text: #!/usr/bin/python
  """
  This module contains an OpenSoundControl implementation (in Pure Python), based (somewhat) on the
  good old 'SimpleOSC' implementation by Daniel Holth & Clinton McChesney.
  
  This implementation is intended to still be 'Simple' to the user, but much more complete
  (with OSCServer & OSCClient classes) and much more powerful
  (the OSCMultiClient supports subscriptions & message-filtering,
  OSCMessage & OSCBundle are now proper container-types)
  
  ================
  OpenSoundControl
  ================
  
  OpenSoundControl is a network-protocol for sending (small) packets of addressed data over network sockets.
  This OSC-implementation uses the UDP/IP protocol for sending and receiving packets.
  (Although it is theoretically possible to send OSC-packets over TCP, almost all known implementations use UDP)
  
  OSC-packets come in two kinds:
  - OSC-messages consist of an 'address'-string (not to be confused with a (host:port) network-address!),
  followed by a string of 'typetags' associated with the message's arguments (ie. 'payload'),
  and finally the arguments themselves, encoded in an OSC-specific way.
  The OSCMessage class makes it easy to create & manipulate OSC-messages of this kind in a 'pythonesque' way
  (that is, OSCMessage-objects behave a lot like lists)
  
  - OSC-bundles are a special type of OSC-message containing only OSC-messages as 'payload'. Recursively.
  (meaning; an OSC-bundle could contain other OSC-bundles, containing OSC-bundles etc.)
  OSC-bundles start with the special keyword '#bundle' and do not have an OSC-address. (but the OSC-messages
  a bundle contains will have OSC-addresses!)
  Also, an OSC-bundle can have a timetag, essentially telling the receiving Server to 'hold' the bundle until
  the specified time.
  The OSCBundle class allows easy cration & manipulation of OSC-bundles.
  
  see also http://opensoundcontrol.org/spec-1_0
  
  ---------
  
  To send OSC-messages, you need an OSCClient, and to receive OSC-messages you need an OSCServer.
  
  The OSCClient uses an 'AF_INET / SOCK_DGRAM' type socket (see the 'socket' module) to send
  binary representations of OSC-messages to a remote host:port address.
  
  The OSCServer listens on an 'AF_INET / SOCK_DGRAM' type socket bound to a local port, and handles
  incoming requests. Either one-after-the-other (OSCServer) or in a multi-threaded / multi-process fashion
  (ThreadingOSCServer / ForkingOSCServer). If the Server has a callback-function (a.k.a. handler) registered
  to 'deal with' (i.e. handle) the received message's OSC-address, that function is called, passing it the (decoded) message
  
  The different OSCServers implemented here all support the (recursive) un-bundling of OSC-bundles,
  and OSC-bundle timetags.
  
  In fact, this implementation supports:
  
  - OSC-messages with 'i' (int32), 'f' (float32), 's' (string) and 'b' (blob / binary data) types
  - OSC-bundles, including timetag-support
  - OSC-address patterns including '*', '?', '{,}' and '[]' wildcards.
  
  (please *do* read the OSC-spec! http://opensoundcontrol.org/spec-1_0 it explains what these things mean.)
  
  In addition, the OSCMultiClient supports:
  - Sending a specific OSC-message to multiple remote servers
  - Remote server subscription / unsubscription (through OSC-messages, of course)
  - Message-address filtering.
  
  ---------
  
  Stock, V2_Lab, Rotterdam, 2008
  
  ----------
  Changelog:
  ----------
  v0.3.0    - 27 Dec. 2007
      Started out to extend the 'SimpleOSC' implementation (v0.2.3) by Daniel Holth & Clinton McChesney.
      Rewrote OSCMessage
      Added OSCBundle
  
  v0.3.1    - 3 Jan. 2008
      Added OSClient
      Added OSCRequestHandler, loosely based on the original CallbackManager
      Added OSCServer
      Removed original CallbackManager
      Adapted testing-script (the 'if __name__ == "__main__":' block at the end) to use new Server & Client
  
  v0.3.2    - 5 Jan. 2008
      Added 'container-type emulation' methods (getitem(), setitem(), __iter__() & friends) to OSCMessage
      Added ThreadingOSCServer & ForkingOSCServer
          - 6 Jan. 2008
      Added OSCMultiClient
      Added command-line options to testing-script (try 'python OSC.py --help')
  
  v0.3.3    - 9 Jan. 2008
      Added OSC-timetag support to OSCBundle & OSCRequestHandler
      Added ThreadingOSCRequestHandler
  
  v0.3.4    - 13 Jan. 2008
      Added message-filtering to OSCMultiClient
      Added subscription-handler to OSCServer
      Added support fon numpy/scipy int & float types. (these get converted to 'standard' 32-bit OSC ints / floats!)
      Cleaned-up and added more Docstrings
  
  v0.3.5 - 14 aug. 2008
      Added OSCServer.reportErr(...) method
  
  -----------------
  Original Comments
  -----------------
  
  > Open SoundControl for Python
  > Copyright (C) 2002 Daniel Holth, Clinton McChesney
  >
  > This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under
  > the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by the Free
  > Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or (at your option) any
  > later version.
  >
  > This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT ANY
  > WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
  > PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU Lesser General Public License for more
  > details.
  
  > You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License along
  > with this library; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59
  > Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA
  
  > For questions regarding this module contact Daniel Holth <dholth@stetson.edu>
  > or visit http://www.stetson.edu/~ProctoLogic/
  
  > Changelog:
  > 15 Nov. 2001:
  >     Removed dependency on Python 2.0 features.
  >     - dwh
  > 13 Feb. 2002:
  >     Added a generic callback handler.
  >     - dwh
  """
  
  import math, re, socket, select, string, struct, sys, threading, time, types
  from SocketServer import UDPServer, DatagramRequestHandler, ForkingMixIn, ThreadingMixIn
  
  global version
  version = ("0.3","5b", "$Rev: 5294 $"[6:-2])
  
  global FloatTypes
  FloatTypes = [types.FloatType]
  
  global IntTypes
  IntTypes = [types.IntType]
  
  ##
  # numpy/scipy support:
  ##
  
  try:
      from numpy import typeDict
  
      for ftype in ['float32', 'float64', 'float128']:
          try:
              FloatTypes.append(typeDict[ftype])
          except KeyError:
              pass
  
      for itype in ['int8', 'int16', 'int32', 'int64']:
          try:
              IntTypes.append(typeDict[itype])
              IntTypes.append(typeDict['u' + itype])
          except KeyError:
              pass
  
      # thanks for those...
      del typeDict, ftype, itype
  
  except ImportError:
      pass
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCMessage classes
  #
  ######
  
  class OSCMessage(object):
      """ Builds typetagged OSC messages.
  
      OSCMessage objects are container objects for building OSC-messages.
      On the 'front' end, they behave much like list-objects, and on the 'back' end
      they generate a binary representation of the message, which can be sent over a network socket.
      OSC-messages consist of an 'address'-string (not to be confused with a (host, port) IP-address!),
      followed by a string of 'typetags' associated with the message's arguments (ie. 'payload'),
      and finally the arguments themselves, encoded in an OSC-specific way.
  
      On the Python end, OSCMessage are lists of arguments, prepended by the message's address.
      The message contents can be manipulated much like a list:
        >>> msg = OSCMessage("/my/osc/address")
        >>> msg.append('something')
        >>> msg.insert(0, 'something else')
        >>> msg[1] = 'entirely'
        >>> msg.extend([1,2,3.])
        >>> msg += [4, 5, 6.]
        >>> del msg[3:6]
        >>> msg.pop(-2)
        5
        >>> print msg
        /my/osc/address ['something else', 'entirely', 1, 6.0]
  
      OSCMessages can be concatenated with the + operator. In this case, the resulting OSCMessage
      inherits its address from the left-hand operand. The right-hand operand's address is ignored.
      To construct an 'OSC-bundle' from multiple OSCMessage, see OSCBundle!
  
      Additional methods exist for retreiving typetags or manipulating items as (typetag, value) tuples.
      """
      def __init__(self, address=""):
          """Instantiate a new OSCMessage.
          The OSC-address can be specified with the 'address' argument
          """
          self.clear(address)
  
      def setAddress(self, address):
          """Set or change the OSC-address
          """
          self.address = address
  
      def clear(self, address=""):
          """Clear (or set a new) OSC-address and clear any arguments appended so far
          """
          self.address  = address
          self.clearData()
  
      def clearData(self):
          """Clear any arguments appended so far
          """
          self.typetags = ","
          self.message  = ""
  
      def append(self, argument, typehint=None):
          """Appends data to the message, updating the typetags based on
          the argument's type. If the argument is a blob (counted
          string) pass in 'b' as typehint.
          'argument' may also be a list or tuple, in which case its elements
          will get appended one-by-one, all using the provided typehint
          """
          if type(argument) == types.DictType:
              argument = argument.items()
          elif isinstance(argument, OSCMessage):
              raise TypeError("Can only append 'OSCMessage' to 'OSCBundle'")
  
          if hasattr(argument, '__iter__'):
              for arg in argument:
                  self.append(arg, typehint)
  
              return
  
          if typehint == 'b':
              binary = OSCBlob(argument)
              tag = 'b'
          elif typehint == 't':
              binary = OSCTimeTag(argument)
              tag = 't'
          else:
              tag, binary = OSCArgument(argument, typehint)
  
          self.typetags += tag
          self.message += binary
  
      def getBinary(self):
          """Returns the binary representation of the message
          """
          binary = OSCString(self.address)
          binary += OSCString(self.typetags)
          binary += self.message
  
          return binary
  
      def __repr__(self):
          """Returns a string containing the decode Message
          """
          return str(decodeOSC(self.getBinary()))
  
      def __str__(self):
          """Returns the Message's address and contents as a string.
          """
          return "%s %s" % (self.address, str(self.values()))
  
      def __len__(self):
          """Returns the number of arguments appended so far
          """
          return (len(self.typetags) - 1)
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          """Return True if two OSCMessages have the same address & content
          """
          if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
              return False
  
          return (self.address == other.address) and (self.typetags == other.typetags) and (self.message == other.message)
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          """Return (not self.__eq__(other))
          """
          return not self.__eq__(other)
  
