text: 
  
  msg = "this is fun"
  
  # built-in functions such as len are applied to many kinds of objects
  # through duck-typing
  print(len(msg))
  
  # functions are called directly on the object and are specific to the object
  print(msg.upper())
  
  print(msg[3])
  
  print(msg[0:7:2])
  