", sa.Integer, primary_key=True),
          Column(
              "address_id",
              sa.Integer,
              sa.ForeignKey("%semail_addresses.address_id" % schema_prefix),
          ),
          Column("data", sa.String(30)),
          schema=schema,
          test_needs_fk=True,
      )
      addresses = Table(
          "email_addresses",
          meta,
          Column("address_id", sa.Integer),
          Column("remote_user_id", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey(users.c.user_id)),
          Column("email_address", sa.String(20)),
          sa.PrimaryKeyConstraint("address_id", name="email_ad_pk"),
          schema=schema,
          test_needs_fk=True,
      )
  
      return (users, addresses, dingalings)
  
  
  def createIndexes(con, schema=None):
      fullname = "users"
      if schema:
          fullname = "%s.%s" % (schema, "users")
      query = "CREATE INDEX users_t_idx ON %s (test1, test2)" % fullname
      con.execute(sa.sql.text(query))
  
  
  @testing.requires.views
  def _create_views(conn, schema=None):
      for table_name in ("users", "email_addresses"):
          fullname = table_name
          if schema:
              fullname = "%s.%s" % (schema, table_name)
          view_name = fullname + "_v"
          query = "CREATE VIEW %s AS SELECT * FROM %s" % (
              view_name,
              fullname,
          )
          conn.execute(sa.sql.text(query))
  
  
  @testing.requires.views
  def _drop_views(conn, schema=None):
      for table_name in ("email_addresses", "users"):
          fullname = table_name
          if schema:
              fullname = "%s.%s" % (schema, table_name)
          view_name = fullname + "_v"
          query = "DROP VIEW %s" % view_name
          conn.execute(sa.sql.text(query))
  
  
  class ReverseCasingReflectTest(fixtures.TestBase, AssertsCompiledSQL):
      __dialect__ = "default"
      __backend__ = True
  
      @testing.requires.denormalized_names
      def setup_test(self):
          with testing.db.begin() as conn:
              conn.exec_driver_sql(
                  """
              CREATE TABLE weird_casing(
                      col1 char(20),
                      "Col2" char(20),
                      "col3" char(20)
              )
              """
              )
  
      @testing.requires.denormalized_names
      def teardown_test(self):
          with testing.db.begin() as conn:
              conn.exec_driver_sql("drop table weird_casing")
  
      @testing.requires.denormalized_names
      def test_direct_quoting(self, connection):
          m = MetaData()
          t = Table("weird_casing", m, autoload_with=connection)
          self.assert_compile(
              t.select(),
              "SELECT weird_casing.col1, "
              'weird_casing."Col2", weird_casing."col3" '
              "FROM weird_casing",
          )
  
  
  class CaseSensitiveTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
      """Nail down case sensitive behaviors, mostly on MySQL."""
  
      __backend__ = True
  
      @classmethod
      def define_tables(cls, metadata):
          Table(
              "SomeTable",
              metadata,
              Column("x", Integer, primary_key=True),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "SomeOtherTable",
              metadata,
              Column("x", Integer, primary_key=True),
              Column("y", Integer, sa.ForeignKey("SomeTable.x")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
  
      @testing.fails_if(testing.requires._has_mysql_on_windows)
      def test_table_names(self, connection):
          x = inspect(connection).get_table_names()
          assert set(["SomeTable", "SomeOtherTable"]).issubset(x)
  
      def test_reflect_exact_name(self, connection):
          m = MetaData()
          t1 = Table("SomeTable", m, autoload_with=connection)
          eq_(t1.name, "SomeTable")
          assert t1.c.x is not None
  
      @testing.fails_if(
          lambda: testing.against(("mysql", "<", (5, 5)))
          and not testing.requires._has_mysql_fully_case_sensitive()
      )
      def test_reflect_via_fk(self, connection):
          m = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("SomeOtherTable", m, autoload_with=connection)
          eq_(t2.name, "SomeOtherTable")
          assert "SomeTable" in m.tables
  
      @testing.fails_if(testing.requires._has_mysql_fully_case_sensitive)
      @testing.fails_on_everything_except("sqlite", "mysql", "mssql")
      def test_reflect_case_insensitive(self, connection):
          m = MetaData()
          t2 = Table("sOmEtAbLe", m, autoload_with=connection)
          eq_(t2.name, "sOmEtAbLe")
  
  
  class ColumnEventsTest(fixtures.RemovesEvents, fixtures.TablesTest):
      __backend__ = True
  
      @classmethod
      def define_tables(cls, metadata):
          to_reflect = Table(
              "to_reflect",
              metadata,
              Column("x", sa.Integer, primary_key=True, autoincrement=False),
              Column("y", sa.Integer),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          Table(
              "related",
              metadata,
              Column("q", sa.Integer, sa.ForeignKey("to_reflect.x")),
              test_needs_fk=True,
          )
          sa.Index("some_index", to_reflect.c.y)
  
      def _do_test(
          self, connection, col, update, assert_, tablename="to_reflect"
      ):
          # load the actual Table class, not the test
          # wrapper
          from sqlalchemy.schema import Table
  
          m = MetaData()
  
          def column_reflect(insp, table, column_info):
              if column_info["name"] == col:
                  column_info.update(update)
  
          t = Table(
              tablename,
              m,
              autoload_with=connection,
              listeners=[("column_reflect", column_reflect)],
          )
          assert_(t)
  
          m = MetaData()
          self.event_listen(Table, "column_reflect", column_reflect)
          t2 = Table(tablename, m, autoload_with=connection)
          assert_(t2)
  