      def __add__(self, values):
          """Returns a copy of self, with the contents of 'values' appended
          (see the 'extend()' method, below)
          """
          msg = self.copy()
          msg.extend(values)
          return msg
  
      def __iadd__(self, values):
          """Appends the contents of 'values'
          (equivalent to 'extend()', below)
          Returns self
          """
          self.extend(values)
          return self
  
      def __radd__(self, values):
          """Appends the contents of this OSCMessage to 'values'
          Returns the extended 'values' (list or tuple)
          """
          out = list(values)
          out.extend(self.values())
  
          if type(values) == types.TupleType:
              return tuple(out)
  
          return out
  
      def _reencode(self, items):
          """Erase & rebuild the OSCMessage contents from the given
          list of (typehint, value) tuples"""
          self.clearData()
          for item in items:
              self.append(item[1], item[0])
  
      def values(self):
          """Returns a list of the arguments appended so far
          """
          return decodeOSC(self.getBinary())[2:]
  
      def tags(self):
          """Returns a list of typetags of the appended arguments
          """
          return list(self.typetags.lstrip(','))
  
      def items(self):
          """Returns a list of (typetag, value) tuples for
          the arguments appended so far
          """
          out = []
          values = self.values()
          typetags = self.tags()
          for i in range(len(values)):
              out.append((typetags[i], values[i]))
  
          return out
  
      def __contains__(self, val):
          """Test if the given value appears in the OSCMessage's arguments
          """
          return (val in self.values())
  
      def __getitem__(self, i):
          """Returns the indicated argument (or slice)
          """
          return self.values()[i]
  
      def __delitem__(self, i):
          """Removes the indicated argument (or slice)
          """
          items = self.items()
          del items[i]
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def _buildItemList(self, values, typehint=None):
          if isinstance(values, OSCMessage):
              items = values.items()
          elif type(values) == types.ListType:
              items = []
              for val in values:
                  if type(val) == types.TupleType:
                      items.append(val[:2])
                  else:
                      items.append((typehint, val))
          elif type(values) == types.TupleType:
              items = [values[:2]]
          else:
              items = [(typehint, values)]
  
          return items
  
      def __setitem__(self, i, val):
          """Set indicatated argument (or slice) to a new value.
          'val' can be a single int/float/string, or a (typehint, value) tuple.
          Or, if 'i' is a slice, a list of these or another OSCMessage.
          """
          items = self.items()
  
          new_items = self._buildItemList(val)
  
          if type(i) != types.SliceType:
              if len(new_items) != 1:
                  raise TypeError("single-item assignment expects a single value or a (typetag, value) tuple")
  
              new_items = new_items[0]
  
          # finally...
          items[i] = new_items
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def setItem(self, i, val, typehint=None):
          """Set indicated argument to a new value (with typehint)
          """
          items = self.items()
  
          items[i] = (typehint, val)
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def copy(self):
          """Returns a deep copy of this OSCMessage
          """
          msg = self.__class__(self.address)
          msg.typetags = self.typetags
          msg.message = self.message
          return msg
  
      def count(self, val):
          """Returns the number of times the given value occurs in the OSCMessage's arguments
          """
          return self.values().count(val)
  
      def index(self, val):
          """Returns the index of the first occurence of the given value in the OSCMessage's arguments.
          Raises ValueError if val isn't found
          """
          return self.values().index(val)
  
      def extend(self, values):
          """Append the contents of 'values' to this OSCMessage.
          'values' can be another OSCMessage, or a list/tuple of ints/floats/strings
          """
          items = self.items() + self._buildItemList(values)
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def insert(self, i, val, typehint = None):
          """Insert given value (with optional typehint) into the OSCMessage
          at the given index.
          """
          items = self.items()
  
          for item in reversed(self._buildItemList(val)):
              items.insert(i, item)
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def popitem(self, i):
          """Delete the indicated argument from the OSCMessage, and return it
          as a (typetag, value) tuple.
          """
          items = self.items()
  
          item = items.pop(i)
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
          return item
  
      def pop(self, i):
          """Delete the indicated argument from the OSCMessage, and return it.
          """
          return self.popitem(i)[1]
  
      def reverse(self):
          """Reverses the arguments of the OSCMessage (in place)
          """
          items = self.items()
  
          items.reverse()
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def remove(self, val):
          """Removes the first argument with the given value from the OSCMessage.
          Raises ValueError if val isn't found.
          """
          items = self.items()
  
          # this is not very efficient...
          i = 0
          for (t, v) in items:
              if (v == val):
                  break
              i += 1
          else:
              raise ValueError("'%s' not in OSCMessage" % str(m))
          # but more efficient than first calling self.values().index(val),
          # then calling self.items(), which would in turn call self.values() again...
  
          del items[i]
  
          self._reencode(items)
  
      def __iter__(self):
          """Returns an iterator of the OSCMessage's arguments
          """
          return iter(self.values())
  
      def __reversed__(self):
          """Returns a reverse iterator of the OSCMessage's arguments
          """
          return reversed(self.values())
  
      def itervalues(self):
          """Returns an iterator of the OSCMessage's arguments
          """
          return iter(self.values())
  
      def iteritems(self):
          """Returns an iterator of the OSCMessage's arguments as
          (typetag, value) tuples
          """
          return iter(self.items())
  
      def itertags(self):
          """Returns an iterator of the OSCMessage's arguments' typetags
          """
          return iter(self.tags())
  
  class OSCBundle(OSCMessage):
      """Builds a 'bundle' of OSC messages.
  
      OSCBundle objects are container objects for building OSC-bundles of OSC-messages.
      An OSC-bundle is a special kind of OSC-message which contains a list of OSC-messages
      (And yes, OSC-bundles may contain other OSC-bundles...)
  
      OSCBundle objects behave much the same as OSCMessage objects, with these exceptions:
        - if an item or items to be appended or inserted are not OSCMessage objects,
        OSCMessage objectss are created to encapsulate the item(s)
        - an OSC-bundle does not have an address of its own, only the contained OSC-messages do.
        The OSCBundle's 'address' is inherited by any OSCMessage the OSCBundle object creates.
        - OSC-bundles have a timetag to tell the receiver when the bundle should be processed.
        The default timetag value (0) means 'immediately'
      """
      def __init__(self, address="", time=0):
          """Instantiate a new OSCBundle.
          The default OSC-address for newly created OSCMessages
          can be specified with the 'address' argument
          The bundle's timetag can be set with the 'time' argument
          """
          super(OSCBundle, self).__init__(address)
          self.timetag = time
  
      def __str__(self):
          """Returns the Bundle's contents (and timetag, if nonzero) as a string.
          """
          if (self.timetag > 0.):
              out = "#bundle (%s) [" % self.getTimeTagStr()
          else:
              out = "#bundle ["
  
          if self.__len__():
              for val in self.values():
                  out += "%s, " % str(val)
              out = out[:-2]        # strip trailing space and comma
  
          return out + "]"
  
      def setTimeTag(self, time):
          """Set or change the OSCBundle's TimeTag
          In 'Python Time', that's floating seconds since the Epoch
          """
          if time >= 0:
              self.timetag = time
  
      def getTimeTagStr(self):
          """Return the TimeTag as a human-readable string
          """
          fract, secs = math.modf(self.timetag)
          out = time.ctime(secs)[11:19]
          out += ("%.3f" % fract)[1:]
  
          return out
  
      def append(self, argument, typehint = None):
          """Appends data to the bundle, creating an OSCMessage to encapsulate
          the provided argument unless this is already an OSCMessage.
          Any newly created OSCMessage inherits the OSCBundle's address at the time of creation.
          If 'argument' is an iterable, its elements will be encapsuated by a single OSCMessage.
          Finally, 'argument' can be (or contain) a dict, which will be 'converted' to an OSCMessage;
            - if 'addr' appears in the dict, its value overrides the OSCBundle's address
            - if 'args' appears in the dict, its value(s) become the OSCMessage's arguments
          """
          if isinstance(argument, OSCMessage):
              binary = OSCBlob(argument.getBinary())
          else:
              msg = OSCMessage(self.address)
              if type(argument) == types.DictType:
                  if 'addr' in argument:
                      msg.setAddress(argument['addr'])
                  if 'args' in argument:
                      msg.append(argument['args'], typehint)
              else:
                  msg.append(argument, typehint)
  
              binary = OSCBlob(msg.getBinary())
  
          self.message += binary
          self.typetags += 'b'
  
      def getBinary(self):
          """Returns the binary representation of the message
          """
          binary = OSCString("#bundle")
          binary += OSCTimeTag(self.timetag)
          binary += self.message
  
          return binary
  
      def _reencapsulate(self, decoded):
          if decoded[0] == "#bundle":
              msg = OSCBundle()
              msg.setTimeTag(decoded[1])
              for submsg in decoded[2:]:
                  msg.append(self._reencapsulate(submsg))
  
          else:
              msg = OSCMessage(decoded[0])
              tags = decoded[1].lstrip(',')
              for i in range(len(tags)):
                  msg.append(decoded[2+i], tags[i])
  
          return msg
  
      def values(self):
          """Returns a list of the OSCMessages appended so far
          """
          out = []
          for decoded in decodeOSC(self.getBinary())[2:]:
              out.append(self._reencapsulate(decoded))
  
          return out
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          """Return True if two OSCBundles have the same timetag & content
          """
          if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
              return False
  
          return (self.timetag == other.timetag) and (self.typetags == other.typetags) and (self.message == other.message)
  
      def copy(self):
          """Returns a deep copy of this OSCBundle
          """
          copy = super(OSCBundle, self).copy()
          copy.timetag = self.timetag
          return copy
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCMessage encoding functions
  #
  ######
  
  def OSCString(next):
      """Convert a string into a zero-padded OSC String.
      The length of the resulting string is always a multiple of 4 bytes.
      The string ends with 1 to 4 zero-bytes ('\x00')
      """
  
      OSCstringLength = math.ceil((len(next)+1) / 4.0) * 4
      return struct.pack(">%ds" % (OSCstringLength), str(next))
  
  def OSCBlob(next):
      """Convert a string into an OSC Blob.
      An OSC-Blob is a binary encoded block of data, prepended by a 'size' (int32).
      The size is always a mutiple of 4 bytes.
      The blob ends with 0 to 3 zero-bytes ('\x00')
      """
  
      if type(next) in types.StringTypes:
          OSCblobLength = math.ceil((len(next)) / 4.0) * 4
          binary = struct.pack(">i%ds" % (OSCblobLength), OSCblobLength, next)
      else:
          binary = ""
  
      return binary
  
  def OSCArgument(next, typehint=None):
      """ Convert some Python types to their
      OSC binary representations, returning a
      (typetag, data) tuple.
      """
      if not typehint:
          if type(next) in FloatTypes:
              binary  = struct.pack(">f", float(next))
              tag = 'f'
          elif type(next) in IntTypes:
              binary  = struct.pack(">i", int(next))
              tag = 'i'
          else:
              binary  = OSCString(next)
              tag = 's'
  
      elif typehint == 'f':
          try:
              binary  = struct.pack(">f", float(next))
              tag = 'f'
          except ValueError:
              binary  = OSCString(next)
              tag = 's'
      elif typehint == 'i':
          try:
              binary  = struct.pack(">i", int(next))
              tag = 'i'
          except ValueError:
              binary  = OSCString(next)
              tag = 's'
      else:
          binary  = OSCString(next)
          tag = 's'
  
      return (tag, binary)
  
  def OSCTimeTag(time):
      """Convert a time in floating seconds to its
      OSC binary representation
      """
      if time > 0:
          fract, secs = math.modf(time)
          binary = struct.pack('>ll', long(secs), long(fract * 1e9))
      else:
          binary = struct.pack('>ll', 0L, 1L)
  
      return binary
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCMessage decoding functions
  #
  ######
  
  def _readString(data):
      """Reads the next (null-terminated) block of data
      """
      length   = string.find(data,"\0")
      nextData = int(math.ceil((length+1) / 4.0) * 4)
      return (data[0:length], data[nextData:])
  
  def _readBlob(data):
      """Reads the next (numbered) block of data
      """
  
      length   = struct.unpack(">i", data[0:4])[0]
      nextData = int(math.ceil((length) / 4.0) * 4) + 4
      return (data[4:length+4], data[nextData:])
  
  def _readInt(data):
      """Tries to interpret the next 4 bytes of the data
      as a 32-bit integer. """
  
      if(len(data)<4):
          print "Error: too few bytes for int", data, len(data)
          rest = data
          integer = 0
      else:
          integer = struct.unpack(">i", data[0:4])[0]
          rest    = data[4:]
  
      return (integer, rest)
  
  def _readLong(data):
      """Tries to interpret the next 8 bytes of the data
      as a 64-bit signed integer.
       """
  
      high, low = struct.unpack(">ll", data[0:8])
      big = (long(high) << 32) + low
      rest = data[8:]
      return (big, rest)
  
  def _readTimeTag(data):
      """Tries to interpret the next 8 bytes of the data
      as a TimeTag.
       """
      high, low = struct.unpack(">ll", data[0:8])
      if (high == 0) and (low <= 1):
          time = 0.0
      else:
          time = int(high) + float(low / 1e9)
      rest = data[8:]
      return (time, rest)
  
  def _readFloat(data):
      """Tries to interpret the next 4 bytes of the data
      as a 32-bit float.
      """
  
      if(len(data)<4):
          print "Error: too few bytes for float", data, len(data)
          rest = data
          float = 0
      else:
          float = struct.unpack(">f", data[0:4])[0]
          rest  = data[4:]
  
      return (float, rest)
  
  def decodeOSC(data):
      """Converts a binary OSC message to a Python list.
      """
      table = {"i":_readInt, "f":_readFloat, "s":_readString, "b":_readBlob}
      decoded = []
      address,  rest = _readString(data)
      if address.startswith(","):
          typetags = address
          address = ""
      else:
          typetags = ""
  
      if address == "#bundle":
          time, rest = _readTimeTag(rest)
          decoded.append(address)
          decoded.append(time)
          while len(rest)>0:
              length, rest = _readInt(rest)
              decoded.append(decodeOSC(rest[:length]))
              rest = rest[length:]
  
      elif len(rest)>0:
          if not len(typetags):
              typetags, rest = _readString(rest)
          decoded.append(address)
          decoded.append(typetags)
          if typetags.startswith(","):
              for tag in typetags[1:]:
                  value, rest = table[tag](rest)
                  decoded.append(value)
          else:
              raise OSCError("OSCMessage's typetag-string lacks the magic ','")
  
      return decoded
  
  ######
  #
  # Utility functions
  #
  ######
  
  def hexDump(bytes):
      """ Useful utility; prints the string in hexadecimal.
      """
      print "byte   0  1  2  3  4  5  6  7  8  9  A  B  C  D  E  F"
  
      num = len(bytes)
      for i in range(num):
          if (i) % 16 == 0:
               line = "%02X0 : " % (i/16)
          line += "%02X " % ord(bytes[i])
          if (i+1) % 16 == 0:
              print "%s: %s" % (line, repr(bytes[i-15:i+1]))
              line = ""
  
      bytes_left = num % 16
      if bytes_left:
          print "%s: %s" % (line.ljust(54), repr(bytes[-bytes_left:]))
  
  def getUrlStr(*args):
      """Convert provided arguments to a string in 'host:port/prefix' format
      Args can be:
        - (host, port)
        - (host, port), prefix
        - host, port
        - host, port, prefix
      """
      if not len(args):
          return ""
  
      if type(args[0]) == types.TupleType:
          host = args[0][0]
          port = args[0][1]
          args = args[1:]
      else:
          host = args[0]
          port = args[1]
          args = args[2:]
  
      if len(args):
          prefix = args[0]
      else:
          prefix = ""
  
      if len(host) and (host != '0.0.0.0'):
          try:
              (host, _, _) = socket.gethostbyaddr(host)
          except socket.error:
              pass
      else:
          host = 'localhost'
  
      if type(port) == types.IntType:
          return "%s:%d%s" % (host, port, prefix)
      else:
          return host + prefix
  
  def parseUrlStr(url):
      """Convert provided string in 'host:port/prefix' format to it's components
      Returns ((host, port), prefix)
      """
      if not (type(url) in types.StringTypes and len(url)):
          return (None, '')
  
      i = url.find("://")
      if i > -1:
          url = url[i+3:]
  
      i = url.find(':')
      if i > -1:
          host = url[:i].strip()
          tail = url[i+1:].strip()
      else:
          host = ''
          tail = url
  
      for i in range(len(tail)):
          if not tail[i].isdigit():
              break
      else:
          i += 1
  
      portstr = tail[:i].strip()
      tail = tail[i:].strip()
  
      found = len(tail)
      for c in ('/', '+', '-', '*'):
          i = tail.find(c)
          if (i > -1) and (i < found):
              found = i
  
      head = tail[:found].strip()
      prefix = tail[found:].strip()
  
      prefix = prefix.strip('/')
      if len(prefix) and prefix[0] not in ('+', '-', '*'):
          prefix = '/' + prefix
  
      if len(head) and not len(host):
          host = head
  
      if len(host):
          try:
              host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
          except socket.error:
              pass
  
      try:
          port = int(portstr)
      except ValueError:
          port = None
  
      return ((host, port), prefix)
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCClient class
  #
  ######
  
  class OSCClient(object):
      """Simple OSC Client. Handles the sending of OSC-Packets (OSCMessage or OSCBundle) via a UDP-socket
      """
      # set outgoing socket buffer size
      sndbuf_size = 4096 * 8
  
      def __init__(self, server=None):
          """Construct an OSC Client.
          When the 'address' argument is given this client is connected to a specific remote server.
            - address ((host, port) tuple): the address of the remote server to send all messages to
          Otherwise it acts as a generic client:
            If address == 'None', the client doesn't connect to a specific remote server,
            and the remote address must be supplied when calling sendto()
            - server: Local OSCServer-instance this client will use the socket of for transmissions.
            If none is supplied, a socket will be created.
          """
          self.socket = None
  
          if server == None:
              self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
              self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF, self.sndbuf_size)
              self._fd = self.socket.fileno()
  
              self.server = None
          else:
              self.setServer(server)
  
          self.client_address = None
  
      def setServer(self, server):
          """Associate this Client with given server.
          The Client will send from the Server's socket.
          The Server will use this Client instance to send replies.
          """
          if not isinstance(server, OSCServer):
              raise ValueError("'server' argument is not a valid OSCServer object")
  
          if self.socket != None:
              self.close()
  
          self.socket = server.socket.dup()
          self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF, self.sndbuf_size)
          self._fd = self.socket.fileno()
  
          self.server = server
  
          if self.server.client != None:
              self.server.client.close()
  
          self.server.client = self
  
      def close(self):
          """Disconnect & close the Client's socket
          """
          if self.socket != None:
              self.socket.close()
              self.socket = None
  
      def __str__(self):
          """Returns a string containing this Client's Class-name, software-version
          and the remote-address it is connected to (if any)
          """
          out = self.__class__.__name__
          out += " v%s.%s-%s" % version
          addr = self.address()
          if addr:
              out += " connected to osc://%s" % getUrlStr(addr)
          else:
              out += " (unconnected)"
  
          return out
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          """Compare function.
          """
          if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
              return False
  
          isequal = cmp(self.socket._sock, other.socket._sock)
          if isequal and self.server and other.server:
              return cmp(self.server, other.server)
  
          return isequal
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          """Compare function.
          """
          return not self.__eq__(other)
  
      def address(self):
          """Returns a (host,port) tuple of the remote server this client is
          connected to or None if not connected to any server.
          """
          try:
              return self.socket.getpeername()
          except socket.error:
              return None
  
      def connect(self, address):
          """Bind to a specific OSC server:
          the 'address' argument is a (host, port) tuple
            - host:  hostname of the remote OSC server,
            - port:  UDP-port the remote OSC server listens to.
          """
          try:
              self.socket.connect(address)
              self.client_address = address
          except socket.error, e:
              self.client_address = None
              raise OSCClientError("SocketError: %s" % str(e))
  
          if self.server != None:
              self.server.return_port = address[1]
  