      def test_override_key(self, connection):
          def assertions(table):
              eq_(table.c.YXZ.name, "x")
              eq_(set(table.primary_key), set([table.c.YXZ]))
  
          self._do_test(connection, "x", {"key": "YXZ"}, assertions)
  
      def test_override_index(self, connection):
          def assertions(table):
              idx = list(table.indexes)[0]
              eq_(idx.columns, [table.c.YXZ])
  
          self._do_test(connection, "y", {"key": "YXZ"}, assertions)
  
      def test_override_key_fk(self, connection):
          m = MetaData()
  
          def column_reflect(insp, table, column_info):
  
              if column_info["name"] == "q":
                  column_info["key"] = "qyz"
              elif column_info["name"] == "x":
                  column_info["key"] = "xyz"
  
          to_reflect = Table(
              "to_reflect",
              m,
              autoload_with=connection,
              listeners=[("column_reflect", column_reflect)],
          )
          related = Table(
              "related",
              m,
              autoload_with=connection,
              listeners=[("column_reflect", column_reflect)],
          )
  
          assert related.c.qyz.references(to_reflect.c.xyz)
  
      def test_override_type(self, connection):
          def assert_(table):
              assert isinstance(table.c.x.type, sa.String)
  
          self._do_test(connection, "x", {"type": sa.String}, assert_)
  
      def test_override_info(self, connection):
          self._do_test(
              connection,
              "x",
              {"info": {"a": "b"}},
              lambda table: eq_(table.c.x.info, {"a": "b"}),
          )
  
      def test_override_server_default_fetchedvalue(self, connection):
          my_default = FetchedValue()
          self._do_test(
              connection,
              "x",
              {"default": my_default},
              lambda table: eq_(table.c.x.server_default, my_default),
          )
  
      def test_override_server_default_default_clause(self, connection):
          my_default = DefaultClause("1")
          self._do_test(
              connection,
              "x",
              {"default": my_default},
              lambda table: eq_(table.c.x.server_default, my_default),
          )
  
      def test_override_server_default_plain_text(self, connection):
          my_default = "1"
  
          def assert_text_of_one(table):
              is_true(
                  isinstance(
                      table.c.x.server_default.arg, sql.elements.TextClause
                  )
              )
              eq_(str(table.c.x.server_default.arg), "1")
  
          self._do_test(
              connection, "x", {"default": my_default}, assert_text_of_one
          )
  
      def test_override_server_default_textclause(self, connection):
          my_default = sa.text("1")
  
          def assert_text_of_one(table):
              is_true(
                  isinstance(
                      table.c.x.server_default.arg, sql.elements.TextClause
                  )
              )
              eq_(str(table.c.x.server_default.arg), "1")
  
          self._do_test(
              connection, "x", {"default": my_default}, assert_text_of_one
          )
  
      def test_listen_metadata_obj(self, connection):
          m1 = MetaData()
  
          m2 = MetaData()
  
          canary = []
  
          @event.listens_for(m1, "column_reflect")
          def go(insp, table, info):
              canary.append(info["name"])
  
          Table("related", m1, autoload_with=connection)
  
          Table("related", m2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          eq_(canary, ["q", "x", "y"])
  
      def test_listen_metadata_cls(self, connection):
          m1 = MetaData()
  
          m2 = MetaData()
  
          canary = []
  
          def go(insp, table, info):
              canary.append(info["name"])
  
          self.event_listen(MetaData, "column_reflect", go)
  
          Table("related", m1, autoload_with=connection)
  
          Table("related", m2, autoload_with=connection)
  
          eq_(canary, ["q", "x", "y", "q", "x", "y"])
  
  
  class ComputedColumnTest(fixtures.ComputedReflectionFixtureTest):
      def check_table_column(self, table, name, text, persisted):
          is_true(name in table.columns)
          col = table.columns[name]
          is_not(col.computed, None)
          is_instance_of(col.computed, Computed)
  
          eq_(self.normalize(str(col.computed.sqltext)), text)
          if testing.requires.computed_columns_reflect_persisted.enabled:
              eq_(col.computed.persisted, persisted)
          else:
              is_(col.computed.persisted, None)
  
      def test_table_reflection(self):
          meta = MetaData()
          table = Table("computed_column_table", meta, autoload_with=config.db)
  
          self.check_table_column(
              table,
              "computed_no_flag",
              "normal+42",
              testing.requires.computed_columns_default_persisted.enabled,
          )
          if testing.requires.computed_columns_virtual.enabled:
              self.check_table_column(
                  table,
                  "computed_virtual",
                  "normal+2",
                  False,
              )
          if testing.requires.computed_columns_stored.enabled:
              self.check_table_column(
                  table,
                  "computed_stored",
                  "normal-42",
                  True,
              )
  
  
  class IdentityColumnTest(fixtures.TablesTest):
      run_inserts = run_deletes = None
  
      __backend__ = True
      __requires__ = ("identity_columns", "table_reflection")
  
      @classmethod
      def define_tables(cls, metadata):
          Table(
              "t1",
              metadata,
              Column("normal", Integer),
              Column("id1", Integer, Identity(start=2, increment=3)),
          )
  
      def test_table_reflection(self):
          meta = MetaData()
          table = Table("t1", meta, autoload_with=config.db)
  
          eq_(table.c.normal.identity, None)
          is_true(table.c.id1.identity is not None)
          eq_(table.c.id1.identity.start, 2)
          eq_(table.c.id1.identity.increment, 3)
  