      def sendto(self, msg, address, timeout=None):
          """Send the given OSCMessage to the specified address.
            - msg:  OSCMessage (or OSCBundle) to be sent
            - address:  (host, port) tuple specifing remote server to send the message to
            - timeout:  A timeout value for attempting to send. If timeout == None,
                this call blocks until socket is available for writing.
          Raises OSCClientError when timing out while waiting for the socket.
          """
          if not isinstance(msg, OSCMessage):
              raise TypeError("'msg' argument is not an OSCMessage or OSCBundle object")
  
          ret = select.select([],[self._fd], [], timeout)
          try:
              ret[1].index(self._fd)
          except:
              # for the very rare case this might happen
              raise OSCClientError("Timed out waiting for file descriptor")
  
          try:
              self.socket.connect(address)
              self.socket.sendall(msg.getBinary())
  
              if self.client_address:
                  self.socket.connect(self.client_address)
  
          except socket.error, e:
              if e[0] in (7, 65):    # 7 = 'no address associated with nodename',  65 = 'no route to host'
                  raise e
              else:
                  raise OSCClientError("while sending to %s: %s" % (str(address), str(e)))
  
      def send(self, msg, timeout=None):
          """Send the given OSCMessage.
          The Client must be already connected.
            - msg:  OSCMessage (or OSCBundle) to be sent
            - timeout:  A timeout value for attempting to send. If timeout == None,
                this call blocks until socket is available for writing.
          Raises OSCClientError when timing out while waiting for the socket,
          or when the Client isn't connected to a remote server.
          """
          if not isinstance(msg, OSCMessage):
              raise TypeError("'msg' argument is not an OSCMessage or OSCBundle object")
  
          ret = select.select([],[self._fd], [], timeout)
          try:
              ret[1].index(self._fd)
          except:
              # for the very rare case this might happen
              raise OSCClientError("Timed out waiting for file descriptor")
  
          try:
              self.socket.sendall(msg.getBinary())
          except socket.error, e:
              if e[0] in (7, 65):    # 7 = 'no address associated with nodename',  65 = 'no route to host'
                  raise e
              else:
                  raise OSCClientError("while sending: %s" % str(e))
  
  ######
  #
  # FilterString Utility functions
  #
  ######
  
  def parseFilterStr(args):
      """Convert Message-Filter settings in '+<addr> -<addr> ...' format to a dict of the form
      { '<addr>':True, '<addr>':False, ... }
      Returns a list: ['<prefix>', filters]
      """
      out = {}
  
      if type(args) in types.StringTypes:
          args = [args]
  
      prefix = None
      for arg in args:
          head = None
          for plus in arg.split('+'):
              minus = plus.split('-')
              plusfs = minus.pop(0).strip()
              if len(plusfs):
                  plusfs = '/' + plusfs.strip('/')
  
              if (head == None) and (plusfs != "/*"):
                  head = plusfs
              elif len(plusfs):
                  if plusfs == '/*':
                      out = { '/*':True }    # reset all previous filters
                  else:
                      out[plusfs] = True
  
              for minusfs in minus:
                  minusfs = minusfs.strip()
                  if len(minusfs):
                      minusfs = '/' + minusfs.strip('/')
                      if minusfs == '/*':
                          out = { '/*':False }    # reset all previous filters
                      else:
                          out[minusfs] = False
  
          if prefix == None:
              prefix = head
  
      return [prefix, out]
  
  def getFilterStr(filters):
      """Return the given 'filters' dict as a list of
      '+<addr>' | '-<addr>' filter-strings
      """
      if not len(filters):
          return []
  
      if '/*' in filters.keys():
          if filters['/*']:
              out = ["+/*"]
          else:
              out = ["-/*"]
      else:
          if False in filters.values():
              out = ["+/*"]
          else:
              out = ["-/*"]
  
      for (addr, bool) in filters.items():
          if addr == '/*':
              continue
  
          if bool:
              out.append("+%s" % addr)
          else:
              out.append("-%s" % addr)
  
      return out
  
  # A translation-table for mapping OSC-address expressions to Python 're' expressions
  OSCtrans = string.maketrans("{,}?","(|).")
  
  def getRegEx(pattern):
      """Compiles and returns a 'regular expression' object for the given address-pattern.
      """
      # Translate OSC-address syntax to python 're' syntax
      pattern = pattern.replace(".", r"\.")        # first, escape all '.'s in the pattern.
      pattern = pattern.replace("(", r"\(")        # escape all '('s.
      pattern = pattern.replace(")", r"\)")        # escape all ')'s.
      pattern = pattern.replace("*", r".*")        # replace a '*' by '.*' (match 0 or more characters)
      pattern = pattern.translate(OSCtrans)        # change '?' to '.' and '{,}' to '(|)'
  
      return re.compile(pattern)
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCMultiClient class
  #
  ######
  
  class OSCMultiClient(OSCClient):
      """'Multiple-Unicast' OSC Client. Handles the sending of OSC-Packets (OSCMessage or OSCBundle) via a UDP-socket
      This client keeps a dict of 'OSCTargets'. and sends each OSCMessage to each OSCTarget
      The OSCTargets are simply (host, port) tuples, and may be associated with an OSC-address prefix.
      the OSCTarget's prefix gets prepended to each OSCMessage sent to that target.
      """
      def __init__(self, server=None):
          """Construct a "Multi" OSC Client.
            - server: Local OSCServer-instance this client will use the socket of for transmissions.
            If none is supplied, a socket will be created.
          """
          super(OSCMultiClient, self).__init__(server)
  
          self.targets = {}
  
      def _searchHostAddr(self, host):
          """Search the subscribed OSCTargets for (the first occurence of) given host.
          Returns a (host, port) tuple
          """
          try:
              host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
          except socket.error:
              pass
  
          for addr in self.targets.keys():
              if host == addr[0]:
                  return addr
  
          raise NotSubscribedError((host, None))
  
      def _updateFilters(self, dst, src):
          """Update a 'filters' dict with values form another 'filters' dict:
           - src[a] == True and dst[a] == False:    del dst[a]
           - src[a] == False and dst[a] == True:    del dst[a]
           - a not in dst:  dst[a] == src[a]
          """
          if '/*' in src.keys():            # reset filters
              dst.clear()                # 'match everything' == no filters
              if not src.pop('/*'):
                  dst['/*'] = False    # 'match nothing'
  
          for (addr, bool) in src.items():
              if (addr in dst.keys()) and (dst[addr] != bool):
                      del dst[addr]
              else:
                  dst[addr] = bool
  
      def _setTarget(self, address, prefix=None, filters=None):
          """Add (i.e. subscribe) a new OSCTarget, or change the prefix for an existing OSCTarget.
              - address ((host, port) tuple): IP-address & UDP-port
              - prefix (string): The OSC-address prefix prepended to the address of each OSCMessage
            sent to this OSCTarget (optional)
          """
          if address not in self.targets.keys():
              self.targets[address] = ["",{}]
  
          if prefix != None:
              if len(prefix):
                  # make sure prefix starts with ONE '/', and does not end with '/'
                  prefix = '/' + prefix.strip('/')
  
              self.targets[address][0] = prefix
  
          if filters != None:
              if type(filters) in types.StringTypes:
                  (_, filters) = parseFilterStr(filters)
              elif type(filters) != types.DictType:
                  raise TypeError("'filters' argument must be a dict with {addr:bool} entries")
  
              self._updateFilters(self.targets[address][1], filters)
  
      def setOSCTarget(self, address, prefix=None, filters=None):
          """Add (i.e. subscribe) a new OSCTarget, or change the prefix for an existing OSCTarget.
            the 'address' argument can be a ((host, port) tuple) : The target server address & UDP-port
              or a 'host' (string) : The host will be looked-up
            - prefix (string): The OSC-address prefix prepended to the address of each OSCMessage
            sent to this OSCTarget (optional)
          """
          if type(address) in types.StringTypes:
              address = self._searchHostAddr(address)
  
          elif (type(address) == types.TupleType):
              (host, port) = address[:2]
              try:
                  host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
              except:
                  pass
  
              address = (host, port)
          else:
              raise TypeError("'address' argument must be a (host, port) tuple or a 'host' string")
  
          self._setTarget(address, prefix, filters)
  
      def setOSCTargetFromStr(self, url):
          """Adds or modifies a subscribed OSCTarget from the given string, which should be in the
          '<host>:<port>[/<prefix>] [+/<filter>]|[-/<filter>] ...' format.
          """
          (addr, tail) = parseUrlStr(url)
          (prefix, filters) = parseFilterStr(tail)
          self._setTarget(addr, prefix, filters)
  
      def _delTarget(self, address, prefix=None):
          """Delete the specified OSCTarget from the Client's dict.
          the 'address' argument must be a (host, port) tuple.
          If the 'prefix' argument is given, the Target is only deleted if the address and prefix match.
          """
          try:
              if prefix == None:
                  del self.targets[address]
              elif prefix == self.targets[address][0]:
                  del self.targets[address]
          except KeyError:
              raise NotSubscribedError(address, prefix)
  
      def delOSCTarget(self, address, prefix=None):
          """Delete the specified OSCTarget from the Client's dict.
          the 'address' argument can be a ((host, port) tuple), or a hostname.
          If the 'prefix' argument is given, the Target is only deleted if the address and prefix match.
          """
          if type(address) in types.StringTypes:
              address = self._searchHostAddr(address)
  
          if type(address) == types.TupleType:
              (host, port) = address[:2]
              try:
                  host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
              except socket.error:
                  pass
              address = (host, port)
  
              self._delTarget(address, prefix)
  
      def hasOSCTarget(self, address, prefix=None):
          """Return True if the given OSCTarget exists in the Client's dict.
          the 'address' argument can be a ((host, port) tuple), or a hostname.
          If the 'prefix' argument is given, the return-value is only True if the address and prefix match.
          """
          if type(address) in types.StringTypes:
              address = self._searchHostAddr(address)
  
          if type(address) == types.TupleType:
              (host, port) = address[:2]
              try:
                  host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
              except socket.error:
                  pass
              address = (host, port)
  
              if address in self.targets.keys():
                  if prefix == None:
                      return True
                  elif prefix == self.targets[address][0]:
                      return True
  
          return False
  
      def getOSCTargets(self):
          """Returns the dict of OSCTargets: {addr:[prefix, filters], ...}
          """
          out = {}
          for ((host, port), pf) in self.targets.items():
              try:
                  (host, _, _) = socket.gethostbyaddr(host)
              except socket.error:
                  pass
  
              out[(host, port)] = pf
  
          return out
  
      def getOSCTarget(self, address):
          """Returns the OSCTarget matching the given address as a ((host, port), [prefix, filters]) tuple.
          'address' can be a (host, port) tuple, or a 'host' (string), in which case the first matching OSCTarget is returned
          Returns (None, ['',{}]) if address not found.
          """
          if type(address) in types.StringTypes:
              address = self._searchHostAddr(address)
  
          if (type(address) == types.TupleType):
              (host, port) = address[:2]
              try:
                  host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
              except socket.error:
                  pass
              address = (host, port)
  
              if (address in self.targets.keys()):
                  try:
                      (host, _, _) = socket.gethostbyaddr(host)
                  except socket.error:
                      pass
  
                  return ((host, port), self.targets[address])
  
          return (None, ['',{}])
  
      def clearOSCTargets(self):
          """Erases all OSCTargets from the Client's dict
          """
          self.targets = {}
  
      def updateOSCTargets(self, dict):
          """Update the Client's OSCTargets dict with the contents of 'dict'
          The given dict's items MUST be of the form
            { (host, port):[prefix, filters], ... }
          """
          for ((host, port), (prefix, filters)) in dict.items():
              val = [prefix, {}]
              self._updateFilters(val[1], filters)
  
              try:
                  host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
              except socket.error:
                  pass
  
              self.targets[(host, port)] = val
  
      def getOSCTargetStr(self, address):
          """Returns the OSCTarget matching the given address as a ('osc://<host>:<port>[<prefix>]', ['<filter-string>', ...])' tuple.
          'address' can be a (host, port) tuple, or a 'host' (string), in which case the first matching OSCTarget is returned
          Returns (None, []) if address not found.
          """
          (addr, (prefix, filters)) = self.getOSCTarget(address)
          if addr == None:
              return (None, [])
  
          return ("osc://%s" % getUrlStr(addr, prefix), getFilterStr(filters))
  
      def getOSCTargetStrings(self):
          """Returns a list of all OSCTargets as ('osc://<host>:<port>[<prefix>]', ['<filter-string>', ...])' tuples.
          """
          out = []
          for (addr, (prefix, filters)) in self.targets.items():
              out.append(("osc://%s" % getUrlStr(addr, prefix), getFilterStr(filters)))
  
          return out
  
      def connect(self, address):
          """The OSCMultiClient isn't allowed to connect to any specific
          address.
          """
          return NotImplemented
  
      def sendto(self, msg, address, timeout=None):
          """Send the given OSCMessage.
          The specified address is ignored. Instead this method calls send() to
          send the message to all subscribed clients.
            - msg:  OSCMessage (or OSCBundle) to be sent
            - address:  (host, port) tuple specifing remote server to send the message to
            - timeout:  A timeout value for attempting to send. If timeout == None,
                this call blocks until socket is available for writing.
          Raises OSCClientError when timing out while waiting for the socket.
          """
          self.send(msg, timeout)
  
      def _filterMessage(self, filters, msg):
          """Checks the given OSCMessge against the given filters.
          'filters' is a dict containing OSC-address:bool pairs.
          If 'msg' is an OSCBundle, recursively filters its constituents.
          Returns None if the message is to be filtered, else returns the message.
          or
          Returns a copy of the OSCBundle with the filtered messages removed.
          """
          if isinstance(msg, OSCBundle):
              out = msg.copy()
              msgs = out.values()
              out.clearData()
              for m in msgs:
                  m = self._filterMessage(filters, m)
                  if m:        # this catches 'None' and empty bundles.
                      out.append(m)
  
          elif isinstance(msg, OSCMessage):
              if '/*' in filters.keys():
                  if filters['/*']:
                      out = msg
                  else:
                      out = None
  
              elif False in filters.values():
                  out = msg
              else:
                  out = None
  
          else:
              raise TypeError("'msg' argument is not an OSCMessage or OSCBundle object")
  
          expr = getRegEx(msg.address)
  
          for addr in filters.keys():
              if addr == '/*':
                  continue
  
              match = expr.match(addr)
              if match and (match.end() == len(addr)):
                  if filters[addr]:
                      out = msg
                  else:
                      out = None
                  break
  
          return out
  
      def _prefixAddress(self, prefix, msg):
          """Makes a copy of the given OSCMessage, then prepends the given prefix to
          The message's OSC-address.
          If 'msg' is an OSCBundle, recursively prepends the prefix to its constituents.
          """
          out = msg.copy()
  
          if isinstance(msg, OSCBundle):
              msgs = out.values()
              out.clearData()
              for m in msgs:
                  out.append(self._prefixAddress(prefix, m))
  
          elif isinstance(msg, OSCMessage):
              out.setAddress(prefix + out.address)
  
          else:
              raise TypeError("'msg' argument is not an OSCMessage or OSCBundle object")
  
          return out
  
      def send(self, msg, timeout=None):
          """Send the given OSCMessage to all subscribed OSCTargets
            - msg:  OSCMessage (or OSCBundle) to be sent
            - timeout:  A timeout value for attempting to send. If timeout == None,
                this call blocks until socket is available for writing.
          Raises OSCClientError when timing out while waiting for    the socket.
          """
          for (address, (prefix, filters)) in self.targets.items():
              if len(filters):
                  out = self._filterMessage(filters, msg)
                  if not out:            # this catches 'None' and empty bundles.
                      continue
              else:
                  out = msg
  
              if len(prefix):
                  out = self._prefixAddress(prefix, msg)
  
              binary = out.getBinary()
  
              ret = select.select([],[self._fd], [], timeout)
              try:
                  ret[1].index(self._fd)
              except:
                  # for the very rare case this might happen
                  raise OSCClientError("Timed out waiting for file descriptor")
  
              try:
                  while len(binary):
                      sent = self.socket.sendto(binary, address)
                      binary = binary[sent:]
  
              except socket.error, e:
                  if e[0] in (7, 65):    # 7 = 'no address associated with nodename',  65 = 'no route to host'
                      raise e
                  else:
                      raise OSCClientError("while sending to %s: %s" % (str(address), str(e)))
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCRequestHandler classes
  #
  ######
  
  class OSCRequestHandler(DatagramRequestHandler):
      """RequestHandler class for the OSCServer
      """
      def dispatchMessage(self, pattern, tags, data):
          """Attmept to match the given OSC-address pattern, which may contain '*',
          against all callbacks registered with the OSCServer.
          Calls the matching callback and returns whatever it returns.
          If no match is found, and a 'default' callback is registered, it calls that one,
          or raises NoCallbackError if a 'default' callback is not registered.
  
            - pattern (string):  The OSC-address of the receied message
            - tags (string):  The OSC-typetags of the receied message's arguments, without ','
            - data (list):  The message arguments
          """
          if len(tags) != len(data):
              raise OSCServerError("Malformed OSC-message; got %d typetags [%s] vs. %d values" % (len(tags), tags, len(data)))
  
          expr = getRegEx(pattern)
  
          replies = []
          matched = 0
          for addr in self.server.callbacks.keys():
              match = expr.match(addr)
              if match and (match.end() == len(addr)):
                  reply = self.server.callbacks[addr](pattern, tags, data, self.client_address)
                  matched += 1
                  if isinstance(reply, OSCMessage):
                      replies.append(reply)
                  elif reply != None:
                      raise TypeError("Message-callback %s did not return OSCMessage or None: %s" % (self.server.callbacks[addr], type(reply)))
  
          if matched == 0:
              if 'default' in self.server.callbacks:
                  reply = self.server.callbacks['default'](pattern, tags, data, self.client_address)
                  if isinstance(reply, OSCMessage):
                      replies.append(reply)
                  elif reply != None:
                      raise TypeError("Message-callback %s did not return OSCMessage or None: %s" % (self.server.callbacks['default'], type(reply)))
              else:
                  raise NoCallbackError(pattern)
  
          return replies
  
      def setup(self):
          """Prepare RequestHandler.
          Unpacks request as (packet, source socket address)
          Creates an empty list for replies.
          """
          (self.packet, self.socket) = self.request
          self.replies = []
  
      def _unbundle(self, decoded):
          """Recursive bundle-unpacking function"""
          if decoded[0] != "#bundle":
              self.replies += self.dispatchMessage(decoded[0], decoded[1][1:], decoded[2:])
              return
  
          now = time.time()
          timetag = decoded[1]
          if (timetag > 0.) and (timetag > now):
              time.sleep(timetag - now)
  
          for msg in decoded[2:]:
              self._unbundle(msg)
  
      def handle(self):
          """Handle incoming OSCMessage
          """
          decoded = decodeOSC(self.packet)
          if not len(decoded):
              return
  
          self._unbundle(decoded)
  
      def finish(self):
          """Finish handling OSCMessage.
          Send any reply returned by the callback(s) back to the originating client
          as an OSCMessage or OSCBundle
          """
          if self.server.return_port:
              self.client_address = (self.client_address[0], self.server.return_port)
  
          if len(self.replies) > 1:
              msg = OSCBundle()
              for reply in self.replies:
                  msg.append(reply)
          elif len(self.replies) == 1:
              msg = self.replies[0]
          else:
              return
  
          self.server.client.sendto(msg, self.client_address)
  
  class ThreadingOSCRequestHandler(OSCRequestHandler):
      """Multi-threaded OSCRequestHandler;
      Starts a new RequestHandler thread for each unbundled OSCMessage
      """
      def _unbundle(self, decoded):
          """Recursive bundle-unpacking function
          This version starts a new thread for each sub-Bundle found in the Bundle,
          then waits for all its children to finish.
          """
          if decoded[0] != "#bundle":
              self.replies += self.dispatchMessage(decoded[0], decoded[1][1:], decoded[2:])
              return
  
          now = time.time()
          timetag = decoded[1]
          if (timetag > 0.) and (timetag > now):
              time.sleep(timetag - now)
              now = time.time()
  
          children = []
  
          for msg in decoded[2:]:
              t = threading.Thread(target = self._unbundle, args = (msg,))
              t.start()
              children.append(t)
  
          # wait for all children to terminate
          for t in children:
              t.join()
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCServer classes
  #
  ######
  
  class OSCServer(UDPServer):
      """A Synchronous OSCServer
      Serves one request at-a-time, until the OSCServer is closed.
      The OSC address-pattern is matched against a set of OSC-adresses
      that have been registered to the server with a callback-function.
      If the adress-pattern of the message machtes the registered address of a callback,
      that function is called.
      """
  
      # set the RequestHandlerClass, will be overridden by ForkingOSCServer & ThreadingOSCServer
      RequestHandlerClass = OSCRequestHandler
  
      # define a socket timeout, so the serve_forever loop can actually exit.
      socket_timeout = 1
  
      # DEBUG: print error-tracebacks (to stderr)?
      print_tracebacks = False
  
      def __init__(self, server_address, client=None, return_port=0):
          """Instantiate an OSCServer.
            - server_address ((host, port) tuple): the local host & UDP-port
            the server listens on
            - client (OSCClient instance): The OSCClient used to send replies from this server.
            If none is supplied (default) an OSCClient will be created.
            - return_port (int): if supplied, sets the default UDP destination-port
            for replies coming from this server.
          """
          UDPServer.__init__(self, server_address, self.RequestHandlerClass)
  
          self.callbacks = {}
          self.setReturnPort(return_port)
          self.error_prefix = ""
          self.info_prefix = "/info"
  
          self.socket.settimeout(self.socket_timeout)
  
          self.running = False
          self.client = None
  
          if client == None:
              self.client = OSCClient(server=self)
          else:
              self.setClient(client)
  
      def setClient(self, client):
          """Associate this Server with a new local Client instance, closing the Client this Server is currently using.
          """
          if not isinstance(client, OSCClient):
              raise ValueError("'client' argument is not a valid OSCClient object")
  
          if client.server != None:
              raise OSCServerError("Provided OSCClient already has an OSCServer-instance: %s" % str(client.server))
  
          # Server socket is already listening at this point, so we can't use the client's socket.
          # we'll have to force our socket on the client...
          client_address = client.address()    # client may be already connected
          client.close()                # shut-down that socket
  
          # force our socket upon the client
          client.socket = self.socket.dup()
          client.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_SNDBUF, client.sndbuf_size)
          client._fd = client.socket.fileno()
          client.server = self
  
          if client_address:
              client.connect(client_address)
              if not self.return_port:
                  self.return_port = client_address[1]
  
          if self.client != None:
              self.client.close()
  
          self.client = client
  
      def serve_forever(self):
          """Handle one request at a time until server is closed."""
          self.running = True
          while self.running:
              self.handle_request()    # this times-out when no data arrives.
  
      def close(self):
          """Stops serving requests, closes server (socket), closes used client
          """
          self.running = False
          self.client.close()
          self.server_close()
  
      def __str__(self):
          """Returns a string containing this Server's Class-name, software-version and local bound address (if any)
          """
          out = self.__class__.__name__
          out += " v%s.%s-%s" % version
          addr = self.address()
          if addr:
              out += " listening on osc://%s" % getUrlStr(addr)
          else:
              out += " (unbound)"
  
          return out
  
      def __eq__(self, other):
          """Compare function.
          """
          if not isinstance(other, self.__class__):
              return False
  
          return cmp(self.socket._sock, other.socket._sock)
  
      def __ne__(self, other):
          """Compare function.
          """
          return not self.__eq__(other)
  
      def address(self):
          """Returns a (host,port) tuple of the local address this server is bound to,
          or None if not bound to any address.
          """
          try:
              return self.socket.getsockname()
          except socket.error:
              return None
  
      def setReturnPort(self, port):
          """Set the destination UDP-port for replies returning from this server to the remote client
          """
          if (port > 1024) and (port < 65536):
              self.return_port = port
          else:
              self.return_port = None
  
  
      def setSrvInfoPrefix(self, pattern):
          """Set the first part of OSC-address (pattern) this server will use to reply to server-info requests.
          """
          if len(pattern):
              pattern = '/' + pattern.strip('/')
  
          self.info_prefix = pattern
  
      def setSrvErrorPrefix(self, pattern=""):
          """Set the OSC-address (pattern) this server will use to report errors occuring during
          received message handling to the remote client.
  
          If pattern is empty (default), server-errors are not reported back to the client.
          """
          if len(pattern):
              pattern = '/' + pattern.strip('/')
  
          self.error_prefix = pattern
  
      def addMsgHandler(self, address, callback):
          """Register a handler for an OSC-address
            - 'address' is the OSC address-string.
          the address-string should start with '/' and may not contain '*'
            - 'callback' is the function called for incoming OSCMessages that match 'address'.
          The callback-function will be called with the same arguments as the 'msgPrinter_handler' below
          """
          for chk in '*?,[]{}# ':
              if chk in address:
                  raise OSCServerError("OSC-address string may not contain any characters in '*?,[]{}# '")
  
          if type(callback) not in (types.FunctionType, types.MethodType):
              raise OSCServerError("Message callback '%s' is not callable" % repr(callback))
  
          if address != 'default':
              address = '/' + address.strip('/')
  
          self.callbacks[address] = callback
  
      def delMsgHandler(self,address):
          """Remove the registered handler for the given OSC-address
          """
          del self.callbacks[address]
  
      def getOSCAddressSpace(self):
          """Returns a list containing all OSC-addresses registerd with this Server.
          """
          return self.callbacks.keys()
  
      def addDefaultHandlers(self, prefix="", info_prefix="/info", error_prefix="/error"):
          """Register a default set of OSC-address handlers with this Server:
          - 'default' ->  noCallback_handler
          the given prefix is prepended to all other callbacks registered by this method:
          - '<prefix><info_prefix' ->  serverInfo_handler
          - '<prefix><error_prefix> ->  msgPrinter_handler
          - '<prefix>/print' ->  msgPrinter_handler
          and, if the used Client supports it;
          - '<prefix>/subscribe' -> subscription_handler
          - '<prefix>/unsubscribe' -> subscription_handler
  
          Note: the given 'error_prefix' argument is also set as default 'error_prefix' for error-messages
          *sent from* this server. This is ok, because error-messages generally do not elicit a reply from the receiver.
  
          To do this with the serverInfo-prefixes would be a bad idea, because if a request received on '/info' (for example)
          would send replies to '/info', this could potentially cause a never-ending loop of messages!
          Do *not* set the 'info_prefix' here (for incoming serverinfo requests) to the same value as given to
          the setSrvInfoPrefix() method (for *replies* to incoming serverinfo requests).
          For example, use '/info' for incoming requests, and '/inforeply' or '/serverinfo' or even just '/print' as the
          info-reply prefix.
          """
          self.error_prefix = error_prefix
          self.addMsgHandler('default', self.noCallback_handler)
          self.addMsgHandler(prefix + info_prefix, self.serverInfo_handler)
          self.addMsgHandler(prefix + error_prefix, self.msgPrinter_handler)
          self.addMsgHandler(prefix + '/print', self.msgPrinter_handler)
  
          if isinstance(self.client, OSCMultiClient):
              self.addMsgHandler(prefix + '/subscribe', self.subscription_handler)
              self.addMsgHandler(prefix + '/unsubscribe', self.subscription_handler)
  
      def printErr(self, txt):
          """Writes 'OSCServer: txt' to sys.stderr
          """
          sys.stderr.write("OSCServer: %s\n" % txt)
  
      def sendOSCerror(self, txt, client_address):
          """Sends 'txt', encapsulated in an OSCMessage to the default 'error_prefix' OSC-addres.
          Message is sent to the given client_address, with the default 'return_port' overriding
          the client_address' port, if defined.
          """
          lines = txt.split('\n')
          if len(lines) == 1:
              msg = OSCMessage(self.error_prefix)
              msg.append(lines[0])
          elif len(lines) > 1:
              msg = OSCBundle(self.error_prefix)
              for line in lines:
                  msg.append(line)
          else:
              return
  
          if self.return_port:
              client_address = (client_address[0], self.return_port)
  
          self.client.sendto(msg, client_address)
  
      def reportErr(self, txt, client_address):
          """Writes 'OSCServer: txt' to sys.stderr
          If self.error_prefix is defined, sends 'txt' as an OSC error-message to the client(s)
          (see printErr() and sendOSCerror())
          """
          self.printErr(txt)
  
          if len(self.error_prefix):
              self.sendOSCerror(txt, client_address)
  
      def sendOSCinfo(self, txt, client_address):
          """Sends 'txt', encapsulated in an OSCMessage to the default 'info_prefix' OSC-addres.
          Message is sent to the given client_address, with the default 'return_port' overriding
          the client_address' port, if defined.
          """
          lines = txt.split('\n')
          if len(lines) == 1:
              msg = OSCMessage(self.info_prefix)
              msg.append(lines[0])
          elif len(lines) > 1:
              msg = OSCBundle(self.info_prefix)
              for line in lines:
                  msg.append(line)
          else:
              return
  
          if self.return_port:
              client_address = (client_address[0], self.return_port)
  
          self.client.sendto(msg, client_address)
  
      ###
      # Message-Handler callback functions
      ###
  
      def handle_error(self, request, client_address):
          """Handle an exception in the Server's callbacks gracefully.
          Writes the error to sys.stderr and, if the error_prefix (see setSrvErrorPrefix()) is set,
          sends the error-message as reply to the client
          """
          (e_type, e) = sys.exc_info()[:2]
          self.printErr("%s on request from %s: %s" % (e_type.__name__, getUrlStr(client_address), str(e)))
  
          if self.print_tracebacks:
              import traceback
              traceback.print_exc() # XXX But this goes to stderr!
  
          if len(self.error_prefix):
              self.sendOSCerror("%s: %s" % (e_type.__name__, str(e)), client_address)
  
      def noCallback_handler(self, addr, tags, data, client_address):
          """Example handler for OSCMessages.
          All registerd handlers must accept these three arguments:
          - addr (string): The OSC-address pattern of the received Message
            (the 'addr' string has already been matched against the handler's registerd OSC-address,
            but may contain '*'s & such)
          - tags (string):  The OSC-typetags of the received message's arguments. (without the preceding comma)
          - data (list): The OSCMessage's arguments
            Note that len(tags) == len(data)
          - client_address ((host, port) tuple): the host & port this message originated from.
  
          a Message-handler function may return None, but it could also return an OSCMessage (or OSCBundle),
          which then gets sent back to the client.
  
          This handler prints a "No callback registered to handle ..." message.
          Returns None
          """
          self.reportErr("No callback registered to handle OSC-address '%s'" % addr, client_address)
  
      def msgPrinter_handler(self, addr, tags, data, client_address):
          """Example handler for OSCMessages.
          All registerd handlers must accept these three arguments:
          - addr (string): The OSC-address pattern of the received Message
            (the 'addr' string has already been matched against the handler's registerd OSC-address,
            but may contain '*'s & such)
          - tags (string):  The OSC-typetags of the received message's arguments. (without the preceding comma)
          - data (list): The OSCMessage's arguments
            Note that len(tags) == len(data)
          - client_address ((host, port) tuple): the host & port this message originated from.
  
          a Message-handler function may return None, but it could also return an OSCMessage (or OSCBundle),
          which then gets sent back to the client.
  
          This handler prints the received message.
          Returns None
          """
          txt = "OSCMessage '%s' from %s: " % (addr, getUrlStr(client_address))
          txt += str(data)
  
          self.printErr(txt)    # strip trailing comma & space
  
      def serverInfo_handler(self, addr, tags, data, client_address):
          """Example handler for OSCMessages.
          All registerd handlers must accept these three arguments:
          - addr (string): The OSC-address pattern of the received Message
            (the 'addr' string has already been matched against the handler's registerd OSC-address,
            but may contain '*'s & such)
          - tags (string):  The OSC-typetags of the received message's arguments. (without the preceding comma)
          - data (list): The OSCMessage's arguments
            Note that len(tags) == len(data)
          - client_address ((host, port) tuple): the host & port this message originated from.
  
          a Message-handler function may return None, but it could also return an OSCMessage (or OSCBundle),
          which then gets sent back to the client.
  
          This handler returns a reply to the client, which can contain various bits of information
          about this server, depending on the first argument of the received OSC-message:
          - 'help' | 'info' :  Reply contains server type & version info, plus a list of
            available 'commands' understood by this handler
          - 'list' | 'ls' :  Reply is a bundle of 'address <string>' messages, listing the server's
            OSC address-space.
          - 'clients' | 'targets' :  Reply is a bundle of 'target osc://<host>:<port>[<prefix>] [<filter>] [...]'
            messages, listing the local Client-instance's subscribed remote clients.
          """
          if len(data) == 0:
              return None
  
          cmd = data.pop(0)
  
          reply = None
          if cmd in ('help', 'info'):
              reply = OSCBundle(self.info_prefix)
              reply.append(('server', str(self)))
              reply.append(('info_command', "ls | list : list OSC address-space"))
              reply.append(('info_command', "clients | targets : list subscribed clients"))
          elif cmd in ('ls', 'list'):
              reply = OSCBundle(self.info_prefix)
              for addr in self.callbacks.keys():
                  reply.append(('address', addr))
          elif cmd in ('clients', 'targets'):
              if hasattr(self.client, 'getOSCTargetStrings'):
                  reply = OSCBundle(self.info_prefix)
                  for trg in self.client.getOSCTargetStrings():
                      reply.append(('target',) + trg)
              else:
                  cli_addr = self.client.address()
                  if cli_addr:
                      reply = OSCMessage(self.info_prefix)
                      reply.append(('target', "osc://%s/" % getUrlStr(cli_addr)))
          else:
              self.reportErr("unrecognized command '%s' in /info request from osc://%s. Try 'help'" % (cmd, getUrlStr(client_address)), client_address)
  
          return reply
  
      def _subscribe(self, data, client_address):
          """Handle the actual subscription. the provided 'data' is concatenated together to form a
          '<host>:<port>[<prefix>] [<filter>] [...]' string, which is then passed to
          parseUrlStr() & parseFilterStr() to actually retreive <host>, <port>, etc.
  
          This 'long way 'round' approach (almost) guarantees that the subscription works,
          regardless of how the bits of the <url> are encoded in 'data'.
          """
          url = ""
          have_port = False
          for item in data:
              if (type(item) == types.IntType) and not have_port:
                  url += ":%d" % item
                  have_port = True
              elif type(item) in types.StringTypes:
                  url += item
  
          (addr, tail) = parseUrlStr(url)
          (prefix, filters) = parseFilterStr(tail)
  
          if addr != None:
              (host, port) = addr
              if not host:
                  host = client_address[0]
              if not port:
                  port = client_address[1]
              addr = (host, port)
          else:
              addr = client_address
  
          self.client._setTarget(addr, prefix, filters)
  
          trg = self.client.getOSCTargetStr(addr)
          if trg[0] != None:
              reply = OSCMessage(self.info_prefix)
              reply.append(('target',) + trg)
              return reply
  
      def _unsubscribe(self, data, client_address):
          """Handle the actual unsubscription. the provided 'data' is concatenated together to form a
          '<host>:<port>[<prefix>]' string, which is then passed to
          parseUrlStr() to actually retreive <host>, <port> & <prefix>.
  
          This 'long way 'round' approach (almost) guarantees that the unsubscription works,
          regardless of how the bits of the <url> are encoded in 'data'.
          """
          url = ""
          have_port = False
          for item in data:
              if (type(item) == types.IntType) and not have_port:
                  url += ":%d" % item
                  have_port = True
              elif type(item) in types.StringTypes:
                  url += item
  
          (addr, _) = parseUrlStr(url)
  
          if addr == None:
              addr = client_address
          else:
              (host, port) = addr
              if not host:
                  host = client_address[0]
              if not port:
                  try:
                      (host, port) = self.client._searchHostAddr(host)
                  except NotSubscribedError:
                      port = client_address[1]
  
              addr = (host, port)
  
          try:
              self.client._delTarget(addr)
          except NotSubscribedError, e:
              txt = "%s: %s" % (e.__class__.__name__, str(e))
              self.printErr(txt)
  
              reply = OSCMessage(self.error_prefix)
              reply.append(txt)
              return reply
  
      def subscription_handler(self, addr, tags, data, client_address):
          """Handle 'subscribe' / 'unsubscribe' requests from remote hosts,
          if the local Client supports this (i.e. OSCMultiClient).
  
          Supported commands:
          - 'help' | 'info' :  Reply contains server type & version info, plus a list of
            available 'commands' understood by this handler
          - 'list' | 'ls' :  Reply is a bundle of 'target osc://<host>:<port>[<prefix>] [<filter>] [...]'
            messages, listing the local Client-instance's subscribed remote clients.
          - '[subscribe | listen | sendto | target] <url> [<filter> ...] :  Subscribe remote client/server at <url>,
            and/or set message-filters for messages being sent to the subscribed host, with the optional <filter>
            arguments. Filters are given as OSC-addresses (or '*') prefixed by a '+' (send matching messages) or
            a '-' (don't send matching messages). The wildcard '*', '+*' or '+/*' means 'send all' / 'filter none',
            and '-*' or '-/*' means 'send none' / 'filter all' (which is not the same as unsubscribing!)
            Reply is an OSCMessage with the (new) subscription; 'target osc://<host>:<port>[<prefix>] [<filter>] [...]'
          - '[unsubscribe | silence | nosend | deltarget] <url> :  Unsubscribe remote client/server at <url>
            If the given <url> isn't subscribed, a NotSubscribedError-message is printed (and possibly sent)
  
          The <url> given to the subscribe/unsubscribe handler should be of the form:
          '[osc://][<host>][:<port>][<prefix>]', where any or all components can be omitted.
  
          If <host> is not specified, the IP-address of the message's source is used.
          If <port> is not specified, the <host> is first looked up in the list of subscribed hosts, and if found,
          the associated port is used.
          If <port> is not specified and <host> is not yet subscribed, the message's source-port is used.
          If <prefix> is specified on subscription, <prefix> is prepended to the OSC-address of all messages
          sent to the subscribed host.
          If <prefix> is specified on unsubscription, the subscribed host is only unsubscribed if the host,
          port and prefix all match the subscription.
          If <prefix> is not specified on unsubscription, the subscribed host is unsubscribed if the host and port
          match the subscription.
          """
          if not isinstance(self.client, OSCMultiClient):
              raise OSCServerError("Local %s does not support subsctiptions or message-filtering" % self.client.__class__.__name__)
  
          addr_cmd = addr.split('/')[-1]
  
          if len(data):
              if data[0] in ('help', 'info'):
                  reply = OSCBundle(self.info_prefix)
                  reply.append(('server', str(self)))
                  reply.append(('subscribe_command', "ls | list : list subscribed targets"))
                  reply.append(('subscribe_command', "[subscribe | listen | sendto | target] <url> [<filter> ...] : subscribe to messages, set filters"))
                  reply.append(('subscribe_command', "[unsubscribe | silence | nosend | deltarget] <url> : unsubscribe from messages"))
                  return reply
  
              if data[0] in ('ls', 'list'):
                  reply = OSCBundle(self.info_prefix)
                  for trg in self.client.getOSCTargetStrings():
                      reply.append(('target',) + trg)
                  return reply
  
              if data[0] in ('subscribe', 'listen', 'sendto', 'target'):
                  return self._subscribe(data[1:], client_address)
  
              if data[0] in ('unsubscribe', 'silence', 'nosend', 'deltarget'):
                  return self._unsubscribe(data[1:], client_address)
  
          if addr_cmd in ('subscribe', 'listen', 'sendto', 'target'):
              return self._subscribe(data, client_address)
  
          if addr_cmd in ('unsubscribe', 'silence', 'nosend', 'deltarget'):
              return self._unsubscribe(data, client_address)
  
  class ForkingOSCServer(ForkingMixIn, OSCServer):
      """An Asynchronous OSCServer.
      This server forks a new process to handle each incoming request.
      """
      # set the RequestHandlerClass, will be overridden by ForkingOSCServer & ThreadingOSCServer
      RequestHandlerClass = ThreadingOSCRequestHandler
  
  class ThreadingOSCServer(ThreadingMixIn, OSCServer):
      """An Asynchronous OSCServer.
      This server starts a new thread to handle each incoming request.
      """
      # set the RequestHandlerClass, will be overridden by ForkingOSCServer & ThreadingOSCServer
      RequestHandlerClass = ThreadingOSCRequestHandler
  
  ######
  #
  # OSCError classes
  #
  ######
  
  class OSCError(Exception):
      """Base Class for all OSC-related errors
      """
      def __init__(self, message):
          self.message = message
  
      def __str__(self):
          return self.message
  
  class OSCClientError(OSCError):
      """Class for all OSCClient errors
      """
      pass
  
  class OSCServerError(OSCError):
      """Class for all OSCServer errors
      """
      pass
  
  class NoCallbackError(OSCServerError):
      """This error is raised (by an OSCServer) when an OSCMessage with an 'unmatched' address-pattern
      is received, and no 'default' handler is registered.
      """
      def __init__(self, pattern):
          """The specified 'pattern' should be the OSC-address of the 'unmatched' message causing the error to be raised.
          """
          self.message = "No callback registered to handle OSC-address '%s'" % pattern
  
  class NotSubscribedError(OSCClientError):
      """This error is raised (by an OSCMultiClient) when an attempt is made to unsubscribe a host
      that isn't subscribed.
      """
      def __init__(self, addr, prefix=None):
          if prefix:
              url = getUrlStr(addr, prefix)
          else:
              url = getUrlStr(addr, '')
  
          self.message = "Target osc://%s is not subscribed" % url
  
  ######
  #
  # Testing Program
  #
  ######
  
  
  if __name__ == "__main__":
      import optparse
  
      default_port = 2222
  
      # define command-line options
      op = optparse.OptionParser(description="OSC.py OpenSoundControl-for-Python Test Program")
      op.add_option("-l", "--listen", dest="listen",
              help="listen on given host[:port]. default = '0.0.0.0:%d'" % default_port)
      op.add_option("-s", "--sendto", dest="sendto",
              help="send to given host[:port]. default = '127.0.0.1:%d'" % default_port)
      op.add_option("-t", "--threading", action="store_true", dest="threading",
              help="Test ThreadingOSCServer")
      op.add_option("-f", "--forking", action="store_true", dest="forking",
              help="Test ForkingOSCServer")
      op.add_option("-u", "--usage", action="help", help="show this help message and exit")
  
      op.set_defaults(listen=":%d" % default_port)
      op.set_defaults(sendto="")
      op.set_defaults(threading=False)
      op.set_defaults(forking=False)
  
      # Parse args
      (opts, args) = op.parse_args()
  
      addr, server_prefix = parseUrlStr(opts.listen)
      if addr != None and addr[0] != None:
          if addr[1] != None:
              listen_address = addr
          else:
              listen_address = (addr[0], default_port)
      else:
          listen_address = ('', default_port)
  
      targets = {}
      for trg in opts.sendto.split(','):
          (addr, prefix) = parseUrlStr(trg)
          if len(prefix):
              (prefix, filters) = parseFilterStr(prefix)
          else:
              filters = {}
  
          if addr != None:
              if addr[1] != None:
                  targets[addr] = [prefix, filters]
              else:
                  targets[(addr[0], listen_address[1])] = [prefix, filters]
          elif len(prefix) or len(filters):
              targets[listen_address] = [prefix, filters]
  
      welcome = "Welcome to the OSC testing program."
      print welcome
      hexDump(welcome)
      print
      message = OSCMessage()
      message.setAddress("/print")
      message.append(44)
      message.append(11)
      message.append(4.5)
      message.append("the white cliffs of dover")
  
      print message
      hexDump(message.getBinary())
  
      print "\nMaking and unmaking a message.."
  
      strings = OSCMessage("/prin{ce,t}")
      strings.append("Mary had a little lamb")
      strings.append("its fleece was white as snow")
      strings.append("and everywhere that Mary went,")
      strings.append("the lamb was sure to go.")
      strings.append(14.5)
      strings.append(14.5)
      strings.append(-400)
  
      raw  = strings.getBinary()
  
      print strings
      hexDump(raw)
  
      print "Retrieving arguments..."
      data = raw
      for i in range(6):
          text, data = _readString(data)
          print text
  
      number, data = _readFloat(data)
      print number
  
      number, data = _readFloat(data)
      print number
  
      number, data = _readInt(data)
      print number
  
      print decodeOSC(raw)
  
      print "\nTesting Blob types."
  
      blob = OSCMessage("/pri*")
      blob.append("","b")
      blob.append("b","b")
      blob.append("bl","b")
      blob.append("blo","b")
      blob.append("blob","b")
      blob.append("blobs","b")
      blob.append(42)
  
      print blob
      hexDump(blob.getBinary())
  
      print1 = OSCMessage()
      print1.setAddress("/print")
      print1.append("Hey man, that's cool.")
      print1.append(42)
      print1.append(3.1415926)
  
      print "\nTesting OSCBundle"
  
      bundle = OSCBundle()
      bundle.append(print1)
      bundle.append({'addr':"/print", 'args':["bundled messages:", 2]})
      bundle.setAddress("/*print")
      bundle.append(("no,", 3, "actually."))
  
      print bundle
      hexDump(bundle.getBinary())
  
      # Instantiate OSCClient
      print "\nInstantiating OSCClient:"
      if len(targets):
          c = OSCMultiClient()
          c.updateOSCTargets(targets)
      else:
          c = OSCClient()
          c.connect(listen_address)    # connect back to our OSCServer
  
      print c
      if hasattr(c, 'getOSCTargetStrings'):
          print "Sending to:"
          for (trg, filterstrings) in c.getOSCTargetStrings():
              out = trg
              for fs in filterstrings:
                  out += " %s" % fs
  
              print out
  
      # Now an OSCServer...
      print "\nInstantiating OSCServer:"
  
      # define a message-handler function for the server to call.
      def printing_handler(addr, tags, stuff, source):
          msg_string = "%s [%s] %s" % (addr, tags, str(stuff))
          sys.stdout.write("OSCServer Got: '%s' from %s\n" % (msg_string, getUrlStr(source)))
  
          # send a reply to the client.
          msg = OSCMessage("/printed")
          msg.append(msg_string)
          return msg
  
      if opts.threading:
          s = ThreadingOSCServer(listen_address, c, return_port=listen_address[1])
      elif opts.forking:
          s = ForkingOSCServer(listen_address, c, return_port=listen_address[1])
      else:
          s = OSCServer(listen_address, c, return_port=listen_address[1])
  
      print s
  
      # Set Server to return errors as OSCMessages to "/error"
      s.setSrvErrorPrefix("/error")
      # Set Server to reply to server-info requests with OSCMessages to "/serverinfo"
      s.setSrvInfoPrefix("/serverinfo")
  
      # this registers a 'default' handler (for unmatched messages),
      # an /'error' handler, an '/info' handler.
      # And, if the client supports it, a '/subscribe' & '/unsubscribe' handler
      s.addDefaultHandlers()
  
      s.addMsgHandler("/print", printing_handler)
  
      # if client & server are bound to 'localhost', server replies return to itself!
      s.addMsgHandler("/printed", s.msgPrinter_handler)
      s.addMsgHandler("/serverinfo", s.msgPrinter_handler)
  
      print "Registered Callback-functions:"
      for addr in s.getOSCAddressSpace():
          print addr
  
      print "\nStarting OSCServer. Use ctrl-C to quit."
      st = threading.Thread(target=s.serve_forever)
      st.start()
  
      if hasattr(c, 'targets') and listen_address not in c.targets.keys():
          print "\nSubscribing local Server to local Client"
          c2 = OSCClient()
          c2.connect(listen_address)
          subreq = OSCMessage("/subscribe")
          subreq.append(listen_address)
  
          print "sending: ", subreq
          c2.send(subreq)
          c2.close()
  
          time.sleep(0.1)
  
      print "\nRequesting OSC-address-space and subscribed clients from OSCServer"
      inforeq = OSCMessage("/info")
      for cmd in ("info", "list", "clients"):
          inforeq.clearData()
          inforeq.append(cmd)
  
          print "sending: ", inforeq
          c.send(inforeq)
  
          time.sleep(0.1)
  
      print2 = print1.copy()
      print2.setAddress('/noprint')
  
      print "\nSending Messages"
  
      for m in (message, print1, print2, strings, bundle):
          print "sending: ", m
          c.send(m)
  
          time.sleep(0.1)
  
      print "\nThe next message's address will match both the '/print' and '/printed' handlers..."
      print "sending: ", blob
      c.send(blob)
  
      time.sleep(0.1)
  
      print "\nBundles can be given a timestamp.\nThe receiving server should 'hold' the bundle until its time has come"
  
      waitbundle = OSCBundle("/print")
      waitbundle.setTimeTag(time.time() + 5)
      if s.__class__ == OSCServer:
          waitbundle.append("Note how the (single-thread) OSCServer blocks while holding this bundle")
      else:
          waitbundle.append("Note how the %s does not block while holding this bundle" % s.__class__.__name__)
  
      print "Set timetag 5 s into the future"
      print "sending: ", waitbundle
      c.send(waitbundle)
  
      time.sleep(0.1)
  
      print "Recursing bundles, with timetags set to 10 s [25 s, 20 s, 10 s]"
      bb = OSCBundle("/print")
      bb.setTimeTag(time.time() + 10)
  
      b = OSCBundle("/print")
      b.setTimeTag(time.time() + 25)
      b.append("held for 25 sec")
      bb.append(b)
  
      b.clearData()
      b.setTimeTag(time.time() + 20)
      b.append("held for 20 sec")
      bb.append(b)
  
      b.clearData()
      b.setTimeTag(time.time() + 15)
      b.append("held for 15 sec")
      bb.append(b)
  
      if s.__class__ == OSCServer:
          bb.append("Note how the (single-thread) OSCServer handles the bundle's contents in order of appearance")
      else:
          bb.append("Note how the %s handles the sub-bundles in the order dictated by their timestamps" % s.__class__.__name__)
          bb.append("Each bundle's contents, however, are processed in random order (dictated by the kernel's threading)")
  
      print "sending: ", bb
      c.send(bb)
  
      time.sleep(0.1)
  
      print "\nMessages sent!"
  
      print "\nWaiting for OSCServer. Use ctrl-C to quit.\n"
  
      try:
          while True:
              time.sleep(30)
  
      except KeyboardInterrupt:
          print "\nClosing OSCServer."
          s.close()
          print "Waiting for Server-thread to finish"
          st.join()
          print "Closing OSCClient"
          c.close()
          print "Done"
  
      sys.exit(0)
  